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Department of Geography & Geology
Geography (Environmental Geography), BA
Geography (Human Geography), BA
Geography (Environmental Geography), BS
Geography (Human Geography), BS
Geography, Geo-spatial Information Sciences, BS
Geology, BS
Geology (Geoscience), BS
Geo-Spatial Science Minor
Geography Minor
Geology Minor
Department of Mathematics & Statistics
Military Science, Department of
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Department of Geography & Geology
Chair: Brian Cooper (936) 294-1566
Website: Department of Geography & Geology
The Department of Geography and Geology is an excellent blend of two disciplines that have a common thread. Both programs are concerned with the physical environment, with resources – including energy resources – and with ways that humans interact with and modify the natural environment. Students may major or minor in either program.
The primary mission of the Department of Geography and Geology is to provide students of the two complementary programs a comprehensive understanding of the range and depth of these scientific disciplines which encompass, respectively, the human and physical domains of geography, and the physical and historical domains of geology. This understanding is intended to enable our students to achieve their full potential as skilled professionals and well-qualified technical employees in a diverse range of companies and governmental organizations and to become effective teachers and community leaders. Our programs enable students to become informed users of a range of technologies and prudent stewards of our natural resources. This understanding of the world will promote successful careers, active life-long learning, and an ability and desire to contribute positively to society.
Geography Program
Coordinator: John Strait (936) 294-4077
Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that involves the interdisciplinary study of places and the relationships between people and their environment from a spatial perspective. As an academic subject, it includes an understanding of both the physical environment and the cultural world of international affairs, economics, population, religion, language, and other human phenomena. Geographers are not only interested in the locations of these phenomena, but are also interested in understanding the causal factors responsible for their spatial distributions and the larger implications of these spatial arrangements. Geography also entails the use and application of a host of geospatial technologies as a means to study and analyze this subject matter, such as geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, digital image processing, and global positioning systems. In the age of global markets, global culture, global transportation systems, and global telecommunications, we are increasingly faced with the reality that our welfare is highly interdependent with the rest of the world. A geographic education represents an excellent way to understand how to deal with environmental, social and economic issues associated with this reality. For an individual curious about the world, and his or her place in it, few disciplines satisfy that curiosity as much as geography.
The Geography program incorporates a three-track curriculum and is designed to fit the particular academic interests of our students and better prepare them for life beyond SHSU, particularly in terms of graduate study or employment opportunities. Student majors can pursue either Bachelors of Arts (BA) or Bachelors of Science (BS) degrees and focus their studies within one of three concentrations, each providing a broad geographical background yet emphasizing different foci. The human geography concentration is designed for students primarily interested in the geographical study of human or cultural phenomena, such as population, race and ethnicity, religion, economics, tourism, and urban geography. The environmental geography concentration is designed for students interested in studying physical geography, conservation of natural resources, geomorphology, hydrology, environmental sustainability and sustainable development. The geographic information sciences (GIS) concentration is designed for students more interested in developing skills in the application of a variety of geo-spatial technologies, such as GIS, remote sensing, computer cartography, and digital image processing.
Located on the third floor of the Lee Drain Building, the department maintains both a Geographic Information System (GIS) lab and a combination computer cartography and remote sensing lab. These labs contain state-of-the-art computers, software and scanners. We also have a van for fieldtrips, a coring device capable of taking up to 6m core samples, high-quality GPS receivers, a large-scale flume to demonstrate sedimentation processes, and a Ground Penetrating Radar System. In order to enhance learning, all of our rooms are outfitted with video-projection systems, and our lecture rooms have sound systems and dedicated computers with Internet access that are used by the instructors for teaching purposes. Many of our students obtain internships and work with faculty members on research projects. Beyond traditional in-class courses, the geography program does offer a number of on-line courses. The program also regularly offers a number of field courses that offer students opportunities to directly experience the geographical processes and concepts learned in the classroom. Some of these field courses involve travel and/or international experiences and have included trips to Thailand, Hawaii, Mississippi Delta, Brazil, Spain, Italy and other locations.
Because of the breadth of geography, there are a wide variety of career opportunities for geography graduates. These opportunities include careers in the following:
urban and/or regional planning
GIS analyst/programmer
environmental consulting and management
state transportation departments
city, county, state, and federal government
geoscientist/geo-technician
energy companies
Geography's focus on spatial relationships, in conjunction with new advances in technology, have led to the development of a host of geographical tools—principally Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS)—that regularly function as core tools used in a wide variety of fields. In fact, geospatial technology now affects almost every aspect of life, from navigating an unfamiliar neighborhood to locating the world's most wanted terrorists. Because these tools can be applied within virtually any field (government, business, military, etc.) geospatial technology is one of the fastest growing job fields and the demand for people with experience using them exceeds the supply. Aside from offering a major concentration that emphasizes these technologies, we also offer students an Interdisciplinary Minor in Geospatial Science (GSS) that emphasizes GIS, remote sensing and computer cartography. The combination of geography major and a GSS minor is highly marketable. In addition, we also offer a GIS certificate program for students desiring to pursue a limited number of geotechnical courses. With their broad background, geography graduates have an ability to see connections where others do not, and this enables geographers to work in many different fields. Geography literally offers a world of opportunities.
Suggested Minors
GSS (Geo-spatial Science)
Biology or Environmental Science
Program Specific Requirements
Students must meet the academic standards established by the university.
Required Courses for Geography Major
Bachelor of Arts, human geography concentration
Select one of the following 3-4
Weather and Climate willl double-dip with Core or Degree Specific lab science requirement
Sustainability & Environment
Environmental Geography
Select two of the following: 6
People, Place and the Envrnmt
World Reg Geo-Eur Asia Aust
Reg Geo-Lat Am Africa So Asia
GEOG 3350 Cultural Geography 3
Select one of the following technique courses: 3
Geo-Spatial Technology
Intro to Geographic Info Sys
Computer Cartography
Geographic Information Systems for Public Health
Applied Geographic Info Systms
Select five of the following: 15
Urban Geography
Population Geography
Transportation Geography
Cultural Field Study
Advanced Geography Electives 3
General Geography Electives 3
Total Hours 36-37
Bachelor of Science, human geography concentration
The above requirements, plus additional degree specific requirements (see below)
Bachelor of Arts, environmental geography concentration
GEOG 1401 Weather and Climate 4
GEOG 2341 Physical Geography 3
or GEOG 2320 Sustainability & Environment
GEOG 3301 Environmental Geography 3
Select one of the following: 3
Select three of the following: 9
Hydrology and Water Resources
Conservation of Natural Res
Advanced Human Geography 6
Total Hours 37
Bachelor of Science, environmental geography concentration
Bachelor of Science, geo-spatial information science concentration
or GEOG 3350 Cultural Geography
Concentration Specific 17
Applied Cognate 6
General Geography Elective 3
In addition to these requirements, students must take the degree-specific courses particular to their respective degree (BA or BS).
Geology Program
Coordinator: Brian J. Cooper (936) 294-1566
Website: Department of Geography and Geology
Geology is the ultimate integrated science because all of the principles and methods of the other sciences, as well as geologic principles and methods, are applied to an understanding of the Earth. Geologists study rocks, of course, but they study them from the context of providing information that may eventually be used to forecast earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geologic hazards. The information obtained may also be applied to help geologists locate various natural resources. Therefore, geology serves to enhance human existence by attempting to reduce risk and by providing the materials necessary for the expansion of civilization.
The Geology Degree is designed for the person seeking a position in industry or planning to attend graduate school. The Geoscience Plan is designed for the person with a general interest in geology. Each plan is designed to provide an education in the fundamentals of geology. The required geology courses will give the student an understanding of the Earth and will provide an opportunity to observe, investigate, analyze, and interpret geological materials, processes, and structures.
Located on the third floor of the Lee Drain Building, the department places considerable emphasis on the integration of lab-based analytical science with similarly rigorous analysis conducted by means of field work. In support, the department maintains a range of field and laboratory equipment including a Mackereth coring system, a vibracorer, a research flume, a portable XRF, an X-ray diffractometer, a catholuminescence microscope, plus a variety of GPS and GIS-linked surveying equipment. Many of our students obtain internships and work with faculty members on research projects.
Geology majors generally pursue careers in three areas:
the environmental industry
the petroleum industry
Geology students are provided with the knowledge and skills required to pursue an applied profession, a career in education, and/or continued education at the graduate level.
Other sciences (Biology, Chemistry, or Physic
Geology program specific requirements include 8 hours in each of CHEM and PHYS; plus 7-8 hours of MATH.
Required Courses for Geology Major
Bachelor of Science, Geology
GEOL 1403 Physical Geology 4
or GEOL 1405 Geologic Hazards & Resources
GEOL 1404 Historical Geology 4
GEOL 3301 Field Methods 3
GEOL 3404 Mineralogy 4
GEOL 3405 Petrology 4
GEOL 4304 Geochemistry 3
GEOL 4400 Stratigraphy & Sedimentation 4
GEOL 4402 Structural Geology 4
GEOL 4413 Methods in Applied Geophysics 4
GEOL 4360 Field Geology 3
Three Advanced GEOL Electives 9
Bachelor of Science, Geoscience
Five Advanced GEOL Electives 15
Bachelor of Arts, Major in Geography (Human Geography)
Bachelor of Science, Major in Geography (Human Geography)
Bachelor of Arts, Major in Geography (Environmental Geography)
Bachelor of Science, Major in Geography (Environmental Geography)
Bachelor of Science, Major in Geography, Geo-spatial Information Sciences
Bachelor of Science, Major in Geology
Bachelor of Science, Major in Geology (Geoscience)
Bachelor of Science, Major in Composite Science-Geology Concentration
Minor in Geography
Minor in Geo-Spatial Science
Minor in Geology
Geographers of Sam Houston (GOSH) - GOSH is intended to enhance appreciation for geography through club-sponsored field trips, guest lectures, and other activities, and to promote camaraderie among geography students.
Gamma Theta Upsilon (GTU) - GTU is the National Geography Honor Society and was established to promote geographic awareness and the pursuit of geographic knowledge. To be eligible for membership in this honor society, students must have at least 12 hours of geography coursework, a minimum GPA of 3.25 in their geography coursework, and an overall GPA of at least 3.0.
Educational and research opportunities using GIS are available through a variety of internship opportunities that will increase students' skills and employment opportunities.
Richardson Endowment Awards
C. ALLEN WILLIAMS AWARD FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDENTS: $500-$700 one semester.
Geography majors or minors, senior status.
CODY BARRON AWARD FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDENTS: $500-$700 one semester.
GERALD L. HOLDER AWARD FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDENTS: $500 -- $700 one semester.
Geography majors or minors, senior status, 3.0 GPA Geography overall.
JAMES ELLISON KIRKLEY AWARD: Two awards (amounts vary) to majors in history, political science, geography, or sociology.
Recipients are selected on basis of high academic achievement.
JOHN H. BOUNDS AWARD FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDENTS: $500-$700 for one semester.
THE ELTON M. SCOTT AWARD FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDENTS: $500 -- $700 one semester.
Geography majors or minors, senior status. 3.0 GPA Geography overall.
Request information from:
John Strait
Geography Program Coordinator
Department of Geography and Geology
Huntsville, TX 77341-2148
Sam Houston Association of Geology Students (SHAGS) - SHAGS is a very active student organization that sponsors field trips to sites in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Alumni, professors, and other professional geologists are invited to speak at SHAGS meetings. Geology majors benefit greatly from the sense of camaraderie gained during the field trips, meetings, and other activities.
Educational and research opportunities are available through a variety of internship opportunities in the fields of GIS, hydrocarbons, and environmental geology that will increase students' skills and employment opportunities.
CANNAN GEOLOGICAL SCHOLARSHIPS: $600 per year, junior or senior status, Geology majors, minimum GPA of 3.2 in Geology and overall 3.0, faculty recommendations required.
HOUSTON GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OUTSTANDING SENIOR AWARD: Awards and scholarships funded by the Houston Geological Society given to just seven universities in Texas.
