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Open Access Articles- Top Results for Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV
Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV
File:HbbTV logo.jpg
The HbbTV logo
Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) is both an industry standard (ETSI TS 102 796[1]) and promotional initiative for hybrid digital TV to harmonise the broadcast, IPTV, and broadband delivery of entertainment to the end consumer through connected TVs (smart TVs) and set-top boxes.[2] The HbbTV consortium, regrouping digital broadcasting and Internet industry companies, is establishing a standard for the delivery of broadcast TV and broadband TV to the home, through a single user interface, creating an open platform as an alternative to proprietary technologies.[citation needed] Products and services using the HbbTV standard can operate over different broadcasting technologies, such as satellite, cable, or terrestrial networks.
HbbTV is the association of two projects born in February 2009, with the French H4TV project and the German HTML profil project.
HbbTV can show digital television content from a number of different sources including traditional broadcast TV, Internet, and connected devices in the home. To watch hybrid digital TV, consumers will need a hybrid IPTV set-top box with a range of input connectors, including Ethernet as well as at least one tuner for receiving broadcast TV signals. The tuner in a hybrid set-top box can be digital terrestrial television (DVB-T, DVB-T2 ), digital cable (DVB-C, DVB-C2) and digital satellite (DVB-S, DVB-S2).
HbbTV was first demonstrated in 2009, in France by France Télévisions and two developers of Set Top Box technologies, Inverto Digital Labs of Luxembourg, and Pleyo of France, for the Roland Garros tennis sport event on a DTT transmission and an IP connection and in Germany using the Astra satellite at 19.2° east during the IFA and IBC exhibitions.[3]
In June 2014, the HbbTV Association merged with the Open IPTV Forum, a similar industry organisation for end-to-end Internet Protocol television (IPTV) services formed in 2007, which worked closely with the HbbTV initiative on browser and media specifications for network-connected televisions and set-top boxes. The two initiatives were combined under the HbbTV Association's banner because the markets for IPTV, OTT and hybrid broadcast and broadband TV are converging.[4]
1 Applications and consumer products
3 Consortium membership
4 Standard
5 Roll out
5.2 Australia and New Zealand
5.3 Western Asia and Middle East
5.4 Other Locations
6 HbbTV set-top boxes
7 Tools
8 Security and privacy concerns
Applications and consumer products
Services delivered through HbbTV include enhanced teletext, catch-up services, video-on-demand, EPG, interactive advertising, personalisation, voting, games, social networking, and other multimedia applications.
At the May 2010 Broadcast and Beyond Conference in London, Thomas Wrede, VP Product Management Media at SES, said that he expected HbbTV devices to be launched commercially from June 2010 with a consumer market introduction at the IFA consumer electronics trade fair in Berlin in September 2010. Wrede also noted that Humax and Videoweb both had conformant products and that at the recent ANGA Cable trade fair in Cologne, 12 manufacturers exhibited HbbTV devices, with another six working on product introduction.[5]
HbbTV devices enables consumers to view all of these advanced services on their flat screen TV, via a single device. In addition to a broader range of content from TV providers – ranging from traditional broadcast TV, video on-demand and catch-up TV services, like BBC iPlayer – hybrid digital TV also provides consumers with access to user-generated content either stored on an external hard drive, or cloud storage, and to a range of advanced interactive services and Internet applications.
Hybrid set-top boxes are increasingly commonplace amongst pay-TV operators, as they look to meet the changing media consumption trends for more video content, advanced interactivity and internet applications, like social networking. Operators like n, a division of ITI Neovision in Poland, and Telekom Austria are two of the leaders in the deployment of hybrid set-top boxes. The 2010 IPTV World Forum Awards recognized a hybrid solution as the best interactive TV service/application: the solution, developed by Advanced Digital Broadcast, is the first three-way hybrid platform that enables content delivered via Satellite, Terrestrial and Ethernet networks to be viewed on a television.[6]
Consortium membership
The HbbTV consortium has over 50 supporting members from the CE and Broadcast industries, including:
Standardisation & research bodies: Digital TV Group, EBU, Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer FOKUS, IRT, TNO
Broadcasting: Abertis Telecom, Canal+, Eutelsat, France Télévisions, NRJ 12, RTL Group, Astra, TDF, TF1
Middleware editors for CE devices: ANT Software Ltd, iPlus Technologies, OpenTV, Opera Software, Access, Espial, HTTV, Irdeto, NDS, Kudelski, Viaccess, Motive Television [7]
CE devices and components manufacturers: TP Vision, Samsung, Sony, LG, LOEWE, Sharp, STMicroelectronics, Humax, Haier, Kaon Media, TechniSat, TechnoTrend, iPlus Technologies
Test Houses for CE devices: Digital TV Labs
The full list of companies officially supporting the initiative is provided on the HbbTV website.
