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William J. Fetterman
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Further information: Fetterman Fight
William Judd Fetterman (1833 – December 21, 1866) was an officer in the United States Army during the American Civil War and the subsequent Red Cloud's War on the Great Plains. Fetterman and his command of 80 men were killed in the Fetterman Fight.
William Judd Fetterman
Capt. William J. Fetterman
New London, Connecticut (disputed)
December 21, 1866 (aged 33)
Near Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming
National Cemetery, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument
Service/branch
Indian Wars
Red Cloud's War
2 Military career
Early lifeEdit
William Fetterman, born in 1833 in Cheshire, Connecticut, was the son of Army Lieutenant George Fetterman and Anna Maria Judd. George Fetterman graduated from West Point on 1 July 1827 and served in the Army Artillery. At the time of William's birth, Lieutenant Fetterman was assigned to Fort Trumbull, New London, Connecticut.
On April 26, 1835, William's mother Anna Judd Fetterman died. One year later, on May 31, 1836, after nine years of military service, William's father George Fetterman resigned his Army commission and returned to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There he worked as a civil engineer and served in the Pennsylvania militia. George Fetterman died in Pittsburgh in 1844.[1]
Military careerEdit
Fetterman enlisted in the Union Army on May 14, 1861, in Delaware, and was promptly commissioned a first lieutenant. He served with the First Battalion of the US 18th Infantry Regiment throughout the war and was twice brevetted for gallant conduct,[citation needed] finishing the war as a lieutenant colonel of Volunteers.[citation needed]
During the Atlanta campaign in 1864, Fetterman commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 18th US Infantry. This unit was part of John H. King's 2nd Brigade, Richard W. Johnson's 1st Division, John M. Palmer's XIV Corps, George Henry Thomas' Army of the Cumberland.[2] According to Fetterman's report in the Official Records, the 2nd Battalion skirmished at Buzzard Roost Gap and Resaca. In fighting near Pickett's Mill on May 31, the battalion sustained a loss of 1 officer and 33 men wounded. The battalion skirmished at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and took part in an attack that overran a line of Confederate rifle pits on July 4. After July 5, the companies of the 2nd Battalion were merged with the 1st Battalion of the 18th US Infantry. Fetterman subsequently was assigned as Assistant Adjutant General of the 2nd Brigade and reported on a successful attack at the Battle of Jonesborough on September 1. In this action, the 18th US Infantry suffered losses of 43 killed or wounded and 8 missing out of the 269 officers and men it took into battle.[3]
After the war, he chose to remain in the Regular Army and was assigned as a captain in the Second Battalion of the 18th Infantry Regiment. In November 1866, the regiment was stationed at Fort Phil Kearny, tasked with protecting immigrants traveling to the gold fields of Montana Territory along the Bozeman Trail. Fetterman allegedly boasted that with 80 soldiers, he could "ride through the whole Sioux nation."[4]
William J. Fetterman's Headstone, Little Bighorn National Cemetery
On December 21, 1866, a large band of Cheyenne and Sioux – which included Crazy Horse – under the leadership of Red Cloud attacked a wood train near the fort. Despite his unfamiliarity with frontier conditions and the methods of Indian fighting, Fetterman took command of a composite reaction force consisting of the former battalion quartermaster, Captain Frederick Brown, 2nd Lt. George Grummond, 49 enlisted troops of the 18th Infantry, 27 men of the 2nd Cavalry, and 2 civilian scouts, totaling 80 men. Ignoring his orders not to venture beyond Lodge Trail Ridge (out of sight and support distance from the fort), Fetterman pursued a small band of Sioux and was lured into an ambush. He found himself facing approximately 2,000 Indians. Within 20 minutes, Fetterman and his command had been wiped out.
The Fetterman Fight, as the encounter became known, was second in notoriety only to Custer's disastrous defeat in 1876. It led to the dismissal of Fetterman's commanding officer, Henry B. Carrington, who was initially blamed for the disaster, but was eventually exonerated.
Fetterman's grave is in the National Cemetery at the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. He had never married and left no heirs.
LegacyEdit
Plaque at Fetterman Battle site
In 1867, the army designated a new outpost in the Dakota Territory as "Fort Fetterman" in honor of the slain officer.[5] There is also a Fetterman Street and Fetterman Drive in Laramie, Wyoming.[6]
The actor Robert Fuller played the role of Fetterman in the episode, "Massacre at Fort Phil Kearny", which aired on October 26, 1966, on NBC's anthology television series, Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre. Others who appeared in the segment were Richard Egan and Phyllis Avery as Colonel Henry Carrington and his wife, Margaret Carrington, Robert Pine as Lieutenant Brown, and Carroll O'Connor as Captain Ten Eyck.[7][unreliable source?]
NotesEdit
^ McDermott, John D. (Spring 1991). "Price of Arrogance: The Short and Controversial Life of William Judd Fetterman". Annals of Wyoming by Wyoming State Historical Society. 63 (2): 42–53.
^ Battles & Leaders 1987, p. 285.
^ Official Records 1891, pp. 585–588.
^ "Last Words of Real People: D'Annunzo to Frohman". Retrieved November 11, 2019.
^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 129.
^ Wyoming Blue Book, Wyoming State Archives, 2008
^ "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre: Massacre at Fort Phil Kearney". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4. Secaucus, N.J.: Castle. 1987 [1883]. ISBN 0-89009-572-8.
Brown, Dee (1971). The Fetterman Massacre. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-5730-9.
"The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Vol. XXXVIII Part 1". Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1891. pp. 585–588. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
McDermott, John D. (Spring 1991). "Price of Arrogance: The Short and Controversial Life of William Judd Fetterman". Annals of Wyoming by Wyoming State Historical Society. 63 (2): 42–53.
Fetterman battle on Friends of the Little Big Horn site
Fetterman battlefield photos
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_J._Fetterman&oldid=1048226682"
Last edited on 4 October 2021, at 22:13
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South Side Initiative: "Sharing Knowledge, Practicing Democracy"
Arts & CultureAva Bertone July 9, 2018 0
The closing of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation rocked Bethlehem in a formidable way: many people lost their jobs, the Steel's grounds stood closed off to the general public, and residents felt uncertain about the future of their city. Eventually, plans for the creation of a casino circulated and furthered the anxieties of local families. Lehigh University faculty members Seth Moglen and the late John Pettegrew responded to this social issue by founding the South Side Initiative (SSI) in 2007. Moglen and Pettegrew served as SSI Co-Directors in the program's early years, drawing on their experiences as the Director of the Humanities Center and the Director of the American Studies program, respectively.
"My mantra in the early years was that SSI was about sharing knowledge, practicing democracy," Moglen said of the program's main goals.
As both a professor of English at Lehigh and a South Bethlehem resident, he noted the need for a "reciprocal exchange of knowledge." He explained that most university-community partnerships operate hierarchically, despite their good intentions. Most of these partnerships privilege university knowledge above that of community members, and many university people imagine that successful collaborations constitute a kind of charity work in the community.
"Both of those models can have some beneficial, usually short-term, outcomes. But, both strategies tend over time to intensify, rather than diminish, the hierarchical power relationship between the university and its neighbors. What John and I, and all of our colleagues — including faculty and staff people across the university, students, and community partners — were invested in was creating a model of university-community collaboration that was committed to knowledge moving in both directions. What's the specialized knowledge that university students and professors can bring? What are the specialized forms of knowledge community members have about their own families and neighborhoods and workplaces? How can we create projects that would draw on, and integrate, both kinds of knowledge? We weren't interested in projects where university people were sharing their knowledge with community members if the knowledge was not moving in the other direction, too."
Giving Voice to the Community
In working towards this more egalitarian method of swapping information, SSI simultaneously paved the way for its second main goal: making space for truly democratic community participation. Moglen elaborated on this second goal, noting that Southside residents wanted opportunities to speak up about local issues. It was particularly important for community members to claim a voice in their own city because their perspectives had long been silenced by the needs of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Although the Steel provided employment to multiple generations of Southside residents, the Steel was a hierarchical organization in which management had, for much of the company's history, pursued profit while neglecting the basic needs of its workers. SSI, then, seeks to empower local families to identify what problems exist in their daily lives and suggest how these issues might best be remedied.
While the main goals of SSI look to the progress of Bethlehem and its budding future as a place where the arts can thrive, the program also preserves the memories of the city's past. Bethlehem Steel left behind a legacy of men and women whose entire families worked at the plant.
Image of the former Bethlehem Steel plant, as it now stands. Photo credits: Ava Bertone.
"One of the things that had drawn me to Bethlehem and that has sustained me in my time here was the density of community memory, which is unusually rich and concentrated in South Bethlehem. The South Side is full of people who are third-, fourth- and even fifth-generation Bethlehem residents, which means that the elderly people in my neighborhood are the sons and daughters, or grandsons and granddaughters, of the people who built these houses. The building of the Steelworkers' Union had been so crucial to the transformation of the Southside from a place of extraordinary exploitation and industrial poverty to a place of real working-class prosperity. We were convinced that that history was a source of power for a community trying to reclaim its capacity for democratic self-government," Moglen said.
