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Overhaul the Antiquated Out-of-State Medical Licensure Bureaucracy
By Shella Farooki, M.D.
All-American Teleradiology
While national politicians and other governors are mired in partisan disputes, Governor Mike DeWine is rising above the fray to find evidence-based solutions to the COVID-19 pandemic. As an Ohio doctor who works in our state and others, I applaud DeWine's focus on saving lives. And I urge him to go further by renewing, expanding, and making permanent Executive Order 2020-01D before it expires in September to allow out-of-state physicians to practice without an Ohio license.
In May, DeWine signed Executive Order 2020-01D to allow nurses the emergency permission to start practicing medicine as soon as they get their licenses. The Executive Order also sped up the licensing process for out-of-state nurses for the duration of the pandemic. These measures helped get more medical personnel on the ground as COVID-19 spread. They strengthened Ohio's medical facilities. And they proved that rescinding unnecessary licensing restrictions for another qualified class of medical professional – physicians – will improve Ohioans' health and welfare.
The difference between current out-of-state physician licensing standards and those for nurses are night and day. As of this writing, licensed and qualified out-of-state physicians must go through a time-consuming and expensive process to become licensed. This government interference in the patient-physician relationship increases costs and decreases care in both normal times and emergencies. Meanwhile, nurses can get to work practically the same day on which they receive their license.
The reality is that complex licensing regimes aren't practical even when there is no public health emergency. Making a fully-trained and qualified medical professional take yet another test won't improve patient care, and refusing to recognize a qualification they earned in another state worsens patient care. Permanently expanding the emergency declarations for nurses to physicians would improve patient health, decrease patient costs, and create statewide consistency for medical professionals. And it would remove another layer of bureaucracy which separates us from our patients.
This isn't a theoretical problem. I've been a physician for 20 years, half of that engaged in teleradiology, and I'm licensed to practice in 15 states. Despite my qualifications, I've been waiting for three months to get relicensed in Georgia because the state's licensing bureaucracy keeps crossing threads with licensing bureaucracies in other states. If the COVID-19 hotspots spread, and Georgia needed physicians on short notice, I can't help – even though telemedicine makes me available to any patient in any part of Georgia at virtually any time.
The same is true for an out-of-state physician coming to Ohio to help fight the pandemic.
From emergency occupational licensing rescissions to the announcement last week of an interstate testing pact, DeWine has proven that partisan politics takes a back seat to Ohioan's safety. But emergencies don't just happen when someone contracts a pandemic virus; for the average family, an emergency like a car accident or a heart attack could happen any day. Unfortunately, it's been difficult for many Ohioans to see their primary care physician, let alone a specialist, throughout the past few months. We have to do everything we can to prevent an even more serious shortage of physicians in the future – the kind that turns a routine healthcare need into a crisis. Making it easier for physicians from other states to practice here would help us quickly scale responses to future emergencies, expand healthcare access, and reduce costs for families.
As the coronavirus continues to divide Americans on partisan lines, I urge Governor DeWine to act in the best interests of patients by renewing, expanding, and making permanent EO 2020-01D. It will help Ohio now and forevermore empower the best care through the best method: a strong patient-physician relationship.
Dr. Shella Farooki is a Board-Certified, Fellowship-Trained radiologist specializing in musculoskeletal imaging. She resides in Dublin, Ohio, and provides interpretative consultations to physician practices throughout the United States via All-American Teleradiology.
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All-American Teleradiology Expands Coverage in 4th Quarter of 2017
(Cleveland, Ohio) November 22, 2017 – All-American Teleradiology has added clients in Arkansas, California, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania, bringing the number of states with clients of the fast growing business to 30. This growth includes providing supplementary coverage to a major academic institution anchoring a large hospital chain, based in the Midwest, but which provides care for patients from around the world. The growth comes at a time in which the medical industry faces a shortage of radiologists for the first time in many years.
"We are delighted with the growth." Said All-American Teleradiology Chief Executive Officer Scott A. Pohlkamp. Our flexibility and wide range of coverage options are well-suited to address our fast changing industry." Pohlkamp said the new clients will receive the same broad-based service All-American Teleradiology has provided since 2013.
"The core of our business is servicing imaging centers, hospitals and physician offices. Our hospital business is exclusively a partnership approach, working in coordination with our hospital clients to address their needs including sub-specialty daytime, evenings, vacation and some onsite coverage." Pohlkamp said.
About All-American Teleradiology
All-American Teleradiology provides exceptional service with prompt turnaround of high quality, final diagnostic reports, and consultations with our team of U.S.-based and board certified diagnostic radiology specialists. We serve physician practices, outpatient imaging centers, hospital-based radiology groups, and urgent care and ambulatory surgery centers across the U.S. with an efficient and cost effective teleradiology solution. The modalities we support include: MRI, CT, PET, Mammography, Ultrasound, Nuclear Medicine, and X-RAY. All-American Teleradiology provides final reads, over-reads, vacation coverage, peer review and a peer-to-peer business model for hospital-based radiology groups. Our cloud-based PACS, efficient workflow, and experienced support team ensures rapid deployment and easy integration into your operation and with other healthcare systems. Visit www.allamericanrad.com for more details, call 888-365-5514 or email info@allamericanrad.com.
All-American Teleradiology Expands Coverage to Europe with American Clinic in Tblisi
(Cleveland, Ohio ) January 12, 2016 – All-American Teleradiology now provides coverage worldwide with its relationship with the newly opened American Clinic in Tblisi, a telemedicine clinic that links Georgians to American physicians. The clinic was founded by U.S. based pediatrician George Katsitadze, M.D., a native of Tblisi, the capital of Georgia.
"Telemedicine is the wave of the future, utilizing the same principals we have used for years in teleradiology, leveraging technology to deliver medical expertise, stated All-American Teleradiology CEO Scott Pohlkamp. "We are excited to expand our teleradiology services to Europe, working with a first-class facility and the people of Georgia."
The American Clinic in Tblisi provides contact with physician specialists in the United States via webcam with the assistance of a professional onsite staff. Radiology coverage is provided by All-American Teleradiology's sub-specialty team of fellowship-trained radiologists. "We are proud to partner with All-American Teleradiology. They have a proven track record of delivering exceptional service," said American Clinic in Tblisi medical director and founder, Dr. Katsitadze.
Licensed in all 50 states and with the capability to provide coverage worldwide, All-American Teleradiology provides subspecialty radiology interpretations to clinics, physician practices, outpatient imaging centers and hospital-based radiology groups across the United States and now Europe.
About American Clinic in Tblisi
The American Clinic in Tblisi provides telemedicine service that is interactive healthcare, utilizing modern technology and telecommunications. Their board certified, U.S. based physicians consult with patients and provide second opinions on a wide variety of health conditions. American Clinic in Tblisi is the official partner of Quest Diagnostics, the world's leading provider of diagnostic laboratory and pathology services; Diatherix Laboratories, the leader of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) laboratory technology; and All-American Teleradiology. Visit americanclinicintbilisi.ge for further information.
Finger Pulleys – Patterns of Pathology
By Peter Louis Glickman, M.D.
and Mark E. Pruzansky, M.D.
Finger pulleys are fine annular and cruciform structures, which hold the flexor tendons close to the phalanges and joints of the fingers and thereby facilitate strong and complete flexion of the digits in response to muscular contraction distant from the sites of mechanical action. Their anatomic arrangement in the second through fifth fingers is shown in Fig 1.
(Hauger 2000)
Fig 1. 2nd-5th finger pulley anatomy
Pulley anatomy of the thumb is somewhat different (Fig 2).
(Bayat 2002)
Fig 2. Thumb pulley anatomy
Some common anatomic variations of have been described as well (Bayat 2002).
Annular pulleys are classically subject to 4 main pathologies (Moutet 2003, Makkouk 2007):
Trigger finger – chondroid metaplasia, usually of the A1 pulley, associated with stenosing tenosynovitis. Usually idiopathic, occurring in women in the 5th and 6th decades of life (F:M 6:1), most commonly thought to be due to a genetic predisposition. May also occur in rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetes mellitus (associated with duration of disease, not glycemic control), renal disease, amyloidosis, hypothyroidism, and connective tissue disorders. Ring finger most commonly affected, followed by thumb, long, index, and small fingers. Can be multiple.
Tenosynovial ganglions – arise more commonly at a weak point between the A1 and A2 pulleys.
Traumatic/surgical injuries to the tendon sheath.
Overuse or stress ruptures of the annular pulleys, e.g. classically with rock climbing, but more recently shown in baseball pitchers too (Lourie 2010). Rock climbers typically injure distal aspect of the A2 pulley, with involvement of A3 and A4 in more severe injuries, related to crimping posture (DIP hyperextension and PIP hyperflexion). Baseball pitchers were shown in a small series to suffer isolated middle finger A4 injuries, thought to be related to repetitive ball-induced extension moments on an acutely flexed DIP joint when throwing fastballs (Lourie 2011). A2 pulley injuries have also been described in bowlers (Patel 2012).
#1 and #4 will be covered in this article.
Normal Anatomy
Annular and pulleys are arranged as in Fig 1, and are thin markedly hypointense structures on MR imaging connecting the flexor tendons to the phalanges and joints, best directly visualized on axial images. Cruciform pulleys are only rarely visualized on imaging due to their extremely small size.
Fig 3. Arrowheads depict annular pulleys in cross section
On sagittal images, the next most useful images to evaluate for pulley injuries, the flexor tendons should be 1mm or less away from their adjacent phalanges.
Finger Pulley Injuries
With the rise in popularity of the sport of rock climbing in the 1980's, closed finger pulley ruptures began to appear. Competitive climbers routinely put their entire body weight (and more during maneuvers) on one or two flexed fingers. Pulley lesions have been shown to be the single most common injury in these athletes (Schoff 2003).
Pulley lesions are most commonly seen in the ring and middle fingers and may be diagnosed in up to 30% of finger injuries. Fixed contracture of the PIP joint may result if timely diagnosis and treatment is not rendered.
Imaging is performed to clarify the severity and extent of pulley injury, as well as to exclude mimics such as tenosynovitis, tendon tear, or adjacent osseous or soft tissue injury. In young sport climbers, imaging is advisable to exclude epiphyseal fracture and epiphysiolysis (Hochnolzer 2005), preferably with both radiographs and MR as complementary modalities. CT should be reserved for problem-solving in cases of questionable fractures.
On sagittal MR and US images, more than 1mm of separation between the flexor tendons and phalanges is abnormal and is termed "bowstringing", the extent of which generally reflects the severity and extent of the injuries, e.g. 2-5 mm in isolated complete single pulley ruptures, and 5-8 mm in simultaneous complete tears of multiple pulleys. Partial tears of annular pulleys result in bowstringing as well, typically to a lesser extent. Forced flexion is an important maneuver to elicit increase bowstringing in subtle cases. This may be much easier to image on focused ultrasound examination compared to MRI, due to the ease of provocation and much shorter required duration of flexion (which is often painful for injured patients).
Pulleys are seen to be either frankly torn in the case of a rupture, or thickened, thinned, and/or indistinct in the case of partial tears. Bowstringing is appreciable on sagittal as well as axial images.
Fig 4a. Complete rupture of the A2 pulley (a – sagittal T2 fat-saturated MRI, b – axial T2 fat-saturated MRI ). Arrows depict bowstringing related to complete rupture of the A2 pulley
