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Home Article Tri-Ed makes connectivity play
Tri-Ed makes connectivity play
Tri-Ed makes connectivity play Company opens five branches that are also data solution centers
By Martha Entwistle
Updated Wed May 15, 2013
WOODBURY, N.Y.—Tri-Ed Distribution's latest expansion, which includes five new branch locations, will focus on connectivity products as well as security products, Pat Comunale, Tri-Ed Distribution CEO, told Security Systems News.
In addition to being branch locations, the five offices will also serve as Tri-Ed Data Solution Centers.
The branch offices—one in Little Rock, Ark., and four in Colorado—were formerly branch offices of comCables, a Denver-based manufacturer and distributor of structured cabling solutions, such as Cat5E, Cat6 and fiber solutions. Tri-Ed acquired the company in September, but did not announce the deal until this month.
Since September, Tri-Ed has been working to separate the distribution and manufacturing divisions of comCables. Greg Greenwood, former owner and current president of comCables, will continue to run the manufacturing business as a separate entity.
This deal is designed to bring Tri-Ed new locations, new contractors to sell to and additional connectivity products to sell to existing customers.
"[Previously] most of the business at those locations was with data and connectivity contractors, [those who] pull Cat5 and do network installation. The locations did not focus on security," Comunale explained. The acquisition is "an opportunity for us to ... cross-sell the security product to [those contactors]."
When Tri-Ed merged with Northern Video in March 2010, "we started to sell to large integrators and those in the electrical contractor space ... that did not necessarily buy from the security channel," he said.
Connectivity products are important to accommodate those contractors and others as physical security becomes more IT-focused.� "We recognized we need to move in that direction," Comunale said.
Tri-Ed is "cross-training specialists on both the connectivity and on the security side," he said.
The new Colorado branches are located in Denver, Centennial, Grand Junction and Colorado Springs.
comCables, Northern Video, physical security, SSN, Tri-Ed Data Solution Centers, Tri-Ed Distribution
Sleigh bells and whistles, or I'll be home security for Christmas
By the time you're reading this I'll be gone. On a short holiday break of course, nothing nefarious. I should be right back into the saddle next week as we get ready to say our goodbyes to 2022, and what a year it's been! Financial predictions for...
SecuriThings collaborates with Hanwha Techwin on physical security device management
TEL AVIV, Israel – SecuriThings has enhanced its cooperation and collaboration with Hanwha Techwin in a move meant to enable customers to manage and secure their physical security infrastructure more effectively and efficiently. SecuriThings wrote in their release...
Qognify acquired by Hexagon AB
PEARL RIVER, N.Y. – Physical security and enterprise security solutions provider Qognify has announced its acquisition by digital reality software company Hexagon AB. Hexagon AB acquires the company from previous owner, tech-focused investment firm Battery Ventures....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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» Reference
» Humanities
Lorraine A. Rollo. Ph.D
Lorraine A. Rollo. Ph.D.
Chapter 15: Absolutism & Empire, 1660-1789
1. The Age of Absolutism begins in 1660 (Stuarts restored in England & Louis XIV begins personal rule), and ends with the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.
2. Absolutism is a political theory that encouraged rulers to claim complete sovereignty, and increases in state powers. Sometimes it was linked to divine right patriarchy.
3. The Age of Absolutism was also a time of empire.
4. Extreme autocracy, limited monarchy & republicanism were alternatives to absolutism.
5. Louis XIV's monarchy in France is considered a model of absolutism.
I. Appeal & Justification of Absolutism
1. Absolutism held the promise of order & prosperity.
2. Absolute rulers sought to increase their power by controlling the military, legal systems, finances & bureaucracy; they sought to subordinate elites & structures that threatened their power (nobles, clergy, regional rights privileged institutions).
3. The greatest threat to absolute rulers was nobles; most rulers established a rapport with the nobility.
II. Absolutism of Louis XIV (1643-1715)
1. Louis XIV used his Palace of Versailles to increase his power over France; Louis XIV made Versailles a center of patronage & administration.
2. The relationship between Louis XIV & his nobility was a tacit "settlement:" the King increased noble prestige but not their power.
3. Absolutism's theorists were Bodin & Bossuet.
4. Louis XIV used the upper bourgeoisie and new nobles in administration. These men depended on him for their livelihood.
5. Louis's administrators needed taxes to finance Louis' displays of power, army & wars (taille, capitation & the indirect tax called the gabelle).
6. Louis XIV never called the national representative body known as the Estates General.
7. Louis XIV valued unity (one king, law & faith), and persecuted unorthodox Catholics (Quietists & Jansenists) & Protestants called Huguenots.
8. The 1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes overturned previous toleration for Protestants. Many Protestants left France.
1. Mercantilist finance minister Colbert increased revenue for Louis XIV by reforming tax collection, regulating trade, & investing in transportation & industry. Nevertheless, Louis XIV's wars bankrupted France.
III. Alternatives To Absolutism
1. Absolutism was the dominant model of rule for the 17/18th century monarchs.
2. The English Parliament was the longest surviving and most highly developed representative body in Europe.
3. The 1660 Restoration following the English Civil War was a triumph for mixed monarchy. Charles II (1660-1685) promised to honor the law & Parliament, but often modeled his kingship on Louis XIV, and his popularity waned. James II (1685-1688) flaunted his Roman Catholicism, and became unpopular.
4. The birth of a Catholic male heir led to an English delegation asking William & Mary (Holland) to come to England and defend Protestantism & English liberties.
6. The 1688 Glorious Revolution 1688 was a bloodless coup. William & Mary became joint sovereigns of England. Legislation like the 1689 Bill of Rights reaffirmed English liberties. 1689 Act of Toleration secured dissenters free worship.
7. 1701 Act of Succession required future rulers be Anglican; 1701 Act of Union united England & Scotland. These acts excluded James II's Catholic heirs from the thrones of Scotland or England.
8. The 1688 Glorious Revolution consolidated the position of Parliament and the position of great landowners.
9. Locke (1632-1704) developed the contract theory of government in Two Treatises on Government, 1690.
IV. War and the Balance of Power, 1661-1715.
1. Louis XIV during his reign kept France almost constantly at or preparing for war. His objectives were to lessen Habsburg power & promote dynastic interests.
2. In response to French aggression, William of Orange organized the
League of Augsburg
3. The Peace of Ryswick 1697 ended the Nine Years' War. Alsace became part of France & Louis recognized William as King of England.
4. The League of Augsburg reflected the new diplomatic goal in western & central Europe know as balance of power. Louis XIV did not subscribe to this goal.
5. The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) pitted England and Austria against France. The Treaty of Utrecht 1713 settled the war. Louis XIV's grandson became king of Spain (throne could never be united with France); Britain secured notable strategic advantages.6. Britain & France emerged from the War of the Spanish Succession as the dominant powers in Europe, but Britain's navy would rule the imperial and commercial world of the 18th century.
V. The Remaking of Central & Eastern Europe
1. Initially the culturally divided and loose confederation known as the Austrian Empire dominated the region; eventually Brandenburg-Prussia dominated Central Europe.
3. The "enlightened despotism" of Austrian monarchs Maria Theresa & Joseph II had limited impact due to diversity & weak royal power over local institutions.
4. Brandenburg-Prussia became a powerful state due to the efforts of the Hohenzollern rulers (Frederick-William, Frederick I, Frederick-William I (Sergeant King) &Frederick the Great).
VI. Autocracy in Russia
1. Tsar Peter the Great (1682-1725) made Russia a major European power. He wielded autocratic power. His changes included westernization of the nobility, modernization, building a major army, making the nobility serve the state, replacing the representative Duma with a rubber-stamp body, managing the Russian Orthodox Church, and creating a new and efficient administration.
2. Peter made Russia a Baltic power by challenging Sweden and gaining a port on the Baltic Sea: his new capital named St. Petersburg.
3. Peter's foreign policy severely burdened his people.
4. Catherine the Great (1762-1796) continued the authoritarian trend of Peter the Great. She brought stability to the state, extended territory & increased Russian power. She notably increased Russian control over the Crimea, achieved rights in the Mediterranean and won territory in Poland.
5. Poland was not a strong centralized monarchy. Austria, Prussia & Russia partitioned Poland in 1772. In 1792 Russia & Prussia reduced Poland further. Russia, Prussia & Austria made Poland disappear in 1795.
VII. Commerce & Consumption
1. The North Atlantic economies were growing more rapidly than others, and Britain & France emerged as the major world powers.
2. The reasons for economic growth in 18th century northwestern Europe include improvements in agriculture, increasing population, urbanization, improved transportation, protoindustrialization, and new technology. The standard of living improved.
3. For the first time a mass market for consumer goods appeared in Europe in the 18th century. Demand was greater than supply.
4. The consumer economy encouraged the service sector.
5. The 18th century was good for the small shopkeeper.
6. Consumerism made advertising important.
7. The 18th century European economy became more complex, specialized, integrated and productive than ever.
VIII. Colonization & Trade in the 17th Century
1. Capitalism isa system of production, distribution & exchange in which private owners for profit invest wealth.
2. Mercantilism is a system where governments intervene in economic policy to increase state prosperity.
3. The products of Europe's empires fueled the 18th century economy.
4. Spain established colonial governments in Peru & Mexico. Spain's policy was mercantilist & focused on mining. There were cultural assimilation & conversion efforts. Spaniards dominated colonial society.
5. The French Crown directed colonialism. France had a presence in the West Indies & North America. The French established mostly military outposts and trading posts in North America. Financial returns were not large from fur, fish & tobacco. Intermarriage was common, especially among traders. French military officers and administrators from Paris dominated North American colonial society. Wealthy European plantation owners dominated Caribbean sugar plantation society. Sugar was a very profitable commodity, and it had a great impact on the European and French economies.
6. English colonies were mostly privately organized, planned, small to medium sized agricultural settlements along the Atlantic coast. Government intervened in colonial life as time went on (Navigation Acts). Sugar was most valuable. In the 18th century, sugar was produced in Barbados & Jamaica. North American colonists eliminated Native Americans in their desire for land. A rigid racial division existed in North American colonies.
7. The Dutch built a formidable "fort & factory" colonial empire in Asia.; the Dutch were less involved in the West. An important business innovation was the joint stock company, which established a method of continuous financing.
8. In the 18th century England & France vied for control of global trade.
IX. The Triangular Trade in Sugar & Slaves)
1. Typical Triangular Trade run: New England rum exchanged for African slaves; slaves traded in the West Indies for molasses; molasses made into rum in New England.
2. Sugar & tobacco industries depended on slave labor. Private entrepreneurs operated the lucrative 18th century slave trade.
3. The "Middle Passage" refers to the transportation of slaves across the Atlantic.
4. British advantages over France in their colonial rivalry included the superiority of the British navy, superior edges in commerce & finance, and British gains from the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).
5. England's North American colonies, aided by coalition of European powers, won their independence from Britain in The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Britain retained Gibraltar & Canada, and continued trade with its former colonies.
X. Conclusion
1. Even after American independence, Britain remained the most important trading partner for its former colonies.
2. British commercial dominance around the world grew.
3. The British economy fueled by profits from the slave trade; its trade & manufacturing became strong enough to continue growing even after the slave trade was abolished (1808) & slavery was abolished (1833).
4. Northwestern Europe enjoyed economic prosperity in the late 18th century due to improved transportation, more reliable food & improved standards of living for more people who bought more.
5. European population was rising faster after 1750 than ever before.
6. New urban middle class emerged in rapidly growing cities; they drove the market in goods & ideas.
7. Prosperity in late 18th century Europe was unevenly distributed between rich/poor, and urban/rural areas.
8. Contrast between rich & poor was more extreme in Eastern Europe; peasants fell into a new serfdom that lasted through the 19th century.
9. War remained a fact of European life, and European conflicts extended around the world.
10. European governments increased their power, but the principles and structure of governments did not change much.
11. Except for Britain & the Dutch Republic, absolutist-style monarchs in the mold of Louis XIV ruled the great European powers.
Instructor: Dzhangir Dzhangirov (Dzhangir-At-Gmail.Com)
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« Prev Homily XII Next »
Homily XII.
Thanksgiving to God for the pardon granted to the offenders against the Emperor. Physical discourse on the Creation. Proof that God, in creating man, implanted in him a natural law. Duty of avoiding oaths with the utmost diligence.
