MR. ROSIN: Objection as to leading.
Q. What is your understanding of the source of the guard?
A. The guard was designed by Mr. Rosin and he's the one who had it built.
Q. Now, Mr. Morita talked to us about the hierarchy of safety.
Q. Do you understand that concept?
Q. Can you explain the concept to the ladies and gentlemen of the jury?
can. If we can design a hazard out of a product, then we have eliminated that hazard. If I had a brushcutter and I didn't want to be exposed to the hazard of gasoline, for example, I would make the product an electric powered product and I wouldn't be exposed to that hazard; I would have designed the hazard of gasoline out of the product.
design out of the product however. If I want to have a brushcutter with a blade on it, I can't eliminate the hazard of the blade. The spinning blade has the potential to harm and as long as that's a desirable feature of the product; that is, the spinning blade, then that hazard remains, it can't be designed out.
various types; there are a number of different methods of safeguarding. On this product the most obvious would be some sort of guard or barrier that would stand between the blade and whomever we're trying to protect. So that's the next step. After you have tried to design it out and you can't, then you try to safeguard.
all of those things, there are still going to be residual hazards, there are still going to be things that you need to know to operate a product safely and so we instruct and we warn about those. And that's the hierarchy is identify, design it out, guard against it and warn against it.
Q. Mr. Gililland, I'm showing you Plaintiff's Exhibit 22. This is the design that Mr. Morita is proposing?
problems with that type of guarding?
A. Yes. I've used a guard that we had made that's very similar to this and there are many prob1ems associated with it.
Q. And briefly can you discuss those with the ladies and gentlemen?
A. The first problem it's obvious when you pick it up is it's very heavy. Now you can do some things about that but anytime you put an attachment down at the blade end, you're going to be adding weight and when you add weight, you add to the effort that it takes to use the machine, you add to the fatigue of the operator and over a period of an 8 -hour day, that's a very important consideration so weight is No. 1.
times and there's the likelihood that operators will not stop the machine when they start reaching in to the blade area to clean up the clog so you've introduced that hazard.
Those things all together say that this isn't really a good idea. It adds no additional protection to the operator. The operator is already protected by the guard that's in place, by the' shield that's in place. If he's using the machine as it's designed, if he's got his harness in place, he's holding on to the handles, he's not going to be injured and this guard does nothing for him. So in balance, this actually makes the machine less safe to use.
Q. Mr. Gililland, did you actually use the RedMax. brush cutter which is marked as Plaintiff's Exhibit 6 8 to cut various types of vegetation?
A. I don't know if that's the actual machine I used, I think it is. I believe that's the one I used, yes.
Q. And did you videotape that testing?
like to show that to the ladies and gentlemen.
MR. ROSIN: No, your Honor.
THE COURT: You may proceed. You need to set up?
THE COURT: How long will that take?
THE COURT: Is the screen visible to all the jurors?
the video is. Defendant's Exhibit No. 130.
THE COURT: Just wait one moment. Are we ready?
MR. BELL: Yes. THE COURT: You may proceed.
Q. Mr. Gililland, would you explain to the ladies and gentlemen what they're about to see here?
A. Yes. I took a sample of a similar RedMax brushcutter literally out into a field with - and, in fact, it's equipped as you see it, with the blade, with the shield, identical to what was on the machine at the time of the accident.
what ever was out there, that's what this video is, it's just me cutting with the machine.
Q. How did you get the blade to start rotating, Mr. Gililland?
A. You squeeze the trigger, that makes the engine run faster.
Q. Are you cutting in a pivoting motion, are you cutting from left to right, right to left or left, right back and forth?
A. Well, it's the way the material is being dragged and you'll see all the cutting is actually taking place from right to left. I'm re-cutting some of that as I bring it back to the right but the cutting happens from right to left.
Q. What time of year are you using this?
A. This was in June. June of lastyear.
Q. And the geographical area where you're at?
A. It's in St. Louis, just outside of. St. Louis. We're 20 miles outside of town.
Q. What type of field are you in?
A. Well, it's a large field that's actually about to be developed by a developer but just a large flat pasture that has various types of weeds and grasses growing in it.
Q. Are you cutting at the very base of the weeds right at the level with the ground?
A. Right, I'm trying to clear the land so what I'm doing is cutting very close to the ground.
Q. Is that the end of it?
Q. Mr. Gililland, did you do any survey of other manufacturers brushcutting guard designs?
other - of manufacturers and. implements and I also purchased and used some of those other implements.
A. Yes, I videotaped everything that I did when there was an engine running.
Q. Mr. Gililland., I'm going to ask the videographer to show us Defendant's Exhibit 120 which is your field test of another brushcutter design.
Q. Can you tell the ladies and gentlemen of. the jury what they are about to see here?
Stihl, S-T-I-H-L, obviously it's a four-tooth blade. It's more for grasses and weeds than it is for saplings and such, but you can just see it in use here. Just a different kind of blade for a different kind of material.
demonstrating here is that it doesn't cut small trees very well. It says you're not supposed to do that and this is why. As I said, this blade is for generally cutting grasses and you see it does a very good job with thick heavy grasses. That's the end of it, it's just repeating.
MR. ROSIN:. Side bar, your Honor.
ladies and gentlemen, we'll give you a recess here for a few minutes. Sir, could you step out of the courtroom, please.
THE COURT: You requested a side bar?
objecting to the use of the various manuals as demonstrations for I'm. not even sure what they're going to be used for at this point. They're all other products by other manufacturers.
MR. BELL: Your Honor, if you'll - Robert, are you done?
products through their catalog-information, their safety manual information and to lay a foundation for a blowup that we have showing various manufacturers' brushcutter guard designs and various manufacturers warning instructions dealing with the issue of bystander safety which is what this case is about.
foundation with respect to the. industry practices on how brushcutters are guarded by other manufacturers as-well as Komatsu Zenoah. And I believe the Court had previously indicated that pursuant to the Rios decision, that you were going to permit that type of evidence.
are brushcutters from when or manuals fromwhen?
contemporaneous with the brushcutter in this case.
objection will be overruled as long as the testimony is that these were designs that were contemporaneous, something that the witness will testify that he has relied upon in rendering his opinions. The actual manuals will not be submitted to the jurors.
laying a foundation for this exhibit, your Honor. It's just a picture of the metal blade and brushcutter from these various manuals into one piece of - one piece of demonstrative evidence, but this is the foundation for this piece of demonstrative evidence is these individual manuals so it's laying a foundation for this document.
companies which lays the foundation for this piece of demonstrative evidence. For the record, this is Defendant's Exhibit 19 which shows the various brushcutter guard designs and Defendant's Exhibit 18 shows the various operator safety manual instructions for bystander safety basically to show that pursuant to the defendant's theory of the case is that the Komatsu Zenoah design and instructions were in conforiance with. the industry practices.
manuals that these pictures come from which lays the foundation for Defendant's Exhibit 19 and the manuals for Defendant's Exhibit 18.
MR. BELL: That's what I'm about to do.
the witness says that these were contemporaneous designs as to the one that caused plaintiff injury.
MR. BELL: All right, your Honor.
THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen, I won't be allowing the witness to testify to certain documents or articles that have not been admitted in evidence. This testimony is allowed to a limited purpose, it is allowed so that the witness may tell you what he has relied on to form certain opinions.
in this case and may not be considered or used as evidence. You may consider the material for the purpose of deciding what weight, if any, you will give to the opinions testified to by this witness.
MR. ROSIN: Objection. THE COURT: Sustained as to the form of the question.
Q. Plaintiff's Exhibit 22 shows a right-hand side guard on a brushcutter?
Q. Based upon your survey of other manufacturers of brushcutters, can you tell us whether or not you found any manufacturer that offers a guard on the entire right side of the brushcutter?
A. No, there's nothing similar to that; hasn't been, isn't now.
Q. How long have you been in the business of manufacturing and representing companies that manufacture power cutting tools including brushcutters?
Q. Have you ever seen a manufacturer offer a guard like what is proposed in Plaintiff's Exhibit 22 on a brushcutter?
THE COURT: Overruled. THE WITNESS: No, I havenot.
Q. Showing you what I've marked as Defendant's Exhibit 40. Is this a contemporaneous manufacturers' catalog of brushcutters?
MR. ROSIN: Counsel, may I see it? Thank you.
THE WITNESS: I'm sorry, what was the question?
Q. Is that a manufacturer.that was contemporaneous- with the Komatsu Zenoah brushcutter in this case? Manufacturer of.brushcutters?
Q. And the company is?
Q.- And do they offer a guard on their brushcutter that covers the entire right side of the blade?
Q. - in this case?
0. And who is that manufacturer?
Q. And do they have the manufactured guard on the right side of the blade on their brushcutter as- plaintiff's proposed guard on Plaintiff's Exhibit 22?
Q. Now.McCulloch has a slightly different guard design?
Q. Can you explain that to the ladies and gentlemen of the jury what the purpose of that is?
Q. You' understand the purpose of the guarding design on the McCulloch?
Q. Can you explain the purpose of that for the ladies and gentlemen of the jury.
MR. ROSIN: Excuse me, your Honor. His design that he's involved in I have no objection to. What he's testifying to is what someone else's was the. purpose.
of the design that you're familiar with?
Q. And can you explain the basis of your familiarity with that design?
A. I was involved in the design and development of the guard.
some indication of what he's talking about?
THE COURT: Sustained as to foundation.
Q. Can you explain your experience with that guard design?
device that was made for cutting small trees and when I say small trees, I'm talking about anything from a half inch diameter up to about 4 inches in diameter. It's a special kind of blade and it's a special kind of device that mounts over the blade to enable you to do that, that's my - experience with doing that.
Q. And does it have a finger projection at the top of the blade? A. You could describe it as' a finger projection. It's a bump that points out straight away from the blade.
Q. Can you tell us is that design feature intended to prevent blade bounce or blade kickback?
MR. ROSIN: Excuse me, may we just be certain we're understanding which product he's referring to?
may I have the witness come down and draw a picture of the guard?
THE COURT: Yes, sir. Sir, you may step down.
Q. Can you draw the type of guard design that you're familiar with and from your own experience in designing these guards?
that as Defendant's Exhibit - what is our next number, Chuck?
Q. And what was the purpose for that projection, Mr. Gililland?
A. The idea is if you want to cut a small tree down and, first of all, you have to have a tooth with a lot of - a blade with a lot of teeth; a four-tooth blade and an eight-tooth blade won't work but if you have something that looks more like a saw blade.
It's rotating as you're looking at in this drawing in a counterclockwise position, the. blade is rotating, and so if I contact the blade, the blade will want to move that material along with it and it will try to take the material and move it and when it does, it moves it into the bumper, the bumper holds it in place while you then push the blade through it and it can be done at the top or on the side.
THE COURT: Overruled. Witness may answer.
found that the best way to protect bystanders is to keep them a safe distance away from the machine.
Q. And what is the safe distance given the nature and.use of this type of product?
A. It varies, but typically you'll see anywhere from 45 feet to 75 feet is the recommendation. I think 50 feet, is the more commonly accepted distance that most manufacturers use.
occasion to actually fabricate a guard that, covers the right side of the brushcutter blade as proposed by Mr. Rosin and Mr. Morita?
Q. And did you actually use that guard in the field?
Q. Did you videotape the use of that guard?
Q. I'm going to show you what has been marked as Defendant's Exhibit 117. Can you lay a foundation for the ladies and gentlemen of what they're about to see here?
I object to mischaracterization. He never had this guard.
MR. ROSIN: He used his own.
the reproduction that we created of Mr. Rosin's guard to do this demonstration and then we followed it up with the RedMax so chronologically you're actually seeing them in reverse order, but they are the same day, the same field, cutting, the same materials.
actually a comparison of the two, I think you may have the wrong video in.
MR. BELL: I may have. Let me look.
MR. ROSIN: What's the exhibit number that we began showing?
I will show that in a minute, but I want to show one before it.
THE COURT: Counsel, you're using which exhibit?
MR. BELL: This is 129, your Honor.
THE COURT: Defendant's Exhibit 12 9?
Q. What do you notice there, Mr. Gililland?
A. What you're seeing is that the material is not being well cut and so it's resisting moving the blade and the guard through. The guard is actually dragging and making it difficult to move the blade through to cut. And, of course, it keeps clogging.
Q. You can't cut with this guard, can you?
MR. ROSIN: Objection, he's testifying.
Q. Can you tell us whether or not you can cut with this guard?
A. You can cut but it's very inefficient and it's very difficult. You're not getting a clean cut, it's difficult to move the blade and the guard through the grass, and I do have to keep re-cutting the same area to get it down.
Q. What are you cutting here, Mr. Gililland?
A. I'm sorry, I didn't hear you.
Q. What were you cutting in that area?
A. That's basically a bunch of honeysuckle vines and a couple small trees.
Q. What did you notice here?
A. It's very difficult to move the device through the grass, through the weeds, I have to keep swatting at it and swinging hard and punching at it. It's difficult to work with, it's a- very tiring device to try to use.
The reason for stopping and cleaning that debris off is because when it gets packed with debris like that, it just don't cut at all so you have to clean it out so you can keep cutting.
Q. Can you explain to the ladies and gentlemen the reason for the resistance of movement of the brushcutter?
it's going to move through that grass a certain way but if you put a sheath around that and only expose the cutting edge of that sharp knife or blade and then try to swing it, it's an entirely different animal; it's much harder to move through the material because the box around the blade is now resisting that movement so you don't get the clean cut and you have to keep chopping at it.
projection at the far forward edge of this guard that projects beyond what the blade is cutting and that's dragging material that's not being cut so it's hard to move that through as well.
Q. Are there types of material that cause this type of guarding a problem as opposed to other types of material?
right through and some it won't cut at all. It has a lot to do with how stiff the material is. The stiffer the material, the easier it is to cut; the more flexible it is like a blade of grass, the more difficult it is to cut and when you do cut it, the mother likely it's going to get clogged.
Q. Now this type of material here, was it easier or more difficult to cut?
A. This is just thick fescue and rye grass and it's very difficult. You can see it takes a lot of effort and it does clog quite a bit. That's it.
Q. Now I'm going to show you the comparison video that we put in initially here, it's Plaintiff's Exhibit - Defendant's Exhibit 117. And can you tell the ladies and gentlemen what you've done to create Defendant's Exhibit 117?
A. Yes. Both of the videos you have seen. The RedMax machine and the Rosin guard recreation were both done, as I said, on the same day, cutting the same material in the same field with the same machine. What I did was come back and spliced the two films so that you get a side by side. You see one machine cutting this material and then you see the other device cutting the same material and it alternates back and forth between the Rosin guard and the RedMax guard, and so you can see a comparison literally side by side of the two different devices cutting exactly the same material.
material. This is Rosin guard, you see we're getting in some heavier brush that has a few little saplings sticking up in it. There's the RedMax guard, same place. This is the grass, heavy fescue rye grass, Rosin guard. And RedMax guard. And the Rosin guard again, this is the grass again. I think that's the end of it.
Q. Now it's possible to get debris hanging up in either guard, isn't it?
A. Oh, sure, anything you attach to that blade under the right circumstances will collect debris, will catch something. So either one of those devices, under the right circumstances, will hang up.
Q. Well, was there a greater propensity with one or the other to catch?
to clog and that's one of the problems with the Rosin guard is it's so close to the blade, things get stuck in there.
visibility of the cutting surface, can you comment on that with respect to the two guards?
A. With the RedMax guard you can see the blade, you always know where the blade is, you don't have to guess, you don't have to imagine. With the Rosin guard you can only see a portion of the blade and when you don't see that part of the blade, you're having to sort of estimate where the rest of it is so you have a reduced visibility. When you start putting things over the guard, you can't see it anymore or things over the blade, I'm sorry.
Q. Mr. Gililland, how much time have you spent working on this particular case for me?
A. We collected all of the bills up through May and it was I think 100 and - I think 175 hours.
Q. And you've billed me approximately what?
A. Me personally, roughly $28,488. My company, and that is other engineers doing some of this work for me, all total is $48,783.
THE COURT: What was that again?
instructions provided with the Komatsu Zenoah brushcutter?
A. Mr. Trudeau had he followed even one or two of the instructions, this accident wouldn't have happened. It was his failure to follow an entire sequence of safety precautions and common sense that resulted in this accident.
Q. And can you break that down, what were the instructions and common sense that were violated here?
confined area with other people there, the accident would not have happened. Take any of those out and nobody gets hurt.
Q. Based upon your review of the evidence, your experience in the industry, your review of the industry practices in the brushcutter- guarding design, brushcutter safety instructions, do you have an opinion as to whether or not the Komatsu Zenoah ah brushcutter in this case was reasonably safe in its design and instructions?
A. That it is reasonably safe in its design and its instructions.
Q. Are these opinions, are they based upon a reasonable degree of engineering certainty in the field of safety engineering?
experience in the industry, your review of the 'evidence in this case, your review of the industry practices in guarding brushcutters and brush c utter design and providing safety instructions with brushcutters, do you have an opinion as to whether or not the Rosin proposed guard is a practical reasonably safe alternative and feasible design?
A. I do. have an opinion.
the device or make the device less safe; this guard does all of those things, that's why it's not, as a whole, a technologically feasible device even though we can physically put one on a machine.
Q. Based upon your review of the evidence in this case and your experience in the industry, your review of the industry practices, do you have an opinion as to the cause of this accident?
Q. And based upon a reasonable degree of engineering certainty in. the field of safety engineering what is your opinion?
A. My opinion is is the cause of this action was David Trudeau. He exhibited and he demonstrated a careless disregard for the safety of the people that were in the room with him and it was his actions that caused this accident.
Q. Have all of your opinions that you've given us today been based upon a reasonable degree of certainty in the field of safety engineering? A. Yes.
MR. BELL: One moment, your Honor.
Q. Mr. Gililland, there's another subject that I wanted to cover with you and that's- a safety analysis. Did you find evidence of a safety analysis as exhibited by the users safety instructions?
MR. ROSIN: Objection, leading question.
the product, they go together. If you look at the fact that there are warnings on the product, there are warnings on the blade, there are warnings and safety instructions in the manual, each of those indicates that somebody must have done a safety analysis or those things would never have been identified.
warn if you don't know what to warn and you learn what to warn about by doing a safety analysis so, of course, there was a safety analysis, done on this machine.
Q. - which is Plaintiff's Exhibit 22?
safety analysis or even a reasonably conscientious design and development process.
MR. BELL: That's all I have. Thank you, Mr. Gililland.
THE COURT: Is there any cross examination?
is. May I have just a minute to set things up?
ladies and gentlemen, we'll take, a recess for a couple of minutes.
THE COURT: You may proceed with your cross examination.
MR. ROSIN: Thank you, your Honor.