Fig 4b. Complete rupture of the A2 pulley (a – sagittal T2 fat-saturated MRI, b – axial T2 fat-saturated MRI ). Arrows depict bowstringing related to complete rupture of the A2 pulley
Fig 5a. Partial tear of A2 pulley. Arrows depict mild bowstringing related to partial tear of A2 (Clavero 2002) (a – sagittal MRI, b – axial MRI).
Fig 5b. Partial tear of A2 pulley. Arrows depict mild bowstringing related to partial tear of A2 (Clavero 2002) (a – sagittal MRI, b – axial MRI). Arrows depict attenuation and indistinctness of the medial and lateral aspects of the A2 pulley in T1 weighted images, consistent with partial tear.
Schoff (2006) classified pulley inuries in rock climbers as follows:
Grade I – Pulley strain
Grade II – Complete rupture of A4 or partial rupture of A2 or A3
Grade III – Complete rupture of A2 or A3
Grade IV – Multiple ruptures as A2/A3, A2/A3/A4, or single rupture (A2 or A3) combined with lumbricalis muscles or collateral ligament trauma. Current concepts favor surgery only in the case of a Type IV injury.
The A1 pulley is subjected to the highest stresses of all the pulleys, during normal and power-grip due to its location. Repeated threading of the flexor tendons through the A1 pulley can cause friction and result in intratendinous swelling, similar to fraying of a string with repeated threading through the eye of a needle. Electron microscopy has revealed fibrocartilagenous metaplasia and Type III collagen proliferation coating the pulley's innermost layer as the precipitating pathologic lesion (Makkouk 2007).
Usually diagnosed clinically, trigger finger is imaged to localize the anatomic lesion and evaluate for rare mimics and associated pathologies, such as partial tendon tears or adhesions, or nodular tendinosis. MRI and US both demonstrate findings of thickening and inflammation of the A1 pulley, and post-gadolinium contrast images may demonstrate pulley enhancement, as in Fig 6..
Fig. 6. Arrows depict A1 pulley hypertrophy on US, with Power Doppler demonstrating hyperemia, and post-contrast T1 fat-suppressed MRI demonstrating pulley enhancement (Vuillemin 2012)
Nodular tendinosis may be associated (Fig 7).
Fig 7. Arrows depict hypoechoic nodule on US, hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI (Vuillemin 2012)
Tenosynovial fluid and membrane thickening may also be seen, as with other stenosing tenosynovial processes such as De Quervain's syndrome.
Traditionally treated with splinting, clinically guided corticosteroid injection, or surgical release, success with ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection has also recently been reported, with 90% success rate in at 12 months, and 71% at year 3 (Bodor 2009).
Patterns of traumatic and non-traumatic pathologies of the finger pulleys are diverse, and important to recognize and accurately classify on imaging. Understanding these patterns is crucial to accurate and timely diagnosis to avoid complications, and to minimize time away from competitive or recreational activities.
All-American Teleradiology provides rapid, accurate decisive musculoskeletal MRI interpretations performed by highly experienced, fellowship trained Musculoskeletal Radiologists. Our value added consultative MRI services, to include our providing free MRI accreditation assistance and a Medical Director can help ensure appropriate reimbursement and the highest level of clinical performance.
For more information, email info@allamericanrad.com, call 888-365-5514 or visit www.allamericanrad.com.
Peter Louis Glickman, M.D.
Musculoskeletal Specialist, Foot & Ankle
Mark E. Pruzansky, M.D.
Assistant Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, N.Y.
Bayat A, Shaaban H, Giakas G, Lees VC. J Hand Surg Am. 2002 Jul;27(4):628-35. The pulley system of the thumb: anatomic and biomechanical study.
Bodor M, Flossman T. J Ultrasound Med. 2009 Jun;28(6):737-43. Ultrasound-guided first annular pulley injection for trigger finger.
Clavero JA, Alomar X, Monill JM, Esplugas M, Golanó P, Mendoza M, and Salvador A. Radiographics March 2002 22:2 237-256. EDUCATION EXHIBIT – Continuing Medical Education: MR Imaging of Ligament and Tendon Injuries of the Fingers.
El-Sheikh Y, Wong I, Farrokhyar F, and Thoma A. Can J Plast Surg. 2006 Winter; 14(4): 227–231. PMCID: PMC2686056 Diagnosis of finger flexor pulley injury in rock climbers: A systematic review.
Hauger O, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Botte MJ, Trudell D, Boutin RD, Resnick D. Radiology. 2000 Oct;217(1):201-12. Pulley system in the fingers: normal anatomy and simulated lesions in cadavers at MR imaging, CT, and US with and without contrast material distention of the tendon sheath.
Hochholzer T, Schöffl VR. Wilderness Environ Med. 2005 Fall;16(3):139-42. Epiphyseal fractures of the finger middle joints in young sport climbers.
Klauser A, Frauscher F, Bodner G, Halpern EJ, Schocke MF, Springer P, Gabl M, Judmaier W, zur Nedden D. Radiology. 2002 Mar;222(3):755-61. Finger pulley injuries in extreme rock climbers: depiction with dynamic US.
Lourie GM, Hamby Z, Raasch WG, Chandler JB, Porter JL. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):421-4. doi: 10.1177/0363546510387506. Epub 2010 Dec 20. Annular flexor pulley injuries in professional baseball pitchers: a case series.
Makkouk AH, Oetgen ME, Swigart CR, and Dodds SD. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2008 June; 1(2): 92–96. Published online 2007 November 27. doi: 10.1007/s12178-007-9012-1 PMCID: PMC2684207 Trigger finger: etiology, evaluation, and treatment.
Moutet F. Chir Main. 2003 Feb;22(1):1-12. [Flexor tendon pulley system: anatomy, pathology, treatment]. [Article in French]
Patel P, Schucany WG, Toye L, and Ortinau E. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2012 July; 25(3): 282–284. Flexor tendon pulley injury in a bowler.
Schöffl VR, Schöffl I. J Hand Surg Am. 2006 Apr;31(4):647-54. Injuries to the finger flexor pulley system in rock climbers: current concepts.
Vuillemin V, Guerini H, Bard H, Morvan G. J Ultrasound. 2012 Feb;15(1):20-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jus.2012.02.002. Epub 2012 Mar 9. Stenosing tenosynovitis.
The MRI Technologist Role in Foot/Ankle Positioning
By Krysty Radabaugh, BS, MS, R.T., (R)(CT)(MR)
Director of Operations, and Chief MRI Technologist
MRI is the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of musculoskeletal pathology of the ankle and foot, including soft tissue, osseous trauma, neoplasms, and inflammatory pathology. MRI provides superior resolution and exquisite detail of soft tissue structures using multiplanar capabilities. However, MRI of the foot and ankle can be challenging for time consuming for radiologists as the foot contains 28 bones and 30 joints. Proper positioning, protocol consultation with an experienced Musculoskeletal Radiologist, and consultation with the referring physician can improve the performance of MRI as a diagnostic tool. All-American Teleradiology provides MRI technologist consultation, MRI accreditation assistance and a team of Musculoskeletal Radiologists readily available for accurate interpretations.
Soft-tissue disorders examples include: Ligaments (sprain/tear) and Tendons (Tendinosis, Peritendinitis, Tenosynovitis, Entrapment, Tear, Rupture, Dislocation),
Syndrome examples include: Anterolateral Impingement syndrome, Sinus Tarsi syndrome, Compressive neuropathies (Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Morton neuroma), and synovial disorders.
MRI imaging has also been shown to be highly sensitive in the detection and staging of a number of infections including: Cellulitis, Soft-Tissue abscesses, and Osteomyelitis.
MRI imaging is excellent for the early detection and assessment of a number of osseous abnormalities such as bone contusions, stress and insufficiency fractures, osteochondral fractures, osteonecrosis, and transient bone marrow edema. It is increasingly being recognized as the modality of choice for assessment of pathologic conditions of the ankle and foot. It far surpasses CT in the evaluation of trabecular bone injury.
TECHNOLOGIST ROLE:
The Technologist role is crucial in helping to identifying injury or infection. Positioning of the ankle and foot correctly is the second step to an accurate diagnosis, along with correct imaging sequences, markers and the use of contrast materials. The critical first step is the history of the injury and area to be imaged. Some physicians assume when a foot/ankle is ordered they will receive an interpretation for the foot that includes ankle pathology. For example, the posterior tibial tendon should be imaged as an ankle not a foot. Or a Podiatrist requests Plantar Fascia vs. Plantar Fasciitis. It can be scanned as a hindfoot/ankle however many Podiatrist want to see the attachment into the forefoot. If midfoot or forefoot is desired, these will generally need to be ordered and scheduled as separate studies.
As a general rule, the entire foot should never be scanned as a single study. This precludes optimizing scan planes, pulse sequences, and positioning for specific structures, and spatial resolution will be inadequate. Some referring physicians are not aware of this and the technologist must therefore be proactive in clarifying the region of interest as forefoot, midfoot, or hindfoot/ankle, in consultation with the radiologist if necessary.
MRI INDICATIONS FOOT:
The foot and ankle are the hardest area to image due to area ordered, positioning and imaging plane for hindfoot(ankle), midfoot and forefoot.
Hindfoot/Ankle:
Plantar fasciitis is best seen within 2 to 3 cm of the calcaneal attachment. Edema may be seen in the calcaneus at the insertion site of the plantar fascia. Planter calcaneal spurs are common in approximately 50% of cases. A tear of the plantar fascia most commonly occur in the midportion of the fascia being partial or complete and are common from a traumatic injury.
Plantar fibromatosis is nodular fibrous proliferation of the plantar fascia and can be ordered as: pain in foot/soft tissue mass. Contrast use should be checked with Radiologist.
Diagnosis of other abnormalities including fracture, calcaneal pain, os trigonum syndrome, subtalar coalition, talar dome OCD and Achilles insertion issues.
Midfoot:
Depending on the patient population, common diagnoses include metatarsal stress fractures or neuropathic arthropathy often with a question of osteomyelitis. A traumatic tear of the Lisfranc ligament can lead to instability and progressive disorganization of the Lisfranc joint. Additionally, there can be loss of the medial longitudinal arch. The rupture of the ligament fibers is more common than is the avulsion fracture at the bony attachments.
The tarsal bones are a common site of trabecular stress injury. Marrow edema with a lack of a clear fracture line is present.
The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) occasionally becomes entrapped in the midfoot due to lesions about the Knot of Henry ("jogger's foot"). The mechanism is chronic repetitive friction with the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon.
Forefoot:
"Turf Toe" refers to a capsuloligamentous injury of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the first toe. The mechanism of injury includes anterior thrust of the metatarsal head in a hyperextended joint with a relatively fixed great toe. This is common in sports played on synthetic turf . . . football, soccer and baseball. There is stretching and tearing of the plantar capsule and tearing of the plantar plate. The plantar plate is a fibrocartilaginous structure that extends from the metatarsal neck to the base of the proximal phalanx. It reinforces the plantar capsule and also attaches the hallux sesamoid bones to the base of the proximal phalanx.
Other common forefoot pathologies in which MRI can be critical include skimboarder's toe (tear of dorsal capsul), symptomatic hallux valgus (bunion), seasmoid fx/avn, morton's neuroma, lesser mtp plantar plate tear, and the occasional OCD.
Foot Imaging Planes:
Angle parallel to the 2nd and 3r metatarsal heads on your oblique Coronal
ANKLE/HINDFOOT POSITIONING AND ANATOMY:
The most frequently diseased tendons in the ankle are the Achilles, posterior tibial, and peroneal. MRI can be used to diagnose most disorders of these tendons, as well as stage these disorders to allow appropriate therapy.
Achilles imaging must cover to gastrocnemius insertion
Designated imaging planes Ankle for PTT and Peroneal Pathology
MRI is the gold standard for foot/ankle traumatic injuries and diagnosis of chronic pain/instability syndromes. The high cost of healthcare often puts the patient in the difficult position of determining if a diagnostic test makes economic sense. To help ensure that the referring physician and their patients get true value from the MRI, consult with the ordering Physician and Musculoskeletal Radiologist prior to exam. The right imaging techniques, outstanding image quality and a clinically specific report will ensure optimal diagnosis and treatment for patients.
For more information, email Krysty@allamericanrad.com, call 888-365-5514 or visit www.allamericanrad.com.
Krysty Radabaugh has over 20 years of MRI experience in hospital and outpatient settings. She has served as MRI Coordinator for Cleveland Clinic hospitals; Technical Director for Franklin & Seidelmann Teleradiology; and MRI Accreditation Specialist with national MRI center chain. She has managed MRI centers utilizing a wide range of MRI equipment, which includes: Hitachi, Phillips, GE, Siemens, Toshiba and Esaote. Ms. Radabaugh has worked as a MRI Applications Specialist with Hitachi and Consultant to GE Medical and Bayer Healthcare.


