We make use of time tested and established techniques to offer you a complete service. We do letter press printing on small runs to customer specifications and also print our own ephemera just to keep the presses working. We often print promotional material for other members in the IP Hub as a means of promoting letterpress work in general.
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We understand that each client's needs and circumstances are unique; and often complex and overwhelming. We will work with you with patience, reassurance and understanding.
JOY 94.9 hosted a Modern Family Legal Forum
On Saturday 23 May 2015 Nicholes Family Lawyers and JOY 94.9 hosted a Modern Family Legal Forum. JOY 94.9's award winning broadcaster and radio producer, Dean Beck, interviewed several guests on important perspectives of LGBTI parenting issues and there was dynamic discussion amongst the various members of the audience who were all stakeholders in the community including representatives from Rainbow Families, Gay Dads, Melbourne IVF Clinic, Immigration Law Expert and Nicholes Family Lawyers (LGBTI team) speaking about all laws relating to the parentage of children born of same sex relationships, the role and rights of donors and the use of international sperm, co-parenting arrangements, adoption, foster care, surrogacy and visa issues. Speaking were also Vincent Papaleo Psychologist, Jacqui Tomlins the author the Resource Kit for Rainbow Families, LGBTI mums and dads and donors discussing their experiences (covering various scenarios such as co-parenting, foster care, adoption and surrogacy). The link to the podcast of the JOY 94.9 Modern Family Legal Forum which will be airing in June. Watch this space.
Nicholes Family Lawyers can provide advice in relation to the complex legal issues that may arise in relation to starting families and other issues affecting the GLBTI community. There are many options for same sex couples starting their own families and donors. We work with all the relevant stakeholders and empathise with the issues that affect the community and promote a pathway to navigating some of the legal challenges. Please call our office on 9670 4122 or visit our website www.nicholeslaw.com.au to confer with our LGBTI specialist legal team.

