You must have read many magazines in your life…Magazines reflect your interests. There are fashion magazines..sports magazines, computer, technology, gaming.. etc etc. which you might have read…But have you read any good Islamic magazines?
I hadn't… and as a child i was only addicted to Young Times ( Of Khaleej Times). I never came across any good, quality islamic magazine. All i knew was Takbeer which my nana used to read. I found it rather boring.. printed on low quality paper.. colorless… and since i was never too fond of reading urdu.. i never really looked at it much.
It only costs Rs. 450 in Karachi for an entire year ( 4 issues), Rs. 650 outside Karachi and USD 30 outside Pakistan.
You can easily subscribe by printing out this form and mailing it to the address provided. If you would like to know more details about this magazine, you can visit their website here,unfortunately it is not updated regularly and still has a number of broken links.. but you can get an idea about the mag and will Inshallah decide to subscribe.
Next Post 27th August 2 Moon Hoax /Mars As Big As Moon Hoax!
Awareness Campaign message for Umrah Pilgrims regarding the use of Mobile (Cellular) Phones in Al-Haram Al-Sharif's (Makkah Al Mukarama and Madina Al Munawara). In the Holy month of Ramdan more then 2.5 million Muslim travel for Umrah in each year and hundred of pilgrim stay in Al-Haram Al-Sharif's for Itikaf and Taraweeh.
"Most of the pilgrims use different musical tones in mobile phone when receiving calls in Al-Haram Al-Sharif's other pilgrims get disturbed in their prayers. This act is unethical and unacceptable for Muslim and against the respect of Al-Haram Al-Sharif's".
I hope you will do your best for the promotion of this Awareness Campaign. You are requested to kindly use your good office.
May Allah Subhanawatallah will give you the best reward for this noble act. The message attach with this email.
Accept my kind wishes and best regards.
نرجو منكم التكرم بعدم استخدام النغمات الموسيقية في جوالكم (موبايل) خلال أداء مشاعر العمرة، وتواجدكم بالحرمين الشريفين، بل حذفها نهائياً من الجوال. ووضع الجوال في حالة الاهتزاز/ صامت قدر المستطاع، أو إغلاقه خلال تواجدكم بالحرمين الشريفين. حتى لا يقع أي خلل في عبادتكم وعبادة بقية المعتمرين. والمحافظة على تقدس الحرمين الشريفين. نتمنى منكم العمل بهذا الرجاء، وتبليغه إلى بقية المعتمرين. تقبل الله منكم عمرتكم وندعو سبحانه وتعالى أن تكون عمرة مبرورة، وسعيا مشكورا، وذنبا مغفورا (أمين).
Deliver A Messiah, "Mistaken Identity" by Agron Belica brings forth an elaborative examination of who was put on the cross. Many theories suggest that the son of Mary (aka Jesus Christ) was not the person placed on the cross, but someone other than Jesus Christ himself. The author takes you through an examination paving ways of new insight of who might have been put on the cross.
To contribute to the present work, the author investigated and researched to seek the truth about the assumptive facts leading up to what people of Christendom believe to be the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The Bible and the Koran are the main resources used as references formally presented in use of persuasive arguments and theories of why the author strongly does not believe that the son of Mary was killed nor crucified.
The author has made every effort to be as unbiased and objective in presenting the facts and interpreting the events in this present work. The author is not trying to stir up controversy, but only wishes to lead people towards what might be considered the truth about the events believed about the crucifixion. The author strongly believes that the prevailing powers during that era have camouflaged the truth. The cover-up of the crucifixion with a false pretext was to lead the masses of people in the past and at present to believe, that the son of Mary was really crucified, by the leading elite that was influenced by the Jewish religious hierarchy at that time.
Kya horaha he bhai? Is post ko jaane dete kya tha. Is mein bhi pehlu dhoondh bethay.
Politics is the only thing that intrigues me the most, and if someone calls it boring, I'd obviously be offended. Anyways, can't blame you for not being interested.
As i mentioned before, most of these magazines are non-commercial and are either distributed on a "fee sabeeliLLAH" basis or at a very minimal cost of around Rs. 25. What quality would you expect for something that costs so less? YES, Islamic content should get the quality it deserves, however, for avid readers, content matters a lot more than quality of the paper.
yar ibrahim bhai thanks a lot. Boht tight website lag rahe hey. I would really explore this and forward to my friends. Also I would sure bug you one the idea gets finalized. jazakallah!
You said it your self.. it was more of a political magazine…so if that bores me.. it shouldnt bother you much.
If you look at the contents of Hiba Magazine.. they are not political at all. but all articles are from Quran And Sunnah and on Muslim heros and current issues in following islam.
What i have hated the most is that.. why is it when it comes to publishing books on Islam… the most lowest quality printing.. lowest quality paper and design format is used?.. doesnt Islam deserve the best?
Thats why i totally love Darussalam books and harun yahya books…. They are quality publications, printed on quality paper and designed beautifully.
Same for hiba magazine.. call me whatever you want …but the way anything is presented matters alot.
@ Jav: I have some serious reservations against your comments on "Takbeer" being boring, it used to be the only magazine back in those days that used to publish the truth, and nothing but the truth about the political dirtbags during the time – until Syed Salahuddin was martyred due to his vast knowledge of the deep-rooted criminals. And guys, in my case, my FATHER used to read it back then, and may ALLAH bless him, he still reads it.
Its good to see people working up things to spread Islam. Hiba magazine apparently is a grand milestone in this aspect. Nevertheless, there are several similar publications that are being published on NON-COMMERCIAL basis and are usually distributed for free. Most of them are published by Maktabah Darussalaam or other such makaatib.
SubhanAllah, to propagate the site, I just put a link with my nic, which will take you to http://www.islamicurdubooks.com. These people, may Allah accept their deeds and reward them with good, have already started on the path of what you are talking about, Adnan, may Allah reward you for you intentions. They provide both the arabic script and urdu translation. The six known hadith books (saheeh sitah) have been translated and they can be found at many stores in Pakistan. Also, mawta of Imam Malik and mawta of Imam Muhammad (Muhammad al-Shaybani) has also been translated in Urdu, but I don't know if anyone of them are online. This site will inshaAllah one day have most of them. Orginial Arabic is widely available and if you need online version then email me.
Also, brother Adnan, have a group of real, authentic scholars supervise any of your Islamic digital work, whether that be translating something online or creating a desktop application. This note is for many books but mainly for hadith, tafseer and orginial fiqh books because you don't want to be making a mistake, and later being accused of tahreef.
Being a technology person, I have always wished to use technology or modern modes to spread Islam + following traditional tableegh process that is meeting your islamic friends and discuss Islamic topics.
I have ancient copies of SAYYARA DIGEST of 70s. My dad collected editions like Sahabi Number,Rasool Number,Quran number etc. All are great. I wish I could have digial copy of those.
p.s: do you guys know any authentic online source of hadiths in Urdu? me and my friends are planning to write a software but we are unable to find main thing that is database of hadiths in Urdu. if any of you know then do let me know.
I need a copy of Sayyarah Digest regarding the life of Prophet(pbum) before the prophethood.It was written by a non muslim and published by Sayyarah Digest in seventies,I think.
jazakAllahu khairan for informing us about this magazine. It is really heartening to see such an effort, meaning a well balanced magazine which is 'mainstream' Islam….not some progressive/fake propaganda. I'm just saying this because of people out there like Babar Choudhary of fake Ar-Rahman Ar-Raheem (they use actors/actresses and acting to preach Islam besides billions of other problems) and Javed Ghamidi, the 'scholar'-screen writer of our time (he wrote the script for Shoaib Mansoor's tuhfa for the Muslims), et el.
Incidently, Takbeer used to come for my nana too and we used to read it, subhanAllah. Takbeer and boring?! pasand apni apni! That magazine was a good effort but was quite political. May Allah subhanahu wa taa'la accept Salahuddin sahib as a shaheed.
Although you are right there has been a lack of 'quality islamic magazine', I want to qualify this by saying that there has been a lack of magazines for general public because there are very high quality, nice and academic journals/magazines published by different Islamic jamiaat (universities) in Pakistan/India for many, many decades. There used to be a good women's magazine called Batool as well.