Honoring the City's Past
In its pursuit of inclusive oral history projects, the SSI team turned to former women workers at Bethlehem Steel. Thought to be unfit for employment at an overwhelmingly male company, many of the women interviewed recall instances of belittlement and, in some cases, sexual harassment. In November of 2017, the Single Sisters' House hosted Moglen and Jill Schennum, a member of the Board of Directors for the Steelworkers' Archives. Moglen and Schennum spoke about both the past and present of Bethlehem, focusing on gender relations in the city. A number of women offered compelling stories about their time working for the Steel. Often humorous and consistently poignant, these narratives touched the broad range of attendees at the event. Audience members were also invited to join the conversation. True to the SSI mission, the evening's conversation enabled a mutual sharing of knowledge. The women workers' stories displayed the unwavering resilience found in all of Bethlehem's sons and daughters. The full digital archive of interviews is also available for listening online.
The outside of Bethlehem's Single Sisters' House. Photo credits: Ava Bertone.
"From its inception, SSI has always been committed to community memory projects that would enable people in the neighborhoods to reflect on who we are and how we learn from the past, in order to imagine a more vibrant future," Moglen said. "I can't stress this strongly enough, because South Bethlehem has always been a working-class, predominantly immigrant community. So, to do oral history projects and community memory projects in this city is about honoring and building on the richness of working class histories which have frequently been ignored by university folk and by those with most power in the city."
Finding Community Strength
In addition to oral history projects, SSI commits itself to the proliferation of public-facing arts events. Spring of 2018 saw a showing of Citizen Jane, a documentary detailing the feud between activist Jane Jacobs and developer Robert Moses. The event was held in conjunction with Lehigh's Mellon Digital Humanities Initiative. Following the film, Moglen joined Karen Beck Pooley and Alicia Karner to lead a panel discussion with the audience. Beck Pooley is a professor of practice in Lehigh's Political Science Department, while Karner serves as Director of Community and Economic Development for the city of Bethlehem.
Photo taken during the documentary showing at Frank Banko Alehouse Cinemas. Photo credits: Ava Bertone.
Once again, the conversation worked in two directions. The documentary provided a jumping-off point for attendees to think about how urban planning affects everyone living in a city. Some audience members expressed concerns about real estate development in their neighborhoods. Unlike standard film screenings, the panel discussion portion of the event enabled both community members and experts in sociopolitical issues to converse, in a sustained effort to understand the others' point of view. Opening spaces for organic, democratic community participation is certainly an SSI strong suit, but Moglen noted that the crucial work really begins after any given event.
"One of the lessons I've learned over the last decade is that the event is never the important thing. The event comes and goes — even the most successful event. Every event matters to the degree that it helps to foster and strengthen the underlying network of democratic collaboration in the community. If that network is strong, the community is strong."
Imagining the World We Want, Together Tackling T.I.N.A.–and Literature–Together A World of Difference: Judy Woodruff on Navigating the American Divide
Posted in Arts & Culture, Civic GovernanceTagged Alicia Karner, Bethlehem Steel, collaboration, democratic, Jill Schennum, John Pettegrew, Karen Beck Pooley, Seth Moglen, Single Sisters' House, South Side Initiative, SSI

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A day before New York CIty's unprecedented soda ban was set to begin, Reuters reports a judge has rejected the restrictions, calling the initiative "arbitrary and capricious."
Since its inception, the controversial plan, spearheaded by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, has been criticized by the beverage industry and small businesses.
Mayor Bloomberg said he will challenge the ruling.
NEW YORK — A judge struck down New York City's groundbreaking limit on the size of sugar-laden drinks Monday shortly before it was set to take effect, agreeing with the beverage industry and other opponents that the rule is arbitrary in applying to only some sweet beverages and some places that sell them. .
"The loopholes in this rule effectively defeat the stated purpose of this rule," Manhattan state Supreme Court Justice Milton Tingling wrote.
Further, the Board of Health went beyond its authority in approving the size limit, he said. The restriction was supposed to start Tuesday.
"The portion cap rule, if upheld, would create an administrative Leviathan and violate the separation of powers doctrine," by straying into territory that should belong to the elected City Council, not the board appointed by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Tingling wrote.
That, he wrote, "has the potential to be more troubling than sweetened beverages.
The city Board of Health approved the measure in September. Championed by Bloomberg, it follows on other efforts his administration has made to improve New Yorkers' eating habits, from compelling chain restaurants to post calorie counts on their menus to barring artificial trans fats in restaurant food to prodding food manufacturers to use less salt.
The city has said that while restaurant inspectors would start enforcing the soda size rule in March, they wouldn't seek fines – $200 for a violation – until June.
Soda makers, restaurateurs, movie theater owners and other business groups sued, asking a judge to declare the measure invalid. In February, they asked Tingling to bar the city from enforcing the regulation while the suit played out.
City officials have called the size limit a pioneering move for public health. They point to the city's rising obesity rate – about 24 percent of adults, up from 18 percent in 2002 – and to studies tying sugary drinks to weight gain. Care for obesity-related illnesses costs government health programs about $2.8 billion a year in New York City alone, according to city Health Commissioner Dr. Thomas Farley.
The supersize-drink crackdown will "have significant public health effects, and the sooner that happens, the better," city lawyer Mark W. Muschenheim said in court in February.
Critics said the measure is too limited to make a meaningful impact on New Yorkers' waistlines. But they said it would take a bite out of business for the eateries that have to comply, while other establishments still will get sell sugary drinks in 2-liter bottles and supersize cups.
Beverage makers had expected to spend about $600,000 changing bottles and labels, movie theater owners feared losing soda sales that account for 20 percent of their profits, and delis and restaurants would have had to change inventory, reprint menus and make other adjustments, according to court papers.
"These are costs which these businesses are not going to be compensated for," and the money will be wasted if the court ultimately nixes the law, James E. Brandt, a lawyer for the American Beverage Association and other opponents, told the judge in February.
Critics also said the restriction should have gone before the elected City Council instead of the Bloomberg-appointed health board. The city says the panel of doctors and other health professionals had both the authority and expertise to make the decision.


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Cabinet des Modes, 18e Cahier, 1ere Figure
It would be necessary on the occasion of a period of mourning to talk about its fashion: for the death of DON PEDRO, King of Portugal, we have furnished it. It has been worn for twenty-one days; we will say how when we have spoken of the periods of mourning according to our practice.
Mourning (1), which is the mark of grief, and which draws its name from it, was worn and is worn by all civilized Peoples. It has not taken the same form in all; but in all it has the same object. The Women of Sparta and Rome wore it in white, and they varied it as we do, due to the temperaments that the times apportioned to sadness. It lasted an entire year. Men without a doubt wore their clothing in the same color; but they added other signs. The Greeks, in the manner of the Orientals, cut their hair; the Romans, to the contrary, grew theirs, with their beards. The Greeks did more; on the tombs of their parents and their friends, they not only cut their hair, but also the tails of their horses. They practiced the same ceremony in public calamities, after the loss of a battle.
(1) Dolere, to be sorrowful, to grieve, to have heartache.
Mourning was also worn in white, in Castile, on the death of Princes, until 1498, where black was taken on the death of Prince Don Juan. White is at present the color of mourning in China; blue or violet in Turkey; yellow in Egypt; light-grey in Ethiopia; and mouse grey in Peru.
Each Nation had its reasons for choosing a certain particular color which indicates mourning. One supposes that white marks purity; yellow or dead leaf makes apparent that death is the end of human hopes and of life, because the leaves of trees, when they fall, and plants, when they are sere, become yellow; grey signifies the earth where the dead return; black marks the deprivation of life, because it is a deprivation of light; blue marks the happiness which it is hoped that the dead enjoy; and violet being a color of mixed blue and red, marks, on one hand, the tribulations of this life, and on the other, what one wishes for the dead.
In our country and in the countries of the People our neighbors, it is black which is now the mark of mourning: in ours, as in theirs, the practice of mourning has not been known in all times; for it was not the same at the beginning of the reign of Philippe-Auguste.
Since the Order given in 1716, by Louis XV, who reduced the time of mourning by half, and fixed its manners, so that great mourning was only made for one's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, husband and wife, brother and sister. Great mourning is that which is split into three terms; wool, silk, and little mourning, or coupé coats.
Other mourning is split into two terms; black and white. Drapery is never put up for this type of mourning. Whenever there is no drapery, women can wear diamonds, and men, the sword and silver buckles.
In mourning for a father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, wife, men wear large and small pleureuses* during the first three weeks, and the little ones only during the following three.
* white linen manchettes worn specifically as signs of mourning
For father and mother mourning lasts six months: six weeks with large and small pleureuses, six weeks after the wool without pleureuses, six weeks silk, and six others of little mourning.
For grandfather and grandmother, four and a half months: three weeks with large pleureuses, three weeks with small ones: six weeks in wool, and six weeks in little mourning.
For brother and sister, two months: wool for a month, silk for fifteen days, and little mourning for fifteen days.
For uncle and aunt, three weeks: fifteen days in wool, and fifteen days in little mourning.
For a first cousin, fifteen days: eight days with effilé, and seven days in little mourning.
For an uncle in the mode of Brittany, that is, a second cousin, eleven days: six days in black, and five days in black and white.
For the child of a first cousin, eight days: five days in black, and three in white.