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Journal of Water and Land Development
Journal of Water and Land Development - is a peer reviewed research journal published in English. Journal has been published continually since 1998. From 2013, the journal is published quarterly in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In 2011 and 2012 the journal was published twice a year, and between 1998 and 2010 it was published as a yearbook. . Papers may report the results of experiments, theoretical analyses, design of machines and mechanization systems, processes or processing methods, new materials, new measurements methods or new ideas in information technology.
The Journal of Water and Land Development is the quarterly journal devoted to the publication of papers dealing with the following subjects:
- development of water resources in small river basins: assessment of surface and ground water resources, drought and floods, the methods of assessment of man activity influence on water resources;
- sustainable development of agricultural landscape: farm arrangement, wetlands protection, the role of forest and grassland;
- protection of water resources quality: non-point contamination from agriculture, villages and farms, methods of surface and ground water pro-tection;
- irrigation and drainage: management, maintenance and operation, water use, water-crop relations, the influence of drainage and irrigation on environment;
- hydraulic structures for water management in small basins, earth structures, river conservation, etc.
Cite Score 2.2
Index Copernicus Value 132.77
SCImago Journal Rank 0.418
Scource Normalized Impact per Paper 1.134
Polish Academy of Sciences Committee on Agronomic Sciences Section of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering in Agriculture; Institute of Technology and Life Sciences
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2006 | No 10 |
1 Management of water resources in rural areas: the Polish approach
Waldemar Mioduszewski
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2006 | No 10 | 3-14
Keywords: agriculture rural areas Water Framework Directive water resources wetlands
The Water Framework Directive (WFD), whose basic aim was to create a legal back-ground for water bodies' protection, undoubtedly affects all economic sectors. Being a specific and distinctly different water user, agriculture will have the greatest share in the implementation of WFD out of all sectors of national economy. This results from its special character (60% of the country area used by agriculture), large volume of water consumed by evapotranspiration, diffuse pollution etc. Implementation of WFD will call for undertaking of many activities to restrict an unfavourable im-pact of agriculture on water resources and water related ecosystems. It is assumed that agriculture should also protect water resources. Accomplishment of this task imposes significant changes in the land use of river basins. Water management can be an essential factor deciding about the sustainable development of rural areas and biological diversity of agricultural landscape. Actions undertaken so far to implement the WFD are mainly limited to the protection of water quality from agricultural pol-lution. It is also necessary to undertake implementation of other aims of WFD. This refers especially to the provision of good hydromorphological status of water bodies, protection of water related eco-systems and effective water use.
2 Elements of water management planning according to EU Water Framework Directive in the catchment of Upper Narew
Dorota Pusłowska-Tyszewska, Janusz Kindler, Sylwester Tyszewski
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2006 | No 10 | 15-38
Keywords: hydrology management plan river basin water balance water management
Analysis of the national and regional plans shows that the current year, 2006, shall deter-mine the key lines of national and regional development practically till 2015, that means till the time when, under the Water Framework Directive, Poland should have achieved its major objectives. This year shall witness decision making not only on the key objectives, priority strategies and measures undertaken for social and economic development of the country and regions, but also allocation of the main streams of funds from the EU and public funds from national sources. This is a sort of chal-lenge for administration bodies responsible for water management, particularly in respect of pro-gramming water management tasks and their incorporation into documents which are strategic for development on national and regional level. Over 2006–2008 efforts of water management admini-stration bodies should be focused on incorporation of water management issues into the consecutive edition of the National Ecological Policy and environmental protection programmes – at regional level, to be followed by county and community levels. This paper is a part of the broad stream of methodology and pilot work on the implementation of provisions of the Water Framework Directive in Poland. The main body of the paper consists of the summary of work done for the pilot river basin of Upper Narew.
Dorota Pusłowska-Tyszewska
Janusz Kindler
Sylwester Tyszewski
3 Implementation of the Water Framework Directive: achievements and lessons learned at the half-way mark
Thomas Ietswaart
Keywords: water management flood protection water quality surface water
The Netherlands has a long tradition in water management, mainly stemming from the geography of the country. The 'struggle with water' has been organised from medieval times by the water boards (waterschappen), which are the oldest democratic institutions in the Netherlands. Nowa-days the water boards, 27 in the whole of the Netherlands, are not only responsible for flood protec-tion and regulation of water levels, but for water quality management and waste water treatment as well. In the years in which the WFD implementation has been underway in the Netherlands, several issues have arisen. Cooperation between all levels of government is key. This requires as clear as possible divisions of competences between the various parties involved. It also takes much time, es-pecially in a process in which many matters have to be invented 'on the fly', such as criteria for des-ignating water bodies, ecological standards, and the formulation of MEP and GEP.
4 Impact of the WFD on agriculture in the Netherlands and possible effect-specific hydrological measures: the Dutch approach
Jan van Bakel
Keywords: irrigation drainage water management nutrients regulated outflow
The European Water Framework Directive can have enormous consequences for agricul-ture in the Netherlands. In parts of the country agriculture should be taken out of production because the nutrient loads to the surface water system are far too high. This doom scenario is of course unde-sired and a number of source-specific and effect-specific measures are necessary. The fate of nutri-ents in the soil is strongly interrelated with its hydrology. Directly, because nutrients are transported by water and the distribution of the residence time of drainage water is a good measure for the time behaviour of the nutrient loads to the surface water system. Longer residence time in the soil means more of nutrients applied by farmers but also a longer recovery period, after applying source-specific measures. In this paper three promising effect-specific hydrological measures are described buffer strips, retention strips, and controlled drainage.
5 The function of permanent grasslands in water resources protection
Halina Jankowska-Huflejt
Keywords: diffuse pollution grassland water balance water quality
Permanent grasslands – according to the Water Framework Directive – are typical water related ecosystems so they largely affect water quality, its cycling and balance and therefore deserve protection. They are an element of landscape structure (ecosystem function or service) commonly considered a factor stabilising environmental changes.
Most threats posed to waters in Poland originate from present cropland structure with its definite predominance of arable lands over grasslands. Agriculture should therefore focus on the improvement of land use structure in order to minimise environmental hazards and to guarantee at the same time optimum economic effects. This could be achieved by turning arable lands into grasslands (where justified e.g. on light soils) or at least by maintaining present grassland area (condition in negotiations with the EU) and management that would consider environmental protection.
Increasing the contribution of grasslands to cropland structure or at least maintaining their pre-sent status quo would help to achieve compromise between the goals of farmers and environmental protection. Purposeful utilisation of ecosystem services, particularly those of grasslands, allows to maintain more intensive farming without environmental hazard. Limited should be only such activi-ties whose intensity exceeds regenerative or buffering environmental capacity e.g. on grounds par-ticularly subjected to water pollution or those included into Natura 2000 network.
6 The protection of wetlands as valuable natural areas and water cycling regulators
Keywords: irrigation-drainage system river basins water balance wetlands
Wetlands play a significant role in agricultural landscape. They are the areas of exception-ally great natural values able to regulate water cycling in river catchments. In many cases they are the basic food source for bred animals.
Large areas of wetlands (c. 4 million ha) have been drained for agricultural purposes in Poland. Nevertheless, there are still numerous natural (or close to natural) wetlands, part of which is protected in nature reserves or national parks.
Having in mind the transformation of agriculture and the need of protecting water resources and natural environment, it is necessary to regulate the principles of utilisation and management of re-claimed wetlands. Water management should be adjusted to the type of an area and to environmental requirements. Regardless of the type and intensity of agricultural use of wetlands one has to aim at limiting rapid outflow of spring thaw and rainfall waters which means the reconstruction and increas-ing of natural retention capacity of the river catchment. It is necessary to provide an appropriate num-ber of water lifting facilities and their proper exploitation in land reclamation objects.
It is as well necessary to create appropriate organizational, legal and financial conditions stimu-lating actions to improve water balance and wetland protection.
7 Measures for soil water control in Poland
Edward Pierzgalski, Jerzy Jeznach
Keywords: drainage irrigation soil water retention subirrigation water management water resources
Polish water resources depend on precipitations, which are variable in time and space. In dry years the water balance is negative in central parts of Poland but sudden thaws and downfalls may result in periodical water excess and dangerous floods almost in the entire country. The retention capacity of artificial reservoirs in Poland permits to store only 6% of the average annual runoff, which is commonly considered insufficient. Another method to increase retention is soil water con-trol. About fifty percent of soils in Poland consist of light and very light sandy soils with low water capacity. Loams and organogenic soils cover approximately 25% and 8.5% area of the country, re-spectively. Almost half of agricultural lands (48%) have relatively good water conditions, but the rest requires soil water control measures. An increase of the soil water content could be achieved by changes of soil properties, water table control and soil water management. Modernization and recon-struction of drainage and irrigation systems, which were built mainly in the period 1960–1980, is needed.
Edward Pierzgalski
Jerzy Jeznach
8 Object-oriented classification of Landsat ETM+ satellite image
Stanisław Lewiński
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2006 | No 10 | 91-106
Keywords: object-oriented classification land use Landsat ETM+
This paper presents results of object-oriented classification of Landsat ETM+ satellite im-age conducted using eCognition software. The classified image was acquired on 7 May 2000. In this particular study, an area of 423 km2 within the borders of Legionowo Community near Warsaw is considered.
Prior to classification, segmentation of the Landsat ETM+ image is performed using panchro-matic channel, fused multispectral and panchromatic data. The applied methods of classification en-abled the identification of 18 land cover and land use classes. After the classification, generalization and raster to vector conversion, verification and accuracy assessment are performed by means of vis-ual interpretation. Overall accuracy of the classification reached 94.6%. The verification and classifi-cation results are combined to form the final database.
This is followed by comparing the object-oriented with traditional pixel-based classification. The latter is performed using the so-called hybrid classification based on both supervised and unsuper-vised classification approaches. The traditional pixel-based approach identified only 8 classes. Com-parison of the pixel-based classification with the database obtained using the object-oriented ap-proach revealed that the former reached 72% and 61% accuracy, according to the applied method.
9 Change in the number of ponds in the Wyskoć catchment basin in the years 1980–2003 and characteristics of the newly excavated ponds
Radosław Juszczak, Andrzej Kędziora, Jacek Leśny, Janusz Olejnik
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2006 | No 10 | 107-120
Keywords: small ponds changes in pond number human impact
The article presents the results of analyses of changes in the number of ponds in the Wys-koć catchment basin carried out in the years 1980–2003 and the characteristics of ponds excavated in that period. Only water reservoirs of an area less than 2 ha were considered. Analyses were based on topographic maps in the scale of 1:10 000 and aerial photographs taken in 1996. The results indicated that the number of filled ponds increased, especially those located in fields and grasslands. However, forest and wetland ponds were the most resistant to the processes of quantitative degradation because not even a single pond was filled during the analysed period. Over 70% newly excavated water bod-ies were made as an effect of exploitation of mineral and peat resources. However, nowadays ponds are more often created as a result of intentional human activities and are used for fish farming, recrea-tion and as water retention reservoirs used in irrigation of small agricultural and gardening areas.
Radosław Juszczak
Andrzej Kędziora
Jacek Leśny
Janusz Olejnik
10 Water erosion in the catchment basin of the Jeleni Brook
Adam Koćmit, Marek Podlasiński, Małgorzata Roy, Tomasz Tomaszewicz, Justyna Chudecka
Keywords: erosion factors irrigation erosion sediments soil losses tillage erosion water erosion
The study on water erosion in the catchment basin of the Jeleni Brook was carried out in the years 1995–1999. The catchment of the Jeleni Brook has complex relief, receives frequent pre-cipitations and thus is more threatened by water erosion. Soil cultivation and water from quickly melting snow can also be the factors affecting soil erosion. Waters from the melting snow produce rills of the following dimensions (mean values): width from 11.5 to 13.6 cm, depth – from 6.4 to 7.1 cm and length – from 39 to 112 m. The mean values of soil losses vary from 0.5 to 2.02 t·ha–1.
Erosion caused by intensive storm precipitation occurs less frequently but makes much higher soil losses. One of the registered incidents shows that 51.6 t·ha–1 (4.5 mm of soil layer) can be washed out from the area of 0.66 ha. Combined effect of outwashing and ploughing in lower parts of slopes created new forms of relief such as agricultural terraces (escarps). Agricultural terraces assume the shape of scarps up to 2 m high and of different length (e.g. 150 m) along with the land use border-lines between e.g. forest and field or field and grassland.
Agriculturally used soils within this catchment need protection based mainly on agrotechnical measures or on alteration of land use. Some areas should be afforested.
Adam Koćmit
Marek Podlasiński
Małgorzata Roy
Tomasz Tomaszewicz
Justyna Chudecka
11 Evaluation and prediction of silting in reservoir Cedzyna on the Lubrzanka River
Jarosław Bodulski, Jarosław Górski
Keywords: forecast silting water reservoir reservoir capacity
Changes in capacity of water reservoir Cedzyna during its exploitation since 1972 till 2003 are presented in the paper. Analyses were based on cross sections of the reservoir's basin from before its fulfillment (1967) and those measured with the echo sounder Ceeducer in 2003. Silting of reser-voir was predicted based on empirical methods. The volume of reservoir was found to decrease by 112.8 thousand m3 during 31 years of its exploitation and reservoir's life span was assessed at 685 years. An error analysis was additionally made of calculating the surface area of a cross section at varying number of sounding sites. It was found that there was no need to note too many coordinates and depths and for the Cedzyna reservoir the distance between measurement sites up to 16 m was sufficient.
Jarosław Bodulski
Jarosław Górski
12 Concentrations and loads of N-NO3, N-NH4, PO4 and BOD5 in waters of the upper Dunajec (in the years 1985–1998)
Sylwester Smoroń, Stanisław Twardy
Keywords: loads of N-NO3, N-NH4, PO4 SSQ flows surface waters
Loads of N-NO3, N-NH4, PO4 and BOD5 carried in surface waters of the upper Dunajec catchment basin (at the section in Krościenko) in the years 1985–1998 are presented in this paper. Water quality of the Biały Dunajec (in Szaflary), Czarny Dunajec (in Ludźmierz) and Dunajec (in Krościenko) was characterised. Annual loads discharged from the area per km2 of the catchment were calculated from mean annual flows (SQ) and concentrations of studied components in river waters. Concentration of N-NO3 in waters of the Biały Dunajec was more than two times higher and that of phosphates – over seven times higher than the respective concentrations in the Czarny Dunajec and Dunajec. Different population density, numerous tourists and low level of water and sewage infra-structure were responsible for these differences.
Sylwester Smoroń
Stanisław Twardy
EDITORIAL BOARD JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT
Professor Dr. Hab. Mohamed Hazem Kalaji
Dr Adam Brysiewicz
English Language Editor
Charlotte Aldred (English Native Speaker)
Szczepan L. DĄBKOWSKI (environmental engineering, hydrology, hydraulics) - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Falenty, Poland
Magdalena BORYS (hydraulic engineering, environmental geotechnics) - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Falenty, Poland
Piotr BUGAJSKI (water and wastewater management) – Agriculture Univeristy in Kraków, Poland
Tomasz GNATOWSKI (soil water management) - Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Poland
Krzysztof JÓŹWIAKOWSKI (water and wastewater management) - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Lech KUFEL (language editor) - Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities (UPH) , Poland
Josephine MAES-SMOLARSKI (language editor) - Golf Etc., Zielona, Poland
Mariusz SOJKA - Poznań University of Life Science, Poland
Lech Wojciech SZAJDAK (environmental chemistry, chemistry and biochemistry of soils) - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment (IAFE) of Polish Academy of Sciences
Tomasz SZYMCZAK (statistics editor) - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Falenty, Poland
Szymon SZEWRAŃSKI (landscape architecture, spatial economy) - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Romuald ŻMUDA (irrigation and drainage, land reclamation) - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Andrzej ŻYROMSKI (agrometeorology, hydrometeorology) - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Jan ADAMOWSKI – McGill University, Quebec, Canada
Okke BATELAAN – Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Narayan R. BIRASAL – KLE Society's G H College, Haveri, India
Nicholas CLARKE – Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Ås, Norway
Dušan HUSKA – Agricultural University, Nitra, Slovak
Arvo IITAL – Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
Edmund KACA – Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Stanisław KOSTRZEWA – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Pyotr I. KOVALENKO – Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Engineering and Land Reclamation, Kiev, Ukraine
Irena KRISCIUKAITIENE – Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics, Vilnius, Lithuania
Anatolyi P. LICHACEWICZ – Institute of Melioration, Minsk, Belarus
Ferenc LIGETVARI – Agriculture University, Debrecen, Hungary
Hanna OBARSKA-PEMPKOWIAK – University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
Ola PALM – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Uppsala, Sweden
Edward PIERZGALSKI – Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Czesław PRZYBYŁA – Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
Joachim QUAST – Zentrum für Hydrologie ZALF, Müncheberg, Germany
Erik P. QUERNER – Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Antanas S. SILEIKA – Water Research Institute of the ASU, Kedainiai, Lithuania
Martin J. WASSEN – University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Ingrid WESSTRÖM – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Muhammad AQEEL ASHRAF – University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Institute of Technology and Life Sciences
Falenty, al. Hrabska 3
e-mail: journal@itp.edu.pl
h.jankowska@itp.edu.pl
http://www.itp.edu.pl/wydawnictwo/journal/index_en.php
Authors should submit manuscripts via the Editorial Board (Editorial system - Submit Your Manuscript )
1. "Journal of Water and Land Development" is published four times a year in English, articles are followed by a short (not exceeding 200 words) summary in Polish.
2. Conciseness of style is a prequisite, avoid verbose phrases and abvious statements. Manuscript should not exceed 1 printing sheet (20 standard pages of 1800 characters per page). Tables, figures and short summary should be typed at the end of the paper on separate pages.
3. Each article should contain the following elements: title, name and surname of the author(s), authors' affiliation, short abstract no longer than 150–200 words, key words, text of the paper divided into Introduction, Material and Methods, Results and Discussion, References (arranged in alphabetic order as shown below) and summary in Polish BENCALA K.E., WALTERS R.A. 1983. Simulation of solute transport in mountain pool-and riffle stream: a transient storage model. Water Resources Research. Vol. 19 p. 718–724. GÓRECKI A. 1987. Rozpoznanie i opis sztucznych pól odniesień przestrzennych [Recognition and description of the artificial plots of spatial relations]. Manuscript. Wrocław. Uniwersytet Wrocławski pp. 18. JANKOWSKI M. 2006. Elementy grafiki komputerowej [Elements of the computer graphics]. Warszawa. WNT. ISBN 8320431638 pp. 220. STRZELECKI T. 1994. Rola systemów informacji geograficznej w zarządzaniu państwem, województwem i gminą. W: Komputerowe wspomaganie badań naukowych [The role of GIS in the management of the state, voivodship and community. In: Computer aided research]. I Konferencja Środowiskowa. Wrocław. Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe p. 19–25. Papers referred to should be quoted in the text as KOWALSKI [1997], [KOWALSKI, NOWAK 1997]. If there are more than two authors, please add et al. after the first name i.e. NOWAK et al. [1997]. English version of the non-congress language title should be added in brackets.
4. Figures should be draw on tracing paper or delivered as laser printouts. Legends in the graphs should be restricted to numerical and letter descriptions, other explanations should be placed in the figure caption. Descriptions remaining within the graph should be in English and of the proportional size (i.e. they must ensure readability after graph size reduction).
5. Tables should fit to the width (16 cm) and height (24 cm) of the column.
6. Data illustrated in Figures should not appear in Tables and vice versa.
7. All variables in equations and in the text should be written in italic. Use SI units in the form g·cm–3 and not g/ml.
8. Manuscript should be sent in three copies with tables, graphs and English abstract and Polish summary with title and key words on separate pages. Enclose a floppy disc with the text written in Word for Windows with tables and figures saved in separate files.
Journal has Article Processing Charges (APCs) of 200USD (175EUR) and has no submission charges.
Similarity Check Plagiarism Screening System
The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. Detailed description of the Similarity Check System can be found at: www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/
Journal of Water and Land Development jest czasopismem wydawanym w wolnym dostępie na licencji CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
Journal of Water and Land Development is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version. The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.
Journal of Water and Land Development is covered by the following services:
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Arkusz Recenzji