In 1959 Abe Sklar published the first version of the famous copula function theorem. Sixty years later, this series of lectures is aimed at introducing the concept and discussing the frontier issues of the application of this tool to several fields, with a particular bias of the author towards finance and economics, but will to hear about other fields of applications. The main goal will be to convey and receive ideas for original research on the subject.
What is the probability that two banks default at the same time?


Although many praise the benefits of dietary supplements, an additional way of preventing and treating eye disorders is through topical solutions.
Re-Vital-Eyes is one of the most advanced eye formulas that offers protection from free radicals, because of its unique formulation of lubricants, antioxidants and an anti-glycating agent. The newly formulated Re-Vital-Eyes contains N-Acetyl-L-Carnosine, a naturally occurring antioxidant and anti-glycating agent that, when topically applied, can penetrate and protect the lipid tissues of the eye against light damage. Re-Vital-Eyes will help to diminish free radical damage; the harmful effects of glycosylation associated with degenerative eye disease and may help with cataracts. Also excellent for the relief of discomfort, due to minor irritations of the eye or to exposure from wind or sun; for use as a lubricant and a protectant against further irritation or to relieve dryness of the eye.
Apply one drop in each eye, up to once every hour, every day depending on how severe your eye condition is. For serious problems, the product must be applied regularly for at least four to six months or more; once an improvement has been felt, the dose can be reduced to a maintenance dose of one drop in each eye, once or twice daily. Contact lenses should be removed prior to inserting the drops.
Re-Vital Eyes Carnosine Eye Drops for pets now available!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A few months ago I was informed that Kellogg's Diner would be "closed for renovations" by a waiter. Everyone I know in the Burg claims to hate Kellogg's — in fact I've been told about tales of food posing. But the cold hard fact remains that within 11211 there are no other 24 hour diners to be found! Adding to that I've found that "closed for renovations" can often be a polite way of saying "closed for good". One of the reasons for that even if the owners want to change a few things sometimes the lack of cash flow or going over budget with construction can doom a restaurant before it reopens. And making matters even more desperate for yours truly Uncle Mina has retired and his nieces don't like keeping the joint open up late.
So I've been pretty happy to notice that actual renovations were taking place at Kellogg's Diner. The entire exterior is now gentrified, err "modernized" — that is if you can call a faux 50s exterior modern any more. Gone is the bodega in the back, it was looking like Kellogg's Diner was getting serious even though essentially they are a monopoly as the only place you'll find another 24/7 diner is in Manhattan.
So this begged the question: How could they be closed down for health code violations if they didn't have any food in the place? So I did some research and what I read next made me a bit sick. I made the mistake of looking at the last inspection notice for Kellogg's and was a bit shocked (but maybe not surprised) to find out that they didn't close to remodel but were in fact shut down by the DOHMH! This report was from April 9th, 2008. I guess for now my health is safe, but without a 24/7 diner my mental hygiene is hurting a bit. I hope Kellogg's has learned their lesson has has cleaned up their act.
This page contains a single entry from the blog posted on September 15, 2008 12:01 AM.
The previous post in this blog was 9/11 Lights on the Williamsburg Bridge.
The next post in this blog is Tar and Feather: Williamsburg Photo Erotica.