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Fallen officers honored on Peace Officers Memorial Day
Published 6:38 am Thursday, May 18, 2017
By Abigail Roberts
STANFORD – There were 135 law enforcement officers in the U.S. who were killed in the line of duty last year. Groups across the nation paused Monday to remember and honor those lives on National Peace Officers Memorial Day.
"In 1962, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy signed a proclamation designating May 15 as Peace Officer Memorial Day," Stanford Police Detective Tim Morris told a crowd gathered in Stanford Monday morning. "It's a time when we pay tribute to state, federal and local law enforcement officers who have given their lives and fallen in the line of duty."
The proclamation also designated the week of May 15 as Police Week, Morris said.
An event, hosted by the Lincoln County Masonic Lodge No. 60 and Blue Knights of Kentucky, Chapter 11, invited local law enforcement, dignitaries and residents to pay tribute to those who gave the ultimate sacrifice.
"There are a lot of people to be remembered," Morris said.
Stanford Police Chaplain Nick Manzie led the group in prayer before introducing the North Point Honor Guard and Somerset Honor Guard who conducted a flag-lowering ceremony.
The honor guards lowered and removed the Commonwealth, city and American flags before replacing them with new flags and raising them to half staff.
A new "Thin Blue Line" flag was raised to half staff.
Police Chief Zach Middleton spoke next and shared details about two former Lincoln County law enforcement officers who were killed in the line of duty: Police Chief Thomas Martin (1931) and Patrolman Gary Kidwell (1991).
A procession of police traveled to the Buffalo Springs Cemetery prior to the flag-lowering ceremony to pause at the graves of former Mayor Elect T.J. Hill, who was a retired Stanford Police officer, as well as the graves of Sheriff Thomas Napier and Martin.
Kentucky State Police Trooper Storm Stevens recognized Trooper Herbert Bush who was killed in 1958 before Brandy Durman, the wife of former Lexington Police Officer Brian Durman, spoke about her husband and the ultimate sacrifice he made while serving.
"We came to stand in solidarity with our community to the let the families of the fallen know that they will not be forgotten today and every day," Durman, a Lincoln County native, said. "On April 29, 2010, at 10:26 p.m., 15 minutes after he (Brian Durman) called to tell our four-year-old son goodnight, he was killed."
Durman was intentionally struck and killed by a vehicle, simply because of the uniform he wore, his wife said.
"Our story is tragic, but this story is not just our own," she said. "Approximately 130 officers never make it home to their friends and family every year."
Through the tragedy, Durman said she has found strength in helping others who have been through the same and in 2016, she was elected president of the organization Kentucky Chapter of Concerns of Police Survivors.
"If you have never heard of us, we are a support agency comprised of family members and coworkers of fallen officers. We provide counseling, retreats and several events each year so that those left behind can fellowship with one another to make the burden a little bit easier to bear," she said.
Before dismissing the crowd, Tim Estes spoke directly to the law enforcement officers present.
"Just know that the silent majority loves you, the silent majority prays for you, the silent majority is with you and behind you," Estes said.
"Those people who are naysayers, they are just the few. The many of us know how proud we are to call you friends, to call you neighbors and to call you proud americans who go to your job every day and we pray that you make it home safe every night."
Jim Ross wouldn't die with a lie in his mouth
Lincoln County Health Department announces closure dates
Beshear declares state of emergency due to severe weather across much of Kentucky
Kentucky Girl Scouts kick off 2022 cookie season offering new cookies, classic favorites
Local history buffs oppose Bluebird Main Street expansion
© 2022, The Interior Journal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Anderson–Little was an American clothing manufacturer and retailer of the 20th century, particularly of men's suits. It operated in the eastern United States, and in New England in particular.

The brand has been revived in the 21st century as a small internet retailer.

Foundation and success
Anderson–Little was founded in the Boston area in 1918 or in the 1920s by Morris B. Anderson and Albert Little. Anderson had been born in Russia and came to America as a teen; before co-founding Anderson-Little he had worked for Singer Sewing Machine, and managed firms including the Morris B. Anderson Clothing Company. In the 1930s – perhaps 1933, or perhaps 1936 – the company relocated to Fall River, Massachusetts, then a textile-manufacturing center.

The company opened a retail store in Fall River in 1936, and after World War II they opened their first factory showroom (a store in a factory), becoming a pioneer of factory–to–consumer retailing. These outlets were relatively austere operations with suits being hung on racks made of pipes assembled by company hands. Their main slogan and jingle for decades, "The Best Factory Makes the Best Clothing", emphasized the manufacturing side of the business. In 1956, the Fall River factory was producing 3000 garments every week and had employed over 1000 people.

By 1960 they had eleven stores, all in New England. In 1966 they were acquired by Richman Brothers, at which time there were 40 stores. In 1969 Richman Brothers (including Anderson–Little) was acquired by the retail giant Woolworth. In 1981, the company created three new brands – Strathmore, Shefford, and Southport – and added business attire for women (they had formerly only offered men's clothing).

Reports in contemporary news publications showed that the growth of stores may have been much slower than the figures given by articles that were written decades later. The Daily Boston Globe reported that the firm had 7 stores in 1950 and 9 stores in 1956. Women's Wear Daily reported that the firm had 19 stores in 4 states in 1966 and 22 stores in 1967.

During the time of Woolworth's ownership, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach served as the company's celebrity spokesman.

Decline and fall
Under Woolworth control Anderson–Little grew to 100 stores and beyond.

However, when Woolworth took its swan-dive to extinction it ran Anderson–Little into the ground. By 1992 the company had swollen to 260 stores, three factories, and two distribution centers, but was no longer profitable. That same year Woolworth (just a few years short of its own 1997 demise) closed all but seven Anderson–Little stores and announced it would shut the division down entirely, but a buyer was found and the remnants of Anderson–Little were sold to Cliftex Manufacturing (owners of Gentleman's Wearhouse (not to be confused with Men's Wearhouse)) that same year. Cliftex then rebranded some of their Gentlemen's Wearhouse stores as Anderson–Little stores and also began selling clothing under the Anderson–Little brand in their Gentleman's Wearhouse stores.

In 1992, Cliftex operated 26 Anderson–Little stores, but closed 16 of them that year. Cliftex Manufacturing closed the remaining Anderson–Little stores in 1998.

Revival
Ten years later, in 2008, Stuart Anderson (great-grandson of founder Morris Anderson) and his son Scott Anderson reclaimed the brand, which had become available after Cliftex went bankrupt, and started a new clothing company under that name.

This revived company, based in Miami, is a web–only retailer, with products made in America. Their first product was a classic blue blazer, and as of 2023 that and a black version remain their sole product.

In a planned succession Stuart Anderson retired in 2014 and Anderson-Little is now owned and run by Scott Anderson, the fifth generation of Andersons to run the brand.

References

Notes

External links
Anderson–Little website

Fall River, Massachusetts
1933 establishments in Massachusetts
1998 disestablishments in Massachusetts
2008 establishments in Florida
Clothing manufacturers
Online clothing retailers of the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


GamesTracker Championship Manager Season 02 03 Xbox overview page. We track games news, reviews, previews and prices around the web. Select a sub-section below or from the menu on the right.
No Championship Manager Season 02 03 Xbox previews have been published yet.
The Ultimate Football Management Game Returns Exclusively For Xbox!
Championship Manager is undoubtedly the most popular football management game in the UK. With sales of over 3 million worldwide and continued critical acclaim, the series moves from strength to strength. Now the legends of Championship Manager fans can experience the most up to date and accurate football management game ever.
- Up to date team and player data for over 100,000 footballers and staff.
- Manage and team from twenty-seven worldwide leagues.
- Includes the updated FIFA transfer system - can you make the best use of your window?


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Review: Peavey Classic 20 MH Guitar Amp — Video
By Chris Gill, Video by Paul Riario 07 October 2015
The Peavey Classic is one of the all-time great unsung guitar amps for the working guitarist—an inexpensive, versatile, and dependable-as-hell fixture of countless barroom backlines, smoky club stages, and garage band rehearsal spaces.
The attributes that have made Peavey Classic series amps like the Classic 50 410, Classic 50 212, and Classic 30 112 so appealing for so many years are present and accounted for on Peavey's new Classic 20 MH, a mini amp head that's packed with features and performance usually encountered only on much bigger products.
Perfect for performers looking for a compact but versatile rig as well as studio players who prefer to have access to many great sounds instead of just one, the Peavey Classic 20 MH is certain to live up to name as well as its predecessors did.
With two EL84 power tubes and three 12AX7 preamp tubes, the Classic 20 MH provides 20 watts of output, although an attenuator switch enables users to drop the output to five watts or one watt for applications where less volume output and headroom is desirable. The amp features a two-channel design, with a surprisingly loud clean channel with impressive headroom and a distortion channel with pre- and post-gain controls. Both channels share the same set of EQ controls (bass, middle, and treble) and level control for the amp's built-in digital reverb, which can be switched on or off with a footswitch controller. The front panel also features a pair of Tube Status Indicator LEDs that monitor tube condition.
The Classic 20 MH's rear panel reveals that this is not another bare-bones mini amp but rather a professional-quality tool. In addition to the previously mentioned 20/5/1-watt attenuator switch, the amp provides a single 1/4-inch speaker output jack with a 16/8-ohm switch, a built-in switchable dummy load circuit for using the head without a speaker cabinet, an XLR DI output jack with mic simulation, a USB audio recording output with mic simulation, a ground lift switch, 1/8-inch headphone jack output, 1/4-inch effect send and return jacks, and footswitch jacks for remotely engaging channel select/boost and reverb/effect loop functions.
Other distinguishing features of the Classic 20 MH are its vintage-style tweed covering and chicken-head control knobs, which are consistent with other Peavey Classic amps but stand apart from most other mini heads on the market. The amp even has a voltage selector switch that allows you to use the amp for overseas gigs and a standby switch that provides an added layer of protection to ensure long tube life.
While various other mini amp heads are also powered by a duo of EL84 tubes, the Classic 20 MH has its own personality (or personalities, actually). Whereas most of these amps are fire-breathing dirt machines, the Classic 20 MH stands out for its impressively loud clean tones, which are in a class of their own compared to other mini heads out there. The clean tone is surprisingly full, punchy, and ballsy, and with the volume control cranked up to its upper third range while using a humbucker-equipped guitar it delivers a satisfying aggressive crunch with lots of clang and chime.
The distortion channel is equally impressive and full of character. This channel has more than ample gain on tap, but the distortion remains crisp and defined and never turns to mush even with the pre and post controls fully up. This channel is where the EQ's impressive range is particularly noticeable, as it allows players to dial in a variety of classic and modern tones. I thought that the digital reverb paired best and sounded most natural with this channel as well, and hall-like dimension to the sound without getting in the way of the primary tone.
I tried the Classic 20 MH with a wide variety of speakers and cabinets, including Celestion, Eminence, Jensen, and Scumback speakers in 1x12, 2x12, 4x10, and 4x12 cabs, and the amp paired quite well with any cab that I tried. A 1x12 with an Eminence speaker was the best "all around" choice, although my preference for distortion tones was a tie between the Celestions and Scumbacks. The mic simulation of the USB and XLR direct outputs also made it easy to lay down demo tracks late at night without disturbing neighbors.
MANUFACTURER: Peavey Electronics, peavey.com
•Two EL84 power amp tubes and three 12AX7 preamp tubes provide 20 watts of output with impressive clean headroom and highly saturated gain.
•Two channels allow guitarists to switch between pristine clean and blazing distortion tones instantly.
•XLR DI and USB outputs feature mic simulation to produce realistic sounding tones with recording the amp direct.
•A built-in switchable dummy load enables use of the amp without the connection of an external speaker cabinet.
THE BOTTOM LINE: The Peavey Classic 20 MH lives up to its "classic" name and the reputation of its predecessors with its versatile performance, pro-quality sounds, and affordable price.


