text:
\section{Introduction}

Reconciling the LSND evidence~\cite{Aguilar:2001ty} for $\bar\nu_\mu
\to \bar\nu_e$ oscillations with the global neutrino data reporting
evidence~\cite{sk-atm, lbl, sno, kamland} and bounds~\cite{karmen,
Astier:2003gs, Dydak:1983zq, Declais:1994su, Apollonio:2002gd,
Boehm:2001ik} on oscillations remains a long-standing problem for
neutrino phenomenology. Recently the MiniBooNE
experiment~\cite{MB} added more information to this problem. This
experiment searches for $\nu_\mu\to\nu_e$ appearance with a very
similar $L/E_\nu$ range as LSND. No evidence for oscillations is found
and the results are inconsistent with a two-neutrino oscillation
interpretation of LSND at 98\%~CL~\cite{MB}.
The standard ``solution'' to the LSND problem is to introduce one or
more sterile neutrinos at the eV scale~\cite{sterile}. However, it
turns out that such sterile neutrino schemes do not provide a
satisfactory description of all data in terms of neutrino
oscillations, see Ref.~\cite{Maltoni:2007zf} for a recent analysis
including MiniBooNE data; pre-MiniBooNE analyses can be found, e.g.,
in Refs.~\cite{early, strumia, Maltoni:2002xd, Sorel:2003hf,
Maltoni:2004ei}.
Apart from sterile neutrino oscillations, various more exotic
explanations of the LSND signal have been proposed, for example,
neutrino decay~\cite{Ma:1999im, Palomares-Ruiz:2005vf}, CPT
violation~\cite{cpt, strumia}, violation of Lorentz
symmetry~\cite{lorentz}, CPT-violating quantum
decoherence~\cite{Barenboim:2004wu}, mass-varying
neutrinos~\cite{MaVaN}, or shortcuts of sterile neutrinos in extra
dimensions~\cite{Pas:2005rb}. See Refs.~\cite{Strumia:2006db,
GonzalezGarcia:2007ib} for two recent reviews.

In view of the difficulties to describe all data with ``standard''
sterile neutrino oscillations I assume in this note that the sterile
neutrino is a more exotic particle than just a neutrino without weak
interactions. Being a singlet under the Standard Model gauge group it
seems possible that the sterile neutrino is a messenger from a hidden
sector with some weired properties. I will assume in the following
that the mass or the mixing of the fourth neutrino depends in a
non-standard way on the neutrino energy. The motivation is that the
neutrino energy in LSND is around 40~MeV, whereas MiniBooNE and the
CDHS disappearance experiment operate around 1~GeV, and hence changing
the energy dependence of oscillations will have some impact on the
fit.

To be specific, I am going to assume that either the mass $m_4$ or the
mixing $U_{\alpha 4}$ ($\alpha = e,\mu$) of the fourth neutrino state
depends on the neutrino energy $E_\nu$ like
\begin{equation}\label{eq:scaling}
\begin{aligned}
  \text{MED:}\qquad\qquad  m_4^2(E_\nu) &=
  \tilde{m}_4^2 \left( \frac{E_\mathrm{ref}}{E_\nu} \right)^r \,,\\
  \text{EDM:}\qquad\quad  |U_{\alpha4}|^2(E_\nu) &=
  |\tilde{U}_{\alpha4}|^2 \left( \frac{E_\mathrm{ref}}{E_\nu} \right)^r \,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{m}_4$ and $\tilde{U}_{\alpha4}$ are the mass and the
mixing at a reference energy $E_\mathrm{ref}$, and for the exponent
$r$ I will consider values in the interval $0\le r \le 1$.  An energy
dependent mass as in Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) will modify the energy
dependence of oscillations from the standard $1/E_\nu$ dependence to
$1/E_\nu^{1+r}$. Therefore, I refer to this effect as modified energy
dependence (MED) oscillations, whereas the second case is denoted by
energy dependent mixing (EDM). Most likely rather exotic physics will
be necessary to obtain such a behaviour, some speculative remarks on
possible origins are given in Sec.~\ref{sec:models}. Here I make the
assumptions of Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) without specifying any
underlying model, instead I will explore the phenomenological
consequences of MED and EDM oscillations for short-baseline neutrino
data. I will show that in both cases ({\it i}) LSND and MiniBooNE
become compatible and ({\it ii}) the global fit improves
significantly.

It is important to note that Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) involves only the
new fourth mass state, whereas masses and mixing of the three active
Standard Model neutrinos are assumed to be constant. Therefore the
successful and very robust description of solar, atmospheric, and
long-baseline reactor and accelerator experiments~\cite{sk-atm, lbl,
sno, kamland} by three-flavour active neutrino oscillations is not
altered significantly, since the mixing of the forth mass state with
active neutrinos is small.

The outline of this paper is as follows.  In Sec.~\ref{sec:framework}
I discuss in some detail the framework of MED and EDM oscillations and
give a qualitative discussion of the expected behaviour of the
combined analysis of the relevant short-baseline oscillation data. In
Sec.~\ref{sec:fit} the results of the numerical analysis are
presented.  The global fit includes the appearance experiments LSND,
MiniBooNE, KARMEN and NOMAD, as well as various disappearance
experiments. In Sec.~\ref{sec:others} I comment briefly on
phenomenological consequences of MED/EDM oscillations in future
oscillation experiments, astrophysics and
cosmology. Sec.~\ref{sec:models} presents some speculative thoughts on
models leading to energy dependent masses and mixing for sterile
neutrinos, and I summarize in Sec.~\ref{sec:summary}.

\section{The MED and EDM oscillation frameworks}
\label{sec:framework}

Before discussing qualitatively the phenomenological consequences of
MED and EDM oscillations according to Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) let me
briefly remind the reader about the description of short-baseline
(SBL) neutrino oscillation data in the case of standard four-neutrino
oscillations. In the so-called (3+1) schemes there is a hierarchy
among the mass-squared differences:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:hierarchy}
\Delta m^2_{21} \ll |\Delta m^2_{31}| \ll \Delta m^2_{41}\,.
\end{equation}
Under the assumption that $\Delta m^2_{21}$ and $\Delta m^2_{31}$ can be
neglected SBL oscillations are described by two-flavour oscillation
probabilities with an effective mixing angle depending on the
elements of the lepton mixing matrix $|U_{e4}|^2$ and $|U_{\mu 4}|^2$.
For $\nu_\mu\to\nu_e$ appearance experiments the effective mixing
angle is given by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:app}
  \sin^2 2\theta_{\mu e} = 4 |U_{e4}|^2 |U_{\mu 4}|^2 \,,
\end{equation}
whereas for a $\nu_\alpha$ disappearance experiment we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq:dis}
  \sin^2 2\theta_{\alpha\alpha} = 4 |U_{\alpha4}|^2 (1 - |U_{\alpha
  4}|)^2 \,,
\end{equation}
see, e.g., Ref.~\cite{Bilenky:1996rw}. The fact that the amplitude
responsible for the LSND appearance is a product of $|U_{e4}|^2$ and
$|U_{\mu 4}|^2$, whereas $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu$ disappearance
experiments constrain these elements separately leads to the
well-known tension between LSND and disappearance experiments in the
(3+1) oscillation schemes, see e.g., Refs.~\cite{Bilenky:1996rw,
Okada:1996kw, Barger:1998bn, Bilenky:1999ny, Peres:2000ic,
Grimus:2001mn, cornering}.

Assuming now an energy dependent mass for $\nu_4$ as in
Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}), it turns out that for the range of parameters
and energies relevant for our discussion it is always possible to take
$\nu_4$ much heavier than the three standard neutrinos, $m_{1,2,3} \ll
m_4$, such that the usual SBL approximation
Eq.~(\ref{eq:hierarchy}) remains always valid, and the energy scaling
of Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) applies also for the mass-squared difference
$\Delta m^2_{41}(E_\nu) \equiv m^2_4(E_\nu) - m^2_1 \approx
m^2_4(E_\nu)$. Then the relevant oscillation phase $\phi_\mathrm{osc}$
gets a different energy dependence than in the standard case:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:osc_phase}
  \phi_\mathrm{osc} =
  \frac{\Delta m_{41}^2 L}{4 E_\nu} \approx
  \frac{\Delta \tilde{m}^2_{41} L}{4 E_\nu}
    \left(\frac{E_\mathrm{ref}}{E_\nu}\right)^r \,.
\end{equation}
Hence the standard $1/E_\nu$ dependence gets altered to
$1/E_\nu^{1+r}$. The most relevant consequence of the MED with $r >
0$ follows from Eq.~(\ref{eq:osc_phase}): An experiment is sensitive
to oscillations if $\phi_\mathrm{osc} \simeq \pi/2$, or
\begin{equation}\label{eq:LoE}
    \frac{L}{E_\nu} \simeq \frac{2\pi}{\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}}
    \left(\frac{E_\nu}{E_\mathrm{ref}}\right)^r \,.
\end{equation}
Hence, for experiments with $E_\nu > E_\mathrm{ref}$ the allowed
region will be shifted to larger values of $\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$ as
compared to the standard oscillation case ($r = 0$), whereas the
allowed region for experiments with $E_\nu < E_\mathrm{ref}$ will be
shifted to smaller $\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$, in order to compensate
for the factor $(E_\nu / E_\mathrm{ref})^r$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:LoE}).

Using instead of the MED now the energy dependence of the mixing
matrix elements from Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}), one obtains for the SBL
appearance and disappearance amplitudes given in Eqs.~(\ref{eq:app})
and (\ref{eq:dis}):
\begin{equation}
  \begin{aligned}
    \sin^22\theta_{\mu e} &= 4 |U_{e4}|^2 |U_{\mu 4}|^2
    \propto \left( \frac{E_\mathrm{ref}}{E_\nu} \right)^{2r} \,,\\
    \sin^22\theta_{\alpha\alpha} &= 4 |U_{\alpha4}|^2 (1 - |U_{\alpha 4}|^2)
    \approx 4 |U_{\alpha4}|^2
    \propto \left( \frac{E_\mathrm{ref}}{E_\nu} \right)^r \,.
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
This introduces only a mild distortion of the oscillation pattern from
the standard oscillatory behaviour with $1/E_\nu$. The main effect of
EDM is that the sensitivity of experiments with $E_\nu >
E_\mathrm{ref}$ to the effective mixing angle gets weaker.  Let us
note that the EDM scaling of Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) cannot hold for
arbitrarily low energies, simply because of unitarity of $U$. The low
energy limit of the EDM scaling should find an explanation in some
theory for this effect. Here I assume that for the parameter range
relevant for the SBL analysis the power-law scaling of
Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) remains valid.

