All you have to do is write down 5 things you're grateful for each day (these don't have to be shared).
I'd like you to rate your joy level RIGHT NOW on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 is downright depressed and 10 is over the moon).
At the end of 21 days, please rate your joy level again to see if it has risen.
Please keep me posted and I'll check in with you in 21 days.


text:
Alcohol Consumption and Obesity: An Update
Topical Collection on Psychological Issues
Psychological Issues (M Hetherington and V Drapeau, Section Editors)
Gregory Traversy1 &
Jean-Philippe Chaput1
Current Obesity Reports volume 4, pages 122–130 (2015)Cite this article
1244 Altmetric
Recreational alcohol intake is a widespread activity globally and alcohol energy (7 kcal/g) can be a contributing factor to weight gain if not compensated for. Given that both excessive alcohol intake and obesity are of public health interest, the present paper provides an update on the association between alcohol consumption and body weight. In general, recent prospective studies show that light-to-moderate alcohol intake is not associated with adiposity gain while heavy drinking is more consistently related to weight gain. Experimental evidence is also mixed and suggests that moderate intake of alcohol does not lead to weight gain over short follow-up periods. However, many factors can explain the conflicting findings and a better characterization of individuals more likely to gain weight as a result of alcohol consumption is needed. In particular, individuals who frequently drink moderate amounts of alcohol may enjoy a healthier lifestyle in general that may protect them from weight gain. In conclusion, despite the important limitations of current studies, it is reasonable to say that alcohol intake may be a risk factor for obesity in some individuals, likely based on a multitude of factors, some of which are discussed herein.
Alcoholic beverages have been consumed by humans since prehistoric times for a variety of reasons. Nowadays, recreational alcohol intake is common across the globe and health and social problems resulting from alcohol consumption are becoming a concern [1]. Although moderate alcohol use is recommended, excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of premature death in the United States (behind smoking and obesity) [2]. Among the many problems associated with heavy alcohol drinking, the relationship between alcohol intake and body weight has been extensively studied over the past years [3•, 4, 5].
Based on the fact that 1 gram of alcohol provides 7.1 kcal (29 kJ) and studies showing that energy consumed as alcohol is additive to that from other dietary sources [5], increased energy intake with alcohol use can certainly promote a positive energy balance and ultimately weight gain. However, a clear cause-and-effect association between alcohol intake and weight gain is not apparent based on the mixed and conflicting available evidence on the topic. Given that both excessive alcohol intake and obesity are of public health concern, a better understanding of the association between alcohol consumption and excess body weight is warranted.
Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide an update on the link between alcohol intake and obesity. Furthermore, factors that may explain the conflicting findings in this research area are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research are provided to promote a better understanding of the possible obesity-promoting effects of energy intake from alcohol.
Alcohol Intake and Obesity: Observational Evidence
Observational studies on the effect of alcohol intake on obesity date back almost 30 years [6]. It has been examined across small and large cohorts, in many countries, across various ethnicities and age groups [4]. Within the large body of observational research, contradictory findings exist, which warrant further exploration [3•, 4].
Cross-sectional Evidence
Among cross-sectional studies, a common trend appears to be that alcohol intake is not associated with body mass index (BMI) in men, while either negatively or not associated with BMI in women [4]. Indeed, several cohorts ranging from 10,482 to 138,031 individuals have shown no correlation (or a small negative correlation) between alcohol intake and BMI in men, and a small negative association with BMI in women [6–13]. Other studies have found that alcohol intake is positively correlated with BMI in men or in both sexes; however, an analysis of recent studies suggests that this may be due to differences in intake patterns [4, 7]. For instance, several studies in adults have found that the amount or intensity of drinking per drinking occasion is positively correlated with BMI, while the frequency of drinking is negatively correlated, suggesting that frequent light drinking might offer a protective effect [14–16]. Furthermore, several studies have found that only excessive or heavy drinking is correlated with increased measures of adiposity. Wannamethee, Shaper & Whincup [17] found that in men, drinking <20 drinks per week was not associated with higher BMI, waist circumference (WC) or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compared to non-drinkers. These anthropometric measures were much higher than non-drinkers in men who consumed >21 drinks per week [17]. Similarly, Coulson et al. [18] found higher BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference in individuals drinking five or more drinks per day compared to non-drinkers. Other studies have shown J-shaped curves when comparing BMI, WC, and WHR among male and female drinkers, with light drinking being negatively associated with adiposity indicators compared to heavy drinking, or abstention [19–23].
To test the proposal that patterns of alcohol intake may be an important influence on overweight and obesity, several recent studies have examined the effects of binge drinking. Most recently, Sheldon and Knott [24] recorded the energy intake from alcohol on the days that individuals had their highest intake. The risk of obesity was 70% higher in the heaviest drinking group compared to the lightest. These individuals had obtained ≥ 75% of their total daily energy intake from alcohol compared to the lightest group which had < 24% of their daily energy intake from alcohol on their heaviest drinking day [24]. Binge drinking has been associated with greater risk of obesity and large WC in other studies [19, 25]. Also, Fan et al. [26] had individuals retrospectively estimate their age at peak alcohol intake and earlier reported peak alcohol intake was associated with more heavy drinking episodes and abdominal obesity. However, the retrospective nature of this study creates the potential for inaccuracies or biases in participants' memory of their drinking behaviors.
Despite the recent body of cross-sectional evidence suggesting the benign or potentially protective effect of frequent light drinking on body weight and obesity, several studies have found conflicting results. Sung et al. [27] found a very modest positive linear relationship between alcohol intake and BMI in men. However, the BMI of the highest drinking group varied only by 0.4 points compared to non-drinkers, although the trend was statistically significant. In overweight participants this relationship was even less pronounced (a difference of 0.2 points) [27]. Alcacera et al. [28] found that in older participants (>39.2 years old), alcohol intake was positively correlated with BMI, but no association was seen in younger participants. Vagstrand et al. [29] found that alcohol intake was positively associated with body fat in adolescent girls, but negatively associated with body fat in adolescent boys [29]. Finally, Croezen et al. [20] found a positive association between alcohol intake and risk of overweight in 13–14 year olds. Among 15–16 year olds, however, they found a J-shape relationship, with only the heaviest drinkers having a higher risk of overweight [20]. This suggests that there may be differences in alcohol metabolism between age groups; however, it is important to note that this study assessed only the amount of alcohol per drinking occasion, and not drinking frequency patterns.
Overall, the majority of cross-sectional studies since 2005 have demonstrated that frequent light to moderate alcohol intake does not seem to be associated with obesity risk. Heavy drinking and binge drinking, however, are more likely to carry such an association with excess body weight [16, 19, 22–25]. Alcohol intake may also promote overweight and higher body fat percentage in adolescents or older adults [20, 28, 29]. These studies are limited in their ability to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships or changes in weight status over time. Thus, a thorough review of recent prospective studies is also important.
Longitudinal Evidence
Prospective studies have looked at the association between alcohol intake and adiposity gain in various populations, with follow-up periods ranging from several months to 20 years [4, 30, 31]. Results of these studies have been varied and do not provide a clear picture. Several studies have found no association or a negative association between alcohol intake and changes in weight, BMI or other measures of adiposity [12, 30, 32–39]. Other studies have found such an association only in women, while finding a positive association between obesity risk and alcohol intake in men [40]. This study, however, did not specify the amount of alcohol intake, and did not control for participant's physical activity (PA) levels [40]. Conversely, one study found no association between alcohol intake and increases in WC in men, but a small positive association in women [41]. There have also been recent studies that have found a general positive association between alcohol intake and weight gain [42]. This study, however, did not control for PA levels and only assessed alcohol intake on a yes/no scale [42].
Changes in alcohol intake patterns have been associated with weight gain in prospective studies [15, 31, 43]. French et al. [15] found that men who increased their frequency or amount of alcohol intake over the follow-up period were more likely to experience increases in BMI and WC. They noted, however, that the differences were relatively modest [15]. Mozafarrian et al. [31] also found that changes in drinking behavior were associated with increases in weight. Over four years each increase of one drink per day was associated with a predicted increase of approximately 0.19 kg [31]. This relationship was strongest for beer, suggesting a possible influence for the type of alcohol ingested [31].
