text:
13. Room to Breathe
I was tempted to ask Nic why he was just sitting at my workplace, staring out the window. He looked so tired and… sad? The enthusiastic, smirking guy from last night was long gone, and to be honest, I didn't like seeing him so out of energy. What he said about his perfect life stayed on my mind. I'd seen hate in his eyes when he said it.
I couldn't understand why he'd be angry with his life, or why he would hate it, but I did understand the look in his eyes. I knew painfully well what it was like when people didn't see past the surface, and I did not know anything about what was going on in Nic's life, so I tried not to judge. Besides, if everything was alright with him, he wouldn't be sitting in our shop, staring out the window for hours with such a tired expression on his face. He was not tired because of a sleepless night.
More than an hour had passed since he asked me to let him sit there for a moment longer, and he still wasn't getting up. I focused on working, but still stole glimpses of him whenever I had the chance. For some reason, the fact that he chose to come to our shop made me feel things I didn't want to feel. He was here because of me, and that… Fuck…
There was no one else around, so I went to grab a big cup of cola and brought it to Nic. He glanced at it, then at me in surprise.
"On the house," I said as I put it down in front of him. "I can get you coffee too."
"Thanks," he said with a smile. "But you don't have to give me anything."
I ignored his words as I sat down.
"Did something happen?" I asked.
He stared at me for a brief moment, his smile fading. "No…" he finally muttered and looked away. "It's just…"
He shook his head with a sigh. "Nothing's wrong."
"No, I'm being serious. Everything is fine. Everything is perfect."
"You keep saying that," I noted. "But perfect sounds more like a curse word coming from your mouth."
He snorted with a smile, but he wasn't amused. "I'm grateful for everything I have in my life."
I tilted my head as I watched him. "You still hate it. Or at least parts of it."
"I have no reason to," he said.
"Are you telling that to me or yourself?"
He suddenly laughed and looked at me. "What's with the interrogation?"
I shrugged. "I'm just trying to understand you better."
His smile turned softer, and his posture relaxed. He was about to say something, but his phone started ringing. I didn't miss the immediate change in his behavior when he glanced at his phone. And I did not miss the name Dad on the screen just before he answered the call.
"Yeah?" Nic said shortly with a cold tone.
I didn't hear what his father said, but it was nothing Nic wanted to hear. He was practically grinding his teeth as he listened, trying to get a word in a few times, but his father continued interrupting him.
Daddy issues, huh?
"Fine. I'll come home. Ten minutes. Yeah, sure. Bye."
Nic let out a heavy sigh, looking like he wanted to throw the phone to a wall.
"I have to go back," he said, giving me the ugliest fake smile I'd ever seen as he stood up. "I'm sorry you wasted your cola on me. I can pay for it."
I stood up as well and stopped him from leaving. Not like this.
"Fuck the cola," I said sternly.
He stared at me, then took a deep breath, and his posture softened. "I'll see you at school on Monday?"
"If you can find me," I said with a wink.
"Is that a challenge?" he asked, now with a genuine smile.
"Maybe," I said, and tried to turn my back on him, but he grabbed me by my arm and twirled me back around.
"A kiss for good luck?" he asked.
"Oh, so you do know how to behave," I said.
"I don't want to get burned," he said with a smirk.
"You will get burned with me," I said quietly and pecked his lips. "But you already knew that."
He laughed lightly as I walked away, waving at him over my shoulder.
"I'll come find you," he promised just before he exited the shop.
I didn't want to return home. I would've gladly sat there in Jax's shop until closing time, but Dad was already mad at me just because I wasn't spending enough time studying. I knew I was in for another annoying lecture. He'd hover over me to make sure I studied. I just knew it.
And surprise, surprise, I was right.
The second I arrived home, he walked me straight to his study, to his desk that was now filled with his old schoolbooks.
"I was fine with you going out last night, but enough is enough," he practically spat at me. "I will not let you ruin everything we've worked so hard for."
"I was just grabbing breakfast," I said in annoyance.
"You were gone for hours! I expected more from you! This is your final year in high school! You need to start paying more attention or you will ruin everything!"
"Could you just stop breathing down my neck?! My grades are perfect enough as they are!" I nearly yelled at his face, surprising both myself and him.
I never dared to raise my voice with him.
His expression turned into an angry glare. "How dare you speak to me like that! Is this how you repay me after everything I've done for you?!"
"I am grateful for everything you've done for me, but you need to back off and give me room to breathe," I said as calmly as I could.
"So you can go out and have fun with your little friends?" he said and snorted. "Absolutely not. I will not let you fail, and you will thank me later. You've had enough fun, but now it's time for you to start taking your education seriously."
"I am taking it seriously!"
"You clearly are not or you wouldn't have sneaked out first thing in the morning! Now sit down and grab your notebook. We have a lot to go through today."
I stayed up on my feet, trying to calm down. I had never fought with him like this… Part of me liked it.
"I don't need to learn all this now," I said. "I'm supposed to learn this in college."
He took a threatening step toward me, pointing at my seat in an angry manner.
"Sit. Down."
What else could I do…? Slowly, I took the seat and turned my attention to the books in front of me. I wished I'd had the guts to stay with Jax…
"I will not let you make a fool out of me," Dad said as he sat down on the other side of the desk. "The annual celebration is in a few weeks, and you better be ready for it."
I suffocated a groan. Of course this was about that stupid anniversary party his company was throwing every year.
"It's just a party. Why would I need to be ready for anything?" I asked, feeling sour.
"Because you're going to meet our biggest clients, and you better make a good impression. I'd die from embarrassment if my own son, my future partner, doesn't know the first thing about running the business."
I stared at the book in front of me, feeling so goddamn tired. I knew this weekend would be horrible as long as Dad was home.
And again, I was right.
Monday morning was a blessing. It meant Dad had to go back to work, and I got to stay away from home. Home was slowly turning into a place where I didn't want to be, and that feeling was slowly growing worse. It was unsettling. The anxiety was unsettling.
After arriving at school with Jessica, the first thing I wanted to do was go find Jax, but I didn't really have time for it. I didn't see a glimpse of him as I followed Jessica to our first class. She already knew I had a bad weekend, so she let me have the space I needed. I really wasn't in a talking mood, so I appreciated the silence.
Once the first class ended, I headed to the roof. I really hoped Jax wasn't going to make me search for him. The break between classes wasn't long enough for that, and I just wanted to spend a moment in his deadly presence to get my mind off things. I needed that.
So when I climbed up the stairs, exited the stairwell and saw Jax leaning against the railing, I smiled. He heard me, but only gave me a quick glance before he continued smoking without saying a word. I walked up to him, and as the brave boy I was, I put my arms around his waist and rested my head on his shoulder. He didn't even flinch, so I carefully hugged him.
"So you have arrived to harass me," he said.
"Yes," I muttered, enjoying his scent. I didn't even mind the smell of his cigarette.
He didn't reply to me. When he didn't seem to mind me holding him, I snuggled my face against the crook of his neck and closed my eyes. I really liked this calmness between us. I was glad that he was finally warming up to me, and I hoped it meant I didn't have to worry about getting assaulted again.
But for some reason, at that moment, I wasn't able to feel joy over making progress with him and winning the bet. After such an annoying and tormenting weekend with Dad, I just wanted a place to rest. It was easy with Jax. For one, he didn't talk much, and two, he wasn't faking anything. He didn't fake interest to stay on my good side and then turn around and make fun of me behind my back. I knew he was annoyed with me right now, but he was kind enough to let me harass him.
And I realized he wasn't a complete asshole, after all. He did have a nice side, too. It was simply extremely difficult to reach, and highly dependent on his mood.
It was a shame that he hated everyone. I really liked his company even when we didn't say a word. There was no need to force a conversation with him, no need for small talk or try to get to know him – he wouldn't even tell me anything if I tried. I didn't have to be or act entertaining or funny or charming if I didn't have the energy for it. Jax didn't seem to mind if I was just being myself.
Even when I was feeling down.
The bell rang too soon. With a heavy sigh, I let go of Jax, and he turned around to look at me.
"Still not in the mood to harass me?" he asked, tilting his head.
I laughed a little but ended it with a sigh. "I guess not… But I promise to continue harassing you soon, don't worry."
He squinted his eyes. "I didn't give you the permission to harass me."
"Ah, but then it wouldn't be harassment, right?" I asked with a smirk.
"I suppose," he said slowly, trying to hide his amusement.
That there gave me enough courage to step back to him. "Are you free today?"
He squinted his eyes at me harder. "I suppose," he said again.
"Good. I want to hang out with you," I said. "Wait for me after school?"
"If I feel like it," he said, slipping out of my reach.
I smiled as I watched him go. Why did these little moments feel so rewarding…?
The rest of the day went by way too slowly. Jax was constantly on my mind, and I preferred it that way. I was slowly getting into a good mood, and I didn't want to ruin it by thinking about my life, future, and especially my father.
The last class finally ended and I nearly skipped my way to the entrance to see if Jax was there already. Jessica followed me with a smirk on her face, but her expression turned to an apologetic one when we both found out Jax was nowhere to be seen.
"He's probably still making his way here," she said.
"I have no idea what you're talking about," I said.
"Oh? So you're not expecting to meet up with anyone?" she asked, her knowing smirk returning.
Since I couldn't stop looking around, I had no choice but to admit I was indeed waiting for someone.
"Jax said he'd wait for me if he feels like hanging out with me," I told her quietly.
She raised an eyebrow at me, her smile changing into something else. "I just realized you haven't told me about how the challenge is going."
"Don't say that out loud," I whispered to her.
I knew perfectly well that Jax wasn't there, but I still feared he had somehow heard her.
"It seems to be going well," she said, ignoring my words. "Too bad you're actually starting to like the guy."
I stopped to stare at her. "I do not!" I then said, but she just laughed.
"Are you saying you're eager to see him just because of the you-know-what?" she asked.
"Of course. I'm only hanging out with him because of that thing. I'm so close to winning, and I can't wait to get this over with so I can wipe the smile off Caleb's face," I told her sternly.
She simply raised her eyebrows at me without saying a word. I still wanted to argue, but since she wasn't taking the bait, I turned my back on her. And tried to find Jax.
Most of the students had already left for the day, but Jax still was nowhere to be seen. Minutes passed slowly as Jessica and I stood there, waiting for him without speaking. When the stream of students had turned into a few people here and there, I sighed again and faced Jessica.
"I'm sorry he ditched you," she said quietly.
I shrugged. "He did say he'll wait if he feels like it…"
"Maybe he forgot?" Jessica offered.
"Maybe…" I muttered and turned around one last time. The yard was empty, and there were no more people coming out of the building.
I glanced at her when she took a step closer to me.
"Just forget the bet. Pay Caleb and be done with it. We can pretend it never happened," she spoke in a pleading tone.
"No. Didn't you listen? I'm winning. I still have plenty of time to make him fall for me," I told her.
"No, Nic," she said and sighed. "You're losing, but it's not too late to change things. Just pay the money, then tell Jax what was going on so you can have a fresh start."
"What? I'm never telling him about it, are you kidding me? You know how well that will go," I said, taking a few steps away from her.
"Then pretend it never happened. But you can't continue like this. You both will end up hurt if you do," Jessica continued.
"You have no idea what you're talking about," I told her and started walking.
If she replied to me, I didn't hear it. My foul mood was making a comeback, but then I saw something that completely wiped the entire conversation with Jessica from my mind.
Jax was waiting for me by my car, looking annoyed.
"Finally! What took you so long!" he asked me with a frown.
"Sorry!" I said, smiled and ran the rest of the way to him. "I was waiting for you by the entrance."
"Oh," Jax said as I stopped in front of him. "Now here I thought you got detention."
"Me? Never, unless it involves you," I said and chuckled.
"I would never get you into that kind of trouble," he said, faking innocence.
"Right," I said with a grin. "Ready to go?"
"I was ready ten minutes ago," he said and walked to the passenger's seat.
I had a big smile on my face when I sat down behind the wheel and asked Jax if there was something he wanted to do. I was really happy that he hadn't ditched me, after all.
But that did not mean I was starting to like the guy enough to forget the bet.
NiHonWisteria
Yeah.... it's a big black hole Nic has dug himself.
993 views 90 likes 4 comments


