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Top 5 Undergraduate Courses in Canada For International Students 2023
Study Abroad Canada
Canada has recently become one of the top study abroad destinations for international students due to its world-class colleges and excellent standard of education. Finding the top institution in Canada and a well-paying job are the first steps in the modern Indian student's goal of an international education. There are several reasons for this attraction to Canada, including the fact that Canadian institutions are comparably less expensive than those in other nations, they provide the highest quality of education, and a Canadian degree increases the likelihood that a student would land a well-paying job.
Above all, the liberal government policies, reasonably low cost of living, better individual rights, better immigration opportunities, multicultural environment, stunning locations like Niagara Falls in Ontario and Lake Louise, and 15th position in the global happiness index are a few factors that make Canada the most popular choice for international students. One of the strongest educational systems in the world is found in Canada, which currently hosts around 500,000 foreign students. Studying in Canada will enable you to integrate into a multicultural community and will also help you to fall in love with the local culture in the way that best matches your personality. Additionally, compared to many other study abroad countries, it is quite simple for international students to obtain a student visa to Canada, and the post-education employment permit is equally flexible.
Without a question, Canadian undergraduate programmes rank among the top in the world. Studying in Canada offers international students tremendous industry exposure because of its top universities, top programmes, government support, and excellent infrastructure. Since the educational system in Canada mandates that you take minor courses in addition to your core degree, a bachelor's degree there takes four years to complete. However, in other universities, there are some three-year curricula that do not include minor studies. Do not worry if you also intend to obtain an undergraduate degree from Canada but are perplexed by the course possibilities.
The top undergraduate programmes available to international students in Canada are described in this blog-
Top Undergraduate Programmes in Canada among International students
Because of the opportunity to gain relevant international job experience and good career prospects, this degree is one of the most sought-after programmes in Canada. Your professional alternatives will be more numerous as a result of an MBA, which also exposes you to a diverse corporate network, new expertise, and a profound understanding of the business world. There are still certain management and administrative-related positions that come under "Skill Shortages". These positions are available in the banking, investment finance, and management consulting industries. Undergraduate courses in business studies, finance, accounting, and economics are particularly popular in Canada. The potential employment opportunities in Canada's business sector draw in foreign students. Business studies and finance courses are offered at numerous prestigious colleges. However, the greatest undergraduate business programmes in Canada are provided by the University of British Columbia.
Popular Programs for Business Administration-
Bachelors In Finance
Bachelors In Business Management
BBA In Energy Management
BBA In Automotive Management
BBA In Innovation and Sustainability
Top Universities for Business Administration
Université Saint-Anne
Computer Engineering and IT
One of the highest paid occupations in Canada is computer science and information technology. This is why many foreign students, particularly those from India, want to take this course. A Master's degree in computer science requires higher grades and test scores from international applicants because it is one of Canada's best programmes. Information system analysts, database analytics or analysts, data scientists, software engineers, computer programmers, web designers and developers, and cyber security specialists are the top courses you must select to study in Canada out of all the IT and Computer Sciences programmes. One of the most popular foreign courses for international students is computer science at the undergraduate level in Canada. A reputable university's computer science programme will advance your profession in today's technologically advanced environment.
BCom BUCS in Combined Major in Business and Computer Science
Honours Bachelor Of Computer Science
BSc Computer Science
The number of engineering-related jobs in Canada has grown throughout time, with activity picking up in recent years. Engineering students have a myriad of job prospects due to the increased need for them. Additionally, students who are adept with CAD and Auto-CAD software have a better chance of obtaining specialised employment after completing the course. Engineering is taught through practical exercises by knowledgeable professors and instructors, assisting students in developing the ideal mindset and way of thinking for engineers. According to the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET), Canadian colleges rank among the best in the world. Engineering is one of the most sought-after fields of study ever and is very well-liked in Canada. After earning your undergraduate degree in Canada, you can pursue an engineering specialisation or a bachelor's degree at any top Canadian university and land a satisfying employment. Aerospace, environmental, biomedical, mechanical, civil, nuclear, naval architecture, and software are a few of the high-paying engineering bachelor courses you can enroll in.
BEng in Mechanical Engineering
BEng in Civil Engineering
BEng Computer Science and Technology
BEng in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
BASc (Bachelors of Applied Science)
There is a global shortage of competent physicians and nurses. You may rely on Canadian universities to provide undergraduate medical courses to students from other countries. Studying medicine is a wise choice if you want to relocate overseas and continue working there after earning your bachelor's degree. The life and biological sciences span a wide range of disciplines and are generally fascinating. It is a field that emphasizes research as well. To lessen the burden, you must look for PhD and other research-based course scholarships in the field of healthcare. The Canadian government is committed to providing an educated environment for students studying nursing and healthcare. Students from all over the world select Canada as one of their study sites due to the high quality of the medical school curriculum. Preventive medicine, health promotion, human psychology, disease management, and disability are some of the more prominent certifications and programmes in the field.
BSc Nursing
Bachelor of Dental Hygiene
Bachelor of Athletic and Exercise Therapy
One of the greatest undergraduate programmes in Canada is media studies and communication. Canada is one of the top nations in the media world, known for its news, media coverage, and digital market. As digital media, social networking sites, and internet marketing acquire greater traction, the demand for qualified individuals in journalism is rising dramatically. Major corporations including Deloitte, CBC, and Deep Body use graduates with journalism degrees as reporters, associate producers, associate media directors, and media operations managers. By properly utilizing mass media, media workers have more options to work in disciplines like history and current affairs. This is so that it can use the most effective methods to communicate with a larger audience. Media is a synthesis of topics like sociology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and politics. Undergraduate courses in media are the most popular ones in Canada. For instance, overseas students might choose the well-liked one-year Diploma in Digital Marketing programme.
BA Honors in Digital Media
Bachelor of Communication and Media Studies
Bachelor of Arts in Communication Studies
Honours B.A. in Social Communication
Bachelor of Arts in Business Communication
Bachelor of Media Production and Design
Beyond education, Canada has a lot to offer, which is precisely why international students prioritise Canada when considering international education. Therefore, it is not at all strange if you are a student looking for the greatest options to study in Canada because this country offers the full complement of what is ideal and necessary for your global education adventure. Canada's labour and skill deficit has resulted in a wealth of employment options for recent graduates looking for well-paying positions. STEM courses are in high demand right now, despite the fact that graduates from many professions are needed. Since the majority of the country's educational institutions are sponsored by the public, international students have always been warmly welcomed in Canada.
Do you wish to study in Canada? Sign up for a consultation and get answers to any questions you have about studying in Canada and queries on any Study Abroad Canada topics at myglobaluni. myglobaluni is a leading study abroad platform that helps students to find the right study abroad programs, colleges, & universities. Call now: +91-7337781100 for study abroad counselling.
courses to study in CanadaStudy Abroad CanadaStudy Abroad Canada 2023Study Bachelors in CanadaStudy in Canada in 2023Top Universities in CanadaUndergraduate Courses in CanadaUniversities in Canada
Study Abroad in the United Kingdom 2023; Tuition Costs, Living Expenses and more


Technology—whether it's drones examining the condition of farmers' fields or satellite-linked monitors continuously checking the condition of wells—is increasing the effectiveness of these programs. We've learned a lot about agriculture working in some of the most challenging areas of the world in our 75 years. We're excited about agriculture's power to transform.


Join us at the Ohio History Center beginning Fri., Nov. 09–Sun., Nov. 11 for special programming honoring our service members. There will be a special guided tours of our exhibit World War 1 Display, up close looks at our military collections, a veterans panel, tours and more!


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SERIES COMING SOON
LYRICALLY
Long Nguyen from Toronto, Canada, is a 26-year-old independent artist known as "SunniLong". The singer/songwriter started his journey to success by releasing his first album "Autopilot" in August 2020. The project gained Sunni some notoriety by building an organic fanbase in his hometown. Since then, he has set to kick off 2021 with a bang by releasing a new music video for his most recent single "No Feelings" featuring another upcoming Toronto artist "Ching". SunniLong's music is about his upbringing where he showcases his ability to persevere despite the adversities he has faced in life. The melodic flow and lyrical skills that differentiate SunniLong from other artists are why many argue he is bound to be legendary.
SUNNILONG OFFICIAL
"NO FEELINGS"
"RAY CHARLES"
"BALL IF I WANT TO" (REMIX)
SUNNILONG FT. DOM
"FAST LANE"
SUNNILONG & SWAVEY
"AUTOPILOT"
SUNNILONG
Merch is in the works.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Realizing that your young child has swallowed a hard object such as a peppermint or other candy can be a frightening experience. Very small children don't have the ability to deal with eating this type of solid item, and hard candy should be kept out of reach. However, older children can also accidentally swallow a candy whole if they are distracted while eating. It is important to recognize what has happened and deal with it right away.
Two passages begin at the back of the throat. The digestive tract, or esophagus, takes food and liquid to the stomach. The airway, or trachea, takes air to the lungs. Normally, a flap of cartilage, called the epiglottis, protects the airway by closing the trachea when we eat. Sometimes, when a child is unused to solid food, or too active to be eating, food and air can be taken in at the same time and the epiglottis is unable to function. Inhaling food, candy or liquids leads to choking.
You will know immediately if your child has inhaled the peppermint. She will be distressed, coughing or wheezing. If you think she is having difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing, call 911 right away. If you have taken formal first aid training, perform the techniques you have learned. Otherwise just encourage coughing. Don't try to remove the object with back slaps or shaking. It can be distressing, but if your child can cough, she is still okay.
If your child shows no distress, he has swallowed the peppermint, just like any other food. There is no need to take immediate action. You can help him digest it by encouraging him to drink plenty of fluids. A small child may not fully digest a large candy and it may cause some discomfort during a bowel movement, but most swallowed objects will just pass through the digestive system without causing any damage.
Visit the emergency room or see a doctor after any choking episode, even if your child seems fine. The peppermint may have irritated her trachea, causing inflammation. If the peppermint was swallowed, watch for pain, fever and nausea; and check for any localized abdominal tenderness. These are signs that the candy may be lodged and causing an infection, in which case you should consult a doctor.
Children younger than four years of age shouldn't be given hard candy, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. But despite the most careful precautions, small children will put all manner of objects into their mouths. Be prepared by enrolling yourself in a first aid course for children. The skills are never wasted, and you will be prepared to save your own children and others in the event of an emergency.