HOUSTON GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SCHOLARSHIP: Award recipients are determined by a faculty committee during the Spring semester.
SHAGS Award: $500 per year, awarded to two students, junior or senior status, Geology majors, minimum GPA of 3.0, faculty recommendations required.
GEOG 1300. People, Place and the Envrnmt. 3 Hours.
The basic concepts of meteorology and climatology are introduced. Atmospheric temperature, pressure, winds, moisture, and air masses and storms are systematically covered, followed by an overview of the major climates and ecosystems of the earth. Environmental problems related to weather, climate, and ecosystems are considered throughout.
GEOG 1401. Weather and Climate. 4 Hours.
The basic concepts of meteorology and climatology are introduced. Atmospheric temperature, pressure, winds, moisture, and air masses and storms are systematically covered, followed by an overview of the major climates and ecosystems of the earth. Environmental problems related to weather, climate, and ecosystems are considered throughout. The lab portion of weather and climate is an activity-related treatment of the basic components of meteorology and climatology. Specific topics covered are similar to the lecture.
GEOG 2320. Sustainability & Environment. 3 Hours.
Students investigate and assess the impacts that human activity can have on the environment and will seek to identify innovative, cross-disciplinary solutions to many of the world's most pressing environmental challenges. Given that Sustainability Science involves making decisions and taking actions that are in the interest of protecting the natural world, course topics will include current sustainability issues related to population growth, agriculture, natural resources, energy usage, habitat degradation and ecological economics. This course is typically be offered every other fall semester.
Prerequisite: BIOL 1401.
GEOG 2341. Physical Geography. 3 Hours.
Students examine the basic physical and biological systems of planet Earth, including the atmosphere, oceans, landforms, soils, and ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on understanding the distribution, scale, and dynamic inter-relationships and processes, which shape the physical and biological landscape as well as the ways in which humans alter the environment and are, in turn, affected by the environment.
GEOG 2355. World Reg Geo-Eur Asia Aust. 3 Hours.
Students are provided a general overview of the land and people. Topics discussed may include the physical environment, cultural characteristics and the various ways people live and make their living. Attention is focused upon the relationships which exist between location, the physical environment and human activity. Examples of countries covered are Russia, Germany, France, China, Japan, and United Kingdom.
GEOG 2356. Reg Geo-Lat Am Africa So Asia. 3 Hours.
Students are provided a general overview of the land and people. Topics discussed may include the physical environment, cultural characteristics and the various ways people live and make their living. Attention is focused upon the relationships which exist between location, the physical environment and human activity. Examples of countries covered are Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Egypt, Republic of South Africa, Israel, Iran, and India.
GEOG 2364. Geo-Spatial Technology. 3 Hours.
Students are introduced to technologies, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS), that are used to map and study the Earth. The emphasis is placed on the application of these technologies in areas of environmental and natural resources management, business and marketing, and law enforcement and national security.
GEOG 2464. Intro to Geographic Info Sys. 4 Hours.
Students are introduced to the basics of geographic information systems (GIS) with an emphasis on environmental and resource management applications. Students design and develop a digital spatial database, perform spatial analyses, create hardcopy maps, and generate reports. Students are introduced to several GIS software packages. This course does incorporate a laboratory component.
GEOG 3301. Environmental Geography. 3 Hours.
Environmental Geography is a study of the spatial dimensions of the interaction between humans and their physical environment. Key principles of how the earth and the earth's ecosystems work, how they are interconnected, and how humans use and impact these natural resource systems will be introduced.
GEOG 3310. Sustainable Development. 3 Hours.
Sustainable development is both a fundamental concept used to understand the modern world and a tool to address global issues. Students examine this concept using the framework of geography and a global perspective. Students focus on the intersections of environment and society, including environmental, economic, and social barriers to development, environmental and social impacts of development, and the role of environmental sustainability in achieving global development goals.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1321 or GEOG 2355 or GEOG 2356.
GEOG 3350. Cultural Geography. 3 Hours.
Students focus on the concept of culture from a spatial or geographical perspective, examining culture as it relates to the geographic landscape. Topics may include the spatial dynamics of language, religion, race, ethnicity, music, sport, folk and popular cultures, and the built environment. In addition, students are provided an examination of symbolic landscapes, contested spaces, subaltern geographies, representations of place in film and literature, gendered spaces, and place-situated identities.
GEOG 3352. Tourism Geography. 3 Hours.
Students are provided an introduction to the geography of tourism. Topics may include the historical development of travel and tourism, place promotion, location of tourism destinations, geographic resources of tourism, and the physical and social outcomes of tourism.
GEOG 3358. Historical Geog of the U.S.. 3 Hours.
Students survey the changing geography of the United States including initial exploration, European perception of North America, geographical expansion of the United States to the Pacific, and geographical factors underlying the urbanization and industrialization of the nation.
GEOG 3359. Regional Geography:US & Canada. 3 Hours.
Students are provided a general overview of the land and people of the United States and Canada. Topics covered may include the physical environment (weather patterns, landforms and water resources), cultural differences, and the various ways people live and make their living. Attention is focused upon the relationships which exist between location, the physical environment and human activity. This course is available on-line and via traditional classroom delivery.
GEOG 3362. Map Use & Map Interpretation. 3 Hours.
Students learn how to use and interpret topographic maps and helps them to develop an appreciation of their use as tools by geographers. Students are familiarized to map projections and their limitations, various coordinate systems, map measurements, GPS, and the basics of air photo interpretation.
GEOG 3363. Computer Cartography. 3 Hours.
Fundamentals of thematic mapping, including appropriate usage, projections, base-map compilation, data measurement and analysis, map design and construction, color principles, and other cartographic concepts are emphasized.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2464.
GEOG 4075. Readings in Geography. 1-3 Hours.
A course designed specifically for advanced students of geography who are capable of independent study. Registration is permitted only upon approval of the program coordinator. This course may be taken for Academic Distinction credit. See Academic Distinction Program in this catalog. Variable Credit (1-3).
GEOG 4076. Special Topics. 1-3 Hours.
This course of faculty-led study is designed to explore geographical topics and concepts in a course setting. Students engage in either an in-depth, interdisciplinary study of a particular geographic region in the world, or a systematic study of a geographic topic. The course is repeatable for different regions or different topics. Variable Credit (1 to 3).
Prerequisite: GEOG 1321,or GEOG 2355, or GEOG 2356, or permission of instructor.
GEOG 4331. Conservation of Natural Res. 3 Hours.
Students explore the impact of human activities on the natural world, environmental protection, and the wise use of the earth?s resources. Topics may include: environmental history, economics, law and ethics, ecology, population issues, agriculture and grazing, soil conservation, forestry, endangered and exotic species, water availability and water pollution, hazardous and solid waste management, air pollution (including global warming), energy resources (fossil, nuclear, and renewable), and the impact of technology on the future health of the planet.
GEOG 4333. Field Studies. 3 Hours.
Use of geospatial technologies such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), laser surveying, digital aerial photography and computerized mapping (GIS) are stressed. Applications of these technologies will include surveying, water resources, forestry, soil science, wetlands delineation, urban and transportation planning, automobile accident reconstruction and crime scene evidence recovery. Half of the class meetings take place at a variety of outdoor locations.
GEOG 4351. Economic Geography. 3 Hours.
Students examine of the importance of location to human activity. The locational characteristics of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities are examined, with an emphasis on land use and urban form, its theory, and descriptive analysis as well as an explanation of market forces and their consequences. Writing enhanced.
GEOG 4356. Urban Geography. 3 Hours.
Students are introduced to the scope and nature of urban areas from a geographical or spatial perspective. Students focus on the spatial structure of urban areas and examine the geography of cities using an urban systems approach. Emphasis is placed on the North American city and its problems: land use, transportation, political fragmentation, physical environment, demographic and social change, economic dynamics, residential patterns, urban culture, poverty, etc. Trends in urbanization in both developed and developing worlds are discussed. Writing enhanced. Prerequisite: GEOG 1321 or GEOG 2355 or GEOG 2356.
GEOG 4357. Population Geography. 3 Hours.
Students examine spatial patterns and processes influencing the distribution, density, composition, and growth in human populations. Students focus on migration, and to a lesser extent, on fertility and mortality together with socio-economic, political, and environmental causes and consequences of population dynamics that vary between regions and over time. Writing enhanced.
GEOG 4358. Geography of Texas. 3 Hours.
Students engage in a survey of the regional geography of Texas. Consideration is given to the significance of primary and secondary activity within the state, urbanization, and potential for development.
GEOG 4359. Transportation Geography. 3 Hours.
Students are introduced to the concepts, theories, and methods of transportation geography. Students cover transportation infrastructure, modes of terminals, transportation economics, urban transportation, logistics, and transportation planning. In addition, students course cover various analytical techniques applied in transportation analysis, such as network analysis, gravity models, location-allocation modeling, and geographic information systems in transportation studies.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1321 or GEOG 2355 or GEOG 2356 or permission of instructor.
GEOG 4360. Cultural Field Study. 3 Hours.
Students focus on a number of topics and concepts that fall within the sub-discipline of cultural geography. Students engage in place-based learning, with the primary emphasis being a field experience that directly exposes students to processes and concepts introduced and discussed in the classroom. These may include migration, urbanization, economic transformations, demographic change, social and technological change, racial segregation, civil rights, heritage tourism and other topics. Writing enhanced.
Prerequisite: 6 GEOG advanced hours or permission of Instructor.
GEOG 4361. Geographic Information Systems for Public Health. 3 Hours.
Students cover the theory and application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for public health. Topics include an overview of the principles of GIS in public health and practical experience in its use. In addition, students cover the application of GIS mapping and analyzing the geographic distribution of populations at risk and health outcomes. The practical component involves the use of desktop GIS software packages.
GEOG 4365. Applied Geographic Info Systms. 3 Hours.
Applied GIS is designed to meet the needs for a highly applied course with realistic practical training extending the fundamental principles learned in Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GEOG 2464). The application of GIS technology to mapping, modeling and management of large data bases are emphasized.
GEOG 4367. GIS Programming. 3 Hours.
Students learn computer programming principles and their applications in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment, as well as modern programming languages for working within a variety of GIS software platforms. Students master the use of programming scripts to manipulate basic mapping objects, complete geo-processing tasks, debug and error handling, and create custom geospatial tools.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2464 or approval of instructor.
GEOG 4430. Hydrology and Water Resources. 4 Hours.
Students examine the hydrologic cycle with an emphasis on surface water processes. Specific topics may include precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, fluvial processes, and sediment transport. Using the physical concepts and equations related to these topics, students analyze water-related hazards, including flooding and drought, as well as water management and policy. While Texas-specific issues are emphasized, students explore both U.S. and international geographies of hydrology, water resources, and water management.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1403 or GEOG 2341 or GEOG 4432 and MATH 1314 or MATH 1369 or MATH 1420; or permission of instructor.
GEOG 4432. Geomorphology. 4 Hours.
Students focus on surficial geological processes and the resulting landforms. Specific topics may include landscape processes associated with streams, glaciers, wind, coasts, mass wasting, weathering and soil development, and geologic structure. Labs emphasize landform analysis through interpretation of topographic maps and aerial photos. Two-hour laboratory. Two-hour laboratory.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1303.
GEOG 4468. Remote Sensing. 4 Hours.
Students are introduced to the methods used to analyze and interpret aerial photography and satellite imagery. Emphasis is placed on multispectral satellite imagery, digital image processing, and land use and land cover analysis using remotely sensed imagery. Lab included.
GEOL 1403. Physical Geology. 4 Hours.