The HbbTV consortium steering group members are: Abertis, Astra, Ant Software Ltd, Digital TV Labs, European Broadcasting Union, France Télévisions, IRT, OpenTV, Opera, RTL, Samsung, Sony, TF1, TP Vision.
In May 2011, in an email sent on behalf of the HbbTV Consortium steering group, supporters of the consortium were invited to become full members. The transitional arrangements towards the opening of membership would involve withdrawal of a number of privileges, including participation in meetings and contribution to further versions of the specification, from supporters that did not sign up. The cost of membership is around €7,000 for the first year.[8]
As well as helping consumers/viewers, the introduction of the HbbTV standard is of benefit to both equipment manufacturers and content providers who at the moment have to produce hardware or content specific to each country to meet the de facto standard in that country. The establishment of a unified European HbbTV standard means "content owners and application developers can write once and deploy to many countries".[9]
The HbbTV specification was developed by industry members of the consortium and is based on elements of existing standards and web technologies including the Open IPTV Forum,[10] CEA, DVB, and W3C.[3]
The European Broadcasting Union General Assembly has given its support to the HbbTV initiative and described the technology as "one of the most exciting developments in the media today".[11]
The standard specification has been submitted by the end of November 2009 to ETSI, who published it under reference ETSI TS 102 796 in June 2010.[12] There is an accompanying Test Suite that provides a set of test material to test HbbTV device implementations, suitable for manufacturers of devices, including software and hardware components that implement the HbbTV specification (ETSI TS 102 796 v1.1.1).[13] In November 2012 Digital TV Labs became the first Registered Test Centre.[14]
The applications for HbbTV are HTML based, making use of HTML5 and the CE-HTML user interface language,[15] but utilise only a sub-set of standard web standards, developers have to use specialist validation tools.[16]
Several countries worldwide, and in Europe in particular, have adopted the HbbTV standard and/or operated HbbTV services and trials. As of December 2011, HbbTV services were in regular operation in France, Germany and Spain, with announcements of adoption in Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Denmark, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and trials in Australia, China, Japan, and the United States.[17]
As of March 2015, 22 countries have launched HbbTV services, with the most recent country being Estonia.[18] In October 2014, the HbbTV Association announced that over 20 countries had launched HbbTV services with Italy and Saudi being the most recent to launch.[19]
In 2010 German broadcaster RTL Television introduced a new information service, HD Text, making use of HbbTV and the CE-HTML user interface language,[20] and in 2012 launched an online music video service (Clipfish Music) on its HbbTV portal allowing access to TV viewers.[21]
In 2011 the Dutch national public networks, Nederland 1, 2, and 3 began broadcasting HbbTV "red button" applications including an program guide and catch-up TV instead of developing separate apps for particular platforms.[22]
In France, the government-owned public broadcaster, France Télévisions selected HbbTV for its interactive news, sports and weather service, and plans to add catch-up TV and social media sharing capability.[23] International French news channel France 24 has announced that it will launch an HbbTV interactive news service in 2012 via the Astra 19.2°E satellites, with support from Orange and SES.[24]
In November 2011 Spain's Ministry of Industry approved a document signed by 54 companies adopting the HbbTV standard and broadcasters, Mediaset España, Canal+ and Telefónica have run pilot services.[25]
The first tests of HbbTV services in Poland were started by TVN in March 2012.[26]
In the UK, most broadcasters have not adopted the HbbTV standard but Freesat, the free-to-air satellite TV service broadcast via Astra 28.2°E, has revealed that the second generation "G2" specification for Freesat receivers will use HbbTV, to take advantage of the digital TV chipsets being developed for that standard (but retaining MHEG-5 compatibility of the first generation Freesat receivers).[27][28] While the Digital TV Group approved D-book 7, a detailed interoperability specification between digital terrestrial television and HbbTV based products and services.[29]
In Nordic region (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Ireland) the NorDig standardization forum has adopted the HbbTV specification which replaces DVB-MHP as the common API for hybrid digital receivers.[30]
In Finland the national HDTV Forum has adopted the NorDig Unified Specification for Hybrid Services. The members of HDTV Forum see the HbbTV specification having a wide market acceptance supporting wide range of TV applications and new hybrid services.[31] HbbTV services have been on air in Finland since March 2013 in the nation-wide terrestrial TV network. Current services include 'red button' services and an enhanced programme guide application.[32]
In Switzerland the first HbbTV service, which is called RTS+, was launched on March 5, 2013, on SRG SSR French speaking channels RTSun HD and RTSdeux HD. The service was developed by SwissTXT.[33]
Italy had launched HbbTV services by October 2014.[19]
In Estonia HbbTV was adopted in March 10, 2015.[34]
SBS Australia, along with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation are investigating HbbTV, with initial plans to start broadcasting their On Demand and iView products through the service from May 2014.