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text:
Today Marks 17th Anniversary of Eminem's "The Eminem Show" Album
Published on May 26, 2019 in News by 24x7 Team
On this day in 2002, Eminem released his fourth studio album "The Eminem Show".
Today Marks the 17th Anniversary of Marshall Mathers aka Eminem's fourth studio album "The Eminem Show" which was released via Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records, and Interscope Records. The album is one of the top works of Eminem's career and it includes the commercially successful singles like 'Without Me', 'Superman', 'Cleanin' Out My Closet' and 'Sing for the Moment'.
It won the Grammy Award at 2003 Grammys for Best Rap Album as it was the best-selling album of 2002 in the US with over 7.6 million copy sales and it topped the charts in 19 countries which include US, UK, Canada, and Australia. The 20 track album became certified Diamond on March 7, 2011, making it his second album to receive that award after his third studio album 'The Marshall Mathers LP'. Since its release in 2002, the album has sold over 10,600,000 copies in the US and over 30 million copies worldwide. Check out the album below via Apple Music.
Tags: Eminem
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text:
Lake Iroquois Association
About Lake Iroquois
The Arrowhead
LIA Women's Club
LIA Bass Club
WATER REPORTS
LIA BOARD
LIA Staff
Declaration of Covenants
Shoreline Policy
Unlicensed Vehicles & Drivers
Lake Iroquois was built by Development Services, Inc and completed in 1968. The first home was built in 1969 and today there are over 240 homes. The average lot size is 75' by 125' and all lots are water and sewer ready. Lake Iroquois has its own 150,000 gallon water tower and sanitary sewer system. In 2013, a new water treatment facility was completed provides soft and iron free drinking water to its members. Other public utilities such as electric, natural gas, internet service, and cable television are also ready at each lot. Lake Iroquois has over nine miles of chip and seal roads that are maintained in all seasons by the Lake Iroquois staff.
Lake Iroquois is a part of the Paxton-Buckley-Loda (PBL) School District, which is one one of the best school districts in the state of Illinois with a long history of high academic acheivement and accomplished sports programs. School bus transportation is provided throughout the lake area.
Lake Iroquois is a private subdivision requiring membership with annual maintenance fees and membership dues. Members can enjoy our many recreational facilities such as:
Lake Iroquois & Fishing Lake
Lake Iroquois is a 76 acre man-made freshwater lake that features excellent boating and fishing for members. The association also contains a 7 acre fishing only lake, Pinto Lake. Both lakes are stocked with walleye, muskie, channel catfish, crappie, bass and bluegill. The lake is host to an annual children's fishing derby and many LIA Bass Club events throughout the summer.
A marina is located just east of the water tower on Iroquois Trail. The marina offers a concrete boat launch and docks for boaters to moor boats during the day. Parking for vehicles and boat trailers is located on the north side of Iroquois Trail.
Lake Iroquois also features a small island in the center of the lake, which provides a perfect setting to enjoy all the lake has to offer. A dock is located on the north side of the island to easily moor your boat. A picnic table and charcoal grill are also located on the island to enjoy a summer picnic.
Emmett Beherns Park
A large, 100,000 gallon "L-shaped" swimming pool is enjoyed throughout the summer months by LIA members. The pool features depths from four feet to ten feet and contains a diving board. The poolhouse is adjacent to the swimming pool and features showers and washroom facilities.
Playground & Pavilion
An expansive grassy area is available for children of all ages and includes a large playground, swing sets, and other play equipment. The covered pavilion was erected in 1989 and includes thirteen picnic tables and electric outlets for hosting outdoor events.
Tennis & Sports Court
Two tennis courts are also available for members to practice their tennis skills. The courts also feature basketball hoops. The courts were completely renovated in 2014 to improve playing and provide full court basketball.
Just to the northwest of the park, several miles of grassy hiking trails meander through the prairie and forests outlining the subdivision allowing members ample opportnities for wildlife viewing.
In 2012, a baseball field was built just south of the tennis courts to provide members ample space to enjoy America's favorite pasttime.
Norma Matson Beach
Lake members can enjoy swimming in Lake Iroquois at the sand beach located at 140 Shawnee Lane. The beach includes a large water slide, sand volleyball, and covered picnic area.
LIA Clubhouse
Also located at 140 Shawnee Lane, the main level of the clubhouse features offices for Lake Iroqouis staff and a large meeting room for Lake Iroquois Association meetings and events. The clubhouse can be rented by members for private events. The lower level of the clubhouse includes showers and washroom facilities for beachgoers.
Lake Iroquois Office
140 Shawnee Lane
Loda, IL 60948
Lake Iroquois Email
lia_assn@frontier.com
Lake Iroquois Security
(217) 778 - 1543
Lake Iroquois Association (LIA) is an Equal Opportunity Provider
© 2023 by Strategic Consulting. Proudly made by Wix.com
Developed by Michael A. Sandsmark


text:
Q: Webpack 5 live reload I updated webpack 4 to webpack 5, after which everything works, except for updating the browser (live reload) who can tell the reason? here is my config.
const path = require('path');
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
const MiniCssExtractPlugin = require('mini-css-extract-plugin');
const autoprefixer = require('autoprefixer');

module.exports = (env, argv) => {
  const { mode = 'development' } = argv;
  const isProd = mode === 'production';
  const isDev = mode === 'development';

  const getStyleLoaders = () => {
    return [isProd ? MiniCssExtractPlugin.loader : 'style-loader'];
  };
  return {
    context: path.resolve(__dirname, 'src'),
    mode: isProd ? 'production' : isDev && 'development',
    entry: './index.js',
    output: {
      path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
      filename: isDev ? 'script/script.js' : 'script/bundle-[hash:8].js',
      publicPath: '/',
    },
    resolve: {
      extensions: ['.js'],
    },
    devServer: {
      contentBase: path.join(__dirname, 'dist'),
      publicPath: '/',
      open: true,
      watchContentBase: true,
      port: 8080,
    },
    devtool: isProd ? false : 'source-map',
  };
};

A: You need to set {target: 'web'} in your Webpack config and also make sure to run your dev server like this: webpack serve --mode development --env development

A: live reload will only work if the webpack bundle target is 'web',
so adding this line to webpack.config will make it work:
target: 'web'

Still, for the time this is being written, there is a bug in webpack-dev-server@3 that prevents live reload when target is an array that contains 'web':
https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/pull/3271
so you can't do that:
target: ['web', 'es5']

maybe one can use this workaround...
target: isProduction ? ['web', 'es5'] : 'web'

A: I am not sure if this could be related to your problem, but what version of webpack-cli are you using? Some are reporting this problem with webpack-dev-server due to webpack-cli v4.0.0:
Error: Cannot find module 'webpack-cli/bin/config-yargs' #2759
If you are having this problem, you could try downgrading webpack-cli to version: 3.3.0 (exact) and webpack-dev-server down to version: ^3.11.0.