As a criminal defence lawyer, Peter has represented numerous individuals in the Ontario Court of Justice and the Superior Court of Justice in respect to individuals charged with any criminal offence under the Criminal Code or the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
Prior to becoming a lawyer, Peter attended the University of Toronto at Mississauga (UTM) and graduated with an Honours Bachelor of Arts in 2005. While studying at UTM, Peter was placed on the Dean's List and admitted into the Golden Key International Honour Society.
Following his undergraduate studies, Peter was accepted into the French Common Law Program at the University of Ottawa. As a student in the French Common Law Program, all of his compulsory courses and at least 75% of his upper year courses were in French. Peter graduated from law school in 2008. His completion of the French Common Law Program prepared him to represent Franco-Ontarians and other French-speaking individuals throughout the course of his legal career.
After graduating from law school, Peter articled with Gauthier & Associates in Toronto for ten (10) months. It was during this period that Peter was first introduced to the practice of real estate law, among other areas of law. Peter continues to practice real estate law to this day.
Throughout high school, his undergraduate and law school studies, Peter was always truly fascinated with the intricacies and complexities of criminal law in the context of our Canadian justice system. For that reason, since becoming a member of the Law Society of Upper Canada, he has devoted most of his legal career to a vital element of our justice system, namely the representation of persons charged with criminal and/or drug-related offences.


Loc-Line 1/2 ID System Y's, T's, and elbows. There is even a Y reducer to reduce the 1/2" ID System to two 1/4" ID Systems. That's Boss!
51896 Loc-Line 1/2" Extended Elbow for the 1/2" ID System, pack of 4.
51808 Loc-Line Y Fitting for 1/2" ID System, pack of 2.
51822 Loc-Line Y Reducer 1/2" ID to 1/4" ID System, pack of 2.


Wild West fundraiser for BOK swimmers a huge hit!
Hat's off to all involved in organising and participating in a wonderful fundraiser held at Longley Park Golf Club in Huddersfield.
Around 90 people attended a Wild West evening to raise money for 7 of our BOK team swimmers and 2 coaches to attend the Special Olympics National Games. The games will be held in Bath in August.
Entertainment was by way of a wonderful live band – Clayton West and the Hot Dogs – brilliantly fronted by Russ Elias. Revellers enjoyed line dances, a supper fit for a cowboy and a raffle. The evening rounded off with a disco.
The night raised a fantastic total of £611. This was a real team effort with each family making their own special contribution towards the evening by either baking, cooking, decorating the room or just turning up to participate in the fun and support ALL of our talented swimmers.
The swim team will be representing Yorkshire & Humberside at the Special Olympic National Games. Thanks to money raised last night along with proceeds from further fundraising events and very generous donations from local businesses the team are well on their way to having the funds needed for the trip.
We will keep you posted here at HDSSG of all the news from our Olympic team!!
This entry was posted in Fund Raising, News and tagged BOK, downsyndrome, fundraiser, Huddersfield, Special Olympics, Swimmers. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Flatonia, Texas
Town in Texas, United States
Flatonia Southern Pacific Tower (1902-1996)
"Where All Roads Lead"[1]
Location of Flatonia, Texas
Coordinates: 29°41′13″N 97°6′28″W / 29.68694°N 97.10778°W / 29.68694; -97.10778Coordinates: 29°41′13″N 97°6′28″W / 29.68694°N 97.10778°W / 29.68694; -97.10778
865.18/sq mi (334.02/km2)
UTC-6 (Central (CST))
www.destinationflatonia.com
Central Texas Rail History Center in Flatonia
Flatonia in 1881
Flatonia City Hall
Abandoned Lyric Theatre in Flatonia (2013)
Flatonia is a town in southwestern Fayette County, Texas, United States. Located on Interstate 10 and the Union Pacific Railroad, 12 miles (19 km) west of Schulenburg,[7] the population was 1,383 at the 2010 census.[8]
5 Arts and culture
5.1 Annual cultural events
5.2 Museums and other points of interest
Established on April 8, 1874 on land that the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway acquired from William Alexander Faries (the family name is also spelled "Ferris" and "Farris"), the community was named after F. W. Flato,[9] a local merchant and one of the first settlers, of whom most were Anglo American.[10] Residents placed their homes in the former Flatonia settlement, one mile southeast of the current Flatonia, and in the community of Oso, 3 miles (5 km) northeast, on wagons and moved to the new location. The post office, established in the former Flatonia in 1870, moved to the new Flatonia with the same name. Flatonia was incorporated on November 10, 1875, and held its first election on December 6 of that year. In 1878 the town had 800 residents and an economy dependent on cattle and cotton.[7]
The location of the railway and inexpensive real estate led to the arrival of Arab, Bohemian, German, Greek, and Italian immigrants in several waves. The north-south line of the Waco branch of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway opened in the mid-1880s, leading to new settlements of Muldoon and Moulton. Competition from the settlements, respectively north and south of Flatonia, and an agricultural depression damaged Flatonia's economy. By 1900 Flatonia had a significant population decrease.[7]
During the first half of the 20th century Flatonia's prospects increased and decreased according to the national economy and cattle and cotton markets. In 1950 Flatonia had 1,024 residents, 50 businesses, and a wide farm and ranch service area. In the 1960s cotton no longer was a substantial aspect of the area economy; therefore many area farms began to ranch cattle. During that time the population was between 1,000 and 1,500. Interstate 10 (I-10) opened in the 1970s, leading many tourist businesses to move from U.S. Highway 90 to I-10, one mile north of Highway 90. In 1985 Flatonia had six businesses. In 1990 Flatonia had 1,295 residents.[7]
Geography[edit]
Flatonia is located in southwestern Fayette County at 29°41′13″N 97°6′28″W / 29.68694°N 97.10778°W / 29.68694; -97.10778 (29.686981, −97.107728).[11] U.S. Route 90 passes through the center of town as Main Street, leading east 12 miles (19 km) to Schulenburg and west 12 miles to Waelder. Texas State Highway 95 intersects US 90 in the center of Flatonia, entering from the south as Faires Street and from the north as Penn Street. Highway 95 leads south 19 miles (31 km) to Shiner and north 26 miles (42 km) to Smithville. Interstate 10 passes through the northern side of Flatonia, with access from Exit 661 (Highway 95). I-10 leads east 108 miles (174 km) to Houston and west 90 miles (140 km) to San Antonio.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Flatonia has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.2 km2), of which 0.02 square miles (0.04 km2), or 1.01%, is water.[8]
Flatonia has hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Summers range in the 90s with a few days in July and August reaching 100. Winters can be chilly but rarely reach below freezing; low winter temperatures are mostly in the fifties or forties. Snow is rare.
Climate data for Muldoon, Texas
Record high °F (°C)
Average high °F (°C)
Average low °F (°C)
Record low °F (°C)
(−16) 12
(−1) 43
(−12) 3
(−16)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
(43) 2.65
(140) 6.2
(160) 5.38
(244) 57.59
Source: weather.com[12]
Demographics[edit]
1880 866 —
1910 886 −26.8%
1920 995 12.3%
1930 966 −2.9%
2019 (est.) 1,431 [3] 3.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[13]
As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 1,377 people, 504 households, and 347 families residing in the town. The population density was 850.8 people per square mile (328.2/km2). There were 568 housing units at an average density of 350.9 per square mile (135.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 74.07% White, 7.48% African American, 0.94% Native American, 16.85% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.17% of the population.
There were 504 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.21.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.
Arts and culture[edit]
Annual cultural events[edit]
Many residents of Flatonia are of Czech, Slovak, German, or other Central European heritage. The local "Czhilispiel" festival is named for Czech people and their popular chili.[7]
Museums and other points of interest[edit]
The abandoned Flatonia Railroad Tower, in use from 1902 to 1996, was one of Texas' longest standing, manually-operated railroad switching towers with north-south and east-west cross rails.[1] The tower was damaged in an automobile accident on January 9, 2014.[14]
The E. A. Arnim Archives and Museum has a collection of antique furniture, household items, clothing and historical documents used by the early settlers of Flatonia. There is a livery stable behind the museum with wagons, buggies, and vintage tack and farm implements.[1]
Education[edit]
The town is served by the Flatonia Independent School District.[15] Campuses include the Flatonia Elementary School and Flatonia Secondary School.[16][17]
^ a b c "The City of Flatonia Texas". The City of Flatonia Texas. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "Flatonia, Texas". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
^ a b c d e Flatonia, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Flatonia town, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved August 25, 2016. [dead link]
^ "Profile for Flatonia, Texas, TX". ePodunk. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 126.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Monthly Averages for Muldoon, TX". Retrieved September 10, 2009.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Historic Flatonia railroad tower damaged in accident". The Schulenburg Sticker. January 15, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ "Flatonia Independent School District". Flatonia Independent School District. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
^ "Elementary School Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine." Flatonia Independent School District. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
^ "Secondary School Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine." Flatonia Independent School District. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flatonia, Texas.
City of Flatonia official website
Flatonia, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
Czhilispiel Festival
The Flatonia Argus, local newspaper
Flatonia Independent School District
ePodunk: Profile for Flatonia, Texas
Municipalities and communities of Fayette County, Texas, United States
County seat: La Grange
Muldoon
Ammannsville
Dubina
Ellinger
Freyburg
Hostyn
Mullins Prairie
Nechanitz
O'Quinn
Rabbs Prairie
Rek Hill
Roznov
Rutersville
Swiss Alp
Winedale
Black Jack Springs
Gay Hill
Texas portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flatonia,_Texas&oldid=996599859"
Czech-American culture in Texas
Towns in Fayette County, Texas
Towns in Texas
Articles with dead external links from April 2020
Use mdy dates from August 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Land Perspectives
A blog about landscape architecture & related design topics
Category: Trails
Hemlock Bluffs Nature Preserve
On March 18, 2011 November 23, 2017 By Alice WebbIn Nature Preserves, Trails2 Comments
About 20 years ago, I designed a system of trails, observation decks, steps, and boardwalks for a 136-acre nature preserve in Cary, North Carolina. It was an absolute delight to work on this project, because Hemlock Bluffs is such a magical place – a natural oasis within an area of suburban development. It features a series of tall north-facing bluffs that shelter a community of Eastern Hemlocks. This is unusual because these trees typically do not grow naturally in the piedmont region of North Carolina – this species is much more common in the cooler Appalachian Mountains more than 200 miles to the west. In addition, the preserve includes an extensive upland forest and a wooded floodplain area with vernal pools and a rich variety of plants.
A system of steps takes visitors down along the bluffs.
One of several observation decks affords views of large Hemlock trees growing on the bluffs.
Plant beds near the Stevens Nature Center building are filled with native wildflowers and trees.
A boardwalk meanders through a lush floodplain.
Photos by Alice Webb
Newton Hill at Elm Park
On February 2, 2011 February 8, 2011 By Alice WebbIn Parks, Trails3 Comments
Worcester, Massachusetts, is known for its numerous hills. One of those high points, called Newton Hill, is part of historic Elm Park. It was acquired by the city in the late 1800s and a system of trails was built at that time. My company, EarthDesign Landscape Architecture LLC, designed a master plan for Newton Hill in 2007, which retains the historic trails (shown in red in the plan above), adds some new ones, and eliminates steep unplanned paths. A paved multi-purpose loop trail is also proposed along the perimeter, near the street level, and improvements are recommended to trailheads along the adjacent streets. In addition, a memorial at the top of the hill is planned that will celebrate Edward Winslow Lincoln, the chairman of the Worcester Parks Commission for 26 years in the late 1800s, who was instrumental in the city's acquisition of the Newton Hill property.
The original system of trails gradually winds up the wooded slope, and one of these pathways fades out where the forest opens up to a grassy summit. The plan includes a continuation of this trail, to be surfaced with stone pavers, spiraling up the hillside and terminating at the memorial site at the top (as shown in the plan detail above). All components of the memorial would be at ground level, for two reasons. First, we wanted it have a low visual impact on the landscape and to contain an element of surprise, not revealing itself until one reaches the top of the hill. Secondly, we wanted to avoid including any vertical elements that might be attractive to vandals, mainly because a high school is situated adjacent to the park site.
One of the historic trails on Newton Hill
This trail is close to where the forest opens up to the grassy summit.
One recommendation of the master plan is to selectively thin out some of the smaller trees in spots to open up views from the summit.
Not much of the plan has been implemented to date, due to lack of funding. However, a signage system has been installed, and the non-profit Friends of Newton Hill has continued efforts to raise money for the project and to keep the site maintained.
South Park, San Francisco
Koret Children's Quarter
Playground at the Boston Nature Center
Chihuly Garden and Glass
Freeway Park, Seattle
Academic Campuses (1)
Commercial Sites (3)
Dog Parks (1)
Greenways (2)
Historic Preservation (7)
Landscape Architecture (in general) (3)
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Nature Preserves (2)
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Site Furniture (4)
Streetscapes (5)
Sustainable Sites (5)
Therapeutic Gardens (2)
Water Features (2)
Landscape + Urbanism
The Cultural Landscape Foundation
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World Landscape Architecture