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Doan speculation dies down
Lyle Richardson
The free agent status of Phoenix Coyotes captain Shane Doan was a dominant headline throughout July and into early August.
For several weeks, Doan fielded offers from other teams while hoping to re-sign with the Coyotes if their long-awaited sale to prospective buyer Greg Jamison was completed this summer.
Of late, however, the flood of news regarding Doan has slowed to a trickle. Even his outspoken agent Terry Bross – who made seemingly daily pronouncements on his client's status throughout July – hasn't had much to say.
That silence could be tied to the attempted sale of the Coyotes to Jamison.
Earlier this month, the blog Five For Howling – citing a Coyotes management source, as well as a tweet from Fox 10 News reporter Jude LaCava – suggested the sale to Jamison was completed, with a possible announcement coming close to the opening of the club's training camp in September.
Coyotes GM Don Maloney, however, told the Arizona Republic he was still awaiting a resolution of the ownership situation, after which he hopes to re-sign Doan.
If the Coyotes are indeed on the verge of being sold to Jamison it would explain why the Doan rumor mill has ground to a halt.
In the meantime, the teams reportedly interested in Doan (among them, the New York Rangers, Vancouver Canucks, Pittsburgh Penguins, Nashville Predators, Montreal Canadiens and Philadelphia Flyers) await his decision.
Hanging over the Doan sweepstakes were rumors an Eastern Conference team (outside of New York, according to Bross) sent the winger a four-year, $30 million offer.
On Tuesday, ESPN.com's John Buccigross took to Twitter claiming the offer came from the Buffalo Sabres and was legitimate. He also reported the Coyotes were offering Doan a two-year contract.
Doan has earned considerable respect around the league for his experience, leadership and all-round game, but he's not worth that kind of money at this stage in his career.
He turns 36 in October, meaning his contract would be governed by the over-35 rule. Should his performance decline over the four-year term of that contract, the Sabres would be stuck with the cap hit, even if he retired, was bought out or demoted.
Doan is coming off a five-year contract during which he earned $4.6 million per season, the most he's earned per season throughout his long career. A $7.5-million cap hit would put him among the top earners in the league.
Despite the respect Doan enjoys around the league, he doesn't belong in that company.
That contract would also create potential salary cap headaches for Sabres management.
While they have the cap space ($8.7 million) to pay Doan that hefty salary, it would leave a little more than $1 million to re-sign restricted free agent center Tyler Ennis (who's coming off an entry level contract), which would put the Sabres over the cap ceiling.
Assuming the salary cap remains at $70.2 million under a new collective bargaining agreement, Sabres management would have little choice but to free up cap space via trade, demoting a player to the minors or loaning one overseas.
If the cap ceiling drops in the next CBA without a significant rollback in player salaries, the Sabres might be forced to shed considerably more salary, perhaps by moving a high-salaried player they might otherwise prefer to retain.
Despite that significant offer, it doesn't appear Doan is interested in Buffalo. Still, making such a big-money pitch to him only serves to stoke criticism of irresponsible spending in the midst of CBA negotiations.
Rumor Roundup appears Monday-Friday only on thehockeynews.com. Lyle Richardson has been an NHL commentator since 1998 on his website, spectorshockey.net, and is a contributing writer for Eishockey News, Kukla's Korner and The Guardian, Charlottetown.
Fantasy Hockey Head-to-Head Primer: All-Star Break Affects Matchups
Welcome back to another extended matchup in fantasy hockey. The all-star break affects Week 17 in a few ways, so Jason Chen explains what to know.
By Jason Chen Jan 30, 2023
Hockey Hall of Famer Bobby Hull Passes Away at Age 84
Hockey Hall of Famer Bobby Hull has passed away at the age of 84.
By Mike Stephens Jan 30, 2023
New Jersey Devils In the Market For a Top-Six Winger
There's some media speculation and rumors on the New Jersey Devils and their search for a top-six winger with term.
By Lyle Richardson Jan 30, 2023
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A visual artist, currently living in Tel Aviv.
I illustrate, animate and create music.
I am passionate about drawing people and characters, mostly with exaggerated movements and twisted, "dumb" facial expressions. It allows me to create a cynical and absurd world that represents the world we live in from a slight childish but honest point of view.
I enjoy researching movement and when I illustrate I examine its representation thorough curved lines, repetitiveness, duplication and distortion.
Graduated from the Visual Communication Department at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem. 2017.
I am vegan, a sushi lover and have been working as a "sushiman" (woman) for 5 years in a sushi restaurant. I love mountains, traveling and discovering new cultures.


text:
#ifndef _MEDIAIO_PLUGIN_SEEXPR_IMAGE_SYNTH_EXPR_HPP_
#define _MEDIAIO_PLUGIN_SEEXPR_IMAGE_SYNTH_EXPR_HPP_

#include <SeExpression.h>

class ImageSynthExpr : public SeExpression
{
public:
    //! Constructor that takes the expression to parse
    ImageSynthExpr(const std::string& expr)
        : SeExpression(expr)
    {
    }

    //! Simple variable that just returns its internal value
    struct Var : public SeExprScalarVarRef
    {
        Var(const double val)
            : val(val)
        {
        }

        Var() {}

        double val; // independent variable
        void eval(const SeExprVarNode* /*node*/, SeVec3d& result) { result[0] = val; }
    };

    //! variable map
    mutable std::map<std::string, Var> vars;

    //! resolve function that only supports one external variable 'x'
    SeExprVarRef* resolveVar(const std::string& name) const
    {
        std::map<std::string, Var>::iterator i = vars.find(name);

        if(i != vars.end())
            return &i->second;

        return 0;
    }
};

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Functionally, both rigid and flexible circuit boards serve the same purpose of connecting electrical and mechanical components. Flexible PCBs can take on three-dimensional configurations, which has made them desirable for the smallest tech devices looking to replace traditional wire harnesses, But, depending on what you're trying to build and the capabilities of your electronics manufacturing service, it's good to know the characteristics and limits of each.
In many cases, rigid PCBs still tend to cost less than flexible circuit boards. But, when you look at the whole picture of manufacture and ownership, the cost equation may shift to flexible PCBs. Both forms of PCB have IPC standards that they must follow and processes that remain the same in either rigid or flexible PCB manufacturing. Still, with enough similarities as differences, it's important to know what you're looking at when weighing the options with your electronic manufacturing service provider.
The rules surrounding rigid PCBs include things like minimum hole sizes and spaces and design thickness. Flexible PCBs do not have these requirements but do have rules specific to them as well. Both products share processes like drilling and plating holes, etching pads and outlines, and baking the PCBs. Where rigid PCBs would ultimately be soldered together, flexible circuit boards undergo an encapsulation process called coverlay.
If you take a look at costs for manufacturing rigid PCBs versus flexible, you might have some sticker shock on the flexible side. The truth is, for all their advantages, flexible PCBs do require more care and handling, so the costs are reflective of that. However, they can offer long-term savings for some products.
Traditional rigid PCBs require all the traditional connectors, wire harnesses, materials, labor and assembly costs. These processes are well-understood and perfected, materials are known, and costs are fairly predictable. Flexible PCBs offer space savings and greater reliability but designing for their complexity can be difficult.
The predictability factor of rigid is enough to give rigid PCBs the advantage over flexible in some industries. Most rigid PCBs are either squares or rectangles, making them cheaper and easier to manufacture.
If you and your electronic manufacturing service provider understand the benefits and constraints of both, the time invested in assessing your project's needs and capacity with either type of PCB could amount to significant cost and time savings in the long run.
The key advantage of flexible circuit boards is that they can flex, bend, fold, and twist in ways that are impossible with rigid PCBs. This technology has basically eliminated packaging constraints while still retaining all the precision and repeatability of traditional rigid printed circuit boards.
Because of this, flexible circuits are commonly replacing wiring harnesses, eliminating many connectors and cables (and all their material and labor costs) in the process. No more color-coding wires and bundling them. Assembly is much faster, installation time goes down and precision increases.
The connections are more robust that solder and the quality of the connections are improved in a flexible circuit board. They are more resistant to vibration and shock, and if they do fail, they can be easily replaced.
There are still many areas where rigid PCBs prevail as the preferred circuitry, but increasingly, the advantages in time savings and precision of flexible PCBs wins out.
Flexible PCB or rigid, the baking process of your PCB is vital to its ultimate integrity. This is, therefore, a step where you'll want to listen carefully about your EMS's capability.
Of most importance is the EMS's ability to create, cook and cool a PCB properly so that stenciling, and placement are done perfectly for your project. They also must be able to accommodate the profile or sequence that your PCB needs to be baked at. A flexible circuit board, in particular, is easily ruined.
Further, a flexible circuit board may need to be designed with rails, which are mounted on the board to help it stay in place while placing components and be held while it's baking. The rails hold it tight and in place during baking, after which the rails are taken off.
It's one thing to determine that flexible PCBs are the way to go for your project. It's an entirely different thing for your EMS to be able to produce them for you without error or additional cost.
Not all electronics manufacturing services are capable of designing and manufacturing flexible PCBs. Levison Enterprises is fully equipped and able to design and build the flexible PCBs you need to make your project more efficient.
Levison Enterprises has an in-house oven capable of setting temperature profiles and cooling your flexible circuit board in specified stages. Each stage warms slightly and then cools slightly to give each PCB a controlled incremental temperature. This means your PCBs will not delaminate and will have the long-term reliability you need.
Levison Enterprises understands what types of fit and design you need to incorporate into your project and the long-term effects and costs you may encounter with each. In addition, our designers understand the different types of rigid and flexible circuits available and how they work. We want to put this knowledge and expertise to work for you. Contact Levison Enterprises for your next PCB quote.