A: I had the same problem with
webpack v5.39.0,
webpack-cli v4.7.2
webpack-dev-server v3.11.2
My way:

npm install -D  webpack-dev-server@4.0.0-beta.0

module.exports ={target:  "web"} in config
and "start": "webpack serve" in package.json

A: i had same error this is what fixed it:
first
setting {target: 'web'} in the Webpack config
second
under devServer config set:
publicPath: "/assets/",
my config will:
    module.exports = {
    target: "web",
    entry: {
    main: path.resolve(__dirname, "./src/index.js")
    },
    output: {
    path: __dirname + "/dist/assets",
    filename: "bundle.js",
    publicPath: "assets"
    },
    mode: "development",
    devServer: {
    open: true,
    contentBase: "./dist",
    publicPath: "/assets/",
    port: 3000,
    hot: false,
    watchContentBase: true
    }}

A: I had the same error. Here's how I solved it.

*

*Add { target: 'web' }

*Add { devServer: { hot: false, watchContentBase: true }}

*Remove { devServer: { historyApiFallback: true }}

*Result:

module.exports = {
  mode: 'development',
  target: 'web',
  entry: './src/app/main.ts',
  output: {
    path: paths.dist,
    filename: 'js/main.min.js?[fullhash]',
  },
  devServer: {
    open: true,
    overlay: true,
    contentBase: paths.dist,
    port: 8080,
    host: '0.0.0.0',
    hot: false,
    watchContentBase: true,
  }
}

Start script:

"scripts": {
  "dev": "webpack serve --mode development",
}

Start command:

 npm run dev

My default browser open automatically on http://localhost:8080
When I edit my pug file, I see the result in browser.

A: I was facing the same issue with webpack-dev-server v4.8.1 and this worked for me:-
devServer: {
    static: {
      directory: path.join(__dirname, 'dist'),
    },
    open:true,
    compress: true,
    port: 9000,
    hot:false
 },

A: I found this solution in the official documentation:
devserverwatchfiles
Use devServer.watchFiles

This option allows you to configure a list of globs/directories/files
to watch for file changes.

For example:
webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
  //...
  devServer: {
    watchFiles: ['src/**/*'],
  },
};

A: for webpack 5 you need to add static key to path where your app source code lies
devServer: {
    open: true,
    hot: true,
    static: {
      directory: path.join(__dirname, "src"),
    },
  },

A: I was having a similar issue of live reload "not working": webpack would detect the changes to my code, but when it reloaded the page, the old version of the UI would still be displayed. I had this configuration for my dev server:
  devServer: {
    port: 8080,
    hot: true,
    static: {
      directory: path.join(__dirname, "public"),
    },
    liveReload: true,
    watchFiles: [ path.join(__dirname, 'src/**/*') ]
  },

Then I set the 'cache' option to false (outside of the devServer options) and it worked:
cache: false,

For some reason the browser was keeping the cached version of my code even though I was making changes and it was reloading after I made those changes. However, I have another project with the exact same webpack config that works without needing cache set to false, so this may not be the best solution as it can cause slower build times in larger projects. It did the job though

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Person » Joseph Illidge is credited in 244 issues.
A former editor of the Batman comics for DC Comics.
Joseph Phillip Illidge has been an editor and writer of comic books, graphic novels, and columns for over a decade. He's worked on DC Comics' Dark Knight, THE BATMAN, and the WB television series, Birds of Prey; Milestone's STATIC; and most recently as the co-creator, co-writer and editor of the Ayre Force graphic novel and animated webisodes for digital entertainment giant, Bodog.