1. Yesterday I said "Blessed be God!" and to-day again I say the very same thing. For although the evils we dreaded have passed away, we should not suffer the memory of them to disappear; not indeed that we may grieve, but that we may give thanks. For if the memory of these terrors abide with us, we shall never be overtaken by the actual experience of such terrors. For what need have we of the experience, whilst our memory acts the part of a monitor? Seeing then that God hath not permitted us to be overwhelmed in the flood of those troubles when upon us, let us not permit ourselves to become careless when these are passed away. Then, when we were sad, He consoled us, let us give thanks to Him now that we are joyful. In our agony He comforted us, and did not forsake us; therefore let us not betray ourselves in prosperity by declining into sloth. "Forget not," saith one, "the time of famine in the day of plenty."14971497 Ecclus. xviii. 25. Therefore let us be mindful of the time of temptation in the day of relief; and with respect to our sins let us also act in the same manner. If thou hast sinned, and God hath pardoned thy sin, receive thy pardon, and give thanks; but be not forgetful of the sin; not that thou shouldest fret thyself with the thought of it, but that thou mayest school thy soul, not to grow wanton, and relapse again into the same snares.14981498 See on Heb. vi. 4, Hom. IX. (4).
2. Thus also Paul did; for having said, "He counted me faithful, putting me into the ministry," he goes on to add, "who was before a blasphemer, a persecutor, and injurious."14991499 1 Tim. i. 12, 13. "Let the life of the servant," saith he, "be openly exposed, so that the lovingkindness of the Master be apparent. For although I have received the remission of sins, I do not reject the memory of those sins." And this not only manifested the lovingkindness of the Lord, but made the man himself the more illustrious. For when thou hast learnt who he was before, then thou wilt be the more astonished at him; and when thou seest out of what he came to be what he was, then thou wilt commend him the more; and if thou hast greatly sinned, yet upon being changed thou wilt conceive favourable hopes from this instance. For in addition to what has been said, such an example comforts those who are in despair, and causes them again to stand erect. The same thing also will be the case with regard to our city; for all the events that have happened serve to shew your virtue, who by means of repentance have prevailed to ward off such wrath, whilst at the same time they proclaim the lovingkindness of God, who has removed the cloud that was so threatening, in consequence of a small change of conduct, and so raises up again all those who are sunk in despair, when they learn, from our case, that 419he who looks upward for the Divine help, is not to be overwhelmed, though innumerable waves should encompass him on all sides.
3. For who hath seen, who hath ever heard of sufferings such as were ours? We were every day in expectation that our city would be overturned from its foundations together with its inhabitants. But when the Devil was hoping to sink the vessel, then God produced a perfect calm. Let us not then be unmindful of the greatness of these terrors, in order that we may remember the magnitude of the benefits received from God. He who knows not the nature of the disease will not understand the physician's art. Let us tell these things also to our children; and transmit them to the remotest generations, that all may learn how the Devil had endeavoured to destroy the very foundation of the city; and how God was able visibly to raise it up again, when it was fallen and prostrate; and did not permit even the least injury to befall it, but took away the fear; and dispelled with much speed the peril it had been placed in. For even through the past week we were all expecting that our substance would be confiscated; and that soldiers would have been let loose upon us; and we were dreaming of a thousand other horrors. But lo! all these things have passed away, even like a cloud or a flitting shadow; and we have been punished only in the expectation of what is dreadful; or rather we have not been punished, but we have been disciplined, and have become better; God having softened the heart of the Emperor. Let us then always and every day say, "Blessed be God!" and with greater zeal let us give heed to our assembling, and let us hasten to the church, from whence we have reaped this benefit. For ye know whither ye fled at the first; whither ye flocked together; and from what quarter our safety came. Let us then hold fast by this sacred anchor; and as in the season of danger it did not betray us, so now let us not leave it in the season of relief; but let us await with exact attention the stated assemblies and prayers; and let us every day give a hearing to the divine oracles. And the leisure which we spent in busily running about after those who came from the court,15001500 στρατοπ™δον. whilst we were labouring under anxiety in respect to the evils that threatened us; this let us consume wholly in hearing the divine laws, instead of unseasonable and senseless pastimes; lest we should again reduce ourselves to the necessity of that sort of occupation.15011501 That is, of being busy about the news from the court and the Emperor, upon which the fate of the city depended.
4. On the three foregoing days, then, we have investigated one method of acquiring the knowledge of God, and have brought it to a conclusion; explaining how "the heavens declare the glory of God;"15021502 Ps. xix. 1. and what the meaning of that is, which is said by Paul; viz. "That the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made."15031503 Rom. i. 20. And we shewed how from the creation of the world, and how by heaven, and earth, the sea, the Creator is glorified. But to-day, after briefly philosophising on that same subject, we will proceed to another topic. For He not only made it,15041504 αὐτὴν, i.e., τὴν κτίσιν, the Creation. but provided also that when it was made, it should carry on its operations; not permitting it to be all immoveable, nor commanding it to be all in a state of motion. The heaven, for instance, hath remained immoveable, according as the prophet says, "He placed the heaven as a vault, and stretched it out as a tent over the earth."15051505 Isa. xl. 42. But, on the other hand, the sun with the rest of the stars, runs on his course through every day.15061506 Hom. IX. (3) (4), and notes. St. Chrys. on Hebr. viii. 1, Hom. XIV. (1), denies that the Heaven is either moveable or spherical. Plato, and most others, thought that the fixed stars moved with the whole solid firmament, but Philoponus argues that a sphere moving round its axis has motion of translation, and may be called fixed. See Mont. pref. to Cosmas Ægypt., in Coll. Nov. Patr. t. ii. And again, the earth is fixed, but the waters are continually in motion; and not the waters only, but the clouds, and the frequent and successive showers, which return at their proper season. The nature of the clouds is one, but the things which are produced out of them are different. For the rain, indeed, becomes wine in the grape, but oil in the olive. And in other plants is changed into their juices; and the womb of the earth is one, and yet bears different fruits. The heat, too, of the sun-beams is one, but it ripens all things differently; bringing some to maturity more slowly, and others more quickly. Who then but must feel astonishment and admiration at these things?
5. Nay, this is not the only wonder, that He hath formed it with this great variety and diversity; but farther, that He hath spread it before all in common; the rich and the poor, sinners as well as the righteous. Even as Christ also declared: "He maketh His sun to rise upon the evil and the good, and sendeth His rain upon the just and unjust."15071507 Matt. v. 45. Moreover, when He stocked the world with various animals, and implanted divers dispositions in the creatures, He commanded us to imitate some of these, and to avoid others. For example; the ant is industrious, and per420forms a laborious task. By giving heed then, thou wilt receive the strongest admonition from this animal not to indulge in sloth, nor to shun labour and toil. Therefore also the Scripture has sent the sluggard to the ant, saying, "Go to the ant, thou sluggard, emulate his ways, and be wiser than he."15081508 Prov. vi. 6. Art thou unwilling, he means, to learn from the Scriptures, that it is good to labour, and that he who will not work, neither ought he to eat?15091509 2 Thess. iii. 10. learn it from the irrationals! This also we do in our families, when those who are older, and who are considered superior, have done amiss, we bid them to attend to thoughtful children. We say, "Mark such an one, who is less than you, how earnest and watchful he is." Do thou then likewise receive from this animal the best exhortation to industry; and marvel at thy Lord, not only because He hath made heaven and the sun, but because He hath also made the ant. For although the animal be small, it affords much proof of the greatness of God's wisdom. Consider then how prudent the ant is, and consider how God hath implanted in so small a body, such an unceasing desire of working! But whilst from this animal thou learnest industry; take from the bee at once a lesson of neatness, industry, and social concord! For it is not more for herself15101510 See Wordsworth's Vernal Ode, Poems, vol. 3. He however only speaks of her as "a statist prudent to confer—upon the public weal." than for us, that the bee labours, and toils every day; which is indeed a thing especially proper for a Christian; not to seek his own things, but the things of others. As then she traverses all the meadows that she may prepare a banquet for another, so also, O man, do thou likewise; and if thou hast accumulated wealth, expend it upon others; if thou hast the faculty of teaching,15111511 λόγους διδασκαλίας, v. 1 Tim. v. 17, Rom. xii. 7. do not bury the talent, but bring it out publicly for the sake of those who need it! Or if thou hast any other advantage, become useful to those who require the benefit of thy labours! Seest thou not that for this reason, especially, the bee is more honoured than the other animals; not because she labours, but because she labours for others? For the spider also labours, and toils, and spreads out his fine textures over the walls, surpassing the utmost skill of woman; but the creature is without estimation, since his work is in no way profitable to us; such are they that labour and toil, but for themselves! Imitate too the simplicity of the dove! Imitate the ass in his love to his master, and the ox also! Imitate the birds in their freedom from anxiety! For great, great indeed is the advantage that may be gained from irrational creatures for the correction of manners.
6. From these animals Christ also instructs us, when He says, "Be ye wise as serpents, and harmless as doves."15121512 Matt. x. 16. And again; "Behold the fowls of the air, for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them."15131513 Matt. vi. 26. The prophet also, to shame the ungrateful Jews, thus speaks; "The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib; but Israel doth not know me."15141514 Isa. i. 3. And again; "The turtle and the swallow and the crane observe the time of their coming, but my people knoweth not the judgment of the Lord his God."15151515 Jer. viii. 7. From these animals, and such as these, learn to achieve virtue, and be instructed to avoid wickedness by the contrary ones. For as the bee followeth good, so the asp is destructive. Therefore shun wickedness, lest thou hear it said, "The poison of asps is under their lips."15161516 Ps. cxl. 3. Again, the dog is devoid of shame. Hate, therefore, this kind of wickedness. The fox also is crafty, and fraudulent. Emulate not this vice; but as the bee, in flying over the meadows, does not choose every sort of flower;15171517 π€ντα. but selecting that which is useful, leaves the rest; so also do thou; and whilst surveying the whole race of irrational animals, if any thing profitable may be drawn from these, accept it; the advantages which they have naturally, make it thy business to practise of thine own free choice. For in this respect also thou hast been honoured of God; that what they have as natural advantages He hath permitted thee to achieve of thy own free choice, in order that thou mayest also receive a reward. For good works with them spring not from free will, and reason, but from nature only. In other words, the bee makes honey, not because it has learnt this by reason and reflection, but because it is instructed by nature. Because if the work had not been natural, and allotted to the race, some of them assuredly would have been unskilled in their art; whereas from the time that the world was first made, even to the present day, no one hath observed bees resting from labour, and not making honey. For such natural characteristics are common to the whole race. But those things which depend on our free choice are not common; for labour is necessary that they may be accomplished.
7. Take then all the best things, and clothe thyself with them; for thou art indeed king of the irrationals; but kings, if there be any 421thing excellent possessed by their subjects, be it gold or silver, or precious stones, or sumptuous vestments, usually possess the same in greater abundance. From the creation also, learn to admire thy Lord! And if any of the things thou seest exceed thy comprehension, and thou art not able to find the reason thereof, yet for this glorify the Creator, that the wisdom of these works surpasses thine understanding. Say not, wherefore is this? or, to what end? for everything is useful, even if we know not the reason of it. As therefore, if thou goest into a surgery, and seest many instruments lying before thee, thou wonderest at the variety of the implements though ignorant of their use; so also act with respect to the creation. Although thou seest many of the animals, and of the herbs, and plants, and other things, of which thou knowest not the use, admire the variety of these; and feel astonishment for this reason at the perfect workmanship of God; that He hath neither made all things manifest to thee, nor permitted all things to be unknown. For He hath not permitted all things to be unknown, lest thou shouldest say, that the things that exist are not of providence. He hath not permitted all things to be known to thee, lest the greatness of thy knowledge should excite thee to pride. Thus at least it was that the evil demon precipitated15181518 ἐξετραχήλισεν (a word used of a horse who throws the rider over his head), lit. brake the neck of, but the word is generally used of overthrowing by treachery. St. Chrysostom also uses it of elevating with pride, which may be intended here. As Hom. XIII. in Heb. v. fin. the first man headlong and by means of the hope of greater knowledge, deprived him of that he already possessed. Therefore also, a certain wise man exhorts, saying, "Seek not out the things that are too hard for thee; neither search the things that are too deep for thee. But what is commanded thee, think thereupon with reverence; for the greater part of His works are done in secret."15191519 Ecclus. iii. 21, 22, 23. And again; "More things are shewed unto thee than men understand." But this he speaks for the purpose of consoling the man who is sad and vexed, because he does not know all things; for even those things he observes, which thou art permitted to know, greatly surpass thine understanding; for thou couldest not have found them by thyself, but thou hast been taught them of God. Wherefore be content with the wealth given thee, and do not seek more; but for what thou hast received give thanks; and do not be angry on account of those things which thou hast not received. And, for what thou knowest, give glory, and do not stumble at those things of which thou art ignorant. For God hath made both alike profitably; and hath revealed some things, but hidden others, providing for thy safety.