Spartacs is a Cross-Platform Video SSP, working with premium publishers worldwide managing and optimizing their online video advertising yield. Spartacs also serves as a video trading desk in selected markets, helping ad agencies expand their customers' audiences through targeted online video advertising. Spartacs HQ is located in Tel Aviv and has a presence in London, New York, and Bucharest.


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'Sex Education' Season 2: Everything We Know So Far
Some new faces will walk the halls of Moordale Secondary.
By Bianca Rodriguez
Tired of missing all your favorites from Moordale Secondary? Don't panic. The coming-of-age Netflix show is coming back for its second season on January 17, 2020.
We all fell in love with the high school drama/comedy when it premiered on Netflix in early January of this year; Netflix estimated that over 40 million households watched the show within the first four weeks. So, in February, the show was given the green-light to start working on the second season, and filming started later that spring. I mean, look how cute they looked at the first reading of the new season!
ok it's official, Sex Education s2 filming has started. here's to more wanking and more heartwarming moments in equal measure. pic.twitter.com/0NBdJ57MzP
— Netflix UK & Ireland (@NetflixUK) May 1, 2019
If you're late to the Sex Education train, here's what to know: The show follows 17-year-old Otis (played by Asa Butterfield) as he uses his knowledge he's learned from his sex therapist mother (played by Gillian Anderson) to good use. He becomes a counselor for his classmates for all things sex, not to mention all the other fun/terrifying aspects of puberty. The show has featured hot-button topics like abortion, slut-shaming, coming out, and revenge porn. It's also been highly praised for its LGBTQ+ representation and diverse cast of characters.
So grab your backpacks and freshen up your knowledge of British slang, for here's everything we know about season two of Sex Education.
The season two trailer is here, and it looks drama-filled.
The trailer reveals that Otis has left the clinic. He now wants to put all his focus on his new relationship with his new love interest, Ola Nyman, played by Patricia Allison, despite the small detail that his mother is dating Ola's father.
"It's a new term. No more clinic, no more drama. Maeve has moved on, and so have I," Otis says to his best friend Eric Effoing (Ncuti Gatwa.)
But of course, nothing is ever what it seems, and Otis is bombarded with requests for help due to the chlamydia outbreak at school, and it looks like everyone really needs his help. Despite the fact Otis claims the clinic is over, he and Maeve Wiley, played by Emma Mackey, seem to have to face the truth this season on their feelings for each other.
We see Maeve's jock ex-boyfriend Jackson Marchetti, played by Kedar Williams-Stirling, tell Otis, "Maeve broke up with me because she's in love with you."
The trailer seems to be Otis-centric, but creator Laurie Nunn told Digital Spy that this season might be a little more female-centric than the first."A lot of our female characters come to the foreground a little bit more in season two," she says. "It's subtle, but we lightly shift focus and spend a little bit more time with our girls and women, which is also really, really fun to watch."
We have some first images from Netflix.
Netflix knows what the people want, and the people want a first look at the new season. If your memory of what happened with Otis last season is a little foggy: We left off on him and Ola becoming a couple. This put a damper on the friendship between Otis and Maeve.
Fans of the show know that Otis is a bit of a late bloomer compared to his classmates sexual experiences, so season two will almost certainly feature Otis trying to figure out the physical aspect of his new relationship.
Otis Milburn and best friend Eric Effoing seem to be up to their old antics in the new season.
Lily Iglehart, played by Tanya Reynolds, and Ola Nyman, played by Patricia Allison, appear together in the new season.
It'll be interesting to see what plays out when Otis and Ola discover that their parents are dating each other as well.
Gillian Anderson as Jean Milburn, serving looks per usual.
Maeve and the crew are also going through some major changes.
There's no reason to break a sweat—all your favorites are coming back this time around. Even Adam Groff, played by Connor Swindells, who at the end of last season was shipped off to a Navy faculty after discovering his feelings for Otis' best friend Eric Effoing, played by the wonderful Ncuti Gatwa.
Connor Swindells as Adam Groff in the new season.
As for Maeve and Aimee Gibs, played by Aimee Lou Wood, it looks like the duo have gotten themselves into a bit of trouble. In an interview with Teen Vogue, Mackey talked about Maeve and Aimee focusing more on their friendship in the second season."Their friendship comes to the forefront and center stage because I think there's something really beautiful there. I love Maeve and Aimee's interactions," she said. "Aimee Lou Woods, the actor, is such a joy to be around, so all the scenes we did together were such a laugh. Anything you see onscreen was just us having fun. A focus on female friendships would be amazing."
Mackey also discussed what she would like out of Maeve in the second season. "To see Maeve just carrying on being independent and trying to figure sh*t out for herself and also being able to ask for help," she said.
Look out for the new kids at school.
Three new faces will be coming to your screen, and it looks like they'll definitely be shaking things up a bit.
we told you there was moor(dale). meet Rahim, Viv and Isaac 👋 pic.twitter.com/r6h4ZEvHeo
— Netflix UK & Ireland (@NetflixUK) November 18, 2019
Chinenye Ezeudu will play Viv, a super smart and talented student who seems to be able to ace everything but love. (Perhaps Otis will be able to give her advice on that?) Then there's Sami Outalbali, who will play Rahim, a new French student who will be getting some major attention at Moordale Secondary.
Lastly, Isaac is a student played by George Robinson, and he'll join the series as the new boy who moves into Maeve's caravan park. (I smell a possible love interest now that Otis is occupied, but I guess we'll have to watch to find out.)
What will become of our beloved students as they tackle the wonders of high school this season? Who will hook up? Will Adam and Eric ever see each other again? We have so many questions. Until they get answered with the new season, we'll be re-watching the first season in all of its hilarious but heartfelt glory.
For more celebrity news, beauty and fashion advice, savvy political commentary, and fascinating features, sign up for the Marie Claire newsletter.
What We'll Be Bingeing on Netflix This Weekend
Bianca Rodriguez Bianca Rodriguez is the digital fellow at Marie Claire, where she covers all your favorite podcasts, Netflix shows, and celebrities ranging from Rihanna to Harry Styles.
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It all started with the work of Max Planck. He famously introduced the notion that the energy absorbed or emitted during an interaction is proportional to the frequency of the field being absorbed or emitted. The proportionality constant h is today considered as a fundamental constant of nature. In honor of Max Planck is called Planck's constant.
Max Planck, the father of quantum mechanics
The reason why we need to look at the Planck constant for transcending the impasse in physics is because there seem to be some confusion as to the role that it plays in quantum mechanics. The confusion manifests in two aspects of quantum mechanics.
One of these aspects is related to the transition from quantum to classical physics, which we have considered before. It is assumed that one should recover classical physics from quantum physics by simply taking the limit where Planck constant goes to zero. Although this assumption is reasonable, it depends on where the constant shows up. One may think that the presence of Planck's constant in expressions should be unambiguous. That turns out not to be the case.
An example is the commutation relation for spin operators. Often one finds that the commutator produces the spin operators multiplied by Planck's constant. According to this practice the limit where Planck's constant goes to zero would imply that spin operators must commute in the classical theory, which is obviously not correct. Spin operators are the generators of three-dimensional rotations which still obey the same algebraic structure in classical theories as they do in quantum theories.
So when should there be a factor of Planck's constant and when not? Perhaps a simple way to see it is that, if one finds that a redefinition of the quantities in an expression can be used to remove Planck's constant from that expression, then it should not be there in the first place.
Using this approach, one can consider what happens in a Hamiltonian or Lagrangian for a theory. Remember that both of these are divided by Planck's constant in the unitary evolution operator or path integral, respectively. One also finds that the quantization of the fields in these theories always contains a factor of the square root of Planck constant. If we pull it out of the definition and make it explicit in the expression of the theory, one finds that Planck's constant cancels for all the free-field terms (kinetic term and mass term) in the theory. The only terms in either the Hamiltonian or the Lagrangian where the Planck constant remains are the interaction terms. This brings us full circle to the reason why Max Planck introduced the constant in the first place. Planck's constant is specifically associated with interactions.
So if one sets Planck constant to zero in a theory, the result is that it removes all the interactions. It leads to a free-field theory without interactions, which is indistinguishable form a classical theory. Interactions are responsible for the changes in the number of particles and that is where all the quantum effects come from that we observe.
The other confusion about Planck's constant is related to the uncertain principle. Again, the role that Planck's constant plays is that it relates two quantities that, on the one hand, is the conjugate variable on phase space with, on the other hand, the Fourier variable. Without this relationship, one recovers the same uncertainty relationships between Fourier variables in classical theories, but not between conjugate variables in phase space. Planck's relationship transfers the uncertainty relationship between Fourier variables to conjugate variables on phase space. So, the uncertainty relationship is not a fundamental quantum mechanical principle. No, it is the Planck relationship that deserves that honor.
29 December 2019 classical physics, Max Planck, Planck constant, quantum mechanicsLeave a comment
Many-worlds interpretation
In my series on the impasse in physics and how to transcend it, I previously discussed the issue of classical vs quantum physics. Here, I want to talk about the interpretations of quantum mechanics.
There is much activity and debate on these interpretations. Part of it is related to the measurement problem. Is there such a thing as quantum collapse? How does it work?
David Mermin once said in an article in Physics Today that new interpretations are added every year and none has ever been ruled out. If this is true, then it indicates that the interpretations of quantum mechanics is not part of science, and therefore also not part of physics.
I am not going to say one should not work on such interpretations and try to make sense of what is going on, but the scientific method does not seem to help us here. Perhaps people will eventually come up with experiments to determine how nature works. I've seen some proposals, but they are usually associated with some new mechanisms, which in my view are unlikely to be correct.
It occurs to me that while we cannot say which of the interpretations are correct, we may just as well just pick one and work with that. So I pick the simplest one and when I want to figure out how things will work out in one of these experiments, then I can just consider how things will work according to this interpretation. If such a prediction turns out to be wrong, it would show that this interpretation (and all those that made the same prediction) is wrong after all.
The simplest interpretation according to me is the many-world interpretation. It is simple because it does not require the weird unexplained notion of quantum collapse. People don't like it, because it seems to require such a lot of different worlds. For that reason it is also associated with the idea of a multiverse.
Hugh Everett III, the person that invented the many-worlds interpretation
Well no, those ideas are anyway misleading. In quantum mechanics, all interactions are described by unitary evolution. The picture that it represents is that there is a set of states that the universe can take on. One can think of each such state as a different description of the world. Hence "many worlds." However, the actual state of the universe is a quantum superposition of all the possible worlds. In the superposition each world is associated with a complex probability amplitude. It means that some worlds are more likely than others. During interactions these probability amplitudes change.