Finally, other recent studies have shown that heavy drinking may be more of a risk factor for weight gain than light-to-moderate drinking [44•, 45–47]. MacInnis et al. [44•] found that lower BMI and WC were seen after 12 years of follow up in light and moderate drinkers than heavy drinkers or abstainers. Sayon-Orea et al. [46] found that drinking more than seven times per week was associated with increased risk of weight gain and development of overweight and obesity. Shütze et al. [47] found that male light-to-moderate beer drinkers had smaller increases in WC and weight than non-drinkers or heavy drinkers over 8.5 years of follow up. However, conversely, in women they found a dose–response relationship between beer intake and weight gain and WC gain [47]. There are many reasons as to why the relationship between alcohol and adiposity varies between men and women, involving genetic and lifestyle factors, some of which will be discussed in depth below.
As with cross-sectional studies, the way by which alcohol intake is measured and categorized likely influences the interpretation of the results. Several studies have grouped all levels of individual alcohol intake above 30g/day as 'heavy' drinkers [12, 38]. Conversely, other studies examined alcohol intake more thoroughly, considering frequency and amount per drinking day separately [15]. French et al. [15] measured alcohol frequency ranging from 1–2 times per year to every day, while estimating the number of drinks per drinking day from 1–36. Such an analysis allows for a more complete description of participants' drinking patterns, and is important as cross-sectional studies suggest that drinking frequency and intensity influence weight differently [14–16].
Collectively, the most recent prospective studies suggest that light-to-moderate alcohol intake is not associated with weight gain or changes in WC [44•]. Heavy drinking, however, has been more consistently associated with weight gain [45–47]. Furthermore, increases in alcohol intake patterns appear to promote weight gain [15, 31, 43]. Binge drinking behavior was not specifically examined in any of the recent prospective studies analyzed.
Alcohol Intake and Obesity: Experimental Evidence
Several experimental studies have been conducted to examine the short-term effect of alcohol intake on feeding behavior and appetite control [3•, 5]. A recent review summarized a number of these studies, showing that alcohol ingested before a meal has frequently been shown to have a neutral effect on intake, or to increase intake, despite the added energy that come from the alcohol preload [5]. In these studies, alcohol appears to have no effect on appetite, or to increase appetite [5]. However, to date there have been few intervention studies conducted to experimentally examine the effects of regular alcohol intake on weight gain or obesity in humans. All of the available studies have examined moderate intake of alcohol, and the majority have reported results on beer and wine intake, but not other forms of alcohol [3•, 5]. Crouse and Grundy [48] looked at the effect of adding 630 kcal/day of alcohol to the diets of 12 men in a metabolic unit. There were no significant changes in weight for normal weight participants over the four-week intervention study. They however noted that about half of the obese participants gained weight, with the largest weight gain being 1.8 kg [48]. In a randomized crossover study, Cordain et al. [49] found that drinking two glasses of red wine (270 mL) with dinner daily for six weeks did not lead to changes in weight or body fat percentage in 14 men. They noted that self-reported nutrient intake and physical activity did not differ between conditions, although there may have been dietary compensation that was not accurately reported by their 3-day food logs [49]. Similarly, Cordain et al. [50] found that 10 weeks of wine intake equal to 6-7% of total energy intake (135 mL, five times per week) did not result in any significant change in body weight or fat percentage in 20 sedentary, overweight women. Also, Beulens et al. [51] reported similar results in 34 male adults with large WC, consuming 450 mL of red wine per day for 4 weeks, compared to consuming alcohol-free wine for the same time period. The effect of beer intake was examined by Romeo et al. [52] who found that one month of daily beer consumption (equivalent to 12g/day of alcohol for women and 24 g/day for men) did not result in significant increases in BMI or WC compared to abstention. Biceps skin fold was the only anthropometric measurement that was increased in their participants after the beer drinking condition [52]. Fletchner-Mors et al. [53] found that replacing 10% of total daily energy intake during a weight-loss intervention with either grape juice or white wine resulted in similar weight loss, with the white wine group showing a slightly higher (although not statistically significant) weight loss. In this case both diets were isoenergetic so this is not a surprising result, as the thermic effect of food was likely higher for white wine than grape juice [53, 54]. Finally, more recently, Cresci et al. [55] found that self-reported alcohol intake was not a significant predictor of success or failure in losing 5% of body weight during a 6-month weight loss intervention.
Overall, the available experimental evidence reviewed in this article suggests that moderate intake of alcohol does not lead to weight gain. The systematic review by Bendsen et al. [3•] suggests that this trend is less likely in experimental studies examining beer consumption exclusively. Also, the intervention periods in the aforementioned studies ranged from 4–10 weeks, and therefore may not have been long enough to identify the slight changes in weight that can accumulate over time to result in overweight or obesity. A modest increase in weight of one kilogram over a 10 week period seems insignificant but over five years this could result in up to 26 kg of weight gain if no compensation takes place. To our knowledge, there does not appear to be any experimental evidence specifically testing the effects of heavy/binge drinking, or of drinking spirits or a combination of alcohol sources on weight gain/obesity. A summary of the studies examined in this article, organized by the trend between alcohol and weight gain/obesity can be found in Table 1.
Table 1 Summary of trends in cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies examining the link between alcohol intake and measures of adiposity
Alcohol Intake and Obesity: Potential Mechanisms
In summarizing the recent literature it appears that light-to-moderate alcohol intake is less likely to be a risk factor for obesity than heavy drinking. Heavy drinking and binge drinking have been more consistently linked with adiposity. There are several lines of evidence suggesting the potential for alcohol to promote weight gain, and the contradictory results often seen in the literature have led to the development of alternative hypotheses regarding the influence of alcohol on body weight.
A review by Yeomans [5] highlights some of the potential explanations for alcohol's influence on weight gain or obesity. First, as previously mentioned, energy from alcohol appears to be additive to energy from other sources [5]. Several studies suggest that consuming alcohol before or during a meal does not influence the amount of food eaten in that meal, despite increasing the energy density of the meal [5]. Thus, individuals do not appear to compensate for the added energy from alcohol in the short-term, and alcohol appears to have little effect on satiety [5].
Beyond adding energy to a meal, alcohol may actually stimulate food intake [5]. Of the 17 studies reviewed by Yeomans, ten showed increased food intake following alcohol consumption [5]. One explanation is that there is a learned association between alcohol and eating; however, several experimenters disguised the presence of alcohol in their protocols and still found increased energy intake [5]. It is unclear whether alcohol promotes food intake in the absence of hunger; however, it has been noted that alcohol may amplify individuals' perception of appetite in response to food stimuli [5].
Alcohol has also been shown to influence a number of hormones linked to satiety. The results of several studies propose that alcohol may influence energy intake by inhibiting the effects of leptin, or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [56, 57]. To date, the evidence suggests that alcohol does not appear to increase appetite through the action of peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), or cholecystokinin (CCK) [57–61]. Calissendorf et al. [58] found that alcohol did not increase plasma levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY); however, animal models have shown that central NPY levels are increased following alcohol consumption [62].
Alcohol can also influence hunger via several central mechanisms. The effects of alcohol on opioid, serotonergic, and GABAergic pathways in the brain all suggest the potential to increase appetite [62–65]. Given the complexity of the interplay between central and peripheral signals of satiety, more research needs to be performed in order to elucidate the precise biochemical mechanism driving food intake following alcohol consumption. A summary of the effects of alcohol on important appetite hormones and central neurological pathways in humans can be found in Table 2.
Table 2 Effect of alcohol on various peripheral hormones and central neurotransmitter systems related to hunger and energy intake
Aside from the immediate influence on appetite that comes from alcohol consumption, there are also effects on energy storage. Alcohol inhibits fat oxidation, suggesting that frequent alcohol consumption could lead to fat sparing, and thus higher body fat in the long term [62]. However, the results of the various cross-sectional and longitudinal studies examined in this review do not unequivocally support such a hypothesis. Finally, there is also evidence to suggest that traits that predispose individuals to binge drinking may also predispose to binge eating [66].
Although there is evidence to suggest that frequent alcohol intake may predispose to weight gain or obesity over the long-term, this effect is not strongly reflected in the recent research. This has prompted the development of several hypotheses. First, it has been found that alcohol intake increases energy expenditure, likely due in part to the fact that it has a high thermogenic effect [53]. It has also been suggested that some of the energy ingested as alcohol is 'wasted', due to the activation of the inefficient hepatic microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS). The MEOS is induced through chronic alcohol intake, and the level of induction increases with increased intake [54, 67]. Oxidation of alcohol via the MEOS produces less ATP than oxidation via alcohol dehydrogenase, using the energy from alcohol intake primarily to enhance heat production [37, 54]. The extent to which wasted energy from regular alcohol consumption contributes to weight gain prevention is unclear.