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Ashton Villa
Ashton Villa was completed in 1859 and was nearly destroyed in 1970 as the manor had fallen into disrepair. The Galveston Historical Society launched a fundraising campaign that saved and restored the building, which is now home to the Galveston Island Visitor Information Center.
Galveston Historical Foundation Home Page
Trip Advisor for Ashton Villa
National Park Service Entry for Ashton Villa
Created by Laura Witten on December 11th 2013, 12:04:40 am.
Last updated by David J. Trowbridge on July 31st 2014, 10:54:31 pm.


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Norwich schoolgirl's bid to swim 2017 lengths in 2017 - to raise £2,017 for East Anglia's Children's Hospices
Geraldine Scott
geraldine.scott@archant.co.uk
@Geri_E_L_Scott
PUBLISHED: 08:00 06 January 2017 | UPDATED: 08:36 06 January 2017
Caitlin Thomson, 12, is hoping to swim 2017 lenths for charity. Picture: ANTONY KELLY
Archant Norfolk 2017
Many people make new year's resolutions such as learning a new skill, or getting fitter.
Caitlin Thomson, 12, is hoping to swim 2017 lengths in 2017 to raise money for EACH. Photo: Archant
But one Norwich youngster is aiming to make her mark on 2017 in a very fitting way - by swimming 2017 lengths for charity.
Caitlin Thomson, 12, from Taverham will be taking on the challenge to raise money for East Anglia's Children's Hospices (EACH), with a goal of raising £2,017 before the year is out.
Caitlin, who isn't part of a swimming club but has enjoyed the hobby all her life, said: "EACH is in my area and it's for children my age, I looked on the website and it said they need £16,000 a day."
The Taverham High School pupil got started at Virgin Active, in Drayton High Road, on Wednesday and ticked 60 lengths off her list.
By the time she hits 2017 lengths, she will have swam around 50km.
She said the first 60 were "good, but difficult.
"I really like being in the water," she added.
Caitlin aims to do as many of her swims as she can outdoors, and has had plenty of practice swimming in rivers and lakes with mother Naomi.
Already Caitlin, who also enjoys running and listening to music, has had lots of support and raised more than £200. She has also written to local companies and celebrities asking them to chip in.
Emma Taylor, community fundraiser for EACH, said: "What Caitlin is doing is fantastic, her support is very welcome and to swim that amount of lengths is impressive."
• To follow Caitlin's progress search Swim2017 on Facebook or visit www.justgiving.com/fundraising/CaitlinSwim2017 to donate.
EACH nook appeal
EACH provides vital services caring for children and young people with life-threatening conditions across East Anglia and supporting their families. The nook appeal is their campaign to raise the money to transform children's palliative care, including building a new hospice called the nook.
It was launched two years ago to raise £10m to transform children's palliative service, including the new purpose-built facility in a five-acre woodland site at Framingham Earl.
It will replace the Quidenham hospice, which has been an incredible home-from-home for EACH for almost 25 years.
The charity has outgrown the current building and needs the new building to meet the increased demand for services and the changing and more complex needs of the children and young people they care for.
To find out more about the appeal visit: www.each.org.uk/the-nook or ring 01953 666767 or email: norfolk@each.org.uk.
Twitter: @EACH_norfolk #thenookappeal/Facebook: thenookappeal.
The story behind one of Norwich's most notorious flats
Are these the oldest human footprints ever discovered outside Africa?


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ANZ Samoa Country Head joins 'Shave it or Save it' campaign
09 May 2018, 12:00AM
ANZ Bank has announced that its Country Head for Samoa, Bernie Poort, will shave his head as part of the Samoa Cancer Society's Shave it or Save it campaign, in support of men, women and children with cancer.
ANZ has had a long association with the Samoa Cancer Society and by raising funds and 'braving the shave', Mr Poort hopes to sends a strong message of support to people living with cancer.
"Cancer has touched everyone in our community in some way. Whether it's a relative, a friend, a neighbour or a colleague, we all know someone whose life has been touched by cancer," Mr Poort said.
"I hope that by braving the shave, we will get more people talking about cancer and its effects.
"The Samoan Cancer Society provides vital support to those impacted by cancer. The money raised through the campaign goes directly towards specialised nurses, family support services, advice lines and important awareness campaigns that aid early detection," Mr Poort said.
In the final week of the campaign, Mr. Poort's hair will be dyed 'ANZ Blue', which he hopes will further inspire people to donate to the worthy cause.
Donations can be made direct at any ANZ branch before 28 June 2018.
Account Name: Bernard Poort – Shave it or Save it
Account Number: 4027508
Bank: ANZ, Beach Road, Apia SAMOA.
BSB: 010979
SWIFT Code: ANZBWSWW


A new August show! This time we're partnering with our friends at Angura, an ongoing underground electronic music series.
They're hosting a crew of chip musicians all the way from Japan: Ca5, suesett and East Breaks In Thousand! We're filling up the lineup with locals Hitori Tori and lootcanal as well as vanchipmusic crew members Freaky DNA and bryface.
We also have returning special guest boaconstructor coming from Seattle to join the party!


Josh Metnick, Chairman < josh@heilio.com > Mr. Metnick, cited by Crain's Chicago Business as a Top 100 Technology Player, previously co-founded AIS.NET, an Internet service provider that was sold to Exodus Communications in January 1999. He holds a bachelor's degree in finance from the University of Illinois and is a graduate of the Illinois Institute of Aviation. Josh wrote his first software application on the TI-994/A computer at the age of nine. Anthony Buglio, President & CEO < tonyb@heilio.com > Mr. Buglio, prior to co-founding Heilio, Inc., held senior technical administrator positions at some of the largest web hosting and Internet infrastructure companies in the world. Having worked his way up from an entry-level technical support representative, Anthony maintained global monitoring systems supporting thousands of clients reaching millions of users every month. He is a certified Sun Microsystems® Administrator, and has attained certification for Windows® based servers from Microsoft Corporation. Anthony is also skilled in working with other major vendors' products such as HP®, Compaq®, and Dell® servers, various Cisco® Systems switches and routers, and F5 Networks® load balancers. Nicholas Montour, Chief Technology Officer Mr. Montour got his start in the computer industry at the age of sixteen by learning to design and implement networks for the Chicago Board of Education. With a decade of experience in the field, Mr. Montour has developed a wide range of skills including network design, systems administration on both Windows and Unix platforms, and e-commerce/web development. Nicholas is a certified Sun Microsystems® Administrator, and currently holds MCP certification from Microsoft Corporation. Mr. Montour holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science from the Illinois Institute of Technology. Andrew Heidgerken, VP Application Development Services Mr. Heidgerken has over a decade of experience in computer graphics and nearly eight years in web development. His experience and expertise ranges from traditional cell animation for film & video, to nonlinear editing and 3D animation. He has worked on design and development for Fortune 500 companies and small family businesses alike, bringing great concepts to life. Mr.Heidgerken has significant experience using advanced scripting languages such as PHP and ASP, and dynamically enabling such using SQL database back ends. He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Columbia College and has received advanced training from industry leader Adobe. Harlan Heubaum, Security and Network Engineer Mr. Heubaum specializes in network and datacenter security and is a registered Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) living in the Chicago area. With a background in networking and Windows® operating systems, he has also achieved Microsoft® Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) certification. In his spare time, he is currently studying various intrusion detection systems and technologies to compliment his knowledge of network security. Mr. Heubaum holds security certifications from Cisco, Raptor Systems and Nokia. Harlan has worked hard to attain a diverse background in the world of computing, holding a Bachelor's degree in CIS from DeVry Institute of Technology. Petar Strinic, Lead Development Engineer Mr. Strinic's computer obsession started in 1983 with Sinclair ZX Spectrum and has seen him working on platforms ranging from Commodore 64 to AS400 and everything in between. In the early and mid 90's Petar co-founded Arkanix Labs, a hardware and software development company which released many hit titles on various platforms. Since his introduction to the internet in the early 90's he's also been heavily involved in web development, utilizing a variety of skill including C, C++, C#, JAVA, PHP, SQL and much more.