That is the whole idea of unitary evolution. All the possibilities are already present right from the start. The only thing that interactions do is to change the probability amplitudes that are associated with the different worlds. During the evolution in time the different worlds in the superposition can experience constructive or destructive interference, which would change their probability amplitudes, making some less or more likely that they were before.
The number of worlds (number of terms in the superposition) stays the same. They don't increase as a result of interactions. How many such worlds are there? Well, if we look at the properties of the set of such basis states, then it is often assumed to be a countable infinite number. However, it may turn out to be uncountably infinite, having what is called the cardinality of the continuum.
What is more is that these different worlds are not distinct unique worlds. One can redefine the basis set of worlds by forming different superpositions of the worlds in the original set to get a new set in which the worlds now look different.
How does all this relate to what we see? The dynamics of the universe causes the interferences due to the unitary evolution to favor a small set of worlds that look very similar. This coherence in what the world looks like is a result of the constructive interference produced by the dynamics.
So the world that we see at a macroscopic level is not just one of these worlds. It is, in a sense, a conglomeration of all those worlds with large probability amplitudes. However, the differences among all these worlds are so small that we cannot notice it at a macroscopic level.
OK, not everything I said here can be confirmed in a scientific way. I cannot even proof that the many-worlds interpretation is correct. However, by thinking of it in this way, one can at least get some idea of it that makes sense.
22 December 2019 cardinality, interpretations of quantum mechanics, many-world interpretation, quantum collapse, quantum superposition, scientific method, unitary evolutionLeave a comment
Classical vs quantum
It is a strange thing. Why the obsession with something that in the end comes down to a rather artificial distinction. Nature is the way it is. There is no dualism in nature. The distinction we make between classical and quantum is just an artifact of the theoretical model we build to understand nature. Or is it?
Well there is a history. It started with Einstein's skepticism about quantum mechanics. Together with some co-workers, he eventually came up with a very good argument to justify the idea that quantum mechanics must be incomplete. At least, it seemed like a good argument until it was eventually shown to be wrong. It was found that the idea that quantum mechanics is incomplete and needs some extra hidden variables does not agree with experimental observations. The obsession with the distinction between what is classical and what is quantum is a remnant of this debate that originated with Einstein.
Today, we have a very successful formalism, which is simply called quantum mechanics, and can be used to model quantum phenomena. Strictly speaking, there are different versions of the quantum mechanics formalism, but they are all equivalent. The choice of specific formalism is usually based on convenience and personal taste.
Though Einstein's issues with quantum mechanics may have been resolved, the mystery of what it really means remains. Therefore, many people are trying to probe deeper to find out why quantum mechanics works the way it does. However, despite all the probing, nothing seems to be discovered that disagrees with the quantum mechanics formalism, which is by now almost a hundred years old. The strange concepts, such as entanglement, discord, and contextuality, that have been distilled from quantum physics, turn out to be aspects that are already built into the quantum mechanics formalism. So, in effect all the probing merely comes down to an attempt to understand the implications of the formalism. We do not uncover any new physics.
But now a new understanding is rearing it ugly head. It turns out that the quantum mechanics formalism is not only successful for situation where we are clearly dealing with quantum physics. It is equally successful in situations where the physical phenomena are clearly classical. The consequence is that many of the so-called quintessential quantum properties, are actually properties of the formalism and are for that reason also present in cases where one can apply the formalism to classical scenarios.
I'll give two examples. The one is the celebrated concept of entanglement. It has been shown now that the non-separability, which signals entanglement, is also present in classical optical fields. The difference is, in classical field it is restricted to local properties and cannot be separated over a distance as in the quantum case. This classical non-separability display many of the features that were traditionally associated with quantum entanglement. Many people now impose a dogmatic restriction on the use of the term entanglement, reserving it for those cases where it is clearly associated with quantum phenomena.
It does not serve the scientific community well to be dogmatic. It reminds us of the dogmatism that prevailed shortly after the advent of quantum mechanics. For a long while, any questioning of this dogma was simply not tolerated. It has led to a stagnation in progress in the understanding of quantum physics. Eventually, through the work of dissidents such as J. S. Bell, this stagnation was overthrown.
The other example is where certain properties of quasi-probability distributions are used as an indication of the quantum nature of a state. For instance, in the case of the Wigner distribution, any presence of negative values in the function is used as such an indication of it quantum nature. Nothing prevents one from using the Wigner distribution for classical fields. One can for instance consider the mode profiles of classical optical beams. Some of these mode profiles produce Wigner distributions that take on negative values at certain points. Obviously, it would be misleading to use this as a indication of a quantum nature. So, to avoid this situation, one needs to impose the dogmatic restriction that one can only used this indication in those cases where the Wigner distribution is computed for quantum state. But then the indication becomes somewhat circular, doesn't it?
It occurs to me that the fact that we can use the quantum mechanics formalism in classical scenarios provides us with an opportunity to question our understanding of what it truly means to be quantum. What are the fundamental properties of nature that indicates scenarios that can be unambiguously identified as quantum phenomena? Through a process of elimination we may be able to arrive at such unambiguous properties. That may help us to see that the difference between the quantum nature of things and the classical nature of things is perhaps not as big as we thought.
20 December 2019 classical physics, entanglement, formalism, quantum mechanics, Wigner distribution2 Comments
Transcending the impasse, part I
The current impasse in fundamental physics stifles progress. The rate of advances in our understand has slowed down. Although several exotic predictions have been made in recent years, none of these seem to be correct. Have we reached the end of our ability to learn more about the universe we live in?
It has been suggested that the way forward is to go back and fix what is wrong. Is there then something wrong with what we've learned before? Apparently yes. We are biased by what we think we know. It misleads us to conjure up theories that cannot work.
How is this possible? Would such misconceptions not have been ruled out by experimental observation? That's the problem. Much of what we think we know never got tested by experimental observations.
As an example, one is reminded of all the aspects of quantum physics that is not currently understood. Yes, we know enough about quantum mechanics (the mathematical formalism) to do calculations. The problem is that we then go and interpret what we see. That part cannot be tested by experiments.
For example, in certain interpretations of quantum mechanics it is believed that the wave function collapses to produce (or because of) the result we observed. Nobody really knows how this works. This is the measurement problem, which is currently a hot topic in quantum foundations.
But is this even science? How is this going to help us move forward? It occurs to me that these types of problems require us to step out of this struggle and get some distance from it. I said elsewhere that wisdom is the path to knowledge. Perhaps we need to get the metaphysics right before we will be able to get the physics right. We need to separate that which we can learn from a scientific approach from that which cannot be investigated scientifically.
Perhaps there is not such a clear cut distinction between those aspects of quantum physics that can and cannot be studied scientifically. However, it is not difficult to see where we are bound to waste much time with potentially limited or no advances.
In the following posts, I intend to address some specific aspects of the current impasse and how it impacts our current understanding. Although I'm not a fan of philosophy, some of these discussions may touch on some philosophical aspects of the topic – the metaphysics – in as far as it may show us the way.
15 December 2019 impasse, measurement problem, metaphysics, scientific method1 Comment
Wisdom is the path to knowledge
As a physicist, I cherish the freedom that comes with the endeavor to uncover new knowledge about our physical world. However, it irks me when people include things in physics that do not qualify.
Physics is a science. As a science, it follows the scientific method. What this means is that, while one can use any conceivable method to come up with ideas for explaining the physical world, only those ideas that work survive to become scientific knowledge. How do we know that it works? We go and look! That means we make observations and perform experiments.
That is the scientific method. It has been like that for more than a few centuries. And it is still the way it is today. All this talk about compromising on the basics of the scientific method is annoying. If we start to compromise, then eventually we'll end up compromising on our understanding of the physical world. The scientific method works the way it works because that is the only way we can know that our ideas work.
Some people want to go further and put restrictions on how one should come up with these ideas or what kind of ideas should be allowed to have any potential to become scientific knowledge even before it has been tested. There is the idea of falsifiability, as proposed by Karl Popper. It may be a useful idea, but sometimes it is difficult to say in advance whether an idea would be falsifiable. So, I don't think one should be too exclusive. However, sometimes it is quite obvious that an idea can never be tested.
For example, the interior of a black hole cannot be observed in a way that will give us scientific knowledge about what is going on inside a black hole. Nobody that has entered a black hole can come back with the experimental or observational evidence to tell us that the theory works. So, any theory about the inside of a black hole can never constitute scientific knowledge.
Now there is this issue of the interpretations of quantum mechanics. In a broader sense, it is included under the current studies of the foundations of quantum mechanics. A particular problem that is much talked about within this field, is the so-called measurement problem. The question is: are these scientific topics? Will it ever be possible to test interpretations of quantum mechanics experimentally? Will we be able to study the foundations of quantum mechanics experimentally? Some aspects of it perhaps? What about the measurement problem? Are these topics to be included in physics, or is it perhaps better to just include them under philosophy?
Does philosophy ever lead to knowledge? No, probably not. However, it helps one to find the path to knowledge. If philosophy is considered to embody wisdom (it is the love of wisdom after all), then wisdom must be the path to knowledge. Part of this wisdom is also to know which paths do not lead to knowledge.
It then follows that one should probably not even include the studies of foundations of quantum mechanics under philosophy, because it is not about discovering which paths will lead to knowledge. It tries to achieve knowledge itself, even if it does not always follow the scientific method. Well, we argued that such an approach cannot lead to scientific knowledge. I guess a philosophical viewpoint would then tell us that this is not the path to knowledge after all.
19 November 2019 falsifiability, interpretations of quantum mechanics, Karl Popper, philosophy, quantum foundations, quantum mechanics, scientific method, wisdom1 Comment