It has also been suggested that individuals who frequently drink moderate amounts of alcohol may enjoy a moderate lifestyle in which exercise and food intake are modulated over the long term to accommodate for alcohol intake [15]. However, studies using food logs and self-reported physical activity levels have still shown a null or negative association between moderate alcohol intake and weight gain after controlling for these and other confounders, although they may fail to truly capture the habits of participants [4, 49]. While cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have controlled for a number of important lifestyle factors, there are many to consider when examining body weight regulation. It is highly likely that the paradoxical results seen in studies examining the effect of alcohol on weight gain and obesity are also the product of a multitude of factors beyond the individual's ingestion habits. Future research must consider the other important factors that may influence the link between alcohol and obesity, some of which are discussed below.
Factors that may Explain the Conflicting Findings between Alcohol Intake and body Weight
The mixed evidence with respect to alcohol's role in promoting obesity is a product of many factors [e.g., gender, type, frequency and amount of alcohol consumed, drinking pattern (e.g., binge drinking), physical activity level, sleeping habits, depression symptoms, psychosocial problems, chronic illness, medication use, disinhibition eating behavior trait, history of alcohol use, predisposition to gain weight, etc.]. Not taking into account some of these potential confounding factors can certainly lead to biased estimates of the relationship between alcohol intake and body weight given that large inter-individual variations exist. Some of these confounding factors are further discussed below.
The association between alcohol intake and body weight is generally stronger in men than women [15], especially because of the amount and type of alcohol consumed by men. Alcohol has been reported to account for 16% of adult drinkers' total energy intake in the United States [68], with men consuming about three times the amount consumed by women [68]. Men are also more likely to drink beer, which is carbohydrate rich, and provides more energy than wine per standard drink [5]. Consistent with this observation are the findings from a recent systematic review showing positive associations between beer consumption and measures of abdominal adiposity (also known as "beer belly") in men; however, inconsistent results were found in women [3•].
Another important confounding factor to be considered is physical activity level. Many epidemiologic studies fail to consider lifestyle choices such as physical activity and sedentary behaviors despite the fact that increased energy expenditure may counter increases in energy intake through alcohol consumption [17, 23, 30, 32, 40, 42]. Furthermore, beer and spirit drinkers appear to have poorer dietary habits in general than wine drinkers [3•]. Thus, accounting for both sides of the energy balance equation (intake, expenditure and lifestyle habits) is crucial to evaluate adequately the association between alcohol intake and obesity.
Insufficient sleep has also been shown to be associated with greater alcohol consumption and excess body weight in adults [69, 70]. Specifically, sleeping less than 6 hours per night in adults is associated with greater alcohol intake, an increased risk of exceeding the guidelines for sensible weekly alcohol intake, and higher BMI. Furthermore, we showed that the combination of short sleep duration with disinhibited eating behavior is associated with greater alcohol intake and excess weight [69, 71]. These results emphasize the need to identify high-risk individuals (e.g., disinhibited short sleepers) who are in greater need of preventive strategies.
Genetic aspects can also play a role in the predisposition of individuals to gain weight as a result of alcohol consumption. Recent results showed that genetic polymorphisms affect susceptibility to alcoholism and may affect body weight via gene-associated differences in fuel utilization [72]. The authors found that alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B) genotype (rs1229984) is a strong determinant of body weight in alcoholics. The more rapid ethanol elimination associated with the ADH1B*2 allele may result in less efficient utilization of ethanol as an energy source [72]. Those findings thus suggest that more research is needed to unravel genetic aspects involved in the connection between alcohol intake and weight gain.
Overall, obesity is a multi-factorial condition and it is difficult to truly assess the independent influence of alcohol intake on obesity risk. The observational evidence is hampered by the possibility of residual confounding by unmeasured variables and the experimental evidence is limited by the short-term follow-up period and the difficulty to control for all lifestyle habits under free-living conditions. The slow development of obesity and multi-faceted nature of this condition really complicates the possibility to show a cause-and-effect association between alcohol consumption and weight gain. Thus, we need to rely on short-term intervention studies and epidemiologic studies, each of which has clear limitations in showing an effect of alcohol intake on the vulnerability to gain weight. However, the preponderance of the evidence taken as a whole suggests that alcohol may be a risk factor for obesity in some individuals, especially when consumed in large quantities.
Alcohol consumption has probably contributed to the excess energy intake associated with weight gain in some individuals over the past years. However, the available evidence is conflicting and hampered by important limitations that preclude a strong conclusion on the effect of alcohol intake on obesity risk. Moderation in drinking is still an important recommendation, together with a healthy lifestyle not conducive to weight gain.
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Romeo J, González-Gross M, Wärnberg J, Díaz LE, Marcos A. Does beer have an impact on weight gain? Effects of moderate beer consumption on body composition. Nutr Hosp. 2007; 22:223–8.
Flechtner-Mors M, Biesalski HK, Jenkinson CP, Ditschuneit HH. Effects of moderate consumption of white wine on weight loss in overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28:1420–6.
Suter PM. Is alcohol consumption a risk factor for weight gain and obesity? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2005; 42:197–227.
Cresci B, Pala L, Poggiali R, et al. False and true pre-treatment predictors of weight loss in obese patients starting a program for lifestyle change. Eat Weight Disord. (in press).
Röjdmark S, Calissendorff J, Brismar K. Alcohol ingestion decreases both diurnal and nocturnal secretion of leptin in healthy individuals. Clin Endocrinol. 2008; 55:639–47.
Raben A, Agerholm-Larsen L, Flint A, Holst JJ, Astrup A. Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77:91–100.
Calissendorff J, Danielsson O, Brismar K, Rojdmark S. Inhibitory effect of alcohol on ghrelin secretion in normal man. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005; 152:743–7.
Calissendorff J, Danielsson O, Brismar K, Rojdmark S. Alcohol ingestion does not affect serum levels of peptide YY but decreases both total and octanoylated ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. Metabolism. 2006; 55:1625–9.
Hajnal F, Flores MC, Valenzuela JE. Effect of alcohol and alcoholic beverages on non-stimulated pancreatic secretion in humans. Pancreas. 1989; 4:486–91.
Manabe T, Sawai H, Okada Y, et al. Effects of whisky on plasma gastrin and cholecystokinin in young adult men. J Int Med Res. 2003; 31:210–4.
Yeomans MR, Caton S, Hetherington MM. Alcohol and food intake. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003; 6:639–44.
Yeomans MR, Gray RW. Opioid peptides and the control of human ingestive behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002; 26:713–28.
Koob GF. A role for GABA mechanisms in the motivational effects of alcohol. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004; 68:1515–25.
Widdowson PS, Holman RB. Ethanol-induced increase in endogenous dopamine release may involve endogenous opiates. J Neurochem. 1992; 59:157–63.
Fischer S, Smith GT. Binge eating, problem drinking, and pathological gambling: linking behavior to shared traits and social learning. Pers Individ Dif. 2008; 44:789–800.
Lieber CS. Perspectives: do alcohol calories count? Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 54:976–82.
Nielsen SJ, Kit BK, Fakhouri T, Ogden CL. Calories Consumed From Alcoholic Beverages by U.S. Adults, 2007–2010. NCHS Data Brief, no 110. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2012: 1–8.
Chaput JP, McNeil J, Després JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Short sleep duration is associated with greater alcohol consumption in adults. Appetite. 2012; 59:650–5.
Chaput JP, Leblanc C, Pérusse L, Després JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Risk factors for adult overweight and obesity in the Quebec Family Study: have we been barking up the wrong tree? Obesity. 2009; 17:1964–70.
Chaput JP, Després JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. The association between short sleep duration and weight gain is dependent on disinhibited eating behavior in adults. Sleep. 2011; 34:1291–7.
Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Matsui T, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1B genotype (rs1229984) is a strong determinant of the relationship between body weight and alcohol intake in Japanese alcoholic men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013; 37:1123–32.
Greg Traversy is supported by a summer studentship from the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute. Jean-Philippe Chaput holds a Junior Research Chair in Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Greg Traversy and Jean-Philippe Chaput declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
Gregory Traversy & Jean-Philippe Chaput
Gregory Traversy
Jean-Philippe Chaput
Correspondence to Jean-Philippe Chaput.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Psychological Issues
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
Traversy, G., Chaput, JP. Alcohol Consumption and Obesity: An Update. Curr Obes Rep 4, 122–130 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0129-4
Issue Date: March 2015
Adiposity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Frank Buchwald is a Berlin based designer whom has created this inspiring series of lamps, the idea he says was developed over many years of dealing with the nature of modern technology, especially the mechanical artifacts of the industrial age.
Buchwald also notes that the models were not simply a spontaneous moment of realisation and inspiration, but rather a long process. It took a long time until the moment was reached in which it could be said that the objects had a meaningful form and the designs were moving in the right direction.
Buchwald has captured the raw energy and excitement of industrialization, and has bundled it into these desktop sized, mechanical objects.