A wife for her husband, a year and six weeks: four and a half months the batiste, cape, gown, and petticoat of étamine; four and a half months in crêpe and wool; three months silk and gauze; and six weeks half-mourning.
A husband for his wife, six months, as for father and mother.
The mourning for a brother, a sister, and uncle, and an aunt, whose length has just been fixed, is augmented and worn for six months when one inherits from them, also for the father and mother.
Ecclesiastics wear great mourning with a white rabat, a cassock and belt of crêpe.
Military men in uniform mark mourning with a black crêpe, knotted around the arm; and when they are entirely in black, they wear a gold dragonne* on their sword.
* cord or braid with a tassel
Uncles and aunts wear mourning for their nephew, when he is the head of the family; and it is worn regularly as that of the father and mother.
The Chancellor is the only one in the Kingdom who never wears mourning, for whichever person that it may be, because he is detached, in some way, from himself, in order to only represent Justice, of which he is the head.
The King wears mourning for the late King in a suit of violet wool, for the first three months; but at the end of the three months, His Majesty wears mourning like all his subjects.
All subjects wear mourning for the late King as for the father and mother, and for the same period.
When it is a foreign King, who is not the father of the Queen, or when it is a foreign Queen, who is not her mother, mourning is worn for twenty-one days, as thus for the King of Portugal. If the foreign King or Queen are the father or mother of the Queen, mourning is worn as for the late King of the Kingdom.
Mourning for the King of Portugal is worn regularly, but rather freely: men wear manchettes with effilé, silver buckles, and a black underside, that is to say, stockings, breeches, and waistcoat of black silk cloth: for the rest, they are dressed in a colored frock coat. Several wear black cloth frocks, with a black silk underside. But one had been able to count in the promenades and other public places, as many people who wore a fully dressed and complete black suit, with sword and silver buckles, as in an informal one. White stockings are no longer seen, with black breeches and white vests or gilets, decorated with embroidery of black silk; it has been a long time since this Fashion occurred, and since fully black undersides were worn. The two eras of mourning have not been, so to speak, observed by men, except in manchettes, which, in the first period, were of plain muslin, with effilé, and in the second were of entoilage, with pinked effilé. Neither in the first, nor in the second, was anything white worn on the underside. One has reason to presume that this ancient Fashion will not come back for a long time; even less than that which consisted of wearing white stockings, with black breeches and vests, which is the accoutrement of all the Apprentice Tailors in the Comedy of the Bourgeois Gentleman: it was felt how hideous this Fashion was. Thus, until it comes back for mourning, from now until a very long time in the future black undersides will be worn. Already even the Newspapers which announce mourning, speak no more of white stockings and embroidered white vests, when they indicate the little mourning.
Women wear, in the first period, black silk gowns, trimmed with the same, or black gauze; hats, gauze, and diamonds. A very-great number wear a white muslin gown, with a black petticoat and a black stomacher, chapeaux-bonnettes and diamonds, or gauze caps and black and white plumes.
In the second period, they wear gowns of white silk, plain blue or pink ribbons, gauze, and diamonds. A very-great number vary this dress. Some wear puce caracos, with black stomachers, and white taffeta petticoats; other pink caracos, with petticoats of violet color; others black gowns or black caracos, with white petticoats; still others wear white gowns, with a black bodice and white petticoats: all indifferently wear caps, gauze made into poufs, or chapeaux-bonnetes.
What we have just said on the manner which morning was worn for the King of Portugal, will serve as a rule for the first mourning at Court which will come.
We have represented in the Ist PLATE, a Woman wearing mourning following the first period. She is dressed in a gown of black taffeta. The petticoat matches the gown. On her neck is a kerchief of white Italian gauze, with large frills. The manchettes of her gown, made in sabots, are also of gauze, like the kerchief. Her head is covered with a chapeau-bonnette of white crêpe, wrapped with a wide black ribbon, and surmounted with four black plumes. Her hair, in the back, is tied very low in a large cadogan, held with that bronzed iron ligament, of which we spoke in the previous Book. Two large curls on each side fall on her chest. her shoes are of black taffeta, and are frilled with a black ribbon all around.
1780s 18th century Cabinet des Modes gown mourning


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Paradise Outdoors
Pelle Hermanni Park
Garden Park
Trails and Routes
The Children's Traffic Park Vinkkari
Animals of the Kirjurinluoto Park
Discover and Experience
Architecture and History
For Families with Children
Nature and Outdoors
Stay and Enjoy
Seasonal Restaurants and Restaurants on Request
Excursions and Guided Tours
Boat Trips and Cruises
Tours for Groups
Guides and Tours Service
Hanhipuisto park is a presentation park for trees, shrubs and flowering plants that thrive in the Satakunta region.
The Hanhipuisto park is located on the Hanhiluoto islet, just one kilometre from the city centre, in the environmentally valuable River Kokemäenjoki estuary.
Hanhipuisto park was originally set up in 1988 on a dredged soil deposit site. Extensive rebuilding work has turned the former sedimentation basins into a park where horizontal dimensions are used to highlight the vegetation on display. The total area of the Hanhipuisto park is around 16 hectares, of which 8.9 hectares comprises built-up parkland.
Adjacent to the Satakunta Garden Information Centre, the Hanhipuisto park is a presentation park for trees, shrubs and flowering plants that thrive in the Satakunta region. Some of the more uncommon plants and species are also displayed in the park.
The Polsanluoto islet
Next to the Hanhipuisto park in the River Kokemäenjoki estuary is the Polsanluoto islet that remains in a natural state.
The first nature trail was built on the Polsanluoto islet with duckboards in the early 1990s. In 2017, the duckboards were thoroughly renovated. A bridge was built in the upper course for crossing the water, while a hand-operated ferry was built in the lower course.
In 2017, the Polsanluoto islet was nominated as the first Mielipuisto in Pori. When you enter a Mielipuisto, it improves your mood. Pori's first Mielipuisto was opened on the local nature day that was celebrated on Saturday 17 June 2017 on the Polsanluoto islet and in the Kirjurinluoto Park. The idea of naming the park and organising the event came from the Satakunta Association for Mental Health. The association would like to remind everyone that even a short walk in the woods is better for you than an hour in therapy. Having a natural-state spot for relaxing this close to the city centre is extremely valuable in Pori.
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Home Community News Alexandria Honors Veterans
Alexandria Honors Veterans
Captain Rocky Versace Plaza and Vietnam Veterans Memorial. (Photo: Wayne Hulehan)
Wreath-laying by USMA Class of 1959 Representatives (Photo: Wayne Hulehan)
On Friday, November 11, Mayor Allison Silberberg and other civic dignitaries joined community business leaders, residents, and students as the historical trumpets and flutes of the United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps shepherded the start of the annual Veterans Day program at the Captain Rocky Versace Plaza and Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Alexandria, VA.
St. Rita American Heritage Girls reflect. (Photo: Wayne Hulehan)
There was a Medal of Honor flag presentation by St. Rita Cub Scout Pack 522, followed by Christiana Drapkin's solo of "The Star Spangled Banner", the Pledge of Allegiance led by St. Rita American Heritage Girls (AHG) Troop 1381 and an Invocation by Deacon Steve Dixon of St. Rita Parish.
United States Army Old Guard presents colors. (Photo: Wayne Hulehan
Of note were honors given to U.S. Armed Forces Veterans including the presentation of '50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War' Commemorative Certificates by Mrs. Lise Harvey, Regent, Anna Maria Fitzhugh Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) 9, and then individual honors to Alexandria's 67 Vietnam War Fallen Heroes.
Touching comments giving tribute to Alexandria hero, Captain "Rocky" Versace (July 2, 1937 – September 26, 1965), were the centerpiece of the program. Captain Humbert Roque "Rocky" Versace was a United States Army officer of Puerto Rican-Italian descent who was captured only two weeks from ending his tour of duty. He tried to escape four times, but failed in his attempts. It is reported that Versace insulted the Viet Cong during the indoctrination sessions and cited the Geneva Convention treaty time after time. The Viet Cong separated Versace from the other prisoners. The last time the prisoners heard his voice, he was loudly singing "God Bless America". On September 26, 1965, North Vietnam's "Liberation Radio" announced the execution of Captain Humbert Roque Versace. Versace's remains have never been recovered. His headstone at Arlington National Cemetery stands above an empty grave and can be located in the Memorial section MG-108. (Source: Wikipedia)
Captain Humbert Roque Versace, Medal of Honor recipient (Photo: Wikipedia)
Versace was awarded the United States' highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his heroic actions while a prisoner of war (POW) during the Vietnam War. He was the first member of the U.S. Army to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions performed in Southeast Asia while in captivity.
The solemn service finished with the haunting notes of "Taps" echoing through the instrument from Bugles Across America, followed by the sweet sounds of Christiana Drapkin's voice singing, "God Bless America."