When Raj is asked to create a message in case a NASA mission discovers alien life, the guys fight over what he should do. Also, Penny is torn between auditioning for a movie or keeping her successful pharmaceutical sales job, on THE BIG BANG THEORY, Thursday, April 16 (8:00-8:31 PM, ET/PT), on the CBS Television Network. Pictured left to right: Melissa Rauch and Simon Helberg Photo: Michael Yarish/Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. © 2015 WBEI. All rights reserved.


Battery compatible with Scanreco RC400 / 590 / 592 / 960 / HMF / Fassi / Palfinger EEA2512 / Effer / RC400 / FBS590 / 16131 / Marrel 500 / Cifa. Remote control for loading and tower cranes.
Battery pack for Scanreco RC400 / 590 / 592 / 960 / HMF / Fassi / Palfinger EEA2512 / Effer / RC400 / FBS590 / 16131 / Marrel 500 / Cifa. Remote control for loading and tower cranes.


As the title mentions, how possible is it to make the jump from Big 4 Audit to M7, should you go through a F500 company first, would being at an international office be better (given the higher prestige there)?
Ah sweet thanks, why in particular not H/S as opposed to the others I.e. Wharton?
Big 4 Audit -> TAS/FDD -> PE advice/experiences?


I would like to introduce you to my second adoptee, the lovely Mary over at Starting from Scratch. Kristen very kindly introduced us as part of her 2nd Adopt a Blogger event.
Here are a few questions, I put to Mary, so that we could get to know her a little better.
1. Lets start at the beginning, Mary. Tell me a little about your blog and where you are from?
I met my husband), and now live in Iowa. We are finishing up our second round of school here in May - I will have a degree in Dietetics and his is in Architecture. We've been married almost two years.
2. What brought you into the blogosphere and why did you decide to start a food blog?
My best friend Rebekka has a blog and jokingly said to me one day back in November that I should start one. I had been reading food blogs for fun for a while, so I just jumped right in. My blog is starting from scratch, so I try to only include foods made from scratch.....which pretty much describes all the other food blogs out there too. Luke and I are very invested in eating foods that are not processed, so I end up doing a lot of bread baking, bean soaking, cracker dough making, and so on. The blog world is great because as soon as I have an idea, I have hundreds of places to look for a recipe and comments on other's experiences. I could look at food blogs all day long!
3. What got you interested in cooking? Was it through necessity, or did someone inspire you?
I think my interest in cooking started with an interest in health. As I realized I wanted to eat more than microwave or fast foods, I was inspired to learn how to cook. Now that I am married, I take a lot of pride in providing meals for our little family.....plus, when I got married I was spoiled with lots of wonderful kitchen gadgets and supplies. It's way more fun to cook when you have a kitchen loaded with everything you could possibly need. Cooking has also become very therapeutic for me...I can't stand it when I have a busy week and don't get to be in the kitchen as much as I would like.
4. Do you have a favourite chef?
Honestly, no. We haven't had a TV for years, so my exposure to the food network is limited...and most of the cookbooks I have are not written by famous chefs. I am enjoying the baking group I recently joined that is using a cookbook by Dorie Greenspan and I think as I get more and more involved in cooking I will establish opinions about particular chefs.
5. What kind of food do you like to eat if you go out for a special meal?
Sushi and Indian food are both treats for me because I live in a place that has neither....When I go out to eat, which is rare, I want it to be an experience. If we are going to spend the money, it better be good!We are so fortunate because we have one of the greatest restaurants right down the street. The Cafe, which is not really a cafe but a nice restaurant, is one of our favorite places ever and we think it's so funny we found it in our little Iowa town. They change the menu ever couple of weeks, so each time we go the offerings are different.
6. A really trivial question now! What is your favourite sandwich filling?
This is really tough....I don't eat sandwiches very often. When I was a little girl, I loved grilled bologna and cheese sandwiches with mayo....now, I would have to say thick whole wheat toast with cooked egg whites, dill pickle spears, and mustard.
7. Tell us about three of your posts that you are most pleased with ?
Because I'm a fairly new cook, a lot of the food I make is a first. This past year I had the best time making and tweaking recipes for homemade marshmallows.
I made and ate so many that I may not be making them again for quite a while.
Another great dish we had was tofu and vegetable spring rolls....which were really just an excuse to dip something in peanut sauce!
I don't actually like cheesecake (at all) but one recipe chosen for my Tuesday baking group was for apple brown sugar cheesecake and I really enjoyed making it. I got to buy a spring form pan, so that was fun too.
8. Do you have any blogs that you would like to recommend to us?
There are so many I love that I can't even list them. I enjoy going through the foodie blog roll and the Tuesdays with Dorie blogroll, which are both links on my blog. Of course I enjoy this blog and my best friend Rebekka's blog maple sugar.
Thanks for that Mary, it has been great, getting to know you!
um....we've been married almost THREE years. oops! thanks for the intro holler!
and I just gave you an award on my blog!
Yay, yet another blog to read!!!!!
I will stop over to see Mary and welcome her to our world!
It is good to meet new bloggers, isn't it Val?
Oh, Shame on you Mary! But I won't tell! And... thank you for the award, that was very kind of you!
Hey Lynn, We need a few more hours in the day, for all the lovely blogs, don't we?