text:
Posts tagged: Congress
Follow Up on Recent Issues on China Law & Policy
By Elizabeth M. Lynch, July 28, 2010
A worn out Senate Majority Leader, Harry Reid
The past week has provided closure to two issues China Law & Policy has been following for the past few months. Last week, Senate majority leader Harry Reid announced that the Democrats would not be moving forward on the climate change bill that had been sitting in the Senate for the past year. Although the bill had the potential to completely reorganize the U.S.' energy policy, the Democrats were unlikely to get the votes necessary to pass the bill and opted not to try.
The death of the climate change bill raises serious questions about the U.S.' ability to compete with China on green technology. The Chinese government has made major and obvious commitments to green technology, attracting capital from around the world. Without a coherent energy policy, don't expect investors to seek out green technology opportunities in the U.S. Until the U.S. has a more coherent policy, anticipate the continued flow of capital to China.
As if the failure of climate change legislation was not enough, the Senate announced yesterday that it would not take up the DISCLOSE Act, the House of Representatives' response to the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. FEC, a decision that expanded corporations' speech rights in U.S. elections. As China Law & Policy wrote soon after the decision, Chinese companies, some of which have ties to the Chinese government, could use the loophole of their U.S. subsidiaries to donate to U.S. campaigns. China Law & Policy testified before Congress in May on the legislation – the DISCLOSE Act – as it was being considered by the House of Representatives. Looks like we won't be testifying before the Senate anytime soon.
Gees, did Harry Reid just have the worst week ever?
Climate Change, Congress |	 China, Citizens United, Citizens United v. FEC, Climate Change, Congress, DISCLOSE Act, Harry Reid, Senate
A Dusty Springfield Approach to the Chinese Exchange Rate?
By Elizabeth M. Lynch, March 21, 2010
Not a day goes by without mention of China and its currency: "China's manipulating its currency, injuring the U.S." "No it's not, and if it were, it only hurts the Chinese people." Guest blogger Marcy Nicks Moody tries to make sense of it all and examines the mechanics underlying the Treasury Department's pending decision to either designate China a currency manipulator or not.
Will China allow its currency to float?
By Marcy Nicks Moody
Last week, in a discussion about the administration's approach to China's exchange rate policy, White House press secretary Robert Gibbs remarked that President Obama "mentioned just a few days ago that he wished and hoped that China approached their currency using a more market-based interpretation."
If only wishing and hoping were the ne plus ultra of sound policy-making. Unfortunately, they're not. And Mr. Gibbs' comment was more revealing of his administration's approach to the Chinese exchange rate than he may have hoped. Or wished.
On a more or less biannual basis, chatter over China's undervalued currency increases, coinciding with a report that the Treasury Department must submit to Congress on international economic and exchange rate policies. This is the document in which a country is formally designated a currency manipulator or, in the case of China or any other country since 1994, is not.
Does China manipulate its currency? Yes. This fact is well-known and rarely questioned. The gargantuan scale of its global trade and current account surpluses and rate at which China is intervening and accumulating foreign exchange reserves to keep the renminbi ("RMB") from appreciating make it all but impossible to argue otherwise.
But does China intend to manipulate its currency in order to gain an unfair trade advantage? Well yes, but this is part of the legal metric by which China must be judged in the foreign exchange report, and it remains the technical basis on which the Treasury sidesteps formally designating China a manipulator of its currency. The arguments for so doing do not include any serious contention that China does not intend to manipulate its currency, but rather that engagement works better than saber-rattling.
That is one possibility. Another is that there is no saber. What if China were designated a currency manipulator in a Treasury report to Congress? Would the administration huff and puff and hold its breath until all of Washington turned blue? That might be the best option, for nothing necessarily follows from the findings in these reports, other than expedited negotiations, which are fancy words with few teeth. And demonstration of ineffectiveness on an important issue is something the Treasury might understandably like to avoid. Naming China a currency manipulator would strain relations further but in itself provide no foreseeable gain. And besides, the whole world knows it anyway – it's not like the report would be telling us anything we didn't already know.
The U.S. Treasury - preparing its April 15 report
Though the Treasury Department's stance is far from principled, it does have some weight. But the exceptionalist tone of this stance—which suggests that China is exempt from Treasury censure because of some special status it holds—may well damage U.S.-China relations in the longer term. For years, the United States has encouraged China to act as a responsible stakeholder in the global economic and financial system, playing by the rules China increasingly helps to write. Allowing China to escape criticism for undervaluing its currency simply because 'it is China' runs counter to the notion of that stakeholder. Given the belligerent tone Beijing has recently taken on a range of foreign policy issues from Copenhagen to the Dalai Lama's recent U.S. visit to exchange rate policy itself, the United States would do well to move away from this more recent G2-style exceptionalism and towards responsible stakeholdership in its rhetoric and substantive discussions with China.
Moreover, American concern about undervaluation of the RMB dates to at least 2003. Modest appreciation notwithstanding, engaging and talking softly behind closed doors have not worked. That Chinese surpluses cost Americans jobs should be an abomination to Washington, especially now, as unemployment remains unacceptably high. China is unlikely to move on its exchange rate unless it perceives that doing so would be in its own interest, and for better or for worse, it is up to Washington to create that incentive.
Might a Treasury report designating China a currency manipulator encourage China to move on its exchange rate? Let's be clear: This is only a document submitted by one branch of the federal government to another, and by itself, the report does little. But might a Treasury report designating China a currency manipulator trigger other events that could encourage China to move on its exchange rate? Congress may be emboldened to pass legislation mandating countervailing duties on goods from countries with misaligned currencies. Indeed, even without the Treasury's report, which isn't due until April 15, Congress has already started to move forward on the issue. There is currently a bill with unusual bipartisan support in the Senate that would give Treasury less flexibility in determining whether a country manipulates its currency. Further, the Chinese exchange rate is not solely a U.S. problem. If Washington did, for example, undertake trade sanctions, the frustrated international community would likely follow suit. And this would create a strong incentive for China to allow the RMB to appreciate.
A Treasury report designating China a currency manipulator is unlikely, by itself, to produce any results vis-à-vis the RMB. And it might not even trigger events that would compel China to allow the RMB to appreciate. But it might. The current state of affairs is unacceptable, and as even Dusty Springfield knows, wishin' and hopin' and dreamin' and prayin' are not enough.
Marcy writes about China. In 2007-08, she was a Fulbright Scholar in China, where she was also a Research Fellow with the U.S.-Asia Law Institute. She received an M.A. in East Asian Studies from Columbia University and graduated from Brown University.
Currency, Guest Blogger, Marcy Nicks Moody |	 Charles Schumer, China, China foreign exchange reserves, China trade surplus, China's currency, Congress, Currency Manipulation, legislation, Marcy Nicks Moody, Renminbi, renminbi undervalued, RMB, Senate, Treasury Department, Treasury report on international economic and exchange rate policies, U.S. unemployment
The U.S. Climate Change Bill: International Trade Implications & China
By Elizabeth M. Lynch, September 7, 2009
Originally posted on the Huffington Post.
Health care will not be the only derisive issue on the Senate's calendar when it returns to Congress on September 8.
Rep. Ed Markey Announces Climate Change Passage, June 26, 2009
This past June, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (the "Climate Change Bill"). Far-reaching in its impact on the U.S. economy and particularly detrimental to certain energy-intensive sectors, debate in the Senate will become increasingly cantankerous as special interests and certain states lobby for protection.
And while the Bill, through a series of complicated cap-and trade equations and a plethora of subsidies to renewable energy, has the potential to completely alter the domestic market, debate thus far has been about its global impact. With fear that countries like China will not pass legislation to cap their domestic industries' carbon output, the House added two provisions to protect U.S. industries from companies in countries that are not similarly restrained. Out of a 1,400 page bill, these two provisions have become the center of the debate, some calling these provisions much needed protection and others calling them tariffs.
But conspicuously absent from these discussions is an analysis of what is really going on here. How exactly do these provisions work? Will they have the intended effect of maintaining the competitiveness of U.S. industries or are they attempts by certain industries to protect their profits? Will these provisions bring countries like China to the table in Copenhagen or will they ultimately produce a tariff war? Can they withstand a challenge under global trade rules?
To answer these questions, China Law & Policy sat down with Jake Caldwell, director of Policy for Agriculture, Trade & Energy at the Center for American Progress. Click here to listen to the interview with Jake Caldwell.
The Trade Provisions
Applicable Only to Energy-Intensive and Trade-Sensitive Industries
In our interview, Jake stressed that the two trade provisions in the Climate Change Bill will only apply to those U.S. industries that are both energy-intensive and trade-sensitive, making these provisions applicable in fact to only about five U.S. industries: ferrous metals (iron and steel), nonferrous metals (aluminum and copper), non-metal minerals (cement and glass), paper and pulp, and basic chemicals (World Resources Institute (WRI) report, p. xvi).
Under the Bill, these industries will initially be given a two-year waiver from compliance to the Bill's cap-and-trade regulations. However, after the two years, these industries can seek protection from foreign competition through the following two trade provisions.
Provision 1: Recovery of Some Cost of Compliance
The first of these provisions is less controversial. Found in Title IV, Part F, subpart 1 of the Bill, it establishes an emissions allowance rebate program. As Jake explained, this will allow companies in energy-intensive, trade-sensitive manufacturing industries to be compensated in other ways for the cost of complying with the Bill's cap-and-trade program. The rebate program will reduce the threat that these companies will lose business to companies from countries that do not impose equally as rigorous caps on greenhouse gas emissions. The rebate program will be phased
Click on image for a PDF of the Trade Provisions in the Climate Change Bill
out by 2035.
Provision 2: Border Adjustment Measures (a.k.a. Tariffs)
It is the second trade provision, found in Title VI, Part F, subpart 2, that is the most contentious; this is the provision that establishes unilateral border adjustment measures – a.k.a. tariffs – on imports from countries that do not have similar emissions reduction policies. Under this provision, if by 2018 there is no international climate change treaty in force, the President, starting in 2020, is required to impose a border adjustment measure on imports from sectors in countries that have not capped their emissions or reduced their energy-intensity to comparable levels. The U.S. importer of the competing foreign product will have to purchase an "international reserve allowance" through a carbon market. This in effect establishes a tariff on imports from that foreign country.
As Jake pointed out, the President can grant a waiver to certain countries if he or she deems that there is an important national economic or environmental reason that takes precedence. But the Presidential waiver is subject to Congressional approval through a joint resolution of Congress. In effect, Congress has to "second" the President's decision, making for a cumbersome procedure. If either house of Congress does not agree with the President's reasoning, the waiver is denied. Given the already politically-sensitive as well as politically-expedient nature of the U.S.-China relationship, it is difficult to imagine that any waiver to a Chinese industry could make its way through Congress without a fight.
Effectiveness of the Trade Provisions
As Jake explained in our interview, the trade provisions were adopted for three reasons: (1) to prevent carbon leakage (the transfer of production and jobs from industries in the U.S. subject to cap-and-trade rules to companies in foreign countries that do not have such rules in place), (2) to keep U.S. manufacturing industries competitive in a potentially unequal carbon-restricted world, and (3) to be used as leverage against other countries that have yet to set emission reduction targets. But will these provisions achieve their stated goals? Or are they protectionist responses to pressure from a few select industries?
Carbon Leakage
If a goal is to prevent carbon leakage and promote emission caps in other countries, the trade provisions, especially the border adjustment provisions, are not tailored narrowly enough to achieve these goals. Congress was largely targeting China with the trade provisions. However, out of the five U.S. industries that would be able to use the tariff provisions (steel, aluminum, chemicals, paper and cement), only one industry imports more than 10% of its product from China: the cement sector (WRI report, p. xviii). For the other industries, the majority of foreign imports are from Canada and other developed nations, many of which already have emissions standards that surpass the U.S'. While there will inevitably be some carbon leakage, it's questionable just how dramatic it will be. Currently, the majority of U.S. imports in these sectors come from countries with less-carbon intense production methods than China or even the U.S. Just because U.S. companies will bare the cost of meeting more rigorous emission standards does not necessarily mean that production will be shifted to countries with less rigorous standards. Currently, China's production of aluminum is carbon-intensive and uses a tremendous amount of energy. However, China's production is more expensive than Canada's or the U.S.' and can barely remain competitive in the global market. Thus, lower carbon emissions and greater energy efficiency do not always equate with higher costs.
Furthermore, if the goal is to prevent carbon leakage, the trade provisions offer no recourse to individual companies from foreign, carbon-heavy countries that are meeting their own private emission caps. For example, Baosteel, China's largest steel producer, is relatively energy-efficient (WRI report, p. 35). However, under the current Climate Change Bill, even though Baosteel may voluntarily subject itself to carbon targets similar to those that will be imposed on steelmakers in the U.S., Baosteel will still be penalized. The Bill's trade provisions evaluate imports on a sector-wide basis and not an individual company one. Arguably, if the goal is to prevent carbon leakage, the U.S. has a better chance of influencing a Chinese company's behavior than an entire sector in China. Thus, the trade provisions should establish a secondary track where certain companies, if they are able to show that they are compliant with U.S. standards, are exempted from the border provisions applied to their country and sector.
Finally, the question remains – how do you measure the carbon footprint of an imported product? These provisions rely heavily upon the assumptions that monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from the country of origin is (a) an easy task and (b) accurate. While these assumptions might hold true in countries like Canada or Japan, for China, where implementation and enforcement on the local level is a perpetual struggle, any form of data collection is a challenge and results are often less than reliable. Thus, in a world where carbon measurement is problematic, the actual ability to implement the trade provisions remains questionable.
As mentioned above, imports from China in the energy-intensive, trade-sensitive industries are very small (14% of cement, 7 % of steel, 3% of aluminum, 4% of paper, and less than 1% of chemicals). These five industries also make up a small portion of the U.S. economy, accounting for 3% of economic output and less than 2% of U.S. employment. While these industries will inevitability be negatively affected by the Climate Change Bill, the impact on the greater U.S. economy is relatively small. Additionally, over-protection of these industries loses sight of the broader U.S. economy and the other goal of the Climate Change Bill: to shift production and jobs to energy-efficient or renewable energy industries.
Furthermore, while the border adjustment measures protect these raw material industries, it potentially could hurt those industries that use the raw materials for production of "downstream" products. For example, the border adjustment measures are only applicable to the importation of sheet steel, and not to products that are made out of steel, like cars or appliances (WRI report, p. 52). U.S. car makers will still have to compete against foreign car manufacturers whose products could contain steel from countries without carbon regulations. Without the benefit of border adjustment measures on cars, U.S. car makers would become less competitive.