You can help the "Friends of Rocky Versace" remember and honor Alexandria's Vietnam War Fallen Heroes by becoming a member of the Capt. Versace Memorial Association. Questions or comments about the Ceremony or the Memorial Assoc., please contact the "Friends of Rocky Versace" (FoRV) at FoRV59@gmail.com
American Heritage Girls (AHG) Troop 1381
Captain Rocky Versace
Christiana Drapkin
Deacon Steve Dixon
Humbert Roque "Rocky" Versace
ST. Rita
ST. Rita Cub Scout Pack 522
Wayne Hulehan
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HomeArticlesFootballTop 2022 World Cup Predictions
Top 2022 World Cup Predictions
As the most watched sporting tournament comes ever closer, now is the time for us to take a closer look at some of the more interesting predictions. Who will crash out at the group stage, who could be the surprise dark horses, who will come out on top with the Golden Boot and who will run out as ultimate winners? Let's look at all this and more…
European Heavyweights Belgium Fail to Reach Knockout Phase
Favoured by many to win the group and go deep in the tournament, Belgium are our first contenders for an unexpected upset. Despite a squad packed with talent and global superstars; including the household names of Romelu Lukaku and Kevin De Bruyne, the Red Devils have a habit of falling flat when it comes to major tournaments. Drawn in Group F alongside Croatia, Morocco, and Canada this could be tougher than it seems on paper. Croatia has a habit of turning up on the big stage and reached the final in 2018. Returning after a 36-year absence, Canada come full of confidence having topped the CONCACAF qualification and lastly, Morocco, a team that put in a strong performance in the recent African Cup of Nations. All of this points to a potential upset – as Belgium's golden generation bid to make history.
USA Reach the Knockout Phase
After the USA missed out on qualifying for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, the sport took a hit. However, since that low, their Coach Gregg Berhalter has quietly been working to reinvigorate the squad – and it's been working. Beating Mexico in the final of the CONCACAF National League, the Stars and Stripes have a team packed with talent with the likes of Weston-McKennie, Gio Reyna and Yunus Misah all plying their trade for high profile European clubs. So, what does the USA need in order to proceed to the knockout phase in a group that should see England hit top spot? Four points is possibly all – meaning at least one win and a draw. Assuming form goes to plan, and we see a loss to England that means the points need to come from matches against Wales and Iran. Iran enters the tournament with one of the most inexperienced squads at the tournament and despite some strong performances on the international stage of late, Wales had to come through playoff qualification to make it to Qatar. It won't be easy, but this is a talented team who will be ready to give their all on the global stage.
Messi Misses Out on Golden Boot Award
In Group C alongside Poland, Mexico and Saudi Arabia, many are understandably predicting Messi's Argentina to sail through the group and go deep into the tournament. With Messi, 35, this is likely to be his last chance to cap an incredible career with World Cup glory. In the midst of a remarkable run of form with an unbeaten run dating back to 2019, the Albiceleste are in a much better position than they were four years ago. However, South American rivals, Brazil enter the tournament as favourites and it's Argentina's questionable record against European teams that puts the Golden Boot Award in question. To see Messi, walk away with Golden Boot would be a fitting climax to a glittering career but there is a high chance it could end up with one of his archrivals.
Senegal Become the Surprise Package
The reigning champions of Africa have a habit of exceeding expectations and are well placed to cause an upset at this year's tournament. A squad packed with the household names of Edouard Mendy (Chelsea), Sadio Mane (Bayern Munich), Ismaila Sarr (Watford) and Chikou Kouyate (Nottingham Forest) means they enter the tournament with both experience and more importantly talent. Their coach since 2015, Aliou Cisse, has them well prepared. With the highest World Cup win percentage of the African nations at the tournament and with star striker Mane in a rich vein of form, Senegal could be one of this year's dark horses.
Denmark Reach the Finals
Seen by many as an outsider to walk away with the trophy in what would be their first major success since winning the Euros in 1992. Spearheaded by the comeback of Christina Eriksen and high on confidence after excelling in qualifying; only letting in three goals – their coach Kasper Hjulmand will be hoping his talented squad can write a new chapter in their history books.
England End 56 Year Wait to Become World Cup Champions
Heartache and football tournaments go hand in hand for England, as the Three Lions continue their quest for glory and a first major football tournament since 1966. 32 countries will complete for the ultimate prize in football and Gareth Southgate's side head into the tournament as one of the front-runners to reign supreme - along with the usual suspects of Brazil, France and Argentina. Sitting in Group B with Iran, Wales and USA, experts are widely confident of their progression to the knockout phase. Should they be successful they would then face one of Netherlands, Senegal, Ecuador or hosts Qatar in the last 16. Could this be their year?
Young Player of the Tournament
In 1958, Pele scored in the world cup final. In 1998 Michael Owen exploded onto the world stage with one of the most unforgettable goals in history and in 2018 at age of just 19 Kylian Mbappé made his mark. So, who should we look out for in Qatar to steal the limelight and write their name into the history books. Here are a few rising stars to look out for:
Jamal Musiala, Germany – Having decided to play for Germany rather than England, the 19 year old is packed with talent and creativity. A cut above his peers he loves to surprise. Expect tantalising runs and turning defenders inside out.
Alphonso Davies, Canada – At just 21, Davies is seen by many as one of the best fullbacks around. With lightning pace and mesmerizing dribbling skills he's seen as the full package. Since signing for Bayern Munich in 2019 he's won every trophy available, while adding a World Cup to that cabinet may be a step to far with Canada, he is certainly on target to set the global stage alight.
Phil Foden, England – Described by his manager, Pep Guardiola as one of the 'most talented players' he has seen, Foden is certainly one to which. He is a player that will give England something special and could make a real difference with a moment of magic.
The Tournament Awaits
Kicking off on Sunday November the 20th with Qatar facing Ecuador, now is the time to put down a few early wagers. Maybe one of the above takes your fancy or perhaps you still prefer to take some time to study those form guides and await the final squads to be announced. Either way, the anticipation is ramping up as the world's greatest football tournament draws ever closer.
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Research Tilburg University
Institutes and research groups
International PhD Colloquium 2021
Date: 16th June 2021 Time: 10:00 Location: ONLINE Meeting
LTMS International PhD Colloquium 2021
The Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT) is organizing the fourth edition of its annual PhD Colloquium (TIPC2021) on :
"The Regulation of New Technologies"
which will be held online on 16 June 2021.
The Colloquium is meant for gaining insights from young scholars across the world to address increasing uncertainties and risks of the popular roll out of new technologies alongside their long-term benefits. As technology develops, so do societal perceptions of technology and the desired regulatory response thereto.
Twenty three PhD researchers across Europe have been selected to present their interesting, timely research papers on four tracks, namely, data privacy protection, AI regulation, law and economics, and energy and environmental law. They will engage with (senior) researchers at TILT and other participants in these fields in a close discussion of their research findings. The event is open to participation within the Tilburg Law School and to outsiders in a participation by invitation manner.
Printable program and abstracts
Program | TIPC 2021, 16 June (10:00 – 16:05, Amsterdam)
10:00-10:30, Room 1: | Opening and Keynote
Opening: Bo Zhao, TILT, Tilburg University
Ronald Leenes, TILT, Tilburg University
Artificial INTELLIGENCE, Laissez faire, regulate or what?
10:30-11:30, Session 1:
Chair : Bo Zhao, TILT, Tilburg University
Regulating AI (1)
Chair: Charmian Lim, TILT, Tilburg University
Olena Demchenko, University of Pecs
Transactions with loot boxes in video games. European approach to the gambling regulations in the gaming industry
Discussant: Inge Graef, TILT, TILEC, Tilburg University
Kelly Blount, University of Luxembourg
Bridging the regulation gap in artificial intelligence technologies for law enforcement
Discussant: Floris Bex, TILT, Tilburg University
Jamelia Anderson-Princen, Tilburg University
Cloud outsourcing in the financial sector: An assessment of internal governance strategies on a cloud transaction between bank and a leading cloud service provider
Discussant: Konrad Borowicz, TILT, TILEC, Tilburg University
Gijs van Maanen, Tilburg University
Governance of algorithms requires attention to representation
Discussant: Tineke Broer, TILT, Tilburg University
Shashi Kant Yadav, Central European University
Precautionary approaches towards fracking-related water risks in multilevel legal systems of the US, India, and EU
Discussant: Gert Meyers, TILT, Tilburg University
Francesca Palmiotto, European University Institute
Transparency or explainability? Different solutions for regulating AI
Discussant: Linnet Taylor, TILT, Tilburg University
11:30-11:40, Room 1: | 10 minutes break | open chat
Data and privacy protection (1)
Chair: Tjasa Petrocnik, TILT, Tilburg University
Chair: Gijs van Maanen, Tilburg University
Eyup Kun , KU Leuven Centre for IT and IP Law (CiTiP)
Strengthening the supervision in the EU cybersecurity law: are all organizational measures created equally?
Emmanuel.C.J. Pernot-LePlay, TILT, Tilburg University
Elisabeth Paar, University of Vienna
Artificial Intelligence and judicial independence - An exemplary constitutional analysis regarding the hearing of witnesses
Marijke Roosen, TILT, Tilburg University
Athena Christofi , KU Leuven, CiTiP
Smart cities and the challenge of aggregated effects: searching for macro-balancing tests
Maarten Herbosch, KU Leuven
The precontractual use of AI systems: legal opportunities and challenges
Maja Nisevic , University of Verona
A study on the personal data processing and the UCPD focused on case law of Italy, Germany and UK
Antonella Zarra, Hamburg University, Institute of Law and Economics
The cost of AI-driven accidents
Bo Zhao, TILT, Tilburg University
12:40-13:40, Room 1: | 1h Lunch break | open chat
Chair: Gargi Sharma, TILT, Tilburg University
Beril Boz , University of Oxford, Faculty of Law
Social media and children 'working' under surveillance
Tanya Krupiy, TILT, Tilburg University
David Hadwick, Universiteit Antwerpen
Deus tax machine: How should the use of artificial intelligence by tax administrations be regulated in the EU?