The teams in group A qualified for the finals include Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, and France. The teams in group B qualified for the final run for the title are New Zealand, UK, Spain, and Bermuda.
The tilt crew will get three days before the finals to plant their act, get physical training and to do the briefing. The sports director of the team Tilt Tanguy Cariou is all set to help the team with regrouping and to help avoid committing mistakes they made in the qualifying rounds.
Team Tilt Skipper SebastienSchneiter is not very happy with their performance in the qualifiers. However, he said that the fourth place finish proved that the team is able to sail fast even under pressure. He added that the final race was intense until the end. Over the next few days, the team will be aiming to improve the performance especially the starts.
According to Tanguy Cariou, the team made some errors in the first race, but has managed to qualify after a bad performance the day before. He added that the challenge is tough and the tension is nonstop. The team will have to start from scratch to do the best in the coming finals.


The Ines Sequin and Leather Combo Cardigan features button up clasps for the option to wear it open or closed. Chic, fashion forward and upscale! Perfect for this holiday season and beyond.
Are you sure you want to add Ines Sequin and Leather Cardigan to your Tribehaus Wishlist?


Proximity is a multi-church community of students in Grades 7 to 12. We meet every Thursday from 7-9 p.m. at The Jericho Centre (19533 64 Avenue). You can find the current Proximity Schedule here.
Proximity nights typically happen on Thursday evenings. They are nights full of games, prizes, and friends. At the end of the night we talk about who Jesus is, what He did, and how He changes our lives.
On months where there is a fifth Thursday we will be having a special event where we go off site to just have a great time together. These special events will be listed on our calendar online and may require registration.
Make sure to follow us on Facebook and on Instagram!
Source is our small group for students in Grades 7-9 that occurs on Sunday Afternoons.


New Year's Eve sees the arrival of the most anticipated movie of the year for millions of martial arts fans around the world – Isaac Florentine's "Ninja II: Shadow of a Tear"!
The film reunites Florentine with rising action star and renown martial arts virtuoso Scott Adkins in their sixth collaboration. The sequel to 2010's "Ninja", which marked Adkins' debut as a leading man, premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas earlier this year and has enjoyed a phenomenally positive reception from those privileged to have seen it.
Perhaps that has something to do with the fact that Scott Adkins is just one of many sensational martial arts masters to appear in the film. Another such gentleman to blow audiences away in the film has been Tim Man, who, in addition to portraying the villainous henchman Myat, also served as the film's fight choreographer.
An accomplished stunt man and extraordinary martial artist, he's worked his way up in the world of martial arts cinema with appearances in films such as "Ong Bak 2" (with Tony Jaa), "Raging Phoenix", (starring Jeeja Yanin) "Bangkok Adrenaline", and last year's "Kill 'Em All", (with Gordon Liu, and the late Joe Lewis). Working alongside such martial arts film luminaries, he also managed to steal the show in "Kill 'Em All" with the same ease that Yayan Ruhian did in "The Raid: Redemption", and his duel with Scott Adkins is said to be one of the major highlights of "Ninja II".
Ninja II: interviews and review coming up!


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            @jaceklaskowski / StackOverflow / GitHub

            The "Internals" Books: Apache Spark / Spark SQL / Spark Structured Streaming

            <textarea data-template>

              * **Jacek Laskowski** is a freelance IT consultant
              * Specializing in **Spark**, Kafka, Kafka Streams, Scala
              * Development | Consulting | Training
              * Among contributors to Apache Spark
              * Contact me at **jacek@japila.pl**
              * Follow [@JacekLaskowski](https://twitter.com/jaceklaskowski) on twitter
for more #ApacheSpark, #ApacheKafka, #KafkaStreams
            </textarea>

Jacek is best known by the online "Internals" books:

The Internals of Apache Spark

The Internals of Spark SQL

The Internals of Spark Structured Streaming

Mastering Kafka Streams

Mastering Apache Kafka

                Jacek is active on StackOverflow

            <textarea data-template>
              # Goal

                Advance in solving analytical problems using

                Spark SQL

                and explore the recent Apache Spark 2.4, esp.