Once, not so long ago, the streets of Thimphu had a brief brush with traffic lights. Now, only vague recollections of the alien structures remain. Kunzang Choden illuminates the mystery of the missing traffic light.
"The bamboo that grows in India is growing behind your calves!" ring the war cries of village archers. Bhutanese men are famous for their devastating marksmanship and for their insults. Kunzang Choden explains how to intimidate your opponent.
Three weeks of vacation spent feeding the dead. In Bhutan, death rituals are more important than birthdays and they last 49x as long. Kunzang Choden counsels us through a difficult time.
While Bhutanese billboards conform to a sober government-approved aesthetic, giant penises wink from doorways and sprawl across the walls. Kunzang Choden talks art in the age of Gross National Happiness.
"Eco-friendly" is a national attitude in Bhutan, where plastic bags are banned and individual households devote their free time to monitoring the forest. Kunzang Choden explains what magical spirits and past monarchs have to do with Mother Nature.
The Bhutanese national animal is so bizarre that scientists had to invent a whole new taxonomic category for it. But that's not why zoos are banned and meat has to be imported. This week, guest blogger Kunzang Choden breaks down the cycle of life.
I am a woman educated in India and the US, said to be the first novelist of Bhutan. I started writing on folktales. I have published books and articles on various subjects but issues on woman and culture are my areas of interest.