text:
Whistleblower Complaint Alleges A High Number Of Hysterectomies At ICE Facility NPR's Ailsa Chang talks with José Olivares of WNYC about a whistleblower alleging a high number of hysterectomies at an Immigration and Customs Enforcement facility in Georgia.
Whistleblower Complaint Alleges A High Number Of Hysterectomies At ICE Facility
José Olivares
NPR's Ailsa Chang talks with José Olivares of WNYC about a whistleblower alleging a high number of hysterectomies at an Immigration and Customs Enforcement facility in Georgia.
A whistleblower complaint filed this week alleges that immigrant detainees at a privately operated detention facility in Georgia were subjected to hysterectomies at an alarmingly high rate. The complaint was filed by the human rights group Project South and alleges that these procedures were done without informed consent from the women. Jose Olivares, an associate producer on The Takeaway for WNYC, coauthored this story for The Intercept, and he joins us now.
JOSE OLIVARES, BYLINE: Thanks so much for having me.
CHANG: So how many women were actually affected by this according to your reporting? Can you describe what exactly happened to them?
OLIVARES: Sure. So the details are still a little bit unclear. But according to one woman that we spoke with - estimated that as many as 20 others were recommended for an operation by this gynecologist. And according to an interview that we conducted with the whistleblower, Dawn Wooten, she estimated that more than 20 women had under undergone hysterectomies in the last six years.
Now, what we've also found out today is that Rep. Jayapal from Washington state has spoken with a number of attorneys who have disclosed to her that at least 17 immigrant women in Irwin were subject to these hysterectomies by a gynecologist while in the custody of Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
CHANG: And you had a chance to speak with at least one of the gynecologists who allegedly performed hysterectomies as well as other procedures and exams without informed consent. What was this gynecologist's explanation for all of this?
OLIVARES: So the whistleblower complaints did not name or identify the gynecologist in question. But we spoke with advocates and a former detention employee and immigrants themselves who disclosed the identity and pointed us in the direction of who this gynecologist was. And when I spoke with this doctor, they vehemently denied the allegations. They said that they only performed a couple of hysterectomies in the past couple of years, that these allegations were ruining their practice.
However, they did note that if this doctor makes a diagnosis and needs to perform a certain procedure, they have to get approval and permission from the facility to carry out this procedure. My colleague John Washington and myself, when we reached out to ICE, they vehemently denied the allegations.
CHANG: Well, I understand that this whistleblower complaint contains other disturbing allegations that haven't been reported on as much as these alleged hysterectomies. Can you talk about those other allegations?
OLIVARES: Absolutely. I think there was a lot of shocking information that this whistleblower put forward regarding the failure by management and by facility staff to protect detainees and staff from contracting COVID. Now, when this whistleblower began speaking up internally, they ended up demoting her. You know, she sees that as being retaliation for speaking out internally. But some of the things that management was doing is they were not necessarily adhering to the CDC guidelines of social distancing. They did not provide masks to detainees in the facility. In fact, the detainees had to make their own masks out of bed sheets and clothing while in the facility. And they weren't able to access masks until a local church group ending up donating them to the facility.
CHANG: Well, as you say, this has gotten the attention of lawmakers. What do you expect to be happening next on this story?
OLIVARES: Well, because this story is so explosive and because these allegations are so big, advocates are really pushing for an investigation into whether the hysterectomies have taken place at such a high rate. But also, they're calling for an investigation into the treatment of detainees and staff amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
When we reached out to ICE and to the private prison company of LaSalle Corrections, they refused to speak with us or give us a statement, saying that they could not comment because the Office of Inspector General under the Department of Homeland Security was already investigating the whistleblower claims. So it's really difficult to tell if the Office of Inspector General is indeed investigating these allegations and what step of the process they are.
CHANG: That is Jose Olivares from member station WNYC. He co-authored this report for The Intercept alongside John Washington.
Thank you very much for joining us today.
OLIVARES: Thank you so much - really appreciate it.


text:
Dr. Marilyn Govender
Diversification initiatives for small scale and land reform farmers is fundamental to their future growth and sustainability. In other parts of the world, the full value of sugarcane has been harnessed to produce in addition to sugar and molasse, alternative biobased and bioenergy products.
In the South African sugar industry, downstream beneficiation of the cane has been controlled by the milling companies and their subsidiaries. Different to the conventional participation of the farmers in the sector, SAFDA intends to reposition its farmers to participate in the agro-processing and biorefining value chain, advancing a new era of black producers and industrialists that maximise the beneficiation value of their sugarcane.
It seeks to establish strategic business partnerships, localise technology and invest in new diversification infrastructure to produce primary, tertiary and advanced biobased products (e.g. alcohols and fuels, electricity, chemicals, composites, plastics, packaging, materials etc.).
SAFDA is in pursuit of these new transformative and diversified businesses which will access new markets, increases revenue streams and expand margins for all small scale and land reform farmers.


Call them as you want- drop crotch, parachute style, billowy trousers or harem pants, but these bottoms are back in trend. In today's post I am going to share with you 15 ways how to wear harem pants and look 100% chic. You are about to see amazing street style looks that feature beautiful pants that are shockingly flattering and super functional. The best thing about these trousers is that you can wear them to the office, dates, lounging around the house or simple walks on the town. The secret of wearing harem pants is the fit: avoid baggy ones and super-tight. There are many looks you can create thanks to these trousers, believe me, they can be styled with almost everything in your closet. I love to see ladies wearing harem pants with heels, cropped blazers, knitted tops, long shirts, etc. Yes, these trousers are extremely versatile and easy to wear.
We see harem pants in dark grey color worn with pale yellow top, thong sandals and chic cream-grey blazer.


Even the cutest pets can leave some not-so-cute messes. Bags on Board Fashion Print Dog Waste Bags Refill Pack, now with a larger bag size (9 in x 14 in), comes in 5 trendy and stylish colors (pink, lavender, sage green, turquoise, and apricot) with a new, fun polka-dot and bone pattern. And, you get 20 free bags. Bags on Board makes picking up your pet waste quick, simple, and easy whether you're on a walk or in the backyard. Our dog poop bags are strong, durable, and 100% leak-proof guaranteed thanks to the double-sealed construction. Bags on Board waste bags refill and fit all Bags on Board dog waste bag dispensers, so you do not need to buy a new one. 100% money-back guarantee.
Makes picking up dog poop and pet waste quick, easy, and simple whether on a walk or in the backyard.
100% Leak proof, strong and durable bags in 5 stylish colors.
The bag are 9" x 14" in size so they're get for pups of all sizes.
Strong and durable dog waste bags are thick enough to hold any mess with double-sealed construction - 100% leak-proof guaranteed.


Barter your skills for a free hotel stay!
New Delhi [India], Oct 29 (ANI): Cheer up travellers! In an interesting new concept, you can now barter your way to a free hotel stay.
The first ever global 'Barter Week' is all set to take place from November 19 to 25 wherein more than 450 properties in 60 countries have signed up for the initiative. You can stay in one of these properties for free, in exchange for a service.
"During the third week in November, travellers can stay in B&Bs without putting their hands in their pockets if they are skilled in manual, teaching or creative tasks, or arrive with something from home for their bed-and-breakfast hosts," Barter Week's organisers said.
The traveller can select from the list of 'wishes' that the owner has listed online. However, if there is no 'wish list', one can offer a barter of their own.
For instance, a guesthouse in Florence is willing to offer a free stay, instead of the usual USD 120 (approx.) per night to a traveller, who can help them set up a social media campaign on Instagram.