Students are introduced to the materials, processes, and structure of the earth. Topics may include earthquakes, volcanoes, plate tectonics, mountain building, weathering and erosion, glaciation, oceans, and mineral resources. The laboratory taken concurrently with the lecture includes experiences that involve the study of rocks, minerals, and map interpretations.
GEOL 1404. Historical Geology. 4 Hours.
Students are introduced to the history of the earth and its past inhabitants, including a section on the dinosaurs and their extinction. Students are given a broad overview of the tectonic evolution of the planet, indicated by various major mountain-building events; ancient environments and changing sea levels recorded in sedimentary deposits; and the evolution of life represented by the fossil record. The laboratory taken concurrently with the lecture includes the study of common animal and plant fossils and problems that illustrate practical applications of geological principles.
GEOL 1405. Geologic Hazards & Resources. 4 Hours.
Students are introduced to the interrelationship between humans and the geologic environment, which includes the potential hazards posed by geologic processe and the planning that needs to be done to lessen their impact. Earth materials and their uses by humans are also emphasized. The laboratory taken concurrently with the lecture includes map and air photo interpretation, analysis of remote sensing data, and study of economically important earth materials. Field trips and take-home computer exercises are also required.
GEOL 1436. Foundations of Science. 4 Hours.
Students focus on the nature of science as a reliable method of acquiring knowledge about the natural world. Students learn how to apply key scientific facts, concepts, laws and theories to distinguish science from non-science, bad science, and psedoscience by analyzing a variety of claims and case studies. By employing an innovative, interdisciplinary approach to science education, this course is designed to increase science literacy and critical thinking skills for introductory-level science students. Students must enroll concurrently in the corresponding lab for this course.
GEOL 3301. Field Methods. 3 Hours.
Students are provided experience with common field techniques used in geologic mapping and geologic investigations. An emphasis is placed on techniques and skills used for systematic field observations and data collection for construction of stratigraphic columns, structural cross-sections, and the development of geologic maps. The course has a mandatory two-week field component.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1304/GEOL 1104 or GEOL 1404 and GEOL 1303/GEOL 1103 or GEOL1403 or GEOL 1305/GEOL 1105 or GEOL 1405.
GEOL 3326. Environmental Geology. 3 Hours.
Students are introduced to geological processes and materials, and how they affect people and the environment. Specific topics include earthquakes, volcanism, mass wasting, floods, coastal hazards, and climatic change. Optional topics may include such items as energy and water resources, subsidence, and waste disposal.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1303/GEOL 1103 or GEOL 1403 or GEOL 1305/ GEOL 1105 or GEOL 1405.
GEOL 3330. Oceanography. 3 Hours.
Students engage in a survey of the general principles of oceanography is made. The geology of ocean basins, tide-water processes and the chemistry of sea water are studied. Biophysics of the sea and environmental problems are considered.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1303/1103 or GEOL 1403 or GEOL 1305/1105 or GEOL 1405.
GEOL 3332. Forensic Geology. 3 Hours.
Students cover many of the basic geological principles and techniques used in solving crime. A significant part of the course involves case studies as well as hands-on field and laboratory analyses.
Prerequisite: GEL132/112 or GEOL 1303, GEOL 1103 plus CHEM 1311, CHEM 1111, CHEM 1312, CHEM 1112, and MATH 1316.
GEOL 3404. Mineralogy. 4 Hours.
Students cover crystallography, genesis of minerals, identification and classification of minerals, and optical mineralogy. Includes lab work.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1303/GEOL 1103 or GEOL 1403 or GEOL 1305/GEOL1105 or GEOL 1405 and GEOL 1304/GEOL 1104 or GEOL 1404 and CHEM 1311/CHEM 1111 or CHEM 1411 and CHEM 1312/CHEM 1112 or CHEM 1412 and MATH 1316 or MATH 1410.
GEOL 3405. Petrology. 4 Hours.
Students engage in the classification, origin, occurrence and associations of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Includes optical petrology using thin sections.
GEOL 3415. Paleontology of Invertebrates. 4 Hours.
Students focus on the fundamental concepts, principles, and methods involved in deciphering the origin, development, and extinction of past life as revealed through the study of invertebrate fossils.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1304/GEOL 1104 or GEOL 1404.
GEOL 4095. Special Topics in Geology. 1-3 Hours.
Individual study in special areas of geology. Topic content is usually selected and agreed upon by the student and a member of the Geology faculty. Sometimes special topics courses are offered by the Geology faculty. This course may be taken for Academic Distinction credit. See Academic Distinction Program in this catalog.. Variable Credit (1-3). May be repeated for credit. May be repeated for credit.
Prerequisite: Prerequisites and credit will be determined by the faculty member.
GEOL 4304. Geochemistry. 3 Hours.
Students are provided a general introduction to all types of geochemistry that includes a discussion of the underlying chemical concepts, with an emphasis on the applications to geological environments. The chemical concepts include isotopic chemistry, thermodynamics, crystal chemistry, and aqueous solutions. The geological metasomatism, geothermobarometry, and environmental geochemistry. Even year Fall.
Prerequisite: CHEM 1411 and GEOL 3404 and GEOL 1405 or GEOL 1403.
GEOL 4312. Economic Geology. 3 Hours.
Students explore the origin and occurrence of economically important minerals. A portion of the course is devoted to petroleum.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1403 or GEOL 1405 plus GEOL 1404.
GEOL 4320. Petroleum Geology. 3 Hours.
Students review the origin and development of petroleum and natural gas deposits, and surveys the various tools used to prospect for commercial deposits of oil and natural gas.
GEOL 4331. Geology of North America. 3 Hours.
Students study of the geologic history of the continent of North America. Topics may include paleogeography, major depositional areas and stratigraphic units, and paleotectonics.
GEOL 4337. Plate Tectonics. 3 Hours.
Students are introduced to the movement of lithospheric plates. Topics to be covered may include earthquakes, volcanism, seismic tomography, the evolution of continents and ocean basins, and the influence of the earth?s interior on these processes. Lecture only.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1303/1103 or GEOL 1403 or GEOL 1305/1105 or GEOL 1405 and GEOL 1304/1104 or GEOL 1404.
GEOL 4360. Field Geology. 3 Hours.
These courses will consist of on-site studies in structure, stratigraphy, petrology and paleontology. Field trips are taken to appropriate areas in Texas and/or surrounding states. T
Prerequisite: Senior standing.
These courses will consist of on-site studies in structure, stratigraphy, petrology and paleontology. Field trips will be taken to appropriate areas in Texas and/or surrounding states. T
GEOL 4400. Stratigraphy & Sedimentation. 4 Hours.
Students study the principles and methods used in describing, classifying, and correlating strata, which includes studies of modern and ancient depositional environments. Lab/field work included.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1304/GEOL 1104 or GEOL 1404 and GEOL 1303/GEOL 1103 or GEOL 1403 or GEOL 1305/GEOL 1105 or GEOL 1405.
GEOL 4402. Structural Geology. 4 Hours.
Students cover the principles of deformation of the Earth?s lithosphere with emphasis on mechanical principles, identification and interpretation of structures from the microscopic scale to the scale of mountain belts. Other topics may include regional tectonics and application in petroleum exploration. Lab work focuses on graphical and quantitative techniques of analyzing geologic structures.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1303, GEOL 1103, PHYS 1301, PHYS 1101, MATH 1316.
GEOL 4413. Methods in Applied Geophysics. 4 Hours.
Applied Geophysics involves measurements made on the surface of the Earth that are interpreted to yield the distribution of subsurface properties, particularly those having economic and engineering importance. Students are provided an introduction to the latest methods used to map the distribution of physical properties beneath the surface of the Earth and is widely recommended for students who plan to pursue careers that directly or indirectly involve subsurface imaging and analysis.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1305, GEOL 1105 or GEOL 1303, GEOL 1103, MATH 1420, PHYS 1301, PHYS 1101, PHYS 1302, PHYS 1102, or by permission of instructor.
GEOL 4414. Sea Level Chg&Geological Rec. 4 Hours.
Students examine the various modern causes of relative and absolute sea level change. In addition, students engage in an analysis of ancient geological sedimentary and stratigraphic records from the perspective of what they reveal about rates and scales of sea level change in the past as well as implications for the future. Sequence stratigraphic concepts (commonly used in the petroleum industry) are critically examined via field-based and paper and core-based studies.
GEOL 4426. Hydrogeology. 4 Hours.
Students are introduced to the study of groundwater and its role in the hydrologic cycle. Topics may include properties and distribution of water on the surface, in the vadose zone and in aquifers; behavior, modeling, and geology of groundwater aquifers; human use and abuse of water resources, including groundwater contamination and extraction; and water law economics, and aquatic ecology. A lab with field trips focus on measurement and modeling of groundwater.
Prerequisite: GEOL 1403 and MATH 1316.
Director/Chair: Brian Jay Cooper
Samuel Adu-Prah, PHD, Associate Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Southern Illinois U-Carbondale; MSED, Alcorn State University; MPHIL, University of Cambridge; BA, University of Ghana
Donald P. Albert, PHD, Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Univ of N Carolina-Chapel Hill; MA, Appalachian State University; BS, Salem State College
Brian Jay Cooper, PHD, Associate Professor of Geology and Chair, Dept of Geography and Geology, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Virginia Polytechnic&State U; MS, Virginia Polytechnic&State U; BA, Univ of Calif-Santa Barbara
Ben Marcus Gillespie, PHD, Associate Professor of Geography; Assoc Dean, COSET, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Texas A&M University; MA, Univ of Wyoming; BS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University
Gang Gong, PHD, Associate Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Boston University; MA, Boston University; BS, Peking University
Ross Joseph Guida, PHD, Assistant Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Southern Illinois U-Carbondale; MS, Univ of Nevada-Las Vegas; BA, Univ of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
John P Harris, PHD, Associate Professor of Geology, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Texas A&M University; MS, Univ of Arkansas-Fayetteville; BS, Univ of Arkansas-Fayetteville
Joseph C Hill, PHD, Associate Professor of Geology, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Univ of Missouri-Columbia; MS, Univ of Tennessee-Knoxville; BS, Univ of Tennessee-Knoxville
Mark R Leipnik, PHD, Professor of Geography and Geology, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Univ of Calif-Santa Barbara; MBA, Rice University; BA, Univ of Calif-Santa Barbara; BA, Univ of Calif-Santa Barbara
David Kelton Moss, PHD, Assistant Professor of Geology, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Syracuse University; MS, Univ of Oklahoma-Norman; BS, Centenary College of Louisiana
Falguni Shyamal Mukherjee, PHD, Associate Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Univ of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; MS, Univ of Texas At Dallas; BE, Birla Institute of Tech & Sci
Velvet A Nelson, PHD, Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Kent State University; MA, East Carolina Univ; BSBA, West Liberty State College
John B Strait, PHD, Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Univ of Georgia; MA, Georgia State University; BA, Wittenberg University
James W. Tiller, PHD, Professor of Geography, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Univ of Oklahoma-Norman; MA, Univ of Oklahoma-Norman; MED, Univ of North Texas; BS, Univ of North Texas
Renjie Zhou, PHD, Assistant Professor of Geology, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Texas A&M University; BS, China University of Petroleum
Interim Faculty
Andrew J Fraass, PHD, Visiting Assistant Professor of Geology, Department of Geography-Geology, PHD, Univ of Massachusetts-Amherst; MS, Univ of Wisconsin-Madison; BS, Univ of Wisconsin-Madison; BS, Univ of Wisconsin-Madison
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text:
Geochemistry — Division Of Earth Sciences
In Geochemistry
Geochemical studies at USC are highly interdisciplinary, and are carried out by college with pursuits in geobiology, climate science, marine chemistry, environmental chemistry, and petrology. In 1996, The Geochemical Society and The European Affiliation of Geochemistry established the honorary title of Geochemistry Fellow, to be bestowed upon excellent scientists who have, over some years, made a major contribution to the field of geochemistry.
Geochemists describe themselves as people with a propensity for fixing puzzles and with a pure curiosity about the Earth and its composition. The ebook assists the European Commission in its legislative work on bottled waters with respect to inorganic constituents and gives a great estimate of element concentrations and variation in groundwater at the European scale.
On-farm banking has the promise of constructing the most efficient use of the greatest quantity of land potential while growing the reliability and resiliency of California's groundwater supply," says EESA scientist Peter Nico, a soil and environmental biogeochemist.
A wide range of expertise within the field of geochemistry, underpinned by new state-of-the-art laboratory services. The Department of Geology at the University of Illinois has championed pioneering analysis and wonderful instructing for over a century. Most of our work utilizes main and hint parts, stable isotopes and the merchandise of pure radioactive decay in rocks, waters and other geomaterials.
The devices and strategies accessible could be utilized to a diverse vary of purposes together with environmental, geological, nuclear, medical, archaeological and oceanographic. Geochemical evaluation of Earth's tectonic plates reveals a continental crust that is older, thicker and more granite-like than the younger, thinner oceanic crusts made of basaltic (iron, magnesium) materials.
#sciences,
2018 Natural Geochemistry Convention GRC
Environmental Geochemistry
GPS Analysis Program