                Spark Structured Streaming and Spark MLlib

            </textarea>

Professional Objectives

Advance in solving analytical problems using Spark SQL

Explore the recent features of Apache Spark 2.4

Deep dive into the internals of Apache Spark and the modules (Spark SQL, Spark Structured Streaming and Spark MLlib)

Understand performance tuning of Apache Spark applications and the advanced features of Apache Spark

Training content

Anatomy of Spark Core Data Processing Platform

Foundations of Spark SQL

Internals of Structured Query Execution

Standard, User-Defined and User-Defined Aggregate Functions (Spark SQL)

Basic, Windowed and Multi-Dimensional Aggregations (Spark SQL)

Monitoring Spark Applications Using web UI and SparkListeners

Join Optimization with Bucketing (Spark SQL)

Stream Processing with Spark Structured Streaming

Machine Learning with Spark MLlib

            <textarea data-template>
              ## Agenda

              1. [Day 1](#/day1) — The Essentials of Spark SQL
              1. [Day 2](#/day2) — Spark SQL
              1. [Day 3](#/day3) — Advanced Spark SQL
              1. [Day 4](#/day4) — Spark Structured Streaming
              1. [Day 5](#/day5) — Spark MLlib
            </textarea>

            <textarea data-template>
              ## Day 1 — The Essentials of Spark SQL

              1. (Warm-up) [Exercise: Finding Ids of Rows with Word in Array Column](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/sql/Finding-Ids-of-Rows-with-Word-in-Array-Column.html)
              1. [The Core of Apache Spark](spark-core.html)
              1. [Spark SQL](spark-sql.html)
                * [Exercise: Standalone Spark Application to Display Spark SQL Version](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Standalone-Spark-Application-to-Display-Spark-SQL-Version.html)
                * [Exercise: Using CSV Data Source](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Using-CSV-Data-Source.html)
              1. [Columns and Dataset Operators](spark-sql-columns-and-dataset-operators.html)
                * [Exercise: Using Dataset.flatMap Operator](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Using-Dataset-flatMap-Operator.html)
            </textarea>

            <textarea data-template>
              ## Day 2 — Spark SQL

              1. [Standard and User-Defined
              Functions](spark-sql-standard-functions-udfs.html)
                * [Exercise: Using upper Standard Function](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Using-upper-Standard-Function.html)
                * [Exercise: Using explode Standard Function](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Using-explode-Standard-Function.html)
                * [Exercise: Difference in Days Between Dates As Strings](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Difference-in-Days-Between-Dates-As-Strings.html)
                * [Exercise: Using UDFs](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Using-UDFs.html)
              1. [Basic Aggregation](02-spark-sql-basic-aggregation.html)
                * [Exercise: Finding maximum value (agg)](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Finding-maximum-value-agg.html)
                * [Exercise: Finding maximum values per group (groupBy)](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Finding-maximum-values-per-group-groupBy.html)
                * [Exercise: Collect values per group](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Collect-values-per-group.html)
                * [Exercise: Multiple Aggregations](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/sql/Multiple-Aggregations.html)
              1. [Joins](spark-sql-joins.html)
                * [Exercise: Finding Most Populated Cities Per Country](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/sql/Finding-Most-Populated-Cities-Per-Country.html)
            </textarea>

            <textarea data-template>
              ## Day 3 — Advanced Spark SQL

              1. Exercises
                * [Exercise: Flattening Array Columns (From Datasets of Arrays to Datasets of Array Elements)](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Flattening-Array-Columns-From-Datasets-of-Arrays-to-Datasets-of-Array-Elements.html)
                * [Exercise: Reverse-engineering Dataset.show Output](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Reverse-engineering-Dataset-show-Output.html)
                * [Exercise: Using pivot to generate a single-row matrix](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Using-pivot-to-generate-a-single-row-matrix.html)
                * [Exercise: Using pivot for Cost Average and Collecting Values](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/sql/Using-pivot-for-Cost-Average-and-Collecting-Values.html)
              1. [Windowed Aggregation](spark-sql-windowed-aggregation.html)
                * [Exercise: Finding 1st and 2nd Bestsellers Per Genre](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/sql/Finding-1st-and-2nd-Bestsellers-Per-Genre.html)
                * [Exercise: Calculating Gap Between Current And Highest Salaries Per Department](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/sql/Calculating-Gap-Between-Current-And-Highest-Salaries-Per-Department.html)
                * [Exercise: Calculating Running Total / Cumulative Sum](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Calculating-Running-Total-Cumulative-Sum.html)
                * [Exercise: Calculating Difference Between Consecutive Rows Per Window](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/sql/Calculating-Difference-Between-Consecutive-Rows-Per-Window.html)
              1. [Working with Missing Data](spark-sql-Working-with-Missing-Data.html)
                * [Exercise: Finding First Non-Null Value per Group](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Finding-First-Non-Null-Value-per-Group.html)
            </textarea>

            <textarea data-template>
              ## Day 4 — Spark Structured Streaming

              1. Spark SQL cntd.
                1. [The Internals of Structured Query Execution](spark-sql-internals-of-structured-query-execution.html)
                1. [Exercise: Generating Exam Assessment Report](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Generating-Exam-Assessment-Report.html)
                1. [Exercise: Finding Longest Sequence](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Finding-Longest-Sequence.html)
                1. [Exercise: Calculating percent rank](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-sql-exercise-Calculating-percent-rank.html)
              1. [Spark Structured Streaming](spark-structured-streaming.html)
                * [Exercise: Streaming CSV Datasets](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-structured-streaming-exercise-Streaming-CSV-Datasets.html)
            </textarea>

            <textarea data-template>
              ## Day 5 — Spark MLlib

              1. Spark Structured Streaming cntd.
                * [Exercise: Stateless Streaming Aggregation](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-structured-streaming-exercise-Streaming-Aggregation-with-groupBy.html)
                * [Exercise: Using Kafka Data Source](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-structured-streaming-exercise-Using-Kafka-Data-Source.html)
              1. Spark MLlib
                1. [Machine Learning with Spark MLlib](spark-mllib.html)
                1. [ML Pipelines](spark-mllib-ml-pipelines.html)
                1. [Exercise: Email Classification](https://jaceklaskowski.github.io/spark-workshop/exercises/spark-mllib-exercise-Email-Classification.html)
              1. [web UI](spark-core-webui.html)
            </textarea>

Prerequisities

Be prepared to get the most out of the workshop

Prerequisities / Experience

Hands-on programming experience using Scala

Experience developing Spark applications

Prerequisities / To Be Installed

Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) 8

Apache Spark

IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition with Scala plugin

sbt

Apache Kafka

Linux or macOS preferred

Consult Running Spark Applications on Windows when on MS Windows

In-Class Preparations

Make Instructor's Life Slightly Easier. Thanks!

Introduce Yourself

First name

What's your experience with Spark?

Any production experience with Spark?

What do you expect from the workshop?

Where do you want to be with Spark after 5 days?

Addendum

Put your name on paper in front of you

Stick to your laptop if possible

Use LARGE fonts

1-hour lunch break at 12:45pm

          <textarea data-template>
            # Questions?

            * Read [The Internals of Apache Spark](https://bit.ly/apache-spark-internals)
            * Read [The Internals of Spark SQL](https://bit.ly/spark-sql-internals)
            * Read [The Internals of Spark Structured Streaming](https://bit.ly/spark-structured-streaming)
            * Follow [@jaceklaskowski](https://twitter.com/jaceklaskowski) on twitter
            * Upvote [my questions and answers on StackOverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/users/1305344/jacek-laskowski)
          </textarea>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Статические и нестатические переменные и методы Как я знаю, к статическим переменным и методом мы обращаемся через класс, а к нестатическим - через объект.
Есть такой код
public class Training {

    static int a = 3;

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Training.a++;    // но можно и так: a++;
        Training.fu();   // но можно и так: fu();
    }

    static void fu() {
        System.out.println("hello");
    }
}

Мне удобно писать статические переменные и методы через имя класса (Training.a), так я сразу понимаю что данная переменная или метод статичны.
Вопрос в том, каким образом пишут большинство программистов и стоит ли мне так писать или лучше отвыкнуть от этого?

A:
Мне удобно писать статические переменные и методы через имя класса (Training.a), так я сразу понимаю что данная переменная или метод статичны. Вопрос в том, каким образом пишут большинство программистов и стоит ли мне так писать или лучше отвыкнуть от этого?

Вопрос конечно же касается coding conventions. Конкретно в Java code convention (раздел 10.2) оба подхода одобрены:
classMethod();             //OK
AClass.classMethod();      //OK
anObject.classMethod();    //AVOID!

Я лично таки придерживаюсь практики указания названия класса, то есть Training.fu()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Pamięć niedeklaratywna - rodzaj pamięci zaproponowanej przez Larry Squire w 1986 r. Pamięć niedeklaratywna gromadzi wiedzę o tym, jak wykonywać czynności. Jeżdżenie na rowerze, taniec, chodzenie, mówienie itp. wymagają zapamiętania wielu doświadczeń i informacji - przechowywane są one właśnie w systemie pamięci niedeklaratywnej. Ten rodzaj pamięci różni się istotnie od pamięci deklaratywnej, która przechowuje informacje językowe i abstrakcyjne.

 Pamięć niedeklaratywna gromadzi przede wszystkim nasze doświadczenia w postaci związków między pewnymi bodźcami i reakcjami (np. czerwone światło - stój) czyli nawyków.
 Doświadczenia te trudno jest przełożyć na informacje werbalne.
 Informacje z pamięci niedeklaratywnej wydobywane są automatycznie, najczęściej bez kontroli świadomości (tak jak sprawne prowadzenie samochodu)
 Podczas wydobywania informacji z pamięci niedeklaratywnej uaktywniane są odpowiednie części mózgu - hipokamp, kora motoryczna i móżdżek.