Similarly, U.S. chemical manufacturing companies are fairly competitive globally. These companies refine the carbon-intensive, raw material chemicals to make downstream, specialty concoctions (WRI report, p. 52). However, by imposing a border adjustment measure on the raw material chemicals, any of these chemical manufacturing companies who import raw materials, would experience an increase in the cost of production, making their products less competitive abroad. While the border adjustment measures will protect the five energy-intensive, trade-sensitive industries' profits, they could likely hinder the competitiveness of industries that use these raw materials to manufacture downstream products.
The jury is still out on whether border adjustment provisions do in fact bring countries to the table to discuss climate change. The general assumption is that tariff threats rarely cause countries to act, especially countries as large as China. However, after the U.S. backed out of the Kyoto Protocol, the European countries threatened similar types of tariffs, targeted precisely at energy-intensive U.S. industries. Perhaps a mere coincidence, but it's interesting to note that today, the U.S. is now close to passing climate change legislation. Recently, South Korea voluntarily set a 2020 emissions reduction target; the South Korean government cited the fear of border tariffs as a reason to set targets.
But it is still questionable how far the threat of tariffs can go. China has certainly taken notice of the border adjustment provisions in the U.S. Climate Change Bill, but that does not mean it will agree to carbon caps. China's exports to the U.S. that would likely be subject to the tariff provisions accounted for less than 0.2% of economic output in 2005, thus making the U.S.' tariff threats of little consequence to China (WRI report, p. 57). However, of greater consequence to the U.S. and to the rest of the world is if China, the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, walks away from climate change negotiations because it feels as though it needs to "act tough" for its domestic audience. In looking at the current border adjustment provisions in the Bill and the tepid success they have had thus far, the Senate might want to ask itself if the risk is worth it.
Legality of the Trade Provisions
As Jake mentioned, World Trade Organization (WTO) rules require that countries pass nondiscriminatory trade provisions – that the provisions do not discriminate against foreign products in favor of domestic ones. Arguably, the current Bill does discriminate. As discussed earlier, individual companies that could be meeting similar carbon caps will be discriminated against if their home country has not agreed to carbon caps. Without some sort of procedure that exempts foreign firms which individually meet carbon caps from the border tariffs, the current trade provisions may not withstand a WTO challenge.
There will certainly be a Senate showdown over the Climate Change Bill. Already ten Democratic Senators have stated that the trade provisions need to be stronger. But do they really? If your singular goal is to protect 3% of the nation's economic output and 2% of its jobs, then yes, the trade provisions will maintain the status quo, at least for the time being. But if your goal is to increase innovation in new sectors like renewable energy, create clean jobs and limit global climate change, then the trade provisions, as they stand now do not achieve that goal. There is a need to maintain U.S. competitiveness in the five effected industries, but in the current tariff provision, what is being maintained are corporate profits in a few select, and powerful, industries. The Senate needs to take a good hard look at the current trade provisions and question if it is worth it. Perhaps it is time to move away from defensive measures against China and begin to better engage China in agreeing to a climate change treaty. Without China's agreement, any legislation the Senate passes will have negligible effect in limiting climate change.
Click here to listen to the interview with Jake Caldwell
Click here to open a PDF of the transcript of the Jake Caldwell interview
Climate Change, Congress, Foreign Policy, Obama Administration |	 border adjustment measures, carbon leakage, China, Climate Change, climate tariffs, Congress, Copenhagen 2009, Jake Caldwell, Senate
Jon Huntsman CONFIRMED as U.S. Ambassador to China
By Elizabeth M. Lynch, August 9, 2009
On Friday, the day before breaking for a month-long recess, the Senate finally confirmed Gov. Jon Huntsman as U.S.
Our New Ambassador to China!
Ambassador to China. In the coming weeks, Ambassador Huntsman, his wife and two youngest daughters will move to Beijing. In addition to managing the U.S.-China relationship and working with Chinese officials on North Korea, climate change and other difficult issues, Ambassador Huntsman will also be helping to arrange President Obama's first trip to China, scheduled for this fall.
For more information from the Salt Lake Tribune, click here.
For an analysis on the Huntsman confirmation from the China Daily's English edition, click here.
Congress, Foreign Policy, Obama Administration |	 Congress, Foreign Policy, Jon Huntsman, Obama Administration
Musings on Sen. Kerry's Preparation for the US & China in Copenhagen
In Friday's Huffington Post, Sen. John Kerry published a timely op-ed piece, "Who Lost the Earth?" on the need for the U.S. and China to reach some kind of an agreement on climate change. "Who Lost the Earth?" comes at a point when it appears that any agreements reached during December's U.N. Conference on Climate Change will likely not include the two biggest emitters of greenhouse gases: the U.S. and China.
In his op-ed, Sen. Kerry correctly commends China for its efforts in already implementing measures to curb greenhouse gases. It is in fact impressive that China is already experimenting further than the U.S. with some energy efficient technologies. Furthermore, Sen. Kerry is right to criticize those in the U.S. who say that China "won't lift a finger." While nervous that it could forestall economic development, China still has a sincere interest in solving its impending environmental crisis. Every year, over 60,000 "mass incidents" (protests often involving thousands of people) in China are spurred by environmental damage. The Chinese government views these mass incidents as a very real threat to its rule.
But even in light of these factors which propel China forward on the issue of climate change, Sen. Kerry and his Democratic colleagues still need to be realistic about China's capacity. Sen. Kerry notes that there needs to be legal commitments on the international stage and that China needs to be held accountable. All of this is true. But at the same time, China's circumstances must be understood. While moving forward in some areas, China still lacks the technical capacity to implement many energy-saving measures. Simple things like an energy audit of a building often elude local officials. Many industries, such as waste-heat recovery, have yet to be developed.
Another impediment is the difficulty for the central government to implement environmental laws on a local level. Because China is an authoritarian regime, many believe that whatever the Chinese central government wants to achieve, it can easily impose. But with this authoritarian government comes a layer of inflexibility. Rule is from the center out; from top down; for the central government to guarantee that laws are implemented on the local level, it must amass all of its power, and oversee the locality, a very time-consuming and exhausting activity.
Unlike the U.S., China does not have a flexible regulatory state where government authority has been delegated to specific agencies that have almost exclusive jurisdiction over a field. Nor do laws allow for individuals to enforce the law through lawsuits on behalf of the government (i.e. private right of action). Instead, the Chinese central government must do all in a country as large as the U.S. Not surprisingly, its ability to control the local level and guarantee that laws are implemented is not as prevalent.
In moving forward, U.S. policy makers must take China's circumstances into account. While they need to push China forward to meet greenhouse gas emission targets, these targets must reflect China's current capabilities. If Sen. Kerry and the Democrats do not devise a realistic strategy to help China in terms of technology assistance and implementation skills prior to Copenhagen in December 2009, opponents in Congress will use China's capacity issues as an excuse to reject any agreement arising out of Copenhagen. This would not just be a defeat for Sen. Kerry and like-minded Democrats; this would be a defeat for the future of this world.
Climate Change, Congress |	 Climate Change, Congress, Copenhagen 2009, Foreign Policy
News Alert: Vote on Jon Huntsman Confirmation POSTPONED
On Tuesday, the Senate delayed voting on the confirmation of Jon Huntsman as the next Ambassador to China. Reason for the delay is unclear although the Senate has said that it still needs to compile paperwork.
While some in the press seem to speculate that the hold up could be due to issues related to Gov. Huntsman's large financial holdings, it could also simply be the Senate overworked with the Sotomayor confirmation, health care reform and other issues.
Voting on Gov. Huntsman's confirmation has been postponed to next Tuesday or Wednesday (August 4 or 5). Congress' last day before its month-long summer recess is Friday, August 7. It appears that Gov. Huntsman's confirmation is coming down to the wire.
Congress, Foreign Policy |	 Congress, Foreign Policy, Jon Huntsman
The Hunt for a New China Policy: A Review of the Jon Huntsman Confirmation Hearing
Gov. Jon Huntsman at his confirmation hearing, July 23, 2009
Originally posted on ChinaGeeks
Thursday's Senate confirmation hearing for the next ambassador to China was a virtual love-fest from both sides of the aisle. Democratic senators gushed about Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman's China background and Mandarin language skills and Republican senators John McCain, Orin Hatch and Bob Bennett attended the hearing to show their ardent support for the nominee. There is little doubt that Gov. Huntsman – a Republican governor, nominated as Ambassador to China by a Democrat president – will be confirmed on Tuesday when the full Senate meets to vote on his nomination. But his confirmation hearing still proved a telling sign of the Administration's priorities in its relationship with China (nominees are always prepped for weeks prior to their hearing by Administration officials).
In his opening statement Gov. Huntsman stressed the importance of working with China on two high-priority fronts: first, repairing the international economy and second, maintaining peace and stability in Northeast Asia. In what was likely a nod to the Chinese government and an acknowledgement of the increasing tension with North Korea as illustrated by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's recent trip to Asia, Gov. Huntsman highlighted China's leadership in organizing the six-party talks and commended China on working closely, and successfully, with the U.S. and the U.N. Security Council in dealing with North Korea. Gov. Huntsman also mentioned other areas where the U.S. and China must continue to work together: advancing global counter-terrorism efforts, stopping the spread of weapons of mass destruction, combating extremism and promoting stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and promoting better governance and development in places like Sudan, Burma and Zimbabwe.
Most people believe that President Obama nominated Gov. Huntsman solely for strategic reasons – to eliminate a strong Republican presidential candidate in 2012. But that could easily be only partially true. Another reason is that Gov. Huntsman is actually a very good pick to represent the U.S. in a relationship that has become much more delicate as it becomes more important. Gov. Huntsman has a strong China background, experiencing first-hand Chinese societies in Taiwan (during his time as a Mormon missionary) and Singapore (as Ambassador). Additionally, during the hearing, Gov. Huntsman supported continued human rights discussions with the Chinese, criticizing our current approach as too "on-again-off-again." Instead he advocated for a regularized and systematic forum where issues such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, rule of law, and access to information can continuously be discussed. While some might argue that this was mere political posturing to secure votes from Congress, Gov. Huntsman's statement is a noted departure from Secretary Clinton's recent announcement that human rights cannot interfere with our handling of other crises. Such a departure provides credibility that Gov. Huntsman sincerely wants to make human rights issues a regular part of his dialogue with the Chinese. Also, his experience in Taiwan and Singapore provide him with the alternative perspective that economic development in a culturally-Chinese society does not necessarily require the authoritarian regime that currently exists on the mainland.
Although Gov. Huntsman's approach to human rights is slightly different from the Administration's, he whole-heartedly supports the Administration's focus on climate change in U.S.-China relations, deviating from many of his Republican colleagues. In discussing caps on greenhouse gases, Gov. Huntsman maintained that the U.S. should support an agreement on climate change with China, viewing any agreement as an economic, exporting opportunity. The U.S. will become a leader in clean air and energy efficiency industries, industries that he argued would likely dominate the global economy for the next 20 to 40 years. Unfortunately, Gov. Huntsman did not address the intellectual property concerns of exporting U.S. clean energy technology to China, a thorny issue that will certainly prove tricky in any discussions on climate change.
The nomination of Gov. Huntsman is a telling signal that the Obama Administration perhaps grasps the realities of the new China. The China today is not the China that existed 30 years ago when the U.S. first normalized relations. In only the past few years, China has quickly emerged as a global leader with a strong economy, large militarily and significant influence on other countries. Today, the U.S. negotiates with a power that in many ways is its equal; one that can easily walk away from the negotiating table. For the next few years, the U.S. and China will have to be able to cooperate on a myriad of tough issues that could impact the future of our world order – climate change, trade, humanitarian crises, currency, terrorism, just to name a few. It is important to have a representative in Beijing who understands how to effectively negotiate with the Chinese and find common ground between our two nations, but at the same time is willing to stand his ground when our interests diverge, which, at times, will be unavoidable. Gov. Huntsman, with his knowledge of Chinese culture, language skills, and his courage to buck his own party and accept the nomination, could likely be the best person for the job.
Gov. Huntsman, his wife and the author (on the right) after the confirmation hearing
Congress, Foreign Policy |	 Climate Change, Congress, Foreign Policy, Jon Huntsman
Climate Change War Games!
It's 2015. The immediate danger of climate change is apparent; rising sea levels in some countries, drought in others; countries on the brink of war due to shortage of food; governments that have existed for more than five centuries are toppling. In this scenario, how would leaders in the United States, India and China respond?
This is no longer a theoretical question. In testimony Tuesday before Congress on "Climate Change and Global Security," Sharon E. Burke of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), reported on a recent "climate change war game" that CNAS sponsored and which included representatives from the U.S., Europe, China and India. Similar to war game simulations that countries' militaries periodically organize, CNAS set up a dire climate change simulation to see how these countries would respond. Ms. Burke testified that the responses in their simulation have thus far been accurately reflected in the current stalemate among the U.S., China and India. In CNAS' climate change game, India staunchly refused to agree to specific targets to carbon emissions, a sentiment that was recently shared with Secretary of State Clinton on her trip to India. However, the CNAS simulation found that India was willing to negotiate on other issues. Because they perceived their country as vulnerable to natural disasters, India was willing to concede certain things. Ms. Burke also commented that the climate change game also showed that concessions made by the U.S., although provide the U.S. greater credibility, were not as important to other countries as the behavior of China. However, in the simulation, China was not willing to concede to anything unless more developed countries financially supported their efforts.
While the countries in the CNAS climate change game were unable to reach an agreement, Ms. Burke was not willing to give up all hope. Instead, she urged that the CNAS simulation be used to alter the current negotiations, negotiations that are obviously going nowhere. The past has shown that the U.S. and China can reach agreement on issues even more complex than climate change (e.g. thermo-nuclear war) but policy makers need to find the commonalities between the two countries. For China, climate change is a national security issue – currently there is great unrest in China due to environmental damage so they have as much of an interest as the U.S. in reducing the threat of climate change. In a follow up with Ms. Burke after the hearing, she maintained that negotiators need to find a Plan B; we cannot continue with the current dialogue. And although Ms. Burke thought that perhaps Plan B will not emerge until after the U.N. Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, many policy makers have begun to realize that a Plan B is necessary.
To watch a full video of the hearing, please click here (starts at 30 minutes, 22 seconds in).
Climate Change, Congress |	 Climate Change, Congress, Copenhagen