Mark Linehan and Phil Tayler connect in Floyd Collins. Photos: Sharman Altshuler.
I went to Floyd Collins - the latest from Moonbox Productions, at the BCA through this weekend - somewhat skeptical of its prospects. This early Adam Guettel show has a cult following, but it's known as a tricky endeavor, so I doubted a fledgling theatre troupe (Floyd is only the third show from Moonbox) had much hope of pulling it off.
But to my surprise, I left pleased - and a little suspicious. Who's behind all this? I wanted to know. Theatre companies just don't get this strong quite this quickly! Someone with expertise and pull is clearly behind Moonbox - and given Michael Maso's presence in the house on the day I attended, I'm guessing there's some Huntington connection here - but honestly, despite my enthusiasm for games of theatrical Clue, for all I know this was produced by Colonel Mustard (in the Conservatory).
And just in case you can't tell - this is a long, back-handed kind of compliment; Floyd Collins, though not perfect, is still one of the shows to see right now in town (and you only have till Sunday). It's notable for two major reasons - its lead, Phil Tayler, provides one of the most effortlessly charismatic performances of the year (with supporting actor Matthew Zahnzinger only a few steps behind). And the musical direction, by Dan Rodriguez, is superb (even given the constraints of the BCA Plaza Theater space).
Which is a good thing, because this is one of Adam Guettel's strongest scores; I might even argue that it's a bit better than his big hit, The Light in the Piazza, which for me kind of congeals over its course into self-conscious post-romantic schmaltz. Floyd is self-conscious, too (and how); but believe it or not, the tension between Guettel's two sources here - roughly, Ravel (!) and the folk music of the Appalachians - proves surprisingly fruitful. Weirdly fruitful. And Guettel's feel for phrases rather than melody finds its natural parallel in the yodeling that's common to the region - indeed, Floyd's opening "song," a long solo as he creeps further and further into a network of caves, yodeling to asses their size, may be the best thing Guettel has ever written, and it's brilliantly performed here by Tayler (with an assist from Dan Costello's evocative sound design, which later conjures a convincingly thunderous avalanche, too).
By now you're probably wondering - what the hell is Floyd Collins about? Well, it's the tale of one of America's earliest (and largest) media sensations - the attempted rescue of the eponymous Floyd Collins, the eccentric operator of "Crystal Cave," one of Kentucky's lesser underground tourist attractions, from his entrapment in an uncharted cavern he had been exploring. Poor Floyd didn't make it out in the end - but in the meantime, the media circus that surrounded the various efforts to free him became a legend in its own right.
The story has already inspired a minor film classic - Billy Wilder's caustic satire of media exploitation, Ace in the Hole, which still shocks in its cynicism (but only because it's so accurate about the press). Alas, Wilder's film failed at the box office; its worldview proved too acrid for popular taste. And the musical didn't really become a hit, either; the rap on it is book problems - which I'm afraid it does indeed have (and which Moonbox does not quite triumph over). But these largely stem from the fact that Guettel's librettist, Tina Landau, clearly wanted to dodge Wilder's dark tone, but keep some satiric edge to the material - while simultaneously varnishing her characters with a solid coat of musical-theatre treacle.
Thus Floyd is here transformed into a wide-eyed innocent (when really he was spelunking more for profit than pleasure), while his neighbors, and even the reporters who descend on them, are viewed through a veil of sympathetic emotional gauze. Now I'm not saying some surprising synthesis from these seemingly contradictory points of view is impossible - stranger things have happened! - but I am saying that Landau doesn't nearly pull it off in this case.
Still, the book has its moments. The satire only works in one lightly pointed song - but Floyd's plight remains quite touching to the end, and his brief moments of human connection down there in the dark, buoyed by Guettel's delicate score, inevitably tug at the heart strings. And Moonbox is certainly lucky in its Floyd - Phil Tayler (at left) offers both a beautifully sung and an utterly heartfelt performance. Meanwhile Matthew Zahnzinger more than holds his own as Skeets Miller, the one newspaperman who really seems to care for Floyd, and there's also solid work from Mark Linehan, Teresa Winner Blume, and others in the cast. Alas, the set isn't particularly evocative (although it gets the job done), and director Allison Choat can't quite keep the show's early momentum going - but she always keeps things in hand (wherever the tone may wander), and thank God everyone in the cast can sing (and as mentioned, the band is exemplary). Fans of the minor gems of the recent Broadway catalogue won't want to miss this production - for I doubt we'll see a stronger Floyd Collins in these parts anytime soon.


text:
Q: Как передать ofstream в поток thread в качестве аргумента? Вот так выглядит стартовая функция потока:
    void printHeapInFile(std::ofstream& ofs, Heap& treeOfEmployees)
    {
        ofs << treeOfEmployees;
    }

Так перегружен operator<<()
std::ofstream& operator<<(std::ofstream& ofs, Heap& employees)
{
    for (EmployeeWithKey x : employees._treeOfEmployees)
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(employees.writeOrRead);
        ofs << x._empl;
    }
return ofs;
}

Так выглядит запуск потока:
    std::fstream fout;
    fout.open("result.txt");
    std::thread secondThread(printHeapInFile, std::move(fout), std::ref(treeOfEmployees));
    secondThread.join();
    fout.close();

Компилятор ругается так:
Ошибка  C2672   "std::invoke": не найдена соответствующая перегруженная функция ThirdTask   C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\include\thr\xthread  240
Ошибка  C2893   Сбой при специализации функции-шаблона "unknown-type std::invoke(_Callable &&,_Types &&...)"    ThirdTask   C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\include\thr\xthread  240

Я так понимаю, ошибка в том, что я поток записи в файл как-то неправильно передаю потоку thread?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Jason Taylor is an electrical engineering student that wears many hats, literally and figuratively. As a comedian, he is an avid fan of all things improv. As an extreme athlete, Jason enjoys bouldering. As a strategist, he sharpens his skills playing just about every video game known to man. As a thinker, Jason often ponders random thoughts. As an outstanding member of society, Jason was recently asked if he was every serious. His reply was, "Serious me… Serious me….. Nope! There may have been, but unfortunately, my memory is horrible…" As a spy, Jason is known by many aliases. These aliases include: Jay, JT, JJ, Vanilla Ice, or even Hey You. In reality, he could be called anything since he has already admitted that his memory is horrible.


text:
Súperračunálnik je najhitrejša, najmočnejša vrsta računalnika, sposobna svoje osnovne ukaze izvršiti v pikosekundah (10-12 s), namesto v nanosekundah (10-9 s) kot večina drugih računalnikov.

Za doseganje teh izrednih hitrosti superračunalniki hkrati uporabljajo več procesorjev, poslužujejo pa se tudi različnih drugih tehnik, na primer ohlajanja procesorjev na zelo nizke temperature, kar omogoča hitro delovanje vezij brez težav s pregrevanjem. Superračunalniki se na primer uporabljajo pri napovedovanju vremena, dinamiki tekočin, aerodinamiki, termodinamiki (prenos toplote), umetni inteligenci, simulacijah v biologiji, kvantni kromodinamiki, ... Znani proizvajalci superračunalnikov so: CDC, Cray Research, Fujitsu, Hitachi, IBM, Intel, NEC, Thinking Machines.