Pamięć niedeklaratywną można podzielić na cztery osobne rodzaje:
 warunkowanie
 pamięć proceduralną
 torowanie (priming)
 pamięć nieasocjacyjna, która objawia się poprzez:
 habituację
 sensytyzację

Pamięć

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A group of Pelicans and other birds stand on the edge of an inland pool in Lou country.
Note on print reverse ms pencil - "10 115" & print front border ms ink - "NUER I/78"
Morton, Chris. "Nuer swamp with Pelicans" Southern Sudan Project (in development). 03 Jan. 2006. Pitt Rivers Museum. <http://southernsudan.prm.ox.ac.uk/details/1998.355.39.2/>.


text:
Istituzioni
 NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) – agenzia governativa statunitense
 NIST (National Institute of Science and Technology) – istituto educativo indiano
 NIST International School – scuola internazionale thailandese

Persone
 Jacob Nist – imprenditore statunitense
 Kristy Oatley-Nist – cavallerizza australiana

Altro
 Nist' – fiume della Russia
 NIST – metodo per valutare la qualità di un testo tradotto con una traduzione automatica


text:
Harbour Hotels UK
Join Hosco and get the latest updates and opportunities from Harbour Hotels UK. It's free!
Harbour Hotels specialise in stylish stays in stunning locations: from seafronts to harbours, to royal parks and historic manor houses on country estates.
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The Company believes that all persons should have equal rights to recognition of their human dignity, and to have equal opportunities to be educated, to work, receive services and to participate in society.
The Company is committed to the promotion of equal opportunities within the business through the way we manage the organisation and provide services to the community. In order to express this commitment, we develop, promote and maintain policies that will be conductive to the principles of fairness and equality in the workplace.
In the provision of services and the employment of staff, the Company is committed to promoting equal opportunities for everyone. Throughout its activities, the Company will treat all people equally whether they are:
Seeking or using our services;
Applying for a job or already employed by us; or
Trainee workers and students on work experience or placements.
Recent updates by Harbour Hotels UK
Where we're based
60 Purewell, Christchurch BH23 1ES, UK
Upload images and videos to show how amazing it is to work at Harbour Hotels UK


text:
<?php

namespace Opulence\Collections;

use ArrayIterator;
use OutOfRangeException;
use RuntimeException;
use Traversable;

/**
 * Defines an immutable array list
 */
class ImmutableArrayList implements IImmutableList
{
    /** @var array The list of values */
    protected $values = [];

    /**
     * @param array $values The list of values
     */
    public function __construct(array $values)
    {
        foreach ($values as $value) {
            $this->values[] = $value;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function containsValue($value) : bool
    {
        return $this->indexOf($value) !== null;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function count() : int
    {
        return count($this->values);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function get(int $index)
    {
        if ($index < 0 || $index >= count($this)) {
            throw new OutOfRangeException("Index $index is out of range");
        }

        return $this->values[$index];
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function getIterator() : Traversable
    {
        return new ArrayIterator($this->values);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function indexOf($value) : ?int
    {
        if (($index = array_search($value, $this->values)) === false) {
            return null;
        }

        return (int)$index;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function offsetExists($offset) : bool
    {
        return array_key_exists($offset, $this->values);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function offsetGet($offset)
    {
        return $this->get($offset);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function offsetSet($offset, $value) : void
    {
        throw new RuntimeException('Cannot set values in ' . self::class);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function offsetUnset($offset) : void
    {
        throw new RuntimeException('Cannot unset values in ' . self::class);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function toArray() : array
    {
        return $this->values;
    }
}


I love the sunglasses! Very cool Thank you seller.
Sunglasses are perfect. They are so firm, very good maded.
Shipping was very fast. Glasses look great just as pictured. Great quality for great price. Highly recommend this seller.
So beautiful. Fast delivery. Thanks.
Super quality and good service. I love it. Thanks.
Very nice. I will keep buying here. Thanks.
Very cool. Great sercice. I love it. Thanks.


Italy and Greece for Fall Break!
It's hard to believe that October is almost over! This past week was fall break and our mid-term finals were before that. I only had a final in Finance and hopefully I did well. We haven't gotten our grades back. After the Finance final on Friday we took off to Brussels for our flight to Rome, Italy!!! We arrived in Rome about noon on Saturday and had a jam packed afternoon seeing all the sites like the Pantheon, Trevi Fountain, and some other monuments. We went back to the hostel around 8pm and called it a night. Sunday we met up with Josh and Brian at the Coliseum and got in the front of the line with our Roma Pass which we purchased at the train station. We got a guided tour which lasted around an hour and then headed over to the Roman Forum. It was so neat to see how the city was over a thousand years ago! I studied three years of Latin in high school and all the things we translated talked about the Senate House and the Forum and I was actually standing there where it all took place! It was a crazy feeling. After walking around there for a while we climbed to the top of Palentine Hill where there were gardens and old houses where people use to live. It was amazing. Afterwards we walked to where the Circus Maximus was, which is now like a park, but you can still see where the chariots would race. We walked further down and saw the Mouth of Truth which is part of an old church, and then went to St. Peter in Chains church where Michelangelo's Moses is along with the chains that actually imprisoned St. Peter before his execution. Sunday night we got some pizza and wine, which is everywhere, and hung out at the hostel.
Monday morning we got up early and headed to the Vatican City. We took the metro and got there by 9:30. We stood in line to get into the Vatican Museum where the Sistine Chapel is and walked through there with an audio guide. All the galleries were very impressive and the so was the Sistine Chapel. There were tons of people gathered in the chapel staring at the ceiling. It's still hard for me to believe that I was actually there! On the way out of the Sistine Chapel, we made a wrong turn and ended up outside in the back of the museum. There was a passageway that led through the tombs of the Popes and we followed that through and it popped out inside St. Peter's Basilica. The Basilica takes your breath away! Walking through you think you have seen everything and then there is another room you didn't see before. It's the largest church in the world and words cannot even describe how beautiful and overwhelming it is! After leaving the church we still had our audio guides from the museum and somehow had ended up in the church so we had to walk all the way back around and turn our guides back in. We shopped around in the market in front of the Vatican for a while, I bought a scarf and other people bought jewelry. All the jewelry there was so pretty. We left the Vatican and took the metro and a bus out to the Appian Way. It was the first "highway" and is a few miles outside of Rome. It was very peaceful there and nice to see the cute Italian houses and fields. We walked from the bus stop to the Catacombs and took a tour of those which was pretty cool. That night we went to the Spanish Steps and climbed to the very top and got a great view of the city.
Tuesday we had a flight to Athens from Rome's main airport which you have to take a train to get to. After missing the first train we made it to the airport with only an hour and a half until our flight left. We rushed around but finally made it. We arrived in Athens which was warm and beautiful. We flew over the water and along the coast line and it was gorgeous. Wednesday in Athens we went to the Acropolis, Temple of Zeus, Hadrian's Gate, first Olympic stadium, Roman Agora, and Ancient Agora. It was nice because our student IDs got us in free everywhere and most of the sites were close together. Thursday we took a ferry out to Aegina Island and spent the day at the beach laying out and enjoying the weather. Everyone is Greece was so friendly and willing to help us. We met a lady from New York who lives in Greece for 7 months of the year and told us we should stay here forever. I wish we could!
After a relaxing day on Thursday reality set in on Friday. We got up early and got to the airport four hours before our flight only to see that our flight back to Rome was canceled. We had planned to go back to Rome but then take a day trip to Florence on Saturday and then our flight back to Holland left Rome at 8:30am on Sunday. Once we saw our flight was canceled we talked to the service desk about our options and we could either buy another ticket to Rome which would cost around 400 euros or we could give up on Italy and just try to get back to The Hague. Our airline said they would exchange our tickets to Rome for tickets to Paris and we would have to catch the train to The Hague. We decided this was our best option (no Florence) and they had to put us in the airport hotel until our flight the next day to Paris. The hotel was very nice and they even paid for our dinner and breakfast. Saturday was a long day flying to Paris and then taking trains to Brussels, Antwerp, and finally Den Haag. We made it home around 10:30 Saturday night! Traveling in Europe you definitely have to learn to be flexible and that is something I am trying hard to learn! Now we are back and staying here for a few weeks. We have some papers and projects due in the next few weeks so it's time to sit down and focus on school work.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized by ashess02. Bookmark the permalink.