Mumbai's famed dabbawalas, who deliver tiffins to over a lakh office-goers with precision daily, on Tuesday held a protest against Pakistan and condemned the country for "illegally" sentencing Kulbhushan Jadhav to death.
"Pakistan's act should be condemned by all sections of the society. India should do whatever it can, to bring Jadhav back," Mumbai Dabbawala Association spokesperson Subhash Talekar told PTI.
The protest was held outside the Lower Parel railway station in central Mumbai, where around 200 dabbawalas shouted slogans against Pakistan, he said.
"We demand that India should put national and international pressure on Pakistan, which is illegally holding Jadhav, who hails from our Maharashtra state," Talekar said.
"Jadhav should be returned to India without any harm," he said. "If another surgical strike is needed to achieve this objective, India should go ahead," he added. A military court in Pakistan recently sentenced Jadhav to death on charges of "espionage".
Last week, protesters had formed a human chain against Pakistan and sought the immediate release of the 46-year-old former Indian Navy official from Pakistani captivity.


Tipping has been around for hundreds of years. A tip, or gratuity, is defined as a gift of money given to someone for performing a service or menial task, over and above the payment due for the service. Tips are not required, but they are expected by many people in the service industry. In fact, many U.S. waiters and waitresses are paid less than minimum wage as tips are expected to make up the other part of their income. The amounts and percentages suggested below should be used as a general guideline only. If service is poor, give a smaller tip or none at all. If service is superior, feel free to be more generous with your gratuity.
In fine-dining establishments, there are a number of people to tip. Servers expect 15%-20% of the pre-tax amount of the bill. A group of six or more often receives a bill that has the gratuity already incorporated. If a number of bottles of wine are ordered during the course of the meal, the prevailing belief is that the wine costs should not be figured into the final tip. Of course, if a wine steward was involved in the selection and serving, he or she should be tipped 15% of the wine bill. A maitre d' should be taken care of, too, as that person can help to make your dining experience a favorable one. A twenty-dollar tip is a good place to start and will help to establish a relationship between the two of you. This can work in your favor when the time comes to entertain the important people in your life and career. Bartenders should receive 15% of the bar bill, give the coat room attendant $1.00 per coat, and pass along $1.00 to the valet parker.
Tips also need to be bestowed upon certain people in the transportation industry. If you check your luggage curbside at the airport, tip your skycap a minimum of $1.00 per bag. Airport wheelchair pushers appreciate a few dollars for their efforts. Taxi drivers should be tipped 15% of the fare. Many cities around the world have established a rider's bill of rights, which tells riders they have the right to enjoy, for example, air conditioning on command, a radio-free ride, smoke-free air, and a clean seat. Riders are encouraged not to tip if the rights are not complied with.
Hairstylists at beauty salons and barbershops should be tipped 15% of the bill; those who shampoo your hair get $1.00 to $2.00. If more than one person provides services, for example one doing color and another cutting your hair, tip each person 10%-15% of their portion of the bill. Manicurists should receive no less than $1.00 or 15% of the bill.
At hotels, give the bellhop $5.00 to $10.00 for bringing your luggage to your room. If you order room service, tips are usually included in the tab and range from 15% to18% of the bill. Chambermaids appreciate $2.00 to $5.00 each day for taking care of your room. Give the doorman at least $1.00 for helping to call a taxi, in inclement weather, give a little more. No tip is necessary for the concierge who takes care of an simple task, such as dinner reservations or a shuttle bus booking. For more complicated services, $10 to $20 is appropriate.
For a look at tipping in other countries around the world, I have invited fellow members of the Association of Image Consultants International to offer their insights.
In many Asian countries, tipping is very much a way of life for service. Socially, one can elevate one's status by extending a tip. The bigger the tip, the better the personal attention and service which can, of course, impress others. For example, at Chinese dinners, the host tips the headwaiter often before the meal to ensure excellent service. This is still practiced to some extent. However, with the erosion of traditional customs and practices in modern day Singapore, tipping is generally not encouraged by the Singapore government. There are probably several reasons for this. To woo visitors and boost tourism revenue, the government has worked hard to implement measures that make Singapore a safe destination where visitors will find modern facilities, better service, technology-aided efficiency, cleanliness and no confusion for foreigners.
Taxicabs run by meter with receipts issued upon request and tips are not required to taxi drivers. However, tipping is still done at beauty salons where a tip of S$2.00-$4.00 (S$1 = approx. US$1.7) is appropriate for the shampoo person and manicurist. It is handed directly to one's favourite service staff and this also ensures that the same service staff attends to that particular customer in the future. At some salons, there is a general tip box at the pay counter. Hair stylists who are owners of the salon are seldom tipped. S$2.00 is the amount of tip that applies to hotel service staff, although guests are often notified of a "No tipping required" policy. At restaurants, valet parkers are tipped well, from S$2-S$5. Perhaps this is because valet parking services are most often used by well-heeled individuals who arrive in plush, and often exotic, cars – especially at hotels. Proper dining restaurants levy a 10% service charge and tipping is therefore not required. However, it is often practiced by hosts who are entertaining special guests, in which case an additional 10% of the bill amount is given as a tip to the headwaiter who is supposed to share the tip with the other service staff.
I do not feel that Germans are especially generous tippers. In restaurants, the common tip is 10 % of the total bill. The waiters and waitresses, however, receive a monthly salary that is considerably higher than the U.S. minimum wage. The tips they get from the guests they, of course, keep. If the restaurant bill is of a very high amount (caused, for example, by very expensive wines), the tip is usually no more than 5%-6 %. Taxi drivers usually get about 10 % of the fare shown by the meter. At German airports, there are no skycaps. The airport is full of baggage carts that are free of charge and can be taken everywhere within the airport and to the parking areas. At hotels, if you were happy with the service, it is common to leave a tip for the maid in the room when you leave. Also, you pay about 2-3 Euros for help with the luggage each time and the same amount for the doorman. You also tip the people who have been of special assistance to you. At the hairdresser, you give a 1-2 Euro tip to the person cutting your hair and 1 Euro to the person washing your hair. The owner never gets a tip. It is also customary to tip the delivery people when bigger deliveries are made to your home. At Christmas time it is common to give a tip to the mailman and to the newspaper deliveryman.
Tipping in Brazil is flexible. There are no set guidelines and the amount, if or when is given, is entirely at a person's discretion. At hotels, a 10% to 15% service charge is included in the bill.
Porters: R$2,00 to R$5,00 not per bag, but per trip to room at luxury hotels.
Chambermaids: Not regularly tipped; however, about R$1,00 to R$2,00 tip per day may be given at luxury hotels.
Room Service: About R$2,00 if not included in the bill.
Restaurants: A 10% service charge is included in the bill. In bars and cafes, 10% tipping is also normal if the service charge has not been already added.
Taxis: No tipping is expected; drivers might be permitted to keep some change. Frequently, hotels will negotiate the fare in advance with the driver and pass the amount on to the guest as a flat rate (tip included).
Barbers & Beauticians: A 10% to 15% tip goes to the main person attending you. Do not tip the owner of the establishment. R$1,00 to R$2,00 may be given to any other attendees.
In Switzerland a 15% service charge is already included in all hotel and restaurant bills, also in taxi bills. Although tipping has officially been abolished, many people, if they enjoyed the good service (and especially when they intend to become a regular customer!), tend to give up to 10% tipping extra. Tipping is still appropriate for railway and hotel porters (SFR 2), wash- and cloakroom attendants (SFR 1), and petrol station attendants (who clean your car's windshields). Also, in hair and beauty salons a service charge is included, but one often gives extra tipping (but seldom to the owner of the salon). Feel free to express with your tipping how you felt about the service you got – and know that, unlike in the USA, people do not expect you to tip and will never ask you for a tip – but they will thank you with a smile (all the above mentioned jobs are paid rather poorly).