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Biografia

Vita
Griffith è nato a Hartford, nel Connecticut, figlio di Mary Ann (nata O'Neil), che lavorava in uno studio di ballo, e di Thomas Joseph Griffith. È cintura nera di Karate Kempo e pratica il taekwondo.

Carriera
È principalmente noto per il ruolo di Terry Silver, l'antagonista principale del film Karate Kid III - La sfida finale. Altri celebri film a cui ha partecipato sono stati Vampires di John Carpenter, in cui ha interpretato il ruolo del vampiro Jan Valek e  xXx, dove ha interpretato la parte dell'agente Jim McGrath. Ritiratosi dalla recitazione nel 2007, ha lavorato come sceneggiatore di serie televisive e fumetti, spesso collaborando con John Carpenter per la stesura di spin-off e seguiti a fumetti di molti suoi film. Dopo un'assenza di 14 anni dalle scene, nel 2021 è tornato nuovamente a recitare, rivestendo i panni di Terry Silver nella serie sequel Cobra Kai.

Filmografia

Cinema

A Place to Hide, regia di Scott Thomas (1988)
Karate Kid III - La sfida finale (The Karate Kid - Part III), regia di John G. Avildsen (1989)
Moventi diversi (Ulterior Motives), regia di James Becket (1992)
Da solo contro tutti (Excessive Force), regia di Jon Hess (1993)
Furia esplosiva (Crackerjack), regia di Michael Mazo (1994)
Sangue innocente (Blood of the Innocent), regia di Bob Misiorowski (1994)
Impatto devastante (Hollow Point), regia di Sidney J. Furie (1996)
Oltre le linee nemiche (Behind Enemy Lines), regia di Mark Griffiths (1997)
Kull il conquistatore (Kull the Conqueror), regia di John Nicolella (1997)
Vampires (John Carpenter's Vampires), regia di John Carpenter (1998)
Avalanche, regia di Steve Kroschel (1999)
For the Cause, regia di David Douglas e Tim Douglas (2000)
High Adventure, regia di Mark Roper (2001)
Black Point, regia di David Mackay (2002)
xXx, regia di Rob Cohen (2002)
The Sea Wolf, regia di Mark Roper (2005)

Televisione
 Destini (Another World) – serial TV, 49 episodi (1984-1987)
 L'ispettore Tibbs (In the Heat of the Night) – serie TV, episodi 2x1-2x2 (1988)
 Oltre la legge - L'informatore (Wiseguy) – serie TV, episodi 2x21-2x22 (1989)
 Rock Hudson, regia di John Nicolella – film TV (1990)
 The Guardian, regia di Rob Cohen – film TV (1997)
 La signora Pollifax (The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax), regia di Anthony Pullen Shaw – film TV (1999)
 Secret of Giving, regia di Sam Pillsbury – film TV (1999)
 Le visioni di Donielle (A Vision of Murder: The Story of Donielle), regia di Donald Wrye – film TV (2000)
 Beyond the Prairie, Part 2: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder, regia di Marcus Cole – film TV (2002)
 Timecop 2 (Timecop: The Berlin Decision), regia di Steve Boyum – film TV (2003)
 One Tree Hill – serie TV, 5 episodi (2004)
 The Closer – serie TV, episodi 1x10 (2005)
 Cold Case - Delitti irrisolti (Cold Case) – serie TV, episodi 4x11 (2006)
 Il giorno del ricatto (The Kidnapping), regia di Arthur Allan Seidelman – film TV (2007)
 Cobra Kai – serie TV, 20 episodi (2021-in corso)

Doppiatori italiani
Nelle versioni in italiano delle opere in cui ha recitato, Thomas Ian Griffith è stato doppiato da:
 Luca Ward in Karate Kid III - La sfida finale
 Mario Cordova in Hollow Point - Impatto devastante
 Roberto Benfenati in Oltre le linee nemiche
 Roberto Chevalier in Kull il conquistatore
 Sergio Di Stefano in Vampires
 Andrea Ward in Destini (Another World)
 Christian Iansante in Cold Case - Delitti irrisolti
 Francesco Prando in La signora Pollifax
 Danilo Bruni in Cobra Kai

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


First, the business owner may decide if you're "speaking the truth". This is easy. If you can demonstrate cost savings and/or revenue growth, it will make sense for them to purchase your product and/or service.
"How long will it take to actually make money back from what you are selling"?
To be most effective in sales, you must control your prospects' price vs. cost analysis. If you don't communicate the key calculation points, they may miss several key factors when arriving at their final decision — for better and for worse.
Here are 5 ways to help your prospects determine the break-even point when evaluating your product or service.
Talk in profit terms: When a company is making money and thriving, they may not be thinking about what's left behind. It's important to emphasize that in today's competitive market, every dollar has a net present value and counts. They may not be losing money but they aren't making as much money as they could be. The sooner a company operates at its highest profit zone, the faster they reach the break-even point.
Share your knowledge: When you figure out the cost savings (or profit increases) your service provides, share that with your prospect. Your simple formula may be exactly the path they need to understand the right break-even point.
For example: Your prospect's process has hard and soft costs of $5000 per month. Your product or service will decrease this by $200 per month to $4800. Your product costs $1200. Therefore, the net savings of $200 per month will reach the break-even point in 6 months.
An important note: Prospects may not want to wait over a year to assume their return on investment. The break-even point is not only a financial decision, but comes with an emotional reaction.
Emphasize the "time is money" principle: It's important to stress that your product is an investment with superb returns. If the prospect waits 3 months to purchase your product, they are missing out on 90 days worth of investment return.
Highlight the soft cost of poor quality: If your product or service ultimately improves the quality of your prospects' product, there's no better time to mention industry figures on poor quality costs. Most facts include words such as "billions of wasted dollars per year".
Include "intangible benefits": Don't forget that words such as "less overtime, smaller workspaces, less rework, and lower burden costs" result in better moral, larger profits, and the ability to expand.
The break-even point is one of the most important factors customers consider when making a purchase decision.
If you're prepared to demonstrate all the benefits of your product, chances are your success will soar.


The One Week School Part 2 is a continuation from the One Week School Part 1. Completion of Part 1 is a pre-requisite for attendance on Part 2 unless other similar Ellel courses have been taken, such as the Modular School Part A (One Year School Part 1).
Part 2 is designed to further help those who want to learn to pray effectively for Christians in need of healing in spirit, soul and body and receive healing for themselves. The teaching will include a brief review of Part 1 teaching at the outset and will then cover subjects not taught in Part 1. It will also include a longer supervised workshop providing opportunity to further develop ministry skills based on the teaching and receive healing for the areas in their own life, that the Lord has highlighted during the week.
The workshop involves ministering in small groups, under the direction of an experienced Ellel Ministries prayer ministry team member. There will be opportunities during this time both to give and receive ministry.


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video Moving Pictures
Images of May - 02:03
Images of April - 01:22
Images of March - 02:01
Images of February - 02:19
Images of January - 02:27
Images of December - 02:29
Images of 2018 - 02:17
Images of November - 02:45
Images of October - 02:41
(Warning: graphic content) Images taken by Reuters photographers around the world in June 2019, including the Women's World Cup, protests in Hong Kong, the migrant crisis at the U.S.-Mexico border and Pride month worldwide. Produced by Canice Leung.
https://reut.rs/2RPE7UL
Life in prison for Mexican drug lord 'El...
11:15am EDT - (1:09)


The variability in temperature and salinity of the waters on the northeast USA continental shelf and the Gulf of Maine during the 1990s is presented and compared to that during a previous period (1978–87). A general freshening of the surface waters in the Gulf of Maine and of the shelf waters in the Middle Atlantic Bight is documented. An increase in the inflow to the Gulf of Maine of cool, low salinity surface water from the Scotian Shelf during the 1990s was responsible for the freshening. Wintertime warming of the shelf waters in the southern part of the region was noted. The deep waters of the western Gulf of Maine also exhibited a warming during the 1990s. This warming is believed due to reduced winter convective cooling, caused at least in part, by the freshening of the surface layer which increased the stratification that inhibited convection.