The Seven Network announced in May 2013 they would begin a HbbTV service in the second quarter of 2014.[35] Seven have since announced that the service will be operating by May 2014.[36] More details have since been released of a branded channel called healthyMEtv that will be one of the first offerings on Seven's HbbTV service and will be a partnership with Brand New Media.[37]
On September 2, 2014, HbbTV will start broadcasting its first channels in Australia under its licensed name 'FreeviewPlus' [38]
HbbTV will launch in New Zealand in the middle of 2015, under the name FreeviewPlus, with their DVB-T service (Freeview|HD). [39]
Western Asia and Middle East
Saudi Arabia had launched HbbTV services by October 2014.[19]
HbbTV is being reviewed and tested, with interest from US, Argentina, Japan, China (which is conducting a trial) and Malaysian Broadcasters (where DVB-T2 broadcasting will soon start).
HbbTV set-top boxes
Since the beginning of 2010 a new generation of advanced HbbTV IPTV set-top box has emerged in the UK with the advent of DVB-T2 services.[40] DVB-T2 tuners enable the reception of free-to-air terrestrial high-definition programmes to be received in around twelve areas of the UK.[41]
High definition digital terrestrial services have encouraged a range of device manufacturers to launch new hybrid set-top boxes for the UK consumer retail market. Some of these companies have launched devices that, in addition to allowing traditional broadcast and IP-delivered services to be received, have an integrated smart-card slot that allows consumers to receive encrypted Premium television services including sports and movies.[42]
Such boxes enable the aggregation of traditional linear TV broadcasts with video delivered via both managed (cable) and unmanaged IP networks (the internet). This allows viewers to view broadcast television and internet video on their flat screen TVs, alongside advanced interactive services, such as video on demand, internet browsing, and time-shifted TV.
A hybrid IPTV platform helps operators increase average revenue per user (ARPU), whilst eliminating expensive duplication in network infrastructure investment. IPTV customer-premises equipment (CPE) allows pay TV operators to deploy home entertainment, with video telephony, surveillance, gaming, shopping, e-government, and interactive services amongst the service mix that can be offered.
OpenHbb is a collaborative project funded by the French government (DGCIS), the Pays de la Loire and Île-de-France regions, and the Conseil Général des Hauts-de-Seine (council for the department of Hauts-de-Seine) as part of the Images & Réseaux and Cap Digital competitiveness clusters.[43][44]
Opera has developed an HbbTV Emulator, available for free on their website.[1] This emulator is currently in beta version.
Validator is a free, cloud based tool for HbbTV app conformance validation provided by Digital TV Labs. Validator uses static analysis to check for simple problems and use of non-standard language features in your HbbTV app's XHTML, JavaScript and CSS.
There is also a Firefox add-on, FireHbbTV, as a free HbbTV emulator.
OpenCaster is a free GPL licensed software for transport stream broadcasting supporting HbbTV data [2].