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cross Street in Island Pond. This month on 'Brave Little State,' we try to answer a listener question about just how "different" the Northeast Kingdom is from the rest of the state.
That's what Walter Parenteau asked Brave Little State, VPR's people-powered journalism podcast.
Editor's note: This episode is loaded with voices from the Northeast Kingdom and excellent music by NEK native Patrick Ross. We highly recommend listening in the player above!
Our brave question-asker this month is Walter Parenteau, a native of the Northeast Kingdom who recently moved back after more than 15 years out of state.
Walter grew up in Westmore, and now lives in Brownington — both towns in Orleans County, which, along with Essex and Caledonia counties, make up that region of Vermont known as the Northeast Kingdom.
"I left the state when I was 19. And I've been away for the better part of the last 16 years. And I just moved back," Walter says. But his question doesn't stem from a reaction to his homecoming.
Walter says he was a student at Lake Region Union High School in 2000, when Gov. Howard Dean signed Vermont's civil unions law.
Walter says that now that he's back in the Kingdom, he's much more confident than he was as a high-schooler — and he acknowledges that when it comes to LGBTQ issues, a lot has changed in general since the early 2000s. So at this point, he's just generally curious about what does or doesn't set the region apart in terms of things like politics, religion and the economy, and the way those things shape culture.
"I know that we say, 'Oh, [the] Northeast Kingdom is different,' when we look at a brochure, when we see it in a commercial, when it's on TV," he says.
Walter also wanted to know: What's with the name?
For that we can turn to a resident chronicler of Northeast Kingdom past and present. Scott Wheeler hosts a radio show and a TV show and publishes the Vermont's Northland Journal — all with a focus on the Northeast Kingdom.
In 2010, he interviewed Lola Aiken, the widow of George Aiken, the Vermont governor who became a U.S. senator — "the man who coined the phrase Northeast Kingdom," Scott says.
The Aikens were big fans of the northeast corner of the state — especially Island Pond, where "the governor," as George Aiken was called, liked to fish.
The story goes that said governor (who was technically a senator at the time) uttered the phrase "Northeast Kingdom" at a regional development meeting at the Darling Inn in Lyndonville, in 1949.
Brave Little State met up with Scott at an Italian restaurant in Derby to talk more about this. Scott says it wasn't just by chance that the region got a catchy name.
"What was going on before the meeting was, in the years before, [business groups] were trying to come up with a way — the area was beautiful, but it was also poverty stricken. And so they were trying … to figure out how to brand this area. It wasn't just to get people to see it, but it was also to bring economic commerce here," Scott says.
George Aiken, who served Vermont as a governor and U.S. senator, is often credited with giving the Northeast Kingdom its name. But this 1949 report from the Caledonia Record suggests he may have borrowed the phrase from someone else.
Since he interviewed Lola Aiken, Scott says he's become less certain that George Aiken did indeed coin the term; he's read an account that suggests Aiken may have heard it somewhere else, and just repeated it. But regardless, Scott says Aiken was the one who popularized it.
"No matter who coined that phrase, if the tri-county area had never been coined 'Northeast Kingdom' or anything else, I don't think that we would be thinking of ourselves as a particular region" he says.
And in Scott's mind, it was kind of a random grouping of three counties.
That's true, by the way. According to American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Orleans and Essex Counties have the highest poverty rates in the state: just under 15 percent. Caledonia is in the middle of the pack, with Rutland, Orange and Chittenden counties, at around 12 percent. But Scott says that kind of thing doesn't stop people from mentally lumping the three counties together into a single place with a mythic name.
It isn't a totally arbitrary region, though. (You might remember from our episode on Vermont's geology that parts of the Kingdom have bedrock more similar to New Hampshire than the rest of Vermont.) And it's also basically hemmed in by the Green Mountains and the White Mountains.
"As a result, just in previous time, it was a little more difficult for people to reach the Northeast Kingdom," says Mark Breen, the senior meteorologist at the Fairbanks Museum, the home of VPR's Eye on the Sky weather forecasts.
Mark says those same mountains block something else from coming in: warm weather.
And even when there's not snow, there's frost.
And on top of all that? There's not even much sunshine to be had.
Hear Northeast Kingdom resident Carl Blaisdell talk to Erica Heilman about the weather.
"Yes, the Northeast Kingdom is quantifiably more conservative and more Republican than the state as a whole," says Lachlan Francis, a senior at the University of Vermont and a double major in political science and geography. When Lachlan spoke to Brave Little State, he had just gotten back from a student political science conference in Washington, D.C., where he was presenting a paper he had done on voting patterns in Vermont.
Lachlan disclosed to us that he's worked for the Democratic Party on state and national campaigns. But for this project he was just crunching numbers from the Vermont Secretary of State's office, and then mapping them.
Analyses of presidential election results from 2000 to 2016 show clusters of Republican support in the Northeast Kingdom, as well as other parts of the state.
"From there I observed that … Republican support was clustered in the Northeast Kingdom, all over the Kingdom, as well as in parts of Rutland County and certainly in the more rural parts of Franklin County, outside of St. Albans City," Lachlan says.
"I think in the national context, what is interesting about the Northeast Kingdom is for how rural it is and for its sort of economic structure and, you know, some of the other identifiers that researchers have looked at when considering partisanship, the Northeast Kingdom is remarkably liberal for what it is," he says.
For example, among people 25 years of age and older, the three counties in the Kingdom have some of the lowest rates of graduation from high school and college in the state, according to estimates from the American Community Survey. This is something that tends to track with a more conservative vote. But in 2016, Hillary Clinton narrowly won Caledonia and Orleans counties. Essex did go to Donald Trump.
"And it's just funny for us to sort of consider that, you know, given our own notions of how conservative the NEK is compared to the rest of the state," Lachlan says.
One quick note on religion, which our question-asker Walter was wondering about. In terms of the percentage of people who are identified as belonging to a religious congregation, the three NEK counties are *not* more religious than the rest of the state. This is according to the Association of Religious Data Archives at Penn State University.
NEK residents know which negative stereotypes are associated with their region.
Lachlan Francis makes one more really important point: that the Kingdom isn't the only place in Vermont with a really strong rural identity.
In his research Lachlan drew on the work of a geographer named Katherine Cramer, who wrote a book called The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker. He says the concept of "rural consciousness" was a useful lens for examining Vermont's partisan breakdown.
It's also worth noting that while Essex is the least populous county, at about 6,200 people, Orleans and Caledonia are further down the list, at numbers 4 and 6. But again, when you talk to people there, the overwhelming sentiment is one of rural exceptionalism.
Hear Northeast Kingdom residents sound off on what makes the place unique.
Gary Ely, St. Johnsbury: Are you kidding me? I love this place. Come on! That's the whole thing — get out of here if you don't like it. And I think that people come here and they say, "I love this place." It's peaceful, and you can go out and go fishing and you can hunt. It's a great place.
I just like it 'cause it's home. It's like, you know, at night when you go home and you get in bed. It's kind of that feeling. There's a security that lies in this area. And I love that part of it more than anything. It's just, here it's a different way of life.
It's just more peaceful. And it's not the traffic and a lot of all of those things that are more like cities. Here, I mean, you go out on the street. ... If you meet 50 people, I know 30 or 40 of them. Or more!
Craig Goulet, Island Pond: You know, we know everybody. And they know us us. They buy gas here every week for their sleds. And you get to know 'em.
Scott Wheeler, Derby: If you are prone to gossip, you better be careful on who you're talking to. Because you never know who is related.
Justin Veysey, Irasburg: My own perception as a person living here, it's kind of like, "Well, if I didn't go to high school with you, and my parents didn't know your grandparents, then tough cookies, 'cause I've got all the friends I need, and I'm all set."
Molly Veysey, Irasburg: I find that folks up here have their pathways generationally, you know? So there's probably not a whole lot of need for people to go out and find new friends and new social networks, but having moved to a new area all together, I had to make that effort.
I grew up in Johnson. And so when I moved to the Northeast Kingdom, when I moved to Irasburg, I thought to myself, 'Well it can't be that different.' You know? There's no way that it could be that different. But it is. There is a definite cultural shift. Two towns away is, you know, where I was raised and grew up, and still, you know, coming to Irasburg and living here, there's an undoubted difference.
Maybe it wasn't a moment [of realization] as much as the process of realizing how lonely I was. I didn't know anybody, you know, there were no real neighbors or people that I grew up with, there was no familial connections, so I was really alone. And I found that a lot of the people that I have connected with are also not from this area.
John Rice, Lowell: I was outside, I'd been here for about a week. And these two gentlemen, I'd seen them drive back and forth, you know, I live on a back road. So they're out, I don't know if they're road hunting or whatever, but they were out. It was fall.
And they were, you know, having a couple pops and stuff, and they pull in, finally, and they introduce themselves, and they say, "So, where you from?' And I say I'm from Connecticut. "Oh, you're a flatlander, huh!" And then the one guy just says "Uh, excuse me while I water your lawn," and I'm like, whoa. And then that was pretty much that, and they said, "Well, welcome to the neighborhood!" And they took off.
I find [the Northeast Kingdom] it to be pretty accepting. See I grew up in a suburban situation, so I had a lot of white friends, went an all-white school, so this is really no different to me. Yeah, you know, there are slights, there are things, but that happens all throughout life, you know what I mean?
Tamara Poginy, Lyndonville: I mean, if you have a job, count your blessings. Be happy you have a job up here because it's not easy. If you've got one, hang on to it. Yeah, cherish it.
But if you want to work up here, you travel. If you want to go to the grocery store, you travel. You know, you want to go clothes shopping, you need to go to Burlington. I mean, when they closed the Ames down several years ago up in Derby it was, everybody was frantic. 'Cause it's like, 'Now where do we buy our towels, where do we buy our underwear?' We had nothing. So it was nice when Walmart came in because then we weren't traveling all the way to Littleton, New Hampshire. But yeah. Maybe that's something people don't understand about living up here. When something like that comes in, man, it's big news.
What's striking about hearing everyone talk about the Kingdom is that in some ways the place they describe sounds unique — and in others, it sounds like it could be any rural community.
Our question-asker Walter came along for some of our interviews, and after an afternoon talking to folks in Island Pond, he had sort of come to the same conclusion.
"Maybe, like the individuals we talk to, maybe not them, but just the vocabulary they're using, like, 'Oh, we need jobs, we need money, we need investment — like, that's the national story. Are we just spreading rumors and all believing it? And creating that?" he wondered. "It's like, is our myth-making making our reality?"
Ultimately, when it comes to the Kingdom, that's probably the more apt question: Is the myth-making making the reality?
Sure, you can look at some numbers and some trends, but that'll only get you so far. The story of the place has taken on a life of its own — for better or for worse.
"It's either the extreme, like we're like this Never-Never Land, where the pot of gold is all over, or ... we're like this rural slum," Scott Wheeler laments. "And we're caught somewhere in between … You know, we're not perfect, but yet on the other hand is, we're not Never-Never Land, either.
There's this binary reputation that the Kingdom has. And hearing what everyone in our interviews said, it's tempting to think there's a binary experience for people who live there, too.
But Carol Dickson, the academic dean at Sterling College, in Craftsbury Common, says that's too simplistic.
Carol would know: She lives near Montpelier, and commutes to the Northeast Kingdom for her work at Sterling College. "So I am sort of traveling that insider/outsider distinction every day," she says.
Carol teaches writing and literature at Sterling, and a class called "Sense of Place." In her conversation with Brave Little State, she talked about the writers whose work is deeply rooted in the Kingdom, such as Howard Frank Mosher and David Budbill and Julia Shipley, and about how all the stories about this place that George Aiken named — and also all the marketing of the Kingdom — have made it difficult to do what Walter asked us to do, which was basically separate fact from fiction or impression.
"I guess I'm thinking about in that phrase, 'a sense of place,' like, what does that mean, right? And is there such a thing as a different sense of place here versus somewhere else?" Carol muses. "And I mean ultimately I get to the point where ... does it matter if it's in people's heads or if it's an actual thing? Because it's there, right? It may be just myth. It may be just the way people talk to one another. But that becomes a certain reality."
Brave Little State is a production of Vermont Public Radio. We have support from the VPR Innovation Fund, and from VPR members. If you like this show, consider becoming one.
Thanks to Greg Miller, Dylan Tester, Melinda Gervais-Lamoureux, Scott Gowdy, John Rice, Mike Strait, Craig Goulet, Justin Veysey and Tim Patterson for sharing their thoughts for this episode.
Our editor is Lynne McCrea and our theme music is by Ty Gibbons, and all the music in this month's episode was by Patrick Ross and his independent, Vermont-based Rock Farmer Record Label, in Newbury. We have engineering support from Chris Albertine. Special thanks to Liam Elder Connors and Bob Kinzel.