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Education & Reference Higher Education (University +)
Does it look bad to be a full time college student for 6 years for a b.a.(a 4 year degree)?
Best Answer: Unless you've taken time off for internships, that's bad. Full time is usually 15 credits per semester. If it takes you six years, you must be repeating classes or changing majors.
. · 4 weeks ago
Don't listen to these people, IT DOES NOT LOOK BAD. Everybody has personal reasons as to why they didn't graduate within four years. Some people take a year off to work and save up for school so they won't be in debt. Some people change majors, some people transferred to a different school because they didn't like their other school and their credits didn't count towards their new school. The important thing is that you finish your degree and move on. You have 40 years to work for the rest of your life, that is a long time to work. 6 years is just a tiny portion of your life.
Yes, because that's an enormous amount of money wasted on tuition, living expenses and books for a degree that could have acquired in four years if the student had focused. A future employer won't care, but the parents supporting the student certainly will.
Amaretta · 4 weeks ago
Nobody cares! At all. Just do your thing.
juliet · 4 weeks ago
Look bad to who? Your parents, friends, school administration, prospective employers? For someone to be a full-time student and take 50% longer to earn a BA/BS degree, that person would have either failed or withdrawn from a lot of classes and or changed their major very late in the process.
Employers don't ask how long you were in school. They only want to know when you graduated, your major, and sometimes you're GPA. How other people feel about that processes would be individual.
Mamawidsom · 4 weeks ago
i dont think so
No. I worked two jobs to do it.
The Oracle of Omigod · 4 weeks ago
Yes it's hard to do that unless you keep transfer or changing majors. Part time would be fine but full time is typically failed classes. Steve these people typically have someone else funding their education. I mean the career students. It's rarely their own money.
Well, yeah. I don't know anyone who needed 6 years to finish a 4 year degree.
@BHonest
Or maybe I do? Are you going to debate who "I" know? What's with the random assumptions?
Hell yeah. What the hell's your problem? Either get on the ball or get the hell out because all you're doing is running up TREMENDOUS debt. And if you're majoring in something that ends in "... Studies", then you've REAAAAAALLY screwed yourself over. Not even McDonald's would hire you.
Steve · 4 weeks ago
Quit community college?
Does college get easier after freshman year if your major has nothing to do with the 4 main subjects?
What can I do with a bachelors degree in archeology?
1987 apeface transformer marked as 1986.?
Would you use a neutral toilet?
Why do people choose career paths/majors that they know won't be able to financially support them?
There are no good colleges at where I live?
Are all of the people who are normally on answers out earning a college degree?
What am I supposed to do with my life now?
College???


text:
\section{Introduction}
Spectroscopic temperature measurements using coherent or incoherent light sources coupled to optical spectrometers have been accomplished by measuring the distribution amongst the quantized energy levels of a given sample, for example, the ro-vibrational intensities of a molecule \cite{hanson78}.  Moreover, the dependence of the experimental spectrum on temperature and pressure is also observed via line-shape broadening and line-center shifts. The temperature and pressure of the system can be deduced by comparing the experimental spectrum to a modeled spectrum that includes temperature and pressure dependence.  Spectroscopic temperature measurements based on sample absorption have several advantages compared to well-established temperature measurement tools such as thermocouples, thermistors, and blackbody radiation spectral measurements.  For example, in an optical setup, light can be passed through a gas sample to measure the temperature \textit{in situ}, and integrated across a remote path of the gas sample, as compared to a point measurement from a device mounted onto the container wall.

There has been much research into the development of spectroscopic temperature measurement sensors. Measurements with such systems have been accomplished by rapidly scanning (10~kHz to 1~MHz) single-frequency lasers over absorption features in sample gases in harsh environments to measure the linewidth, centroid, and intensity \cite{sanders02,rieker07,lytkine10}.  One disadvantage of previous spectroscopic temperature measurements is the tradeoff of spectral bandwidth for rapid scanning on time scales of under 1~ms.  Specifically, using a single diode laser source, it has been difficult to achieve rapid spectroscopic measurement with spectral bandwidth of more than 15~cm$^{-1}$.  However, in cases where sample absorption is weak, or where the sample is contained in an interfering matrix, it is advantageous to interrogate more sample absorption features by measuring over a larger optical bandwidth.  Previously, Fourier-transform techniques have been used with much success for broadband measurements to monitor dynamic systems \cite{woodbridge88}. To achieve the desired time resolution in this case, the system under study must be readily reproducible and the spectrometer must be synced with ``time-zero'' of the event being studied \cite{woodbridge88}. Each desired Fourier stage position must be measured as a function of event time delay.

Here, the implementation of an optical frequency comb coupled to a two-dimensional spatially-dispersive spectrometer has been realized to measure temperature dynamics on time scales less than 10~ms in a single shot measurement.  Individual spectra spanning more than 100~cm$^{\text{-} 1}$ with a spectral resolution of 0.075~cm$^{\text{-} 1}$ (2.2 GHz) were acquired with an integration period of 2~ms. The time between consecutive spectra was 8.3~ms, limited by the 120~Hz frame rate of the camera integrated into the spectrometer. Previously, a similar system was used to measure time-dependent concentrations of transient species in photo-induced chemical reactions involving free-radicals \cite{fleisher14}.  In the present work, a spectroscopic temperature measurement technique is demonstrated by observing ro-vibrational intensity changes in absorption spectra of a CO$_2$ sample during resistive heating of a sample cell.  The $20012 \leftarrow 00001$ spectral band of CO$_2$ centered at 4977.830~cm$^{-1}$ \cite{rothman2009} was probed in the current measurements.

\section{Experimental Setup}
The laser light used for spectroscopy was produced via supercontinuum generation from the amplified output of a 250~MHz erbium fiber mode-locked laser.  The performance of the laser system is described in detail elsewhere \cite{klose14}.  Here the system is briefly described. The output of the erbium oscillator was amplified and compressed in fiber to achieve 70~fs full-width at half maximum (FWHM) pulses with an average power of 350~mW and an optical spectrum that spanned roughly 1500~nm to 1600~nm.  The femtosecond pulses were delivered to a highly nonlinear fiber in which the optical spectrum was broadened to a bandwidth that spanned from 1000~nm to 2200~nm.  The long-wavelength portion of the optical spectrum from 1980~nm to 2050~nm (4880~cm$^{-1}$ to 5050~cm$^{-1}$) was used for spectroscopy of CO$_2$.  A representative optical spectrum from the laser system is presented in Figure~\ref{fig:source-spectrum}.  The fiber-coupled output light was directed though a sample followed by a spectrometer system shown schematically in Figure~\ref{fig:exp-setup}.  The laser light was launched into free space and split into two paths using a 50:50 beam splitter.  One path passed through a temperature controlled 12-cm-long sample cell that had uncoated ZnSe windows positioned at Brewster's angle relative to the incident laser light.  The second optical path was a reference path that did not pass through the sample cell.  The beams from each path were recombined, coupled into an optical fiber, and delivered to a virtually-imaged phased array- (VIPA-) based spectrometer \cite{shirasaki96,diddams07}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{1.eps}
\caption{Example output supercontinuum spectrum from the Er mode-locked laser.  The full spectrum is shown in the top panel, and an expanded view of the 2000~nm spectral region is presented in the bottom panel. Depletions near 1900~nm are due to water absorption in the spectrometer used for the measurement.}
\label{fig:source-spectrum}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{2.eps}
\caption{Schematic diagram of the experimental setup presented in the current work.  Light from a mode-locked laser was split through two arms of the gas-cell measurement station, combined, and coupled into single mode fiber.  The fiber-coupled light was delivered to the VIPA spectrometer, which is described in detail in the text.  The reference signal from the optical chopper, which chopped both arms of the gas-cell measurement station, was used to sync the InSb camera in the spectrometer setup.  The camera operated at 120~Hz and recorded interleaving images from each arm of the sampling setup.}
\label{fig:exp-setup}
\end{figure}

The fiber-coupled input to the spectrometer was launched into free-space and focused into a 1-mm-thick VIPA etalon (free spectral range (FSR)~$\sim$~51~GHz) using a cylindrical lens ($f = 50$~mm).  The VIPA was tilted roughly 4 degrees from normal to the incident light.  The highly-dispersed output from the VIPA had overlapping orders separated by the VIPA FSR. The light was impinged onto a reflective diffraction grating orientated orthogonal to the VIPA dispersion to separate the overlapping VIPA orders.  The two-dimensionally dispersed light was imaged onto a InSb camera using an $f=250$~mm spherical lens; roughly 1 pW per comb mode was incident on the camera.  The InSb camera had an array of $640 \times 512$ pixels with a pixel pitch of 20~\textmu m, had a maximum full frame rate of 120~Hz, and was cooled to 77~K using liquid nitrogen.