text:
Etta James & Johnny Otis
This morning as I was writing a post to pay tribute to the life of the great Johnny Otis, who passed away yesterday, I learned of the passing of one of the greatest artists Johnny ever discovered, Ms. Etta James. While Etta James is a house-hold name (and rightfully so) the name Johnny Otis is sadly becoming less and less known by today's music fans. Besides giving Etta James her first big break, Mr. Otis also helped start the careers of many top R&B performers. When not performing with his own band he was in the studio recording and producing sides for many of the best R&B performers. It was Johnny Otis who produced and performed on the original 1952 recording of Hound Dog featuring Big Mama Thornton. Two years later in 1954 Otis found himself in the studio again with another young blues singer, a woman by the name of Jamesetta Hawkins. Like Big Mama Thornton, Jamesetta started out performing with The Johnny Otis Band. She then moved to Los Angeles and entered the studio with the band to record what would be her break out song "The Wallflower (Roll With Me Henry)". Written by Johnny Otis "The Wallflower" was an answer song to the Hank Ballard tune "Work With Me Annie". Shortly after the release of the song Jamesetta (now going by the stage name Etta James) started off on a solo career that would last over 50 years. She recorded many smash hits for a number of different labels and released albums up until 2011. In addition to being successful in the recording studio James was also successful on the stage and would continue to be an in-demand performer until 2009 when she was unable to perform due to health issues.
As for Johnny Otis, discovering Etta James was just one of the many highlights in a career that lasted well into his eighties. A true renaissance man, Otis was a songwriter, performer, producer, author, store and bar owner, and painter. He even got involved in politics in his home state of California during the 1960's. However, with all these accomplishments Johnny Otis is probably best know for writing the hit song "Willie and The Hand Jive" which would sell over 1.5 million copies and be covered by Eric Clapton for his 1974 album 461 Ocean Boulevard.
During the their lifetimes both Etta James and Johnny Otis brought to joy to millions of fans all over the world, they are both members of multiple halls of fame, and their influence can be heard in the music of artists in every genre of music. They will both be dearly missed.
Posted in Tributes	| Tagged 461 ocean boulevard, At Last, big mama thornton, blues, bottleneck cafe, chess records, eric clapton, etta james, jamesetta hawkins, johnny otis, peacock records, soul, The Wallflower (Dance with me Henry), willie and the hand jive


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'How world leaders can avert crisis'
Global leaders yesterday in Stockholm urged governments to start coordinating water and energy sectors to avert the global crisis likely to emanate from increasing demand for water and energy.
This position was made known at the opening plenary of the 24th annual World Water Week, hosted by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI).
The leaders said the increase in demand for energy and electricity would put pressure on the limited water resources, leading to increased water scarcity.
This, according to them, would create problems for competition among water users and in the environment.
"We know that the demand for energy and water will increase in the coming decades and the added demands will present challenges in all regions, especially in developing economies," Ms. Hillevi Engstrom, Swedish Minister of International Development, said.
She said the United Nations (UN) expected global water demand to increase by 55 per cent
in 2050, making more than 40 per cent of the world's population to live in areas of severe water stress.
"The challenge for policy makers is to take into account the multiple aspects, roles and benefits of water. It is essential to have a long-term sustainability perspective," Ms. Engstrom said.
The Executive Director, SIWI, Mr. Torgny Holmgren, said the challenges were immense, with the global demand for water projected to grow by 55 per cent between 2000 and 2050 and electricity demand expected to increase by 50 percent in the next two decades.
He added that there was need for a relationship between the
energy and water communities, if the world was to provide solution for people to prosper.
Liberia President Helen Johnson-Sirleaf said water access and energy
should top the coming 2015 sustainable development agenda to replace the Millennium Development Goals.
The United Nations World Water Report shows that the rate of groundwater abstraction is increasing by 1 per cent to 2 per cent per year, adding to water stress in
areas and compromising the availability of groundwater to serve as
a buffer against droughts and local supply shortages.
More than 1.3 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity,
with more than 95 per cent of them located in Sub-Saharan Africa and
developing Asia, and roughly 2.6 billion people rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking.


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A popular Health Mela now in its 18th year attracted hundreds from across the city of Preston.


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Opinion: The Electoral College Picks a U.S. President and Shows Us Why We Need It
By Ian Drake
Montclair State Associate Professor of Political Science and Law
Posted in: Homepage News and Events, Political Science and Law
Note: This Op-Ed was published on NJ.com on Monday, Dec. 14, 2020.
President-Elect Joe Biden, who won the Electoral College vote and the popular vote in November, is set to formally defeat Donald Trump 306 to 232, today, Dec. 14, when the electors cast their votes in the Electoral College.
Just four years ago, Trump received a similar number of Electoral College votes — 304 to 227 — to win White House despite losing the popular vote because in our system, it's the Electoral votes that count.
So what makes the electoral votes so important, and why do they decide who leads our country?
Critics of the Electoral College – and there have been many, as it is the constitutional provision most frequently targeted for reform or abolition – have contended that its chief fault is that it is anti-democratic and does not reflect the will of the people. But this could not be further from the truth. In fact, the Electoral College furthers the democratic participation of the American people by truly nationalizing the presidential election, preserving the two-party system, and ensuring the role of the states in selecting the President.
In the summer of 1787, when the Founders met in Philadelphia, one of the first items for reform was the structure of the national government. The executive power under the Articles of Confederation had been conducted by committees of Congressional representatives. But the Founders, greatly influenced by the writings of the French jurist and political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, wanted a separation of governmental powers in order to prevent a too-powerful national government, which they feared would be tyrannical.
The executive power, which is the power to carry into effect – execute – the laws, was quickly conceived of as an office for one person, rather than a committee. It was assumed the executive, or presidency, would need to act with dispatch regarding enforcement questions, especially those dealing with foreign relations.
Instead of selecting the President through a national popular vote, the Founders decided upon what we have come to know as the Electoral College, although this term is not used in the Constitution. The College functions as a filtered way of electing the President. Slates of party activists are chosen by their states to be electors who officially vote for President after voters in the states have voted.
Why the need for a filtered vote? The Founders thought only people of the best character should be president and they thought the most prominent people in the various states – those who would serve as electors – would know who had the best character in the states suited to the job and would vote accordingly.
The Electoral College has not evolved to function in the way the Founders envisioned, however. Instead of prominent people as electors, party activists fill these positions. But they reflect the will of voters in the states. The winner of the electoral votes from each state is the winner of the popular vote in each state. (Nebraska and Maine have a slightly different system, wherein the electoral votes are allocated partly by congressional district and partly by state-wide popular vote results.) The key element is the role of the states (and Washington, D.C.) in 51 popular votes at the state level.
The state-based system ensures that campaigns are run on a national scale, rather than a regional one. Each election cycle, there are different "swing states" (states that are necessary to win the 270 electoral votes needed to win but where no clear candidate preference is assured) and they change as the populations change.
If we had a national popular vote system, then candidates would simply go where their voter bases are located. For Republicans this would be in the rural and suburban areas, while Democrats would campaign in cities. Not only would candidates gravitate to their geographic voter regions, they would also likely become more extreme in their positions. Under the Electoral College system the appeals to swing states require candidates to moderate their messages in order to appeal to the voters in swing states.
Finally, if we switched to deciding elections based on a national popular vote, we would likely diminish or even destroy the two-party system. Our parties are organized around a handful of leaders and whomever is president is the de facto leader of their party. If a national popular vote were instituted, then multiple candidates would be incentivized to run as a regional favorite and, without an Electoral College threshold to meet, they could win without a majority of popular votes. Such divided presidential races would likely weaken the parties and encourage regional parties or issue-based parties and coalition governments.
The Electoral College is not a strange historical anachronism. It is a selection system that reduces political extremism, nationalizes presidential campaigns, preserves the popular vote at the state level, and protects the two-party system nationally. Although it does not function quite as the Founders envisioned, it maintains our liberties by preserving our republican form of limited government.
Montclair State Associate Professor Ian J. Drake appears as an expert in an Amazon Prime documentary titled "Safeguard: An Electoral College Story," about the Electoral College's role in the American political system, historically and today.