Del Rey has announced its schedule for this year's Comic-Con International, taking place in San Diego on July 26 - 29. Del Rey also announced its plan to collaborate with Active Anime to bring "exclusive reports straight from the convention floor for those who cannot attend the convention."
So if you're heading to San Diego, you better drop by our booth and say hello. But if you're not going, fear not! You can still experience the action at San Diego Comic-Con through the eyes of the Del Rey Manga team! Del Rey Manga is happy to announce that we've partnered with popular otaku website Active Anime (http://www.activeanime.com) to bring you special updates straight from the convention floor. Visit Active Anime throughout the show for news and information straight from Del Rey Manga. It's the next best thing to being there.


We have more than 1 meter of snow on ski slopes. Ski conditions are great. There are 5 ski areas in operation: Černá hora, Pec pod Sněžkou, Černý Důl, Velká Úpa and Svoboda nad Úpou. We offer 39 km of ski slopes open. We operate also night skiing daily in Pec (Javor) and Černá hora (Protěž). There is SkiTour connection from Černá hora to Pec pod Sněžkou by snowcats and and on skis in operation. You can also use any of 12 skibuss lines.


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Mouzinho de Albuquerque is the name of a prominent Portuguese family of the 19th century. Its members included:
 João Pedro Mouzinho de Albuquerque (1736–1802), nobleman
 Luís da Silva Mouzinho de Albuquerque (1792–1846), son of João Pedro, military officer, poet, engineer, scientist, liberal politician and statesman
 João Mouzinho de Albuquerque (1797–1881), son of João Pedro, writer and administrator
 Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque (1855–1902), grandson of Luís da Silva, military officer and African expeditionary

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


John Everett Millais' "Ophelia" (1851-2).
WHEN Tate Britain gets together with the National Gallery of Australia to present this summer blockbuster at the NGA, "Love & Desire: Pre-Raphaelite Masterpieces from the Tate", it's likely to be a marriage of true minds.
For they've got what we want – "Some of the most loved and visited paintings at Tate, some of which have never before been seen in Australia," as NGA director Nick Mitzevich says.
And we've got what they like – "A new generation of visitors in another part of the world," as Tate director Maria Balshaw says.
The show has been co-curated by Carol Jacobi, curator of British art 1850-1915 at Tate Britain and Lucina Ward, senior curator, international painting and sculpture at the NGA.
Mitzevich has been keen to talk up the magnificent centrepieces of the show, John Everett Millais' "Ophelia" and John William Waterhouse's "The Lady of Shalott", so "CityNews" asked Jacobi to explain the public fascination with the Pre-Raphaelites, deemed to be radical or rebellious even as they reached back to mediaeval and early Renaissance ("pre-Raphael") models of art.
"'Ophelia' and 'The Lady of Shalott' are beloved paintings at Tate Britain, perhaps because they are very emotional pictures which depict people fatally overwhelmed by love," she suggests.
"The Lady of Shalott" (1888) by John William Waterhouse.
The Pre-Raphaelite movement was formed in 1848 by a group of strong-minded young artists, William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who set out to counter the mundane conventions of the era in arts, poetry and in what one critic has labelled "waggish male camaraderie which expressed itself in pranks, late-night smoking sessions and midnight jaunts around London's streets and pleasure gardens".
Reviled by Dickens and adored by Ruskin, they soon teamed up with artist/designers Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris, who shared their yearning for the simplicity of a pre-industrial era which led in turn to the formation of the English Arts and Crafts Movement.
To help explain what the (mostly) boys of the movement were on about, we asked Jacobi to describe some other works we'll be seeing.
"Dante Gabriel Rossetti's unconventional and psychologically intense early painting, 'The Annunciation', in which his sister, the poet Christina Rossetti, is painted as Mary, is a magical highlight," she says.
The exhibition, Jacobi says, has been curated thematically rather than chronologically, in order to bring out the themes of the title, love and desire.
The Pre-Raphaelites, she says, were passionate young people preoccupied with relationships, their hopes and ambitions and the big questions, so there will be sections devoted to love in modern life, literature and myth that will look at love's complications – rivalry between friends, parental pressures, infidelity and the femme fatale.
Other parts of the show address the crisis of belief, asking what might replace the religious certainties challenged by science, while also criticising society, its prejudices and obsession with money.
Alongside more than 40 of Tate Britain's works, the ideas will be expanded by a further 40 loans from the UK's Lady Lever Art Gallery, National Museums Liverpool, Manchester Art Gallery, The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Leeds Museums and Galleries, Fitzwilliam, Cambridge, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tamaki, and the state galleries of NSW, Victoria and SA.
Impressive, but not nearly as impressive as just looking at the pictures, very slowly.
"Pre-Raphaelite paintings have an effect in real life that cannot be seen in reproductions," says Jacobi.
"The white background under the paint lights up the colour from behind giving added brilliance.
"Love & Desire: Pre-Raphaelite Masterpieces from the Tate", National Gallery of Australia, open from December 14 until April 28.