Are you new to the ecig world? Welcome! Here's a list of our favorite tips for new vapers that include everything from ecigarette batteries, to nicotine strength, and vapor flavors. We consider these key to making a successful switch!
You don't want to be left without a charged ecig battery. It's good to keep a spare in case yours dies. Or if you're out and about and someone wants to try vaping you can lend them the spare for a minute.
If you leave your battery at home, it could be a long work day without a vape. You don't want any reasons to pick up a cigarette, so stay prepared by keeping an extra at work!
Forget your PV at home? Not to worry, just use the backup you have in your car. Just be careful not to store batts them in extreme temps!
Although we've got over 160 flavors to choose from, you can still create even more. Mix two or more vape flavors together and make your own blend!
Finding the right nicotine level is important to keep on vaping and stay away from the cigs. However, you might find you need a higher strength depending on the flavor, or even your mood. If you find that your vape isn't cutting it, and you're still tempted to smoke, increase your nicotine level.
The best way to keep your batts working right is to give them a good scrubbing every week. First remove them from the charger or take the cartomizer off. Then use a cotton swab and rubbing alcohol to clean the threading where the battery meets the cartomizer (or tank). Then make sure it dries completely before reusing.
There are tons of different batteries and mods, EGOs, and cig-a-likes out there. There are also a lot of choices for the refillable, from pre-filled carts, to clearomizers, tanks, Smileomizers, and atomizers. By trying different setups, you can find the one that works best for you. Besides that, there is always new vaporizers coming out and it's fun to experiment!
Keep hydrated when vaping. Ecig vapor can dry out your throat, so keep a bottle of water with you and you're good to go!
Ecig not working right? Check the post! The fix could be as simple as raising the metal threading on either the battery or cartomizer. These can get pushed down when screwing on a cart or charger.
When you first begin vaping, try a few different nicotine strengths. You'll be able to see what works the best for you.
You could use a purple tank for grape e-liquid, green for apple-flavored juice, etc. so you can tell them apart easier!
Have a tip you don't see here? Add it in the comment section or tweet us at @Vapor4Life and use the hashtag #V4Ltip. We'll be sure to add it to our list!


Ralph Fiennes has done a role in the movie He Who Must Not Be Named. His character has possessed Daniel Radcliffe's mind in real life also. The Hollywood magazine Entertainment Weekly has reported that even without makeup, Daniel Radcliffe was taken aback at the sight of Ralph Fiennes.
It is to be noted that Daniel Radcliffe did the Harry Potter series. When Daniel was aged 15, he worked with Ralph. The very sight of Ralph would cause goose pimples in Daniel Radcliffe.


text:
Dwight Returns
Jameer Nelson says matchup with Dwight Howard, L.A. Lakers is "just another game"
Nelson downplayed the significance of Tuesday's game between Orlando and L.A., which will mark Howard's first game in the City Beautiful since the Magic traded him.
By Evan Dunlap Mar 10, 2013, 10:15pm EDT
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Jameer Nelson
Jameer Nelson played eight seasons alongside Dwight Howard with the Orlando Magic and shared team captaincy duties with him for some of those years. Howard and the Los Angeles Lakers visit Orlando on Tuesday, playing at Amway Center for the first time since the Magic traded Howard to L.A. on August 10th. Speaking with Magic broadcaster Paul Kennedy after Sunday's 99-91 win against the Philadelphia 76ers, Nelson downplayed the importance of the game.
Orlando Pinstriped Post offers comprehensive coverage of Dwight Howard's first game in Orlando as a Laker.
"It can't be just another game for Jameer Nelson and the Magic," Kennedy remarked.
"It is just another game," Nelson said matter-of-factly, going on to emphasize the importance of playing cohesively as a team in Tuesday's showdown.
On Wednesday, the Orlando Sentinel asked Nelson for comment in response to remarks that Howard made about his former teammates. Nelson replied strongly, but with a degree of civility. "I would be less of a man to comment on certain things that people comment on about me and my teammates," Nelson said.
Nelson posted 19 points and 13 assists against the Lakers in December, his first-ever head-to-head matchup against Howard. Orlando scored 40 points in the fourth quarter to win that game, 113-103.
Magic vs. Lakers: Dwight Howard returns to Orlando
Notebook: Dwight Howard drama ends
Dwight, Lakers "just another game" for Nelson


Parliamentarians in Grenada are sharpening their skills at a 2-day seminar here this week, hosted by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA).
The Post-Election Seminar is intended to build capacity among newly elected members of the Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament and to equip parliamentarians with the relevant knowledge to help them perform their roles more effectively.
Dr Mitchell, a parliamentarian for 34 years, said it is an opportunity for newly elected members to get better acquainted with parliamentary procedures and expectations. "Over the next two days, you have an opportunity to take a step back, evaluating what you have been doing and arming yourselves to continue that forward march and to offer the very best representation to those you serve," he stated.
President of the Senate, Honourable Chester Humphrey and Speaker of the House of Representatives, Honourable Michael Pierre have also welcomed the CPA seminar, noting that it is long overdue. They both gave assurances that the presence of only one political party in Grenada's parliament does not detract from the quality of the debate.
In his turn at the podium, CPA's Director of Operations, Jarvis Matiya said the CPA recognises the ever-evolving nature of democracy and the fact that no country or institution can provide or be provided with a one-size-fits-all system of parliament or governance.
Parliamentarians from Antigua/Barbuda and Trinidad and Tobago are among the resource persons for the 2-day seminar.


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text:
Maties Tennis Goes for Gold at FASU Championship
THE MATIES TENNIS TEAM embarked on their trip on 6 October. Photo: Instagram (@fasuafrica)
By Kulani Ngobeni 2 months ago
BY KULANI NGOBENI
The second Tennis Slam Championships held in Uganda from 8–11 October presented the Maties tennis team with a call to perform on an esteemed African platform. The Maroon Machine heeded this call with excellent results to show for their efforts: a win secured alongside players from some of the best universities on the continent.
The Federation of Africa University Sports (FASU) selected Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, as the host for the four nations represented in the tournament—Kenya, Uganda, Libya and South Africa.
THE UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA also participated as one of Maties Tennis's competitors. Photo: Marno Stander
For FASU championship players Ashleigh Judd, a fourth-year BEng (Industrial Engineering) student, and Rutger la Cock, a BScHons (Earth Science) student, their passion for tennis came from exposure to the sport at a young age and years of practice thereafter.
La Cock's journey started in Grade R and has since come to form an integral part of his life. Reflecting on the work put into honing his skill, he shared that from playing provincially in primary school through to high school "there's definitely been a lot of preparation to get to the level [he is] at". When asked which tennis player he looks up to most, La Cock said, "it has to be Rafael Nadal; he's definitely been one of my idols since I was very young."
The long-standing interest La Cock expressed is echoed in Judd's reflections on her history with the sport. "[Ever since I can remember I've had a passion for tennis]. I began playing tennis from a young age, first with school tennis and not long after I began going for private lessons. Tennis is a source of immense joy in my life".
Maties Sport has played a significant role in this process by investing in players and creating the conditions for their success. Whilst reflecting on its role, Judd said, "Not only did Maties Sport provide opportunities to participate in tournaments, but it is also the place where I encountered coaches who helped nurture my skills as a tennis player," referring to coaches such as head coach Brendan Thomas.
The team's trip to Uganda began with a somewhat stressful lead-up, which involved securing visas and the required negative COVID-19 test results. After a long overnight flight and arrival on Thursday 7 October, the games commenced the very next day. Playing on new terrain presented a unique set of challenges for the seasoned players.
MATIES TEAM gearing up for day one of the tournament. Photo: Instagram (@fasuafrica)
La Cock said, "It was very difficult [because] just to find your feet basically—no pun intended—is definitely a lot more slippery as opposed to our hard courts that we're used to playing on, so it was definitely challenging." He further added, "[When] playing at altitude, the air is a little bit thinner, the balls are flying, and you're sweating a tonne because you're sitting on the equator."
Judd and La Cock ultimately managed to adapt and overcome this test of skill, winning silver and gold respectively. Despite being an individual sport, the interactive nature of Maties tennis allows for players to connect through their shared experience as students—a sense of community and joint effort reflected in the team's overall placement with the women's team achieving a gold and men's team a silver.
The Championship afforded Stellenbosch University's seasoned tennis players a career milestone and a unique intercultural experience during which strong bonds, friendships and memories were formed.
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← Needers of the pack: A brief look at addiction to Solitaire
Carry on pampering: A brief look at "comfort addiction" →
As a football fan I'm really looking forward to tonight's European Champions League final between Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspur. For football fans, the premier European club competition is always a 'must see' event and with two English Premiership clubs in the final, it's an even better prospect. The two semi-final matches (with Liverpool and Spurs both defying the odds to reach the final) were probably two of the best games I've ever seen. Living in Nottingham for the past 24 years, many residents still talk about Nottingham Forest winning back-to-back European cups in 1979 and 1980 (games I still remember watching as a kid) as well as the manager Brian Clough. His statue (pictured below) is now a popular tourist attraction in Nottingham.
In a previous blog ("I'll get my quote": Managing their reputation"), I recounted some of my favourite quotes from football managers around the world. I also mentioned that some football managers could have a whole column to themselves and top of the list would be the best manager England never had – Brian Clough, OBE ("old big 'ead" to the masses). Cloughie was arrogant as typified in his most famous quote when reflecting on his management career ("I wouldn't say I was the best manager in the business. But I was in the top one"). In honour of today's Champions League final, here are my other golden Cloughie moments starting with some more arrogant claims:
"The River Trent is lovely, I know because I have walked on it for 18 years"
"When I go, God's going to have to give up his favourite chair"
"We talk about it for twenty minutes and then we decide I was right"
"I've decided to pick my moment to retire very carefully – in about 200 years time"
"Telling the entire world and his dog how good a manager I was. I knew I was the best but I should have said nowt and kept the pressure off 'cos they'd have worked it out for themselves"
"I'm sure the England selectors thought if they took me on and gave me the job [as England Manager), I'd want to run the show. They were shrewd, because that's exactly what I would have done"
"Rome wasn't built in a day. But I wasn't on that particular job"
On England's exit from the 2000 European Football Championship:
"Players lose you games, not tactics. There's so much crap talked about tactics by people who barely know how to win at dominoes"
On his alcoholism:
"Walk on water? I know most people out there will be saying that instead of walking on it, I should have taken more of it with my drinks. They are absolutely right"
"I'm dealing with my drinking problem and I have a reputation for getting things done"
On Sir Alec Ferguson only winning one European Cup:
"For all his horses, knighthoods and championships, he hasn't got two of what I've got. And I don't mean balls!"
On women's football:
"I like my women to be feminine, not sliding into tackles and covered in mud"
On Sven Goran Eriksson, former England manager:
"At last they've got a manager who speaks better English than they do"
"I might be an old codger now and slightly past my best as a gaffer, but the FA would know they're safe with me. At least I'd keep my trousers on"
On managing Roy Keane:
"I only ever hit Roy the once. He got up so I couldn't have hit him very hard"
On football hooliganism:
"Football hooligans? Well, there are 92 club chairmen for a start"
Classic Clough. Enough said.
(Please note, this article is an updated version of an article I previously published here)
Dr Mark Griffiths, Distinguished Professor of Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Clough, B. (2009). Clough The Autobiography. London: Random House.
Hamilton, D. (2008). Provided you don't kiss me: 20 years with Brian Clough. London: HarperCollins UK.
Hamilton, D. (2009). Old Big'Ead: The Wit & Wisdom of Brian Clough. Aurum Press Limited.
Hermiston, R. (2011). Clough and Revie: The Rivals Who Changed the Face of English Football. London: Random House.
Murphy, P. (2009). His Way: The Brian Clough Story. London: Anova Books.
Wilson, J. (2011). Brian Clough: Nobody Ever Says Thank You: The Biography. London: Hachette UK.
Posted on June 1, 2019, in Alcohol, Fame and tagged Alex Ferguson, Brian Clough, European Champion's League, Football, Nottingham, Nottingham Forest, Roy Keane, Sven Goran Eriksson. Bookmark the permalink.	Leave a comment.