Note that in both cases, MED and EDM, for fixed $r$ the choice of the
reference energy $E_\mathrm{ref}$ is arbitrary. From
Eq.~(\ref{eq:osc_phase}) it is clear that choosing a different
reference energy $E_\mathrm{ref}$ leads just to a rescaling of
$\tilde{m}_4$ such that the combination $\Delta \tilde{m}^2_{41}
E_\mathrm{ref}^r$ remains constant. Similar, changing $E_\mathrm{ref}$
in case of the EDM leads just to a rescaling of the
$|\tilde{U}_{\alpha 4}|^2$.  Hence, the (3+1) MED and EDM models have
one phenomenological parameter in addition to the (3+1) standard
oscillation model:
\begin{equation}\begin{aligned}
  \text{MED:}\qquad&
  |U_{e4}|^2,\, |U_{\mu 4}|^2,\, \Delta \tilde{m}^2_{41},\, r\,,\\
  \text{EDM:}\qquad&
  |\tilde{U}_{e4}|^2,\, |\tilde{U}_{\mu 4}|^2,\, \Delta m^2_{41},\, r\,.
\end{aligned}\end{equation}

The main effects of MED and EDM oscillations can be summarized in the
following way: Consider the allowed regions of the various experiments
for standard oscillations in the plane of $\sin^22\theta_{\mu e}$ and
$\Delta m^2_{41}$. Introducing now MED (EDM) leads to a relative shift of
the regions of experiments at different energies along the
$\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$ ($\sin^22\tilde{\theta}_{\mu e}$) axis.
The relevant SBL experiments are listed in Tab.~\ref{tab:experiments},
ordered according to their mean neutrino energy. For convenience I
will choose $E_\mathrm{ref} = 40$~MeV, corresponding roughly to the
mean neutrino energy in LSND. Since in MiniBooNE the neutrino energy
is higher, for MED (EDM) oscillations the sensitivity is shifted to
larger values of $\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$ ($\sin^22\tilde{\theta}_{\mu
e}$) for $r > 0$. In the MED framework MiniBooNE operates actually at
a too small value of $L/E_\nu$ in order to test LSND. As I will show
in the following, in both cases the two experiments become compatible
for $r > 0$. Furthermore, it turns out that also the global fit
including all the experiments listed in the table improves
significantly due to the different energy regimes.

\begin{table}[t] \centering
    \begin{tabular}{l@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c}
	\hline\hline
        Experiment & Ref. & Channel & Data & $\langle E_\nu \rangle$
        \\
	\hline
	Bugey     & \cite{Declais:1994su}  &$\bar\nu_e\to\bar\nu_e$ & 60 &   4 MeV \\
	Chooz     & \cite{Apollonio:2002gd}&$\bar\nu_e\to\bar\nu_e$ &  1 &   4 MeV \\
	Palo Verde& \cite{Boehm:2001ik}    &$\bar\nu_e\to\bar\nu_e$ &  1 &   4 MeV \\
	\hline
	LSND      & \cite{Aguilar:2001ty}  &$\bar\nu_\mu\to\bar\nu_e$& 11 &  40 MeV \\
        KARMEN    & \cite{karmen}          &$\bar\nu_\mu\to\bar\nu_e$&  9 &  40 MeV \\
	\hline
        MiniBooNE & \cite{MB}              &$\nu_\mu\to\nu_e$       &  8 & 700 MeV \\
        CDHS      & \cite{Dydak:1983zq}    &$\nu_\mu\to\nu_\mu$     & 15 &   1 GeV \\
        NOMAD     & \cite{Astier:2003gs}   &$\nu_\mu\to\nu_e$       &  1 &  50 GeV \\
	\hline\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \mycaption{\label{tab:experiments} Experiments used in the SBL
     analysis. The oscillation channel, and the number of data points
     used in the fit (``Data'') are given. The last column shows the
     approximate mean neutrino energy for each experiment.}
\end{table}

\section{Global analysis of SBL data for MED and EDM oscillations}
\label{sec:fit}

\subsection{Description of the data used in the fit}

Before presenting the results of the analysis let us briefly discuss
the data used in the fit, as summarized in Tab.~\ref{tab:experiments}.
For the re-analysis of LSND I fit the observed transition
probability (total rate) plus 11 data points of the $L/E$ spectrum
with free normalisation, both derived from the decay-at-rest
data~\cite{Aguilar:2001ty}. For KARMEN the data observed in 9 bins of
prompt energy as well as the expected background~\cite{karmen} is used
in the fit.  Further details of the LSND and KARMEN analyses are given
in Ref.~\cite{Palomares-Ruiz:2005vf}. For NOMAD I fit the total rate
using the information provided in Ref.~\cite{Astier:2003gs}.

The MiniBooNE analysis is based on the information provided at the
web-page \cite{MB-data}, derived from the actual Monte Carlo simulation
performed by the collaboration. Using these data the ``official''
MiniBooNE analysis~\cite{MB} can be reproduced with very good accuracy. The
averaging of the transition probability is performed with the proper
reconstruction efficiencies, and detailed information on error
correlations and backgrounds is available for the $\chi^2$ analysis.
MiniBooNE data are consistent with zero (no excess) above 475~MeV,
whereas below this energy a $3.6\sigma$ excess of $96 \pm 17 \pm 20$
events is observed. Whether this excess comes indeed from
$\nu_\mu\to\nu_e$ transitions or has some other origin is under
investigation.  As discussed in Ref.~\cite{MB}, standard two-neutrino
oscillations cannot account for the event excess at low
energies. Following the strategy of the MiniBooNE collaboration the
analysis is restricted to the energy range from 475~MeV to 3~GeV. In
Sec.~\ref{sec:MB300} I will comment on the possibility to obtain the
low energy event excess in case of MED oscillations.

I include the disappearance experiments Bugey~\cite{Declais:1994su},
Chooz~\cite{Apollonio:2002gd}, and Palo Verde~\cite{Boehm:2001ik}
(reactor $\bar\nu_e$ disappearance), as well as the
CDHS~\cite{Dydak:1983zq} $\nu_\mu$ disappearance experiment, see
Ref.~\cite{Grimus:2001mn} for technical details.
In addition to the data listed in Tab.~\ref{tab:experiments}
atmospheric neutrino data give an important constraint on the mixing
of $\nu_\mu$ with the heavy mass state, i.e., on $|U_{\mu
4}|^2$~\cite{Bilenky:1999ny, cornering}. I use the updated analysis
described in detail in Ref.~\cite{Maltoni:2007zf}. The basic
assumption in this analysis is that $\Delta m^2_{41}$ is ``infinite'' for
atmospheric neutrinos according to Eq.~(\ref{eq:hierarchy}). Since I
assume this to be true also in the scenarios under consideration one
can directly apply the bound on $|U_{\mu 4}|^2$ from the standard
oscillation analysis. In case of EDM one should perform a re-analysis
of atmospheric data taking into account the energy dependence of
$|U_{\mu4}|^2$ for the various data samples spanning five decades in
neutrino energy. Such an analysis is beyond the scope of the present
work and I assume a scaling of $|U_{\mu4}|^2$ corresponding to an
average energy of 1~GeV. Adding one data point for the bound from
atmospheric neutrinos to the data given in Tab.~\ref{tab:experiments}
I obtain $N_\mathrm{tot} = 107$ data points in the global analysis.

\subsection{Results of the global analysis}

\begin{figure}[t] \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{app_vs_dis475-MED.eps}
    \mycaption{\label{fig:MED} (3+1) oscillations with a modified
    energy dependence (MED): Allowed regions at 99\%~CL (2~d.o.f.) for
    LSND+KARMEN+NOMAD, MiniBooNE, and the disappearance experiments
    for standard oscillations $r = 0$ (left) and MED oscillations with
    $r = 0.3$ (middle) and $r = 0.6$ (right). The star in the middle
    panel corresponds to the global best fit point.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t] \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{app_vs_dis475-EDM.eps}
    \mycaption{\label{fig:EDM} (3+1) oscillations with energy
    dependent mixing (EDM): Allowed regions at 99\%~CL (2~d.o.f.) for
    LSND+KARMEN+NOMAD, MiniBooNE, and the disappearance experiments
    for standard oscillations $r = 0$ (left) and EDM oscillations with
    $r = 0.3$ (middle) and $r = 0.74$ (right). The star in the right
    panel corresponds to the global best fit point.}
\end{figure}

Let us now discuss the results of the numerical analysis within the
frameworks of MED and EDM oscillations. Figs.~\ref{fig:MED} and
\ref{fig:EDM} show the allowed regions in the plane of $\Delta m^2_{41}$ and
$\sin^22\theta_{\mu e}$ for various data sets for standard
oscillations ($r = 0$) compared to the exotic energy dependence models
for some values of $r > 0$. First, note that the neutrino energy in
LSND and KARMEN is the same, and therefore the consistency of LSND and
KARMEN~\cite{Church:2002tc} is not affected by introducing a non-zero
$r$. Furthermore, since we choose a reference energy $E_\mathrm{ref}$
close to the mean energy in these experiments the allowed region from
LSND+KARMEN+NOMAD does not change by increasing $r$.\footnote{NOMAD,
with an energy of about 50~GeV, contributes very little to these
regions.}
Second, in agreement with the argument given in
Sec.~\ref{sec:framework} one observes from the figures that the bound
from MiniBooNE moves to higher values of $\Delta m^2_{41}$ for MED and to
higher values of $\sin^22\theta_{\mu e}$ for EDM if $r$ increases, as
a consequence of the higher neutrino energy in MiniBooNE. I find that
in both cases for $r \gtrsim 0.2$ LSND and MiniBooNE are fully
consistent.
Third, Figs.~\ref{fig:MED} and \ref{fig:EDM} show the bound on
$\sin^22\theta_{\mu e}$ from the disappearance experiments Bugey,
Chooz, Palo Verde, CDHS, and atmospheric neutrino data, where for a
given $\sin^22\theta_{\mu e}$ I minimize the $\chi^2$ with respect to
$|U_{e4}|^2$ and $|U_{\mu 4}|^2$ under the constraint
$\sin^22\theta_{\mu e} = 4 |U_{e4}|^2 |U_{\mu 4}|^2$.  As visible in
the left panels, in the standard oscillation case there is severe
tension between these data and the LSND evidence, and at 99\%~CL there
is basically no overlap of the allowed regions. However, the situation
clearly improves for MED and EDM oscillations, and for $r > 0$ the
allowed regions overlap.