The InSb camera was triggered by an optical chopper that acted on both the sample beam path and reference beam path.  The chopped light from the sample path was out of phase with the reference path.  The trigger signal allowed for the sample and reference images to be interleaved during data acquisition. Such interleaving allowed for rapid normalization of each acquired spectrum and minimized fast time-dependent drifts of the experimental setup.  A second reference was acquired when the gas cell was under vacuum.  The vacuum-cell reference allowed for calibration of the static wavelength dependent difference (from, e.g., etalons) between the two beam paths in the sampling setup.

\section{Results and Discussion}
Consecutive camera images of light passing through the CO$_2$-filled sample cell and reference arm are presented in panels (a) and (b) of Figure~\ref{fig:image-sequence}, respectively.  An image of the absorption of CO$_2$ was generated by subtracting the dark image from all other images, then dividing the CO$_2$ sample image by the consecutive reference arm measurement. A similarly divided image was obtained with the cell under vacuum.  The images were multiplied together as
\begin{equation}
\frac{I_{\text{cell,CO2}}}{I_{\text{ref,CO2}}} \times \frac{I_{\text{ref,vac}}}{I_{\text{cell,vac}}},
\end{equation}
where $I$ denotes the image taken from the beam passing through the sample cell (cell) or reference path (ref) with CO$_2$ in the cell (CO2), or the cell under vacuum (vac). The two-step calibration minimized both short- and long-term wavelength-dependent drifts in the spectrometer.  All images were acquired with a camera integration period of 2~ms per image. The CO$_2$ absorption is shown in panel (c) of Figure~\ref{fig:image-sequence}.  The vertical stripes are due to the VIPA dispersion, and the free spectral range of the etalon was empirically determined by inspection of the camera image.  The VIPA FSR is depicted as horizontal red lines in Figure~\ref{fig:image-sequence}. A typical transmission spectrum was constructed by appending consecutive stripes together to obtain a one-dimensional wavelength axis.  The pixel intensity along each stripe is indicative of sample transmission.

The resolution of the spectrometer was measured to be ($0.075 \pm 0.003$)~cm$^{-1}$, or ($2.2 \pm 0.1$)~GHz, and was determined by launching a tunable single frequency external cavity diode laser (ECDL) into the spectrometer.  The diode laser was scanned from 1980~nm to 2050~nm (4880~cm$^{-1}$ to 5050~cm$^{-1}$) and camera images were recorded throughout the wavelength range.  The resolution was consistent within 0.1~GHz throughout the portion of the image used to construct the line out spectrum.  The limiting factor of the spectral resolution was the optical coatings on the VIPA etalon.  The VIPA used in the present work was employed in previous measurements \cite{cossel10}, and reflectance of the VIPA surfaces decreased above 2000~nm, limiting the finesse and ultimate resolution. However, the spectrometer presented here provided ample means to measure the absorption features of CO$_2$, which had broadened widths of more than 5~GHz.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{3.eps}
\caption{(a) Raw camera image of light passing through the CO$_2$-filled sample cell.~(b) Raw camera image of light passing through the reference arm.  Images presented in (a) and (b) were taken in consecutive camera frames.  (c) Image of CO$_2$ absorption after image normalization described in the text.  Red lines indicate the free spectral range of the VIPA.}
\label{fig:image-sequence}
\end{figure}

Calibration of the frequency axis of the spectrum was done by fitting the pixel position of absorption peaks in the experimental spectrum to the peak positions of a modeled absorption spectrum obtained from the High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) database \cite{rothman2009}.  A third-order polynomial fit of the experimental peak position to the modeled spectrum provided a hertz-per-pixel calibration of the experimental spectrum.  After calibration, a least-squares fitting routine was used to achieve optimum agreement between the modeled and experimental spectra.  In the minimization routine, the modeled spectrum, which is detailed in the appendix of Ref.~\cite{rothman98}, was allowed to vary in temperature and pressure.  The path length through the CO$_2$ sample was fixed to 12~cm. The modeled absorbance spectrum was determined by calculating the line intensity from the number density and interaction length of the sample.  A Voigt line shape was used in the model.  The line shape accounted for pressure and temperature broadening, pressure shift of the line centroids, and temperature dependence of the line intensities \cite{rothman98}.  While both temperature broadening and line intensities were simultaneously accounted for in the routine, the most sensitive effect for deducing the temperature from the fit was the dependence of each line intensity on temperature; the modest resolution of the present apparatus limited the observable effect of temperature broadening in the experimental spectra.  Additionally, given the present resolution, line mixing and speed dependence of the line shape were not included in the model.  The modeled spectrum was convolved with the instrument response, which was empirically determined from ECDL measurements to be well-approximated by a Gaussian function with a 2.2~GHz FWHM.  A Lorentzian instrument response function, with a FWHM of 2.2~GHz, was used as response function as well.  The deduced temperature from the independent fits with the differing instrument response functions were consistent within the temperature uncertainty of 2.6~K, which is discussed later in the paper.   After minimization, the frequency axis was re-calibrated using a third-order polynomial fit of the peaks in the experimental spectrum to peak positions of the optimum modeled spectrum obtained in the minimization routine.  The alternating frequency calibration of the experimental spectrum and least-squares fitting of the modeled spectrum continued until the optimum modeled spectrum converged, which typically occurred after two iterations.  A fit result is presented in Figure~\ref{fig:fit-ex}. Prior to measurement of the spectrum shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fit-ex}, the sample cell was measured to have a pressure of $(700 \pm 50)$~Torr and a temperature of $(328 \pm 3)$~K. The pressure and temperature deduced from the fit were 722~Torr and 327~K, respectively.  The large uncertainty in measured pressure was a result of the use of an uncalibrated analog pressure transducer.  Additionally, the transducer was mounted near, but not adjoining, the laser-interaction region, and the transducer was not at the same temperature as the interaction region.  The pressures deduced from the fits agreed with the expected behavior as a function of increasing temperature (i.e. the ideal gas law), but further analysis of the uncertainty in the pressures deduced from the fits was not possible given the lack of a reliable truth measurement.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{4.eps}
\caption{Fit result of a spectrum recorded when the measured temperature of the CO$_2$ cell was 328~K. The data and modeled spectrum are displayed on the upper panel, and the residuals are presented in the lower panel. The deduced temperature from the fit was 327~K.}
\label{fig:fit-ex}
\end{figure}

A zoomed in portion of the fit result is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fit-ex-zoom}. The black dots in the figure indicate the signal from each pixel of the vertical stripes from the VIPA image.  There was an etalon visible in the residual of the fit, and this effect was the limiting factor for the sensitivity of the deduced temperature in the present measurement.  During the course of data collection, the etalon was minimized as much as possible. Because the goal in the present work was to fit spectra recorded with a single image, averaging multiple spectra to reduce the etaloning was not done.  On the other hand, while analyzing the data, fitting, and alternatively Fourier filtering, of the etalon was attempted.  However, these techniques were unsuccessful in removing the etalon because of small, but non-zero, non-linearities in the camera image-to-lineout spectrum conversion.  Because of the non-linearities, the etalon did not have a single frequency and could not be removed or modeled successfully. In the future, if one wanted to increase the sensitivity of the measurement, fitting out, or better yet intrinsically reducing, the etalons would be optimal.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{5.eps}
\caption{Zoomed in portion of a fit of the spectrum.  The black dots indicate each vertical pixel moving along the vertical stripes from the VIPA image.}
\label{fig:fit-ex-zoom}
\end{figure}

The spectrum presented in Figure~\ref{fig:fit-ex} was one of a series of measurements where the cell was resistively heated and allowed to come to an equilibrium temperature. Spectra were acquired as a function of measured cell temperature.  These spectra were fitted with modeled spectra \cite{rothman98}, and the temperature of the gas was deduced from each fit.  The deduced temperatures for each fit are plotted against the temperature measured with a thermistor in Figure~\ref{fig:fit-temp}.  Uncertainty in the thermistor-measured temperatures was due to gradients present from uneven heating of the 12-cm-long cell.  The reproducibility of the thermistor temperature measurements for a given heating set point was better than 1~K.  Nonetheless, the deduced temperatures agree with the thermistor measurements over a range of over 50~K.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{6.eps}
\caption{Comparison of spectroscopically-deduced (y axis) and thermistor-measured (x axis) temperatures over a 50~K range.  The dotted black line is the curve $y=x$, not a fit.}
\label{fig:fit-temp}
\end{figure}

Dynamic temperature changes were investigated by resistively heating the cell to roughly 360~K, turning off the heating element, and recording CO$_2$ spectra over the course of ten minutes.  Spectra were acquired every 13~s, with a camera integration period of 2~ms for each measurement.  The temperature of the sample as a function of time was deduced by fitting each spectrum to the model described previously.  The result of the time-dependent spectroscopic temperature measurements is presented as red circles in Figure~\ref{fig:T-dynamic}.  The open black squares represent temperature measurements of the cell using the thermistor. The temperature measurements, deduced from spectra that were acquired in 2~ms, agree with the thermistor-measured temperature over the 10~min time scale of the dynamic measurement.  The thermistor-measured temperatures were fit with an exponential decay function; the result is plotted as a black line on Figure~\ref{fig:T-dynamic}.  The deviation of the spectroscopically-deduced temperatures from the exponential fit is presented as a histogram in Figure~\ref{fig:histo}.  The histogram was fitted with a Gaussian function, and the mean and FWHM of the fitted distribution were 1.4~K and 2.6~K, respectively. The 1.4~K accuracy of the deduced temperatures compared to exponential temperature decay fit is within the uncertainty of the sample-cell temperature.