^ TMultiThread in shareware and commercial software?
TMultiThread is a Delphi component for use in Win32, Win64 (9x/ME/2K/XP/Vista/7/8), OSX, iOS and Android software.
It's a non visual class that helps creating multiple threads for example for creating a multi threaded thumbnailer or any other task that needs many threads. You specify a max. thread count and simply add work to the class and when the work is ready a callback event is called with the result.
TMultiThread is optimized to be used for many threads of the same type but also simplyfies to run a single thread only.
No Synchronize() is used at all, so it is also safe to use the component in a .dll.
Unpack the package (TMultiThread x.x.zip).
Unit file name: select "MultiThread2.pas"
Unit file name: click "Browse" and select "MultiThread2.pas" and click "Ok"
Save the package giving it a proper name.
In project manager (in the upper-right corner by default), right-click on "Package1.dproj" (if you saved the package with this name) and select "Install..."
If everything went smooth, you can access the TMultiThread2 component on 3delite's tab.
Drop a TMultiThread component on the form. Create a class that will describe the job and the particular parameters for it. There is also a global Parameters class that you can assign your own class to it that is global parameters for all the jobs (threads).
Run the component with MultiThread1.Start, any work added from now on will start instantly if there is at least one work in (added) to the job list.
Use MultiThread1.AddWork(Work) to add a job to the TMultiThread component. When this function is called as soon as there is a thread ready it will be processed.
Implement a ThreadWorkerCallback event. When a job is ready to run, this event will be called. You get the global Parameters class and the job class here. Type-cast both to your class and you can extract the information describing the work to do. After the work is finished if you need to send back results, then define a Results class and assign it to Results. You will get back the Results class in the ThreadResultsCallback event. Be carefull not to use VCL stuff inside the ThreadWorkerCallback as the VCL is not thread-safe! If you want to for example send progress information from here, you can use the built in message function (see the tutorial program's ThreadWorkerCallback event).
Implement a ThreadResultsCallback event if you need some kind of results from the threads. When a thread finishes this event is called with your ready results. If you stoped the TMultiThread component before this event was called with Stop then this event will be called only for the already running threads.
When you are done or want to interrupt the threads call MultiThread1.Stop. Existing threads will finish their work (or abort if the work callback checks the Terminated property) and call the ThreadResultsCallback function.
To get the messages and results you need to periodically call CheckIncomingMessages and CheckIncomingResults. If there is at least one object arrived they will trigger the Message and ResultsCallbacks.
Note: It's also possible to first add the jobs and then start them processing when you call MultiThread1.Start.
AutoFreeData: Automatically free the Data object after leaving ThreadResultsCallback() event or when a thread is terminated.
AutoFreeResults: Automatically free the Results object after leaving ThreadResultsCallback() event or when a thread is terminated.
AutoFreeMessages: Automatically free the Message objects after leaving ThreadMessage() event.
AutoFreeParameters: Automatically free the Parameters objects when freeing the TMultiThread component.
tcAutomatic: Automatically fires at most "number of CPU cores count" threads.
tcManual: Manually set the maximum number of threads to fire at a time. Use ThreadCountManual property to set the max. thread count.
ThreadCountManual: Only used if tcManual is set. Specify maximum threads to run at the same time.
ThreadPriority: The spawned threads priority. The spawned threads priority. Note that is only available under Windows.
Active: True if .Start has been called and threads are running and ready to accept jobs, False otherwise.
Start: Run the threads and start accepting jobs.
Stop: Stop all running threads. Clear the job (work) list if desired.
Inside the ThreadWorkerCallback check the thread's .Terminated property to get notified about a thread termination.
Also you have to free the Data class if you detect a terminate and AutoFreeData is False.
StopAllThreads: Stop all running threads, clear the job (work) list, no new threads will be started. Inside the ThreadWorkerCallback check the thread's .Terminated property to get notified about a thread termination. Also you have to free the Data class if you detect a terminate and AutoFreeData is False.
ThreadMessage: If message is sent from the thread with the thread's SendMessage(MessageObject: TObject) function it arrives here.
Sender: The TMultiThread class that calls this event.
var MessageObject: The class that was sent as Message2.
Do not forget to free the classes before exiting this event if AutoFreeMessages is False!
ThreadResultsCallback: When a thread finishes it's work this event is called.
var Results: If Results was assigned to a class, you get the assigned Results class here.
Do not forget to free the classes before exiting this event if AutoFreeData and/or AutoFreeResults is False!
ThreadWorkerCallback: This is the function that will be runned inside a thread. Be carefull what you do as for example VCL is not accessible here, so do not modify VCL controls inside here. All things that apply for threads in general applies here too.
Thread: The thread class the function is called in.
Parameters: If you specified a Parameters class for the TMultiThread component you get the Parameters class here.
var Data: The Data that was given as the work. Use this class to identify the job, type-cast it to your own class implemented.
var Results: Is nil by default, create a class and assign it to Results after the work has been done. You will get this class back in ThreadResultsCallback event.
TMultiThread in shareware and commercial software?
You can use this component in your free programs for FREE. You have to buy a license if you want to use it in a shareware or commercial software.