For MED oscillations (Fig.~\ref{fig:MED}) this can be understood in
the following way. The pronounced wiggles in the disappearance bound
visible in the left panel around $\Delta m^2_{41} \sim 1$~eV$^2$ come from
the Bugey reactor experiment.  Since $E_\nu$ for Bugey is smaller than
the reference energy of 40~MeV these features move to lower values of
$\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$ if $r$ is increased. On the other hand, the
constraint on $|U_{\mu 4}|^2$ from CDHS is shifted to higher values of
$\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$ and only the weaker constraint from
atmospheric data remains. Both trends work together in moving the
disappearance bound towards the LSND region, as visible in the middle
panel for $r = 0.3$. If $r$ is further increased the Bugey pattern
moves to even smaller values of $\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$, and the
bound at the relevant region around 1~eV$^2$ is given by the
constraints from Chooz on $|U_{e 4}|^2$ and atmospheric neutrinos on
$|U_{\mu 4}|^2$ (see right panel).

In the case of EDM oscillations (Fig.~\ref{fig:EDM}) there are two
opposite trends. Since for Bugey $E_\nu < E_\mathrm{ref}$ the
constraint on $|\tilde{U}_{e4}|^2$ becomes stronger with increasing
$r$, whereas for CDHS and atmospheric data $E_\nu > E_\mathrm{ref}$
and the bound on $|\tilde{U}_{\mu4}|^2$ gets weaker. The upper limit
on $\sin^22\tilde{\theta}_{\mu e}$ emerges from the product of these two
constraints, see Eq.~(\ref{eq:app}), and therefore, it scales
according to
\begin{equation}\label{eq:scaling-bound}
\left(\frac{E_\mathrm{ref}^2}
{\langle E_\nu \rangle_\mathrm{Bugey} \,
 \langle E_\nu \rangle_\mathrm{CDHS,atm}}
\right)^r
\simeq
0.4^r \,.
\end{equation}
Hence, the net-effect is a shift of the bound to larger values of
$\sin^22\tilde{\theta}_{\mu e}$ and a significant overlap with the
LSND region emerges.

Fig.~\ref{fig:chisq} shows the $\chi^2$ for appearance data only (left)
and for the global data (right) as a function of the energy exponent $r$.
The best fit points have the following $\chi^2$ values:
\begin{equation}\begin{aligned}
  \text{MED:}\qquad&
  \chi^2_\mathrm{app,min}  = 19.4/(29-3)\,\text{d.o.f.} \,,\qquad
  \chi^2_\mathrm{glob,min} = 89.0/(107-4)\,\text{d.o.f.} \,, \\
  \text{EDM:}\qquad&
  \chi^2_\mathrm{app,min}  = 19.6/(29-3)\,\text{d.o.f.} \,,\qquad
  \chi^2_\mathrm{glob,min} = 87.6/(107-4)\,\text{d.o.f.} \,,
\end{aligned}\end{equation}
and occur at the parameter values
\begin{equation}\label{eq:best-fit}
\begin{aligned}
  \text{MED:}\qquad&
  |U_{e4}| = 0.15,\, |U_{\mu 4}| = 0.21,\,
  \Delta \tilde{m}^2_{41} = 1.0~\ensuremath{\text{eV}^2},\, r=0.3 \,,\\
  \text{EDM:}\qquad&
  |\tilde{U}_{e4}| = 0.06,\, |\tilde{U}_{\mu 4}| = 0.53,\,
  \Delta m^2_{41} = 0.92~\ensuremath{\text{eV}^2},\, r=0.74 \,.
\end{aligned}\end{equation}
As mentioned above, the parameters with tilde correspond always to a
reference energy of 40~MeV. In agreement with the discussion above one
observes that for EDM $|\tilde{U}_{e4}|$ is rather small to respect
the stronger bound from Bugey, whereas $|\tilde{U}_{\mu 4}|$ gets
relatively large due to the relaxed bound from CDHS and atmospheric
data. Although the best fit point for EDM occurs at the relatively
large value of $r = 0.74$, one can see from Fig.~\ref{fig:chisq} that
fits of comparable quality are obtained already for $r \gtrsim 0.4$.

The MED and EDM fits improves significantly with respect to the standard
oscillation case $r = 0$:
\begin{equation}\begin{aligned}
  \text{MED:}\qquad&
  \Delta\chi^2_\mathrm{app}(r=0) = 7.7 \,,\qquad
  \Delta\chi^2_\mathrm{glob}(r=0) = 12.7 \,,\\
  \text{EDM:}\qquad&
  \Delta\chi^2_\mathrm{app}(r=0) = 7.5 \,,\qquad
  \Delta\chi^2_\mathrm{glob}(r=0) = 14.1 \,.\\
\end{aligned}\end{equation}
For comparison, the extension of the standard (3+1) oscillation scheme
to a (3+2) scheme by the addition of a second sterile neutrino leads
to an improvement of $\chi^2_\mathrm{min\,(3+1)} -
\chi^2_\mathrm{min\,(3+2)} = 6.1$~\cite{Maltoni:2007zf}. Taking into
account that for (3+2) oscillations 4 additional parameters are
introduced in the fit instead of only one as in the cases of MED or
EDM, one concludes that the latter provide a much more significant
improvement of the fit.

\begin{figure}[t] \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{chisq-glob.eps}
    \mycaption{\label{fig:chisq} The $\chi^2$ for SBL appearance data
    (left) and global data (right) for MED and EDM oscillations as a
    function of the exponent $r$, minimized with respect to the other
    parameters. The number of data points is 29 for the appearance
    experiments and 107 for the global analysis.}
\end{figure}

The shape of the curves in Fig.~\ref{fig:chisq} can be understood from
the behaviour of the allowed regions shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:MED} and
\ref{fig:EDM}. The best fit for appearance data is reached once the
MiniBooNE exclusion curve is moved out of the LSND region, and no
further improvement can be obtained by further increasing $r$.  In the
case of EDM the fit gets worse again due to the energy distortion
introduced for large $r$ by scaling the mixing with $1/E_\nu^r$. This is
also the reason for the change in the LSND region visible in the right
panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:EDM}.
For MED, the global $\chi^2$ reaches a minimum when the wiggles from
the Bugey bound cover the LSND region around $\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}
\simeq 1~\ensuremath{\text{eV}^2}$. If $r$ is further increased these wiggles are moved out
again of the LSND region and the fit gets slightly worse again. For $r
\gtrsim 0.5$ a plateau is reached, since then the disappearance bound
at $\Delta\tilde{m}_{41} \simeq 1~\ensuremath{\text{eV}^2}$ comes mainly from Chooz and
atmospheric data, which are independent of $\Delta m^2_{41}$ and hence also
independent of $r$.
In the case of EDM, the global $\chi^2$ improves until relatively
large values of $r$ as a consequence of
Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling-bound}). At some point again the fit gets worse
due to the anomalous energy dependence of the probability.

A powerful tool to evaluate the compatibility of different data sets
is the so-called parameter goodness-of-fit (PG) criterion discussed in
Ref.~\cite{Maltoni:2003cu}. It is based on the $\chi^2$ function
\begin{equation} \label{eq:PG}
    \chi^2_\text{PG} =
    \chi^2_\text{tot,min} - \sum_i \chi^2_{i,\text{min}} \,,
\end{equation}
where $\chi^2_\text{tot,min}$ is the $\chi^2$ minimum of all data sets
combined and $\chi^2_{i,\text{min}}$ is the minimum of the data set
$i$. This $\chi^2$ function measures the ``price'' one has to pay by
the combination of the data sets compared to fitting them
independently. It should be evaluated for the number of d.o.f.\
corresponding to the number of parameters in common to the data sets,
see Ref.~\cite{Maltoni:2003cu} for a precise definition.

\begin{table}[t] \centering
    \begin{tabular}{l@{\quad}cc@{\quad}cc@{\quad}cc}
	\hline\hline
        & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Standard oscillations}
	& \multicolumn{2}{c}{MED oscillations}
	& \multicolumn{2}{c}{EDM oscillations}
        \\
	Data sets & $\chi^2_\mathrm{PG}/$d.o.f. & PG
	          & $\chi^2_\mathrm{PG}/$d.o.f. & PG
	          & $\chi^2_\mathrm{PG}/$d.o.f. & PG
	\\
	\hline
        LSND vs NEV
	& 24.9/2 & $4\times 10^{-6}$
        & 14.0/3 & $0.3\%$
        & 11.9/3 & $0.8\%$
	\\
	LSND vs NEV-APP vs DIS
	& 25.3/4 & $4\times 10^{-5}$
        & 14.3/6 & $3\%$
        & 12.3/6 & $5\%$
	\\
	LKN vs MiniBooNE vs DIS
	& 20.1/4 & $5\times 10^{-5}$
        &  8.9/6 & $18\%$
        &  6.7/6 & $35\%$
	\\
	\hline\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \mycaption{\label{tab:PG} Consistency tests of various data
      sub-sets for standard (3+1) oscillations, MED and EDM
      oscillations. The data sets are SBL data showing no evidence for
      oscillations (NEV), no-evidence appearance data (NEV-APP =
      MiniBooNE + KARMEN + NOMAD), SBL disappearance data (DIS), and
      LSND + KARMEN + NOMAD (LKN). I give $\chi^2_\mathrm{PG}$
      according to Eq.~(\ref{eq:PG}) and the corresponding probability
      (``PG'').}
\end{table}

The results of such a PG analysis are displayed in Tab.~\ref{tab:PG}.
First, the compatibility of LSND and all the remaining no-evidence SBL
data is tested, and the PG is compared within the standard, the MED,
and the EDM oscillation frameworks. The consistency improves
drastically from $4\times 10^{-6}$ to $3\times 10^{-3}$ (MED) or
$8\times 10^{-3}$ (EDM). The probability value in the MED case
corresponds to a tension of slightly less than $3\sigma$.  Second, as
an alternative test I check the compatibility of the three data sets
LSND, no-evidence appearance data, and disappearance data. Similar a
huge improvement of the consistency from $4\times 10^{-5}$ for
standard oscillations to 3\% (MED) or 5\% (EDM) is found.