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Q: Change ActionBarSherlock background color AFTER it has been shown I'm trying to change the action bar's background (ABS 4.2) when I navigate from page 1 to 2 of a ViewPager.
I've tried setTheme(R.style...) but as it says on the docs it should be called before the view is drawn. In fact I'm getting no changes at all.
I've created the theme using this and I want to switch between the solid and the transparent action bar style.
On the setTheme(int) I'm not using the int of the style, I've created a new theme that overrides only the android:actionBarStyle and actionBarStyle with the transparent drawable.
Is there a way to change the color on the fly?

A: Just create your background as a drawable xml (or it can be a color if you want a simple color). And then use setBackgroundDrawable(drawable) method.
Look here: How do I make an ActionBar with a background like the YouTube app
and here: ActionBar setBackgroundDrawable() nulling background from Thread/Handler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Daniel Bensaïd (1982): Marxist notes on Jewish emancipation
An understanding of Zionism must start with a historical and materialist analysis: meaning the theory of a people-class as elaborated by Otto Bauer and later Abraham Léon, defended by Weinstock, Rosdolsky, Deutscher, Mandel and others.1
The identity of the Jewish people during the centuries of diaspora did not persist by virtue of a metaphysical essence or mission, but by virtue of a social function: that of a people-class fulfilling a global market function in societies primarily producing use values. Because of this, Jews constituted a kind of caste, playing the role of 'indispensable middlemen in a natural economy'.2
In a pre-capitalist society, a caste is not a simple aggregation of individuals with similar functions. Those who do not see a common culture among these scattered communities turn a blind eye to the most obvious cultural link: religion. This is not the religion of a developed capitalist society, which has become a private matter of belief or faith, a kind of domestic morality, but religion with the function it performs in any pre-capitalist society: the direct political, ideological, and legal cement of a society. More than any other, the Mosaic law is a politics as well as a morality.3
Moreover, this religion teaches its followers that they are a people. It delimits this people and constitutes a factor of exclusion by refusing conversion to Judaism. Because it cements the unity and the difference of this people, the Jewish religion has constituted an obstacle on the way to the monotheistic universalism taken on by Christianity (a contradiction demonstrated by Spinoza).
In multi-national or multi-ethnic societies, the Jews were no less a potential nation than other communities. When Marx says that the Jews maintained themselves not in spite of history but because of history, and when Abraham Leon added that they persisted not in spite of but 'because of their dispersion', both recognized at the same time the issue of Jewish unity and historical identity, beyond the fragmentation of communities. Thus, it does not seem heterodox to speak of a millennial history of the Jewish people.
A point of departure, not a point of arrival!
Abraham Leon's theory of the people-class is the only possible starting point for a materialist and historical explanation of how despite dispersion a cultural, national unity or a politics based on nationality could persist.
The only point of departure, but not the point of arrival. Does 'the Jewish question' end with the break-up of this people-class, torn between proletarianization and the rise of big capital? This is the whole issue. As soon as the social vector of the people-class is blown up by capitalist accumulation, does Jewishness become no more than an incoherent survival, a kind of historical aberration, a fossil? Would the Jew, as such, survive as a ghost, or as a pure product of Zionist manipulation? It is again through history that 'the Jewish question' bounces back and flies in the face of the optimistic prognosis of its declining importance or disappearance.
The Marxists of 1903, Lenin as well as Trotsky, were as certain of the universal emancipatory calling of the proletariat as the revolutionary bourgeoisie of the Enlightenment was of the universally liberating scope of the Rights of Man. Then came Stalinism. And the certainties of 1903 regarding the Bund gave way to an uncertain stammering, evident in Trotsky himself.4 There are many reasons for this recoil. First, there is the genocide. We join in denouncing the use it was made of, and continues to be made of, for the propaganda and good conscience of the Zionist authorities. In France the showing of the film Holocaust provided a good example of hypocritical communion between Western bourgeoisie and Jewish establishment. But this does not detract from a massive and unprecedented historical fact:
Auschwitz was the terrible cradle of the new Jewish consciousness and of the new Jewish nation. We, who have rejected the religious tradition, now belong to the negative community of those, who have so many times in history, even so recently and tragically, been singled out for persecution and extermination. For those who have always stressed Jewishness and its continuity, it is strange and bitter to think that the extermination of six million Jews should have given such a new lease of life to Jewry. I would have preferred the 6 million men, women and children to survive, and Jewry to perish. It was from the ashes of six million Jews that the phoenix of Jewry has risen. What a resurrection!5
The second reason is maybe less spectacular, but just as profound and lasting: not only did the first victorious proletarian revolution not resolve the Jewish question in the expected sense of assimilation, but Stalinism wrote a new chapter in the history of antisemitism. The roots of this antisemitism are multiple. Weinstock points out that the NEP revived the traditional commercial function of Jewish communities within transitional society itself. Deutscher notes that Jews, who were much more literate than the average population, after the abolition of the Tsarist numerus clausus became white-collar workers in large numbers. They were integrated into the post-revolutionary middle bureaucracy and thus were ideally placed to become the scapegoats of the Stalinist bureaucracy. To this must be added more directly political reasons and factors internal to the party: the majority of the Jewish Old Bolsheviks could hardly be converted into zealous defenders of Great Russian chauvinism. Many of them ended up in different opposition currents. The general result was a policy of cultural and physical liquidation of Soviet Jews, and the unleashing of openly anti-Semitic campaigns, of which the Slansky trial and the so-called Doctors' Plot were striking examples.
Stalinist anti-Semitism was part of an overall reactionary and counter-revolutionary bureaucratic politics, one which we stubbornly fought. But we cannot prevent the doubt and suspicion generated by this policy from spilling over into the entire workers' movement, just like Stalinism made the very idea of socialism suspect to millions of workers.
Finally, the third reason is the very foundation of the State of Israel, which created a fait accompli, giving a territorial base to a part of the Jewish people and establishing in Palestine a 'national Hebrew community'.
Weinstock sees the formation of this 'national community' as starting even before the founding of the State of Israel:
Thus an autonomous Jewish society developed gradually in Palestine at the start of the century, with its own working class and an embryonic bourgeoisie, fusing the Zionist settlers, who came from varying backgrounds, and the indigenous Jewish population into a homogeneous national whole. The adoption of Hebrew as a common language cemented the cohesion of the new entity. These early years witnessed the beginnings of the constitution of a new nationality in the Middle-East, born of the specific process of separatist Zionist colonization and the Palestinian-Jewish melting pot: the Israeli nation in embryo.6
And adding further on:
Far from constituting a class of foreign oppressors, the Palestinian Jews gradually became transformed into a new Hebrew nation, structured in accordance with the classical capitalist schema: a ruling bourgeoisie and an oppressed proletariat.7
The very title of Weinstock's book is indicative of the recognition of this new national fact, distorted and threatened by the very Zionism that claims to be its only defender. We should not underestimate the effect of this new fact on the entire diaspora. By subjecting them to the same persecution, Nazism had already brought the Ashkenazi and Sephardic branches together. The Sephardic Diaspora of North Africa and the Middle East was subsequently thrown in disarray by the effects of decolonization and developments in the Jewish-Arab conflict. It is therefore not possible to consider the State of Israel as a refuge for solely Central European immigration: 65 per cent of the Israeli Jewish population is Sephardic.
Thus the dialectic between the State of Israel and the Diaspora is complex. This dialectic allows the Jewish establishment in France and in the United States to reconcile socio-economic assimilation with the continuing reference to a national identity, one that has finally taken material form. The ultra-Zionist declarations of the ex-Maoist Bernard-Henri Lévy should be considered as grimly symptomatic: 'The existence of a strong state, playing the game of the strongest, is something very important for a Jew, even if the Jew in question, meaning myself, will in all likelihood die in France.'8
Vladimir Rabi rightly underlines the particularity of this new Zionism by proxy within the Diaspora: 'A strange Zionism, a Zionism without financial participation (the 700,000 Jews of France participate less than the 19,000 Jews of Switzerland); without aliyah (an average of one thousand per year) and without political power. This is what we can call "Zionism by proxy".'9 True. But when the State of Israel is seriously threatened, the vast majority of the Diaspora will function as an external border guard of the 'national community'. So far, each crisis has illustrated this, and this is one aspect of the problem: one cannot fundamentally separate the material existence of a national community in Palestine from an evanescent and volatile diaspora, doomed to gradual assimilation.
The genocide, Stalinist anti-Semitism, the founding of the State of Israel: here are the three reasons that, contrary to the historical prognosis of the beginning of the century, brought back to the fore the Jewish question. They are powerful reasons. The prognosis of social assimilation has not been invalidated, but the paths towards it are infinitely more tortuous, just like those towards the socialist revolution. In 1937, Trotsky was infinitely more cautious and reserved than in 1903: 'The Jewish question, I repeat, is indissolubly bound up with the complete emancipation of humanity.'10 To claim that the question as such has been settled de facto by the break-up of the people-class is something else. Trotsky is indisputably right. But while waiting for this complete emancipation on the horizon of history, for the disappearance of social classes and the state, the question persists and cannot be ignored.
A historically unresolved issue
Then, how to characterize it? The separation of the people-class in proletariat and bourgeoisie, the tendency to assimilate in both directions, did not lead to a pure and simple dissolution of the community. Its existence and the persistence of its identity take place in a new context. It is possible and probable that with a happier outcome of the revolution in the USSR, and without Nazism (which melted a scattered unit under one star), the matter would have been settled. But this is not the case.
Rosdolsky, who shared Abraham Leon's theses, nevertheless wrote:
No doubt the identification of Jewishness with capitalism, which we find in the 1844 text, was already incorrect at the time, not only because capitalism had already outgrown its antediluvian forms—commercial and usurious capital—but because, on the other hand, the Jews themselves, due to the capitalist process of class differentiation, were increasingly losing their character as the mercantile people par excellence and, from a people-class transformed into a modern nationality.11
A singular nation, as Rousseau already said: 'Separate from the others, yet not merged with them'. A people in diaspora, a nation without territory, national community, nationality; all definitions have been tried. Undoubtedly, the issue is obscured by a restrictive definition of what a nation is, one that reduces it to the nation-state, a form under the aegis of an ascendant national bourgeoisie (unifying a national market), or of an anti-imperialist proletariat realising, on the road to its social emancipation, national democratic tasks left unresolved by the bourgeoisie. It is such a conception that led Marx and Engels ultimately to reactionary positions on 'peoples without history'.
On the level of Marxist theory, the debate has not ended. It oscillates between Stalin's normative definition, listing the indispensable criteria for recognizing the factual existence of a nation, and Bauer's fluid definitions, which retain a variable combination of criteria, none of which (not even territory) are absolutely indispensable.
Again, the key is historical. In the era of rising capitalism and of the formation of national markets, the national question is not posed in the same terms as in the era of imperialism and late capitalism. In the first case, it leads mainly to the formation of new nation-states. In the latter, it tends to be directly related to the perspective of cultural autonomy within a planned economy and socialist democracy. For the sake of clarity, the latter can be referred to as a nationality question instead of a national question. This does not imply any less the recognition of a community and of a national fact.12
Assimilation is a historical perspective, not an immediate response
It is incorrect to simply say that assimilation is the solution of the Jewish question. It is more correct to say, as Trotsky did, that the solution lies in the complete emancipation of humanity, without neglecting the rhythms and forms of the decline of national issues and cultural autonomy. Assimilation will likely take this form. But it cannot be a political line or a slogan in response to Zionism. Until the labour movement has demonstrated in practice its ability to resolve the Jewish question, the Jewish national community cannot be asked to trust the natural laws of assimilation into the proletariat.