text:
Cytokine Profiles in Malawian Children Presenting with Uncomplicated Malaria, Severe Malarial Anemia, and Cerebral Malaria
Wilson L. Mandala, Chisomo L. Msefula, Esther N. Gondwe, Mark T. Drayson, Malcolm E. Molyneux, Calman A. MacLennan
David W. Pascual, Editor
Wilson L. Mandala
aMalawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
bDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
cLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Chisomo L. Msefula
dDepartment of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
Esther N. Gondwe
Mark T. Drayson
eInstitute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Malcolm E. Molyneux
fDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
Calman A. MacLennan
gThe Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
David W. Pascual
Roles: Editor
Proinflammatory cytokines are involved in clearance of Plasmodium falciparum, and very high levels of these cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. In order to determine how cytokines vary with disease severity and syndrome, we enrolled Malawian children presenting with cerebral malaria (CM), severe malarial anemia (SMA), and uncomplicated malaria (UCM) and healthy controls. We analyzed serum cytokine concentrations in acute infection and in convalescence. With the exception of interleukin 5 (IL-5), cytokine concentrations were highest in acute CM, followed by SMA, and were only mildly elevated in UCM. Cytokine concentrations had fallen to control levels when remeasured at 1 month of convalescence in all three clinical malaria groups. Ratios of IL-10 to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and of IL-10 to IL-6 followed a similar pattern. Children presenting with acute CM had significantly higher concentrations of TNF-α (P < 0.001), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (P = 0.0019), IL-2 (P = 0.0004), IL-6 (P < 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.001), and IL-10 (P < 0.001) in sera than healthy controls. Patients with acute CM had significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 (P < 0.001) and IL-10 (P = 0.0003) than those presenting with acute SMA. Our findings are consistent with the concept that high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, despite high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, could contribute to the pathogenesis of CM.
Returned for modification 1 January 2017.
Accepted 18 January 2017.
Accepted manuscript posted online 25 January 2017.
Supplemental material for this article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00533-16 .
Copyright © 2017 Mandala et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license .
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology Apr 2017, 24 (4) e00533-16; DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00533-16
You are going to email the following Cytokine Profiles in Malawian Children Presenting with Uncomplicated Malaria, Severe Malarial Anemia, and Cerebral Malaria
Malaria, Falciparum