More notably, the fit result in Figure~\ref{fig:histo} indicates that the uncertainty in the spectroscopically-deduced temperatures was 2.6~K. The change in uncertainty, or increase in sensitivity, was investigated here by deducing the sample temperature by fitting sub-sections of the full measured bandwidth.  The 50 spectra acquired during the sample temperature decay were independently fitted multiple times with differing numbers of absorption features in the spectrum.  A total of 53 absorption features were visible above the background noise.  The differing intensity of the absorption features was normalized by adding the maximum absorption of all of the peaks included in each fit.  This sum gives an equivalent number of peaks, denoted $N_{\text{ lines}}$, that absorb nearly 100~\% of the incident light.  A related approach using the integrated area peaks was considered in the case of gas mixing in the supplementary information of Ref~\cite{adler10a}.  In the present work, the standard deviation of the difference between the deduced temperatures and exponential decay fit are plotted as a function of the number of normalized absorption lines in Figure~\ref{fig:T-unc}. The spectra were fitted in three separate sequences.  First, the center of the spectrum was fitted, and additional peaks on each side were systematically included as the fitted spectral window was widened.  The result from this sequence is presented as green circles in Figure~\ref{fig:T-unc}.  Second, the far red portion of the spectrum, near 4920~cm$^{-1}$, was fitted, and additional peaks with centroids at higher wavenumbers were systematically included as the fitting window was widened.  Those data are presented as red squares in Figure~\ref{fig:T-unc}.  Third, the far blue portion of the spectrum, near 5000~cm$^{-1}$, was fitted, and additional peaks with centroids at lower wavenumbers were systematically included as the fitting window was widened; the result is presented as blue triangles in Figure~\ref{fig:T-unc}. The behavior, regardless of the fitting window was consistent. The deviation is large, near 25~K for low values of $N_{\text{ lines}}$, and saturates near 3~K for large values of $N_{\text{ lines}}$.  The saturation behavior is an indication that the temperature gradient across the cell may be a limiting factor in the sensitivity. Nonetheless, a temperature sensitivity of $\pm 2.6$~K was achieved in the present case of a sample with roughly 50 peaks absorbing between 5~\% and 60~\% of the incident light.  If the discrepancies of each peak intensity were random, it would be expected that the uncertainty would decrease as the square root of independent absorption features of equal intensity.  The function $A_0 / \sqrt{N_{\text{ lines}}}$, where $A_0$ is a free parameter, was fitted to these data and is shown as a solid purple line in Figure~\ref{fig:T-unc}. However, in the present case, the absorption for the CO$_2$ peaks are not independent, but rather are coupled for a given temperature.  Thus, the uncertainty of the spectroscopically deduced temperature decreases faster as a function of equivalent peaks than the square-root function. The correlation can be modeled by adding in a term with $ 1 / (N_{\text{ lines}})$ dependence, namely by fitting the function $A_0 / (N_{\text{ lines}}) + A_1 / \sqrt{N_{\text{ lines}}}$, where $A_0$ and $A_1$ are free parameters, to the data.  The fit of the two-term function, shown as the dashed black line in Figure~\ref{fig:T-unc}, reproduces the trend in the data, and illustrates the correlation of fitting multiple spectral feature intensities.  This result highlights another advantage of the simultaneous measurement of the full ro-vibrational band.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{7.eps}
\caption{Temperature decrease of the CO$_2$ sample cell.  The heating element was turned off at time zero of the plot.  The black squares are thermistor measurements, and the red circles are spectroscopically-deduced temperatures.  The solid black line is an exponential fit to the thermistor temperature measurements.}
\label{fig:T-dynamic}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{8.eps}
\caption{Histogram of the average deviation of spectroscopically-deduced temperature from the exponential fit of the temperature decay of the CO$_2$ cell presented in Figure~\ref{fig:T-dynamic}.  The dashed line is the fit of a Gaussian function to the histogram.  The mean and FWHM of the Gaussian function were 1.4~K and 2.6~K, respectively. }
\label{fig:histo}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{9.eps}
\caption{Standard deviation of spectroscopically-deduced temperatures as a function of the number of spectral features measured.  $N_{\text{ lines}}$denotes a normalized quantity that is the effective number of absorption lines that attenuate nearly 100~\% of the incident light.  The independent data sets are described in the text.  The solid purple and dashed black curves are fits of the functions $\left( A_0 / \sqrt{N_{\text{ lines}}} \right)$ and $\left( A_0 / N_{\text{ lines}} + A_1 / \sqrt{N_{\text{ lines}}} \right)$ to the data, respectively.}
\label{fig:T-unc}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
Rapid spectroscopic temperature measurements of a gaseous carbon dioxide sample were realized via absorption spectroscopy. An Er-based mode-locked laser was used to generate a supercontinuum spectrum, and light near 2000~nm (5000~cm$^{-1}$) was used to interrogate the CO$_2$ sample.  The light was delivered to a VIPA-based two-dimensional dispersive spectrometer, which provided the means to record a sample transmission spectrum with more than 100~cm$^{-1}$ bandwidth simultaneously with 2~ms of integration time.  Deduced temperatures from line intensities allowed for the determination of the CO$_2$ sample temperature with an uncertainty of $\pm 2.6$~K.  Temperature dynamics on a time scale of ten minutes were measured with the present system, and agreed with thermistor temperature measurements of the sample cell.  It is intended to implement the present spectrometer to measure temperature dynamics of CO$_2$ in systems, such as photo-induced reactions, that change on time scales of milliseconds.  It is possible to increase the frame rate of the InSb camera by reducing the image size acquired.  This trade-off of faster acquisition may outweigh the reduction in measured optical bandwidth for some applications. Other frequency comb-based spectroscopic techniques, that do not require a liquied nitrogen-cooled InSb camera, may be advantageous for rapid spectroscopic temperature measurements as well.  For example, implementation of a dual-comb spectroscopic setup \cite{keilmann04, coddington08, giaccari08, rieker14} would allow for time resolution of less than 1~ms, but may require averaging of multiple shots.  The implementation of these techniques will allow for rapid and broadband spectroscopic temperature measurements of dynamic systems.

\ack
This work was supported in part by the NIST Greenhouse Gas and Climate Science Measurements Program. The authors thank T.A.~Johnson, L.~Nugent-Glandorf, F.~Quinlan, and F.~Giorgetta for useful discussions, J.~Ye for providing the VIPA etalon, and M.~Hirano of Sumitomo for providing the nonlinear fiber.  A.K.\ acknowledges support from the National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, and F.C.C.\ acknowledges support from CNPq, Fapesp and NIST.  This work is a contribution of the United States Government and is not subject to copyright in the United States.