Zgodovina

Zgodovina superračunalnikov seže v 1960-ta leta, ko je Seymour Cray z inovativnimi zasnovami in paralelizmom izdelal niz računalnikov v družbi Control Data Corporation (CDC). Ti računalniki so dosegali izredno računsko moč. Računalnik CDC 6600, izdelan leta 1964, v splošnem velja za prvi superračunalnik. CDC je bil trikrat hitrejši od svojega predhodnika IBM 7030 Stretch. Z zmogljivostjo približno 1 MFLOPS je bil med letoma 1964 in 1969 najhitrejši, ko ga je prehitel CDC 7600.

Cray je leta 1972 zapustil CDC in ustanovil svoje podjetje. Štiri leta kasneje je leta 1976 ponudil 80 MHz Cray-1, ki je postal eden najuspešnejših superačunalnikov. Cray-2, narejen leta 1985, je bil 8 procesorski kapljevinsko hlajeni računalnik, hladilno tekočino Fluorinert pa je med njegovim delovanjem črpala črpalka. Deloval je z zmogljivostjo 1,9 GFLOPS in bil najhitrejši do leta 1990.

V 1980-ih so imeli superračunalniki le nekaj procesorjev, v 1990-ih pa so se začeli pojavljati stroji z več tisoč procesorji, tako v ZDA kot na Japonskem, in so postavili nove rekorde računske zmogljivosti. Fujitsujev superračunalnik Numerical Wind Tunnel je uporabljal 166 vektorskih procesorjev in je imel leta 1994 največjo zmogljivost 1,7 GFLOPS na procesor. Hitachi SR2201 je leta 1996 dosegel rekord 600 GFLOPS in imel 2048 procesorjev povezanih prek hitre trirazsežne mreže. Intel Paragon je imel 1000 do 4000 procesorjev Intel i860 v različnih konfiguracijah in je bil leta 1993 najhitrejši. Paragon je imel zgradbo MIMD, v kateri so bili procesorji povezani s hitro dvorazsežno mrežo, kar je omogočalo, da se procesi izvajajo v odvojenih točkah in komunicirajo prek sistema MPI.

Strojna oprema in arhitekture

Pristopi k superračunalniškim arhitekturam so se dramatično spremenili odkar so bili v 60-ih letih vplejani prvi sistemi. Zgodnje superračunaliniške arhitekture, ki so bile vpeljane s strani Seymour-ja Cray-a so temeljile na kompaktnih inovativnih pristopih ter lokalnemu paralelizmu za doseganje višjih zmogljivosti. Čez čas je potreba po povečanih računskih zmogljivostih pripreljala do dobe masivno paralelnih sistemov.

Medtem ko so superračunalniki v 70-ih uporabljali le nekaj procesorjev, so se v 90-ih začeli pojavljati sistemi z več tisoč procesorji. Proti koncu 20-ega stoletja pa so bili že ustaljeni masivno paralelni sistemi z več deset tisoč nespecializiranih (ang: off-the-shelf) procesorjev. Superračunalniki 21-ega stoletja lahko uporabljajo že več kot 100.000 procesorjev (nekateri tudi koprocesorje), ki so povezani z izjemno hitrimi povezavami.

Skozi desetletja, upravljanje z gosto toplotnega toka ostaja ključno vprašanje za večino centraliriziranih superračunalnikov. Veliko ustvarjene toplote, ki jo proizvede sistem ima lahko tudi druge vplive npr. krajšanje življenjske dobe sistemskih komponent. Bilo je že veliko različnih pristopov k reševanju tega problema od črpanja Fluorinerta skozi sistem do hibridnih hladilnih sistemov kot so »kapljevina-zrak« ali zračno hlajenje z klima]tskimi napravami.

Poraba energije in upravljanje s toploto

Tipičen superračunalnik porabi velike količine električne energije, katere je večina spremenjene v toploto, ki jo je potrebno hladiti. Zgled, Tianhe-1A porabi 4,04 Megawatta električne energije. Cena napajanja in hlajenja sistema je zato zelo visoka, npr. 4 MW pri 0,7 €/kWh je 280 €/h kar znaša približno 2,5 milijona evrov na leto.

Upravljanje toplote je velik problem v kompleksnih elektronskih napravah, in vpliva na zmogljive računalniške sisteme na različne načine. Velika količina toplote ki jo ustvarja CPE in vprašanje odvajanja te toplote v superračunalništvu, presega te v tradicionalnih računalniških hladilnih tehnologijah. Nagrade, ki jih prejemajo superračunalniki za zeleno računalništvo odražajo to vprašanje.

Sestavljanje na tisoče procesorjev skupaj neizogibno ustvarja znatne količine toplote s katero je potrebno nekaj narediti. Cray 2 je bil vodno hlajen in uporabljal tako imenovan »hladilni slap« s Fluorinertom, ki je pod tlakom tekel skozi module. Vendar pristop potapljanja v hladilno tekočino ni bil praktičen za sisteme, ki so sestavljeni iz več omar in (ang: off-the-shelf) procesorjev. Zato so za System x v sodelovanjz s podjetjem Liebert razvili posebn hladilni sistem, ki je kombinacija klimatske naprave in vodnega hlajenja.

Energetska učinkovitost računalniških sistemov se običajno meri v FLOPS/Watt. Leta 2008 je IBMjev Roadrunner deloval pri 376 MFLOPS/Watt. Novembra 2010 je Blue Gene/Q dosegel 1684 MFLOPS/Watt. Junija 2011 sta najvišje dve mesti na lestivici »Green 500« zasedla Blue Gene računalnika v New Yorku z 2097 MFLOPS/W, tretje mesto je pa zasedel DEGIMA cluster v Nagasakiju z 1375 MFLOPS/W.

Programska oprema in upravljanje

Operacijski sistemi

Od konca 20-ega stoletja so superračunalniški operacijski sistemi doživeli precej sprememb. Medtem ko so bili prvi operacijski sistemi namensko narejeni z namenom doseganja čim boljših zmogljivosti so se trendi premaknili v prid generičnim operacijskim sistemom kot je na primer Linux.

Programska orodja in message passing

Superračunalniške paralelne arhitekture pogosto zahtevajo uporabo posebnih programerskih prijemov, da se lahko izkoristi vsa računska moč, ki je na voljo. Porgramska orodja za paralelno procesiranje torej uporabljajo standardizirana razvojna okolja kot na primer MPI in PVM, VTL ter druge odprtokodne rešitve kot je na primer Beowulf.

Najpogosteje se uporabljajo okolja kot so PVM in MPI za redko povezane sestave in Open MPI za gosto povezane sestave z deljenim pomnilnikom. Veliko truda je potrebnega za optimiziranje algoritmov na med seboj povezanih strojih, namen tega je da se minimizra število neuporabljenih CPE-jev. GPGPUji imajo stotine jeder na eni plošči. Za upravljanje s takimi arhitekturami se uporabljajo programski jeziki kot so CUDA in OpenCL.

Porazdeljeno superračunalništvo

Oportunistični pristopi

Oportunistično superračunalništvo je oblika mrežnega računalništva (ang. grid computing), kjer »super virtualni računalnik« povezuje veliko prostovoljno povezanih računaniških naprav, ki morajo računati kompleksne računske probleme. Mrežno računalništvo (ang. grid comupting) je bilo uporabljeno za reševanje številnih problemov, ki zahtevajo paralelno reševanje z močjo superračunalnika.  Vendar pa osnovna omrežja (ang. basic grid) in računalništvo v oblaku, ki se zanašajo na prostovoljno ali globalno računalništvo ne zmorejo tradicionalnih superračunalniških nalog, kot so simulacije dinamike tekočin.

Najhitrejši sistem Mrežnega računalništva je računalniški projekt Folding@home. Marca 2012 je imel F@h 8,1 petaflopov x86 procesorske moči, od tega 5,8 petaflopa so prispevale stranke iz različnih grafičnih procesorjev, 1,7 petaflopa iz playstation 3 konzol, in ostalo iz različnih sistemov CPE.

BOINC platforma gosti številne porazdeljene računalniške projekte. Od maja 2011, je BOINC zabeležil več kot 5,5petaflopov procesorske moči s pomočjo več kot 480.000 aktivnih računalnikov v omrežju. Najbolj aktiven projekt (merjen po računski moči) je MilkyWay@home, ki uporablja 700 teraflopov preko več kot 33000 aktivnih računalnikov.

Od maja 2011, GIMPS (Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search  ali veliko internetno iskanje Mersennovega števila), ki računa Mersennovo število trenutno dosega približno 60 teraflopov preko več kot 25.000 registriranih računalnikov. Internet PrimeNet Server podpira pristop mrežnega računanja Mersennovega števila, enega prvih in najbolj uspešnih mrežnih računalniških projektov, od leta 1997.

Kvazi-oportunistični pristopi

Kvazi oportunistično superračunalništvo je oblika porazdeljenega računalništva, kjer »super virtualni računalnik« sestavljen iz velikega števila geografsko razpršenih računalnikov povezanih v omrežje, opravlja računske naloge, ki zahtevajo ogromno procesorske moči. Namen kvazi-oportunističnega visoko zmogljivega računalništva je zagotavljati višjo kakovost storitve kot oportunistično omrežje z boljšim nadzorom nad dodeljevanjem nalog razpršenim virom in uporabo podatkov o razpožljivosti in zanesljivosti posameznih sistemov znotraj superračunalniškega omrežja.