This Spicy Chicken Roast Recipe is simple and would not take much time. Chicken is a good food if you are non-vegetarian, rich in protein and good for people on low carb diet.
Spicy Chicken Roast is surely an item which will decorate your dining table on Easter day. Try this.
This spicy chicken roast dish is very simple and easy to make. You can serve this dish with Roti or even rice.


text:
Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis addresses various actions taken by governments around the world to address the effects of the subprime mortgage crisis.

Regulators and legislators are considering action regarding lending practices, bankruptcy protection, tax policies, affordable housing, credit counseling, education, and the licensing . Regulations or guidelines can also influence the nature, transparency and regulatory reporting required for the complex legal entities and securities involved in these transactions.  Congress also is conducting hearings to help identify solutions and apply pressure to the various parties involved.

U.S. President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others.

U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner testified before Congress on October 29, 2009. His testimony included five elements he stated as critical to effective reform:
Expand the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) bank resolution mechanism to include non-bank financial institutions;
Ensure that a firm is allowed to fail in an orderly way and not be "rescued";
Ensure taxpayers are not on the hook for any losses, by applying losses first to the firm's investors and including the creation of a pool funded by the largest financial institutions;
Apply appropriate checks and balances to the FDIC and Federal Reserve in this resolution process;
 Require stronger capital and liquidity positions for financial firms and related regulatory authority.

The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into law by President Obama in July 2010, addressing each of these topics to varying degrees.  Among other things, it created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008

The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 in the United States included six separate major acts designed to restore confidence in the domestic mortgage industry. The Act included:

Providing insurance for $300 billion in mortgages estimated to assist 400,000 homeowners.
Establishing a new regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency via the merger of two existing authorities, The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), and the Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB), endowed with expanded powers and authority greater than the sum of its predecessors, to supervise operation of the 14 housing government-sponsored enterprises   (GSEs): (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) and the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks.
Raises the dollar limit of the mortgages the GSEs can purchase.
Provides loans for the refinancing of mortgages to owner-occupants at risk of foreclosure.  The original lender or investor reduces the amount of the original mortgage (typically taking a significant loss) and the homeowner shares any future appreciation with the Federal Housing Administration.  The new loans must be 30-year fixed loans.
Enhancements to mortgage disclosures.
Community assistance to help local governments buy and renovate foreclosed properties.
An increase in the national debt ceiling by US$800 billion, to give the Treasury the flexibility to support the secondary housing markets and the 14 GSEs, if necessary.

Federal reserve powers

A sweeping proposal was presented 31 March 2008 regarding the regulatory powers of the U.S. Federal Reserve, expanding its jurisdiction over other types of financial institutions and authority to intervene in market crises.

Expansion of government agency authority
The U.S House passed a bill in early April, 2008 that would offer government insurance on $300 billion in new mortgages to refinance loans  for an estimated 500,000 borrowers facing foreclosure and an additional 15 billion to affected states to buy and fix foreclosed homes.

Lending practices
In response to a concern that lending was not properly regulated, the House and Senate are both considering bills to regulate lending practices.

U.S. Congressional ethics reform

In the wake of a subprime mortgage crisis and questions about Countrywide Financial's VIP program, ethics experts and key senators recommend that members of congress should be required to disclose information about their mortgages.