You can measure how much Toronto has changed in the last several years by counting the condos that have gone up, the local landmarks shuttered to make way for redevelopment, and the music venues closed. But one startup in particular exemplifies the city's shift towards this current stultifying vibe: Bunz.
The Toronto-based startup's origins lie in a Facebook group created by founder Emily Bitze in 2013. It began as an insider-y scene of young people bartering used stuff—the cardinal rule was "no money allowed in this zone." The group soon exploded into having more than 60,000 members in the Toronto area alone, with spinoffs in numerous cities. Bunz was a critical entry point for many newcomers to a secondhand market for furniture, knick-knacks, food, and whatever else. People made friends, found housing, and formed bands through the Facebook group and its many offshoots.
Bunz's freewheeling feel didn't last long. Bitze and her colleagues snagged a round of venture capital funding, launched a smartphone app, and closed the original Facebook group to new members to drive traffic to said app. The app currently has 200,000 users while the Facebook groups altogether have more than 800,000 members.
The latest business move from Bunz came last Monday, when the startup announced in a press release that it had launched "a cryptocurrency with immediate, real world use" called BTZ (pronounced "bits"). BTZ is earned by users through the Bunz app by making popular posts or referring friends, and can be used as a unit of account for Bunz trades or redeemed for goods at 25 popular spots in the city like the Drake General Store and Tiny Record Shop.
More stores are coming onboard and more than seven million BTZ have been given out so far, according to Bunz CEO Sascha Mojtahedi. In a major city where Bitcoin never really took hold, that's a big deal. There's a major catch, though: BTZ isn't a cryptocurrency by any popular definition of the term.
And given the Facebook group's originally anti-money ethos, some Bunz members have been left feeling like something intended to stand outside the suited-up world of finance has been co-opted, like so many other things in Toronto.
"I understand that by the technical definition that this does not qualify [as a cryptocurrency], I can respect and understand that," Mojtahedi told me over the phone on Friday.
BTZ, as it turns out, is a so-called cryptocurrency without a blockchain, the decentralized ledger technology at the heart of Bitcoin and most other cryptocurrencies—a point for which Bunz was criticized on Twitter. In a blog post on Saturday, Bunz explained why it chose not to go "infrastructure-first," citing the "poor usability" of cryptocurrencies. Unlike Bunz's initial press release, the blog post described BTZ as a "digital currency" (a subtle but important difference) and so did Mojtahedi.
"It's totally centralized at the moment," Mojtahedi said in a phone call, explaining that BTZ was described as a "cryptocurrency" in the press release and a same-day story in The Globe and Mail due to "a disconnect" that was "a result of us moving really quickly." The startup is working on blockchain technology alongside Toronto-based contractor ChainSafe Systems and plans to "migrate" the current system in three months, Mojtahedi said.
"This sounds like a loyalty program, similar to redeemable credits that some companies grant to their employees for lunch"
BTZ loosely functions like a currency of sorts. Bunz app users have accounts secured by a PIN that hold credits in the app. These credits can be exchanged between users during a Bunz trade when one person doesn't have something the other wants, and credits are transferred from one account to another within a central system managed by Bunz. Credits from trades can be redeemed at participating retailers, and retailers can sell their credits back to the startup in exchange for dollars, or hold on to them. The point, Mojtahedi told me, is to give app users some value that they wouldn't get on Facebook.
Without a blockchain component, one expert told me that BTZ in its current state is similar to a reward points program.
When I called Aidan Hyman, founder of ChainSafe Systems, he was in Bermuda working with another of his company's clients.
"There's a number of factors why development [for BTZ] has taken this route, and it's mostly to accommodate such a large user base," Hyman said. "The big problem with the blockchain is [...] with all those transactions going on at the same time, we can have issues." Most existing blockchain networks require fees to process transactions in a timely manner, and during periods of high traffic, networks tend to slow down and fees can balloon. These tendencies compound the "usability issues" in cryptocurrencies cited by Bunz in its blog post explaining why it didn't launch BTZ with a blockchain.
This raises a pertinent question: If BTZ is working fine without a blockchain, why does it need one? "That this is private record keeping only makes the system better [than if it had a blockchain], since that at least is efficient," Nicholas Weaver, a senior researcher at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California, wrote me in an email.
The main benefits of blockchain technology have to do with reducing trust in a central authority (such as Bunz) to keep the system running and keep track of everybody's money. "Centralized databases carry counterparty risk, that coins will be unilaterally seized or rendered worthless," Sirer wrote me in a message. Blockchain infrastructure will also allow "for anybody to verify any of the transactions" on the BTZ network, ChainSafe's Hyman said over the phone.
There's no technical white paper describing BTZ yet, and so it's unclear how similar its blockchain will be to existing projects, or if it will come with similar guarantees. Parts of the project's code will not be open sourced "for security reasons," a Bunz spokesperson told me in an email. In contrast, virtual currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum rely on open source code and a community of experts for security, not secrecy.
Why would anyone accept BTZ in exchange for real, physical goods? For the Drake, which runs the eponymous hotel and the Drake General Store as a retail offering, it's about marketing potential.
Chippindale said the Drake may hold on to its BTZ and look for ways to trade it with the pop-up shops and artists it frequently works with, but ultimately it feels safe trading tokens for goods because Bunz is backing them with its own cash reserves via a buyback program at a rate of $10 for 1,000 BTZ. In turn, the Drake General Store accepts BTZ at that rate.
"The fact that we can cash [BTZ] back in for dollars whenever we want is what made us comfortable engaging with this as a partner in the early stages," Chippindale told me. According to Mojtahedi, "any co-marketing partner" can invoice the startup for tokens they have accepted from customers.
The second layer of the BTZ economy is people trading amongst themselves for used goods. Here, the question of BTZ's value becomes murkier. Bunz will not buy tokens back from users directly, who earn them through the app. When you were really hoping to get an interesting planter in exchange for your grandma's dresser, how much are digital tokens worth to you instead?
"I don't think that the economy was cashless or medium-of-exchange-less to begin with"
"There's obviously a series of negotiations between two people to determine the value of what BTZ is," Mojtahedi said over the phone.
"Typically I state we don't claim any value for BTZ with the exception of the inference value of people being able to buy a coffee from [partners], and 300 BTZ is about a cup of coffee, and that's where the inference is made that 1,000 BTZ is about $10," Mojtahedi told me. This, of course, omits that Bunz itself is arguably backing the rate at which stores accept BTZ with its token buyback guarantee of 1,000 BTZ for $10 (Mojtahedi declined to disclose the buyback rate, which was provided by the Drake).
"We will have some revenue generated from [the token economy]," Mojtahedi said, "but the vast majority will be passed back to users." He didn't specify where this revenue will come from, but noted that Bunz won't skim fees directly from transactions in the app. Mojtahedi hinted that an entity linked to the startup will be holding a pot of BTZ tokens once the blockchain component is implemented.
"The treasury that will hold the largest reserve of tokens will be an arms-length organization that is autonomous and works with Bunz, but serves the community in the interest of its autonomy," Mojtahedi said. This entity will likely be made up of community members and Bunz staff, he added.
Given Bunz's original "no money allowed in this zone" ethos, some community members have looked upon the plan to launch a cryptocurrency—and the attendant confusion—as a betrayal of sorts. Just like everything else in Toronto these days, including weed, something that used to be chill is putting on a suit and getting a haircut.
Thinking back on my own introduction to Bunz when I moved to Toronto several years ago, this rings absolutely true. My first Bunz trade was a pair of boots I never wore for a bunch of TTC tokens and some beer; I might as well have been handed cash. And even when pseudo-money wasn't used, Bunz was always transactional to the core—it wasn't called the charity zone, but the trading zone, for a reason. As tempting as it is to see BTZ as an aberration from the mentality of the original Facebook group, it could also be seen as a long-overdue acknowledgement.
As much as things change, they really don't. Toronto's new oppressive high-rises and its growing housing crisis seem fresh and painful, and they absolutely are. But it wasn't so long ago—in the 1950s—that an area labelled a "slum" by the media and local government was razed to build the Gardiner Expressway, a freeway that hugs Lake Ontario. And before that, there was The Ward, a downtown working class immigrant and minority enclave that was subject to numerous "slum clearance" efforts for decades. It was effectively gone by the 1960s.
And, upon reflection, maybe a cryptocurrency actually isn't so out of step with what Bunz has been about all along—really, there was always some kind of money in the zone.
Correction: An earlier version of this story said the Bunz app has 20,000 users when it in fact has 200,000 users. Motherboard regrets the copy error.