Merjenje zmogljivosti

V splošnem se zmogljivost sestavov uporablja merska enota 'FLOPS' (FLoating Point Operations Per Second) kar pomeni merilo v številu izvrženih računskih operacij s plavajočo vejico v sekundi in ne 'MIPS' ki merijo ukaze na sekundo in se uporabljajo kot enota za zmogljivost splošno namenskih računalnikov.
Dejansko številka ne pokaže dejanske zmogljivosti računalnika, je pa Linpack postal standard kot zadovoljivo merilo za približek računske zmogljivosti sestava.

Top 500

Od leta 1993 se vodi tudi seznam najhitrejših superračunalnikov na svetu na podlagi merila Linpack. Upravljavci seznama ne zagotavljajo da je seznam nepristranski ali dokončen. Je pa seznam Top500 slošno uporabljen, kot ažuren seznam 'najhitrejših' supperačunalnikov ob danem času. Seznam se posodablja dvakrat letno in sicer v juniju in novembru na konferencah ISC v Evropi in SC v ZDA.

Uporaba superračunalnikov

Najpogostejši uporabniki superračunalnikov so znanstvene in akademske ustanove, uporablja pa se tudi v poslovne namene. Nekaj velikih multinacionalnih bank in korporacija uporablja manjše superračunalnike. Uporaba vključuje, posebne učinke v filmih, zbiranje in obdelavo vremenskih podatkov, obdelavo geoloških podatkov, podatkov o genetskih zapisih, aerodinamiko, simulacije ter v vojaške namene. Uporabniki so filmska industrija, vremenske organizacije, vesoljske agencije, vladne organizacije, znanstveni laboratoriji, raziskovalne skupine, vojaški in obrambni sistemi ter velike korporacije.

Faze uporabe superračunalnika je mogoče povzeti v naslednji tabeli:

Superračunalniki v Sloveniji

Prvi superračunalnik v Sloveniji, CONVEX C220, je bil postavljen leta 1990 na Inštitutu Jožef Štefan. Imel je dve jedri, vsak z maksimalno učinkovitostjo 50 MFLOPs.

Inštitut Jožef Štefan ima največ HPC naprav v Sloveniji, ki pa niso povezane v enoten HPC sistem, razpršene so po ločenih raziskovalnih oddelkih (Teoretična fizika F-1 , eksperimetnalna fizika osnovnih delcev F-9 in Odsek za reaktorsko tehniko R-4). Trenutno največji superračunalnik v zasebni lasti je Arctur 2, ki je lociran na sedežu družbe Arctur v Novi Gorici in se uporablja za različne simulacije za potrebe industrije. Proizvajalec Arctur-2 je kitajska korporacija SUGON, največji proizvajalec superračunalnikov v Aziji.

Vega
Slovenski superračunalnik Vega je bil uradno predstavljen 20. aprila 2021 in je del evropskega skupnega podjetja za visoko zmogljivo računalništvo (EuroHPC JU). Nahaja se na Inštitutu Inštituta za informacijske znanosti Maribor (IZUM) v Mariboru. To je prvi od osmih načrtovanih superračunalnikov (EuroHPC JU). Sistem je dopolnilo lokalno podjetje Atos. Superračunalnik Vega je skupaj financiral EuroHPC JU s sredstvi EU in Inštituta za informacijske znanosti Maribor (IZUM). Vrednost skupne naložbe znaša 17,2 milijona evrov. Vega ima stabilno zmogljivost 6,9 PFLOPS in največjo zmogljivost 10,1 PFLOPS.

Raziskovalni in razvojni trendi

Glede na trenutno hitrost napredka, strokovnjaki ocenjujejo, da bodo superračunalniki dosegli 1 exaflop (1018x1030 FLOPS) do leta 2018. Kitajska je naznanila načrte da bodo imeli superračunalnik ki bo dosegal hitrosti 1 exaflopa do leta 2018. Uporabljal naj bi intel MIC mnogojedrno procesorsko arhitekturo, ki je intelov odgovor na sisteme z grafičnimi procesorji, SGI namerava doseči 500-kratno povečanje učinkovitosti do leta 2018, da bi dosegli en exaflop. Vzorci MIC čipov z 32 jedri, ki združujejo vektorske procesne enote s standardnim CPEjem so že dostopne. Indijska vlada ima tudi ambicije postaviti superračunalnik z močjo enega eksaflopa do leta 2017.

Erik P. DeBenedictis iz Sandia National Laboratories je podal teorijo, da potrebujemo superračunalnik z močjo enega zetaflopa (1018x1036 FLOPS) za natančen vremenski model, kateri bi bil natančen za obdobje dveh tednov. Takšen sistem bi lahko zgradili okrog leta 2030.

Sklici

Viri

Računalniki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Chris Tavershima Shimbayev (born 28 December 2001) is a Nigerian footballer.

Career statistics

Club

Notes

References

2001 births
Living people
Nigerian footballers
Association football forwards
China League One players
Suzhou Dongwu F.C. players
Nigerian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in China
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in China