Samir Jarjoui, University of Dallas
People, process, and technology: A novel framework for big data governance
Marthe Goudsmit, University of Oxford
Regulating user-generated image-based sexual abuse on online platforms : exploring criminal law and artificial intelligence-based web crawlers options
Tjasa Petrocnik, TILT, Tilburg University
Informed consent in the age of iLeviathan
Rachele Carli, University of Bologna
Criticalities and future challenges of social robotics: a focus on deception in human-robot interaction
Dovilė Petkevičiūtė Barysienė, Vilnius University
14:40-14:50, Room 1 | 10 minutes break | open chat
Energy and Environmental law
Chair: Brenda Espinosa Apráez, TILT, TILEC, Tilburg University
Asieh Haieri Yazdi CEPMLP, University of Dundee
Nuclear energy in uncertain times of the Persian gulf
Leonie Reins, TILT, Tilburg University
Hannah Smith , University of Oxford
The role of the citizen in legitimising reuses of administrative data in research
Liebrich Hiemstra, Tilburg University
Energy trading and data disclosure: the legal basis of information exchange between supervisory agencies
Saskia Lavrijssen, TILT, TILEC, Tilburg University
Florence D'Ath , Université de Luxembourg
Data protection law as a tool to neutralize discriminatory outcomes in the context of e-recruiting practices
Manon Simon, University of Tasmania
Adaptive governance for solar radiation management
15:50-16:05, Room 1 | 15 minutes Conclusion
Session 1: Law and Economics
The present paper explains possible ways of the legal approach to the transactions with loot boxes in free-to-play video games, particularly, focusing on the monetary value involved in operations with loot boxes. Current research examines online gambling definition accepted in the European Union and its application to the in-game transactions connected to the loot boxes trade both at internal and external platforms. The present paper focuses on gaps in existing legal procedures regulating (or not regulating) transactions on virtual items, stresses on the necessity of new legal models application in the gaming industry and underlines the importance of amendments to current European legislation with the focus on video games commoditisation in order to protect consumer rights, free movement of digital goods and to secure European public policy.
Cloud applications are becoming central and critical to core operations, and delivery of financial services. For financial institutions, two main concerns are the increased exposure to transaction risks, and devising appropriate internal governance strategies, especially in light of their accountability for cloud failures. The study examines the effectiveness of internal governance strategies applied on a cloud outsourcing transaction between a Bank and Cloud service provider. The study applies a unique data set from a Banks' cloud risk register, to a structural modelling equation (SEM), and simple linear regression to test for transaction misalignment and causes of governance inefficiencies in the risk mitigation process. The tests on our structural model are positive for misalignment indicating governance inefficiencies. We find that, the inefficiencies on the SEM model, can be best explained by weaknesses in the design of the Banks' internal control framework. In particular, I illustrate that some of the most critical and important cloud risks, are not only driven by agency costs, but also by firm specific risks which contribute to significant transaction uncertainties and governance inefficiencies.
Differences in legal systems can play an imperative role in regulating 'risks' and 'uncertainties' posed by emerging technologies. A pro-innovation, light-touch regulatory approach may interfere with the citizens' constitutional right to a clean environment, access to water, among others. On the contrary, triggering the precautionary principle (PP) on low-level uncertain risks may discourage scientific innovation eventually halting innovation and market growth. In any case, it is important to identify the 'safe levels' of resource exploitation. These safe levels are 'minimum plausible threshold' that enables only genuinely hazardous impacts of a technology to trigger precautionary actions. Although the current literature highlights the various components of a legal system that influence the regulation of environmental risk through PP, it does not comparatively analyse these components. A comparative analysis of how different multilevel legal systems trigger the PP is important to ensure that "safe levels" of resource exploitation is determined in a scientific, rationally (or proportionally), and decentralised (bottom-up) manner.
This research proposes to comparatively analyse how differences in the multilevel legal systems of the US, the EU, and India influence the application of the PP on the similar water risks related to hydraulic fracturing (fracking), a water-intensive technique of extracting unconventional natural (shale) gas by horizontally injecting millions of gallons of pressurised water into deep sedimentary rocks.
This case study, under the comparative method approach, will test the hypothesis that differences in the systemic distribution of legislative and regulatory powers between national and subnational units, in a multilevel legal system with shared competence on environmental matters, affect the application of the PP. In this context the three comparators (the US, the EU, and India) have (1) different level of shared competence over environmental matters in their multilevel governing system, (2) implemented fracking and triggered different precautionary actions against similar fracking-specific risks, (3) adopted PP with different interpretations.
Session 1: Regulating AI (1)
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) across every aspect of our lives has earned AI a reputation as 'disruptive technology.' Though it may not be readily apparent in the field of criminal law, the permeation of AI into this area of public life holds very important implications for fundamental rights. The development of AI technologies is increasingly regulated, as is the use of AI by law enforcement authorities (LEA). This paper posits that there is a public policy gap between the two bodies of regulation and addresses the public-private interaction between companies developing and supplying AI technologies and LEAs utilizing them. The paper will argue for a regulatory scheme that addresses the lack of transparency in procurement, licensing, and contractual relationship between AI developers and law enforcement authorities.
AI reliant technologies allow LEAs to better allocate their resources, and more effectively prevent and control crime. However these technologies often bring uncertainty as regards potentially propagating biases and the magnitude of potential errors. Many LEAs not only lack the knowledge to address these issues, but developers are unwilling to share proprietary information. Further, it is unclear whether the LEA or company dictates where data is stored and which entity acts as controller. Finally is the actual procurement process, by which LEAs contract or license with AI developers. This paper aims to demonstrate the need for transparency in the bidding process and subsequent contractual relationship. Though policing authorities are well scrutinized, and AI developers increasingly regulated, the bridging of the two is less studied. The paper will argue that by putting forward a regulatory approach that takes into account these peripheral factors, a transparent and mutually beneficial public-private interaction may occur.
Gijs van Maanen, Tilburg UNIVERSITY & Daan Kolkman, Eindhoven University of Technology
The perceived potential of computers to outperform people at a variety of tasks has led to the increasing usage of algorithms in the public and private sector. At the same time, the fallibility of algorithms has been demonstrated by numerous high-profile incidents. In response, many have called for governance of algorithms. While algorithmic accountability is considered one way to operationalize algorithmic governance, it is met with its own share of challenges. First, it remains unclear what algorithmic accountability should entail (Wieringa 2020). Second, there's ambiguity in how best to characterize algorithms. Dourish (2016) argues we should adopt the terminology used by the those working on algorithms. Seaver (2017) by contrast, argues that algorithms are 'multiple': a software engineer may 'enact' an algorithm through "mathematical analysis", while an anthropologist may enact them as "rangy sociotechnical systems".
In this paper we engage with these two challenges and contribute to the academic literature on algorithms and the governance of algorithms by foregrounding the epistemic and political representational qualities of algorithms. We analyze representational claims present in the Ofqual, SAFFIER II and SyRI algorithms, to illustrate their enactment of different and often clashing epistemic and political representational norms.
In respect to the academic debate, characterizations of algorithms that diametrically oppose technical enactments run the risk of alienating more 'technical' scholars from 'social' scholars and designers from critics (Barocas & boyd 2017). Such enactments have their place but seek to oppose and resist rather than to discuss and compromise. Our approach presents a middle ground that is neither "high-brow humanities" nor "techno-optimist" and provides common ground for debate. We argue that a more diverse academic discussion and public debate resulting from a sensitivity to representational claims is a precondition for the effective governance of algorithms.
In the past years, AI applications have grown exponentially, permeating every aspect of our everyday life. These systems are used for firing, hiring, profiling, targeting, ranking, and even for taking crucial decisions for individuals' lives. At the same time, many concerns have been raised, particularly regarding their reliability. Research has shown, for instance, that Amazon's AI recruiting tool was biased against women and that facial recognition may be less accurate when identifying black people. However, in a worrying trend, these tools are still concealed in secrecy and opacity, preventing individuals from understanding how their output has been generated.
In light of these concerns, the literature advocates for the development of transparent and explainable AI systems. Likewise, several EU's guidelines consider transparency and explainability of the system as key requirements for developing trustworthy AI. However, notwithstanding these European documents and scholarly work produced on this topic, the difference between the two options remains unclear. Which one is the most appropriate? How to choose between these two requirements? Or should both be demanded in any case?
This paper aims at addressing these questions by proposing a conceptual framework that provides guidance in the choice between transparency and explainability of AI systems. This debate is particularly timely, as a regulatory proposal by the Commission is expected by the end of this year. The Commission's primary goal is to safeguard fundamental EU values and rights by setting requirements related to trustworthiness for high-risk AI systems. Hence, a clarification on the differences between these two solutions is needed.
The paper argues that, when choosing between the two, one should consider the type of knowledge production's process that best fits the context. Hence, the main guiding question is: can I trust the explainer, or do I need to verify first-hand?