For the time being, this ability has not been demonstrated.13 Therefore, the prospect of assimilation, however likely, cannot be an answer to the demand for national rights. That is why we recognise as legitimate the right of Jewish communities to defend themselves as Jewish communities against antisemitic campaigns. It is up to us to ensure that the workers' organizations demonstrate their effectiveness in this struggle.
On the immediate response to the Jewish question, Lenin and Trotsky varied significantly. In 1903, Lenin characterized the Bundist idea of a Jewish nation as 'absolutely untenable scientifically' and 'reactionary politically.'14 He took refuge behind the supposed competence of Kautsky and Bauer on the subject to characterize the Jewish community not as a nation, but as a caste.
In his critical remarks on the national question from 1913, Lenin speaks of 'the most oppressed and persecuted nation—the Jews.'15 Already in 1905 he recognized that: 'The Jewish workers, as a disfranchised nationality, not only suffer general economic and political oppression, but they also suffer under the yoke which deprives them of elementary civic rights.'16
And again in 1913, he criticized Bauer for excluding the Jews from his project of cultural national autonomy: 'he excludes the only extra-territorial (not having its own territory) nation from his plan for extra-territorial national autonomy'.17
Therefore there can be no doubt, that from 1905 onwards, Lenin approaches the Jewish question as a particular national question, one which does not call for a separate revolutionary party any more than it does for other nationalities. The unitary structure of the party simply corresponds to the unity of the strategic target of the proletarian revolution: the Tsarist state apparatus.
Indeed, while acknowledging the reality and complexity of national issues in Russia, Lenin celebrates 'capitalism's world-historical tendency to break down national barriers, obliterate national distinctions, and to assimilate nations.'18
Lenin sought the solution in positive proposals favouring the right to form associations, in education and the use of national languages. Faithful to the lessons of the Critique of the Gotha Programme, he understood that after taking power formal equality between small and large nations, between the oppressors and the oppressed of the previous day was not enough. It is necessary to compensate for the accumulated inequalities that are concretely manifested in daily life. Lenin spoke out in favour of the development of the language and literature of the labouring masses of the recently oppressed nations. The overcoming of national particularisms requires first of all the recognition of national rights, not passively, but with the active contribution of the party: 'the Party's task in relation to the labouring masses of these national groups is to help them to make the fullest use of their guaranteed right to free development.'19
The Jews were treated as one nation among others and a commission on Jewish affairs was created as part of the government.
Confronted with the rise of Nazism and the revival of anti-Semitism in the USSR in the context of bureaucratic degeneration, Trotsky was extremely cautious and no longer dared to predict the rapid disappearance of the Jewish question as a national question:
I do not know whether Jewry will be built up again as a nation. However, there can be no doubt that the material conditions for the existence of Jewry as an independent nation could be brought about only by the proletarian revolution. There is no such a thing on our planet as the idea that one has more claim to land than another.20
The same year, he recognized that Jews, and not only those living in the USSR, had the same national rights as any other nationality:
A workers' government is duty bound to create for the Jews, as for any nation, the very best circumstances for cultural development. This means, inter alia: to provide for those Jews who desire to have their own schools, their own press, their own theatre, etc., a separate territory for self-administration and development […] If this or that national group is doomed to go down (in the national sense) then this must proceed in the same way as a natural process, but never as a consequence of any territorial, economic, or administrative difficulties.21
Finally, later still, he admitted that the course of history had counteracted, contrary to all expectations, the prospect of a rapid decline of the Jewish national question:
When I was young, I had rather the tendency to prognosticate that the Jews of different countries would be assimilated and hence the Jewish question would disappear almost automatically. The historical development in the last quarter of century has unfortunately not confirmed this perspective […] It is necessary to count on the fact that the Jewish nation will continue to exist for an entire coming historical period.22
Trotsky envisaged, even within the framework of a triumphant socialism, a need for international planning of the topography of nations to satisfy the real need for territory that nourishes Zionism. In no way did he conceive of assimilation as an immediate solution, and even less as a forced solution
In fact, Lenin and Trotsky's approach is clear and largely pragmatic: it is a question of removing all obstacles to the unification of the proletariat, by removing the mistrust of oppressed nationalities through a wide-ranging recognition of their national rights. They do not start from a normative and restrictive definition of the nation, but from the concrete problem posed by national demands.
For those who have been oppressed and disenfranchised, assimilation and the erosion of national particularity cannot be the simple negation of their existence. Instead, they begin with the negation of the negation, i.e. the affirmation of their national identity. This inevitably raises the question of the stance of a revolutionary party. It certainly begins with the inalienable recognition of the right to self-determination, but it implies on the level of the oppressed nationality itself shouldering the responsibility for its national manifestations and not abandoning it to bourgeois nationalist currents.
The alternative to Zionism will only be effective if it is posed simultaneously by Jews within the Jewish communities.
The form of the Palestinian future cannot be predicted
The State of Israel is not a state like any other, but a state with a colonial structure that was from the outset based on campaigns for 'Jewish labour', on kibbutz that repressed the fellah, on economic apartheid and on a trade unionism reserved for Jews (at least from 1920 to 1967).23 It is not by chance that this state was proclaimed at its foundation 'the Jewish state in the land of Israel', and that it maintains a religious character; it is not by chance that racial discrimination is codified by the Law of Return of 1950 and the Nationality Law of 1952. This State is the logical outcome of the Zionist project of Moses Hess who, starting from the very beginning of Zionism, conceived of the return of Jews to Palestine in the carriages of the French colonialist expeditions. It was born of the expropriation of the Palestinian people and at the cost of the formation of a new 'nation without territory': the Palestinians. This is not the least of paradoxes.
The Hebrew nationality in Palestine is now in the position of the oppressor, at the expense of the Palestinians. The nationalism of the oppressed and the oppressor cannot be equated, nor can the violence of either. Zionist terrorism is a state terrorism, having at its disposal a standing army, a police force and the secret services of a bourgeois state that is supported by imperialism.
In the face of this oppression, we unconditionally support the national rights of the Palestinians. And it is to our credit that we can quote the programmatic document of the Palestinian Trotskyists who, as early as 1939, affirmed '[their] complete solidarity with the Arab nationalist movement and [their] unconditional support for the [following] immediate demands of the Arabs: a) a halt to Jewish immigration; b) the prohibition of further land purchases by the Jews; c) an Arab national government'.24
Precisely because we considering the Zionist state in essence as a colonial state, the destruction of its colonial structures has a transitional dynamic. This is what Weinstock called de-zionization:
Israeli revolutionaries understand this to mean the destruction of Israel's oppressive and colonial socio-economic and political structures [...]. But is de-zionization not a smokescreen for maintaining the status quo under a new legal wrapping? No. It presupposes the radical destruction of existing political and social structures, without which it cannot be achieved. Yet, some would say, de-zionizing Israel is ultimately working towards the existence of an Israeli state, which is contrary to the objectives of the Palestinians who precisely want the abolition of this mono-ethnic and colonial-based entity that was established on their territory. The truth is that one cannot predict the precise constitutional form of the future Palestine without resorting to empty prophesying, or worse, substituting oneself for the people concerned. We can only state principles: the right of return for refugees, self-determination for Palestinians, free exercise by Israelis of their national rights. Such a programme can be conceived in a unitary Palestinian framework, as well as in a federal or confederal structure, or even in an Arab whole. The main thing is to understand that it is not possible to evade the Israeli national problem by verbal subtleties. Let the ineffective gargle hollow formulas such as 'so-called Israeli state', 'so-called Israeli nation', 'Zionist colony in occupied Palestine'... which reflect their ideological destitution; they think they are solving the problem by denying it. The destruction of the Zionist structures of Israel—which necessarily requires the participation of Israeli revolutionaries themselves—leaves room for different institutional formulas. What is crucial is the need for the Israeli community to integrate itself in one way or another with the Arab revolutionary movement.25
1 Originally published in French as 'La question juive aujourd'hui', Critique Communiste N°11, September 1982 and available online at [danielbensaid.org/La-question-juive-aujourd-hui?lang=fr].
2 Nathan Weinstock, Zionism: False Messiah (London, 1989), p. 6.
3 Indeed, Salo Wittmayer Baron one-sidedly emphasized this religious factor as the glue of a dispersed community. It is nevertheless necessary to underline the striking confessional character of the State of Israel and the role that religion continues to play in defining the community.
4 As Alain Brossat notes in his article on the Bund (Fourth International, No. 2, September 1980) the Bund was a Jewish socialist workers' organization in Russia.
5 Isaac Deutscher, The Non-Jewish Jew. And other essays (London, 1968), p. 51.
6 Weinstock, Zionism, p. 88.
7 Ibid, p. 182.
8 Quoted in 'Catalogue pour des Juifs de maintenant', Revue Recherches, No. 38, September 1979.
10 From an interview given by Leon Trotsky to correspondents of the Jewish press upon his arrival in Mexico. Republished in Fourth International, Vol. 6 No. 12, December 1945, pp. 377-379, online at: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/xx/jewish.htm].
11 'La Neue Rheinische Zeitung et les Juifs', Etudes de Marxologie, no.7 (Aug. 1963). Also see his critique of Marx and Engels on the national question.
12 Bauer's idea of national cultural autonomy as a way of resolving national issues within the Austro-Hungarian Empire without breaking its unity may have some validity as a response to nationalist demands in the era of declining capitalism and as an alternative to the multiplication of nation-states. But this would require that regional bodies play an important role in socialist planning, as Lenin himself suggested: 'This particularly calls for wide regional autonomy and fully democratic local self-government, with the boundaries of the self-governing and autonomous regions determined by the local inhabitants themselves on the basis of their economic and social conditions, national make-up of the population, etc.' Lenin, 'Resolutions of the Summer, 1913, Joint Conference of the Central Committee of the R.S.D.L.P. and Party Officials', online at: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/sep/30b.htm]
13 In Le Défi national (Paris, 1978-1979) Arieh Yaari provides an impressive sample of contemporary Soviet antisemitism.
14 Lenin, 'Position of Bund in the Party, in Collected Works vol. 7(London, 1977),, p. 100.
15 Lenin, 'Critical Remarks on the National Question' (1913), available online at: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/crnq/2.htm#v20pp72-023].
16 Lenin, 'To the Jewish Workers' (1905), available online at: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/may/31.htm].
17 Lenin, '"Cultural-National" Autonomy' (1903), available online at: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/nov/28.htm].
18 Lenin, 'Critical Remarks on the National Question' (1913), available online at: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/crnq/3.htm].
19 J.V. Stalin, 'The Immediate task of the Party in the National Question', (1921), available at: [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1921/02/10.htm]. The theses were drafted by Stalin and adopted by the Tenth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.)
20 Leon Trotsky, 'Reply to a question about Birobidjan', in: On the Jewish Question (New York, 1970), p. 18.
21 Trotsky, 'Interview with Jewish correspondents in Mexico', in: On the Jewish Question (New York, 1970), p. 19.
22 Trotsky, 'La Question Juive', in Oeuvres vol. 12 (Paris, 1982), p. 111.
23 In an article in Rouge, we wrongly used the expression 'a state like any other' in describing the State of Israel. In its context, this should not have been misleading, since it was exclusively used in a polemical sense against the illusions of original Zionism that claimed to found a communal state and instead founded a class state, a 'goy state'.
24 Weinstock, False Messiah, p. 199.
25 N. Weinstock, 'Sionisme, antisionisme, désionisation', Quatrième Internationale, no. 46, November 1970, p. 45.