text:
PastWord
Thinking about history and memory from a New Zealand perspective
I'm dreaming of a Pākehā Christmas
Pakeha butter sign, formerly displayed on a grocery shop wall in Feilding, now in the collection of the Feilding Coach House Museum
I spent a very pleasant Christmas day with my in-laws. In the evening, with stomachs groaning from the Christmas feast, we looked through some of my mother-in-law's cookbooks from different eras, and I was particularly struck by this advertisement for 'Pakeha, the cream of butters' from the Feilding Plunket Society Recipe Book of 1930.
Today, some people insist on believing that the use of the word 'Pākehā' to describe New Zealanders of European descent is derogatory or demeaning. This view isn't entirely new. In 1946, for example, Mr Algie, the National MP for Remuera, declared in Parliament that he had 'a rooted objection to the word "pakeha"', which had 'a meaning that was far from complimentary'.
I won't go into the different interpretations of the word here, except to say that it has no clearly established derivation. What's particularly interesting, however, is that the use of 'Pākehā' by many white New Zealanders, both today and in the past, is a rare example of settlers and their descendants adopting an indigenous term to describe themselves.
Still, it's hard to know what lay behind the choice of the word as a brand name for butter. Was it a reference to the butter's pale colour? Or to an association of racial whiteness with wholesomeness? Was it a sign of nascent nationalism, of the search for an indigenous identity for white New Zealanders? Or was it the exoticism of the word to British ears that appealed, bearing in mind that this butter was intended primarily for export to Britain?
Unfortunately, the report in the Feilding Star of the first meeting in September 1893 of shareholders of the Cheltenham Co-operative Dairy Company Limited is no help, as the decision to use the word 'Pakeha' as the company's brand was announced with no explanation. You can read more about the history of the company, and its use of the Pakeha brand in association with a fern logo, on the Feilding Coach House Museum blog, which conveniently posted about Pakeha butter just a few days ago.
The production of Pakeha butter was a significant source of local pride and employment for Feilding, as this advertisement in the Manawatu Standard indicates:
Manawatu Standard, 15 December 1937, p. 27
The historian Bill Oliver grew up in Feilding on Makino Road, the same road to which the dairy factory had been relocated in 1920 to take advantage of proximity to the rail line. In his autobiography, Oliver recalled the way in which the dairy factory linked Feilding to the wider world:
In the dairy factory we saw great 56 lb blocks of butter packed into white pine boxes with the fernleaf trademark and the brand name 'Pakeha' impressed with a roller on the butter before sealing and nailing. It was going elsewhere — by rail to Wellington and by ship to Great Britain, a distant place but not a strange one, for week by week letters, newspapers and parcels arrived from aunts and cousins who lived there. In our own tiny domestic economy, the cardboard boxes of Angora wool went to England; the wages my father earned (for a time) at the freezing works were for processing animal products for export… . The little scatter of houses along Makino Road, the dairy factory and the railway siding were a focal point in a world of linkages and flows.
The factory building is still on Makino Road today, though butter is no longer made there.
What, I wonder, did the tangata whenua of the Feilding district make of the name 'Pakeha' on the dairy factory wall? I don't know whether any Māori worked in, or supplied milk to, the dairy factory. They did, however, work in the local freezing works. Another of Feilding's famous sons, the former Chair of the Waitangi Tribunal Edward Taihakurei (Eddie) Durie, remembers a world that overlapped with, but was also quite distinct from, that experienced by Bill Oliver.
[W]hat really struck me, was that some of our most senior elders in Ngāti Kauwhata — people who held real status on the marae — were nothing in the freezing works. They were just workers on the chain. And while the industry was pretty good in the way it employed Māori, and made pork bones available for tangi, I could see that people who we admired and respected enormously as children, were not recognised outside of our marae.
The other side of that was that few Pākehā leaders had ever set foot on a marae. One memory that stands out is that, in about 1950, the Mayor of Feilding came on to our marae, because he knew the person who'd died. Everyone was impressed by that. But the mayor was in a hurry, and he walked straight on to the marae. Not waiting for the call. Not waiting at the gate. It wasn't his fault. No one had told him. He didn't know what the procedure was.
…[T]hat was how things were back then, when officials who had a significant say over the lives of our people hadn't even been on to the marae.
While Pakeha butter was also marketed to New Zealanders, it was above all a product for the British market. In 1897, only four years after the dairy company was established, The Cyclopedia of New Zealand was already reporting that the company 'has a large contract in the Old Country, which absorbs the greater part of the butter produced'. Butter was an important export product for New Zealand, its success made possible by refrigeration. Government regulation of dairying began in the 1890s and farmer-owned dairy cooperatives began to flourish. Butter grew from 2% of New Zealand export earnings in 1895 to almost 19% in 1925 and 30% by 1935. The Cheltenham Dairy Company illustrated this growth, expanding production from 34 tons in the 1893-94 season to 2861 tons in 1935-36. Little wonder that the company boasted of its contribution to 'Feilding Progress' during New Zealand's centennial year, 1940.
Cheltenham Co-operative Dairy Company, Limited, NZ Centenary float, 1940, NZI-CH-9.11, Massey University Library
New Zealanders themselves were great butter-eaters, and butter was essential to their great love of cakes and biscuits. But New Zealand butter was also very important in Britain. Historian Lizzie Collingham argues that New Zealand butter, cheese and meat, along with imported products from other parts of the Empire, played a significant role in improving the diet of working-class Britons. The downside for New Zealand was a strong reliance on the British market to purchase a narrow range of agricultural products. By 1970, Britain was purchasing 90% of New Zealand's butter exports, and this presented significant challenges for New Zealand when the UK joined the European Economic Community in 1973.
Another recipe that caught my eye while looking through the old cookbooks was this one for Empire Christmas pudding.
(Unfortunately the cover of this book was missing, so I'm unable to identify the book or the publication date.)
As with Pakeha butter, the Empire Christmas pudding shows how New Zealand was connected by both economics and sentiment to the wider British world. The celebration of Christmas itself linked New Zealand to Britain and Ireland, where most New Zealand Christmas traditions originated. As Alison Clarke writes in her history of holiday seasons in nineteenth-century New Zealand, the Christmas plum pudding 'assumed iconic significance for English colonists, featuring as the most recurrent image of Christmas in diaries, letters, reminiscences, newspaper reports, poems and stories.' But the 1920s saw a more conscious use of the Christmas pudding to promote ties, and particularly trade connections, between Britain and its Empire.
Concerned about competition from American and other 'non-British' producers, the British Women's Patriotic League and other organisations began promoting recipes for Christmas puddings using ingredients from throughout the Empire. In 1926, this idea was taken up by the Earl of Meath, the creator of Empire Day and a prominent booster of imperial sentiment. He organised an event at the headquarters of the Overseas League in London, at which a pudding made of ingredients from a number of British colonies and dominions was mixed with due ceremony. Once cooked, it was to be presented to the King and Queen for their Christmas meal, as (in the words of Lord Meath) 'a symbol of Imperial unity and an epitome of inter-Empire trade'.
'THE KING'S CHRISTMAS PUDDING OF EMPIRE INGREDIENTS. After the ceremony of mixing the pudding at Vernon House, London. The Earl of Meath leading the toasting of the King's health.' New Zealand Herald, 2 February 1927, p. 15
However, New Zealand was one of a number of parts of the Empire that complained that it had been overlooked in the 1926 recipe. This oversight was corrected the following year, when the newly-established Empire Marketing Board took over the Christmas pudding project. The Board saw an opportunity to use Christmas pudding and royal patronage to achieve its objective of promoting trade within the Empire. It obtained a Christmas pudding recipe from the royal chef, André Cédard, and set about matching ingredients to products from the British colonies and dominions. New Zealand was represented, somewhat uninspiringly, by 5 lb of beef suet.
The recipe was then publicised widely, including in New Zealand newspapers, and appears to have been a great success for the Empire Marketing Board. In 1931, a ten-ton Empire Christmas pudding was made in London, with New Zealand providing two tons of beef suet. The High Commissioner of New Zealand, Sir Thomas Wilford, spoke at the pudding mixing ceremony, held at the Christmas fair of the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. New Zealand, he said, 'loves to be associated with any movement which spells Empire. … The slogan of New Zealand in regard to Empire is: "Keep the money in the family."' New Zealand was also represented at the fair by a stall featuring New Zealand butter, cheese and honey, displayed under the slogan: 'You get your money back if you buy New Zealand produce. New Zealanders spend it in British manufactures.'
Poster, 'From Christmas to Christmas May Empire Trade Increase', 1927, United Kingdom, by Austin Cooper, Waterlow & Sons Ltd, H.M. Stationery Office, Empire Marketing Board. Found in collection, 2012. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (GH021696)
For New Zealand, this history of being so tightly enmeshed in the imperial trading system has a number of legacies. Pakeha butter was part of a dairy industry built on land that Pākehā had often obtained from Māori through questionable purchases or, in the case of regions such as Waikato and Taranaki, confiscated from Māori following the New Zealand Wars. Though Māori did play a part in the agricultural economy as producers and workers, the great bulk of the profits went to Pākehā. And New Zealand's continued economic dependence on dairying and other forms of primary production surely results, in part, from the extended period when it was known as 'Britain's farm'. This dependence has had significantly detrimental environmental effects, while also leaving New Zealand economically vulnerable. Perhaps Pākehā should have listened to the 'well-known Auckland Maori' who, in 1927, contrasted the Māori preference for growing a range of crops with the Pākehā who 'risked all and everything on dairying, depending solely on butter.' His comments were reported in the Auckland Star under the heading 'Hint for the Pakeha: Too Much Butter'.
For Britain, the legacy of being at the centre of imperial trade networks has been one of delusions of former grandeur, a legacy which is playing out now in the Brexit debacle. When I was living in Britain in 2016-17, a number of people spoke to me in apologetic tones about Britain's decision to join the European Economic Community, and its economic effects on New Zealand. I'm pretty sure butter was specifically mentioned. The assumption seemed to be that New Zealanders might still hold a grudge about this history, but in fact New Zealand has moved on.
The only people still agonizing about the UK's membership of the European Union are the British (more particularly, the English) themselves. They have been fed on a steady diet of myths about the EU, a surprising number of which concerned food. As the Irish writer Fintan O'Toole observes:
Part of the genius of the anti-European narrative that fed Brexit is that it took all the large anxieties … and concentrated them on objects of consumption. It used food and drink to make these anxieties not tangible but edible and potable.
Perhaps inevitably, one of these fabricated food myths concerned Christmas pudding: it was reported in 1992 that new EU hygiene regulations would put an end to a British naval tradition of stirring the Christmas pudding recipe with wooden oars. But dreams that Britain can again achieve a trading supremacy once possible within the closed system of empire are surely as illusory as tales of dastardly Eurocrats meddling with the great British Christmas pudding.
Ashburton Guardian, 19 July 1946, p. 2.
Feilding Star, 19 September 1893, p. 2.
New Zealand Herald, 24 December 1931, p. 6, 28 December 1931, p. 4.
Auckland Star, 2 December 1927, p. 3.
Francis Steel, 'New Zealand is Butterland: Interpreting the Historical Significance of a Daily Spread', New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 39, no. 2, 2005, pp. 179-194.
Kaori O'Connor, 'The King's Christmas Pudding: Globalization, Recipes, and the Commodities of Empire', Journal of Global History, vol. 4, no. 1, 2009, pp. 127-155.
Cheltenham Co-operative Dairy Company Limited, Golden Jubilee booklet, 1943, https://tamiro.massey.ac.nz/nodes/view/1621#idx10932.
W.H. Oliver, Looking for the Phoenix: A Memoir, Wellington, Bridget Williams Books, 2002.
Alison Clarke, Holiday Seasons: Christmas, New Year and Easter in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand, Auckland, Auckland University Press, 2007.
Lizzie Collingham, The Hungry Empire: How Britain's Quest for Food Shaped the Modern World, London, Bodley Head, 2017.
Fintan O'Toole, Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain, London, Head of Zeus, 2018.
Ewan	Uncategorized	Leave a comment 28 December 2019
Panel discussion on memorials and names
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Going on a (historical) bear hunt