8. One mode, then, of knowing God, is that by the creation, which I have spoken of, and which might occupy many days. For in order that we might go over the formation of man only with exactness, (and I speak of exactness such as is possible to us, not of real exactness; since many as are the reasons we have already given for the works of creation, many more of these there are, ineffable, which God who made them knoweth, for of course we do not know them all); in order then, I say, that we might take an exact survey of the whole modelling of man; and that we might discover the skill there is in every member; and examine the distribution and situation of the sinews, the veins, and the arteries, and the moulding of every other part; not even a whole year would suffice for such a disquisition.
9. For this reason, here dismissing this subject; and having given to the laborious and studious an opportunity, by what has been said, of going over likewise the other parts of Creation; we shall now direct our discourse to another point which is itself also demonstrative of God's providence. What then is this second point? It is, that when God formed man, he implanted within him from the beginning a natural law. And what then was this natural law? He gave utterance to conscience within us; and made the knowledge of good things, and of those which are the contrary, to be self-taught. For we have no need to learn that fornication is an evil thing, and that chastity is a good thing, but we know this from the first. And that you may learn that we know this from the first, the Lawgiver,15201520 He seems to mean the Divine Lawgiver. See Hom. de Pœnit. VI. (4), where he speaks of the "One Law-giver of the two Covenants," and so on Ps. xlvi. (al. xlvii.) (5), Ben. t. 5, p. 196; A. in Matt. Hom. XVI. Ben. t. 7, p. 213, B. when He afterwards gave laws, and said, "Thou shalt not kill,"15211521 Exod. xx. 13. did not add, "since murder is an evil thing," but simply said, "Thou shall not kill;" for He merely prohibited the sin, without teaching. How was it then when He said, "Thou shalt not kill," that He did not add, "because murder is a wicked thing." The reason was, that conscience had taught this beforehand; and He speaks thus, as to those who know and understand the point. Wherefore when He speaks to us of another commandment, not known to us by the dictate of consciences He not only prohibits, but adds the reason. When, for instance, He gave commandment 422respecting the Sabbath; "On the seventh day thou shalt do no work;" He subjoined also the reason for this cessation. What was this? "Because on the seventh day God rested from all His works which He had begun to make."15221522 Exod. xx. 10. And again; "Because thou wert a servant in the land of Egypt."15231523 Deut. xxi. 18. For what purpose then I ask did He add a reason respecting the Sabbath, but did no such thing in regard to murder? Because this commandment was not one of the leading ones. It was not one of those which were accurately defined of our conscience, but a kind of partial and temporary one; and for this reason it was abolished afterwards.15241524 κατελύθη μετὰ ταῦτα. See on Matt. v. 17, Hom. XVI. (1), St. Augustin, contr. Faust. vi. 4, speaks of it as allegorical, and now become superfluous in the letter. And Ep. lv. (al. cxix.), (Ad inq. Jan. i. 2), c. 22, he writes, "of all the Ten Commandments only that of the Sabbath is enjoined to be observed figuratively, which figure we have received to be understood, not to be still celebrated by rest of the body." St. Chrys. on Gen. ii. 3, Hom. X. (7), has, "Now already from the beginning God offered us instruction typically (αἰνιγματωδῶς), teaching us to dedicate and separate the one day in the circle of the week wholly to employment in things spiritual;" thus making the Sabbath a type of the Lord's Day, and rest from secular, of rest in spiritual work. But those which are necessary and uphold our life, are the following; "Thou shalt not kill; Thou shalt not commit adultery; Thou shalt not steal." On this account then He adds no reason in this case, nor enters into any instruction on the matter, but is content with the bare prohibition.
10. And not only from thence, but from another consideration also, I will endeavour to shew you how man was self-taught with respect to the knowledge of virtue. Adam sinned the first sin; and after the sin straightway hid himself; but if he had not known he had been doing something wrong, why did he hide himself? For then there were neither letters, nor law, nor Moses. Whence then doth he recognise the sin, and hide himself? Yet not only does he so hide himself, but when called to account, he endeavours to lay the blame on another, saying, "The woman, whom Thou gavest me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat." And that woman again transfers the accusation to another, viz. the serpent. Observe also the wisdom of God; for when Adam said, "I heard Thy voice, and I was afraid, for I was naked, and I hid myself,"15251525 Gen. iii. 10, 11, 12. God does not at once convict him of what he had done, nor say, "Why hast thou eaten of the tree?" But how? "Who told thee," He asks, "that thou wast naked, unless thou hast eaten of that Tree of which alone I commanded thee not to eat?" He did not keep silence, nor did He openly convict him. He did not keep silence, that He might call him forth to the confession of his crime. He did not convict him openly, lest the whole might come from Himself, and the man should so be deprived of that pardon which is granted us from confession.15261526 See Hom. VIII. 2. He does not mean that this of itself merits pardon; indeed the word is rather "allowance," or indulgence (συγγνώμη); but that it is a condition of pardon, and a great means of recovery. See on Heb. vi. 5, and Hooker, b. vi. c. iv. 16, where "Hom. de Pœn. et conf." is an extract from one found in the Greek. Ben. t. ii. 663, a Sav. viii. 97, 12. Therefore he did not declare openly the cause from whence this knowledge sprung, but he carried on the discourse in the form of interrogation, leaving the man himself to come to the confession.
11. Again, in the case of Cain and Abel, the same proceeding is observable. For, in the first place, they set apart the fruits of their own labours to God. For we would shew not from his sin only, but also from his virtue, that man was capable of knowing both these things. Wherefore that man knew sin to be an evil thing, Adam manifested; and that he knew that virtue was a good thing, Abel again made evident. For without having learnt it from any one, without having heard any law promulgated respecting the first fruits, but having been taught from within, and from his conscience, he presented that sacrifice. On this account I do not carry the argument down to a later period; but I bring it to bear upon the time of these earlier men, when there were as yet no letters, as yet no15271527 Sav. rep. as yet. law, nor as yet prophets and judges; but Adam only existed with his children; in order that thou mayest learn, that the knowledge of good and evil had been previously implanted in their natures. For from whence did Abel learn that to offer sacrifice was a good thing;15281528 See Davison's "Inquiry into the Origin and Intent of Primitive Sacrifice," reprinted in his Remains, where this view is maintained as at least probable, and freed from some objections. Archbishop Magee, in his work on the Atonement, vol. i. no. 41, vol. ii. no. 54, 58, &c., maintains the original, divine institution. It is difficult now to judge what may have been likely to seem reasonable and natural to our first parents, who had a stronger apprehension of natural things, as well as a more sensible communion with God, than we. It may be observed, that such a view does not interfere with the strictly typical character of the sacrifice, because man is made in the image of God, and many things which he does of mere nature, as well as moral actions not specially enjoined, are typical, and represented as typical in Holy Scripture. And again, sacrifice, if it originated in God's gift of reason, was certainly sanctioned, and endowed with an atoning power, by His special laws. The prevailing neglect of our Eucharistic oblation as such, and separating in thought our partaking of the sacrifice of our Lord from the sacrament of the altar, tend to obscure men's views on this subject. It is, however, difficult to conceive how the sacrifice of animals should have occurred to man, without some divine indication beyond the permission to use them for food. St. Chrys. on Gen. iv. Hom. XVIII. (5), speaks of nothing more than an offering "out of our possessions" as taught by natural conscience; and of Abel's offering being of the first-born, and of the best, as a proof of his devotion. On this view the type would arise from the divine permission of animal food. that it was good to honour God, and in all things to give thanks? "Why then?" replies some one, "did not Cain bring his offering?" This man also did offer sacrifice, but not in like manner. And from 423thence again the knowledge of conscience is apparent. For when, envying him who had been honoured, he deliberated upon murder, he conceals his crafty determination. And what says he; "Come, let us go forth into the field."15291529 Gen. iv. 9. This clause is added in the Vulgate as well as the Septuagint. The Hebrew seems to present an hiatus after רמאיו (said rather than spake). The Targum of Jerusalem and that called of Jonathan supply it, Tr. (The Samaritan and Syriac and Aquila also contain this clause. Origen did not find it in the Hebrew, and Onkelos omits it. Michælis quotes John xviii. 16, to meet the difficulty. Some render the word told, and refer it to what went before.). The outward guise was one thing, the pretence of love; the thought another, the purpose of fratricide. But if he had not known the design to be a wicked one, why did he conceal it? And again, after the murder had been perpetrated, being asked of God, "Where is Abel thy brother?" he answers, "I know not; Am I my brother's keeper?" Wherefore does he deny the crime? Is it not evidently because he exceedingly condemns himself. For as his father had hid himself, so also this man denies his guilt, and after his conviction, again says, "My crime is too great to obtain pardon."15301530 Gen. iv. 13, LXX.
12. But it may be objected, that the Gentile allows nothing of this sort. Come then, let us discuss this point, and as we have done with respect to the creation, having carried on the warfare against these objectors not only by the help of the Scriptures, but of reason, so also let us now do with respect to conscience. For Paul too, when he was engaged in controversy with such persons, entered upon this head. What then is it that they urge? They say, that there is no self-evident law seated in our consciences; and that God hath not implanted this in our nature. But if so, whence is it, I ask, that legislators have written those laws which are among them concerning marriages, concerning murders, concerning wills, concerning trusts, concerning abstinence from encroachments on one another, and a thousand other things. For the men now living may perchance have learned them from their elders;15311531 πρώτων, Lat. majoribus natu, which suggests πρὸ αὐτῶν, or πρεσβυτ™ρων, but 6 mss. agree. See Hom. IX. in St. Matt. ed. Field. and they from those who were before them, and these again from those beyond? But from whom did those learn who were the originators and first enactors of laws among them? Is it not evident that it was from conscience? For they cannot say, that they held communication with Moses; or that they heard the prophets. How could it be so when they were Gentiles? But it is evident that from the very law which God placed in man when He formed him from the beginning, laws were laid down, and arts discovered, and all other things. For the arts too were thus established, their originators having come to the knowledge of them in a self-taught manner.
13. So also came there to be courts of justice, and so were penalties defined, as Paul accordingly observes. For since many of the Gentiles were ready to controvert this, and to say, "How will God judge mankind who lived before Moses? He did not send a lawgiver; He did not introduce a law; He commissioned no prophet, nor apostle, nor evangelist; how then can He call these to account?" Since Paul therefore wished to prove that they possessed a self taught law; and that they knew clearly what they ought to do; hear how he speaks; "For when the Gentiles who have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these having not the law, are a law unto themselves; which shew the work of the law written in their hearts."15321532 Rom. ii. 14, 15. But how without letters? "Their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the meanwhile accusing, or else excusing one another. In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel."15331533 Rom. ii. 16. And again; "As many as have sinned without law, shall perish without law; and as many as have sinned in the law, shall be judged by the law."15341534 Rom. ii. 12. What means, "They shall perish without law?" The law not accusing them, but their thoughts, and their conscience; for if they had not a law of conscience, it were not necessary that they should perish through having done amiss. For how should it be so if they sinned without a law? but when he says, "without a law," he does not assert that they had no law, but that they had no written law, though they had the law of nature. And again; "But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile."15351535 Rom. ii. 10.