Activation of spinal cord glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes has been shown to regulate chronic opioid-induced antinociceptive tolerance and hyperalgesia, due to spinal up-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in IL-1β activation in neuropathic pain. However, it is unclear whether acute opioid treatment can activate glial cells in the peripheral nervous system. We examined acute morphine-induced activation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) and up-regulation of IL-1β in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), and further investigated the involvement of MMP-9 in these opioid-induced peripheral changes.Subcutaneous morphine injection (10 mg/kg) induced robust peripheral glial responses, as evidenced by increased GFAP expression in DRGs but not in spinal cords. The acute morphine-induced GFAP expression is transient, peaking at 2 h and declining after 3 h. Acute morphine treatment also increased IL-1β immunoreactivity in SGCs and IL-1β activation in DRGs. MMP-9 and GFAP are expressed in DRG neurons and SGCs, respectively. Confocal analysis revealed a close proximity of MMP-9 and GFAP immunostaining. Importantly, morphine-induced DRG up-regulation of GFAP expression and IL-1β activation was abolished after Mmp9 deletion or naloxone pre-treatment. Finally, intrathecal injections of IL-1β-selective siRNA not only reduced DRG IL-1β expression but also prolonged acute morphine-induced analgesia.Acute morphine induces opioid receptors- and MMP-9-dependent up-regulation of GFAP expression and IL-1β activation in SGCs of DRGs. MMP-9 could mask and shorten morphine analgesia via peripheral neuron-glial interactions. Targeting peripheral glial activation might prolong acute opioid analgesia.