Axel digoix, Geoffrey lerus, Mehdi alavi, Alexandre wolfromm, Loïc bramoullé.
axel digoix: chara-modeling, hightdef-props-modeling, animation, pidgeon-particle-fx.
mehdi alavi: crowd-system-creation, animation, hight-def-props-modeling, cloth.
alexandre wolfromm: skin, character-FX, cloth, VFX, animation.
loïc bramoullé: environment design and creation, texturing lighting rendering compositing, matte paintings.


text:
San Jose mayor pushes expansion of police…
San Jose: Mayor pushes expansion of police auditor's investigative powers
Proposal to hand over misconduct probes to city watchdog is met with fierce resistance from the police union, which challenges the legality of outgoing executive's plan
San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo speaks alongside San Jose Police Chief Anthony Mata about recent reports of alleged officer misconduct during a press conference outside police headquarters on Wednesday, March 18, 2022, in San Jose, Calif. (Karl Mondon/Bay Area News Group)
By Robert Salonga | rsalonga@bayareanewsgroup.com | Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: December 13, 2022 at 5:49 p.m. | UPDATED: December 14, 2022 at 2:18 p.m.
SAN JOSE — In one of his final policy moves in office, outgoing Mayor Sam Liccardo is pushing to make good on a two-year-old pledge to move San Jose Police Department misconduct investigations away from cops and into the hands of a civilian watchdog.
The City Council unanimously approved Liccardo's direction Tuesday, laying the groundwork for a test run that would transfer some internal-affairs investigations from the police department to the city's Office of the Independent Police Auditor. Details on the scope of the so-called "hybrid" model are sparse and still have to be worked out by IPA Shivaun Nurre and City Manager Jennifer Maguire.
The proposal encountered immediate, fierce resistance from the police union, which criticized it as overreach. Police Chief Anthony Mata was less confrontational in his response to the mayor's proposal but voiced his support for the current auditing arrangement, in which the IPA functions largely as an evaluator of internal affairs investigations after they've been completed.
The council's vote means that the city now will explore and report to a San Jose public-safety committee how it could implement the model in which misconduct investigations would be shared between Nurre's office and the internal affairs unit at the San Jose Police Department.
Liccardo and proponents of the prospective model say it's one of the authorities granted by 2020's Measure G, which increased the IPA's police-records access and expanded its auditing footprint to include conduct complaints made within the department rather than just those filed by citizens. The notion of empowering the IPA's office to directly investigate misconduct allegations — the type of which is undefined at this point — rests on broad language from the ballot measure's changes to the city charter authorizing the city "to assign other duties to the IPA."
In an initial statement announcing the recommendations, Liccardo referenced his police-reform plan from the summer of 2020 in which he called for police misconduct investigations to be moved out of SJPD.
"It doesn't matter how good our police department is, we're past the point where Americans will simply believe that the police should police themselves," Liccardo said. "Police misconduct simply is not a matter of 'internal affairs.' … A single act can have very profound impacts on our public, and to build our community's trust, we must take these initial steps toward more independent investigation of police misconduct."
If the mayor's proposal was instituted as currently presented, it would give the IPA's office direct access to police evidence, subpoena power and professional law-enforcement investigators.
Tuesday morning — a day after Liccardo's proposal memo was publicly posted and the same day the police union reached a three-year contract with the city — the San Jose Police Officers' Association objected to the proposal in a letter to the council, calling the mayor's bid a misinterpretation of what Measure G actually sought to accomplish.
"Nothing in the City Charter permits the IPA to flout these limits and conduct her own independent investigations. And nothing gives the Council the authority to expand the IPA's powers," union attorney Gregg Adam wrote.
In a statement, Mata questioned the need to change the current system, noting that the IPA's office agrees with the conclusions of internal affairs investigations more than 80% of the time. It should be noted, however, that Nurre has complained about investigative thoroughness by the department, particularly instances where detectives clear a case without even talking to the involved officer.
The union also argued that another city charter amendment, which would have to be approved by voters, is necessary to implement the proposed hybrid oversight model because it would transfer charter-assigned police duties to the IPA. In previous remarks, the union has repeatedly objected to the idea that the IPA-police arrangement needs refining, calling it a "solution in search of a problem."
At the Tuesday council meeting, POA president Sean Pritchard called the mayor's recommendation a "last minute attempt to mislead his colleagues" and "convince this council to ignore the city charter."
Liccardo refuted that characterization at Tuesday's council meeting, saying that city leaders' desire to reform the investigation framework for police misconduct has long been clear, galvanized by the 2020 civil unrest spurred by the police murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis. San Jose unexpectedly became a national center of controversy with its response to large downtown demonstrations marred by officers' aggressive conduct toward protesters and their prolific use of rubber munitions and tear gas to break up crowds.
Impassioned calls for police reform at Tyre Nichols' funeral
DA Pamela Price to reinvestigate controversial police killings, including OPD shootings and Alameda restraint death
Antioch pushes to fill police vacancies in aftermath of misconduct scandal
Opinion: The grinding persistence of America's police problem
2 more Memphis officers disciplined in Tyre Nichols' death
"Nobody's playing a fast one here. This has been on our agenda for two-and-a-half years," Liccardo said.
Raj Jayadev, co-founder of the civil-rights group Silicon Valley De-bug, remains skeptical that things will really change.
"Any investigative authority that lives outside of the police department itself is obviously better than the status quo, but the fatal flaw in this reform is that the findings still just go back to the police chief," Jayadev said. "(That) runs counter to the spirit of what people are really calling for and defeats the purpose of why there would be external investigations: truly independent oversight that has actionable disciplinary powers."
But Liccardo insisted the changes would be meaningful and similar to what has been implemented successfully in many other cities.
"I don't expect the POA to suddenly embrace these recommendations," he said. "But it happens in lots of other cities, lots of other big cities. … We're not way out on a limb on this."
San Jose Police Department
South Bay Crime
Robert Salonga | Criminal Justice and Public Safety Reporter
Robert Salonga covers criminal justice and public safety for The Mercury News. A San Jose native, he attended UCLA and has a Master's degree in journalism from the University of Maryland, and was part of a reporting team awarded the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting. He previously reported in Washington, D.C., Salinas and the East Bay, and is a middling triathlete. Reach him the low-tech way at 408-920-5002.
rsalonga@bayareanewsgroup.com
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VAV�surprised the fans in the best way possible!
Through their Twitter page, the boys dropped a batch of individual teaser images for their 2nd digital single album 'Flower'. Each member is seen holding a bouquet of flowers along with matching white shirts. Check out all the photos below!
'Flower' is set to drop on April 3 at 12 PM KST. Stay tuned.


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Denton-Based Telehealth Company Charging, Not Helping, Patients, BBB Warns
Jacob Vaughn January 9, 2023 4:00AM
The Better Business Bureau is receiving a steady flow of complaints about this Denton-based telehealth company. Screenshot, Doctor Alexa
The North Central Texas division of the Better Business Bureau (BBB) has issued a warning to consumers about a Denton-based telehealth company that is allegedly not providing the services people paid it for. In June, the BBB removed its accreditation for Doctor Alexa, the telehealth company, for failure to respond to customer complaints.
Recently, the bureau received an influx of these complaints from people alleging they had a virtual appointment with the company and paid for services, but their prescriptions were never sent to the pharmacy. Often the customers tried to contact the company but would never hear back. Some would get their payments refunded.
"Other complaints allege the company takes payment and detailed information, and the consumer is charged for a service that is never provided," the bureau said in its warning about Doctor Alexa. "Complaints received by BBB remain steady in December as cold and flu season is in full force."
When the Observer reached out to Doctor Alexa for comment, someone put us on hold and made us listen to seemingly never-ending smooth acoustic rock music. No one picked up the line.
Complaints about the company come from 19 different states. "I Googled a telehealth provider for a tooth infection, and this company came up first," one customer in Missouri told the BBB. "They even had me create an account, requesting all of my medical info, personal info, and even a picture of my license."
"Other complaints allege the company [Doctor Alexa] takes payment and detailed information, and the consumer is charged for a service that is never provided." – Better Business Bureau
Then, the company charged the customer $49 and never reached back out.
A customer in Louisiana made a virtual appointment with one of the company's medical professionals, who prescribed antibiotics for a UTI, but the prescription was never filled. "Now I have to pay another doctor to see me and treat me," the patient told the BBB.
As telemedicine became more prevalent throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, it also became more ripe for fraud and scams. Last July, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) put out a special fraud alert regarding "purported telemedicine companies."
The OIG alert came the same day the U.S. Department of Justice announced charges against 36 people in telemedicine schemes totaling $1.2 billion. Monica Horton, a BBB spokesperson, told the Observer that 2022 statistics were still being certified. But in the two prior years, the BBB received over 300 complaints in its telemedicine category. There were 133 in 2020, and 209 in 2021. "Ironically in 2019 we did not have a category for telemedicine," Horton said.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are still a lot of barriers to the widespread adoption of telemedicine. Information security, patient privacy and liability concerns are just a few.
Morton suggested people speak with their doctors or insurance providers for telehealth recommendations, and to check the BBB website to find trusted businesses that will not just take their money but will provide the services promised.
Sorry, Frisco. Dallas Mayor Wants Your New Universal Studios Theme Park in Hensley Field.