Although both of these two tests clearly show an improvement of the
fit with respect to standard oscillations, the low probabilities still
indicate that the global fit is not perfect and some tension remains
in the data. The reason for this is the tension between KARMEN and
LSND, which is the same as in the standard oscillation case, since
these experiments have the same energy. The allowed regions in the
space of oscillation parameters of these two experiments have clearly
an overlap, and a careful combined analysis came to the conclusion
that they are consistent~\cite{Church:2002tc}.  Nevertheless, there
remains a tension between them which is detected by the rather
sensitive PG test. In the last row of Tab.~\ref{tab:PG} I consider the
case when LSND and KARMEN are combined to one single data set (which
includes also NOMAD), and test the consistency of this set against
MiniBooNE and disappearance data. This corresponds to the data sets
shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:MED} and \ref{fig:EDM}, and since LSND and
KARMEN are included in the same data set the tension between them does
not show up in the PG. In this case the PG shows a perfect consistency
of all data with probablities of 18\% and 35\% for MED and EDM,
respectively, whereas the probablitiy of standard oscillations remains
unacceptably low.

\subsection{The low energy excess in MiniBooNE}
\label{sec:MB300}

Before concluding this section I comment briefly on the event excess
observed in MiniBooNE in the energy region below 475~MeV. As discussed
in Ref.~\cite{MB}, standard two-flavour oscillations cannot account
for the sharp rise at low energy. However, since in the MED scenario
the energy dependence of oscillations is modified according to
Eq.~(\ref{eq:osc_phase}) one may expect that an explanation of the
excess becomes possible. Indeed I find that for values of the exponent
$r \gtrsim 1$ the rise of the oscillation probability becomes steep
enough and a perfect fit to the full spectrum including the excess
between 300 and 475~MeV becomes possible.  For such large values of
$r$ a closed allowed region appears in the plane of
$\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$ and $\sin^22\theta_{\mu e}$ for MiniBooNE
data (not only a bound). However, because of the large $r$ value this
allowed region appears at $\Delta\tilde{m}^2_{41}$ values above the
LSND region and the KARMEN bound. Hence, although a modified energy
dependence like considered here allows in principle for an explanation
of the low energy event excess, this solution is not compatible with
LSND and the KARMEN bound, and in the global analysis the excess
cannot be fitted.  For this reason I used in the analysis only the
MiniBooNE data above 475~MeV~\cite{MB}, and rely on an alternative
explanation of the low energy event excess.

\section{Implications for future experiments, astrophysics and cosmology}
\label{sec:others}

In this section I briefely comment on other phenomenological
implications of the MED/EDM schemes.
In general the scenarios considered here are difficult to test at
future neutrino oscillation experiments. No appearance signal is
expected for MiniBooNE anti-neutrino data, which currently are being
accumulated, since the energy dependence is assumed to affect
anti-neutrinos in the same way as neutrinos. In order to test the
LSND signal for a MED with $r = 0.3$ at the given MiniBooNE baseline
one would need to run at an energy of
\begin{equation}
  E_\mathrm{MiniBooNE}^\mathrm{MED} \simeq
  \left(\frac{L_\mathrm{MiniBooNE}}{L_\mathrm{LSND}}\right)^\frac{1}{1+r}
  E_\mathrm{LSND}
  \approx
  \left(\frac{540\,\mathrm{m}}{30\,\mathrm{m}}\right)^{0.77} 40\,\mathrm{MeV}
  \approx 360\,\mathrm{MeV}\,,
\end{equation}
which seems not practicable because of low cross sections and large
backgrounds. A similar signal as in standard (3+1) or (3+2)
oscillations is expected also in the MED scenario for future reactor
experiments, see Ref.~\cite{Bandyopadhyay:2007rj}.  A promising place
to look for effects of MED oscillations could be the 2~km detector
proposed for the T2K experiment~\cite{Itow:2001ee}. With a mean
neutrino energy of 0.7~GeV this detector is slightly too far from the
neutrino source to cover the oscillation maximum in case of standard
oscillations with $\Delta m^2 \sim 1$~eV$^2$. However, with the MED best fit
point from Eq.~(\ref{eq:best-fit}) the oscillation phase according to
Eq.~(\ref{eq:osc_phase}) turns out to be close to $\pi/2$ at $L=2$~km.

A rather model independent test of MED or EDM explanations of LSND
would be an experiment operating at the same energy as LSND, such as
proposed in Ref.~\cite{Garvey:2005pn}. Furthermore, to test the EDM
scenario one would like to perform experiments at energies as small as
possible. In particular, this model predicts relatively large effects
for $\nu_\mu$ disappearance for experiments at energies smaller than
1~GeV, since the eV-scale mass state has a rather large mixing with
$\nu_\mu$ at 40~MeV, see Eq.~(\ref{eq:best-fit}).
Let us note that unitarity requires $|U_{\alpha 4}| \le 1$. Therefore,
the power law energy dependence of EDM cannot hold down to arbitrarily
low energies. At the best fit values given in Eq.~(\ref{eq:best-fit}),
one finds $|U_{e4}| \simeq 1$ at $E_\nu \simeq 0.02$~MeV and $|U_{\mu
4}| \simeq 1$ at $E_\nu \simeq 7$~MeV.\footnote{Note that for the SBL
analysis only $|U_{e4}|$ is needed at few~MeV energies, whereas
$|U_{\mu 4}|$ is evaluated only for $E_\nu \gtrsim 40$~MeV.} In order
to use the EDM framework for very low energies one would have to
specify the energy dependence of the neutrino mass matrix, and obtain
the mixing angles via the diagonalisation, such that unitarity is
always guaranteed. This is especially relevant, for example, to obtain
predictions for neutrino mass experiments from Tritium beta-decay,
which has an end point energy of 18.6~keV.

As in case of standard sterile neutrino mixing, also in the MED/EDM
framework the sterile neutrinos have implications for cosmology and
astrophysics, see Ref.~\cite{Cirelli:2004cz} and references
therein. In general the effects will be very similar to the standard
case with effective masses and mixing evaluated according to the
relevant neutrino energy. For example, in a supernova and in Big Bang
nucleosynethesis (BBN) the neutrino energy is close to (or slightly
below) the reference energy 40~MeV used above, and therefore the
mixing parameters shown in Eq.~(\ref{eq:best-fit}) roughly apply in
these environments. This implies that---as in the standard (3+1)
case---the sterile neutrino will be brought into thermal equilibrium
via oscillations prior to BBN~\cite{Okada:1996kw, DiBari:2003fg}.

Cosmology provides a bound on the sum of the neutrino masses in the
sub-eV range~\cite{cosmo-bounds}, mainly from the power spectrum at
large scales combined with precise data on the cosmic microwave
background. In general this bound implies a challenge for sterile
neutrino schemes relevant for LSND. The conflict becomes particularly
severe for the MED framework, since here the neutrino mass increases
with decreasing neutrino energy, which implies large masses for
cosmological relevant neutrinos. Let us note, however, that depending
on the particular model realisation of MED one can expect that the
power law scaling of Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) does not continue down to
arbitrarily low energies. Here I assume only that it holds in the
energy interval relevant for SBL experiments, i.e., above about 1~MeV,
and it might be altered at lower energies.

\section{Speculations on model realisations of MED/EDM}
\label{sec:models}

Before concluding I give here some speculative thoughts on possible
reasons for a power law scaling of sterile neutrino masses or
mixing. Without doing any detailed model building I just mention a few
possibilities where such a behaviour might occur.

Indeed, energy dependent neutrino masses and mixing are a very
familiar phenomenon in the framework of the standard matter
effect~\cite{MSW}. Since the effective matter potential depends on the
neutrino energy the mass eigenstates and mixing angles in matter
depend on the energy. An analogous mechanism would be at work for the
sterile neutrino if it interacts with some un-known background field
or has some special interactions with standard matter.  Such a
possibility has been noted in Ref.~\cite{Strumia:2006db} and explored
recently in Ref.~\cite{Nelson:2007yq}. The interaction postulated for
the sterile neutrino should be several orders of magnitude stronger
than usual weak interactions in order to be relevant at the short
baselines in LSND or MiniBooNE. In these models neutrinos and
anti-neutrinos interact differently and therefore they will have a
different energy dependence. This may change the null-prediction for
the MiniBooNE search with anti-neutrinos mentioned in the previous
section.

An energy dependence similar to a matter potential occurs also in the
model of Ref.~\cite{Pas:2005rb}, where sterile neutrinos are allowed
to take shortcuts through particularly shaped extra
dimensions. Effectively this leads to a modification of the dispersion
relation of the sterile neutrinos which introduces a non-standard
energy dependence on active--sterile oscillations. In general also a
violation of the Lorentz symmetry such as considered for example in
Ref.~\cite{lorentz} leads to oscillations with an energy dependence
different from the standard one.

Another motivation for energy dependent neutrino masses and/or mixing
could be the idea of ``unparticle'' physics~\cite{Georgi:2007ek}. One
assumes the existence of a scale invariant sector with a non-trivial
infrared fixed point coupled to the Standard Model through
non-renormalizable operators. Such operators may have large anomalous
dimensions and hence introduce power-law running of coupling
constants.
For example, suppose a fermionic unparticle operator ${\mathcal O}_N$ with
mass-dimension $d_N$, with $3/2 < d_N < 5/2$, which has the quantum
numbers of a right-handed neutrino (and hence is a gauge singlet).
Then one can write a ``mass term'' $m_\alpha \overline{\nu}_\alpha
{\mathcal O}_N$, where $\nu_\alpha$ can be either an active left-handed neutrino,
or a ``standard'' sterile neutrino.  The dimension of $m_\alpha$ is
$5/2 - d_N$ with the anomalous dimension $3/2 - d_N$.
Assuming that the coupling of ${\mathcal O}_N$ with $\nu_\alpha$ is scale
invariant implies that the effective ``masses'' at two energy scales
$\Lambda_1$ and $\Lambda_2$ are related by $m_\alpha(\Lambda_1) =
(\Lambda_2/\Lambda_1)^{d_N-3/2} m_\alpha(\Lambda_2)$. This resembles
the scaling of Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}), relating the phenomenological
parameter $r$ in the above analysis to the anomalous dimension of the
unparticle operator. The physical neutrino masses have to be found as
poles in the corresponding propagator. These arguments provide a hint
that the unparticle framework might lead to the exoting energy
dependence of Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}); whether it is indeed possible to
obtain a valid model for MED and/or EDM active--sterile neutrino
oscillations using unparticles needs further investigation, which is
beyond the scope of this work.