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Court blocks planned purge of more than 200,000 people from a swing state's voter rolls – The Washington Post
https://ift.tt/3abPVJG
The case is largely split along partisan lines. Republicans argue that thousands of people who have changed addresses have not updated their voter registration status and should therefore be struck from the rolls to ensure election integrity, while Democrats and voting rights advocates say the move will unjustly disenfranchise swaths of the electorate — particularly low-income voters, young people and people of color, who tend to lean left.
A similar struggle has also played out in Georgia, where rolls were culled by more than 300,000 overnight last month, and in Ohio and Texas — spotlighting countrywide accusations of voter suppression in the run-up to the presidential election.
In Wisconsin, where President Trump won by fewer than 23,000 votes in 2016, party officials are following the legal saga closely, aware that their state may play a decisive role in November. If voters are removed from the rolls, state law allows them to re-register up to and on Election Day.
On Tuesday evening, Trump traveled to Milwaukee for a campaign rally and was still reveling in his victory as he took the stage, telling the crowd, "I'm thrilled to be back in Wisconsin, where we had a very big night a few years ago."
But it was liberals, who had resolved to continue fighting the purge on Monday, that cheered Tuesday as news spread that the state's rolls would remain intact. Meanwhile, the Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty — a conservative law group that sued to have the registrations pruned — said the ruling doesn't change its argument.
"What is true yesterday is true today," the group's president, Rick Esenberg, said in a statement. "The Wisconsin Elections Commission isn't following state law and we look forward to making that case in the Court of Appeals."
But it does mean that the commission's three Democrats won't have to pay a $250-per-day fine, the penalty levied by Ozaukee County Circuit Judge Paul Malloy after he found the officials in contempt and admonished them for fighting his December order to purge the rolls.
"I cannot be clearer on this: They need to follow the order," Malloy said at a court hearing, one day before a three-judge panel blocked his ruling.
The six-person election commission had been split evenly along partisan lines, the Republicans voting in favor of the purge and the Democrats voting against it. In a meeting on Tuesday, commissioners again disagreed — 3 to 3 — about how to respond.
"It's a Republican-Democrat issue," said Republican commissioner Robert Spindell, according to a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel account of the meeting. "The Dems like to have huge numbers of people on the list and the Republicans like to have clean lists and that's a problem that I don't think we'll be able to overcome."
Julie Glancey, a Democrat, argued that the original order was too broad and would inevitably sweep up properly registered voters, according to the newspaper.
"These are eligible, registered voters," she said. "They are not by any stretch of the imagination illegal or anything else."
A Journal Sentinel analysis of the over 200,000 register voters targeted — all of whom were sent a letter in October seeking address confirmation — found that most lived in municipalities that supported Hillary Clinton in 2016. Milwaukee and Madison, where Democratic support is strongest, received 23 percent of the letters despite accounting for just 14 percent of registered voters.
Another key legal decision in the case was handed down this week, when the state Supreme Court said it wouldn't hear the case now, an announcement that opened the door for Tuesday's appeals court ruling. It also means, the Associated Press reported, that the issue is unlikely to be solved before the presidential election.
via Top stories – Google News https://ift.tt/2Jjuiww
← 'Meatball Mike' Bloomberg has a weird night on Twitter during Democratic debate – New York Post
Michael Flynn asks to withdraw his guilty plea – CNN →


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Publications August 9, 2022
Russia's War in Ukraine: Russia's Propaganda War
AP Photo/Dmitri Lovetsky
A man wearing a T-shirt with letter Z, which has become a symbol of the Russian military and a slogan reading "For the victory!", carries cotton candy during a city holiday in the city of Novaya Ladoga, 125 km east of St. Petersburg, Russia.
Igor Gretskiy
The ninth Brief in the "Russia's War in Ukraine" series concerns Russia's propaganda war.
Igor Gretskiy, a Research Fellow of the Estonian Foreign Policy Institute at the ICDS, examines key elements of Russia's propaganda and disinformation that were crucial in the years long preparation of the invasion of Ukraine. He describes how the Kremlin's official narratives were used to pave the way for Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, and how Russia's propaganda has changed as the war has progressed.
He states that the Kremlin began to prepare the Russian public for the invasion of Ukraine after the Biden-Putin summit in Geneva on the 30th of June 2021. He analyses Moscow's language of war and concludes that Soviet-style narratives about Nazism and Western anti-Russian conspiracies became the main premises of the propaganda offensive. He also concludes that Russia's president most likely began to plot the outright aggression after his re-election in 2018.
Gretskiy further states that the Russian mainstream media failed to provoke the populations and local authorities in eastern Ukraine into mass defections to the Russian side and lost the battle for the Ukrainians' hearts and minds. It rather intensified the Russian domestic neo-imperial narrative.
Download and read:
Brief No.9. Russia's Propaganda War (PDF)
Brief No.8. WMD Issues (PDF)
Brief No.7. When Russia Went to War (PDF)
Brief No.6. The War at Sea (PDF)
Brief No.5. The Early Air War (PDF)
Brief No.4. Large-Scale War and NATO (PDF)
Brief No.3. Russian Military Logistics (PDF)
Brief No.2. The War in Cyberspace (PDF)
Brief No.1. The Kremlin's Aims and Assumptions (PDF)
Filed under: PublicationsTagged with: Disinformation, Information Warfare, Russia, Ukraine


The Digital Commons @ St. Norbert College was created in a cross-campus initiative built on a vision of open sharing and celebration of the campus's unique intellectual traditions. In light of its shared creation, the commons has developed a decentralized model for workflow that has allowed other parts of campus to take ownership in the institutional repository. This session will cover the benefits and challenges of a decentralized model and will outline the key ideas that shaped the initiative so as to inspire others to take up their own decentralized model.


Outgoing U.N. envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura Sunday said that peace in the war-wracked country could be won through a post-war "inclusive constitution".
De Mistura is trying to set up a U.N.-backed constitutional committee for Syria that would include 50 members chosen by Damascus, 50 by the opposition and 50 by the United Nations, before stepping down later this month.
The centrepiece of U.N. peace efforts in Syria, the committee would be tasked with negotiating a new post-war constitution that would pave the way to elections aimed at turning the page on seven years of devastating war.


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Senior GoAir Pilot Sacked For Tweet About Indian Prime Minister
byPranjal Pande
Indian budget carrier GoAir has sacked one of its pilots following an offensive tweet about Prime Minister Narendra Modi last week. The pilot has since apologized for his tweet. GoAir also added that it has a "zero-tolerance policy" for violations of its employee's social media behavior.
GoAir is India's third-largest low-cost airline, operating a fleet of only Airbus A320s. Photo: Getty Images
Offensive tweet
According to a report from the Indian Express, a senior captain for GoAir called the Prime Minister of India an "idiot" multiple times in a tweet on January 7th. However, the tweet was quickly removed and the pilot issued an apology on the same day saying,
"I apologise for my tweets about PM, other offensive tweets which may have hurt sentiments of anyone associated. I convey that GoAir is not associated with any of my tweets directly or indirectly as they were personal views"
GoAir promptly fired the pilot for his tweet. Photo: Airbus
However, the apology did not make a difference, with GoAir quickly taking action against the pilot. By Sunday, the airline had sacked the pilot and made it clear that it will not tolerate such behavior from its pilots or any employee. In a statement to the Indian Express, the airline said,
"GoAir has zero tolerance policy and it is mandatory for all GoAir employees to comply with the company's employment rules, regulations and policies, including social media behaviour. The airline does not associate itself with personal views expressed by any individual or an employee."
More on the pilot
The pilot who was fired is reportedly Unish "Miki" Malik, an Air Force veteran, according to The Print. He retired from the Air Force in 2010, where he served as a pilot on the VVIP squadron. He also reportedly flew then-Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands after the 2004 tsunami.
The fired pilot reportedly flew India's former Prime Minister while in the Air Force. Photo: Vikramdabas via Wikimedia Commons
Many online have highlighted multiple offensive Tweets from the pilot in the past as well. Considering the public nature of Twitter, companies and airlines globally have been quick to warn employees about the repercussions of sharing online.
This isn't the first time GoAir has acted quickly on a tweet from one of its employees. Back in June 2020, the airline fired a trainee pilot for allegedly offensive tweets, according to Mumbai Mirror. However, the trainee then said the tweet was not from his account but from another account with the same name. The order was later reversed and an investigation was then undertaken to clarify the matter.
Domestic recovery
As we enter the new year, GoAir is looking to recover losses from a disastrous 2020. The carrier has a market share of around 8% and is continuing to grow its fleet. India's domestic market has bounced back significantly since March and could reach an 80% recovery in the coming months.
Following a tough year, GoAir is hoping to gain back revenue in 2021. Photo: Getty Images
What do you think about GoAir's decision? How should airlines handle tweets? Let us know in the comments.
Pranjal Pande
Lead Journalist - India - Pranjal is an experienced journalist with a strong focus on Indian aviation. His background in political science and economics gives him unique insight into issues surrounding international travel and governmental regulations. Pranjal is enthusiastic about new aircraft types and has his stories regularly picked up by renowned publications including Forbes. Based in New Delhi, India.