To test this hypothesis, the last part of the paper provides an analysis of two case studies: firing software in work relationships and risk-assessment software in criminal proceedings.
Session 2: Data and privacy protection (1)
The Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems (NIS I Directive) provides that operators of essential services and digital service providers (regulated entities) shall take appropriate technical and organizational measures to manage the risks arising from cyber-attacks on their network and information systems. However, it has been stated that they might externalize these risks to their users or society in the absence of appropriate regulatory supervision. Therefore, they might be reluctant to comply with the requirements under NIS I Directive. Despite discussions in the literature about the extent to which the supervision mechanism under the NIS I Directive can ensure effective compliance, the role of specific organizational measures in ensuring the supervision in this Directive and proposed NIS II Directive has not been explored.
After pointing out the shortcomings of the current supervisory mechanism, this paper aims to demonstrate that the insertion of specific organizational measures to the proposed NIS II Directive should be required to strengthen the supervision over the regulated entities. To support this claim, this paper examines the supervision mechanisms available under both NIS I and the proposed NIS II. Moreover, it investigates how organizational measures can help supervisory authorities oversee the risk management activities of these entities. The question of how security impact assessment and information security officers can improve supervision as organizational measures if they are provided under law is specifically addressed. While analyzing these measures, the reason why these measures can have a specific function in the supervision of those entities will be closely analyzed to justify the explicit insertion of these measures. During this analysis, the relevant provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation on data protection impact assessment and data protection officers are discussed to demonstrate how these organizational measures improve the supervision of regulated entities in enhancing compliance with cybersecurity requirements.
Smart cities denote the gradual datafication of urban environments and urban governance, in ways that promise to produce important benefits in the public interest yet bring risks to the fundamental rights of city dwellers. The protection of rights should thus be effectively balanced with the public interests at stake. Balancing mechanisms can be found in the conditions for limitations of fundamental rights found in the EU Charter and ECHR, and principles like legality and proportionality. Then, EU data protection law provides even more fine-grained tools for balancing in the form of the Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA).
This paper discusses the limitations of these balancing mechanisms in the smart city context. Fundamental rights and other interests are usually balanced in the framework of specific projects and processing operations. Yet, in the smart city this micro-/ project-focused approach might be insufficient in its own. While individual smart city projects may present limited risks, the paper stresses the need to consider and assess the aggregated effects of different projects. The change towards smart cities happens gradually, and it is the accumulation of several projects that could be most problematic from a fundamental rights perspective. Should a macro-balancing test be introduced in addition to the project-specific balancing mechanisms? How could aggregated effects be accounted for methodologically in DPIAs dealing with smart city projects?
The paper probes these questions, in particular by investigating whether parallels could be drawn from the assessment of environmental harms, where cumulative risks arising from a combination of industrial developments are also pertinent. As impact assessments in the environmental field have a longer history than their data protection counterpart, it looks into strategic environmental assessments and cumulative effects assessments to see if (methodological) tools found therein could be useful to address aggregated effects on fundamental rights in smart cities.
Today, personal data are considered a counter-performance for "free" digital services or discounts for online products and services. A primary concern of personal data processing is data collection or data manipulation, intending to produce new information about individuals. Considering the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), data processing means a wide range of operations performed on personal data, including manual or automated means. It includes collecting, recording, organization, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction of personal data. Furthermore, manipulation with Big Data Analytics allows commercial exploitation of individuals based on unfair commercial practices. Traders use unfair commercial practices to attract consumers in order to buy their products or use their services online.
Consequently, consumer protection concepts are essential in a data-driven economy and central issues to effective individuals' protection in the Big Data Age. Although the field of consumer protection and data protection in the European Union (EU) have been developed separately, there is an unambiguous relationship between them. While the GDPR plays a crucial role in individuals' data protection in the case of personal data processing, the Directive 2005/29/EC (UCPD) plays a crucial role in regulating an individual's protection from unfair commercial practice when it comes to personal data processing. A vital aspect of the UCPD is the enforcement of issues related to consumer privacy. However, a much-debated question is whether the UCPD is fully effective or not for personal data processing.
This aritcle examines consumer protection from unfair commercial practice when it comes to personal data processing. Besides, this paper examines case law examples on WhatsApp and Facebook in Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In the end, this paper is aiming to give a comprehensive conclusion on the issue, referring to the applicability of the rules on unfair commercial practice when it comes to data processing.
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has initiated a disruptive process in the legal sector, which will also affect state institutions such as courts. As of today, it has already been pointed out that AI could take over tasks of the finding of justice in the near future. This discussion is often limited to the use of AI in legal assessment. However, a judge´s field of activity does not only comprise the legal assessment of established facts, but also the determination of the facts themselves. This second aspect essentially consists of the hearing and consideration of evidence. It should not be overlooked that recourse to AI is also conceivable in the course of dealing with these factual elements of the judicial basis for a decision; the question of (constitutional) admissibility arises equally.
The latter aspect is the subject of my proposed contribution, whereby the legal analysis will be carried out exemplarily on the basis of the hearing of witnesses and its assessment in the context of civil proceedings. Even within this specific stage of the procedure, potential application fields for AI are numerous. Due to this, a further restriction is necessary. The focus will be on three use cases: speech processing, the analysis of facial expression as a form of optical emotion recognition and the analysis of prosody as a form of acoustic emotion recognition.
Building on these potential fields of application, it shall be examined whether the current constitutional law sets limits for the use of AIs in the hearing and assessment of evidence which obviate the need for explicit limitation. This constitutional analysis will be carried out exemplarily on the basis of judicial independence as a central structural principle of all constitutions based on the rule of law.
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are used increasingly often in a precontractual context. They are not only used as a source of information, but in some instances, even contract negotiation and formation are delegated to these systems. This can be problematic, as the existing legal framework is highly centred around humans. This is exemplified by notions such as 'consent', 'diligence' and 'fault'. The autonomy that characterises modern AI systems based on machine learning hinders the straightforward application of these concepts to the system's user. Resultingly, it is unclear how the existing legal framework should be applied when parties use these systems. The resulting legal uncertainty gives rise to the question whether an adapted 'intelligent' contract law framework is required.
This contribution focuses on the difficulties encountered when a contract is concluded on the basis of incorrect information, provided by an AI system. It also examines the situation where the contract formation is delegated to an AI system. In both instances, it is examined how the use of an AI system may impact the existence and the validity of the resulting contract.
Current applications of artificial intelligence (AI) are far from being fully autonomous. As a matter of fact, human intervention is still required in most circumstances to take final decisions or to avoid system failures. The degree of interaction between human beings and machines brings about important consequences for the attribution of liability when an accident occurs. For instance, the deployment of semi-automated vehicles, where a safety driver is required to relinquish control if needed, may induce over-reliance on the technology, resulting in an increased level of negligence by the operator. Evidence from other sectors (e.g. aviation) that have already witnessed a shift to full automation suggest that human operators might become the "moral crumple zone" (Elish, 2019) of accidents involving AI, being consistently blamed for negligence even in cases where their control on the machine is limited.
Against this backdrop, it is worth asking how liability should be attributed when a technology is automated but not autonomous and, in turn, how adequate levels of safety and innovation can be ensured. This paper first surveys possible liability frameworks applicable to AI systems and then reflects on the largely discussed hypothesis of attributing legal personality to algorithmic agents. It argues that the "human in the loop" should be considered when analyzing the level of precautions and activity. Furthermore, it contends that the type of liability regime and the consequent choice of remedies is shaped by how lawmakers conceive AI in the first place. In this respect, regulators should envisage specific mechanisms for partially autonomous technologies where human negligence persists, which would incentivize the adoption of adequate levels of precaution without stifling firms' investments in innovation.
Session3: Data and Privacy Protection (2)
While it is often discussed whether adults comprehend the adverse effects of technology eg social media platforms and render valid 'consent', there seems to be an oversight on the aspects of this incomprehension for decisions rendered by adults for children. Children seem to be mirroring their parents/guardians' behaviours and adopting this new social phenomenon too fast, before having the psychological necessities and legal tools to exercise autonomy. Social media accounts managed by parents (sharenting) seem to (i) disregard that children are aware that they are constantly under surveillance and tailor their behaviours accordingly; (ii) impose a sense of obligation to act in a certain way for the approvals of their parents and 'others'; (iii) expose children to social moulding too soon without necessary support and guidance. Legal frameworks acknowledge that children need supervision, protection and care, thus empower parents/guardians to exercise certain rights in line with that. However, these social media accounts run by the parents/guardians seem to make children 'work'. They 'work' to receive as many 'likes' and advertisement deals as they can. This is reminiscent of child TV stars. However, the two are quite different, both context and applicable regulations wise. TV stars are subject to stricter health and safety regulations eg hour-limitations and psychological support. Those who work on social media showcase their own lives, true identities and enable the followers/audience to mould their aspirations and perhaps characters. This article will compare the two work types, and their applicable legal frameworks (ie the GDPR and the E.U. frameworks on young people at work). It will then examine whether similar safeguards in place for TV work could be extended to social media and protect children from activities that are conducted beyond their free choice, which is yet to emerge.
While many companies maintain a system of internal controls and board-level experts for financial reporting, these checks and balances are less stringent for IT implementations. An MIT study in 2019 found that only 24% of boards were digitally savvy and abreast with technology transformation initiatives.