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Buckeye NFLer of the Week: 8
By Corey Carpenter on October 28, 2008 at 2:00 pm @corey11w
A career day for the former Tarblooder.
It was an exciting week in the NFL for the former Buckeyes, as a couple of players returned from injuries and Antonio Pittman saw his first extended action of the season.
Although his stats weren't stellar, Joey Galloway returned from his foot injury to catch 3 passes for 28 yards in Tampa's loss to Dallas, dropping them one game behind Carolina atop the division. The Panthers pulled off a 27-24 home win against Arizona after trailing by 14 in the third quarter. Chris Gamble again lead Carolina with 8 tackles, but their defense gave up 391 yards passing in the contest.
Troy Smith finally is healthy enough to see some action and it looks as if Baltimore is going to use him as a change of pace QB. Smith ran 3 times for 13 yards and completed one pass for 43 yards, on perhaps the most exciting play of the day.
In the 3rd quarter, on 2nd and 8, Smith took a toss from Joe Flacco and completed a 43 yarder back to Flacco, helping set up a field goal. The 29-10 victory pulled the Ravens within a game of the Steelers and it will be interesting to see how Smith is used within the offense.
As mentioned, my man Antonio Pittman got the start for the injured Steven Jackson in St. Louis's 23-16 loss at New England. Pittman rushed 19 times for 83 yards and caught 3 passes for 22 more yards, all numbers were career highs. Jackson's injury doesn't appear to be too serious, but perhaps this performance will give Jim Haslett a bit more confidence in Pittman.
This is the paragraph I usually write about Santonio Holmes, but since he decided to drive around smoking the chronic, he didn't suit up this week. Seriously though, when are athletes going to learn to just stay home if you are going to do something stupid. It has yet to be announced what type of further discipline Holmes will receive, but with two prior situations, he may be out for a few more games.
When it was all said and done, this week's award was an easy choice and this time, he deserved it. Ted Ginn becomes the first two time winner of the Buckeye NFLer of the week in 2008. Of course, I took some heat last time he won (rightfully so) and he followed up that winning performance with a 1 catch for -1 yard game, so I thought all may have been lost for Teddy Ballgame.
However, he exploded for 7 catches totaling 175 yards, to lead all NFL receivers Sunday in Miami's 25-16 upset of Buffalo. Ginn caught a 46 yarder on Miami's first play and added a 64 yard catch and run (ironically caught by Donte Whitner) on their first play of the second half. Coming into the game, Teddy had just 177 receiving yards on the season and the 7 receptions matched his career high.


Man. What a city. Kolkatta had always been one of those cities that I knew was important and interesting but I had never had or made the opportunity to actually inform myself about it. Perhaps to my own benefit for these last 4 days in Kalkotta have made me fall madly in love with this vibrant, cosmopolitan and beautiful city. It is one of those cities where you can just wander to your hearts content and just watch and be. There is so much going on at every moment and it seems that there is always something for the senses. There are so many picture perfect moments I am actually too overwhelmed to take pictures: A man sits on the sidewalk getting a shave from another man;two naked children gleefully wash themselves at a broken fire hydrant; two fashionably dressed young girls holding umbrellas jump over a crumbled building facade; a skinny hand-cart puller pulls an immensely fat man on his cart through the street; Two women in bright saris dart across a traffic-congested street.
I love the hundreds of markets everywhere, it seems that all anybody does here is shop. There are huge, old-fashioned meat markets with row after row of carcasses and intestines hanging on hooks and a stench so strong my entire digestive tract seems to knot up inside me; A vegetable market selling bright purple brinjal and piles of lady fingers and odd shaped tomatoes with the vendors hollering out their prices in sing-song Bengali; An incense market thick with the smell of sandalwood and mango flower that transports me back to a different India, an India found in temples and devotion and pujas and aarthi.
And then there is the music and poetry that emits from the people and the place. More than anything I like the Bengalis. They are not as aggressive as the North Indians, not as distant as the South Indians and have a bit of what I can only call a bite. Everybody always seems to be singing-my taxi driver, hand cart pullers, shop keepers but maybe I just confuse it with Bengali which is a profoundly poetic and romantic language to listen to.
So for your short history lesson: Kolkatta was established by the British as a major trading fort during the 16th century with the British eventually buying land and trading rights up until the mid 18th century when they established rule over India and made it the capital of their colony. What is fascinating about Kolkatta is that before the formation of Kolkatta it was just a tiny village but attracted so many traders and settlers that its population increased drastically over the next few hundred years with every kind of people from Bengal and India and South East Asia as well as Armenians and Dutch and Portuguese and Jews and of course the English. At one point it had the highest density of people per km in the world. This created two opposing but fascinating sides of Kolkatta. On the one hand you have this old beautiful crumbling colonial architecture which reminds me intensely of walking around old Havana expect that its bigger and has more grandeaur. On the other hand this cosmopolitan city created some amazing poets,singers, play writes and authors as well as becoming a major center for the independence movement.
One of these writers was Rabindranath Tagore, whom after visiting his house and reading his poetry for half the day has filled me with such a wonderful sense of joy and peace that I cannot help but appreciate why he is revered almost like a Saint here. For four days I have breathed in Kolkatta and feel that I have only barely had my fill of this magnificent city.
Perhaps this is intensified by my knowledge that I am finally leaving India. As it always is, I am slowly realizing more and more the attachment and love that people cultivate towards this country. I wonder if I will ever leave India with that sense of closure, the sense that this time was my last time. As it is I leave with the feeling that this, really, is only just the beginning.


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Street Roots vendor Jesse Timms
Street Roots vendor profile: Jesse Timms
One thing Street Roots offers Jesse Timms is a place to call home
by Christine Menges | 6 Aug 2015
Jesse Timms is originally from Southern California but found his way to Portland after a series of job searches led him here. Timms' first job was with the Navy, which he joined as a young adult. However, he did not like the experience and soon left.
He went on to work many odd jobs in factories, construction and food production. Finally, he got a job with Orange County's largest animal shelter. He said that although the job was challenging at times, he really enjoyed working there.
However, conflicts with management and chronic understaffing eventually made Timms decide to leave, and so he headed to Oklahoma where he found a job working at McDonald's. Although he was glad to have a job, the wages were low, and then his sister died, which left him feeling depressed. As a result, he missed a few days of work and lost his job. So he hit the road again and landed in Portland.
Between jobs now, Timms says he is just trying to figure out what he wants to do, and to also get his Veterans Affairs registration, which will give him medical and dental care. In the meantime, he continues with the vendor program at Street Roots.
Something he wished others would understand about people who are homeless is that what might seem like strange behavior is a result of experiences those people have had.
For example, Timms knows a man who often seems like he's talking to himself and ignores people when they speak to him. What passers-by on the street don't know is that the man is deaf.
Timms has another friend who was injured at his job when a heavy object fell on his head. The man was not given workers' compensation, and today he suffers from hallucinations.
"A lot of the time, he just looks like some crazy homeless man, and they don't know that he has a brain injury. He's a college graduate. He was a productive, normal person, and then he was disabled like that," Timms said.
Timms also said that people with homes have a place to vent off steam when they've had a difficult day. Homeless people, Timms said, do not have that luxury, which also might explain some of the behavior other people see.
One thing Street Roots offers Timms is a place to call home. He said he likes the fact that he can stop by the office and use the bathroom or get a cup of coffee.
"We don't have a place here you can think of as your 'house,'" Timms said. "Street Roots is part of my 'house' here in Portland."
In the future, Timms wants to get back into working with animals. A few years ago, he was working on a ranch in New Mexico and picked up a few skills in agriculture. He thinks that with his skills, he will be able to work on a small-scale farm.
"Agriculture is the foundation of any economy. People need to eat," he said.
"That's what I'd like to do for myself."
Jesse Timms, Christine Menges, Street Roots Vendor Profile
Street Roots vendor profile: Arnold Casey
Street Roots vendor profile: Katie Amberson
Street Roots vendor profile: Maddy Brown-Clark
Street Roots vendor profile: John Munro
Street Roots vendor profile: Amber Dunks