14. But these things he spake in reference to the early times, before the coming of Christ; and the Gentile he names here is not an idolater, but one who worshipped God only; unfettered by the necessity of Judaical observances, (I mean Sabbaths, and circumcision, and divers purifications,) yet exhibiting all manner of wisdom and piety.15361536 The term ῞Ελλην, "Gentile," or literally "Greek," usually at that time meant idolater. Thus we find many works of the Fathers "against the Greeks." But on the passage referred to, Hom. V. on Rom., he expressly includes Melchizedek and Job under the name as there used. These expressions, therefore, indicate what a man might be, though a Gentile, not what Gentiles usually were. Observe also that his description applies only to those spoken of in verse 10. But the being out of the Jewish Covenant applies also to the Gentiles in verses 8 and 9. And 424again, discoursing of such a worshipper, he observes, "Wrath and indignation, tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile."15371537 Rom. ii. 9. Again he here calls by the name of Greek one who was free from the observance of Judaic customs. If, then, he had not heard the law, nor conversed with the Jews, how could there be wrath, indignation and tribulation against him for working evil? The reason is, that he possessed a conscience inwardly admonishing him, and teaching him, and instructing him in all things. Whence is this manifest? From the way in which he15381538 al. they. punished others when they did amiss; from the way in which he laid down laws; from the way in which he set up the tribunals of justice. With the view of making this more plain, Paul spoke of those who were living in wickedness. "Who, knowing the ordinance of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but also consent with them that practise them."15391539 Rom. i. 32. "But from whence," says some one, "did they know, that it is the will of God, that those who live in iniquity should be punished with death?" From whence? Why, from the way in which they judged others who sinned. For if thou deemest not murder to be a wicked thing, when thou hast gotten a murderer at thy bar, thou shouldest not punish him. So if thou deemest it not an evil thing to commit adultery, when the adulterer has fallen into thy hands, release him from punishment! But if thou recordest laws, and prescribest punishments, and art a severe judge of the sins of others; what defence canst thou make, in matters wherein thou thyself doest amiss, by saying that thou art ignorant what things ought to be done? For suppose that thou and another person have alike been guilty of adultery. On what account dost thou punish him, and deem thyself worthy of forgiveness? Since if thou didst not know adultery to be wickedness, it were not right to punish it in another. But if thou punishest, and thinkest to escape the punishment thyself, how is it agreeable to reason that the same offences should not pay the same penalty?
15. This indeed is the very thing which Paul rebukes, when he says, "And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?"15401540 Rom. ii. 3. It is not, it cannot be possible; for from the very sentence, he means, which thou pronouncest upon another, from this sentence God will then judge thee. For surely thou art not just, and God unjust! But if thou overlookest not another suffering wrong, how shall God overlook? And if thou correctest the sins of others, how will not God correct thee? And though He may not bring the punishment upon thee instantly, be not confident on that account, but fear the more. So also Paul bade thee, saying, "Despisest thou the riches of His goodness, and forbearance, and longsuffering, not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?"15411541 Rom. ii. 4. For therefore, saith he, doth he bear with thee, not that thou mayest become worse, but that thou mayest repent. But if thou wilt not, this longsuffering becomes a cause of thy greater punishment; continuing, as thou dost, impenitent. This, however, is the very thing he means, when he says, "But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up to thyself wrath against the day of wrath, and revelation of the righteous judgment of God. Who will render to every man according to his deeds."15421542 Rom. ii. 5, 6. Since, therefore, He rendereth to every man according to his works; for this reason He both implanted within us a natural law, and afterwards gave us a written one, in order that He might demand an account of sins, and that He might crown those who act rightly. Let us then order our conduct with the utmost care, and as those who have soon to encounter a fearful tribunal; knowing that we shall enjoy no pardon, if after a natural as well as written law, and so much teaching and continual admonition, we neglect our own salvation.
16. I desire then to address you again on the subject of oaths; but I feel ashamed. For to me, indeed, it is not wearisome both by day and by night to repeat the same things to you. But I am afraid, lest, having followed you up so many days, I should seem to condemn you of great listlessness, that you should require continual admonition respecting so easy a matter. And I am not only ashamed, but also in fear for you! for frequent instruction to those who give heed, is salutary and profitable; but to those who are listless, it is injurious, and exceedingly perilous; for the oftener any one hears, the greater punishment does he draw upon himself, if he does not practise what is told him. With this accordingly God reproached the Jews, speaking thus: "I have sent my prophets, rising up early, and sending them; and even then ye did not hearken."15431543 Jer. xxix. 9. We therefore do this of our great care for you. But we fear, lest, on that tremendous Day, this ad425monition and counsel should rise up against you all. For when the point to be attained is easy, and he whose office it is continually to admonish, desists not from his task, what defence shall we have to offer? or what argument will save us from punishment? Tell me, if a sum of money chance to be due to you, do you not always, when you meet the debtor, remind him of the loan? Do thou too15441544 i.e, "as I am doing, and as thou wouldest in the case just mentioned." act thus; and let every one suppose that his neighbour owes him money, viz., the fulfilling of this precept; and upon meeting him, let him put him in mind of the payment, knowing that no small danger lies at our door, whilst we are unmindful of our brethren. For this cause I too cease not to make mention of these things. For I fear, lest by any means I should hear it said on that day, "O wicked and slothful servant, thou oughtest to have put my money to the exchangers."15451545 Matt. xxv. 26, 27. Behold, however, I have laid it down,15461546 i.e., considering them as the exchangers, to whom he was bound to deliver the truth entrusted to him, that its good effect might multiply. See his Commentary on the passage, Hom. LXXVIII., and another application on Rom. xvi. 6, Hom. XXXI. not once, or twice, but oftentimes. It is left then for you to discharge the usury of it. Now the usury of hearing is the manifestation of it by deeds, for the deposit is the Lord's. Therefore let us not negligently receive that with which we are entrusted; but let us keep it with diligence, that we may restore it with much interest on That Day. For unless thou bring others to the performance of the same good works, thou shalt hear that voice, which he who buried the talent heard. But God forbid it should be this! but may you hear that different voice which Christ uttered, saying to him who had made profit, "Well done, good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things."15471547 Matt. xxv. 21.
17. And this voice we shall hear, if we shew the same earnestness as he did. And we shall shew this earnestness, if we do this which I say. When you depart, whilst what you have heard is yet warm within you, exhort one another! And just as ye each salute at parting, so let every one go from hence with an admonition, and say to his neighbour, "Observe and remember that thou keep the commandment;" and thus shall we assuredly get the mastery. For when friends also dismiss one with such counsel; and on one's return home, one's wife again admonishes one to the same effect; and our word keeps its hold on you when alone; we shall soon shake off this evil habit. I know, indeed, that ye marvel why I am so earnest respecting this precept. But discharge the duty enjoined, and then I will tell you. Meanwhile, this I say; that this precept is a divine law; and it is not safe to transgress it. But if I shall see it rightly performed, I will speak of another reason,15481548 See Hom. XIV. (6). which is not less than this, that ye may learn that it is with justice I make so much ado about this law. But it is now time to conclude this address in a prayer. Wherefore, let us all say in common, "O God, Who willest not the death of a sinner, but that he should be converted and live; grant that we, having discharged this and every other precept, may be found worthy so to stand at the tribunal of Thy Christ, that having enjoyed great boldness, we may attain the kingdom to Thy glory. For to Thee belongeth glory, together with Thine only begotten Son, and the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and world without end." Amen.
1497 Ecclus. xviii. 25.
1498 See on Heb. vi. 4, Hom. IX. (4).
1499 1 Tim. i. 12, 13.
1500 στρατοπ™δον.
1501 That is, of being busy about the news from the court and the Emperor, upon which the fate of the city depended.
1504 αὐτὴν, i.e., τὴν κτίσιν, the Creation.
1505 Isa. xl. 42.
1506 Hom. IX. (3) (4), and notes. St. Chrys. on Hebr. viii. 1, Hom. XIV. (1), denies that the Heaven is either moveable or spherical. Plato, and most others, thought that the fixed stars moved with the whole solid firmament, but Philoponus argues that a sphere moving round its axis has motion of translation, and may be called fixed. See Mont. pref. to Cosmas Ægypt., in Coll. Nov. Patr. t. ii.
1508 Prov. vi. 6.
1509 2 Thess. iii. 10.
1510 See Wordsworth's Vernal Ode, Poems, vol. 3. He however only speaks of her as "a statist prudent to confer—upon the public weal."
1511 λόγους διδασκαλίας, v. 1 Tim. v. 17, Rom. xii. 7.
1512 Matt. x. 16.
1514 Isa. i. 3.
1515 Jer. viii. 7.
1516 Ps. cxl. 3.
1517 π€ντα.
1518 ἐξετραχήλισεν (a word used of a horse who throws the rider over his head), lit. brake the neck of, but the word is generally used of overthrowing by treachery. St. Chrysostom also uses it of elevating with pride, which may be intended here. As Hom. XIII. in Heb. v. fin.
1519 Ecclus. iii. 21, 22, 23.
1520 He seems to mean the Divine Lawgiver. See Hom. de Pœnit. VI. (4), where he speaks of the "One Law-giver of the two Covenants," and so on Ps. xlvi. (al. xlvii.) (5), Ben. t. 5, p. 196; A. in Matt. Hom. XVI. Ben. t. 7, p. 213, B.
1521 Exod. xx. 13.
1523 Deut. xxi. 18.
1524 κατελύθη μετὰ ταῦτα. See on Matt. v. 17, Hom. XVI. (1), St. Augustin, contr. Faust. vi. 4, speaks of it as allegorical, and now become superfluous in the letter. And Ep. lv. (al. cxix.), (Ad inq. Jan. i. 2), c. 22, he writes, "of all the Ten Commandments only that of the Sabbath is enjoined to be observed figuratively, which figure we have received to be understood, not to be still celebrated by rest of the body." St. Chrys. on Gen. ii. 3, Hom. X. (7), has, "Now already from the beginning God offered us instruction typically (αἰνιγματωδῶς), teaching us to dedicate and separate the one day in the circle of the week wholly to employment in things spiritual;" thus making the Sabbath a type of the Lord's Day, and rest from secular, of rest in spiritual work.
1525 Gen. iii. 10, 11, 12.
1526 See Hom. VIII. 2. He does not mean that this of itself merits pardon; indeed the word is rather "allowance," or indulgence (συγγνώμη); but that it is a condition of pardon, and a great means of recovery. See on Heb. vi. 5, and Hooker, b. vi. c. iv. 16, where "Hom. de Pœn. et conf." is an extract from one found in the Greek. Ben. t. ii. 663, a Sav. viii. 97, 12.
1527 Sav. rep. as yet.
1528 See Davison's "Inquiry into the Origin and Intent of Primitive Sacrifice," reprinted in his Remains, where this view is maintained as at least probable, and freed from some objections. Archbishop Magee, in his work on the Atonement, vol. i. no. 41, vol. ii. no. 54, 58, &c., maintains the original, divine institution. It is difficult now to judge what may have been likely to seem reasonable and natural to our first parents, who had a stronger apprehension of natural things, as well as a more sensible communion with God, than we. It may be observed, that such a view does not interfere with the strictly typical character of the sacrifice, because man is made in the image of God, and many things which he does of mere nature, as well as moral actions not specially enjoined, are typical, and represented as typical in Holy Scripture. And again, sacrifice, if it originated in God's gift of reason, was certainly sanctioned, and endowed with an atoning power, by His special laws. The prevailing neglect of our Eucharistic oblation as such, and separating in thought our partaking of the sacrifice of our Lord from the sacrament of the altar, tend to obscure men's views on this subject. It is, however, difficult to conceive how the sacrifice of animals should have occurred to man, without some divine indication beyond the permission to use them for food. St. Chrys. on Gen. iv. Hom. XVIII. (5), speaks of nothing more than an offering "out of our possessions" as taught by natural conscience; and of Abel's offering being of the first-born, and of the best, as a proof of his devotion. On this view the type would arise from the divine permission of animal food.
1529 Gen. iv. 9. This clause is added in the Vulgate as well as the Septuagint. The Hebrew seems to present an hiatus after רמאיו (said rather than spake). The Targum of Jerusalem and that called of Jonathan supply it, Tr. (The Samaritan and Syriac and Aquila also contain this clause. Origen did not find it in the Hebrew, and Onkelos omits it. Michælis quotes John xviii. 16, to meet the difficulty. Some render the word told, and refer it to what went before.).
1530 Gen. iv. 13, LXX.
1531 πρώτων, Lat. majoribus natu, which suggests πρὸ αὐτῶν, or πρεσβυτ™ρων, but 6 mss. agree. See Hom. IX. in St. Matt. ed. Field.
1532 Rom. ii. 14, 15.
1533 Rom. ii. 16.
1536 The term ῞Ελλην, "Gentile," or literally "Greek," usually at that time meant idolater. Thus we find many works of the Fathers "against the Greeks." But on the passage referred to, Hom. V. on Rom., he expressly includes Melchizedek and Job under the name as there used. These expressions, therefore, indicate what a man might be, though a Gentile, not what Gentiles usually were. Observe also that his description applies only to those spoken of in verse 10. But the being out of the Jewish Covenant applies also to the Gentiles in verses 8 and 9.
1537 Rom. ii. 9.
1538 al. they.
1542 Rom. ii. 5, 6.
1543 Jer. xxix. 9.
1544 i.e, "as I am doing, and as thou wouldest in the case just mentioned."
1545 Matt. xxv. 26, 27.
1546 i.e., considering them as the exchangers, to whom he was bound to deliver the truth entrusted to him, that its good effect might multiply. See his Commentary on the passage, Hom. LXXVIII., and another application on Rom. xvi. 6, Hom. XXXI.
1547 Matt. xxv. 21.
1548 See Hom. XIV. (6).