Via the so-called AdS/CFT correspondence effects from a conformal
sector such as mentioned above might actually have an interpretation
also in theories with extra spacetime dimensions. In such models
couplings can exhibit power law running~\cite{Dienes:1998vh}. If the
neutrino mass is generated through a mechanism involving extra
dimensions~\cite{Dienes:1998sb} their masses and mixing may depend on
energy through these running effects. Usually the scale of new physics
in extra dimensional models is around or above the TeV energy
scale. In order to be relevant for the LSND/MiniBooNE problem one has
to assume that the mechanism responsible for the power law running can
be extended to the energy scale relevant for the experiments under
consideration (MeV to GeV) in the active--sterile neutrino sector.

At this point I will not go into further details and leave the
question whether indeed a full model for MED or EDM oscillations can
be constructed from any of the mentioned mechanisms open for future
work. I add that in a given realisation the energy dependence might be
different than assumed in Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}). However, the generic
assumption of a power law should be a reasonable approximation in many
cases and capture the relevant phenomenology.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:summary}

I have considered short-baseline (SBL) neutrino oscillation data
including LSND and MiniBooNE in the framework of sterile neutrino
oscillations, assuming that the properties of the sterile neutrino
depend on its energy in a rather exotic way. Along these lines I
considered two different scenarios. First, I have assumed that the
mass of the sterile neutrino scales with its energy as $1/E_\nu^r$
($0\le r \le 1$). This introduces a modified energy dependence (MED)
in oscillations: Instead of the standard $1/E_\nu$ dependence one
obtains a MED with $1/E_\nu^{1+r}$. Second, I have assumed an energy
dependent mixing (EDM) of the sterile neutrino with the active ones,
namely that the elements of the mixing matrix $|U_{e4}|^2$ and
$|U_{\mu4}|^2$ scale with $1/E_\nu^r$.
In a given model realisation one can expect that both, masses as well
as mixing depend on energy in a correlated way. Here I have not
specified any underlying theory, and a phenomenological analysis has
been performed assuming the presence of either MED or EDM separately,
to show the impact on the global fit of SBL data. For a given model it
is easy to generalise the analysis and estimate the effect of the
simultaneous scaling of masses and mixing.

I find that under the hypothesis of MED or EDM oscillations LSND and
MiniBooNE data become fully consistent, and the bound from
disappearance data overlaps with the LSND allowed region.  The global
fit including all relevant appearance and disappearance experiments
improves by 12.7 (MED) or 14.1 (EDM) units in $\chi^2$ with respect to
the standard (3+1) oscillation case, and the consistency of LSND with
no-evidence appearance experiments and with disappearance experiments
improves from $4\times 10^{-5}$ for standard oscillations to 3\% (MED)
or 5\% (EDM). If the tension between LSND and KARMEN is removed from
the analysis perfect consistency of all data is found, with
probablities of 18\% and 35\% for MED and EDM, respectively, whereas
the probablitiy of standard oscillations remains unacceptably low.
Consistency of the global data is obtained in the MED
framework by shifting the sensitivity of high energy experiments like
MiniBooNE and CDHS to larger values of $L/E_\nu$ with respect to low
energy experiments like LSND and Bugey.  In the case of EDM
oscillations the sensitivity of high energy experiments to the mixing
angle gets weaker compared to low energy experiments, leading to
consistency of all data.

In summary, I have shown that under the assumption of a non-standard
energy dependence of sterile neutrino oscillations the description of
global SBL data is significantly improved. This result is based on the
fact that various experiments operate at different energy regimes.

\bigskip

{\bf Acknowledgment.}
I would like to thank Sacha Davidson for initiating this analysis, and
for lots of discussions. Furthermore, I thank Giacomo Cacciapaglia,
Roberto Contino, Alan Cornell, Naveen Gaur, J\"orn Kersten, and
Riccardo Rattazzi for discussions on the possibility to obtain MED
and/or EDM like in Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaling}) using the concept of
un-particle physics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Department of Art and Art History
Fine Arts Living-Learning Center
Allbritton Art Institute
Harding Black Collection
Martin Museum of Art
McMullen-Connelly Family Collection
Baylor>Art and Art History>About Us>People>Faculty>Christopher Wood
Christopher Wood
Christopher_Wood@baylor.edu
FAC159, HSFAC
High Res Photo
Art History: Lecturer
Christopher Wood is an archaeologist and art historian. His areas of expertise include Greek and Roman art and archaeology and the expansion of trade in the ancient Mediterranean. He also specializes in Bronze Age burials and modern reception of Homeric heroes and has recently published a book on the subject entitled Heroes Masked and Mythic.
Professor Wood holds a B.A. in Classics from San Francisco State and a Master's in Art History from the University of Texas at Austin where his research focused on Roman dining and social implications of wall paintings from the House of Jason in Pompeii. While at UT he taught classes in Art History, Archaeology, and Classics and was awarded both the William T. Semple and Charles Edwards scholarships.
An active field archaeologist, Professor Wood has surveyed and excavated a number of ancient sites including Roman Pompeii and Greek Pylos. He has also earned the distinction of being an alum of both the American School of Classical Studies Athens and the American Academy of Rome.
Over the years he has devoted his time as a gallery educator at the J. Paul Getty Museum where he worked with k-12 students from underserved schools and local teachers, and led docent workshops and trainings. He has also worked as a Graduate Teaching Fellow at the Blanton Museum. There, he developed university and K-12 tours, collaborated with local and bilingual educators, led docent workshops, and helped plan community events.
Professor Wood teaches Introduction to Art (ART 1300), Survey of Western Art I(2302), Eighteenth-Century European Art (3369), Nineteenth-Century Art History (3356), and Neoclassicism and Romanticism (ARH 4363).
M.A. Art History, University of Texas at Austin
M.A. Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara
B.A. Classics, San Francisco State University
Heroes: Masked and Mythic by Christopher Wood
Christopher Wood museum education.
Christopher Wood in Dydma, Turkey, site of the Temples of Apollo and Artemis.
Robbie Barber
Kyle Chaput
Nathan T. Elkins, PhD
Leah Force
Benny Fountain
Mack Gingles
Julia Hitchcock
Thomas Holton
Heidi J. Hornik, PhD
Katie Larson, PhD
Greg Lewallen
Jerolyn E. Morrison, PhD
Winter Rusiloski
H. Jennings Sheffield
Faculty Exhibition Catalogs
Visual Resource Center
Art_Support@baylor.edu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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text:
« Syria Daily News Brief »
Israel shoots protesters at Syria border
Archives | Damascus (Syria) | 6 June 2011
Israelis killed 23 protestors in the Syrian Golan
Both Syrians and Palestinians protesting against Israel came under attack yesterday near the border with Israel leaving several killed and scores wounded, according to Syrian state media.
Minister of Health Dr. Wael al-Halqi told SANA 23 were killed and more than 600 injured from bullets and tear gas fired by Israeli forces near Quneitra and Madjal Shams in the occupied Golan on the 44th anniversary of Naksa (setback), when Israel occupied the Syrian Golan, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip during the 1967 Six-Day War.
Three weeks ago Israeli soldiers shot dead 13 Palestinian protesters who tried to breach Israel's frontier with Lebanon and Syria during protests marking what Palestinians call the Nakba (catastrophe) of Israel's founding in 1948.
According to SANA, the protesters were targeted by snipers and "phosphorus bombs".
But Israel accused Syria of instigating the border clashes to distract Syrians from the crackdown on domestic opposition forces while the opposition Reform Party of Syria also alleged that the Syrian government paid impoverished farmers thousands of dollars to travel to the protests.
Strike in Hama continues, more deaths reported in Idleb
Residents of Hama told Agence France-Presse yesterday that more than 100,000 people staged protests in the city during a three-day strike that began on Saturday.
Meanwhile, Rami Abdel Rahman, head of the London-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, told AFP 28 people were killed in the town of Jisr as-Shugur yesterday.
Six members of the security forces are included in the rights group's estimate of 38 deaths over Saturday and Sunday.
Damascus insists that the unrest is the work of "armed terrorist gangs" backed by Islamists and foreign agitators and that it needs time to implement reforms.
Since the protests started in mid-March, Damascus has applied both political and economic reforms. However, many political activists and opposition figures criticise the reform process for being "too slow" compared to the rapid escalation of the tension on the ground.
President Bashar al-Assad passed an executive order on Sunday which Minister of Social Affairs and Labor Radwan al-Habib said should give full-time employment to about 100,000 temporary government employees, SANA reported.
Syria also freed more than 450 political prisoners since Tuesday as part of a general amnesty announced by Assad, Rahman told AFP on Sunday. Most of the released are Islamists or Kurds, he added.
Syrian Prime Minister Adel Safar, meanwhile, ordered the creation of a committee tasked with drafting a law on political parties, SANA reported.
Today, Al-Watan reported a new political parties law will be approved in less than one month, which may pave the way for greater political pluralism in the future.
The current constitution stipulates that the ruling Baath party is "the leader of state and society" and political pluralism has been at the forefront of demands by pro-reform dissidents.
Syria's Foreign Minister Walid al-Moallem, meanwhile, made a brief visit to the United Arab Emirates where he met Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed al-Nahayan.
"The demands of reform and the need for stability can go hand in hand as they can be reconciled," the official Abu Dhabi WAM news agency reported Zayed al-Nahayan as saying.
Kurdish leaders to meet Syrian president
President Assad has agreed to meet Kurdish political leaders from Iraq and Turkey including Iraqi President Jalal Talabani, Kurdistan Workers Party chief Abdallah Ogalan and Iraq's Kurdistan Regional Government President Massoud Barzani among others, to discuss Syrian unrest and the Kurdish national project, Al-Watan reported.
Syrian Kurds in the north-east apparently received messages from the Iraqi president thanking them for not taking part in protests against the Assad government.
A Kurdish source quoted in Al-Watan decried the Turkish "scorched earth" policy toward Kurds in Turkey.
Relations between Syria and Turkey appear publicly to be the most strained since 1998, when Turkey threatened Syria with invasion, in part for its harbouring of Ogalan.
Pressure mount over Syria's alleged nuclear ambitions
The US and its allies are seeking to get a UN resolution passed against Syria at a week-long meeting of the UN's nuclear watchdog over its alleged illicit nuclear activity, Agence France-Presse reports.
The meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is likely to focus on suspected nuclear programs in both Iran and Syria, despite other major events like the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan.
The IAEA has been investigating allegations that a site in eastern Syria bombed by Israel in 2007 was a secret nuclear facility.
Syria has consistently denied the site was a nuclear facility and no evidence of allegations of Syrian nuclear weapons ambitions have yet been brought to light.
But IAEA chief Yukiya Amano stated recently and for the first time his conviction that the site was "very likely" to have been an undeclared covert nuclear reactor.
The US seized the opportunity, saying Syria was "non-compliant" and referring it to the UN Security Council.
Syria Today (Syria)
Explosions inside Al-Tanf US base
Washington clarifies its stance on Syria
Negotiations underway to eliminate Kurdish mercenaries in Syria
Bashar al-Assad is no longer objectionable
Source: "Israel shoots protesters at Syria border", Syria Today (Syria) , Voltaire Network, 6 June 2011, www.voltairenet.org/article170279.html