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text:
Keithley's Korner: Cowboy Jack warms coffee and souls
It's show time for all the men behind the pulpits. Yes, Easter Sunday is here, and that's when the pews are packed...
Keithley's Korner: Cowboy Jack warms coffee and souls It's show time for all the men behind the pulpits. Yes, Easter Sunday is here, and that's when the pews are packed... Check out this story on ruidosonews.com: http://r-news.co/1Fj3h5y
Tim Keithley, Ruidoso Published 8:08 a.m. MT April 2, 2015
Jack Shuster(Photo: )
It's show time for all the men behind the pulpits.
Yes, Easter Sunday is here, and that's when the pews are packed with sinners and saints ready to hear the story of the resurrection.
"There are Christians who go to church most every Sunday, and then there are C-E-O Christians," my buddy Jack Shuster said. "That stands for Christmas-and-Easter-only."
Jack is a deacon inside the local Catholic parish which includes St. Joseph Apache Mission on Highway 70 on the Mescalero Reservation. As you drive into town you can't miss it on the right; it is the most beautiful church you might ever see, built inside the hollow of a tree-filled canyon.
What an honor to have been asked to step foot inside.
Along with the final resting place of the man responsible for building the church, Father Albert Braun, the windows are filled with stained glass artwork depicting Jesus, Mother Mary, the saints and those who have been most important spiritually to the Mescalero Apache Tribe.
"You have pictures of your family at home, right?" Jack said, taking me on a tour of the cathedral. "Well, these pictures tell the story of God's family in this church."
Jack is the world's most perfect deacon; he assists Father Juan Carlos Ramirez with the many chores of serving three congregations regularly; St. Eleanor's in Ruidoso, St. Jude's in San Patricio, and St. Joseph Apache Mission.
For example, Jack will hold the dry-towel as Father Ramirez washes feet, assists in administering holy communion, or gives a sermon when regularly asked to step in.
"As a deacon, I can do about everything a priest can do except consecrate communion or take confessions," Jack said.
Jack got involved in the local Catholic churches when he and his wife, Regina, moved here from Hawaii almost 10 years ago after falling in love with the area during a one-week vacation. The Philadelphia native's easy-going style and work ethic gets him involved in just about everything there is to do in town.
He's a Catholic deacon, Bingo caller and PR-man for the local Rotary Club, ex-Republican-now-Tea party affiliate (long story), local/regional Boy Scout marketing director, national radio talk show host for the Cowboy Action Shooters Society, founder of the Lincoln County Regulators (long story), and owner of a successful and still growing coffee business, Kona Cowboy Coffee Company. (Online at konacowboycoffee.com)
Now, that's a Jack of all trades.
"I believe that what we do for this community is the rent we pay for living here," Jack said. "It's a tremendous blessing to call Ruidoso home.
"I'm happy to be of service to those who also love our savior, Jesus Christ, who died for our sins."
Sunday, we all will remember that — listening from the crowded back pew.
Tim Keithley is the host of the New Mexico in the Morning radio show Monday-Friday, 9 to 10 a.m., on KRUI 1490 AM, KWMW 105.1 FM and 99.1 FM or live streaming at www.mtdradio.com.
Read or Share this story: http://r-news.co/1Fj3h5y


text:
"The Logical Song" is a hit single on Supertramp's 1979 album Breakfast in America, sung by band member Roger Hodgson. The song was a hit on its original release, reaching number 7 in the United Kingdom and number 6 in the United States.[2][3][4] The song also spent two weeks at number 1 on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart and was certified Platinum in Canada.[5][1] It stayed for three months on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1979.[2]
"The Logical Song" is Supertramp's biggest chart hit in both the United States and their native United Kingdom and it is among their most widely recognised radio hits.[2]It won the 1979 Ivor Novello Award for "Best Song Musically and Lyrically".[6]
[hide] *1 Composition and lyrics
2 Critical reception
3 Personnel
4 Charts and certifications
4.1 Peak positions
4.2 Sales and certifications
5 Scooter version
5.1 Charts
5.2 Certifications
6 Legacy and other versions
Composition and lyrics[edit] Edit
"The Logical Song" was mostly penned by Roger Hodgson; Rick Davies wrote the vocal harmony on the second chorus.[7] The song makes use of keyboards, castanets, and an instrumental section with a strong Beatles influence.[2] Among the contemporary sound effects in this song are the 'tackled' sound from a Mattelelectronic football game[7] and the Trouble "Pop-o-matic" bubble – both popular at the time this song was released.
The lyrics are a condemnation of an education system not focused on knowledge and sensitivity.[8]
Critical reception[edit] Edit
Rolling Stone called the song a "small masterpiece" praising the "hot sax" and Hodgson's "wry humor".[8] The magazine also made comparisons between Hodgson andRay Davies from The Kinks.[8]
Personnel[edit] Edit
Roger Hodgson – lead and backing vocals, Wurlitzer electric piano, electric and 12-string acoustic guitars
Rick Davies – Elka and Oberheim synthesisers, Hammond organ, Hohner Clavinet with wah-wah, backing vocal
John Helliwell – alto saxophone, siren whistle, backing vocal, intro breathing
Bob Siebenberg – drums, castanets, timbales, cowbell
Dougie Thomson – bass
Charts and certifications[edit] Edit
Peak positions[edit] Edit
Chart (1979)
Australia (Kent Music Report)[9] 16
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10] 14
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11] 19
Belgium[12] 9
Canada (RPM)[5] 1
France (SNEP)[13] 2
Germany (Media Control AG)[14] 12
Ireland (IRMA)[15] 6
Italy (AFI)[16] 14
Netherlands (Mega Single Top 100)[17] 13
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18] 13
Portugal (Música & Som)[19] 8
Spain (AFE)[20][unreliable source?] 12
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21] 7
US BillboardHot 100[22] 6
Sales and certifications[edit] Edit
Sales/shipments
Canada (Music Canada)[23]
Platinum 150,000^
France (SNEP)[24]
Gold 677,000[25]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Scooter version[edit] Edit
"The Logical Song"
Single by Scooter
from the album Push the Beat for this Jam (The Singles 98-02)
"Siberia"
10 December 2001 (Germany)
10 June 2002 (UK)
Happy hardcore, trance
Rick Davies, Roger Hodgson
Gold (BPI) (Sweden)
Platinum (ARIA, Norway)
Scooter singles chronology
"Aiii Shot the DJ"
"Nessaja"
"Ramp! (The Logical Song)", or just "The Logical Song" in certain territories, is a 2001 single by the German techno band Scooter, featured on their second singles compilation album Push the Beat for this Jam (The Singles 98-02). This version heavily samples Supertramp's recording.
The single reached number 1 in several European countries, including Norway and Ireland, as well as number 1 in Australia in 2002. It reached number 2 in the United Kingdom, their highest ever charting single beating the number 18 peak of "Back in the U.K." in 1996; it has been certified gold by the BPI, selling over 400,000 copies and was the 15th best-selling single of 2002.[26]
The Scooter version became an anthem in Glasgow's teaboy culture throughout the 2000s.[27]
Charts[edit] Edit
Chart (2001–2002)
Australia (ARIA)[28]
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[29]
Denmark (Tracklisten)[30]
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[31]
Germany (Media Control AG)[33]
Ireland (IRMA)[34]
Norway (VG-lista)[35]
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[36]
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[37] 8
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[38]
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[40]
Certifications[edit] Edit
Sales certified
Australia[41] Platinum 2002 70,000 +
Norway[42] Platinum 2003 30,000 +
UK[43] Gold 2001 400,000 +
Legacy and other versions[edit] Edit
"The Logical Song" has been covered by Brad Mehldau and At Vance. The Hee Bee Gee Bees made a parody of this song for "The Scatological Song" and The Barron Knights made a parody entitled "The Topical Song". There was also a second remake by the German "Hands Up" band Rave Allstars in 2007. It has also appeared in TV shows such as The Simpsons ("I Married Marge"), History Rocks and the closing scene of The United States of Tara's series finale, as well as in the soundtrack of the film Magnolia.
The song was covered in 2013 with a change to the primary drum rhythm by synthpunk band Mindless Self Indulgence.
Retrieved from "https://rock.fandom.com/wiki/The_Logical_Song?oldid=11918"