MADISON COUNTY, Ala. — Huntsville Police have reopened the intersection of Winchester Road and North Memorial Parkway following a two-vehicle wreck Wednesday morning.
According to police, a vehicle traveling northbound on Memorial Parkway hit the back of a truck. Police said the driver of the vehicle was injured. The driver was taken to the hospital with non-life threatening injuries.
Police had temporarily shut down northbound lanes on Memorial Parkway and east and westbound lanes of Winchester Road while they worked to clear the road.


The purposes of this Federal Law are to protect the rights and lawful interests of citizens, society and the State by creating a legal mechanism to combat the laundering of proceeds from crime.
This Federal Law shall regulate the relations of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign nationals and stateless persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation, organizations conducting transactions involving monetary or other assets, and also State bodies which, in the territory of the Russian Federation, monitor transactions involving monetary or other assets, for the purpose of preventing, identifying and suppressing activities connected with the laundering of proceeds from crime.
In accordance with the international agreements to which the Russian Federation is a party, this Federal Law shall also apply to physical and juridical persons who conduct transactions involving monetary or other assets outside the territory of the Russian Federation.
"Internal monitoring" shall mean action taken by organizations conducting transactions involving monetary or other assets in order to identify transactions which are subject to compulsory monitoring, as well as other transactions involving monetary or other assets which are connected with the laundering of proceeds from crime.
Недорогие межкомнатные двери Ассортимент пополнился новыми интересными моделями. Недорогие межкомнатные двери в Москве.