text:
Perspective > Medscape Psychiatry > Medscape Psychiatry Minute
Non–English-Speaking Patients Have High Rates of Depression
Peter M. Yellowlees, MBBS, MD
Download Slides
This is the Medscape Psychiatry Minute. I'm Dr Peter Yellowlees.
Patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) have high rates of depression, yet face challenges accessing effective care in outpatient settings. Now a team of investigators[1] from UCSF California have undertaken a systematic review to investigate the effectiveness of the collaborative care model for depression for LEP patients in primary care. Fifteen studies were included, involving 4859 participants of whom 2679 (55%) reported being LEP, the majority Spanish (93%).
The researchers concluded that although limited by the number and variability of studies, the available research suggests that collaborative care for depression delivered by bilingual providers may be more effective than usual care among patients with LEP. They recommended that implementation studies of collaborative care, particularly among Asian and non–Spanish-speakers, are needed.
So what is the significance of this study, and how can we help depressed patients with LEP? There is a substantial literature demonstrating the overall effectiveness of collaborative care models in primary care, but only a small literature dealing with patients with LEP, where the traditional gold standard of care is for providers to work with professional interpreters who are unfortunately not always easily accessible. The alternative is to employ bilingual providers to deliver care, as this review suggests—but again, shortages of such providers exist.
Alternative approaches for the future may include the use of automated machine learning interpretation systems, but as of today these are not yet accurate enough for clinical use. At a practical level, this is an important problem that we have not yet solved but which we must not ignore.
Thank you for listening to this Medscape Psychiatry Minute. Do continue to enjoy your practice.
Medscape Psychiatry © 2018 WebMD, LLC
Any views expressed above are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect the views of WebMD or Medscape.
Cite this: Peter M. Yellowlees. Non–English-Speaking Patients Have High Rates of Depression - Medscape - Apr 19, 2018.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry; Director, Health Informatics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
Disclosure: Peter M. Yellowlees, MBBS, MD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
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My Pedigree is an autobiographical poem from his collection Poems by Alexander Puskin (1888), translated by Ivan Panin.
How then aristocrat am I to be?
God be thanked, I am but a citizen.
To Alexander Nefsky was attached.
His descendants in his ire had spared.
Of Nizhny Novgorod the citizen plain.
But I ... am but a citizen obscure.
[Pg 63]And for this was hung by him.
Happy only is the simple citizen.
And I was born merely—citizen.
I am a writer, a citizen.
Pushkin's poem is featured in our guide to Russian Writers.
Add My Pedigree to your own personal library.


text:
Q: How do you properly redirect using Remix Forms? TL;DR: When I select an item from the drop down it is not redirecting me to the correct page.
I'm making a photo sharing website and I'm using Remix and the url to render all the data on the pages.
Here is a screenshot to give you a better idea:
Main page draft UI
So when the user selects North America from the Continent drop down menu it will navigate to /north-america and then the Continent menu drop down will have North America selected and the Country drop down menu will display all countries in North America (that exist in my database) as well as the breadcrumbs (breadcrumbs is working) and so on.
Here is the relevant code:
export async function loader({ request, params }: LoaderArgs) {
  const [{ data: continents }, { data: countries }, { data: regions }] =
    await Promise.all([
      supabase.from("continents").select("*"),
      supabase.from("countries").select("name, slug, continent( name, slug )"),
      supabase
        .from("regions")
        .select("name, slug, country (name, slug, continent (name, slug)))"),
    ]);

  return json({
    user: await getUser(request),
    continents,
    countries,
    regions,
  });
}

export async function action({ request }: ActionArgs) {
  const body = await request.formData();
  const continent = body.get("continent") as string;
  const country = body.get("country") as string;
  const region = body.get("region") as string;

  const location = continent || country || region || "/";
  const result = redirect(location);
  return result;
}

export default function App() {
  const data = useLoaderData();
  const params = useParams();
  const submit = useSubmit();
  const [state, setState] = useState(params);

  function handleChange(event: { currentTarget: FormData }) {
    submit(event.currentTarget, { replace: true });
  }

  return (
    <>

          <Combobox photos={photos} />
          <meta charSet="utf-8" />
          <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
          <Meta />
          <Links />

          <NavBar />
          <Breadcrumbs location={params} />

            <Form method="post" onChange={handleChange}>
              {/* Continent Selector */}

                    Continent

                  <select
                    id="continent"
                    title="continent"
                    name="location"
                    className="mt-1 block w-full rounded-md border-gray-300 py-2 pl-3 text-base focus:border-indigo-500 focus:outline-none focus:ring-indigo-500 sm:text-sm"
                    value={state.continent}
                    onChange={(event) =>
                      setState({ Continent: event.target.value })
                    }
                  >
                    <option value="">Select a continent...</option>
                    {data.continents?.map((continent, index) => (
                      <option value={continent.slug} key={index}>
                        {continent.name}
                      </option>
                    ))}
                  </select>

            </Form>

I've tried everything I can think of but I'm very new to react so I'm sure I'm missing something basic here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Security breaches peak in Spring according to report
Springtime is not all sunshine when it comes to security, warns Farsight Security Services.
The remote monitoring station's statistics revealed a peak in security breaches in March, April and May 2014. More than double the number of arrests occurred in spring 2014 compared to winter 2013/14.
In total the number of incidents raised was 46 per cent higher in spring compared to winter, resulting in an average of two incidents per site during the spring months. Arrest rates in spring remained at a peak in comparison to summer 2014 as arrests dropped by 75 per cent in June, July and August.
Malcolm O'Shea Barnes, senior operations manager at Farsight, explains:
"With arrests and incidents peaking in the spring months, now is the time to be assessing security needs." However, the Farsight statistics show, on average, sites received more than six incidents each throughout 2014.
Malcolm says: "Of course, security needs to be a year round priority. Sites will see each season present different security challenges. "For example, with the peak in incidents, in spring it's worrying to see false alarms occur because of minor things like fast growing foliage obstructing cameras. "The statistics show that sites cannot afford to take risks with false alarms. Spring is a great opportunity for security installers to promote their maintenance services.
"Beyond that, the high number of incidents annually highlights security systems as a necessity. Each of the incidents recorded could potentially have cost the site owner thousands of pounds if they had not invested in 24/7 remote monitoring."
An incident is when a suspicious activity has been observed, either when a crime has taken place or when the activity could lead to a crime.
www.farsight.co.uk


text:
Q: Customize yaxis Is it possible to have an axis "break" or spaced unevenly ? For instance, suppose I have data grouped around y=[0,100] and some outliers, e.g. 500, 1000 etc.
 Displaying from 0-1000 will hide the details.
Can I show data from y=0-100 and then y=800-1000 and have the axis ticks etc break in between?
i've tried enumerated tickvals and ticktext, but it seems not work.

A: You can create something like you want using subplots, but it is a really ugly solution.
Code:
# import all the necessaries libraries
import plotly.offline as pyo
import plotly.graph_objs as go
from plotly import tools

# specify traces
trace1 = go.Bar(
    x=[1, 2, 3],
    y=[500, 1100, 1500],
    xaxis='x1',
    yaxis='y1')
trace2 = go.Bar(
    x=[1, 2, 3],
    y=[500, 1100, 1500],
    xaxis='x2',
    yaxis='y2')
trace3 = go.Bar(
    x=[1, 2, 3],
    y=[500, 1100, 1500],
    xaxis='x3',
    yaxis='y3')

# create data (list with traces)
data = [trace1, trace2, trace3]

# Specify layout
layout = go.Layout(
    height=600, width=600,
    # Select each yaxis and manually set domain (where on screen it will place)
    yaxis1=dict(range=[400, 600], domain=[0, 0.25]),
    yaxis2=dict(range=[1000, 1200], domain=[0.35, 0.60]),
    yaxis3=dict(range=[1400, 1600], domain=[0.70, 0.95])
    )

# Create figure
fig = go.Figure(data=data, layout=layout)

# Plot the plot
pyo.plot(fig, filename='try-axis-plot.html')

Output:

And after googling I decided, that "break" axis in plotly is not allowed, as described here


Summer is here, at least for a little while longer and road trips are always at the top of the list of summer adventures. We want your road trip to be full of fabulous memories which of course means a safe road trip. Your day to day travel provides the normal wear and tear to your vehicle however it's the infrequent long road trip that causes an exacerbation of an existing problem. We always recommend that your vehicle have a complete examination prior to a road trip. We also recommend that you have the essentials in your trunk. Being prepared could mean the difference in fabulous memories or an absolute nightmare. Check out our Trunk Ready Check List and give us a call at 814-765-1285. We'd be glad to perform a full examination of your automobile. Wishing you a safe and fabulous road trip!