\section*{References}
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Showing results for tags 'cemetery'.
Sheffield General Cemetery I was in Sheffield and my friend wanted to show me this cemetery so we went and had a look and i must say i really enjoyed walking around even got inside the chapel bonus . I like the history of this place too and enjoyed doing the research here is a few photos i took and some history i got on it. the first pic isnt mine. The General Cemetery was one of the first commercial landscape cemeteries in Britain. Its opening in 1836 as a Nonconformist cemetery was a response to the rapid growth of Sheffield and the relatively poor state of the town's churchyards. The cemetery, with its Greek Doric and Egyptian style buildings, was designed by Sheffield architect Samuel Worth (1779–1870) on the site of a former quarry. Landscaping was managed by Robert Marnock, who also designed Sheffield Botanical Gardens (1836) and Weston Park (1873). The first burial was of Mary Ann Fish, a victim of tuberculosis. An Anglican cemetery was consecrated alongside the Nonconformist cemetery in 1846â€â€the wall that divided the un-consecrated and consecrated ground can still be seen today. By 1916 the cemetery was rapidly filling up and running out of space, burials in family plots continued through the 1950s and 1960s, but by 1978 ownership of the cemetery had passed to Sheffield City Council and it was closed to all new burials. In 1980 the council got permission by Act of Parliament to clear 800 gravestones to make a recreation area. Through the 1980s and 1990s most of the rest of the cemetery was left untouched, becoming overgrown and an important sanctuary for local wildlife. Unfortunately, many of the buildings also fell into disrepair. In early 2003 work began to restore the gatehouse and catacombs funded by a £500,000 grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund The Gatehouse (Grade II listed) is built directly over Porter Brook in classical architecture with Egyptian features. The gateway resembles a Roman arch. It was possibly built over the river so that entering the cemetery was symbolic of the crossing of the river Styx in Greek mythology. The Egyptian Gate (Grade II listed) is the entrance to the cemetery on Cemetery Road. It is richly ornamented and possesses a sculpted gate bearing two coiled snakes holding their tails in their mouths. The Nonconformist chapel (Grade II listed) is built in classical style with Egyptian features. The sculpted panel above the door shows a dove, representing the Holy Ghost or the Holy Spirit. Stone steps lead down to a wall with catacomb-like entrances. The Anglican chapel (added in 1850; Grade II listed). Designed in the Neo-Gothic style by William Flockton. Unlike the other buildings in the cemetery, the chapel was built in Gothic style rather than Classical or Egyptian. The building is distinctive in style due to its ogival windows, the porte-cochere and the spire. The spire is indeed far too big for the rest of the building, built purposely so that it would be seen from afar. The Registrar's house (Grade II listed) The Catacombs. There are two rows of catacombs built into the hillside, this method of burial was unpopular and only ten bodies were laid to rest in the catacombs in the first 10 years. The Dissenters' Wall was built between 1848 and 1850. It divided the older Nonconformist part of the cemetery from the consecrated Anglican ground. The wall runs almost uninterrupted, from the perimeter wall on Cemetery Road to the path beside the Porter Brook at the bottom of the cemetery. George Bassett (1818–1886). Founder of The Bassett Companyâ€â€the company that invented Liquorice Allsorts. Lord Mayor of Sheffield (1876). George Bennett (died 1841). Founder of the Sheffield Sunday School movement. The memorial to him (c.1850) is Grade II listed. John, Thomas, and Skelton Cole. Founders of Sheffield's Cole Brothers department store in 1847â€â€now part of the John Lewis Partnership. Francis Dickinson (1830–1898). One of the soldiers who fought in the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean war. William Dronfield (1824–1891). Founder of the United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades, which inspired the creation of the Trades Union Congress. Mark Firth (25 April 1819–28 November 1880). Steel manufacturer, Master Cutler (1867), Lord Mayor of Sheffield (1874), and founder of Firth College in 1870 (later University of Sheffield). The monument to Mark Firth is Grade II listed, the railings that surround it were made at Firth's Norfolk Works. William Flockton, architect. John Fowler. Father of the designer of the Forth Rail Bridge (also called John). John Gunson (1809–1886). Chief engineer of the Sheffield Water Company at the time of the collapse of Dale Dyke Dam on 11 March 1864, which resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood. Samuel Harrison, who documented the flood, and 77 of the flood's victims are also buried in the cemetery. Samuel Holberry (1816–1842). A leading figure in the Chartist movement. Isaac Ironside (1808–1870). Chartist and local politician. James Montgomery (1771–1854). Poet/Publisher. The grave and Grade II listed monument to James Montgomery, were moved to the grounds of Sheffield Cathedral in 1971. James Nicholson (died 1909). Prominent Sheffield industrialist. The memorial that he commissioned for himself and his family c.1872 is Grade II listed. William Parker, merchant. The monument to William Parker, erected in 1837 by the merchants and manufacturers of Sheffield, is Grade II listed. William Prest (died 1885). Cricketer and footballer born in York, who lived most of his life in Sheffield. Co-founder of Sheffield Football club These are the crypts. aparantly theres been satanic rituals done inside here and night time atracts many um disturbed people. the chapel has been arsoned before (SO annoying drives me crazy!) still a cool explore for me had fun.
The original ancient church of St James in Thornton locally known as the "Bell Chapel", and was built in the years 1612, although an earlier chapel was originally built here in 1587. This early 16th Century building, by all accounts was a mean and unattractive one, Leyland describes it as "narrow, contracted, and unsightly. The Bell Chapel underwent many alterations in the years leading up to the appointment of Patrick Bronte as parson in March 1815. Born on March 17th in Drumballyroney, County Down, Ireland, he was ordained into the Church of England in 1807. In 1859 Patrick Bronte preached his last sermon from the pulpit of Haworth Church, and died two years later on the 7th June. He was 84. He outlived all of his four children and is laid to rest in Howarth Church. The building was in poor repair when Patrick arrived, and characteristically he undertook a program of repairs. Early in his ministry he conducted there a thanksgiving service for the victory at Waterloo over Napoleon, four of Patrick's famous children, Charlotte, Emily, Branwell and Ann were all baptised in the Old Bell Chapel during the period he was there, and the original font from the old chapel, used to baptize his children, is now on display in St James's across the road. Still around the year of 1815 the village of Thornton had deeply divided loyalties over religion because there was a large non-conformist following in the area at the nearby Kipping Chapel in Thornton, which was thought to be the largest of the Independent or Congregational Churches in the area and had an every increasing size of congregation. In contrast Patrick's poor little chapel was already in a dilapidated condition so he wasted no time in trying to improve things, and one of his first actions was to stop the practice of allowing burials to take place under the chapel floor. This practice had been previously allowed, for the more wealthy locals who could afford the extra charge of a few shillings, but this was causing a putrid smell to permeate the building. Someone described the interior of the chapel at the time as follows: "The interior is blocked on the ground floor, with high backed unpainted pews. Two Galleries hid the windows almost from view and cast a gloom over the interior of the edifice. The area under the pews, and in the isles is paved with gravestones and a fedit, musty smell floats through the damp and mouldering interior�. After the building and consecration of the Church of St James it first became a ruin, with the font being used over the road in the Church of St James. Today, all that remains is a small room "vestry" and the cupola which is originally from the top of the original tower and the above mentioned font. The Graveyard of the old chapel had over 6000 burials from the 1500's onwards with the last one taking place in 1965. A Masonic grave in the graveyard. Here's what it all means. The all seeing eye Freemasonry employs a mystical eye in its imagery known throughout the occult world as the all-seeing eye. This symbol is used to show an immortal being. The square Blue Lodge Masons are taught that the Square is to remind them that they must be square in their dealings with all men. The compass The real meaning of the square and compass is sexual. The Square represents the female. and the Compass represents the male. The sun, moon and stars The sun, moon and stars, known in Scripture as the host of heaven, are found to be to the fore of Masonic imagery. Other symbols. Freemasonry uses many other symbols such as keys, blindfold, a sword pointing to the heart, a 'mystical ladder, a coffin' and many more. All these symbols carry a hidden occult significance, which can only be comprehended by acquiring knowledge provided during ritual initiation. This teaching and imagery is common to all secret societies and is shared also with Mormonism and the New Age movement.