text:
Q: How to get ALL communities from DSpace rest api Using the endpoint:
GET https://mydspace.org/rest/communities/

I seem to only get 100 results returned. I can't see any options in the documentation to return more. How do I do this?

A: *

*Most of the DSpace rest endpoints support a limit parameter.  I suppose that there is some maximum size that you can request, but the limit should be able to go higher than 100.

*

*https://demo.dspace.org/rest/communities?limit=500

*If you still are unable to retrieve everything in one request (or if you timeout), you can paginate through the results in your code.

*

*https://demo.dspace.org/rest/communities?limit=100

*https://demo.dspace.org/rest/communities?offset=100&limit=100

*https://demo.dspace.org/rest/communities?offset=200&limit=100

*There is an endpoint (in DSpace 6) that will allow you to retrieve the ids and handles for the full hierarchy.

*

*https://demo.dspace.org/rest/hierarchy

A: It's not very prominent, but pagination of REST responses is documented at https://wiki.duraspace.org/display/DSDOC6x/REST+API#RESTAPI-RESTEndpoints just above "Index / Authentication".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Metasploit Framework Updated: What's your Favorite Resource Script?
About a week ago, munky9001 posted on Reddit the headline, DB_Autopwn Deprecated! About time. Shortly after, HD wrote up a blog post, Six Ways to Automate Metasploit, with the moral of the story being, "don't cry for db_autopwn, there are already much better methods to get your automated pwnage on." Of these, the easiest and most straightforward way to automate things is to write a resource script.
There's exactly one rc script in there right now (thanks Mubix!), but if you have a resource script that you'd like to share, please feel free to submit it via a pull request to our GitHub repository -- especially if your favorite resource script does something novel and interesting with modules, targets, or something we haven't thought of yet.
Metasploit contributor pello brings us a new auxiliary module, dns_fuzzer.rb. As part of testing, I threw this module against three different DNS resolvers to just watch the traffic, and promptly crashed one of targets. Clearly, grown-up DNS servers shouldn't fall over in the face of malformed traffic delivered at regular Internet speeds, so if you're feeling like hunting for remote 0-day for fame and fortune, you could do worse than starting with this module.
We have three new modules exploiting CVE-classified bugs: CVE-2011-4350, which affects the Yaws webserver; CVE-2011-4453, which affects the PHP application PmWiki; and CVE-2005-4832, which affects Oracle Database Server 10g. The Oracle bug dates back to 2005, but as mentioned last week, running installations of older, unpatched software is often a surprising finding that a penetration tester can present to a client.
As for the non-CVE-classified exploits, we're now shipping modules for Family Connections (a quasi-blog application), Traq (a bug tracking application), Ability Server (a commercial FTP server), and CoDeSys Webserver. That last one with the funny camel-cased name apparently has something to do with a webserver that's used to control remote PLC's for SCADA operations, so the fact that it's unclassified seems a little disconcerting.


Today's beat inspired is some one whom I've never heard of before today. She goes by the name of IZy. She is a very dope beatmaker-producer, that I just so happen to come across while searching for content to add for the beat inspired beatmaker of the week on youtube. What I most liked about IZy is that she oozed extreme confidence and came up with a catchy tune in under 5 minutes. Very dope and I look forward to seeing IZy fulfill her dreams.
Remember to always "Beat Inspired".