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Q: SQL Count issue What the SQL is doing is counting all students who are seniors that have submitted an assessment with the assignment attached and the assessment is complete (no objective marked with an "I") for the 2013 Fall semester in each course.
I'm currently looking specifically at the ED495- Course. Basically what happened is the professor entered the assessment and added multiple files for the assignment (which each file name creates a record in the FileCabinet table) for a single student/assessment rather than just one file. So when it looks to see if there is a file that exists for that student it's seeing all of them and counting each one. There are only 5 students in that particular course. The output that I'm was expecting for that class should be 5 since each one did have a paper submitted with the assessment.
The "Count(*) Pool" is returning all possibles when I only need it to basically say yes there is at least one record for that student and count it.
      SELECT Course.CourseN, Course.Sect, COUNT(FileCabinet.TheFile) [Pool]
        FROM Course
  INNER JOIN RubricW ON Course.WID = RubricW.WID
  INNER JOIN Students_CR ON Course.StuID = Students_CR.StuID
  INNER JOIN FileCabinet ON Course.WID = FileCabinet.WID
       WHERE Course.Year = 2013
         AND Course.Semester = 'FA'
         AND (Students_CR.CR = 'SR' AND Students_CR.Year = 2013 AND Students_CR.Sem = 'FA')
         AND FileCabinet.TheFile IS NOT Null
         AND (Obj1 NOT IN('I') OR Obj2 NOT IN('I') OR Obj3 NOT IN('I') OR Obj4 NOT IN('I') OR Obj5 NOT IN('I') OR Obj6 NOT IN('I') OR Obj7 NOT IN('I'))
    GROUP BY Course.CourseN, Course.Sect

Result set:
CourseN Sect    Pool
AG232G  M1        7
AT481-  M1        9
CJ234-  M1        6
ED341-  M1        4
ED495-  M1       45
EN232-  M1        3
EN242-  M1        2
EN250G  M1        4
EN430G  M1        8
MK334-  M1        2
MK496-  M1        4
MT398-  M1       10
MU350G  M1        7
PS330-  M1        3
PS344-  M1        1
RP450-  M1        5
SY330-  M1        7
TH330G  M1        9
TH342G  M1        2

And the SQL is being used to assist the review board in pulling random assessments. There are multiple ways for them to pull and the list is to assist them on deciding on how many assessments they need to review.
Hope I explained it well enough. What I'm considering is restricting the professors from being able to submit multiple files from within my VB .NET code. I would like to prevent that if possible.

A: Try using
COUNT(DISTINCT Students_CR.StuID)

instead, that way each student will only be counted once regardless of how many files each has.


American Heart Association Award recognizes Inland Valley Medical Center and Rancho Springs Medical Center's commitment to quality stroke care.
Southwest Healthcare System which operates Inland Valley Medical Center and Rancho Springs Medical Center received the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Get with The Guidelines®-Stroke Gold Plus Quality Achievement Award with Target: StrokeSM Honor Roll.
To qualify for the Target: Stroke Honor Roll, hospitals must meet quality measures developed to reduce the time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and treatment with the clot-buster tissue plasminogen activator, or tPA, the only drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat ischemic stroke.
Southwest Healthcare System has also met specific scientific guidelines as a Primary Stroke Center, featuring a comprehensive system for rapid diagnosis and treatment of stroke patients admitted to the emergency department.
Amy Alonso, Regional Director of Quality and Systems Improvement for the American Heart Association, presents award to Stephanie Bricker, Southwest Healthcare Stroke Coordinator, and hospital leadership team.
About Get with The Guidelines® – Get with The Guidelines® is the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's hospital-based quality improvement program that provides hospitals with tools and resources to increase adherence to the latest research-based guidelines. Developed with the goal of saving lives and hastening recovery, Get with The Guidelines has touched the lives of more than 6 million patients since 2001. For more information, visit heart.org.


When you think about fingerprint support you associate it mostly with touch screen phones and other apple devices such as iMac computers, windows released 'Windows Hello' which enabled touch screen when logging on to specific devices but only that, with the new update you will be able to log in to emails, Microsoft accounts and other accounts on the web without the need of a password. This will be done by your fingerprint but will obviously only work if your device has a fingerprint scanner.
Stylus use on computers has never really been mastered and when used it is not as accurate as many users would like, this is due to a lack of software support, however the new Windows 10 Anniversary update is set to change that by generating new and improved software support. The Ink Workspace will enable users to create accurate sketches, sticky notes and much more. One feature of this is a virtual ruler which will enable to make many things neater such as charts and screen alignment in general.
The Windows 10 store hasn't been amazing; many people who have a Windows 10 installed on their device have been very disappointing when downloading and purchasing apps whether it's for work related stuff or gaming. Windows 10 Anniversary aims to change this by creating updates allowing users to have a much better experience. Microsoft has also announced plans to unify the Windows store to the app store on Xbox One meaning that you can flip from device to device and optimizing apps so you can play them on both your Xbox and desktop computer.
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Round 1 Game 1 of the Calder Cup Playoffs will be played at Wells Fargo Arena against the Milwaukee Admirals.
Round 1 Game 2 of the Calder Cup Playoffs will be played at Wells Fargo Arena against the Milwaukee Admirals.
Take advantage of these premium game experiences!


Like so many manufacturing processes, the CMM measurement system is only as strong as its weakest link. Without the proper design and quality styli purchased, the system can produce measurements that can do more harm than good.
In addition to taking care to purchase the proper and highest quality of styli and accessories, you must retain the same amount of attention and care for maintaining your equipment. Worn styli that develope flats or accumulate particulate over time must be replaced to ensure your measurements remain accurate.
Keep styli as short as possible - this increases stability. When longer ones are required, make sure they have the required stability.
Examine styli before use; the thread and seating area must be clear of defects to ensure a secure mount.
A stylus that is not firmly attached is the number one cause for variations. If you experience any, make sure the thread is secure in its mount.
When a stylus is worn, it must be replaced to prevent inaccurate measurements.
The environment has a great effect on measurements; make sure you are using thermally stable components.
Weight is crucial to keep in mind when assembling styli configurations. Check your machine specifications to make sure you stay within your limitations.
Use as few pieces as possible; superfluous thread connections can cause instability and greater chances for inaccurate measurements.
Keep in mind the different materials used in scanning styli; when scanning aluminum, silicon nitride balls are preferred.
Use the largest ball possible. Small surface imperfections are on every workpiece, and styli with larger ball diameters scarcely record these small details, preventing random measurement variations (also called mavericks).
Styli should be perpendicular to the workpiece. If the measuring plane is at an angle, use an angled cube or knuckle in order to ensure perpendicular alignment.
The measuring force and dynamics should suit the probe component. Smaller styli with slimmer stems require a reduction in measuring force.


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Home Album Release Blasterjaxx Release Debut Album 'Perspective'
Blasterjaxx Release Debut Album 'Perspective'
World famed DJ/producer duo Blasterjaxx have finally unleashed their long anticipated debut album 'Perspective'. Preceded by several highly acclaimed singles (including hit tunes like 'Children Of Today', 'Never Be Lonely' and 'Super Friends') the full, 23 tracks counting album is available now – released on the duo's own Maxximize Records, under the wings of Spinnin' Records.
Blasterjaxx are known for producing strong, energetic dance tracks, featuring epic melodies, huge drops and touching vocals. And for sure, it's those blazing sounds that received the world's attention you will all find on 'Perspective'. For the last two years, the guys have completely focused on these 23 tracks, each of them characterized by one key word: emotion.
"We generally deliver club or festival minded tracks. For these, we usually complete the whole idea of a record within two days. For this album, we set up writing camps, spent a week in a holiday bungalow with only a small setup: guitar, microphone and software, building tracks from scratch. We invited a lot of singer-songwriters to sing various themes, created a different angle for each track, from a tech vibe to indie dance or big room. This resulted in a lot of productional work, but in the end it all fitted perfectly with our own sound. We are so proud it's finally here, our own 'Perspective' on today's dance music – a debut we've always dreamed of!" – Blasterjaxx
While their well known big room and vocal progressive sound dominates a big part of the track list, the duo also presents another, more experimental side, moving from dark to sensitive tunes, showcasing their emotions in various sounds. Blasterjaxx have firmly cemented themselves as legends in the dance music community, and 'Perspective' is that icing on the cake.
Blasterjaxx – Perspective
Blasterjaxx - Perspective
Blasterjaxx Album
Blasterjaxx News
Blasterjaxx Perspective
Maxximize Records
New EDM
Nick White
What's up! My name is Nick. I make our playlists, and I also write articles and stuff. Hit me up on socials or e-mail nick@edmsauce.com to send mixes, press, premieres, or anything else!
W&W and Maurice West link up for massive banger on Rave Culture: 'Matrix'
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Elements Music & Arts Festival recently announced a star-studded lineup for its fourth annual event. A veritable "adult playground", Elements features a beach with...


The number of Saudi women working in the private sector has increased by 130 percent in the last four years, a local study indicates. According to a report in Saudi daily Al Eqtisadiya, the number of women working in the private sector increased from 215,000 in 2012 to 496,000 in 2016, an average of 8,500 jobs per month.
Women now represent 30 percent of the total Saudi work force in the private sector, up from 12 percent in 2011, according to the study, based on figures provided by the Ministry of Labour and Social Development.
Riyadh has the highest figure in employment opportunities for Saudi women with 203,600 jobs, representing 41 percent of the total number. Makkah in western Saudi Arabia follows with 106,800 jobs (21.5 percent) well ahead of the Eastern Province with 56,400 jobs (11.4 percent). Around 5,800 women are working in Jazan in the south of the kingdom, representing 1.2 per cent of the labour force in the private sector. Their number was 4,900 in 2012.
Saudi Arabia is going ahead with an ambitious drive to bring changes within the conservative Saudi society and encourage more women to take jobs. The Saudi Ministry of Labour and Social Development is working on increasing the percentage of women in the Saudi total workforce to 28 per cent by 2020.
Under the National Transformation Programme 2020, the ministry has launched several projects, including allowing women to work from home amid expectations that it would generate 141,000 jobs.
The project is proving popular among women, mainly for those living outside major cities in the kingdom, as it provides them with flexible timings and avoiding the challenges of commuting to the workplace.
Among the major social obstacles hindering women from taking up jobs are family responsibilities and transportation difficulties.