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miraculous gift of materialising and vanishing, rather than coming and going, he could be nearly as noiseless in his less elusive movements. He noted the back door standing just ajar; and all the time his slightly pointed ears, at the utmost stretch of watchfulness, kept in touch with the profound silence outside enveloping the absolute stillness of the house.
He had not been in the room two minutes when it occurred to him that he must be alone in the bungalow. The woman, most likely, had sneaked out, and was walking about somewhere in the grounds at the back. She had been probably ordered to keep out of sight. Why? Because the fellow mistrusted his guests; or was it because he mistrusted her?
Ricardo reflected that from a certain point of view it amounted nearly to the same thing. He remembered Schomberg's story. He felt that running away with somebody only to get clear of that beastly, tame, hotel-keeper's attentions, was no proof of hopeless infatuation. She could be got in touch with.
His moustaches stirred. For some time he had been looking at a closed door. He would peep into that other room, and perhaps see something more informing than a confounded lot of books. As he crossed over, he thought recklessly:
"If the beggar comes in suddenly, and starts to prance I'll rip him up and be done with it!"
He laid his hand on the handle, and felt the door come unlatched. Before he pulled it open, he listened again to the silence. He felt it all about him, complete, without a flaw.
The necessity of prudence had exasperated his self-restraint. A mood of ferocity woke up in him, and, as always at such times, he became physically aware of the sheeted knife strapped to his leg.
his leg. He pulled at the door with fierce curiosity.
It came open without a squeak of hinge, without a rustle, with no sound at all; and. he found himself glaring at the opaque surface of some rough blue stuff, like
serge. A curtain was fitted inside, heavy enough and long enough not to stir.
A curtain! This unforeseen veil, baffling his curiosity, checked his brusqueness. He did not fling it aside with an impatient movement; he only looked at it closely, as if its texture had to be examined before his hand could touch such stuff. In this interval of hesitation he seemed to detect a flaw in the perfection of the silence, the faintest possible rustle, which his ears caught and instantly, in the effort of conscious listening, lost again. No! Everything was still inside and outside the house, only he had no longer the sense of being alone there,
When he put out his hand toward the motionless folds, it was with extreme caution, and merely to push the stuff aside a little, advancing his head at the same time to peep within. A moment of complete immobility ensued. Then, without anything else of him stirring, Ricardo's head shrank back on his shoulders, his arm descended slowly to his side. There was a woman in there. The very woman! Lighted dimly by the reflection of the outer glare, she loomed up strangely big and shadowy at the other end of the long, narrow room. With her back to the door, she was doing her hair with her bare arms uplifted. One of them gleamed pearly white; the other detached its perfect form in black agains the unshuttered, uncurtained square window-hole. She was there, her fingers busy with her dark hair, utterly unconscious, exposed and defenceless—and tempting
Ricardo drew back one foot and pressed his elbows close to his sides; his chest started heaving convulsively, as if he were wrestling or running a race; his body began to sway gently back and forth. The self-restraint was at an end: his psychology must have its way. The instinct for the feral spring could no longer be denied. Ravish or kill—it was all one to him, as long as by the act he liberated the suffering soul of savagery repressed
for so long. After a quick glance over his shoulder, which hunters of big game tell us no lion or tiger omits to give before charging home, Ricardo charged, head down, straight at the curtain. The stuff, tossed up violently by his ruch, settled itself with a slow, floating descent into vertical folds, motionless, without a shudder even, in the still, warm air.
The clock—which once upon a time had measured the hours of philosophic meditation—could not have ticked away more than five seconds when Wang materialised within the living-room. His concern primarily was with the delayed breakfast, but at once his slanting eyes became immovably fixed upon the unstirring curtain. For it was behind it that he had located the strange, deadened scuffling sounds which filled the empty room.
The slanting eyes of his race could not achieve a round, amazed stare; but they remained still, dead still, and his impassive yellow face grew all at once careworn and lean with the sudden strain of intense, doubtful, frightened watchfulness. Contrary impulses swayed his body, rooted to the floor-mats. He even went so far as to extend his hand toward the curtain. He could not reach it, and he didn't make the necessary step forward.
The mysterious struggle was going on with con


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UCLA vs Loyola Marymount Pick
by Dan Jamison | Dec 2, 2018 | cbb
Loyola Marymount Lions (8-0 SU, 4-2 ATS) vs. UCLA Bruins (5-2 SU, 3-4 ATS)
When: Sunday, December 2, 2018 – 10 PM ET
Where: Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles
TV: Pac-12 Network
By: Dan Jamison, College Basketball Handicapper, Predictem.com
Point Spread: LMU +10.5/UCLA – 10.5 @ Bovada
Total: O/U 144
Last Time Out: Loyola Marymount hammered Bethesda 106-50, UCLA defeated Hawaii 80-61.
Analyzing the Lions:
Long an afterthought in a West Coast Conference that's been dominated by Gonzaga and Saint Mary's, Loyola Marymount is off to a solid start this year, mostly off the play of guard James Batemon. The senior averages 21.4 points per game, a number that would be higher if he hadn't played just 16 minutes in the Lions' rout of lower-level Bethesda. Beyond Batemon, however, Loyola isn't a particularly deep teem in terms of offense and instead focuses on its defense. Of the Lions' six games against Division I competition, not one has topped a combined score of 150 points.
Analyzing the Bruins:
UCLA has a multitude of weapons who can hurt its opponents, most notably sophomore Kris Wilkes. A 6-foot-8 guard, Wilkes can score from anywhere on the floor and provides the height needed to grab rebounds when necessary. Against Hawaii, he notched a double-double by grabbing 10 rebounds to go with 16 points, and he's scored in double figures in every UCLA game this season.
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His boards are as important as his points, because it's not with the first shot that UCLA beats its opponents. It's with the second and third. The Bruins rank 10th in the country in rebounds and are excellent at getting on the glass and extending their possessions. When teams don't limit the Bruins to one shot, they usually find themselves paying the price.
X-Factor:
The battle in the paint. Moses Brown doesn't see too many players who can match him in the height department, but Loyola Marymount has a player who can do that in the 7-foot-3 Mattias Markusson. The Swedish junior averages 11.4 points a game and has a two-inch height advantage on his counterpart Brown. If Markusson can establish himself in the paint early in the contest, Loyola Marymount will set itself up to get easy baskets inside and stay in the game. If Markusson can't get close to the hoop, Loyola is in trouble.
Loyola Marymount Will Cover if:
The Lions can clamp down on the UCLA offense. Loyola Marymount has held its opponents to just 58.4 points a game, and only once has a foe even gotten to 70 points this season. This game is going to take Loyola's best efforts on the defensive side of the ball from the opening tip, but if the Lions can frustrate the Bruins and keep the game close, they'll have the edge because UCLA is a poor free-throw shooting team at 62 percent, giving Loyola Marymount a chance to pull itself to within the spread in the dying minutes.
UCLA Will Cover if:
The Bruins can force the Lions away from the hoop by establishing their presence in the paint. UCLA averages seven blocked shots per game, good for 10th in the nation, and such a presence can be a major intimidation factor that can force an opponent to alter its offense. If Loyola Marymount has to get out of its comfort zone early to get its offense going, UCLA will have a big advantage.
Dan's Pick to Cover the Spread:
With Loyola Marymount's gaudy record and UCLA's struggles, it might be tempting to take the points with the Lions and gamble on them to stay close with the Bruins, especially with the Pauley Pavilion crowd likely to be dead during a Sunday night contest against a non-name opponent.
College Basketball Forum Picks
But a check of the records reveals that Loyola hasn't exactly been testing itself against the best of the best in the early going. Per Ken Pomeroy, Loyola's schedule ranks 333rd in the nation, or the 20th-weakest schedule in Division I college basketball. Yes, Loyola is 8-0, but it's a soft 8-0. The Lions have beaten a pair of Division II schools, which don't have a spread and don't count toward the tournament, they barely escaped from Central Connecticut and their best win is over a very pedestrian Georgetown team that will be lucky to finish in the top six of the Big East. In short, there isn't anything impressive on Loyola Marymount's resume at the moment.
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Conversely, not only is UCLA one of the true blue-bloods in the sport, but the Bruins have tested themselves against Michigan State and North Carolina, and even though they didn't win, those losses will prepare them for tough competition throughout their schedule. Plus, the Bruins got themselves back on track against Hawaii, setting them up to out-athlete Loyola and turn this game into a comfortable victory.
Loyola winning here would be a truly impressive feat and show that the Lions can reasonably make a push toward an at-large bid for the NCAAs this year. But based on the information we have, Loyola doesn't look like it's going to give UCLA much trouble, and I don't see enough here to gamble on the points with the Lions. Go with the Bruins and lay the 10.5 points, or, if you're not completely sold on UCLA, gamble on a good defensive battle by taking the under, which should be a solid play in this game.
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I am a Belgian railroadfan, but registrated myself here to ask for help on identification on destroyed -probably- German railwaystations, seen on pictures, with an (I guess...) evacuation train for civilians. The link with WW2 is evident. I found these original pictures in a little photoalbum of my (since long deceased) father-in-law.


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We demonstrate that shapes with zero Gaussian curvature, except at singularities, produced by the growth-induced buckling of a thin elastic sheet are the same as those produced by the Volterra construction of topological defects in which edges of an intrinsically flat surface are identified. With this connection, we study the problem of choosing an optimal pattern of growth for a prescribed developable surface, finding a fundamental trade-off between optimal design and the accuracy of the resulting shape which can be quantified by the length along which an edge should be identified.
To be published in Soft Matter.


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George Washington Papers, Series 4, General Correspondence: George Washington to William Butler, September 11, 1778
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George Washington Papers, Series 4, General Correspondence: Henry Knox to George Washington, July 22, 1791
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Saltillo is a town in Brown Township, Washington County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 92 at the 2010 census.

History
Saltillo was laid out and platted in 1849. It was named in commemoration of Saltillo, Mexico, the location of a battle in the Mexican–American War.

A post office was established at Saltillo in 1854, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1957.

Geography
Saltillo is located at  (38.664258, -86.289727).

According to the 2010 census, Saltillo has a total area of , of which  (or 99.83%) is land and  (or 0.17%) is water.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 92 people, 42 households, and 29 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 50 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.9% White and 1.1% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 42 households, of which 19.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.0% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.66.

The median age in the town was 48.3 years. 15.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.5% were from 25 to 44; 33.6% were from 45 to 64; and 21.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 107 people, 47 households, and 33 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 56 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.

There were 47 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.74.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.6% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had a median income of $38,125 versus $21,042 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,253. There were 9.1% of families and 12.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 16.7% of under eighteens and 20.8% of those over 64.

References

Towns in Washington County, Indiana
Towns in Indiana
Louisville metropolitan area
Populated places established in 1849
1849 establishments in Indiana

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