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text:
Now shall the isles tremble in the day of thy fall; yea, the isles that are in the sea shall be troubled at thy departure.'
Now shall the isles tremble in the day of thy fall; yea, the isles that are in the sea shall be dismayed at thy departure.
'Now the coastlands will tremble On the day of your fall; Yes, the coastlands which are by the sea Will be terrified at your departure.'"
Now the isles and coastlands tremble in the day of your fall; yes, the isles that are in the sea are troubled and dismayed at your departure.
Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your downfall; the islands in the sea are alarmed by your demise.'"
Now the wastelands tremble on the day of your fall. Your expulsion horrifies the islands of the sea.
CJB
Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your downfall, and the islands in the sea are in shock at your end.'
But now Tyre is in ruins, and the people on the coast stare at it in horror and tremble in fear."
Now shall the isles tremble in the day of thy fall; and the isles that are in the sea shall be troubled at thy departure.
Now shall the ships be astonished in the day of thy terror: and the islands in the sea shall be troubled because no one cometh out of thee.
Now, on the day you fall, the countries along the coast will shake with fear. You started many colonies along the coast. Now those people will be afraid when you are gone!'"
EHV
Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your downfall. The coastlands that are on the sea are terrified by your collapse."
Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your fall, and the coastlands that are on the sea are dismayed at your passing.'
ESVUK
Now the ·people who live by the coast [coastlands will] tremble, ·now that [L on the day] you have fallen. The ·islands [or coastlands] of the sea are ·afraid [terrified; dismayed] ·because you have been defeated [at your demise/passing].'
Now shall the isles be astonished in the day of thy fall: yea, the isles that are in the sea, shall be troubled at thy departure.
Your defeat will make the people who live by the coast tremble. Your end will terrify the islands in the sea.
Now, on the day it has fallen, The islands are trembling, And their people are shocked at such destruction."
HCSB
Now the people who live by the coast will shake with fear on the day you fall. The islands of the sea will be afraid because you have been defeated.'
'Now the coastland inhabitants will tremble on the day that you fall. The coastland inhabitants, who make their living from the sea, will be terrified when you pass away!'
Now shall the isles tremble in the day of thy fall; yea, the isles that are in the sea shall be terrorized at thy end.
AKJV
Now the coastlands will tremble at the day of your downfall, and the islands that are in the sea will be horrified because of your departure.'"
TLB
How the islands tremble at your fall! They watch dismayed.'"
"All up and down the coast, the princes will come down from their thrones, take off their royal robes and fancy clothes, and wrap themselves in sheer terror. They'll sit on the ground, shaken to the core, horrified at you. Then they'll begin chanting a funeral song over you: "'Sunk! Sunk to the bottom of the sea, famous city on the sea! Power of the seas, you and your people, Intimidating everyone who lived in your shadows. But now the islands are shaking at the sound of your crash, Ocean islands in tremors from the impact of your fall.'
Now the coastlands shall tremble on the day of your fall; indeed, the coastlands that are by the sea shall be troubled at your departure.
NABRE
On this, the day of your fall, the islands quake! The islands in the sea are terrified at your passing.
'Now the coastlands will tremble On the day of your fall; Yes, the coastlands which are by the sea Will be terrified at your passing.'"
Now the people who live by the coast tremble, now that you have fallen. The islands of the sea are afraid because you have been defeated.'
Now the coastlands will tremble on the day of your fall; the coastlands by the sea will be terrified by your passing.'
The lands along the coast trembled with fear when you fell. The islands in the sea were terrified when you were destroyed.' "
Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your fall; the islands in the sea are terrified at your collapse.'
Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your fall; Yes, the coastlands by the sea are troubled at your departure." '
Now the islands shake in fear on the day of your fall. Yes, the lands which are by the sea are afraid because of how you are destroyed.'"
Now the coastlands tremble at your fall. The islands are dismayed as you disappear.
Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your fall; the coastlands by the sea are dismayed at your passing.
NRSVA
NRSVACE
NRSVCE
OJB
Now shall the coastlands tremble in the day of thy fall; indeed, the coastlands that are in the yam shall be traumatized at thy exile.
Now the isles tremble on the day of your fall; yea, the isles that are in the sea are dismayed at your passing.'
Now the coastlands will tremble in the day of your downfall. The islands of the sea will be terrified at your demise.'"
Now, the coastlands will quake on the day when you fall, and the cities along the shore will be terrified by your passing.
Now the islands will tremble in the day of your fall. Yes, the islands that are in the sea will be dismayed at your departure.'
WYC
Now ships shall wonder in the day of thy dread, and isles in the sea shall be troubled, for none goeth out of thee. (Now the people shall wonder on the day of thy downfall, and the islands in the sea shall be troubled, for no one dwelleth within thee any more.)
Now they tremble, is it not the day of thy fall? Troubled have been the isles that [are] in the sea, at thine outgoing.
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HEE HAW! That's the official greeting we receive every morning when we go out to feed Gheppetto, Abu and Jafar – our miniature donkeys. We're pretty sure it's their way of telling us how happy they are to see us. It could also be they know food is on the way! Old Fliegler's Farm is nestled in the hills of Fallbrook, the avocado capital of the world, about an hour's drive from Orange County, Riverside and downtown San Diego. The farm is full of excitement for groups, scouts, and schools. Take a break from the fast-paced city life and enjoy a relaxing day on the farm!
Our Charter School Programs are eight week programs (2 hours per week) where kids learn about organic gardening, sustainable living, animal care and training, solar ovens, hydroponics, adobe bricks, reptiles, and more!
All Scout adventures are customized according to your specific Journey or badge. This 3-hour adventure includes a program of your choice, animal interaction and training, a healthy snack and a keepsake craft. Don't forget to ask about our overnight camping adventure!
Workshops such as organic gardening, crafting with gourds, cooking with herbs and flowers, and gaining knowledge of yourself through collage.
Visit our online store for fresh fruit, dried herbs, jewelry and farm crafts.


In January 2013 I worked part-time with Science Made Simple, a science communication company operating out of Cardiff University. I perform their Maths Apps show to KS3 students.
Co-ordinating Physics in the Field at the HayFestival 2012. I operated as the liaison between a group of volunteer physicists and the Insitute of Physics. I was in charge of making sure everyone was where they need to be at the right time.
Running an astronomy club at a local primary school with a team of other professional astronomers. Each week we would have to come up with new activities and objects to view.
Co-editing and writing articles for they Young Stargazers section of Popular Astronomy, the magazine for the Society for Popular Astronomy. It is my task to gather articles for the section, edit them together, find appropriate images and ensure the section goes to the editor on time. I also provide material when needed.
Researchers in Residence with Llanishen Primary School, year 8. For the last two years I have helped with a CREST Award project, helping the class build and optimize solar buggies. This year the scheme was run with G24i, a Cardiff based solar panel factory.
Several short talks on various physics topics for 6th Form Conferences, Christmas Lectures, Science Showoff, FameLab and Careers day talks.
Helping run the Herschel Space Observatory stands at The Big Bang Fair, Stargazing LIVE and the Royal Society Summer Exhibition. I also produced the content for a leaflet for this event.


Rich in taste + tradition. Worthy of a celebration unto themselves, Wagshal's renowned custom cakes have been gracing the Washington social scene for nine decades. True to Wagshal's reputation for excellence, we bake our cakes and pastries on premise, from scratch, with top-of-the-line ingredients. Our talented European trained pastry chefs ensure your cake will be an impressive centerpiece. Freshly made and artistically decorated, it is our goal to exceed your expectations.
Looking to have a custom cake created for your special event? You've come to the right place!


At the Alabama law firm of Jack B. Sabatini, Attorney at Law, we often answer questions about what types of debt are dischargeable in a bankruptcy filing. The type of debt you have can be a significant factor to consider when deciding whether to file for bankruptcy. Most often, our clients are pleasantly surprised by how much of their debt qualifies as "dischargeable."
While we provide the information below as a general guideline for potential clients, the best way to get answers tailored to your specific situation is to meet with attorney Jack B. Sabatini. To schedule a free consultation, call 888-493-8073 or contact the firm online.
Types of debt that typically are not dischargeable through a bankruptcy filing include recent taxes, child support, alimony, and debts involving fraudulent or criminal matters.
Student loans are generally not dischargeable unless one can prove undue hardship, which is extremely difficult to do. Speak to a knowledgeable bankruptcy lawyer for more information and debt relief advice pertaining to your unique situation.
To learn more about dischargeable debt, contact our Huntsville attorney at 888-493-8073 or email us to discuss dischargeable debt with a Huntsville attorney.


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text:
Gangsta Boo, znana także jako Lady Boo, właśc. Lola Chantrelle Mitchell (ur. 7 sierpnia 1979 w Memphis, zm. 1 stycznia 2023 tamże) – amerykańska raperka, pierwsza żeńska artystka zespołu hip-hopowego Three 6 Mafia. Opuściła grupę po wydaniu albumu When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1, powodem były sprzeczki o pieniądze ze sprzedaży.

Dyskografia
Opracowano na podstawie źródła.

Albumy studyjne
 Enquiring Minds (1998)
 Both Worlds *69 (2001)
 Enquiring Minds II: The Soap Opera (2003)

Mixtape'y
 Street Ringers Vol. 1: The Mix Tape (2004)
 DJ Smallz & Gangsta Boo: Still Gangsta (2006)
 Memphis Queen Is Back (2007) (Mixtape)
 DJ Drama & Gangsta Boo: The Rumors (2009)
 Miss.Com (2010)

Z Three 6 Mafia
 Mystic Stylez (1995)
 Chapter. 1 The End (1996)
 Chapter 2: World Domination (1997)
 When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1 (2000)
 Choices: The Album (2001)

Z Hypnotize Camp Posse
 Three 6 Mafia Presents: Hypnotize Camp Posse (2000)

Z Prophet Posse
 The Return: Part 1 (2007)

Występy gościnne
 "We Starvin" (z E-40, Krayzie Bone) (1999)
 "Move Bitch" (z Lil Jonem, YoungbloodZ, Three 6 Mafia, Chyna White, Don Yute) (1999)
 "I'll Call Before I Come" (z OutKast feat. Eco) (2000)
 "BWA" (z Foxy Brown, Mia X) (1998)
 "Tennessee Titans" (z Tela, Yo Gotti, Haystack, Criminal Manne, Maru) (2004)
 "Da Blow" (z Lil Jonem) (2005)
 "Don't You Got A Wife" (z T.I.) (2005)
 "Trap Gurl" (z Gucci Mane'em) (2006)
 "EBT Hoe" (z Indo G, La Chat) (2007)
 "Stick Em Up" (z Gucci Mane'em) (2007)
 "Hollywood Stars" (z Lord T & Eloise) (2008)
 "I Love U No More" (z DJ King SamS feat. Bobby Valentino & Norega) (2008)
 "We Gone Fight" (z United Soldiers Affiliation, Hardiss & Contra One) (2008)
 "Imma Kash Getta" (z Infamous-C feat. Tha Realest) (2009)
 "Gangsta (Remix)" (z Infamous-C feat. The Game, Assassin, & Bless) (2009)
 "Call The Weedman" (z Gucci Mane'em) (2009)

Przypisy

Amerykańskie raperki
Ludzie urodzeni w Memphis
Urodzeni w 1979
Zmarli w 2023