More than 80 percent of nearly physical therapists surveyed said they have encountered sexual remarks, touches, indecent exposure and sexual assault. The most recent studies that focused specifically on patient sexual harassment and physical therapists were done in the United States, Canada and Australia in the late s, the study team notes. At that time, nearly 80 percent of therapists said they had experienced sexual harassment, and one quarter of those reported psychological consequences such as anger, guilt, fear, anxiety and depression. About 80 percent of the participants were women, and 60 percent reported working with patients who had dementia, delirium or brain injuries. Most said they treated an equal number of male and female patients. Researchers found that 84 percent of survey participants had experienced inappropriate patient sexual behavior during their career, and 47 percent experienced it during the last year.
Epub Jan Physical therapists' perceptions of sexual boundaries in clinical practice in the United States. Physical therapists' perceptions of sexual boundaries in clinic settings in the United States have not been studied. Given the magnitude of potential consequences of sexual boundary violations, examination of this topic is imperative.
Ffrancesca Famorcan Take your patient on a journey. Life is about creating yourself. As young professionals, it is crucial for us to learn the keys to marketing. From applying to a coveted dream job to building a clientele for a new business, we must market our skill sets and knowledge to attract potential employers and patients.
Physical therapists' perceptions of sexual boundaries in clinical practice in the United States.
Originally Posted by robertdawson Is there any way at all for me to have a chance with my physical therapist? I'm sure there is a code of ethics that prevents dating patients and I think most PTs would probably be hesitant to flirt if they were interested out of fear of getting sued or getting in trouble by a superior. Anyway, I'm being treated for a weight lifting injury and there is an intern that is basically my age just graduated college who is very attractive.


UPDATED: Raheem Kassam has withdrawn in disgrace and humiliation from the UKIP leadership race following allegations of fraud, and sexist abuse against a rival female contender.
He was the bookies second favourite to win the contest, and now hopes to benefit from a victory of Donald Trump in the US elections. Trump is unlikely to be aware of Kassam's sordid past.
In a sign of his psychopathic tendencies (see below) he has (today by email) demanded more money from The Commentator in addition to fraud, extortion and blackmail money already procured, (amounting to £21,000 at minimum). The Commentator will send his email to the police.
Kassam, who was sacked from The Commentator for gross and extreme misconduct, faced questions in the media around his mistreatment of women. He has also been accused of criminal activity, accusations he has never dared to dispute in a court of law.
"This newspaper has obtained further evidence of Kassam's abuse of Ms Evans, including a tweet that is too obscene to publish in a family newspaper in which he compares her to a 'rotting corpse'.
"The Mail on Sunday can also disclose that when asked to describe his philosophy, he replied: 'Get drunk, **** sluts.'"
"Kassam, 30, who has defended Donald Trump over sexist comments, has repeatedly come under fire for tasteless remarks about women.
"He once called for SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon's legs to be 'taped together' so she could not 'reproduce'."
Kassam first entered UKIP after quitting the Conservative Party because of disagreements around his controversial views. He has been fired and faced disciplinary proceedings from previous employers and associates.
There were longstanding fears within UKIP that Kassam viewed women as second class citizens, but that didn't stop Nigel Farage from endorsing him, in exchange for top spots on US TV channels and a keynote speech in the Trump campaign.
UKIP styles itself as an anti-establishment party that has no truck with sleaze. Yet, Kassam, widely known as a an unprincipled scoundrel even by Westminster Village standards, had flourished in UKIP.
Questions now arise as to who pushed him forward, who backed him, and who should also now be held to account following his definitive political demise.
Kassam has also been described as a "psychopath". Analysts friendly to The Commentator suggest that such a description may have merit.


text:
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Jared Olsen
Cheyenne, WY Divorce Attorney with 6 years experience
(307) 414-8385	307 E. 17th Street
Free ConsultationDivorce, Estate Planning, Family and Probate
Jared Olsen is the founder and owner of Olsen Legal Group, LLC, an innovative and successful law practice in the heart of beautiful downtown Cheyenne, Wyoming. Jared is the Representative for House District 11 in the Wyoming House of Representatives. He is a proud graduate of the University of Wyoming College of Law. He also received his Master of Public Administration from the University of Wyoming and his Bachelor of Science in Political Science from Weber State University. Prior to founding Olsen Legal Group, LLC, Jared practiced law for a Cheyenne firm devoted exclusively to family law....
Adam Edward Phillips
Lander, WY Divorce Attorney with 10 years experience
(307) 332-2034	260 Lincoln Street
Lander, WY 82520
Divorce, Business, Criminal Defense and Family
Adam Phillips was raised in Evanston, Wyoming. After graduating from Brigham Young University with a Bachelor of Arts Degree, he had a strong desire to return to the cowboy state, and attend the University Of Wyoming College Of Law. Adam has a rich family history with Wyoming and the law. Adam's father, two brothers, and several extended family members are all Wyoming College of Law graduates and lawyers.
After graduating in 2007, Adam relocated to Lander to begin his legal career with the Fremont County Attorney's Office. He worked as a prosecutor until 2012 when he opened a general and trial...
Jeffrey Van Fleet
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(307) 745-7358	163 N 4th St
Free ConsultationDivorce, Business, Family and Real Estate
Jeffery "Jeff" Van Fleet has spent the bulk of his life in the Rocky Mountains. He utilizes his diverse background to provide quality legal representation with compassion. Jeff graduated from the University of Wyoming College of Law. Prior to law school, he spent nearly 18 years as a law enforcement officer in Colorado, and served 4 years with the United States Marine Corps.
"I recognize that as an attorney, I need to know more than what the law is, I must be aware of how the law affects the individuals I represent, physically, emotionally and financially. I have...
Alex Berger
Gillette, WY Divorce Lawyer with 6 years experience
(307) 257-6368	603 S Gillette Ave
Gillette, WY 82716
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Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
Alex grew up on the Mississippi River in the Quad Cities area. He worked in his father's title insurance agency throughout high school, college and law school. He graduated in the top ten percent of his class at Indiana University with his law degree in 2012 and has been practicing ever since. He and his wife moved to Gillette in 2014. He currently focuses on family law issues under his family law mentor Dwight Hurich. He is the Berger in Berger & Brown and his law-school friend Sean Brown is the Brown. Alex has a daughter, a wife, a...
Ms. Pamela T Parkins
Wilson, WY Divorce Lawyer with 17 years experience
(208) 390-5638	3490 Clubhouse Drive, Suite 104
Wilson, WY 83014
Free ConsultationDivorce, Appeals, Business and Family
Quinnipiac University School of Law and Florida State University College of Law
The Parkins Law Office, PLLC is a full service general practice law firm. The firm's mission is to deliver high-quality legal work in a prompt, professional and empathetic manner. We will creatively and aggressively pursue your case for you so that you can get a fresh start and peace of mind.
Benjamin J Sherman
Cheyenne, WY Divorce Lawyer with 5 years experience
(307) 414-8385	307 East 17th Street
Benjamin was born in Jefferson City, Missouri but his parents wisely moved him out to Wyoming when he was only 6 months old. Benjamin was raised in Cheyenne and Laramie until he graduated from Laramie Senior High School and left Wyoming to go back to Missouri for his undergraduate studies. Benjamin graduated from Southeast Missouri State University where he studied American History, Logic and American Literature. After graduating, Benjamin attended the University of Wyoming College of Law. During Law School, Benjamin worked in a family law firm in Laramie, was the Dean of his Law Fraternity, Delta Theta Phi, and...
Mary Elizabeth Galvan
Laramie, WY Divorce Attorney with 38 years experience
(307) 745-7091	410 East Grand, Suite 211
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MARY ELIZABETH GALVAN, of Galvan & Fritzen, an Association of Sole Practitioners, has practiced domestic relations law, employment law, civil rights law, and criminal law since 1980. In addition to her litigation practice, she has conducted employment law seminars since 1991, drafts and reviews personnel manuals for Wyoming employers in the private sector, and is available for mediation in the area of employment conflict resolution. In 2011, she represented the successful appellant in Christianson v. Christianson, 2011 WY 90, which recognized same sex marriages in Wyoming for purposes of obtaining subject matter jurisdiction in divorce cases....
Donald Lee Tolin
Casper, WY Divorce Lawyer with 40 years experience
(307) 234-0864	340 West B Street, Suite 203
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DaNece Day
GILLETTE, WY Divorce Attorney with 22 years experience
(307) 682-7337	201 West Lakeway Road
Ms. Day has been practicing law for 22 years in northeastern Wyoming. She began her career as an attorney for the Child Support Authority. Since that time she has handled thousands of divorce, child custody, child support and other family law matters. She is a certified family law mediator.
Erin Elaine Mercer
Sheridan, WY Divorce Lawyer with 17 years experience
(307) 675-1221	1949 Sugarland Drive, Suite 221
Divorce, Family and Workers' Comp
Erin received her law degree from the University of Wyoming in 2001. Prior to that, Erin worked as a nurse and was head of the workers' compensation department for a large company in Colorado. Since becoming an attorney, Erin has practiced in criminal law, family law and workers' compensation. Erin was a deputy county attorney in Gillette, Campbell County, Wyoming before opening Plains Law Offices, LLP with her husband, Kenneth DeCock, in 2004. Erin was appointed to the Wyoming Legislature in 2005, and served in that capacity for five years. Erin now practices primarily in...
Stacy Kirven
Sheridan, WY Divorce Attorney with 4 years experience
(307) 414-9800	147 W Burkitt St
Divorce, Criminal Defense, Family and Immigration
Born in Dallas, Texas, Stacy M. Kirven has lived in Sheridan, Wyoming since she was 6 years old. Stacy received her Bachelor of Arts degrees in both Criminal Justice and Political Science from Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington. Stacy earned her Juris Doctorate degree and graduated in December of 2014 from the University of Wyoming College of Law.
Stacy spent her first four years of practice as an Associate Attorney with the Barney & Graham, LLC law firm in Sheridan before opening Kirven Law, LLC. Stacy has ample experience in representing clients with domestic relations issues, including: divorce,...
John Zebre
Rock Springs, WY Divorce Lawyer with 46 years experience
(307) 382-4695	1471 Dewar Dr
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Lauretta Young Welch
Jackson, WY Divorce Lawyer with 11 years experience
(307) 733-7703	172 Center Street, Suite 202
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Colby K Sturgeon
Torrington, WY Divorce Lawyer
(307) 532-5523	2210 East A Street
Torrington, WY 82240
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Being a Torrington, Wyoming native, I have grown fond of the people of Wyoming. This fondness has created a desire to want to represent normal, hardworking individuals. I want to be the lawyer that listens and helps guide you through the stressful legal problem you face. I am willing to assist you with all your legal needs no matter how large or small. I am committed to serving the people of Wyoming and hopefully make their life a little bit easier.
Rendy Sell Lemke
Cheyenne, WY Divorce Lawyer with 19 years experience
(307) 509-0438	PO Box 351
Free ConsultationDivorce, Domestic Violence, Family and Juvenile
Rendy Lemke is a lawyer and member of the Colorado State Bar and the Wyoming State Bar. She has more than 18 years of experience in the courts of Larimer and Laramie counties.
Steve Harton
Rock Springs, WY Divorce Attorney
Free ConsultationDivorce, Elder, Estate Planning and Family
Jason Petri
(307) 352-9352	1993 Dewar Drive
Free ConsultationDivorce, Family and Juvenile
Ryan P. Healy
(307) 672-7437	49 South Main Street
Free ConsultationDivorce, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Domestic Violence
At Healy Law Firm, we are committed to providing aggressive, dedicated and cost-effective legal representation for all of our clients. Whether you are accused of a crime, injured in an accident, or otherwise need a hard-working law firm to fight for you and your rights, we have the experience you need and will be with you throughout your legal process.
Christopher Michael Wages
Buffalo, WY Divorce Attorney with 20 years experience
Cole N. Sherard
Laramie, WY Divorce Lawyer with 15 years experience
(307) 745-3626	501 East Garfield Street
Divorce, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Real Estate
Cole Sherard practices criminal law throughout the state of Wyoming including the towns of Wheatland, Laramie, Torrington, Douglas, Cheyenne, Casper and Rawlins with the knowledge, skill, and trial experience to zealously represent his client's interests. From serious felony charges and misdemeanor citations, DUIs and driver license suspensions, drug charges, possession of marijuana and game and fish violations, Cole helps his clients maneuver through the criminal justice system to prove his client's innocence at trial or lessen the impact these accusations will have on their future. He has a proven track record for getting great results for his clients...
Linda Steiner
(307) 635-4365	1807 Capitol Ave
Christopher James King Esq.
Worland, WY Divorce Lawyer with 9 years experience
(307) 347-9801	1112 Robertson Avenue
Worland, WY 82401
Divorce, Criminal Defense, Domestic Violence and Family
Michael Reese
(307) 634-7648	211 W 19th St
Divorce, Civil Rights, Criminal Defense and Family
Shelly Kay Flot
(307) 634-0661	7300 Yellowstone Rd
Divorce, Bankruptcy, Family and Personal Injury
Ms. Flot has been practicing law for 22 years in the areas of divorce, adoption, modifications of family law cases, bankruptcty and auto accidents.
Jason Ochs
Casper, WY Divorce Attorney
(307) 234-3239	323 S. David Street
Divorce, Asbestos, Consumer and Insurance Claims
The OneCLE Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Wyoming Divorce Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.