Capital reserve requirements

Non-depository banks (e.g., investment banks and mortgage companies) are not subject to the same capital reserve requirements as depository banks.  Many of the investment banks had limited capital reserves to address declines in mortgage-backed securities or support their side of credit default derivative insurance contracts.  Nobel prize winner Joseph Stiglitz recommends that regulations be established to limit the extent of leverage permitted and not allow companies to become "too big to fail", by breaking them up into smaller entities.  He has also recommended reforming executive compensation, to make it less short-term focused; enhance consumer protection; and establish a regulatory review mechanism for new exotic types of financial instruments.

Short-selling restrictions

UK regulators announced a temporary ban on short-selling of financial stocks on September 18, 2008.  Short-selling is a method of profiting when a stock declines in value.  When large, speculative short-sale bets accumulate against a stock or other financial asset, the price can be driven down. Short sales were among the causes blamed for rapid price declines in Lehman Brother's stock price prior to its bankruptcy. On September 19 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) followed by placing a temporary ban of short-selling stocks of financial institutions. In addition, the SEC made it easier for institutions to buy back shares of their institutions. The halt of short-selling in the US was set to expire on October 2, but was extended until it expired at 11:59PM EDT on October 8. The action was based on the view that short selling in a crisis market undermines confidence in financial institutions and erodes their stability.

Proposed solutions

President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others.
Legislation has cleared the house and is progressing in the senate.

A variety of regulatory changes have been proposed by economists, politicians, journalists, and business leaders to minimize the impact of the current crisis and prevent recurrence. However, as of April 2009, many of the proposed solutions have not yet been implemented. These include:

Ben Bernanke: Establish resolution procedures for closing troubled financial institutions in the shadow banking system, such as investment banks and hedge funds.
Joseph Stiglitz: Restrict the leverage that financial institutions can assume. Require executive compensation to be more related to long-term performance. Re-instate the separation of commercial (depository) and investment banking established by the Glass–Steagall Act in 1933 and repealed in 1999 by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.
Simon Johnson: Break-up institutions that are "too big to fail" to limit systemic risk.
Paul Krugman: Regulate institutions that "act like banks " similarly to banks.
Alan Greenspan: Banks should have a stronger capital cushion, with graduated regulatory capital requirements (i.e., capital ratios that increase with bank size), to "discourage them from becoming too big and to offset their competitive advantage."
Warren Buffett: Require minimum down payments for home mortgages of at least 10% and income verification.
Eric Dinallo: Ensure any financial institution has the necessary capital to support its financial commitments. Regulate credit derivatives and ensure they are traded on well-capitalized exchanges to limit counterparty risk.
Raghuram Rajan: Require financial institutions to maintain sufficient "contingent capital" (i.e., pay insurance premiums to the government during boom periods, in exchange for payments during a downturn.)
A. Michael Spence and Gordon Brown: Establish an early-warning system to help detect systemic risk.
Niall Ferguson and Jeffrey Sachs: Impose haircuts on bondholders and counterparties prior to using taxpayer money in bailouts.
Nouriel Roubini: Nationalize all US banks.

References

Subprime mortgage crisis
2000s economic history

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
How to buy The Interpublic Group of Companies shares | $23.92
Own The Interpublic Group of Companies shares in just a few minutes. Share price changes are updated daily.
The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc (IPG) is a leading advertising agencies business based in the US. It opened the day at $23.75 after a previous close of $23.64. During the day the price has varied from a low of $23.61 to a high of $24.22. The latest price was $23.92 (25 minute delay). The Interpublic Group of Companies is listed on the NYSE and employs 54,300 staff. All prices are listed in US Dollars.
How to buy shares in The Interpublic Group of Companies
Search the platform for stock code: IPG in this case.
Research The Interpublic Group of Companies shares. The platform should provide the latest information available.
Buy your The Interpublic Group of Companies shares. It's that simple.
Can I buy shares in The Interpublic Group of Companies?
Has coronavirus impacted The Interpublic Group of Companies shares?
The Interpublic Group of Companies shares summary
Is The Interpublic Group of Companies stock a buy or sell?
The Interpublic Group of Companies performance over time
Can I short The Interpublic Group of Companies shares?
Is The Interpublic Group of Companies suitable for ethical investing?
Are The Interpublic Group of Companies shares over-valued?
The Interpublic Group of Companies's financials
How volatile are The Interpublic Group of Companies shares?
Does The Interpublic Group of Companies pay a dividend?
Have The Interpublic Group of Companies shares ever split?
How has Coronavirus impacted The Interpublic Group of Companies's share price?
Since the stock market crash in March caused by coronavirus, The Interpublic Group of Companies's share price has had significant negative movement.
Its last market close was $18.26, which is 25.19% down on its pre-crash value of $24.41 and 57.01% up on the lowest point reached during the March crash when the shares fell as low as $11.63.
If you had bought $1,000 worth of The Interpublic Group of Companies shares at the start of February 2020, those shares would have been worth $565.43 at the bottom of the March crash, and if you held on to them, then as of the last market close they'd be worth $801.61.
The Interpublic Group of Companies share price
Use our graph to track the performance of IPG stocks over time.
The Interpublic Group of Companies shares at a glance
$11.1759 - $24.38
Invest in The Interpublic Group of Companies shares with 0% commission
Is it a good time to buy The Interpublic Group of Companies stock?
The Interpublic Group of Companies price performance over time
Historical closes compared with the last close of $23.92
Is The Interpublic Group of Companies under- or over-valued?
Valuing The Interpublic Group of Companies stock is incredibly difficult, and any metric has to be viewed as part of a bigger picture of The Interpublic Group of Companies's overall performance. However, analysts commonly use some key metrics to help gauge the value of a stock.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's P/E ratio
The Interpublic Group of Companies's current share price divided by its per-share earnings (EPS) over a 12-month period gives a "trailing price/earnings ratio" of roughly 16x. In other words, The Interpublic Group of Companies shares trade at around 16x recent earnings.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's PEG ratio
The Interpublic Group of Companies's "price/earnings-to-growth ratio" can be calculated by dividing its P/E ratio by its growth – to give 11.4995. A low ratio can be interpreted as meaning the shares offer better value, while a higher ratio can be interpreted as meaning the shares offer worse value.
The PEG ratio provides a broader view than just the P/E ratio, as it gives more insight into The Interpublic Group of Companies's future profitability. By accounting for growth, it could also help you if you're comparing the share prices of multiple high-growth companies.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's EBITDA
The Interpublic Group of Companies's EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) is a whopping $1.3 billion (£0.0 million).
The EBITDA is a measure of a The Interpublic Group of Companies's overall financial performance and is widely used to measure a its profitability.
The Interpublic Group of Companies financials
How to short and sell The Interpublic Group of Companies shares
Search for the stock code. E.g. "IPG.US"
There are currently 16.2 million The Interpublic Group of Companies shares held short by investors – that's known as The Interpublic Group of Companies's "short interest". This figure is 3.2% up from 15.7 million last month.
There are a few different ways that this level of interest in shorting The Interpublic Group of Companies shares can be evaluated.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's "short interest ratio" (SIR)
The Interpublic Group of Companies's "short interest ratio" (SIR) is the quantity of The Interpublic Group of Companies shares currently shorted divided by the average quantity of The Interpublic Group of Companies shares traded daily (recently around 3.7 million). The Interpublic Group of Companies's SIR currently stands at 4.44. In other words for every 100,000 The Interpublic Group of Companies shares traded daily on the market, roughly 4440 shares are currently held short.
However The Interpublic Group of Companies's short interest can also be evaluated against the total number of The Interpublic Group of Companies shares, or, against the total number of tradable The Interpublic Group of Companies shares (the shares that aren't held by "insiders" or major long-term shareholders – also known as the "float"). In this case The Interpublic Group of Companies's short interest could be expressed as 0.04% of the outstanding shares (for every 100,000 The Interpublic Group of Companies shares in existence, roughly 40 shares are currently held short) or 0.0643% of the tradable shares (for every 100,000 tradable The Interpublic Group of Companies shares, roughly 64 shares are currently held short).
Such a low SIR usually points to an optimistic outlook for the share price, with fewer people currently willing to bet against The Interpublic Group of Companies.
Find out more about how you can short The Interpublic Group of Companies stock.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's environmental, social and governance track record
Environmental, social and governance (known as ESG) criteria are a set of three factors used to measure the sustainability and social impact of companies like The Interpublic Group of Companies.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's total ESG risk score
Socially conscious investors use ESG scores to screen how an investment aligns with their worldview, and The Interpublic Group of Companies's overall score of 16.92 (as at 01/01/2019) is excellent – landing it in it in the 9th percentile of companies rated in the same sector.
ESG scores are increasingly used to estimate the level of risk a company like The Interpublic Group of Companies is exposed to within the areas of "environmental" (carbon footprint, resource use etc.), "social" (health and safety, human rights etc.), and "governance" (anti-corruption, tax transparency etc.).
The Interpublic Group of Companies's environmental score
The Interpublic Group of Companies's environmental score of 0.45 puts it squarely in the 2nd percentile of companies rated in the same sector. This could suggest that The Interpublic Group of Companies is a leader in its sector terms of its environmental impact, and exposed to a lower level of risk.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's social score
Social score: 12/100
The Interpublic Group of Companies's social score of 12 puts it squarely in the 2nd percentile of companies rated in the same sector. This could suggest that The Interpublic Group of Companies is a leader in its sector when it comes to taking good care of its workforce and the communities it impacts.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's governance score
The Interpublic Group of Companies's governance score puts it squarely in the 2nd percentile of companies rated in the same sector. That could suggest that The Interpublic Group of Companies is a leader in its sector when it comes to responsible management and strategy, and exposed to a lower level of risk.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's controversy score
ESG scores also evaluate any incidences of controversy that a company has been involved in. A high-profile company, The Interpublic Group of Companies scored a 2 out of 5 for controversy – the second-highest score possible, reflecting that The Interpublic Group of Companies has, for the most part, managed to keep its nose clean.
The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc was last rated for ESG on: 2019-01-01.
The Interpublic Group of Companies share dividends
Recently The Interpublic Group of Companies has paid out, on average, around 58.29% of net profits as dividends. That has enabled analysts to estimate a "forward annual dividend yield" of 4.34% of the current stock value. This means that over a year, based on recent payouts (which are sadly no guarantee of future payouts), The Interpublic Group of Companies shareholders could enjoy a 4.34% return on their shares, in the form of dividend payments. In The Interpublic Group of Companies's case, that would currently equate to about $1.02 per share.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's payout ratio would broadly be considered high, and as such this stock could appeal to those looking to generate an income. Bear in mind however that companies should normally also look to re-invest a decent amount of net profits to ensure future growth.
The Interpublic Group of Companies's most recent dividend payout was on 15 December 2020. The latest dividend was paid out to all shareholders who bought their shares by 30 November 2020 (the "ex-dividend date").
Have The Interpublic Group of Companies's shares ever split?
The Interpublic Group of Companies's shares were split on a 2:1 basis on 16 July 1999. So if you had owned 1 share the day before before the split, the next day you'd have owned 2 shares. This wouldn't directly have changed the overall worth of your The Interpublic Group of Companies shares – just the quantity. However, indirectly, the new 50% lower share price could have impacted the market appetite for The Interpublic Group of Companies shares which in turn could have impacted The Interpublic Group of Companies's share price.
The Interpublic Group of Companies share price volatility
Over the last 12 months, The Interpublic Group of Companies's shares have ranged in value from as little as $11.1759 up to $24.38. A popular way to gauge a stock's volatility is its "beta".
IPG.US volatility(beta: 1)Avg. volatility(beta: 1.00)LowHigh
Beta is a measure of a share's volatility in relation to the market. The market (NYSE average) beta is 1, while The Interpublic Group of Companies's is 0.9953. This would suggest that The Interpublic Group of Companies's shares are less volatile than average (for this exchange).
The Interpublic Group of Companies overview
The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. provides advertising and marketing services worldwide. It operates through two segments, Integrated Agency Networks and Constituency Management Group. The company offers consumer advertising, digital marketing, communications planning and media buying, public relations, and specialized communications disciplines, as well as data management services. It also provides various diversified services, including meeting and event production, sports and entertainment marketing, corporate and brand identity, and strategic marketing consulting. The company was formerly known as McCann-Erickson Incorporated and changed its name to The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. in January 1961. The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. was founded in 1902 and is headquartered in New York, New York.
What percentage of The Interpublic Group of Companies is owned by insiders or institutions?
Currently 0.697% of The Interpublic Group of Companies shares are held by insiders and 100.781% by institutions.
How many people work for The Interpublic Group of Companies?
Latest data suggests 54,300 work at The Interpublic Group of Companies.
When does the fiscal year end for The Interpublic Group of Companies?
The Interpublic Group of Companies's fiscal year ends in December.
Where is The Interpublic Group of Companies based?
The Interpublic Group of Companies's address is: 909 Third Avenue, New York, NY, United States, 10022
What is The Interpublic Group of Companies's ISIN number?
The Interpublic Group of Companies's international securities identification number is: US4606901001
What is The Interpublic Group of Companies's CUSIP number?
The Interpublic Group of Companies's Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures number is: 460690100
Buy The Interpublic Group of Companies now using IG. Capital at risk.
How to buy International Paper Company shares | $48.63 How to buy Beyond Meat shares | $140.1