Many organizations harness big data capabilities to create value through innovations that improve competitiveness. While there is hardly any doubt among scholars and practitioners regarding the importance of big data, there is sparse guidance on how to holistically mitigate the risks inherent in big data technologies. Some of these risks are related to data privacy considerations, algorithmic biases, and intellectual property rights. As a result, big data stewardship continues to lag with inconsistent applications across organizations due to the lack of an end-to-end governance approach.
Leaning on the agency theory of the firm, we propose a governance model for big data capabilities within organizations. Although prior scholars have introduced governance frameworks that address big data challenges, these artifacts are limited in scope and do not synthesize the critical role of oversight structures and culture with other downstream governance activities.
In this paper, we outline a multi-layered governance model with several lines of defense to improve big data governance and accountability through an end-to-end approach of people, process, and technology. We emphasize the important role of organizational culture in the development of technology oversight and advance the notion that big data governance should commence at the board level, with clear risk management expectations. We contour three lines of governance oversight structures which include board of directors, independent reviews, and organizational controls. We also introduce three domains of big data governance activities which comprise technology investment measures, data life-cycle controls, and analytical optimization.
Tjaša Petročnik , TILT, Tilburg University
In modern medicine, giving informed consent is an important and internationally recognized principle, intended to avoid violations of individual's autonomy and bodily integrity. As such, it is an important legal, ethical, and clinical requirement, protecting the vulnerable party, preventing harms, and cultivating trust. In this paper, I analyse whether the entry of big tech corporations into healthcare (Sharon, 2018) challenges the notion of informed consent by using a case study of Amazon's recent efforts in the sphere of health. These include Amazon's voice assistant Alexa giving out medical advice and Amazon launching its prescription drug delivery service as well as a direct-to-consumer telehealth platform offering on-demand access to a clinician. For my analysis, the concept of iLeviathan (Prainsack, 2019), which is defined as a big corporate entity to which individuals "submit some of their natural freedoms /…/ to receive something back that they consider essential", is relied upon. The paper demonstrates that the entry of big tech once again reshuffles the power in medical decision-making (Tancredi and Barsky, 1974), by making informed consent valu(at)ed less than appropriate to it (Anderson, 1990; Sharon, 2020 and 2021). This allows me to conclude that the notion of informed consent, as constructed and applied in the age of iLeviathan, is not fulfilling its functions sufficiently, namely in line with the underlying principles of medical ethics, which can transform healthcare provision in ways that could be considered problematic.
This research aims to bring to the Colloquium a discussion on the regulation of AI tools used by tax administrations. In 2019, the OECD reported that more than 40 tax administrations are making use of AI or planning to do so in the near future. In the EU, States such as Belgium, France, Germany, Poland or Spain all possess AI-driven solutions to perform some of their fiscal prerogatives. Due to the increase of e-commerce and the exponential growth in data flows, tax administrations have to process billions of documents every year, which places tax administrations in a strategic position to pilot such programs. Yet, the cases of SyRI and the toeslagenaffaire in The Netherlands, or RoboDebt in Australia show that AI governance tools bring a number of inherent risks to taxpayers' fundamental rights.
A lot of uncertainty remains around what tools are used by EU States to collect and analyse taxpayer data or to detect fraud, and how data protection provisions apply to these tools. This research identifies all AI tools used by tax administrations in the EU and classifies these tools in a function-based taxonomy. Informed by CJEU and ECtHR case-law, this research develops an analytical framework to assess infringements of taxpayers' privacy and data protection rights. The framework is then applied in a multiple case-study design, deriving data from multiple sources, including semi-structured interviews with tax officials and members of the DPA of several EU Member States. A comparative legal review is conducted to assess whether Member States' norms regulating the use of AI tax governance tools are appropriate to safeguard taxpayers' rights. The purpose of this research is ultimately to develop qualitative requirements for the protection of taxpayers' privacy and data protection rights and the regulation of AI tax governance tools.
Worldwide, there are over 3000 websites dedicated to hosting 'revenge porn' and countless forums on which images are traded 'like Pokémon cards'. Although image-based sexual abuse ('ibsa') is not new, its criminalisation only started when ibsa moved online. However, criminal laws addressing ibsa focus only on individual offenders. Platforms hosting and enabling non-consensual disclosure of private, sexual images, are not subject to regulations regarding this harmful content. Platforms have no legal obligation to comply with victims' take-down requests. This paper explores options for regulating digital platforms' facilitation of ibsa.
Firstly, I consider criminal law regulation. The criminal law may be especially helpful for regulating 'dedicated revenge porn sites', as those host exclusively illegal content. Platforms that have legitimate purposes beyond facilitating ibsa would be less easily criminalised: it could be an unreasonable infringement of free speech rights.
Secondly, I address non-criminal legal remedies. I focus on what obligations may be put on platforms to ensure no illegal content is hosted by them. I consider promising possibilities for artificial intelligence-based web crawlers, which could help ensure no offending image will be (re-)published. Past attempts at automatically searching the web for illegal images have been challenged by the limits of technology: cropping an image would make it unrecognisable to a crawler. However, artificial intelligence-based software moves beyond those limitations. Software such as Clearview AI would work even with partial images, so that victims would not be required to upload the complete abusive image (as Facebook asked users to do in the past), thus increasing their safety. Anyone subsequently attempting to hosting the image could be alerted to its nature and prevent its renewed publication. I consider the legal feasibility of demanding platforms use such software and adhere to its restrictions. I conclude that the severity of ibsa warrants such regulations.
The so called "forth revolution" is increasingly focused on the development of Artificial Intelligence (henceforth AI) devices, designed to directly interact with users, to collaborate with them and even to act in a human-centred environment – such is the case of robots characterised by a physical body – with different degrees of automatization. In order to encourage acceptability and trust, AI devices are structured as so to lever the human tendency to anthropomorphise what they interact with. It follows that some machines are able to simulate the feeling of genuine emotions or empathy, to appear needy of help, to pretend to have an own personality and – more in general – to induce the user to think that they are something more than mere objects. Thus, it may be argued that such interaction could lead to forms of manipulation that fall within the remit of a deceptive dynamic.
This analysis investigates what is meant by "deception" in the human-robot interaction context, through an anthropocentric perspective and in line with principles and values expressed in the European Union legal framework.
To this end, a brief review of hypothetical scenarios of interaction is presented and discussed with regard to its possible long-term consequences, with the aim to draw a line between beneficial and harmful effects.
Therefore, both ethical and legal perspectives are reconstructed, with the attempt to try to distinguish their respective scope and to emphasise their fruitful integration in addressing these issues.
Finally, the possible relevance of fundamental human rights in human-robot interaction dynamics is discussed, due to their ability to reconcile ethical demands with the binding feature of legal norms.
Session 4: Energy and Environmental law
The global nuclear energy scene is changing rapidly. Some countries are phasing out of nuclear technology. Some of the other countries are in the nuclear renaissance, planning to promote the most ambitious new nuclear construction programme. The statemen make the proper decision in nuclear policy striking the best balance of domestic energy policies, energy-concerned foreign policies, and the dynamism of international relations. This study tries to analyse the political aspects of nuclear programmes in foreign policies and international relations in the Persian Gulf region.
This project examines the reasons why oil & gas producer states want to acquire nuclear energy/weapons. The research examines policymaking processes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Iran. Different states' power and different perceptions of the international system allow for explaining different role players in foreign policy and energy politics.
The theoretical starting point of this thesis is the Neoclassical Realism in the literature of international relations. This theory is a prominent context as a set of key beliefs and assumptions that affects or guides method selection. It offers good avenues for the analysis of energy resources in foreign policy. The theory concentrates on material power and underlines the importance of state domestic structure, as well as statesmen's perception of the international system. These aspects create the opportunity to explain the different positions of energy resources in foreign policies of different states.
Empirically, the case-study findings have been synthesized into three key variables in which neoclassical realist linkages are particularly significant in cause and effect approach: the level of external vulnerability of the countries as the independent variable, the foreign policy induced by the distribution of power as the dependent variable, and ideological support for collective hegemony impacts on decision-makers as an intervening variable. Using three disparate neighbour cases in the Persian Gulf provides the lessons from which have formed the basis of comparative analysis.
Market participants trading in derivatives with a value based on an energy product ("Energy Trading") are subjected to several legal obligations to disclose commercially sensitive data regarding their trades to supervisory agencies. It appears that supervision and enforcement benefit if such information is shared between supervisors on both a cross-border and a cross-sectoral level. This triggers questions on the legality, accountability and legitimacy of such information sharing activities and on rights and remedies market participants may have against unlawful or unwanted disclosure.
This paper describes data disclosure from market participants active in Energy Trading to regulatory agencies at a European level in the context of cooperation between supervisory agencies. The process can be divided into two sections; the disclosure of data which relates to sector-wide market information and on the other hand data on Energy Trading activities from individuals which may relate to market abuse. The central question is which role the normative concepts of legality and legitimacy play in information sharing in the field of Energy Trading. After information sharing is explained in the light of these principles, competition law will be used as a benchmark to describe remedies for market participants against unwanted or unlawful disclosure.