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Election may see higher than usual turnout
Jim Tatum
Updated: Nov. 6, 2018, 1 a.m.
If the absentee voting activity in South Carolina and in Kershaw County are any indication at all, today's mid-term election might see significantly higher than usual turnout numbers.
"I think we're well ahead of where we were in 2016, John Caughman, manager of the Kershaw County Office of Voter Registration recently said. "It got busier than it normally does. We're really hoping for a strong turnout."
According to Chris Whitmire of the S.C. Election Commission, as of Friday, more than 260,000 absentee ballots had been issued statewide, with more than 230,000 absentee ballots returned. By contrast, during the 2014 General Election, the last midterm, about 157,000 absentee ballots were cast, which was the previous record for absentee voting in a midterm election.
As of Monday, some 3,693 absentee ballots had been issued in Kershaw County, according to information on the S.C. Election Commission website (scVOTES.org).
Absentee numbers will continue to increase as voters will have additional opportunities to vote absentee in person on Saturday and Monday before the General Election on Tuesday, Whitmire stated in a press release issued Monday.
Polls open today at 7 a.m. and close at 7 p.m. However, voters who are in line waiting to vote by 7 p.m. will not be turned away.
Voters should bring a photo I.D. to their polling place. However, those who forget to bring a photo I.D. can vote on a provisional ballot. That ballot will only be counted if the voter shows a photo I.D. prior to certification.
All 34 polling places in Kershaw County are open today. Those who vote in the Lugoff 1 precinct, which is normally located at Lugoff Middle School, are reminded to vote today at the Lugoff Elgin High School annex instead. There are no other changes in locations to polling places.
In local elections, the only contested election is the race for Kershaw County Sheriff, with Republican Lee Boan running against Democrat Anthony Bell. Other county offices that are on the ballot with only one candidate include Probate Judge Debbie Branham; Coroner David West; Auditor Dennis Arledge; Treasurer Jill Catoe; Kershaw County Council Chairman Julian Burns; and Kershaw County Council Districts 4, 5 and 6 with Jimmy Jones, David Snodgrass and Tom Gardner, respectively.
In addition, all school board races have one candidate on the ballot in each race. They are Mark Sury, Shirley L. Halley, Kimberly Horton Durant and Donald Copley for Districts 2, 4, 6 and 8, respectively.
Daniel Lovatt and Ed Estridge are running for two seats, non-partisan, for the soil and Water District; Roy Croxton Jr. is on the ballot for the Watershed Conservation District; and Scott Jacobs is on the Lugoff Fire District Commission ballot. All of these races are non-partisan.
At the state level, Rep. Laurie Funderburk, the incumbent Democratic candidate, is running against challenger Republican Penry Gustafson for S.C. House of Representatives District 52.
Another contested race is the S.C. 5th Circuit Solicitor's race, which pits Democrat Bryon Gipson against petition candidate John Meadors, a former 5th Circuit assistant solicitor.
Other state races include governor/running mate – Republicans Henry McMaster (Incumbent), Amela Evette against Democrats James Smith, Mandy Powers Norrell; Secretary of State – Republican Mark Hammond (Incumbent) v. Democrat Melvin T. Whittenburg; Treasurer – Republican Curtis Loftis (Incumbent) against Democrat Rosalyn L. Glenn and American Party candidate Sarah Work; Attorney General – Republican Incumbent Alan Wilson v. Democratic party challenger Constance Anastapoulo; Comptroller General – Richard Eckstrom; Superinetendent of Education – Republican Molly Spearman (Incumbent) v. Democrat Israel Romero; and Commissioner of Agriculture – Republican incumbent Hugh Weathers against United Citizens Party candidate Chris Netums, Green Party David Edmond.
To find out where individual polling places are located or which one a voter might be in, go to the scVOTES.org website.
For more information call the Kershaw County Office of Voter Registration at (803) 424-4016, visit the website at www.kershaw.sc.gov/government/get/voter-registration, or go to the scVOTES.org website.
New auditor
Sheheen says 'flattered' but too early' for USC speculation
Kershaw County votes in major turnout for midterms


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AOTD
by Astral Noize December 28, 20192:23 pm
Albums of the Decade: Chelsea Wolfe – Hiss Spun
The career of American songstress Chelsea Wolfe has thus far been an exploration of music as catharsis, and this search has resulted in a steady incline towards heavier and heavier territories. In truth, any of the Californian's six albums could easily feature in this AOTD series, such is her remarkable consistency and talent as a songwriter, but for us Hiss Spun takes the crown for sheer ambition.
Her preceding albums, 2013's synth-heavy Pain Is Beauty and 2015's despondent Abyss, saw Wolfe combine with her multi-instrumentalist collaborator Ben Chisholm to dial up the heaviness, and whilst metal fans are often quick to point out the touches of doom metal, the heaviness first originated in shades of electronic and industrial music. With Kurt Ballou on board, however, not to mention contributions from Queens Of The Stone Age's Troy Van Leeuwen and a guest appearance from Aaron Turner of Isis, Hiss Spun saw Wolfe heavier than ever before, so much so that she saw fit to take a more stripped-back approach for this year's Birth Of Violence.
The singer-songwriter's voice remains the focal point, with it never having to fight the heaviness around her for the limelight. Her voice is alluring and spine-tinglingly elegant, and thus somewhat disconnected from the electronic noise and doomy riffs, but they coincide with the darker atmospheres to turn heaviness into eeriness. Like the very best metal, it's a dynamic affair and a challenging listen, pushing the listener in its experimentation and its stark portrayal of emotion.
As Wolfe moves further still from her folk roots, her wraithlike performance takes on a different meaning, simultaneously sedating you with ethereal lullabies whilst also infusing everything with an inescapable anxiety. Her very presence emits a similarly disconcerting atmosphere. Though she would at first appear vulnerable, this vulnerability never comes without a sense that you're not quite safe. She is even seen crouched, as if ready to pounce, in a corner on the album's artwork. Birth Of Violence may have seen her take her foot off the gas, but we can only assume that the follow-up will see her poised and ready once again.
For more Albums of the Decade content, click here.
Tagged with: album albums of the decade ambient AOTD aoty atmospheric chelsea wolfe decade doom end of year experimental folk goth grunge hiss spun list metal retrospective review singer singer-songwriter sludge songwriter


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Access Management4:47
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In this video, you will learn to describe various methods of ensuring effective access management to an organizations computing resources. So we're going to go over some key concepts. Now we're going to talk about authorization. Authorization is the process of allowing somebody to access a specific object. There are different type of criteria. You could restrict access by groups, by time frame or specific dates, also by physical location or transaction type. What this means basically we can do, it could allow in this case subjects or people to access objects or files or directory based on specific groups. For example, the administrator group will have access to more data than for example somebody on a different group such as maybe a financial person in a different group like a financial group or something like that. You can also restrict access by time frame mean from eight to five people can access deleted files, but any attempt to access those files outside those time frames will be denied. Also specific date, let's say Monday to Friday, those will be the date that the people working on set will be allowed to access those files. You can also restrict the access to a specific objects or files of actions again by physical location. So for example, you want people only located in the USA to access those files or you want people only outside the USA to access this type of files or a specific information. You can also restrict the access through transactions. You don't want people to write on specific files or maybe you want people to be able to read those files. We need to talk about Need to Know as well. The Need to Know is the justification for somebody to request access to a specific data. If my specific job or my job duties require me to know something and maybe that will be the justification for me to have access to a specific files and directories. In all of this, is basically a centralized on something that's called Single Sign-on. It's a very what you use on enterprises. What this does is you basically you login once and the Single Sign-on will allow you access to websites or to different parts with just a single one time login process. There are some authentication concepts that we need to understand. First of all, it's the identity proofs. On most systems they will ask you for an identity and authentication. To put an example, the username will be your identity proof. That's something that identifies you and only you. But after identifying yourself you need to authenticate that you are actually who you are saying you are. Basically that's done through the password, so the password will give you authentication and your username will give you identification. Kerberos it's a protocol used for implementing cosine on. There are some mutual authentication like CHAP, these are some type of authentication processes that are used to communicate to systems. They are rely on a [inaudible]. More specifically in active directory we have something called Security ID and this basically it's a unique ID given to objects and subjects. We mean it's an ID that identifies a person and also it's able to identify an object meaning, for example, a specific group or a specific file. Most of the operating systems that we know use Discretionary Access Controls, basically the Discretionary Access Control is a type of access control that allows the users to give access to their own data to whomever they want. Meaning if I have a text file or a sensitive data, I'm responsible for who is allowed to view and edit that file because it's my file and it's discretionary to me to give that access to anyone that I want to.