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Who Says Football Doesn't Do Fairytales?
Oh what a beautiful feeling, oh what a beautiful day, I've got a wonderful feeling, everything's going my way.
And who could blame us for feeling so good the day after the Palace game, and in fact for the next week, and then after the West Brom game. That was a win to savour and celebrate. This was no fluke win, this was merited and deserved and the Boyd pass will be talked about with a sense of reverence for quite a while. And then it was a point against West Brom that secured Burnley's Premier place.
'Magnificent,' said Alan Shearer speaking of Burnley's achievements this season and who could argue with that.
But it was classic Allardyce moaning and groaning about the referee. He could easily face charges for crimes against chewing gum. Zaha was indeed hard done by with the offside decision that was incorrect and went against him but the referee made poor decisions for both sides. Boyd was clearly pushed by Puncheon in the area but nothing was given. Zaha could easily have been yellow carded twice and subsequently red carded, for continual blatant dissent. If the referee decided that the Flanagan challenge in the box that saw Zaha on the floor was not a penalty, it was probably because Zaha had already been on the floor so often falling over and rolling about. Zaha can be a genius when in full flow, in this game against Burnley he was like a giraffe on ice.
After the win, Burnley were 8 points clear plus the superior goal difference. If Swansea were to lose at Old Trafford, that would be it, only a mathematical miracle and cricket scores could then possibly keep Swansea up. But Dyche was right. It was not all over, for United were a shadow of the side that beat Burnley and could only draw at home against Swansea. It meant there were still nine points to play for and Burnley had a seven-point lead over Swansea. The unthinkable could still happen. But win at home to West Brom, not something we do too often, it would be party time at Turf Moor.
Matchday against West Brom and there were more important things than would Blackburn go down this weekend, general and mayoral elections, and Mrs May having a bag of chips in Cornwall. Win or draw and Burnley would stay up. If Swansea lost Burnley would stay up. We mulled over the possibilities, Diane Abbott couldn't fathom them out; this could be the day we proved the experts wrong, or it could that things might be dragged on a little longer.
30 years ago more or less to the day Burnley had won 2-1 on the last day of the season to preserve their place in the league. This weekend was therefore a chance to think about how far the club had come in those 30 years and how they had done it inch by inch without help from billionaires. Seven of that side were at the game having attended a dinner the previous evening. Tim Quelch is inching his way towards the conclusion of his newest book that looks at these years. The club held the dinner to celebrate them; it was hard not to call it the Orient Dinner but it was more than just that. The dinner or Bruno Mars at the Leeds Arena – that was the question, sod's law they were both on the same night. We chose Bruno Mars on the grounds that there was sure to be another dinner in 30 years and we could wait for that. And anyway: I wanted to learn some new moves and shapes.
Nerves weren't helped by the news that Mee, Keane and Ward could all be missing from the brick wall defence, plus Boyd a doubt as well. And West Brom were a bogey side. At their place there had been two heavy Premier defeats; at Burnley last time out they'd shoved, pushed and muscled their way to a draw after Burnley had been 2-0 up. They were specialists in the wrestling, jostling and holding routine at corners, although Pulis called it 'blocking' to give it some respectability. He'd admitted that they coached it and practised in training. Week after week we watch it on TV in most games and wonder just when it will be stopped. The sin bin idea being mooted at the moment for dissent might be the way.
There were a few butterflies but what a splendid afternoon it was. Who would have thought that Burnley and West Brom, not names you would normally associate with the finer culinary aspects of football, would serve a up a tasty treat of a game that started slowly, built up, and ended with a superb climax that saw Burnley retain their Premier League status.
It was Swansea that we worried about catching up but with a neat twist in the tale of the season, it was Hull who came up on the rails to provide the result that saw Burnley secure. Swansea won later in the day, but Hull to our surprise lost at home against Sunderland of all people. It was Hull therefore that had us smiling. Mathematically it wasn't quite over, but even the most pessimistic, glass half full, Burnley supporter, would have to be super-gloomy to see Hull overturning a 19-goal difference between themselves and Burnley.
And so: Burnley, in a game that ended with a surge of thrills and spills, clinched their place at the top table, competing once again with the likes of Spurs, Chelsea, Liverpool, Arsenal, City and United. Those exiting the ground who knew that Hull had lost would have known already. Most of us didn't; so at the final whistle, with thoughts of Swansea uppermost, there was just the faintest tinge of disappointment to mix with the relief, that there had not been a win, just the 2-2 draw. In fact it could have been worse for with just 5 minutes remaining West Brom were winning 2-1; but then up soared Sam Vokes to head home a Brady free kick, that arced over the flailing keeper's head.
If the first half was a slow burner, drab said some of the pundits, nevertheless it saw Burnley on the front foot, playing some delightful football, replacement centre-backs Long and Tarkowski superb, Hendrick and Westwood in control and Barnes and Vokes winning the battle against the West Brom back four. Any one of several of them could have been MOTM. Maybe we'd have settled for 0-0 at the final whistle having seen that West Brom posed threats at corners but into the second half and Burnley took the lead and brought the house down.
Barnes was through in the box and was clearly manhandled and brought down. We screamed for the penalty but none was given. While that was going on, Barnes simply picked himself up, regained and crossed the ball and there was Vokes to sweep it home. In fact, the linesman had been flagging all the while for the penalty. Estimates suggest that 15,000+ people missed the actual goal because we were all berating the referee. Until this point West Brom had never threatened to win the game, so could this be the goal that kept Burnley up?
West Brom hadn't won in four and hadn't scored in over 8 hours of football. They duly scored twice to take the smiles off our faces and re-set the whole scenario. The second had inevitably come from a corner that left Dawson to power through and score against Burnley yet again. Lose and Burnley would be left on the edge for yet another week. We churned and gurned, and grimaced and groaned as the minutes wound down. This was a buttock clenching finale. We were going to lose. It was sod's law. At last Dyche made changes; on came Gudmondsson, Gray with fresh pace and energy, and Brady with his free kick expertise. And it was the latter that floated a peach of a free kick from the right so that Vokes rose; a defender and the keeper defended feebly, and Vokes's header floated gently in, with just minutes remaining.
Delirium, done it we thought; surely that was it, a draw, a point, a precious point that at the beginning of the game, much as we desperately wanted to win, we'd have settled for. Pandemonium, uproar, bedlam, jubilation, we felt the whole gamut of elation. Sure Swansea might win, but every point took us an inch closer. And at that point it hadn't dawned that Sunderland were doing us one almighty favour.
£105million seems to be the figure that is the TV reward for staying up. Then there are the bonus millions for the finishing position. Charlie Proctor and his family need just a fraction of that to get the treatment that the four-year old needs to get essential cancer treatment. There were more than a few with moist eyes and lumps in throats as the tiny lad lead out the teams clutching Tom Heaton's hand. Some families are brave, above and beyond the ordinary. This family is one of them.
When Peter Noble played in the 70s at Burnley figures such as £105million coming the club's way would have made him laugh. He was part of the Casper, Dobson, Fletcher, James, Waldron cohort in that great 'Team of the Seventies' that never saw its true potential as one by one the stars were sold. We purred at the pure passing football they played and even today think back to what might have been if Burnley hadn't been a selling club. Noble wasn't a big man; stand him next to Ashley Barnes and he'd look tiny but what a header of a ball he was. He was the ultimate play anywhere man, attack, midfield or defence. For a couple of seasons in the late 70s he was the driving force of the team as it slowly declined. If there had been others to match him in that side, the story of the club might well have taken a different course. Adamson brought him to the club in the early 70s in one of the shrewdest purchases of all time and he was an integral part of a side that the likes of Bobby Moore hated to play against 'because we could never get the ball off Burnley,' he once said.
Peter had just passed away and I thought of him and where he might have fitted in to the current side – in a word, anywhere. He was a box-to-box player, had energy to spare, led by example, could score goals, take penalties, make goals and was one of those who more than earned the accolade 'one of my favourite players' granted him by so many people who saw him play.
After football he ran a market stall selling sports goods and Jim Thomson tells the story of the footballs they took to Glasgow Celtic to kick into the crowd as a goodwill gesture after the riot at Turf Moor in the Anglo-Scottish Cup game. Harry Potts asked Peter to supply them and he duly did so. But when they got to Glasgow and saw the colour, they were horrified. When they opened the three large bags of balls, Billy Rodaway poked Thommo with horror in his eyes.
Thommo grimaced. They were blue and white, Rangers' colours. He asked Peter why on earth he had brought them.
In the tunnel as they went out with the Celtic players Bobby Lennox just laughed and told the Burnley players, if they kicked them into the crowd, they'd just go mad.
Dave Thomas is the author of 16 books on his beloved Burnley FC which, along with his charity dinners, have raised thousands of pounds for the club. He has also written for The Times Educational Supplement, and had several short stories published about his (sometimes) hilarious time as a head teacher in a small village school near Leeds.


f. Is English your first language?
i kept trying to IM you on msn the first few days i added you but you were always away!! so i never sign on anyways cause none of my american friends don't.
and yes english is my first langauge but i also speak spanish fluently. i have never seen lost but it looks really complicated and ridiculous now.