Solar Radiation Management (SRM) is a set of climate intervention techniques that are designed to increase the reflectivity of the planet, to diminish the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere and decrease global temperatures. These techniques are proposed as solutions to global warming but raise their own set of environmental and social issues. Because SRM schemes are likely to carry serious unintended side effects on the environment and human societies, scholars are calling for governance mechanisms to be developed. The development of governance arrangements for SRM, however, must overcome a number of challenges that traditional systems of governance appear inadequate to address. Therefore, a growing number of scholars suggest that new governance approaches are needed for SRM. 'Adaptive Governance' is one such approach for managing complex socio-ecological systems in the face of environmental change and offers a useful framework for governing the risks and uncertainties behind SRM. This paper addresses the opportunities and limits of adaptive SRM governance.
Keen to capitalise on advances in data analytics, governments are increasingly opening up their administrative data to researchers. In recognition of the new opportunities and risks fostered by such innovations, the GDPR and the UK's Digital Economy Act govern this reuse of data. These instruments justify their approach by references to the 'public interest' in such data reuse and societal expectations towards the benefits of increased knowledge. What remains unclear, however, is how far citizens share theses understandings of the 'public interest' within the law. My legislative analysis and my preliminary findings from a survey created to investigate citizens' views suggests there are divergences in the legal approach and citizens' expectations.
I argue such divergences undermine the legitimacy of these laws, due to the reliance placed on societal expectations and attitudes to justify their approach. Whilst citizens were given a role in the legislative processes of the GDPR and DEA 2017, my analysis suggests subsequent practices and more powerful actors shifted the legislative approach away from citizens' views towards a more permissive approach to data reuse. This finding is reinforced by my empirical findings, which indicate differences between what is legally permissible and societally acceptable.
In light of this, I advocate for more inclusive and responsive governance processes to better facilitate citizens' views in determining appropriate data sharing practices. This does not entail the law completely mirroring societal views, due to the challenges of legislating when societal norms are incipient. Instead, I support processes which better include citizens in the decision-making processes that determine the permissibility of data reuse. Notions such as the 'public interest' could operate as a usefully flexible vehicle to accommodate the evolution of societal views, helping to secure the continued legitimacy of the law. This approach serves to best promote innovation whilst respecting citizens' interests.
In December 2000, the right to personal data protection was enshrined in Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). At that time, the impact of that 'novel' right remained relatively obscure. Over the last 20 years however, the substance of Article 8 of the Charter has grown together with the case law of the CJEU and legislative reforms in the field of data protection. The adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has been yet another step in this direction. In parallel, new data-driven technologies (DDT), including algorithms developed to support or replace human-decision making, have become part of our daily life. DDT offer many opportunities for improvement in various fields, such as medical care, justice or employment. However, both old and recent scandals have also shown that, when poorly designed or badly employed, these DDT can be harmful to individuals' fundamental rights or freedoms. This paper argues that data protection legislation offers various tools to combat these harmful effects, and may thus ultimately be instrumentalised to (r)e(i)nforce other fundamental rights that are vulnerable to DDT, including the right not to be discriminated. To illustrate this point, this paper will rely on a case study on the use of automated decision-making in the field of recruitment and analyze to what extent data protection may prevent discriminatory outcomes.
Technological progress provides humanity with innovations that can serve us, but which may also have unexpected and unintended effects. Technology typically disrupts by providing for new forms of interaction, new types of mobility and transportation, or new forms of energy generation. Further, for the first time in human history we will live and work together with "artifacts" - robots, and artificial intelligence in many forms, such as (chat) bots and drones - that are not human or animal, but increasingly autonomous, intelligent and self-learning.
These new applications of technologies are often accompanied with uncertainties and risks as to their long-term benefits. As technology develops, so do societal perceptions of technology and the desired regulatory response thereto. Societies and its citizens have different collective and individual preferences in terms of the amount of uncertainty and the type of risks that they are willing to accept. This development raises fundamental questions: how do we ensure that we align technology with desired human values? Are we, as a community, actually aware of what we think is important - and do we agree? How do we ensure that the digital world becomes even better than the analog world: for the individual, society and our planet? Or will this technological advance prove to be a "devil in device"? The way regulation can address these differing, and oftentimes conflicting societal objectives remains a crucial question of legal research. New technologies also raise questions about changing boundaries of the law as the line between harmful and beneficial effects often becomes difficult to draw, which is essential for modern law development and how to best benefit from new technologies.
Focusing on the Regulation of New Technologies, the organizers invite applications from PhD researchers working on any of the following general topics:
The regulation of a specific new technology in the field of (public) health, artificial intelligence and machine learning, automated driving, biometrics, privacy and data protection, cybersecurity, freedom of expression, the internet of things, 3D metal printing, digital platforms, energy and the environment (including climate change);
The regulation of technology from a more theoretical perspective; i.e. projects that deal with the broader underlying aspects of regulation such as, legitimacy, accountability responsibility, trust, democracy, uncertainty, risks, precaution, competition, intellectual property, trade and innovation, economic impacts, etc.;
Regulatory processes: how is new technology regulated in a democratic society and how can regulators ensure continuing legitimacy of regulation. For instance: should citizens be involved in decision-making processes governing highly complex technical issues, and if so, how?; which role does standardization play in this regard?
In particular, the organizers welcome contributions analyzing the role of social sciences and humanities for the development and construction of reliable and social technology.
Submission and organization
Interested PhD researchers are invited to submit an abstract of max. 300 words and 5 keywords by 21 March 2021 via Easychair. Only one abstract per person will be considered. Abstracts should be accompanied by a CV, indicating the researcher's affiliation and list of publications. (Submission link: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=tipc2021)
The results of the selection process will be announced on 08 April 2021. Selected participants are expected to submit a paper based on their abstracts by 20 May 2021. The paper should be limited to 6.000 words max. Upon receipt, the paper will be reviewed by at least one Senior LTMS member.
Due to the special, uncertain situations caused by the Covid-19 crisis, the Colloquium will be organized online.
Starting with a plenary session, the Colloquium will invite selected participants to join panel sessions chaired by LTMS experts and give a 15 minute presentation, followed by a short discussion. The Colloquium will end with another short, concluding plenary session.
Two participants will be selected for best paper awards (200 euro reward each) based on the quality of future submissions. There is the possibility to publish papers in an edited volume for participants that are interested (no obligation, depending on the quality of received papers).
The first edition of the Colloquium resulted in an edited volume: Reins, L. (2019). Regulating New Technologies in Uncertain Times—Challenges and Opportunities. In Regulating New Technologies in Uncertain Times (pp. 19-28). TMC Asser Press, The Hague.
* For more information regarding participation in this event please contact M. van Genk , 13 June at latest.
For further information, please contact Dr. Marijke Roosen (M.Roosen@tilburguniversity.edu) and Dr. Bo Zhao (s.b.zhao@tilburguniversity.edu)
Dr. Marijke Roosen
Dr. Bo Zhao


Here they are! Clear, text-only descriptions of each of the Advanced Land & Water 2 terms. These definition cards match the pages in the Land & Water 2 book, but in this card format, the children get to mix and match. They can play with phrases as if they were puzzle pieces, all while rebuilding the definitions accurately. This is hands-on learning at its best.


text:
Das Enna Werk in München wurde 1920 von Alfred Neumann gegründet. Der Name ENNA setzte sich aus den Anfangsbuchstaben des Firmengründers zusammen. Nach dessen Tod wurde das Unternehmen nach 1945 von dessen Schwiegersohn, Dr. Werner Appelt, weitergeführt.

ENNA war Hersteller von Kameraobjektiven und Projektoren. 1958 wurde das weltweit lichtstärkste Weitwinkelobjektiv für Spiegelreflexkameras Super-Lithagon 1,9/35 mm und 1961 das erste Tele-Zoom-Objektiv der Welt 4/85–250 mm herausgebracht.

Bekannt wurde ENNA durch sein ab 1958 angebotenes Automatic-Sockel-System für Edixa-, Praktica-, Exakta- und Examodelle mit Objektiven verschiedenster Brennweiten. Die Objektive wurden unter den Markennamen "Ennalyt", "Lithagon" und "Revuenon" vertrieben. Enna hat auch Objektive für Photo Porst und Foto Quelle (Revue) gebaut.

Zu den Olympischen Spielen 1972 in München erlebte die Objektivfertigung von ENNA noch einmal einen Aufschwung, als das Unternehmen zu den "offiziellen" Ausrüstern gehörte und seine Produkte entsprechend mit den 5 Ringen zieren durfte. Nach dieser Zeit verlegte sich ENNA mehr und mehr auf die Entwicklung, Konstruktion und Fertigung von technischen Kunststoffteilen in Klein- und Großserien, zunächst im Bereich der Fotografie. So wurden Diarähmchen, Diamagazine, Diabetrachter und ähnliche Produkte hergestellt.

Das ENNA Werk Dr. Appelt GmbH & Co. KG existiert noch heute, und zwar in Wegscheid bei Passau. Zum Produktionsprogramm gehören auch heute noch Diarahmen und -kästen. Aber auch der eigene Werkzeugbau, Montagen und Oberflächenveredelungen gehören zum Portfolio des Unternehmens.

Weblinks
 Enna Werke

Enna-Werke
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (München)
Fotografie (München)
Gegründet 1920
Produzierendes Unternehmen (München)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia