When I'm on social media on Thursdays, I'm constantly bombarded with #tbt images on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.
I don't post baby pics of myself or awkward teenage ball/prom photos BUT I do think it's important for singers to embrace their vocal past.
Usually we don't spend a lot of time high-fiving ourselves for how far we've come. We are constantly upgrading, always choosing more challenging songs and working on more complicated techniques.
Unfortunately this then makes it seem as though we're not getting any better because it feels like it's always hard or frustrating.
Are you tracking your progress in any way? If not, how do you know if you're getting better?
In your vocal exercises you can make note of how low/high you're going to measure growth in range. You might have breathing exercises you can time to track your progress with breath control or rate how easy a particular exercise is feeling.
Coming up with inventive ways of measuring your growth as a singer gives you an idea of whether or not you're reaching your singing goals. If you don't have a touch point or way to check this, how will you know?
You don't have to do it every Thursday but I think it's kind of fun to jump on the bandwagon of this particular hashtag/social media phenomenon (plus you'll get reminders if you're plugged into those channels).
Keep a list of all the songs you're tackling in your lessons and practice sessions. Make a note of what you found tricky when you first sang the song.
Did you flip into a wobbly head voice in the chorus?
Did you run out of breath on a line in the bridge?
What sections made you want to tear your hair out?
Then go back to that song in a couple of months. Notice what feels and sounds different.
Does your voice now go into a smooth mixed register instead of flipping into head voice?
Can you get through that long passage in one breath now?
Does it feel easier and less strained across the board?
You probably already have a collection of songs you haven't looked at in months. Start to add them to your practice sessions and observe the changes in your voice since you last sang them.
Getting stuck in a cycle of next levelling as a singer can be destructive confidence-wise. If we're always feeling "stupid" or "like a failure," our motivation and self esteem take a hit.
Realising how far you've come and acknowledging your progress as a singer keeps you enthusiastic about moving further in your vocal journey and helps you to realise what techniques are becoming built in to your muscle memory.
Your self confidence has a huge impact on how you learn and the way you sing. I talk a lot about this in my book The Moderately Tortured Artist. We often don't notice how much it holds us back emotionally and technically!
So do yourself a favour and start to push that pride button by looking at songs from your back catalogue!
Liked this post? Why not spread the love and share it with your friends?
If you want access to three free training workshops and other downloads to help you develop your voice, pop in your details and hit that beautiful button!


text:
Two new species of Pirhosigma Giordani Soika (Vespidae, Eumeninae), with an updated catalog for the genus
Wellington D. Ferreira‡, Marcel G. Hermes‡, Bolívar R. Garcete-Barrett§|, James M. Carpenter¶
‡ Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
§ Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
¶ American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States of America
Corresponding author: Wellington D. Ferreira ( wellingtondonizet@gmail.com )
Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2019 Wellington D. Ferreira, Marcel G. Hermes, Bolívar R. Garcete-Barrett, James M. Carpenter.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Ferreira WD, Hermes MG, Garcete-Barrett BR, Carpenter James M (2019) Two new species of Pirhosigma Giordani Soika (Vespidae, Eumeninae), with an updated catalog for the genus. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 71: 225-240. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.71.35754
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CCAA9BDD-C4F7-4986-A788-7741361E71C5
Two new species of eumenine wasps were described from Panama and Peru, namely Pirhosigma abregoi Garcete-Barrett & Hermes sp. nov. and P. cambrai Garcete-Barrett & Ferreira sp. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Eumenes deformata barberoi Bertoni and Eumenes superficialis mondaiensis Bertoni. Pirhosigma mearimense putumayense Giordani Soika stat. nov. is treated as a color variation of the typical P. mearimense (Zavattari). Additions to the key by Ferreira et al. (2017) are made and an updated catalog for species included in the genus is provided.
New species, Panama, Peru, Potter wasps, Taxonomy
Recently, the Eumeninae, the so-called potter wasps, have been receiving much attention in studies regarding the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of their main lineages, especially with the aid of novel molecular data (Hines et al. 2007; Pickett and Carpenter 2010; Hermes et al. 2014; Bank et al. 2017; Piekarski et al. 2018). The most recent results based on large-scale genomic datasets (Bank et al. 2017; Piekarski et al. 2018) have implied paraphyly of Eumeninae sensu Carpenter (1982), whose monophyly was corroborated by Pickett and Carpenter 2010 and Hermes et al. 2014.
Despite this recent phylogenetic progress, the Neotropical fauna of potter wasps remains little explored, a fact that is particularly noticeable by the poor representation of the group in most Latin American entomological collections. In fact, the group is not as abundant as the social vespids, and few experts are carrying out research within the group. Nevertheless, the number of described species has been increasing constantly for the Neotropics (e.g. Hermes 2012; Lopes and Noll 2014; Lopes and Hermes 2015; Cooper, 2016a, b; Lopes et al. 2017), indicating the need for more research to be carried out for the taxon.
Pirhosigma is a somewhat small genus of eumenine wasps, currently comprising nine described species. Of these, two were described within the last three years (Ferreira et al. 2015, Ferreira et al. 2017). Recently, Hermes et al. (2013) provided an insightful study on the nesting biology of two species of Pirhosigma, with special reference to the use of vegetable matter for potentially camouflaging the mud nests. Such biological strategies are scarcely known for the potter wasps as a whole, but recent available data are showing them to be very plastic regarding nesting strategies (e.g. Hermes et al. 2015, Auko et al. 2015). We hereby propose the description of two new species of Pirhosigma, along with an updated catalog for all species included in the genus.
Material from the following institutions was examined (the acronyms follow Evenhuis (2018) when available):
MIUP Museo de Invertebrados Graham B. Fairchild, Universidad de Panama, Panama (Dr. Roberto Cambra, Dr. Diomedes Quintero and Jean Carlos Ábrego);
MSNG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genova, Italy (Dr. Maria Tavano);
INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil (Dr. Márcio L. de Oliveira).
Additional acronyms mentioned in the catalog of species of Pirhosigma are:
AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA;
CMNH Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, USA;
CUIC Cornell University, Ithaca, USA;
MHNG Muséum d´Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland;
MNHNPY Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, San Lorenzo, Paraguay;
MSNVE Museo di Storia Naturale, Venice, Italy;
RMNH Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, Netherlands.
Type specimens of species potentially closely related to the new species were examined from the cited institutions (details in the taxonomic catalog). All examined specimens were dry pinned preserved ones. Examination was undertaken with a Leica S8 APO stereomicroscope. Photographs of structures of interest were obtained with a Canon EOS Rebel T6 digital camera attached to the stereomicroscope. The same camera with a Canon Macro 100 mm lens and a Yongnuo 2x Extensor were used for photographing specimen habitus. All images were captured using Canon EOS Utility software and using a light dome modified from Kawada and Buffington (2016). The final stacking of multiple layers was carried out with the Helicon Focus software.
Body length is taken from the frons to the hind border of T2 and expressed as an approximate measurement, as body position can modify it more or less substantially. Wing length is taken from the humeral angle of the wing at the border of the tegula to the wing tip and expressed as an approximate measurement, as wing position can affect the total measurement.
Pirhosigma abregoi Garcete-Barrett & Hermes, sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/A50BFD49-2125-49E6-88D2-873FDC30EEA9
Figs 1–6, 7
Comments and diagnosis
This is the only species of Pirhosigma that does not present a preapical fossa in T1 (Fig. 5), which is present in all other species of this genus. However, this species presents all the other diagnostic features of Pirhosigma, such as the shape of T1, apically flask-shaped, with the apical lamella not preceded by a transverse swelling, and the basal portion with two laterally longitudinal carinae (Giordani Soika 1978; Carpenter and Vecht 1991) (Fig. 6). Pirhosigma abregoi differs from all other species of Pirhosigma by the following set of features: (i) absence of an evident preapical fossa on T1 (Fig. 5); (ii) pronotal carina in the shape of an inverted "V" in frontal view (Fig. 3), with a well-developed lateral lamella (Fig. 4); (iii) T2 oval, longer than wide, with evident, deep and spaced punctures (Fig. 7); (iv) lateral portion of the pronotum greatly shortened (Fig. 4); (v) short clypeus, wider than long (Fig. 2).
Figures 1–6.
Pirhosigma abregoi Garcete-Barrett & Hermes, holotype female 1 habitus 2 head, frontal view 3 pronotum, frontal view, arrow pointing to the pronotal carina in the shape of an inverted "V" 4 pronotum, lateral view, arrow pointing to the well-developed lateral lamella in the pronotal carina 5 T1, dorsal view, arrow pointing to the apical portion without a well-developed preapical fossa 6 T1, lateral view, arrow pointing to the well-developed longitudinal carina. Scale bars: 1 mm (1); 0.5 mm (2–6).
Figures 7–12.
Pirhosigma abregoi Garcete-Barrett & Hermes, holotype female 7 T2 with an evident punctuation, dorsal view. Pirhosigma cambrai Garcete-Barrett & Ferreira, holotype female 8 habitus 9 head, frontal view 10 head, lateral view, arrow pointing to the curved clypeus apex 11 pronotum, dorsal view, arrow pointing to the well-developed dorsally pronotal carina 12 T1, lateral view, arrow pointing to the well-developed longitudinal carina. Scale bars: 1 mm (8); 0.5 mm (7, 9–12).
Holotype female.
Body length (from head to apex of T1): 5.5 mm; Forewing length (from mid tegula to apex): 6.07 mm.
Body with predominantly brown-yellowish tegument. Yellow head, with a wide oval black mark on the frons, connected to a narrow black band extending to the occiput; brownish mark in the center of the clypeus. Mesosoma and metasoma with predominantly brown-yellowish tegument. Antennae with brownish scape and pedicel; progressively darker flagellum from the base to the apex. Mesoscutum totally blackened. Scutellum with a central black-brown spot. Brownish propodeum. Black mark in the basal portion of T1. Yellow marks more prominent in the regions that follow: parategulae; apical margin of T1; lateral and apical margins of T2; apical margin of S1. Brown wings.
Labrum truncated. Clypeus broader than long, with short and emarginated apex; small and not carinate apical teeth present. Interantennal region without cariniform elevation. Pronotal carina well developed in all its extension, in the shape of an inverted "V" in frontal view, with a well-developed lateral lamella. Lateral surface of pronotum narrow, with the distance between pronotal fovea and the mesepisternum smaller than the size of the fovea itself; pronotal fovea slit-shaped. Pretegular carina absent. Parategulae triangular. Sulcus between the scutellum and metanotum obsolete. T1 elongated, with basal portion longer than the apical portion; two lateral longitudinal carinae present, not reaching half of the segment; preapical fossa absent. T2 oval, longer than wide, with lamella well developed. S2 without abrupt basal elevation.
Clypeus without evident punctation. Frons and vertex with deep, coarse and abundant punctures, with space between them smaller than the size of a puncture. Pronotum with granular punctation, with shallow, abundant and slightly thickened punctures, distance between them smaller than the size of a puncture. Mesespisternum with deep punctures, denser in its upper portion; shallow and slightly evident punctures in its lower portion. Mesoscutum, scutellum and propodeum with deep and coarse punctures. Apex of T1 with evident shallow punctation. T2 with well-marked deep punctation, distance between them smaller than the size of a puncture.
Pilosity
Golden pubescence covering the entire surface of the body. Bristles shorter, thick and abundant on clypeus, frons, vertex, and mesosoma. Elongated, delicate and thin bristles in the metasoma.
Type material
Holotype: PANAMA • 1 ♀; Peninsula Gigante, Barro Colorado Nature Monument; 30 Jul. 1990; A. Mena leg. (MIUP).
Type locality
Peninsula Gigante: Barro Colorado Nature Monument; Panama.
This species is named after the Panamanian Biologist Jean Carlos Ábrego.
Pirhosigma cambrai Garcete-Barrett & Ferreira, sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/73F75F9A-9304-437D-A8F6-957E2A33BF33
Figs 8–12, 13–15
P. cambrai is quite similar to P. mearimense (Zavattari) and P. sulcata Ferreira & Hermes, sharing with them the S2 without a basal slope followed by an elevation (Fig. 14); T1 distinctly filiform with basal region of greater length than the apical portion (Figs 12–13); T2 wider than long (Fig. 15); pronotal carina well developed dorsally (Fig. 11); and a black body color, with few yellow marks (Fig. 8). Pirhosigma cambrai is distinguished from P. mearimense and P. sulcata Ferreira & Hermes by the presence of a short, wider than long clypeus (Fig. 9), curved backwards (Fig. 10).
Figures 13–17.
Representatives of Pirhosigma species 13–15 Pirhosigma cambrai Garcete-Barrett & Ferreira, holotype female 13 T1, dorsal view, arrow pointing to the apex with a pre-apical fossa well-developed 14 T1 and S2, lateral view, arrow pointing to the S2 without a basal slope followed by an elevation 15 T2, dorsal view 16 Pirhosigma mearimense (Zavattari), female head, frontal view 17 Pirhosigma sulcata Ferreira & Hermes, holotype male head, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (13–17).
Body length (from head to apex of T1): 5.10 mm; Forewing length (from mid tegula to apex): 6.50 mm.
Body with predominantly blackish tegument. Yellow marks as follows: stripes on inner margin of compound eyes; upper surface of the gena; narrow range in the antero-dorsal region of pronotum; narrow bands in the distal portions of the T1–T6 and S2–S6. S1 brownish. Antennae brownish. Yellow-brownish legs. Brownish wings.
Labrum rounded, narrow. Clypeus broader than long, apically curved backwards and with short, concave and emarginated apex; small and ecarinate apical teeth present, with small distance between each other. Interantennal region without cariniform elevation. Pronotal carina well developed dorsally, gently and roundly recurved in the humeral region. Lateral surface of pronotum narrow, with the distance between pronotal fovea and the mesepisternum smaller than the size of the fovea itself. Pretegular carina absent. Parategulae pointed. Sulcus between scutellum and metanotum obsolete. T1 distinctly filiform with basal region of greater length than the apical portion; two lateral longitudinal carina present; preapical fossa present. T2 wider than long, outlined as a half oval in dorsal view; well-developed apical lamella. S2 without basal slope followed by an elevation.
Clypeus without evident punctation. Frons and vertex with evident and abundant punctures, with distance between them approximately smaller than the size of a puncture; micro-punctation evident. Pronotum, upper portion of the mesepisternum, mesoscutum, scutelum, metanotum and propodeum with deep and abundant punctures, with distance between punctures smaller than the size of a puncture. Lower portion of the mesepisternum with shallow and sparse punctures, distance between them approximately greater than the size of a puncture. T1 unpunctate. T2 with micro-punctation evident.
Fine whitish pubescence covering the entire body. Whitish bristles covering the head, concentrated in the clypeus. Brownish, short and thin bristles on mesosoma. Brownish and long bristles on T1–T6 and S2–S6.
Holotype: PERU • 1 ♀; Madre de Dios, Manu Reserve, Pakitza Station; 1–2 Mar. 1992; R. Cambra leg. (MIUP).
Madre de Dios: Manu Reserve, Pakitza Station; Peru.
This species is dedicated to the Panamanian entomologist Roberto Cambra.
The holotype of P. cambrai sp. nov. (female, MIUP) was compared with the holotypes of P. mearimense (Zavattari) (male, MSNG) and P. sulcata Ferreira & Hermes (male, INPA). Additional material of P. mearimense, two males and two females, were also analyzed (MSNVE). Unfortunately, the female of P. sulcata remains unknown, but by the uniformity of the clypeus between the sexes of Pirhosigma, we consider the comparison of this structure valid for the distinction between the species P. sulcata/P. mearimense from P. cambrai.
Additional examined material. Pirhosigma mearimense (Zavattari): Holotype: BRAZIL • 1 ♂; Miarim; Gribodo leg. (MSNG). SURINAME • 1 ♂; Republiek; 6 May. 1963; J. v. d. Vecht leg. (MSNVE). 1 ♀; Republiek; 24 Sep. 1963; D. C. Geyskes leg. (MSNVE) PERU • 1 ♂; El Campamiente, Colonia Perene; 21 Jun. 1920; Giordani Soika leg. (MSNVE). BOLIVIA • 1 ♀; Buenavista, Dep. Sta Cruz; alt. 450 m. (MSNVE). Pirhosigma sulcata Ferreira & Hermes: Holotype: BRAZIL • 1 ♂; Amazonas, KM31 AM-010, CEPLAC; 18 Jun. 1976; Joselita M. Santos leg. (INPA).
Updated key to the species of Pirhosigma, adapted from Ferreira et al. (2017)
The species P. abregoi is readily differentiated from all other species in the key of Ferreira et al. (2017), since it is the only species that does not present a preapical fossa in T1 – compare Fig. 5: P. abregoi, without a preapical fossa on T1; and Fig. 13: P. cambrai, with a preapical fossa on T1.
1' Preapical fossa on T1 absent (Fig. 5) P. abregoi Garcete-Barrett & Hermes, sp. nov.
– Preapical fossa on T1 present (Fig. 13) (couplet 1 in Ferreira et al. 2017)
The species P. cambrai runs to couplet 6 of Ferreira et al. (2017), which is modified as follows:
6 Pronotal carina well developed dorsally (Fig. 11); black, with a few yellow spots (Fig. 8) 6'
– Pronotal carina not evident dorsally; yellowish with black marks and bands 8
6' Short clypeus, wider than long (Fig. 9) P. cambrai Garcete-Barrett & Ferreira, sp. nov.
– Clypeus longer than wide or almost as long as wide (Figs 16, 17) 7
7 Male with a well-marked groove between the metanotum and the scutellum [female unknown] P. sulcata Ferreira & Hermes
– Male without a well-marked groove between the metanotum and the scutellum P. mearimense (Zavattari)
A Catalog of the genus Pirhosigma Giordani Soika (only taxonomic and nomenclatural procedures are indicated where they apply)
Pirhosigma Giordani Soika, 1978: 11, 229.
Type species: Eumenes simulans de Saussure, 1875, by original designation.
Tricomenes Giordani Soika, 1978: 10, 254.
Type species: Eumenes pilosus Fox, 1899, by original designation and monotypy.
Pirhosigma; Giordani Soika 1978: 10, 230–231. Carpenter and van der Vecht 1991: 230 (Tricomenes rejected, acting as first reviser).
Pirhosigma aenigmaticum Giordani Soika, 1978
Eumenes simulans; Zavattari 1906: 19; Zavattari 1912: 118. Misidentification.
Pirhosigma aenigmaticum Giordani Soika, 1978: 231, 250.
Type Data: Holotype female RMNH.
Type Locality: Valle Anchicaya, Cali, Colombia.
Pirhosigma aenigmaticum; Carpenter and van der Vecht 1991: 229 (probable synonym of P. simulans (de Saussure)). West-Eberhard et al. 1995: 574. Rodríguez-Palafox 1996: 480. Ferreira et al. 2017: 277.
Distribution: Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador.
Pirhosigma deforme (Fox, 1899)
Eumenes deforma Fox, 1899: 453, 461.
Type Data: Lectotype female CMNH.
Type Locality: Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Eumenes deforma; Dalla Torre 1904: 22. Brèthes 1906: 335. Bertoni 1918: 206. Carpenter and van der Vecht 1991: 229 (designation of lectotype).
Eumenes deformata [!] barberoi Bertoni, 1926: 76.
Type Data: Lectotype female by present designation (MNHNPY).
Type Locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay.
Eumenes deformata barberoi; Bertoni 1934: 112, 118.
Pirhosigma deforme; Giordani Soika 1978: 230, 231. Hermes and Köhler 2004: 74, 86. Somavilla et al. 2010: 260. Hermes et al. 2013: 434. Hermes et al. 2014: 456, 470, 471, 475. Ferreira et al. 2017: 276.
Distribution: Brazil, Paraguay.
Remarks. In the original description (Bertoni, 1926) of Eumenes deformata barberoi, the author did not mention how many specimens were part of the type series nor the locality where they were collected. Furthermore, Bertoni labelled seven specimens as Eumenes deformata paranensis (unpublished subspecific name), and the name barberoi was never attached to any specimen whatsoever. The lack of a locality, in this case, poses no issue, since all individuals bear a label with the locality "Puerto Bertoni", where the author lived for many years and collected many of his specimens. Also, the only subspecific name proposed by Bertoni under the specific name deformata is indeed barberoi, which leaves no doubt about the members of the type series. Finally, the description matches these specimens, and one well-preserved female was chosen as the lectotype and labelled accordingly; the remainder of the specimens (two males and four females) are to be treated as paralectotypes.
Here we have the opportunity to correct the date of Bertoni's paper "Hymenópteros nuevos o poco conocidos". Though considered as published in December of 1925, as suggested in the heading of its cover, issue 2(1) of the "Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay", was actually printed in 1926, as indicated in the foot of the very same cover. This paper contains the original descriptions of the species-level names Zetamenes rufomaculata ssp. meridionalis Bertoni, Zetamenes filiformis var. costarricensis Bertoni, Discoelius strigosus ssp. costarricensis Bertoni, Pachymenes atra var. ornatissima Bertoni, Eumenes deformata barberoi Bertoni, Amphimenes totonacus var. manateci Bertoni, Monobia paraguayensis Bertoni, Odynerus migonei Bertoni and the generic name Protozethus Bertoni.
Pirhosigma limpidum Giordani Soika, 1978
Pirhosigma limpidum Giordani Soika, 1978: 230, 240.
Type Data: Holotype female MSNVE.
Type Locality: Espírito Santo, Brazil.
Pirhosigma limpidum; Hermes et al. 2013: 434. Hermes et al. 2014: 472. Ferreira et al. 2017: 272, 277.
Distribution: Brazil.
Pirhosigma mearimense (Zavattari, 1912)
Eumenes mearimensis Zavattari, 1912: 101.
Type Data: Holotype male MSNG.
Type Locality: Vitoria do Mearim, Maranhão, Brazil (Penati and Mariotti 2015).
Pirhosigma mearimense; Giordani Soika 1978: 231, 243. Ferreira et al. 2015: 118, 119. Ferreira et al. 2017: 277.
Pirhosigma mearimense mearimense; Santos et al. 2015: 41.
Pirhosigma mearimense putumayense Giordani Soika, 1978: 245. New status.
Type Data: Holotype female CUIC.
Type Locality: Putumayo, Peru.
Pirhosigma mearimense putumayense; Rasmussen & Asenjo, 2009: 42.
Distribution: Suriname, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia.
Remarks. It is widely acknowledged by the vespid experts that Antonio Giordani Soika was very fond of proposing subspecies based solely on coloration (see Carpenter (1987) for a good example). We hereby treat P. mearimense putumayense as a mere color variation of the typical form.
Pirhosigma pilosa (Fox, 1899)
Eumenes pilosa Fox, 1899: 454, 461.
Type Locality: Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (15°26'S 55°45'W) (Papavero 1973, Carpenter and van der Vecht 1991).
Eumenes pilosa; Dalla Torre 1904: 24. Bertoni 1934: 112, 117.
Tricomenes pilosus; Giordani Soika 1978: 254 (inadvertent designation of lectotype).
Pirhosigma pilosa; Carpenter and van der Vecht 1991: 230. Ferreira et al. 2017: 277.
Distribution: Ecuador, Brazil.
Pirhosigma simulans (de Saussure, 1875)
Eumenes simulans de Saussure, 1875: 91.
Type Data: Lectotype female MHNG.
Type Locality: Orizaba, Mexico.
Zeteumenes simulans; Bertoni 1934: 110.
Pirhosigma simulans; Giordani Soika 1978: 231, 247. Rodríguez-Palafox 1996: 480. Ferreira et al. 2017: 277.
Distribution: Mexico.
Pirhosigma sulcata Ferreira & Hermes, 2015
Pirhosigma sulcata Ferreira et al. 2015: 118.
Type Data: Holotype male INPA.
Type Locality: Km 31 AM-010, Ceplac, Amazonas, Brazil.
Pirhosigma sulcata; Ferreira et al. 2017: 277.
Pirhosigma superficiale (Fox, 1899)
Eumenes superficialis Fox, 1899: 441, 460.
Eumenes superficialis; Dalla Torre 1904: 25. Brèthes 1906: 335. Bertoni 1911: 106. Zavattari 1911: 49. Zavattari 1912: 99. Bertoni 1918: 206. Bertoni 1934: 113, 118. Carpenter and van der Vecht 1991: 225 (syn: Pirhosigma superficiale impurum Giordani Soika).
Eumenes superficialis mondaiensis Bertoni, 1934: 118.
Pirhosigma superficiale; Giordani Soika 1978: 230, 236 (inadvertent designation of lectotype). Garcete-Barrett 1999: 8. Hermes and Köhler 2004: 74, 86. Somavilla et al. 2010: 260. Hermes et al. 2013: 433, 434. Hermes et al. 2014: 456, 472, 475. Ferreira et al. 2017: 270, 272, 276.
Pirhosigma superficiale impurum Giordani Soika 1978: 230, 239.
Type Data: Holotype female MCZ.
Type Locality: Oran, Abra Grande, Salta, Argentina (MCZ Type Database, http://140.247.96.247/mcz/Species_record.php?id=25550).
Pirhosigma superficiale impurum; Carpenter and van der Vecht 1991: 211, 225 (synonym of typical P. superficiale).
Distribution: Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina.
Remarks. Bertoni (1934) mentioned 20 specimens, both males and females, which he ramdomly chose to provide the description of Eumenes superficialis mondaiensis. Fifteen out of these twenty specimens were found at the MNHNPY to be part of the type series. Seven specimens are labelled as from Puerto Bertoni, two from Assuncion and five from Vista Alegre. These localities were all mentioned in the original description, except for the latter. Bertoni (1934) also mentioned having examined specimens from "Amambái (Norte)" which undoubtedly correspond to Vista Alegre, which is in the upper part of the Aguaray Guazu river in the Amabay Department and, according to Brèthes (1924), on the approximate coordinates 23°40'S, 55°50'W (though Brèthes indicated 33 degrees for the coordinate south, which was no doubt just a lapsus ending in an inadvertent error of 10 degrees). One well preserved female from Puerto Bertoni was chosen as the lectotype and labelled accordingly; the remainder of the specimens (six males and eight females) are to be treated as paralectotypes.
Pirhosigma transfluvium Ferreira & Oliveira, 2017
Pirhosigma transfluvium Ferreira et al. 2017: 270, 277.
Type Data: Holotype male AMNH.
Type Locality: Beni: Rio Itenez, Bolivia.
Distribution: Bolivia.
We thank the curators in charge of the collections from which specimens were borrowed. FAPEMIG process APQ-02784-17 provided financial support. WDF and MGH are supported by CNPq grants 141168/2018-8 and 304102/2018-0, respectively.
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Ferreira WD, Oliveira LA, Inez TG, Hermes MG (2017) A new species of Pirhosigma Giordani Soika, 1978 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Eumeninae), with additional notes and a key to the species in the genus. Zootaxa 4300: 269–278. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.2.8
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Kompaktkurbel bezeichnet eine besondere Variante einer Kurbelgarnitur, die vor allem bei Rennrädern verwendet wird. Mit der Kompaktkurbel sollen die Vorteile von Kettenschaltungen mit zwei und mit drei Kettenblättern vereint werden.

Klassische Zweifachkurbeln am Rennrad haben zum Anschrauben der Kettenblätter an den Kurbelstern einen Lochkreis-Durchmesser von 130 oder 135 mm je nach Hersteller (eine historische Maß war auch 144 mm), wodurch das kleine Kettenblatt aufgrund des vorgegebenen Durchmessers des Lochkreises nicht weniger als 38 respektive 39 Zähne (bzw. 42 Zähne bei älteren Lochkreismaßen) haben kann. Das bedeutet, dass keine sehr kleine Entfaltung möglich ist. Radfahrer müssen an steilen Anstiegen daher mindestens ungefähr 15 km/h schnell fahren, wenn sie eine unergonomisch niedrige Trittfrequenz vermeiden wollen.

Ein möglicher Ausweg ist eine Kurbelgarnitur mit drei Kettenblättern, wie sie bei Mountainbike-Schaltgruppen verwendet wird. Üblich ist dabei für das kleine Kettenblatt eine gesonderte Verschraubung, oft mit einem Lochkreis von 74 mm, was Kettenblätter ab 24 Zähnen ermöglicht. Ein Nachteil von Dreifachkurbeln ist das höhere Gewicht, welches sich insbesondere bergauf bemerkbar macht. Außerdem empfinden viele Rennradfahrer Dreifachkurbeln als unästhetisch.

Der Kompromiss ist eine Zweifachkurbel mit einem kleineren Lochkreis, üblicherweise 110 mm, der bereits seit langem beim Cyclocross eingesetzt wird. Das ermöglicht Kettenblätter ab 33 Zähnen, was die Bergtauglichkeit im Vergleich zur klassischen Zweifachkurbel verbessert, wenn auch nicht die kleinen Entfaltungen möglich sind, die mit Dreifachkurbeln realisierbar wären. Durch den Einsatz großer Ritzel mit bis zu 34 Zähnen und Subkompaktkurbeln mit 32 oder 30 Zähnen am kleinen Kettenblatt lassen sich jedoch mittlerweile auch Übersetzungen kleiner 1 realisieren. Typische Kombinationen bei Kompaktkurbeln bei Rennrädern sind 50/34 (Compact), 52/36 (Semi-Compact oder Mid-Compact) oder 53/39 Zähne (Standard) auf dem großen/kleinen Kettenblatt. Für den Einsatz in den Bergen oder an Gravelbikes und Reiserädern sind auch die Kombinationen 48/32 und 46/30 (Sub-Compact) verfügbar.

Ein Nachteil der Kompaktkurbel im Vergleich zur klassischen Zweifachkurbel ist, dass ein bis zwei große Gänge (für hohe Geschwindigkeiten) fehlen. Außerdem ist der Übersetzungssprung zwischen großem und kleinem Kettenblatt vergleichsweise groß, was den Komfort beim Schalten senkt.

Literatur
 Frank Lewerenz, Martin Kaindl, Tom Linthaler: Das Rennrad Technikbuch. 1. Auflage. Pietsch Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-613-50486-3.

Einzelnachweise

Gangschaltung
Fahrradbauteil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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William John Richardson, S.J. (2 November 1920 – 10 December 2016) was an American philosopher, who was among the first to write a comprehensive study of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, featuring an important preface by Heidegger himself. In addition to his specialization in Heidegger, Richardson was also, as a trained psychoanalyst, a specialist in the thought of Jacques Lacan. He was a Jesuit priest (entering the order on 14 August 1941, he was ordained a priest on 15 August 1953). He taught philosophy at Fordham University and, beginning in 1981, at Boston College, where he was, at the time of his death, emeritus professor of philosophy. He died in December 2016 in Weston, Massachusetts at the age of 96.

Bibliography
Heidegger: Through Phenomenology to Thought. Preface by Martin Heidegger. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1963; 4th Edition: Fordham University Press, 2003. ; .
(With John P. Muller) Lacan and Language, Reader's Guide to Ecrits. New York: International Universities Press, 1982.

(With John P. Muller) The Purloined Poe, Lacan, Derrida & Psychoanalytic Reading. Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
(With John P. Muller), Ouvrir les Écrits de Lacan, adapté par P. Julien. Toulouse: Eres, 1987.
Heidegger : Through Phenomenology to Thought. Preface by Martin Heidegger. Fortieth Anniversary Edition, with New Writer's Preface and Epilogue. New York: Fordham University Press, 2003.

See also
 List of American philosophers

References

Further references
Babette Babich (ed.) From Phenomenology to Thought, Errancy, and Desire : Essays in Honor of William J. Richardson, S.J.. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995.
Richard M. Capobianco.  Engaging Heidegger.  Foreword by William J. Richardson.  University of Toronto Press, 2010, softcover 2011.

External links
 Richardson's web page at Boston College
 "On Heidegger to Lacan" An Interview with William J. Richardson

1920 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century American Jesuits
21st-century American Jesuits
Boston College faculty
Heidegger scholars
Christian continental philosophers and theologians
Jesuit philosophers


International observers witnessed a historic moment on April 27 when the leaders of North and South Korea met for a landmark summit, the first time the two countries' leaders had met in over a decade. Upon the summit's conclusion, the leaders issued a joint statement promising to denuclearize and bring "lasting peace" to the peninsula and to end decades of hostilities.
After the ceremony comes the substance. Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula would be unprecedented and, indeed, is an unlikely outcome for many reasons. In addition, the North Korean interpretation of denuclearization differs vastly from that of the United States and South Korea. Despite the unfavorable geopolitical conditions and large gap between interpretations, there is progress the two Koreas can make toward a less hostile and more secure status quo. In this regard, lessons can be drawn from two other former rivals on the other side of the world: Argentina and Brazil.
Between the 1950s and 1980s, Argentina and Brazil were suspected by the international community — as well as by each other — to be pursuing covert nuclear weapons programs. Yet the two countries did not ultimately become nuclear weapon states – instead, they become nuclear partners. The end of Argentina and Brazil's broader geopolitical rivalry took place partially through a gradual nuclear rapprochement process starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
By 1991, both countries had normalized relations and subsequently created the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC). The agency comprises an equal number of Brazilian and Argentine scientists and is the world's only existing bilateral mutual safeguards inspection agency. The process behind its creation could provide a useful framework for both Koreas to contemplate as they move forward with their rapprochement. ABACC was crucial in helping Argentina and Brazil assuage suspicions by verifying one another's non-nuclear weapon status, and to officially renounce any interest in nuclear weapons.
Skeptics may argue that ABACC might not be the best model to use as a comparison for the Korean Peninsula. It's true that the challenge in Brazil and Argentina was to verify each other's non-nuclear weapon statuses, while the challenge today is about persuading North Korea to denuclearize for the sake of regional stability and security. Nevertheless, the creation of ABACC is relevant. The experience of Brazil and Argentina provides three solid lessons that could be applicable to solving the crisis on the Korean Peninsula today.
Argentina and Brazil's normalization of relations can be traced back to May 1980, when both countries were ruled by military leaderships. As I outline in my book, upon an invitation from Argentine President Jorge Videla, President João Figeuiredo became the first Brazilian leader to visit Buenos Aires in 40 years. Figeuiredo's visit was also personal because his father had previously been exiled in Argentina. Beyond the symbolic nature of the visit, the leaders made a significant policy advance, signing the first joint nuclear agreement between the countries. A decade later, following a series of further joint nuclear declarations, the nuclear rapprochement was firmly grounded through a 1991 agreement establishing ABACC. Consider the similarities to the Korean case: Kim Jong Un's family traces its lineage to South Korea, while President Moon Jae-in's family traces its lineage to North Korea. That both leaders crossed over to each other's territory is a step in the right direction.
The case of Brazil and Argentina highlights the value of establishing and maintaining dialogue between countries at odds with one another. Indeed, the main activities of the Argentine/Brazilian nuclear working group involved dialogue, information exchanges, and technical consultations. Meeting every 120 days alternately in Argentina and Brazil allowed the group to discuss the possibilities of establishing a joint inspection regime and the related technical details. These discussions created opportunities to consider other mutual interests in the nuclear field. Diplomats and technical experts involved in the discussions were tasked with exploring all avenues for nuclear cooperation including collaboration, safety measures, a data bank for information exchange, and application of safeguards to the two states' nuclear activities. It was the constant interaction and dialogue that allowed the countries to make progress.
through regular meetings and direct telephone conversations, to hold frequent and candid discussions on issues vital to the nation, to strengthen mutual trust and to jointly endeavor to strengthen the positive momentum toward continuous advancement of inter-Korean relations as well as peace, prosperity and unification of the Korean Peninsula.
This is a good start, as is the planned visit by South Korean President Moon Jae In to Pyongyang this fall. Kim Jong Un should reciprocate soon after with more meetings in the DMZ.
The Argentina and Brazil case is indicative of what all diplomats know: Dialogue matters. More specifically, meetings at both the head-of-state level and at the technical expert level can be important drivers of progress, while creating avenues for trust and confidence-building measures.
In creating ABACC, Argentina and Brazil embarked on a number of such measures, including high-level presidential and technical reciprocal visits to unsafeguarded and sensitive nuclear facilities. In 1987, Argentine President Raúl Alfonsín invited Brazilian President José Sarney to an exclusive tour of the unsafeguarded Pilcaniyeu pilot uranium enrichment facility. Until then, Argentina had not publicly admitted this facility existed. In response, Sarney invited Alfonsín to the navy-controlled Aramar uranium enrichment facility in the Iperó nuclear complex, Brazil's own secret nuclear installation. Alfonsin was the first foreigner to visit the plant.
These mutual visits to previously secret and unsafeguarded nuclear installations created an atmosphere of trust, helping assure one another and the international community that neither country was pursuing nuclear weapons. In addition, these measures propelled further declarations, encouraging deeper bilateral nuclear cooperation. The process of building confidence increased trust and facilitated working relationships that were helpful in finding ways to turn goodwill into practical steps, most notably the creation of ABACC.
The North and South Koreans could explore various options for exchanges related to both nuclear and conventional issues, such as visits by South Korean and IAEA inspectors to North Korean nuclear sites. Over time, this could lead to a new policy based on openness rather than opacity.
The final lesson concerns the political will of the Argentine and Brazilian leadership. A mutual safeguards inspection regime could not have been realized without the commitment of leaders in Buenos Aires and Brasilia. The re-emergence of civilian leadership in both countries in the mid-1980s created space for better engagement. Under the leadership of civilians committed to fostering cooperation, the bilateral nuclear agreements became a major part of the rapprochement process. The countries' first democratic governments established a common nuclear policy by signing five nuclear cooperation agreements that helped demonstrate their respective programs were peaceful. Successive administrations maintained this cooperation, eventually resulting in the decision to implement ABACC, which remains in place today.
There seems to be a similar foundation of political will on both sides of the 38th parallel. Moon favors engagement with his North Korean neighbor, while Kim surprised the world with his diplomatic overture agreeing that both Koreas should walk under one flag at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.
Of course, there are aspects of the ABACC process that differ from the situation between North and South Korea. First, while North Korea and South Korea also share a border, one has a nuclear weapons program, while the other doesn't (though it sits under the protection of the U.S. nuclear umbrella). This was not the case for Argentina and Brazil since neither had a nuclear weapons program, nor any security guarantees from allies. Second, while Korean peninsula tensions may have been diffused somewhat given the recent interactions between the heads of state, deep-rooted feelings of suspicion and mistrust may still exist. Third, no two regions can be expected to have identical political, military, or economic characteristics. Therefore, a mutual inspections and safeguards verification system that works well in one region is not guaranteed to do so in another. Still, the Panmunjom declaration outlines a path toward sustained dialogue, provides room for confidence and trust-building measures, and indicates nascent political will from both sides — all features that the Brazilian and Argentinian experience suggests are signs of progress.
With numerous challenges ahead, the lessons learned from the creation and subsequent sustained success of ABACC are a good starting point for a discussion of next steps between another pair of rival nations whose ties are fraught with nuclear tensions.
Sara Z. Kutchesfahani, Ph.D., is a senior policy analyst at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, focusing on efforts to combat nuclear terrorism, and author of the book, Politics and the Bomb: The Role of Experts in the Creation of Cooperative Nuclear Non-Proliferation Agreements (New York: Routledge, 2014), which covers how ABACC (and the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program) was created.


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@interface PENone : PlayerEffect

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Abstract: 本研究利用台電大潭複循環發電機組之熱平衡圖運轉條件,建立複循環機組加氫之熱力化學模擬模式,以此模式來模擬分析甲烷燃料加氫效應對複循環機組熱效率及CO2排放之影響,並評估加氫之成本效益。當甲烷加氫比率逐漸增加時,絕熱火燄溫度隨當量比(equivalence ratio,φ)變化之分佈曲線會往貧油遞減方向移動。由於絕熱火燄溫度決定氣渦輪機進口溫度,而氣渦輪機進口溫度越高,機組熱效率越高。因此以甲烷加氫當複循環機組之燃料,有助於在貧油條件下較低φ值時(φ < 1),提供較高之火燄溫度,利於提升機組熱效率。以φ = 0.3加氫比率為10%為例,機組熱效率提升幅度可達21%,而機組CO2排放量減少幅度可達20.8%。相較於96年度國內電力設施CO2排放量平均值0.637kg/kW•hr,當複循環機組加氫比率達50%時,其CO2排放量為0.195kg/kW•hr,僅國內電力設施CO2排放量平均值之30.6%,可有效減少溫室氣體排放。以未加氫的複循環機組之燃料成本為基準,與加氫比率為10%的機組作比較,若納入CO2及NOx減量效益,以及我國(2010年)再生能源生產氫氣預估成本0.532 USD/m3,加氫燃料之成本淨效益為0.135 NTD/kW•hr,淨效益大於零具有投資價值。 This thesis attemps to establish a thermochemical model for the combined-cycle unit simulation based on the operation conditions of heat balance diagrams from the Taipower Dah-Tarn power plant. We use this model to analyze the effects of hydrogen-blended natural gases to the thermal efficiency of the combined-cycle unit, to the reduction of CO2 emission, and to the corresponding cost-benefit estimation. Since the peak value of adiabatic flame temperatures of hydrogen-blended natural gases can be shifted toward the leaner side of their equivalence ratios (φ) when the mole fraction of H2 to natural gas of such fuel increases, this can result in a higher turbine inlet temperature and thus a higher thermal efficiency. Therefore, the usage of H2 addition is useful for lean methane combustion (φ < 1). For instance, the thermal efficiency of the combined-cycle unit has a 21% increment with a 20.8% CO2 emission reduction, when the natural gas fuel at φ = 0.3 is blended with 10% H2. Compared to 2007 mean annual CO2 emissions of domestic power plants which are about 0.637 kg/(kW•hr), if 50% H2 is blended into the natural gas fuel, the mean CO2 emission can be reduced to 0.195 kg/(kW•hr) which is only 1/3 of the 2007 annual mean. Consequently, adding hydrogen can have an important advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The estimated cost of H2 produced from some renewable energy sources is aboutf 0.532 USD/m3 in the 2010 fiscal year for Taiwan. Taking an example of a combined-cycle unit using methane dopping with 10% H2 as a fuel, the net benefit per unit of electricity generation is 0.135 NTD/kW•hr with the consideration of CO2 and NOx reductions. Thus, the net benefit of using hydrogen additions is promising and deserves to invest in the near future.


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Oceania, Top Destinations December 2, 2020 332Views 0Reactions
HomeAll Services...Tonga
Welcome to Tonga!
Despite embracing many elements of the contemporary world, Tongans still proudly retain their authentic culture and traditions. Couple this with a Polynesian monarchy that dates back many centuries, and you have a country that remains as close to the 'true' Polynesia as you're likely to find.
Many Tongans still live in village communities following traditional customs, especially on the outer islands. The distinctive traditional dress 'ta'ovala' – woven waist mats – are commonly worn. Meat and vegetables are still cooked in an underground oven called the 'Umu'. The ceremonial tradition of kava drinking, the traditional Polynesian drink, is very much a part of the Tongan lifestyle.
Tonga has remained true to its ancestral roots, partly because it is the only Pacific Island nation never colonised by a foreign power, and uniquely because it has also never lost its indigenous governance. After 1000 years of rule, Today's monarchy and its structure still remain the most powerful and influential entity in Tonga. Tongatapu's stone trillithon, gateway Ha'amoga 'A Maui, dating back many centuries, stands as a powerful reminder of the legacy of this ancient and proud royal culture.
In more recent times, Tonga has also been strongly influenced by Christianity and now probably boasts more churches per head of population than anywhere else on earth. The islands resonate with hymns and harmonies every Sunday, a day of rest by law on the islands, and visitors are welcome to attend the services. Many do and leave with special memories of the experience.
Tongan arts and handicrafts, including bone carving, wood carving, basket making and fine weaving are made using techniques passed down through generations of Tongan craftspeople, are displayed everywhere too. Readily available at stalls and markets all over the islands, they make beautiful keepsakes to remind travellers of time spent here. One of the most famous local craft is the making of Tapa, a decorative bark cloth painted with traditional symbols and designs. Tapa is usually offered as a gift of respect at weddings, births and funerals.
Another vibrant and colourful experience for many visitors to Tonga is the graceful and dignified dancing of the Kingdom. Dancers step their feet and move their arms gracefully (women) and vigorously (men), complemented by traditional wear, beautiful bracelets, neck garlands and the tekiteki (a feather headpiece), creating another memorable expression of local culture and tradition.
History of Tonga
Tonga was first inhabited about 3,000 years ago by Austronesian-speaking people of the Lapita culture, best known from their elaborately decorated pottery. From at least the 10th century CE Tonga was ruled by a line of sacred kings and queens, the Tu'i Tonga. About 1470 the reigning Tu'i Tonga transferred his temporal powers to his brother under the title of Tu'i Ha'a Takalaua. A similar transfer of power about 1600 resulted in the creation of a third line of monarchs, the Tu'i Kanokupolu, who eventually became the rulers.
Although some islands were visited by the Dutch navigators Jakob Le Maire and Abel Janszoon Tasman in 1616 and 1643, respectively, effective European contact dates from Capt. James Cook's visits between 1773 and 1777. Cook called the Tonga islands the Friendly Islands, because the native inhabitants provided him with necessary supplies and gave him a warm welcome. The London Missionary Society and a mission of Methodists made unsuccessful attempts to introduce Christianity to Tonga in 1797 and 1822, respectively. A renewed attempt by the Methodist mission in 1826 was successful, and a Roman Catholic mission was established by the Marists in 1842.
Between 1799 and 1852 Tonga went through a period of war and disorder. This was finally ended by Taufa'ahau, who was converted to Christianity in 1831 by the Methodist missionaries. He became Tu'i Kanokupolu and subsequently took the title King George Tupou I in 1845. During the king's long reign (1845–93), Tonga became a unified and independent country with a modern constitution (1875), legal code, and administrative structure. With Taufa'ahau as its most important convert, Christianity spread rapidly. In separate treaties, Germany (1876), Great Britain (1879), and the United States (1888) recognized Tonga's independence.
George I was succeeded by his great-grandson George II, who died in 1918. During his reign the kingdom became a British protectorate (1900) to discourage German advances. Under the treaty with Great Britain (amended in 1905), Tonga agreed to conduct all foreign affairs through a British consul, who had veto power over Tonga's foreign policy and finances. George II was followed by Queen Salote Tupou III, who ruled from 1918 to 1965. She was succeeded upon her death in 1965 by her son Prince Tupouto'a Tungi, who had been Tonga's prime minister since 1949. He ruled as King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV.
In 1970 Tonga regained full control of domestic and foreign affairs and became a fully independent nation within the Commonwealth. A pro-democracy movement took shape in the late 20th century, and, from the 1990s, reform advocates won significant representation in the legislature. The government, however, resisted change. Pro-democracy leaders, including 'Akilisi Pohiva, a member of the legislature, were occasionally arrested and imprisoned.
From 1983 to 1991, despite domestic and international objections, the government sold some 6,600 Tongan passports to foreign nationals. The revenue from the sale—purportedly some $30 million—was invested in a trust fund that in the late 1990s came under the control of an American businessman, Jesse Bogdanoff. However, by 2001 the fund had lost nearly its entire value to risky investments; a Tongan lawsuit against Bogdanoff in U.S. courts was settled in 2004 for only a fraction of the loss.
As the reform movement gained momentum, some in the legislature and in the royal family were sympathetic. The government, however, responded by attempting to further solidify its authority. In 1999 the first indigenous broadcast television service, government-owned Television Tonga, was established. A newspaper critical of the government and the monarchy, Taimi 'o Tonga, was banned at various times for allegedly being seditious. The legislature amended the constitution in 2003 to increase governmental control over the media, despite an earlier large-scale public demonstration in Nuku'alofa against the changes; the Supreme Court later invalidated the amendments. From July to September 2005, in the first national strike in the country's history, thousands of public service workers struck successfully for greater pay equity.
The country's first non-noble prime minister, Feleti (Fred) Sevele, was appointed in March 2006. In September, King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV died and was succeeded by Crown Prince Tupouto'a, who ruled as King George (Siaosi) Tupou V. Later that month a National Committee for Political Reform, whose formation had been approved by King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, made its report to the legislature. Its recommendations included reducing the size of the Fale Alea and increasing the number of seats for popularly elected representatives. The Fale Alea passed an amended version, which was to take effect within the next several years; following the vote, a demonstration by pro-democracy protesters turned into a riot that went on for several weeks. Arson destroyed most of the capital's business district and left seven people dead; hundreds were arrested. Troops were called in from New Zealand and Australia to reestablish peace.
Following his accession to the throne, King George Tupou V began divesting himself of ownership in many of the state assets that constituted much of the wealth of the monarchy. That process was completed prior to his coronation in August 2008. At the same time, the king announced the cession of much of the monarchy's absolute power; henceforth, most of the monarch's governmental decisions, except those relating to the judiciary, were to be made in consultation with the prime minister.
The pro-democracy movement made a strong showing in the November 2010 elections to the Fale Alea. The Democratic Party, led by Pohiva, won 12 of the 17 contested seats, although they were not enough to allow the party to form an outright majority. The other five elected seats were won by independents, who in December joined with the nine nobles to elect a noble, Tu'ivakano, rather than a commoner, as prime minister.
On September 29, 2009, an undersea earthquake of magnitude 8.3 in the Pacific Ocean, centred some 120 miles (190 km) to the northeast of the island of Niuatoputapu, generated a tsunami that reached Tonga. Approximately 10 people were killed on the island, and a number of villages were destroyed.
People of Tonga
Nearly the entire population is of Polynesian ancestry. Tongans are closely related to Samoans and other Polynesians in culture and language as well as in genetic heritage. There is also a small amount of Melanesian influence through contact with Fiji. Intermarriage with Europeans has become more common, especially as a result of the increasing out-migration of Tongans since the 1970s.
Religion is an important aspect of Tongan society, and most Tongan families are members of a Christian church. About one-third of Tongans belong to the Free Wesleyan (Methodist) Church; nearly one-fifth are Mormons; and there are smaller but significant proportions of Roman Catholics and members of the Free Church of Tonga. The remainder belong to smaller, mostly Protestant, denominations. The Tongan language is taught in primary schools and is the official language, in addition to English, which is studied as a second language.
Most of the Tongan population lives in the three major island groups, and nearly three-fourths live on Tongatapu Island. The urban population has been steadily growing and now accounts for about one-third of the total population. Many Tongans migrate overseas, in particular to the United States and New Zealand. The majority of the population lives in villages. Traditional structures are called fale; they are rectangular in shape and have thatched or corrugated tin roofs and sides made of woven coconut leaves, reeds, or timber. Some Tongans reside in South Seas colonial-style wooden homes with gingerbread trim and exterior walls in pastel shades.
Nukuʿalofa has all the amenities of a capital city. It is also a major port of entry and has several wharves and piers. Much of Nukuʿalofa's economic activity revolves around coconuts and coconut products. Other ports and commercial centres are Neiafu in the Vavaʿu Group and Pangai in the Haʿapai Group.
Cultural Life of Tonga
Although Western influence has somewhat altered traditions and culture in Tonga, certain Tongan rituals and art forms survive. For example, Tonga shares with Fiji, Samoa, and parts of French Polynesia the elaborate ritual surrounding the drinking of kava. The drink, prepared from the root of a pepper plant, has the properties of a mild narcotic. Carving was traditionally done by men, but the craftsmanship was inferior to that of other Polynesians, such as the Maori of New Zealand. Carving and other traditional crafts of higher quality have been produced, however, in response to the demands of the tourist market. Women manufacture tapa cloth from bark and weave mats and baskets from several varieties of pandanus leaves.
Traditional dancing is an important part of national ceremonies and local village festivities. In the popular paddle dance, called meʿetuʿupaki, dancers carry paddle-shaped boards painted or carved with abstractions of the human body. Other popular dances include the kailao, a war dance; the lakalaka and the maʿuluʿulu, dances performed by standing and seated groups, respectively, and accompanied by densely polyphonic singing; and the tauʿolunga, an individual dance accompanied by singing. An oral tradition persists in Tongan villages in the form of proverbs, religious epics, genealogies, poetry, fables, and myths.
Interesting? Let's go to Tonga
Luxury Tours of Tonga
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Charity Challenges in Tonga
Tonga - Friendly Islands!
The Kingdom of Tonga is known as the Friendly Islands. With 176 islands to explore, you will be spoiled for choice in the Kingdom of Tonga. Only 40 islands are inhabited, so it is easy to imagine yourself on one of the deserted islands and become friends with the local sea life.
Tonga is made up of four major island groups: Tongatapu and 'Eua in the south, Ha'apai group in the centre and Vava'u group in the north, each have their own flavour. Further north you will find Niua Fo'ou and Niuatoputapu, two islands that make up the Niuas island group. Tonga is a unique Polynesian Kingdom where the King and his Royal Family and Nobles are similar to many European Monarchies.
Tonga's motto is "Ko e 'Otua mo Tonga ko hoku tofi'a", "God and Tonga are my Inheritance".
Come to Tonga for a truly relaxing holiday and experience the true South Pacific.
Tonga Adventure Journeys
Tonga Activities
Tonga Kayak Adventure
Featured Experience, Tonga Adventure Tours December 22, 2020 237Views 0Reactions
Mozambique is a southern African nation whose long Indian Ocean coastline is dotted with popular beaches like Tofo, as well as offshore marine parks. In the Quirimbas Archipelago….
The Republic of The Gambia commonly referred to as the Smiling Coast of Africa, is situated in the western region of Africa….
Choose Ecuador as your holiday destination! This beautiful country is a paradise everywhere you look at it. Let yourself be amazed by its culture expressed majestically in its churches, buildings and heritage cities.


text:
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    make_error_code( boost::system::errc::no_such_file_or_directory ).value();
    make_error_code( boost::system::errc::no_such_file_or_directory ).category();
    make_error_code( boost::system::errc::no_such_file_or_directory ).default_error_condition();
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text:
Showing 1 - 20 results of 50 for search 'Great Britain. Court of Chancery.' Skip to content
Great Britain. Court of Chancery.
Showing 1 - 20 results of 50 for search 'Great Britain. Court of Chancery.', query time: 0.09s
Abstracts of Wiltshire inquisitiones post mortem ... in the reigns of Henry III, Edward I, and Edward II ... 1242-1326 /
Published / Created
Also published by Wiltshire Archaeological and Natura...
Index of inquisitions preserved in the Public Record Office.
Running title: Inquisitions post mortem. Physical des...
Calendar of various Chancery rolls :
Supplementary Close rolls, Welsh rolls, Scutage rolls. Preserved in the Public record office /
Spine title: Calendar of chaucery rolls, 1277-1326. P...
Select cases in chancery, A.D. 1364 to 1471 /
p. 1-128, French or Latin text and English translatio...
Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery, in the time of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke:
collected and methodized by John Tracy Atkyns, ... Vol. I.
No more published of this edition?. Physical descript...
Index of ancient petitions of the Chancery and the Exchequer, preserved in the Public Record Office.
Prepared by Harley Rodney. Physical description: vi,...
Index of chancery porceedings (Reynardson's division) preserved in the Public record office /
Physical description: 2 v. ; 26 cm. (large and 8vo).
Rotuli litterarum patentium in Turri londinensi asservati /
Records of the Chancery. No more published. "Itiner...
Abstracts of Wiltshire Inquisitiones post mortem returned into the Court of Chancery in the reign of King Edward III. A.D. 1327-1377 /
Issued in parts. Physical description: 461 p. ; larg...
Gardner and others, v. the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. :
Judgment of Lord Justice Turner and Lord Justice Cairns, in reference to debenture holders.
Physical description: 29 p. ; 8vo
Cases argued and adjudged in the High Court of Chancery. Published from the manuscripts of Thomas Vernon, ... by order of the High Court of Chancery /
LIbrary has: Vol. I-II. Physical description: 2 v. ;...
Considerations touching the dissolving or taking avvay the court of chancery, and the courts of justice depending upon it :
vvith a vindication or defence of the law from what is unjustly charged upon it, and an answer to certain proposals made for the taking away, or alteration, of it.
Physical description: [4], 75, [1] p. ; small and 4to...
Gascon rolls, 1307-1317 preserved in the Public Record Office. /
Primarily devoted to the rolls (nos. 24-31) appearing...
Physical description: 1 v. fol.
Rotuli litterarum clausarum in Turri londinensi asservati /
Latin text. Physical description: 2 v. ; 45 cm.
An index of persons named in early chancery proceedings :
Richard II (1385) to Edward II (1467), preserved in the Public record office, London. /
Genealogical Office Library Collection
Physical description: 2 v. ; 27 cm.
Reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery,
1793-1803?
Includes index. Physical description: 5 v.; 22 cm.
Whitfield's chapels.
The judgment delivered Dec. 22, 1834, by His Honour ... Sir Lancelot Shadwell, ... in the case of the Attorney-General v. Bateman & Campbell, as to the alleged resignation of Mr. Campbell. Taken in short-hand by F. Williams; corrected by the Vice-Chancellor, and printed by his permission: with an appendix, &c.
Great Britain. Court of Chancery
Physical description: 24 p. 20 cm. (8vo)
A calendar of chancery porceedings :
bills and answers filed in the reign of King Charles the First /
Physical description: 4 v. ; 26 x 15 cm. (large and 8...
Calendars of the proceedings in chancery, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth :
to which are prefixed examples of earlier proceedings in that court, namely, from the reign of Richard the Second to that of Queen Elizabeth, inclusive /
Ed. for the Record Commission by John Bayley. Physica...
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text:
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from groupdocs.ApiClient import ApiClient
from groupdocs.DocApi import DocApi
from groupdocs.GroupDocsRequestSigner import GroupDocsRequestSigner

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    if IsNotNull(clientId) == False or IsNotNull(privateKey) == False or IsNotNull(fileId) == False:
        return render_to_response('__main__:templates/sample23.pt',
            { 'error' : 'You do not enter all parameters' })

    ### Create Signer, ApiClient and Doc Api objects

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    signer = GroupDocsRequestSigner(privateKey)
    # Create apiClient object
    apiClient = ApiClient(signer)
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    doc = DocApi(apiClient)
    # Set url to choose whot server to use
    doc.basePath = basePath

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    pageImage = doc.ViewDocument(clientId, fileId, pageNumber=0, pageCount=-1, width=100)

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        if basePath == "https://api.groupdocs.com/v2.0":
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            iframe = ''

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        request=request)


text:
Q: iOS 7 Background Fetch When the App is Not Running I've written a simple application in order to test and monitor how the background fetch feature works in iOS7.
First of all, I've set UIBackgroundMode options in my Info.plist file.

Then;
I added to below code into application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: method in AppDelegate.m:

At last, I've implemented the application:(UIApplication *)application
  performFetchWithCompletionHandler: method as requested.

Every time I click Debug->Simulate Background Fetch button, it changes the application's batch number and works as expected.
However, I've never been able to make it work when the application is not running (not even in the background mode, just not running).
Apple says that when the application is not running and OS wants to execute the following methods respectively:
application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:
applicationDidEnterBackground:(UIApplication *)application
application:(UIApplication *)application performFetchWithCompletionHandler:

So my question is that is there a way to test background fetch when the app is not running?
I am testing this on my iPod 5th Gen with iOS 7.1.

A: Edit 2: Note that if a user kills the app from the app switcher, the background fetch will never happen again. This is working as Apple intended. See the related "Understanding When Your App Gets Launched into the Background" docs for details:

In most cases, the system does not relaunch apps after they are force
  quit by the user. One exception is location apps, which in iOS 8 and
  later are relaunched after being force quit by the user.

And an old developer forums post (the link unfortunately no longer exists)...

"If you kill an app from the multitasking UI, the system will never
  automatically launch the app again. The logic here is that, if the
  user has killed your app, they probably want it to stay dead."

You could make a simple GET request, eg: "http://dev.example.org/?ping=1" to your web server then grep the access.log on the web server for "?ping=1"
Edit: Another method to test the app being launched in the background (eg: without being able to double tap the home button and switch to it) is by creating a background-only scheme. Go to Product -> Scheme -> Manage Schemes and then duplicate your default scheme.

Then edit the new scheme and click the Options tab and check "Launch due to a background fetch event" - when you run your app it'll be launched directly into the background, as it would through normal use.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Community Based Design with Youth Radio is a project with two central goals: The first was to work with the Youth Radio students and staff to teach them the user-centered design process as it relates to mobile development. The second goal was to use this process to help conceptualize, plan, and develop a mobile application involving Oakland-based youth to improve interactions with police. Over a period of four months, we visited Youth Radio and worked directly with their Mobile Action Lab team.
We worked with the Mobile Action Lab to focus their topic of development, introduce them to the design process and presented a competitive analysis on the mobile market in relation to their interests. We then went on to teach the basics of user research, facilitated interviews with potential users, partners and stakeholders and from this synthesized the most salient needs into a use case. Lastly we worked with the team to identify a feature set, taught a lesson on mobile prototyping, and iterated on a number of interactive prototypes. The result of our work is be a model for them to use user-centered design techniques in the future, along with an interactive prototype that can be used to further test with users and develop into a fully working application.


text:
A pianist writes….Stephen Hough's Rough Ideas
By The Cross-Eyed Pianist | July 7, 2019 July 7, 2019
The title is a play on his name and the collection of essays in this satisfyingly chunky volume were often "roughed out" by Stephen Hough while travelling between concert engagements, If you think the life of the international concert pianist is glamorous, think again – in between rehearsals and concerts much time is spent at airports, on planes or in faceless continental hotels; for Hough writing was a way of filling that dead time.
The word "polymath" is nearly always uttered in the same breath as "Stephen Hough" – concert pianist, composer, writer, artist, teacher, thinker – but Hough wears the title modestly. Articulate and highly communicative on and off the concert stage, he is charming and natural when you meet him after a concert, and his lively Twitter presence reveals a penchant for the good things in life – fine food, perfume, hats – combined with an intelligent, open-minded approach to the challenges of our modern world. While other internationally-renowned concert artists may hide behind their reputation, Hough is happy to engage with his audiences, online and in person, and this warm-hearted, genuine approach, alongside his thoughtful suggestions on changing the format of concerts, for example, has helped break down some of the barriers and misconceptions surrounding classical music.
Many of the essays in Rough Ideas will be familiar to those who have enjoyed Hough's blog in The Telegraph (sadly no more – so thank goodness for this compilation!) and writings elsewhere. As befits a Living Polymath, Hough's writing net casts wide, and while the bulk of the volume focuses on musicians and music – the exigencies of being a professional musician, the piano and those who play it, concerts (giving and going to them) – there are also engaging articles on art and culture, and more challenging and philiosophical reflections on religion and the difficulties of being a gay Catholic.
Most musicians communicate best via their music, but Hough, himself a deeply communicative and intellectually acute pianist, is also an eloquent and intelligent writer, whose words are as carefully crafted and colourfully nuanced as his playing, and the phrasing, cadence and pacing of his writing pleasingly mirrors musical shaping.
Hough illuminates the pleasures and challenges of being a concert pianist and offers readers an intriguing view "beyond the notes" and the concert stage into this sometimes masochistic, often lonely profession, while never quite dispelling the mystique of the professional musician. There are thoughts on those sacred, church-like spaces where music is performed and heard (a lovely appreciation of London's Wigmore Hall opens the book), ageing audiences (be kind to them – they populate and support concerts), dealing with creative block and performance anxiety, page-turners, the joy of making mistakes, and what happens when musicians "lose it" on stage (in the best possible way).
In the section entitled Studio, he discusses the musician's "tools" – practicing, fingering schemes, scores, trills, pedalling and more – sharing his wisdom and offering encouragement and inspiration to pianists, whether amateur or professional. Later sections '….and More', '…..and Religion' reveal Hough as a profound thinker, always curious and questioning, never accepting nor complacent, and the entire volume is a wonderful insight into the mind of one of our greatest living pianists and a significant cultural figure in his own right.
This generous, varied compendium is intriguing, engaging and thought-provoking, always readable and elegantly written. Dip in and out of the chapters or read from start to finish, Rough Ideas is an ideal volume for the serious musician or keen amateur, music lovers in general and anyone who enjoys well-crafted, intelligent prose on a broad range of subjects.
Rough Ideas is published in the UK on 1 August by Faber & Faber in hardback and e-book editions
Meet the Artist interview with Stephen Hough
Posted in General and tagged as Being a concert pianist, books by musicians, books by Stephen Hough, Faber and Faber, Rough Ideas, Stephen Hough, thoughts on being a pianist, writing by Stephen Hough, writings on music.


Who would have thought that nonchalantly stuffing lemons into a jar and letting them marinate in a brine of their own juices would yield a product that is positively magical. I'm sure a food scientist could explain to me the chemical process (though salt is "neutral" and lemon juice is acidic, so I've been informed that no actual "reaction" takes place), but what I do know is that a transformation of flavor and texture occurs. The rind turns into the best version of itself and takes on beautiful floral notes, yet also becomes profoundly "citrusy" with a delicious umami flavor.
Every home cook needs a jar of preserved lemons at their beck and call. I have just discovered preserved lemons this past year and now I am obsessed with their taste and usefulness! You can add them to salads, salsas, or sauces… you can bake them with meat such as chicken or lamb. You can even substitute preserved lemon rind for your cocktail garnishes, or use them in a pasta or tagine. If you are vegan, preserved lemon can add depth to a dish that you might not otherwise be able to achieve (sans animal products). The best part is that all you need to do is stick them in a jar with salt and lemon juice and let the magic happen.
First, pick your jar size- 32 or 16 ounce with a wide mouth and a lid.
Wash your lemons well. Cut your "preserving" lemons (but not the "juicing" lemons) as shown in the pictures above (quartered but left attached at one end). Pour enough salt in your jar to cover the bottom surface. Rub copious amounts of salt over the inside and outside surfaces of the quartered lemons and pack the lemons firmly in the jar (until the jar is full). Juice the remaining lemons and pour in fresh lemon juice until it reaches the top of the jar and completely covers the lemons. Screw the lid on tightly.
Set the jar aside on your counter or on a shelf for 4 weeks (preferably not in direct sunlight). Check on them once a week, and if needed, give them a gentle shake or two to mix up the salt.
After 4 weeks (or more) of preserving, remove desired amount of lemon from the jar. Rinse the brine off with cold water, cut off the pulp***, and chop the peel to desired size. See my narrative (above) for ideas on how to use the preserved lemons!
A jar of preserved lemons should keep for up to a year, and you don't have to use the whole jar at once. Just make sure that remaining lemons in the jar are at least covered with lemon juice and the lid sealed tightly.
*I recommend using organic lemons as you will be eating the rinds and probably don't want to eat pesticides or other chemicals!
***save that pulp! Use it in cocktails, sauces, salsas, stews, or dressings!


Old garage, completely renovated in traditional rustic style of the area, with wooden ceiling and beautiful granite stone fireplace. It emphasizes its cozy atmosphere and careful interior decoration of rural type, with details that will undoubtedly surprise its residents. In addition, the house is very quiet and very quiet.
It has 2 double rooms (1 with two beds and one with double bed), shared bathroom, heating, fireplace with wood, kitchen, dining room, DVD, washing machine, dishwasher, microwave, living room, television. Equipped with kitchenware, household linen and kitchen appliances. It is located in a public garden square, with parking next to the house and possibility of barbecue. It also offers free WiFi for the occupants of the house.
The town has great public pools in the summer months, with excellent views of the mountains.
In addition to hiking, climbing and sightseeing in Ávila (world heritage city), half an hour from Solosancho (in the heart of Gredos) there are numerous possibilities for active tourism (horseback riding, multi-adventure, etc).


text:
Redditors Share The Most Significant Historical Items That Were Unfortunately Destroyed
By Sara • Published: 10 months ago • 5 minutes read
Welcome, history lovers.
If you are a history nerd like me, you have come to the right place. We all love roaming around in museums looking at old artefacts and wonder about the story behind them, it is just fascinating. Historical places also hold a special place in our hearts. The Great Pyramid, the Coliseum, and Stonehenge are all very impressive buildings that deserve recognition.
However, what about the historical items and building that didn't get enough recognition and were destroyed? Redditors shared the most important historical items that were destroyed and the list is pretty interesting.
Scroll down below to see it:
1. The Temple of Artemis.
"The Temple of Artemis was burnt down by a man named Herostratus just so that his name would be remembered. I have to commend him because it worked."
2. The missing Wonders of the World.
"IMHO The Colossus of Rhodes would be nice to see."
"The same can be said for the other 5 destroyed wonders of the ancient world. They didn't call them the 7 wonders of the ancient world 'cause they weren't worth the trip."
"Like many of the Ancient Wonders of the World, it's unclear what it actually WAS. The documentation is not entirely based in clear factual measurements or description, nor is it even consistent, and there's little archaeological evidence."
3. The Parthenon.
"The Parthenon remained largely intact for about 2000 years until it was hit by an artillery shell in 1687… Apparently, it was a combination of the (Venetian) artillery shell and munitions the Ottomans were storing there that caused the damage."
"Yes, most people don't realize that up until 1687 it was hardly a ruin at all, it was very well preserved, then stupid shit happened."
4. A sacred tree.
"The Golden Spruce. A tree on the Queen Charlotte Island that was sacred to the aboriginals and a genetic anomaly(only one ever found) was cut down by a logger. In protest of logging."
"There's a clone of the Golden Spruce growing at the UBC Botanical Garden in Vancouver. They had taken cuttings before that nutbar cut down the original."
5. Mayan Codices.
"Mayan Codices… The entire knowledge of a culture lost due to fear and intolerance. So sad."
"Well maybe not the most, but when the Spaniards came to Central America they destroyed every historical proof of the Mayans, including books, scriptures and all of that kind of things, except for the Popol Vuh which is a book written in Mayan language. They did it because it was the devil."
"One of my professors in college did his dissertation on Mayan cosmology. He learned the language and helped with some of the recent work to decode the hieroglyphics. To think that the system of writing wasn't merely lost to history but purposefully destroyed is enraging."
6. Namdaemun in Seoul
"For a country that has been treated pretty badly by all of its neighbors and its own people, physical cultural pieces are few and far between. Namdaemun was one of the few really old structures left in Seoul, let alone Korea. It was burned down by a Korean man who was outraged (and rightfully so) at the gov't taking his land."
7. The oldest living tree.
"The oldest tree ever found was cut down to make the process of finding out how old it was easier only to realize it is the oldest tree ever found."
8. Sixth-century statues of Buddha.
"The destruction of the Bamiyan Buddha statue by the Taliban comes to mind as a modern example."
9. $500 million in art.
"Although they were not lost or destroyed but instead stolen: The Isabella Steward Gardner heist. An estimated $500 million in art stolen in 1990 and still remains unsolved. Pieces including Rembrandt's "The storm of the sea of galilee"."
10. Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Mexican people.
"Cortés showed up in Tenochtitlan and tore the entire fucking thing down, and then used the stones to build a cathedral.
This is the equivalent to Alexander the Great showing up in Giza, then tearing down one of the ancient pyramids in order to erect a statue of his dick."
11. The Holy Grail.
"The French say they have one, but they refuse to let anyone have a look at it."
12. The Arc of the Covenant
"Though it's still a theory, The Arc of the Covenant was most likely dismantled/destroyed. One of the most sought after and important artifacts in history."
13. The Archimedes Codex.
"The Archimedes Codex, which could've potentially sent humans hundreds of years into the future in the mathematics world. It was erased and written over by a monk, and only until recently was deciphered using digital imaging."
14. Aleppo.
"The destruction of Aleppo, Syria during the Syrian civil war. It was a UNESCO world heritage site, and much of it is now reduced to rubble."
15. The Columbia Space Shuttle.
"How about the Columbia Space Shuttle? I don't know its exact value, somewhere in the $3B-$8B range…"
"Yes it was a historic craft and it was the very first of its kind. They first reusable spacecraft ever. An evolution past rockets."
Do you have any items to add to the list? Let us know in the comments below.
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The future operating environment compels us to exhaust all possibilities to protect our C2 and information networks while simultaneously exploiting networking to put ourselves into position to gain all the possible advantages thereof. This includes operating with ruthless prioritization of information sharing between the various command echelons while being prepared to operate with imperfect information. We must take into account the role of signature in offense and defense to mitigate the enemy's targeting of our network and exploit enemy C2 vulnerabilities. We must shorten the kill chain by networking for rapid/precise fires and pushing processing power to the tactical edge. Lastly, we must utilize an enhanced concept of intelligence to rapidly sense, make sense of, and act upon information.


Davis has a new obsession with trains. He loves Thomas the train & Dinosaur train cartoon. Since he loves trains so much we decided to take a trip to the union station down town 25th street. They have tours during the day where you can go inside the old trains, but we missed the tour this day. We couldn't resist going to eat lunch at the Union grill since we were there. yum yum! I highly recommend taking your kids down to see the trains and all the fun painted horses on 25th street.
Grandma Jaeger & Davis at the railroad crossing.