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People are choosing Grandville Dental Health Center for their dental services for many reasons. Whatever your reason, we hope that you will find our site useful and that you'll give us an opportunity to help you have a smile for life. We hope the site will give you some insight into our office, our staff, our mission, and the dental services we provide.
The goal of our office is to serve our patients in a courteous, professional, and caring manner and to let them know they are valued by us. Our mission is to provide quality dental care as effectively and efficiently as possible. It is our belief that by promoting regular preventative care in our office and at home, we help our patients enjoy a life time of good oral health.
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To view information on sites where PFAS contamination has been reported to the DNR, go to the Remediation and Redevelopment Program database (BRRTS on the Web).
To find sites with PFAS contamination in the database, go to the "Advanced Search" tab, and under "Substances" search for "PFAS."
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of human-made chemicals that have been used in industry and consumer products worldwide since the 1950s.
PFAS do not occur naturally and are widespread in the environment. They are found in people, wildlife and fish all over the world. Some PFAS can stay in peoples' bodies a long time and do not break down easily in the environment.
The U.S. EPA has established cumulative-lifetime health advisories for PFOA and PFOS [exit DNR], which are two PFAS that have been most widely produced and studied, at 70 parts per trillion (ppt). At the request of the DNR, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) [exit DNR] is reviewing scientific literature to determine if there is sufficient toxicological information to recommend a groundwater quality standard for PFOA and PFOS in Wisconsin.
The DNR will continue to seek public input on PFAS investigation, contamination and cleanup issues.
The DNR's Remediation and Redevelopment (RR) Program has convened a PFAS technical advisory group to discuss PFAS-related concerns that are specific to the assessment and cleanup of environmental contamination. The goal of the group is to examine the what, where, when and how of PFAS investigation and remediation by sharing concerns, identifying current and proposed practices and strategizing on issues requiring solutions. The group does not have an appointed membership; any interested party may attend.
Conceptual site model for how PFAS may enter the environment from one source (firefighting foam applications).
According to public health experts, people can come into contact with PFAS by eating food, like fish, drinking water and breathing air that contains PFAS. Most non-worker exposures occur through eating food that contains PFAS or drinking contaminated water (please see the "Health impacts" tab for more information).
At the request of the DNR, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) [exit DNR] is reviewing scientific literature to determine if there is sufficient toxicological information to recommend a groundwater quality standard for PFOA and PFOS in Wisconsin.
In Wisconsin, persons who own properties that are the source of PFAS contamination, or who are responsible for discharges of PFAS to the environment, are responsible for taking appropriate actions.
PFAS in soil may pose a direct contact risk to humans or result in chemicals entering the groundwater and surface water. The DNR's Remediation and Redevelopment (RR) Program maintains a web-based spreadsheet with soil residual contaminant levels (RCLs) that were calculated using U.S. EPA's regional screening level (RSL) web calculator, and following the procedures in NR 720.12, for determining soil direct-contact RCLs protective of human health.
PFAS can be emitted into the air as vapors or fine particles. PFAS then travels in the atmosphere through adhesion to particulate matter. PFAS compounds, with the exception of ammonium perfluorooctanoate, are not currently regulated as hazardous air pollutants in Wisconsin.
There are currently no federal (U.S. EPA) approved sampling methods for PFAS compounds in ambient air. Furthermore, health benchmarks that estimate safe exposure levels are available for only a few of the many PFAS compounds that are present in the environment. The lack of test methods and emissions data from potential sources of PFAS compounds makes further study in Wisconsin necessary.
For more information on air quality in Wisconsin, see the air quality monitoring page and the air pollutants and standards page.
PFAS accumulation in wildlife is an emerging area of interest and little is known about the possible effects of PFAS accumulation in wild animals and fish. PFAS is known to accumulate in exposed animals. In other examples of environmental chemicals that accumulate in the food chain, fish are a known and important source of exposure to humans. Studies of the association between fish consumption and PFAS accumulation in humans provide evidence that fish are an important exposure source with this class of chemicals as well. Read more about fish consumption and PFAS in the Health impacts tab.
Some PFAS would be expected in samples from any wild animal. The DNR does not have a way to predict how much PFAS might be in any wild animal based solely upon PFAS in the environment. In other examples of chemicals that accumulate in the food chain, the highest source of exposure for people tends to be fish.
PFAS contamination may be in food, drinking water, indoor dust, some consumer products and workplaces.
In EPA's health advisory documents for PFOS and PFOA, EPA reviewed the research pertaining to the sources of PFAS exposure. They concluded that diet is the major contributor of exposure to PFAS compounds, with drinking water and/or dust being additional exposure sources.
The Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) [exit DNR] has additional information on PFAS, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [exit DNR] and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [exit DNR] also provide additional health information on PFAS, including PFAS investigation and remediation efforts by other states.
Fishing is an important part of life in Wisconsin and eating fish that you catch can be part of a healthy, balanced diet. Fish are generally high in protein, contain vitamins and minerals and are the primary food source for healthy omega-3 fats.
However, fish may take in pollutants from their environment and their food. In Wisconsin, the DNR regularly tests fish to determine if they contain pollutants and special fish consumption advice is issued for waterbodies where higher levels of pollutants are measured.
For most of Wisconsin's 10,000+ waterbodies, the general statewide fish consumption advisory [PDF] should be followed. For the 146 waterbodies where increased levels of pollutants have been measured, special fish consumption advice should be followed.
In Wisconsin, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are the pollutants upon which most special fish consumption is based. At some sites, though, elevated levels of other pollutants, including dioxins and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a type of PFAS, are the basis for special fish consumption advice.
Where has DNR sampled fish to see if they contain PFAS?
Department GIS staff are currently working on a map of Wisconsin waters where fish have been tested for PFAS, including PFOS and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA), as of 2017. The map will be posted here when it is available. Efforts are currently underway to test fish from more locations, as well as to revisit previous locations to re-test fish.
Can I eat fish that contain PFAS?
If you follow fish consumption advisories, you can get the health benefits from eating fish while reducing your risk from contaminants. Before going fishing, use the Choose Wisely guide [PDF] to determine if your fishing spot has special advice and then follow the consumption advice appropriate for the species and length of fish you'd like to eat. You can also search for advice for any waterbody in the state using the online Find Advice tool.
What waterbodies have fish consumption advisories for PFAS?
In Pools 3 – 6 of the Mississippi River, consumption advisories for some species are based on levels of PFOS found in fish tissue.
Although fish from some other waters also contain PFAS, in these locations the consumption advice that is issued to protect against the risks from consuming PCBs is more stringent than what would be issued based on PFAS alone. This means that if you follow fish consumption advisories, you can get the health benefits from eating fish while reducing your risk from contaminants, including PFAS.
PFAS may enter the environment and result in contamination to groundwater, surface water, soil and/or sediment. In Wisconsin, persons who own properties that are the source of PFAS contamination, or who are responsible for discharges of PFAS to the environment, are responsible for taking appropriate actions. Those individuals must also immediately notify the state, conduct a site investigation, determine the appropriate clean-up standards for the PFAS compounds in each media impacted (e.g., soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment) and conduct the necessary response actions.
The non-industrial direct contact RCL for both PFOA and PFOS is 1.26 mg/kg. The industrial direct contact RCL for both PFOA and PFOS is 16.4 mg/kg. There is no pre-determined, groundwater protective soil RCL for these compounds. Responsible parties would be required to propose a site-specific groundwater protection number.
The DNR's Water Quality Program, in cooperation with the Fisheries Program and other partners, is developing a statewide monitoring project to sample fish tissue and water chemistry at select sites around the state near known or probable sources of PFAS. This project will help develop a baseline of PFAS contamination within the state and help to identify action areas and provide the necessary data for the appropriate response.
Water Quality's wastewater program has begun requiring testing for PFAS in certain general permit applications near known or suspected PFAS sites prior to granting coverage for new dischargers.
With respect to groundwater, federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and state groundwater quality standards have not been established for PFAS compounds. The DNR has requested that DHS recommend a PFOA and PFOS groundwater health standard in Wisconsin. Lacking a groundwater health standard, the DNR has authority to require that the responsible party develop a site-specific clean-up standard for all contaminated environmental media in accordance with NR 722.09, if no numeric clean-up standard otherwise exists. This includes discharges and environmental pollution impacting the air, lands and waters of the state.
If sites are discovered that have PFAS contamination, the DNR will work with responsible parties to investigate the contamination and take any other necessary actions (i.e., provide emergency drinking water or cleanup of soil).
To view information on sites where PFAS contamination has been reported to the DNR, please go to the DNR's Remediation and Redevelopment Program database (BRRTS on the Web), then go to the "Advanced Search" tab and under "Substances" search for "PFAS."
To view PFAS sites involving the DNR, please go to the DNR's Remediation and Redevelopment Program database (BRRTS on the Web). To find sites with PFAS contamination in the database, please go to the "Advanced Search" tab, and under "Substances" search for "PFAS."
As more information and data is collected, additional resources – e.g., maps, fact sheets, etc. – will be posted here.
More information about PFAS, including PFAS investigation and remediation efforts by other states, is available on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [exit DNR] and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [exit DNR] websites.


text:
'Sometimes People Have Trouble Imagining Indigenous People In The Future': Author Rebecca Roanhorse On New Book 'Black Sun'
Filed Under:DJ Sixsmith, Only CBS, Simon & Schuster
(CBS Local)– Rebecca Roanhorse is one of the most gifted fiction writers out there and her new book "Black Sun" from Simon & Schuster doesn't disappoint. The New York Times bestseller has created an epic world where she blends indigenous characters with a fascinating futuristic sci-fi world.
Photograph by Stephen Land
While this is the fifth novel Roanhorse has written, this one hit her on a deeper emotional level than the others.
"This is really the book of my heart and the one where I felt most free to follow my muse," said Roanhorse, in an interview with CBS Local's DJ Sixsmith. "I explored a world that I created whole cloth. It's inspired by the pre-Colombian Americas, the various cultures, architecture and poetry. Everything from those cultures makes its way into this book. The biggest challenge was finding the time. I actually did a draft of 95,000 words, turned it into my editor and he thought I could do better. I took it back, broke it down to its bones and re-wrote the entire thing."
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Roanhorse's editing and revising took her nine months to complete. While science fiction writing about indigenous people has been around for a long time, this genre of work has largely not been given much mainstream focus. The author wanted to use this book to bring that narrative back to the forefront.
"I think sometimes people have trouble imagining indigenous people in the future," said Roanhorse. "I think often in popular culture we are stuck in the 1800s. We are out in the west and riding horses and that sort of thing. In fact, indigenous people are here. They're still around and still creating stories and they will be into the future. Sometimes sci-fi fails us in that way. There are a lot of folks out there writing right now and trying to make a difference and trying to bring pop culture up to date."
Roanhorse's book is available now wherever you get your books and watch all of DJ Sixsmith's interviews from "The Sit-Down" series here.