text:
'Asteroid City': Wes Anderson's New Film Sets June 16, 2023 as Theatrical Release Date!!
December 8, 2022 · by Mirza Baig · in Features. ·
Those who love the most auteur of auteur filmmakers, Wes Anderson, will rejoice at the news that his eleventh feature film, Asteroid City, has finally been penciled in for a 2023 release date.
Fans of Anderson will be able to kick off their 2023 summers with a healthy dose of perfectly-symmetrical shots when Asteroid City hits theaters. The film will open for its limited theatrical release on June 16 before expanding to a wider release one week later on June 23. Focus Features will handle the film's domestic distribution while Universal Pictures International will handle international distribution.
Asteroid City marks another collaboration between Anderson and Focus Features after Anderson's last three films — The Grand Budapest Hotel, Isle of Dogs and The French Dispatch — were all distributed by Searchlight Pictures. Indian Paintbrush, another frequent collaborator with Anderson that hasn't missed any of his projects since 2012's Moonrise Kingdom, is also partnering with Anderson and Focus Features on this film.
Anderson's last film, The French Dispatch, opened in October 2021 after premiering at that year's Cannes Film Festival. It was surprisingly the first film by Anderson to not receive a single Academy Award nomination since 2007's The Darjeeling Limited. That snapped a streak of four straight films with at least one Academy Award nomination.
Asteroid City is written and directed by Anderson and was penned with long-time collaborator, Roman Coppola. The film is produced by Anderson, Steven Rales — founder of Indian Paintbrush — and Jeremy Dawson, and features yet another signature all-star ensemble ranging from his constants such as Jason Schwartzman and Adrien Brody to some frequent collaborators including Tilda Swinton, Bryan Cranston, Ed Norton and Liev Schreiber to some more recent collaborators such as Tony Revolori and several new faces to Anderson's films such as Maya Hawke, Scarlett Johansson, Margot Robbie, Steve Carell, Sophia Lillis, Tom Hanks among many more.
Like The French Dispatch, Anderson's next film will also be a step away from the contemporary world as Asteroid City takes place in a fictional desert town in 1955. The synopsis for the film can be read below:
The itinerary of a Junior Stargazer/Space Cadet convention (organized to bring together students and parents from across the country for fellowship and scholarly competition) is spectacularly disrupted by world-changing events.
Asteroid City will be released in limited theaters on June 16, 2023, before expanding its theatrical release on June 23, 2023.
Tags: #AdrienBrody, #AristouMeehan, #AsteroidCity, #BillMurray, #BryanCranston, #EdwardNorton, #EthanLee, #GraceEdwards, #HongChau, #HopeDavis, #JakeRyan, #JasonSchwartzman, #JeffGoldBlum, #JeffreyWright, #LievSchreiber, #MargotRobbie, #MattDillon, #MayaHawke, #RitaWilson, #RupertFriend, #ScarlettJohansson, #SophiaLillis, #StephenPark, #SteveCarell, #TildaSwinton, #TomHanks, #TonyRevolori, #WillemDafoe
← 'Treason' Trailer Teases the Upcoming Netflix Spy Drama Starring Charlie Cox!! Check It Out!!
'The Pale Blue Eye' Trailer Sees Christian Bale Trying to Solve a Murder Mystery!! Check It Out!! →


text:
'Significant' number of prostitutes with Berlusconi: Prosecutors
Prosecutors also believe the Italian prime minister gave some women free use of apartments near Milan in exchange for sex.
By Silvia AloisiReuters
Mon., Jan. 17, 2011timer3 min. read
ROME—A "significant" number of young women prostituted themselves with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, prosecutors investigating him said in a document made public on Monday.
The prosecutors also believe that Berlusconi gave some women free use of a string of apartments in a residential complex near Milan in exchange for sex, according to the document posted on the website of the lower house of parliament.
It details accusations levelled by magistrates, who are probing whether Berlusconi paid to have sex with 17-year old Karima El Mahroug, a nightclub dancer better known under the stage name "Ruby."
Prosecutors sent the document to the lower house to justify their request to search the office of a Berlusconi associate who they believe paid the women on behalf of the 74-year old premier. A special parliamentary committee is due to decide this week whether to allow or reject the request.
Berlusconi denies any wrongdoing, says the allegations are absurd and accuses the magistrates of acting illegally for political motives.
He said on Sunday he had never paid for sex and was in a stable relationship since separating from his second wife.
The conservative leader has seen off a series of sex scandals since breaking up with Veronica Lario, who filed for divorce in 2009 saying she could no longer be with a man "frequenting minors."
But the latest incident comes at a difficult time for Berlusconi, who no longer enjoys a secure parliamentary majority since a split last year with former ally Gianfranco Fini.
He narrowly scraped through a confidence vote last month, and last week Italy's top court struck down part of a law that gave him immunity from prosecution, leading some commentators to predict that the country would head to early elections.
The prosecutors' document says that Nicole Minetti, a Lombardy regional official who was formerly Berlusconi's dental hygienist, recruited "a significant number of young women, who prostituted themselves with Silvio Berlusconi." Minetti, who is also under investigation, denies the accusations.
'FLATS FOR SEX'
The document said that El Mahroug had told prosecutors that some women had been granted free use of apartments in Milano Due, a leafy residential neighbourhood on the outskirts of Milan that media tycoon Berlusconi built during a 1970s property boom.
"On this point the investigation has revealed ample evidence," it said, listing the names of eight women whose apartments were searched by police.
The probe focuses on El Mahroug, who says she received 7,000 euros ($9,318) after attending one of Berlusconi's parties at his sumptuous villa near Milan. Prosecutors allege that she went to Berlusconi's residence several times between February and May 2010, when she was 17, and that he paid to sleep with her.
Having sex with a prostitute aged under 18 is an offence in Italy. El Mahroug says she did not sleep with the premier but her use of the term "bunga bunga," describing sex parties, captured the imagination of headline writers around the world.
The magistrates also allege that Berlusconi put pressure on police officers to let her go after she was detained over theft allegations in an unrelated case. He has acknowledged making a phone call to the police, but says he was merely helping a person in need and did not exert any improper influence.
The prosecutors have said they will request a fast-track trial for Berlusconi—something they usually do when they believe they have substantial evidence. They have summoned Berlusconi for questioning at the end of this week, but his lawyers say they have not decided whether he will attend.
Italian lawmakers are considering prosecutors' requests to authorize a search of Berlusconi's property in a prostitution probe.
Prosecutors asked permission for a police search of an apartment complex near Milan where the women allegedly stayed rent-free.


Safety is a unique mix of managing people, attitude, training behaviors, tools, systems, policies and procedures.
It's not a performance measure for the next year, but rather the performance measure for years to come.
Utilities that can manage safety will not only be ahead of our philosophy but will also experience competitive advantages in several areas, such as human performance, medical costs, and employee engagement and workers' turnover.
The competitive advantage through consistent safety results is more important now than ever.
In the future managers will stand with linemen to ensure that safety is not just a priority because priorities changes; rather, it will be a value that will not shift. Safety consideration is always an added value to any organization that is adhering to it.
Youngwoo Ind. (South Korea) developed simulation-based training exciting solutions – in both of our Jubail and Yanbu branches – it reduces cost and increase safety in real learning environment.
You will be aware of potential hazards of walking and working on elevated surfaces by experiencing a real fearful fall from the opening, collapsing roof or a skylight. You will recognize the required controls before permitting any work at height.
The simulated experience of falling from height due to a guardrail collapse will help you to recognize the associated risks with unsafe guardrail system, and provide the knowledge of safety standards and requirements of guardrail installation and use.
1926.501 Duty to have Fall Protection.
1926.502 Fall Protection systems criteria and practices.
* The Manufactured Simulator for the Safety Harness Experience will be for 1 person only.
The Personal Fall Arrest System Simulator provides you the real feelings during the fall from height and the impact of the harness on your body.
You will realize why you need to avoid falling from height, and why to need to use the fall protection tools.
1926.104 Safety belts, lifelines and lanyards.
This simulator displays the electrical safety requirements that are necessary for the practical safeguarding of employees involved in industrial and construction works. Experiencing the electrical shock will provide you an additional awareness on the safe use of electrical energy at site to prevent electrical shocks.
1910.147 The control of hazardous energy (Lockout/Tagout).
1910.254 Arc welding and cutting.
1910.305 Wiring methods, components and equipment for general use.
This simulator will give the real experience of dealing with fire generated on pipe rack due to gas leak or unsafe welding or cutting practices.
You will recognize the mitigation methods of such fire risks.
1926.152 Flammable and combustible liquids.
1926.153 Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas).
In this simulation, you will experience the risk of falling from A-type ladders which may move and slip from Its supports; you may also lose your balance while getting on or off an unsteady ladder. Falls from ladders can cause injuries ranging from sprains to even fatality.
Experiencing A-type ladder training will Provide you with guidance to use A-type ladder safely during your work as per the safe work practices.
possible foot injuries from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating materials.
You will realize and appreciate the amazing power of protection of safety shoes.
This simulator will demonstrate hidden leaks in air hose coupler at higher pressures and the importance of maintaining safety standards and durability of Air Hose Couplings.
connect both air hoses and couplings.
This simulator will provide real experience of entering a confined space that shows the real working environment with all expected Chemical, Physical, Biological and Environmental hazards.
In this adventure you will recognize the precautions & SOP required before permitting any confined space entry. The simulator will digitally display the limits of toxic gases, explosive gases and oxygen contents.
This experience will show the power and the Importance of Safety Helmets in worksites against impact and penetration of falling and flying objects. You will realize, and then will surely consider It as vital head powerful shield.
This experience simulates the real environment for the use of portable fire extinguishers and safety procedures on how to deal with fire at your work site.
You will be aware of potential hazards of Scaffold Collapsing and fear of falling from height. Sudden collapse of the work platform will never be forgotten.
This simulated Experience of falling from height due to guardrail collapse will help you to recognize the associated risks with unsafe guardrail system, and provide the knowledge of safety standards and requirements of guardrail installation and use.
This simulator shows the real experience and the requirements to protect employees from the hazards associated with steel erection activities involved in the construction, and/or repair plants, buildings, bridges. and other structures where steel erection occurs.
1926.752 Site layout, site-specific erection plan and construction sequence.
1926.757 Open web steel joists.
This experience will simulate the hazards at a construction site by experiencing slip, trip and fall hazards from ladders.
You will recognize the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) protection power and learn safety standards for straight ladders.
Mechanical and Personal Protective Equipment.
Explosives, fire prevention and protection.
Emergency procedures- evacuation plans and check-In and check-out procedures.
This simulator gives the experience of Exposure to heavy winds while working on elevated platforms like scaffolds or man- lifts or while climbing, erecting or maintaining towers which may make work at high elevations even more hazardous.
You will realize the power of wind and the risk of working at height at windy days.
1926.500 Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.
1926.502 Fall protection systems, criteria and practices.
You will be aware of potential hazards associated with falling objects such as tools or material or debris directly on head and body.
After the experience you will learn the Importance of personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and other safety precautions like safety nets which will protect you from the falling objects.
Real experience of driving with 4D.
15 different scenarios for most of hazardous situations which may face the driver.
Environmental friendly electrical car with automatic gear simulation.
Large screens showing the road.
Amplified sound from car speakers.
Parking break (foot press and release).
Reverse driving simulation (screen mirrors).
Radio, CD & Navigator showing actual location of car.
This experience simulates the excavation collapse or Cave-ins which pose the greatest risk and are much more likely than other excavation related accidents to result in workers' fatalities.
Other potential hazards include falls, falling loads, hazardous atmospheres, and Incidents involving mobile equipment.
You will recognize the effect of the safety precautions in controlling these risks.
1926.650 Scope, application, and definitions applicable to Excavation subpart.
1926.652 Requirements for protective systems.
Fire Suppression and detection System(s), and their components should be understood by all the employees of different industries.
This display will show the Suitable Applications, specifications and best practices of fire suppression and prevention tools.
This experience of guessing block weights and comparing unknown weights to known ones will provide experience of the right judgment of load weights, which will Improve the manual material handling at your work site and reduces the exposure to physical conditions such as force, awkward postures, and repetitive motions.
This display shows the Safety requirements for Lifting tackles testing, inspection, maintenance, operational, certification, marking and disposal.
This experience will give you the professional sense of dealing with these critical tools to make the lifting process smooth and safe.
1910.179 Overhead and gantry cranes.
1926.251 Rigging equipment for material handling.
1926.552 Material hoists, personnel hoists and elevators.
1926.1413 Wire rope - Inspection.
1926.1414 Wire rope - Selection and Installation criteria.
With more than 64 different Simulated Hazards, the trainees boost their Knowledge and Skills in recognizing these Hazards, and doing a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and learn the applicable Controls and their Techniques.
atmosphere in work site composed with low illumination, obstacles and even Smoke.
You will recognize the Importance of emergency response plans (ERP) and the preparations for professional emergency response teams (ERT).
1910.34 Exit Routes and Emergency Planning Coverage and definitions.
1910.35 Compliance with alternate exit-route codes.
1910.37 Means of egress, general.
1910.38 Employee emergency plans and fire prevention plans.