Examples of reverence for the Great Leader were everywhere. His pictures adorned the inside of every hotel and public building we entered, in addition to his ubiquitous visage appearing on billboards and statues across the land. Whenever you visited any site – whether that be a school, farm, education institution, historical site or a construction project – the local guide would tell us with a breathless awe how many times the Great Leader had toured the site, when was the occasion of the last visit, and the enlightened ideas he contributed to the success of the project. According to reports, people were so moved by the selflessness, generosity, love and revolutionary ideals of the Great Leader during these visits that their eyes were often "swimming with tears." Any visit would be marked by a display of photos and a map of his walking route through the building in question. As an added reminder of this auspicious occasion, plaques were placed at the rooms he had graced with his presence.
Though gazing wistfully at images of the Great Leader is respectful enough, the greatest homage is the pilgrimage to the Kumsusan Memorial Palace, his former residence where he permanently lies in state. It is a requirement that all men should wear a shirt, tie, trousers and dark shoes, but in keeping with my aim of being a "model tourist" I brought a whole suit, complete with fetching cufflinks – which impressed the Guide and Official to no end. This was important, for it was an easier time for all concerned if our hosts could trust us to respect their customs and ideals.
Upon arrival, we needed to remove all bulging objects from our pockets. There was some consternation about bringing my asthma medication (in case of overwhelming excitement) and it was only allowed to pass when the Guide agreed to carry it. After leaving my hat and camera in the cloak room, we needed to stand four abreast before entering – which suited our small group perfectly.
We were subjected to a full metal detector scan – men and women had separate queues, an appropriate decorum given has closely pressed and prodded I was by the male guard. After this intrusion, we boarded a series of travelators that conveyed us more than 200 metres down a massive corridor. We had to stand (and not walk) as it slowly carried us forward. On the opposite side of the hallway (only two metres away) and coming towards us, were clusters of tightly packed and well dressed North Koreans on travelators leaving the Mausoleum. All were sombre and downcast, and they silently stared at us as we silently stared at them. It was like two extremely long fish-tanks quietly passing each other – most bizarre.
Upon finally reaching the end of the hallway of travelators – and after washing and scrubbing our shoes on a conveniently placed floor facility, we turned right and boarded an escalator to enter the Mausoleum. This was a resplendent building smothered in marble, with the natural cream and grey patterns covering every centimetre of step, pillar, floor, wall and ceiling. We again stood four abreast as we entered a capacious room, where at the far end, and in front of a wall illuminated by a red and white light, stood a gold statue of the Great Leader. Celestial music wafted around the airy interior and I audibly drew my breath at this sublime sight. We halted at a red line before the statue and bowed devotedly before exiting the room.
We were then given an audio guide for our walk through an area with images of grieving people. The small device pressed against my ear delivered a panegyric dripping with biblical prose. It revealed the "shattering bereavement" of the nation upon the Great Leader's passing, and that this "Hall of Lamentation" shall forever mourn his demise. Totalitarian regimes sure do have a way with words. The conclusion pronounced that the Great Leader was a gift from the universe who will save all mankind through his Juche philosophy. For any person who doubted that North Korea had deified the Kim Il Sung, this two minutes of flowery prose settled the issue as North Korea's religion is an unyielding devotion to the Great Leader.
After returning our audio guides we crouched slightly to pass through a purification chamber whose blasting air tussled our clothing and grooming. As everyone readjusted their hair, I felt a tingling sensation as we entered the final room, a towering columned enclosure bathed in a vermillion light. We stood four abreast as we approached the preserved Great Leader laying serenely within a glass case. Our small group approached the case, and in a meditative silence, we bowed at the feet of the Heavenly Leader. We moved clockwise to bow at his left side, and at this close angle, I could see he looked weighty, as one would expect from a person who had lain motionless for many years, and was attired in an immaculate dark suit. We proceeded around the head of the Great Leader (but did not bow) and gave our final bow to his right side. I watched the North Koreans in the room – the men looked positively distraught as they paid homage, and the women, all adorned in their finest traditional Korean clothes – held handkerchiefs to their faces to wipe away their tears. The only discernible sounds were of footsteps and the sniffling of mourners.
After leaving this room, we were shown a display on the Great Leader's extensive travels, including the train carriages donated by the Soviet Union and China that transported him around the country. After another travelator-related staring contest with more North Koreans when leaving the Mausoleum, the homage was concluded.


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The sandwich generation – I never really understood what that meant until recently.
My four year old daughter was diagnosed with leukaemia last month and my 71-year old mother had a heart attack a few weeks later.
And now I am stuck in the middle.
My daughter is a real mummy's girl. She needs me by her side to get through this. I need to be there.
My mother divorced my dad when I was three (I am now 44) and she has been on her own since. My brother lives in Greece. My mother needs me too. I need to be there.
I am most certainly the ham in the sandwich. Whether I like it or not. Two people need me and I am stepping up with a fierce determination to get them better.
My mum until recently helped with my four children. I was back at work full time. My husband working full time. We hired an Aupair but mum was the glue.
There was a scramble at first and now a peaceful realisation. I can be the glue! I can do this.
This is the biggest job of my life. Forget being a New York lawyer or a journalist during the 911 attacks.
Paid work will always be there. For now this is where I belong.
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