Plus, the genius trick she uses to hold herself accountable.
Gigi Hadid is anything but basic. Yet her go-to workout move—a simple squat—is surprisingly just that. "They are painful, and you have to do so many of them to work," admits Hadid, who even used the move to prep for last winter's Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. She put up a sticky note to remind herself to do 15 every time she walked past it. "It's a good trick. It reminds you to have integrity; no one is watching," she says.
Start with feed shoulder-width apart, hands clasped in front of chest or arms extended straight out (A). Keeping chest up, push hips back, bend knees, and lower hips until they're just below parallel with knees (B). Pause, then push into heels to rise back to standing. Repeat.


The Export 3D App File option in the file menu will create a copy of the currently open drill as a .3da file type. These .3da file types, also known as mobile app files, can be viewed in the 3D Viewer application.
To create a mobile app file, first open the drill from the File menu. Once the drill is open, go to the File menu and choose Export File then Export 3D App File. A new window will open where you can give the file a name, and specify which directory you would like to save the file to. Once you have decided on a destination and file name, press Save.
I do not see the (save as 3d app file) in my file menu. Do I not have the right version?


The NSW and ACT Alcohol Policy Alliance (NAAPA) is an alliance of health, community, emergency services and research organisations that has been formed with the objective of promoting evidence-based actions to prevent and reduce acute and chronic alcohol-related harms.
The Alliance provides a shared voice for organisations in New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in response to the issues of alcohol-related harms in their jurisdictions.
Develop and support effective alcohol policy reform in NSW and the ACT and ensure that agreed alcohol policy is better promoted, evaluated and sustained across both jurisdictions.
Advocate for evidence-based alcohol policy reforms to address the increasing concerns of alcohol-related harms in NSW and the ACT.
Identify research gaps in NSW and the ACT in regards to addressing alcohol-related harms and continue to build on the evidence-base to support alcohol policy reform.
Facilitate coordinated policy, advocacy and research for organisations concerned with alcohol-related harms in NSW and the ACT.
Lead the public debate on alcohol-related policy issues in the NSW and the ACT.
Alcohol is more available than it ever has been, contributing to significant levels of harm. Reducing the availability of alcohol through reducing trading hours and the density of liquor outlets are effective policies to reduce alcohol harms.
Alcohol is more affordable than it has been in three decades and more heavily promoted than ever before. Prohibiting the reckless promotion of alcohol, including extreme price discounting are effective polices to reduce alcohol harms.
Navigating the liquor licensing and planning systems is complex, making it difficult for the community to make complaints and object to new liquor licenses. Support is needed for communities to have a greater say on the way that alcohol is made available in their neighbourhoods.


text:
Across China: Jewish refugee descendant traces ancestral foot prints in Shanghai
Time:2019/4/8 11:23:43
SHANGHAI, April 7 (Xinhua) -- Michael Heppner, 82, recently paid a visit to Shanghai, the Chinese city that sheltered his grandma and uncle from the Nazi persecution during WWII.
The British elder celebrated his 82nd birthday in Shanghai earlier this week and donated to the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum nearly 20 pieces of old items cherished by his family.
During WWII, Shanghai was one of the few cities in the world to receive large numbers of Jewish refugees. It became home for tens of thousands of Jewish refugees. After the war, some of these refugees returned to Europe, while others settled in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand or South Africa.
Heppner's grandfather and aunt died in the Holocaust, and his parents fled to Britain to escape the disaster. His grandmother Hilde Heppner and uncle Ernest Heppner managed to get two boat tickets to Shanghai and made a temporary home there.
They stayed in a Jewish refugee community in Shanghai's Hongkou District from 1941 to 1945. Ernest Heppner then married Illo, who also came to Shanghai for refuge. After the war, the Heppner family moved to the United States, then to Britain and other places.
In his younger years, Michael Heppner's only knowledge about his family's stories in Shanghai came from his uncle's memoir "Shanghai Refuge."
In the 1990s, the company Heppner worked for started to do business in China. Harboring a strong desire to explore his relatives' footprints, he seized this opportunity and visited Shanghai several times.
Every time he came to Shanghai, he tried to find some clues of his family in Hongkou. But he could hardly find any clue relevant to the description in the memoir.
In 2004, Heppner's uncle died, which made him even more eager to further explore the family history during the war. He also repeatedly told his daughter Gaby Heppner-Logan to never give up searching.
In the summer of 2018, Gaby came to Shanghai and got in contact with the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum. In March, Heppner visited Shanghai again, accompanied by his daughter.
With the help of the museum, Heppner visited his grandmother and uncle's former residence, located on Changyang Road of Hongkou District. At this site, he learned about the structure of the bedroom and kitchen at that time, which created a vivid picture of his relative's lives.
He also donated nearly 20 family-owned items about the WWII to the museum, including letters between his family members and daily household necessities.
"I hope to restore this period of history for future generations to reflect on. I will do my utmost to enrich the exhibition of the refugees museum," he said.
The Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum is planned to be expanded from the current 900 square meters to 4,000 square meters by 2020. More historic articles and documents collected from WWII witnesses and their descendants will be displayed here.
Chen Jian, the curator of the museum, said the museum attracts tens of thousands of global visitors and "root seekers" every year.
Chinese people's righteous actions during the war have left a deep impression on foreign visitors, he said.