text:
Infrastructure NSW attempts cover up of possible Aboriginal burial site
Yet another cover-up by Infrastructure NSW has been reveled today over the raising of Warragamba Dam wall. Kazan Brown, a Gundungurra traditional owner, has said Infrastructure NSW was silent over the discovery of possible human remains in the valley that would be flooded by the raising of Warragamba dam wall.
Kazan Brown, Gundungurra traditional owner, said: "My family has not been involved in the heritage survey whatsoever. It just seems they won't let traditional owners be involved if they talk to the media about the project."
Ms Brown became aware of the bone discovery through back channels, and has been asking numerous NSW Government officials for pictures of the discovery site for months to no avail.
"No matter how many times we ask for information, they just don't provide it to us. I have asked repeatedly for an update on the bones and nothing has been forthcoming.
"Fourteen of my family members are buried in the area, so it's quite possible it's one of my ancestors.
"As far as we're aware no one's actually investigated what type of bones they are."
Kazan Brown
A huge victory for Australia's forests and our biodiversity
The Federal Climate and Energy Minister, Chris Bowen, has announced the exclusion of native forest biomass energy under the label of 'renewable energy'. This means that the biomass energy industry will find it extremely difficult to become the new driver of forest destruction in Australia.
Whistleblower: Enviva claim of 'being good for the planet… all nonsense'
Enviva is the largest producer globally of fuel for 'biomass burning' - which is the logging of native forests for the purpose of generating domestic electricity supply.
Gardens of Stone Challenge - World Class Reserve or Theme Park?
Today, the Gardens of Stone State Conservation Area was gazetted, with its draft Master Plan publicly released containing plans for major visitor and tourism development.


then you can follow these instructions to configure your router manually to allow other JamKazam clients to send network traffic in to your network. You will also need to configure the JamKazam application to use two specific UDP ports.
We'll start by configuring JamKazam, and then move on to the router.
By default, JamKazam uses a range of dynamically chosen ports, which just means on every music session, JamKazam will use different port numbers. You will need to configure JamKazam to instead use the same port numbers for every music session. To do this, from the JamKazam menu select Preferences.
Once the configs are in, you can then start JamKazam back up, and we can move on to configuring your router.
Configure your router to allow port numbers 12000 to 12010 into the computer running JamKazam. Also make sure you indicate UDP, which is usually in a dropdown. Note: Routers call sending traffic into a computer from a particular port Port Triggering and/or Port Forwarding. So, look for Port Triggering or Port Forwarding in your router's configuration interface; it's sometimes underneath a section called Security or NAT. If you are unsure about how to proceed on this step, search the internet for the model number of your router, and also put in the word 'user manual'. The user manual will also help you get into your router's configuration interface, which often times the hardest thing to figure out when unfamiliar with configuring routers.
Once the ports are open, start the JamKazam application.
To validate that your configs worked, try the Network Test. You can do quickly by going to your name it the top-right of the interface, and select 'Test Network' in the dropdown that shows on a mouse hover.


Each unit comes with our 28 day money back guarantee or cooling off period. You have 28 days to decide if you are going to keep it or not. If within this 28 day period you don't want it, return it to us unused and we will refund you the purchase price. After this 28 day period has expired you will not be entitled to your money back.
Additionally from the date of receipt you have 12 months cover with the manufacturer – simply meaning that if a problem occurs with your product after the initial 28 day period has elapsed (which the supply of spare parts cannot rectify) you can return the unit to us and we will have the manufacturer repair or if need be replace the unit for you providing the fault is found to be a result of either a manufacturing or material defect.
We also provide a 2 year warranty on our frames which includes any folding mechanisms, please note that this warranty covers the frame of the bike only and will not cover any faults which are the result of wear and or misuse. This warranty will cover any fault which is found to be the result of a manufacturing defect.
If your product was purchased from an independent retailer, please contact them directly with any warranty or returns claims. If your product was purchased directly from our website then please email us at contact@changebike.co.uk.


Increasingly dynamic, complex and unpredictable economic circumstances require continuous and systematic re-evaluations of business strategies and plans and coherent and effective strategy implementation. Adopting the Resource Based View theoretical framework this chapter is aimed at shedding light on the role of human capital in the strategic change process. Specifically, by adopting the case study methodology the chapter points out the relevance and critical nature of human capital in the complex process that has driven Fiat's competitive and financial turnaround since 2008. Through the lens of Fiat's case, the article contributes both from an academic and a practitioner point of view, to shed light on the relevance of human capital in organizational attitude change, strategy formulation, choices implementation, and more in general, in Fiat's business model re-definition. The chapter ends with case questions.
In contexts of great dynamism, complexity and unpredictability, strategy is more and more focused on foreseeing and designing new options for the future rather than on planning and programs (Grant, 2010). Volatile and competitive circumstances require systematic and continuous re-definition of selected development pathways and re-evaluation of strategies and plans. Today many companies struggle to survive, not because they act erroneously, but because they are unable to adapt to changing circumstances, continue doing what used to be "the right thing" and are victims of strategic inertia (Doz & Kosonen, 2008; Rumelt, 1995a). The capability to address discontinuities and technological disruptions and constantly renew business models (Chesbrough, 2010; Ghaziani & Ventresca, 2005; Zott, Amit, & Massa, 2011) is now essential. In this context, strategies revolve around continuous and systematic strategy assessment, re-definition, and effective implementation.
As highlighted by Aaltonen and Ikavalko (2002), without coherent and effective implementation even the most excellent strategy is useless. Strategy implementation is as critical as its formulation and development (Atkinson, 2006; Higgins, 2005; Kaplan & Norton, 2001). Only if strategy formulation and implementation go at the same pace firms can achieve sustainable competitive advantage (Biglar, 2001).
Identifying the main sources of superior strategic formulation and effective strategic implementation has become imperative for organizations in the contemporary business scenario. These sources are mainly embedded in human capital (Peteraf, 1993; Pfeffer, 1995; Pfeffer & Sutton, 1999). Human capital can be viewed as one of the most valuable intangible resources for the organization, as the originator and the carrier of optimal strategic design and implementation effectiveness (Hitt, Biemant, Shimizu, & Kochhar, 2001; Yang & Lin, 2009). Since the 1990s, the issue of human capital has gained momentum within the strategic management field (Kaplan & Norton, 2005; Lev, 2001; Peteraf, 1993) and various scholars consider it to be a critical ingredient for gaining competitive advantage and a possible answer to one of the most debated questions in strategic management: why do firms vary in performance? (Grant, 1996).
The aim of this chapter is to highlight the importance of human capital in strategic formulation and implementation. Specifically, we adopt Fiat as a case study to point out the relevance and critical nature of human capital in the complex process that has driven Fiat's remarkable competitive and financial turnaround since 2008. The case-study methodology (Berg, 2009; Eisenhardt, 1989; Yin, 1984) was chosen for its usefulness in assessing qualitative characteristics in organizational settings and in corporate strategy. The choice of Fiat as the case study is motivated by the importance that Fiat had and still has in the Italian economic context and by the dramatic relevance of its turnaround process.
The chapter begins with a brief review of the theoretical background that frames our study. This is followed by a description of the set of strategic choices and actions that drove the FIAT turnaround in the last decades. Then the role of human capital in the turnaround process is explored. Finally, conclusions will be drawn and the implications of the findings of this research for managers and scholars will be set out.