Security and privacy concerns
Academic research by Columbia University has revealed possible security flaws in HbbTV.[45][46] According to the blog of Martin Herfurt (referenced in the Columbia paper), the HbbTV standard allows an attacker to inject malware into an HbbTV-enabled smart television that can cause it to do various things like modifying the content being displayed, mining Bitcoins, or attacking other devices connected to the network that the television is connected to.[47]
The HbbTV Association has responded to the reports with a statement "HbbTV welcomes and appreciates the academic research on security threats in set-top boxes and TVs based on our specifications. The HbbTV Association continuously reviews such situations and has determined that there is limited potential for a security breach based on this research. Nevertheless, as ever, our upcoming HbbTV specification will include further appropriate security solutions."[48]
In 2013 researchers from TU Darmstadt found widespread non-consensual use of web analytics technologies, such as third-party cookies, in HbbTV content to track viewing patterns.[49][50]
Inview Technology
Globally Executable MHP
YouView, formerly known as Project Canvas
^ http://www.reghardware.com/2011/09/28/wtf_is_hbbtv/page2.html
^ HbbTV website introduction accessed August 28, 2009
^ a b "New European initiative merges television with the power of the Internet" (PDF) (Press release). HbbTV Consortium. August 27, 2009.
^ Open IPTV Forum and HbbTV Association Merge their Activities, PR Newswire, June 17, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2015
^ Colin Mann. HbbTV set for commercial launch, Advanced-television.com, May 21, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010
^ "IPTV World Series Awards 2010 Winners Announced - TVover.net".
^ FormatWeb. "Welcome to Motive Television. Software and services provider enabling Television Anytime Anywhere - N".
^ Julian Clover. HbbTV consortium open for membership, Broadband TV News, May 16, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011
^ Richard Baker. European initiative merges television with the power of the internet. ANT Software video blog August 27, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009
^ "OIPF commissions Digital TV Labs test suite". Advanced-Television.com. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ EBU General Assembly backs HBB. Broadband TV News December 7, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2010
^ TS 102 796 : "Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV", on the ETSI website
^ "HbbTV Test Suite".
^ "Digital TV Labs - Digital TV Labs Is The First Official HbbTV Test Centre".
^ Robert Briel. German RTL to support HbbTV
^ "Digital TV Labs - HbbTV for Application Developers".
^ Dr.Klaus Illgner-Fehns, Chairman HbbTV consortium. Introduction to HbbTV. Presentation December 5/6, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2012
^ HbbTV arrives in Estonia
^ a b c Breil, Robert HbbTV momentum continues to grow Broadband TV Nerws October 28, 2014 Retrieved March 27, 2015
^ Robert Briel. German RTL to support HbbTV. Broadband TV News August 27, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009
^ Robert Briel. RTL showing music clips via HbbTV. Broadband TV News March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012
^ Robert Briel. Dutch pubcasters commit to HbbTV. Broadband TV News April 28, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011
^ French Public Broadcaster Goes For HbbTV. Online Reporter September 13, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2012
^ "Globecast and FRANCE 24 to lead HbbTV experiment with Orange and SES" (Press release). France 24. December 21, 2011.
^ David Del Valle. Spain selects HbbTV standard. Advanced Television November 25, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2012
^ Chris Dziadul. HbbTV starts in Poland. Broadband TV News March 13, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012
^ "Freesat lets slip next-gen G2 spec" What Satellite & Digital TV May 2011 p11
^ Clover, Julian (March 9, 2011). "New Freesat boxes to run on HbbTV". Broadband TV News. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
^ "UK HbbTV based 'Connected TV' specification formally approved for publication" (Press release). Digital TV Group. March 3, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
^ "NorDig releases a HbbTV Addendum (succeeding DVB MHP as NorDig's API)" (Press release). April 4, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
^ "Finland is setting the standard for connected TV services" (Press release). April 17, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ "Digita launches HbbTV with Sofia Digital" (Press release). March 14, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ "RTS+, the new, interactive TV service" (Press release). March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
^ "Estonian largest TV channels and Levira initiated Hybrid TV (in Estonian)" (Press release). March 10, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
^ Knox, David. "Seven to launch Hybrid Broadband Broadcast service". TV Tonight. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
^ Knox, David. "Seven to start HbbTV by May". TV Tonight. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
^ Knox, David. "Seven to launch healthyMEtv as HbbTV channel". TV Tonight. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
^ Hawkins, Charlton. "FreeviewPlus is coming! are you ready? service". Freeview. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
^ "Smarter Way To Watch TV with FreeviewPlus". Freeview. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
^ http://www.freeview.co.uk/blog/?p=293
^ "BBC, Arqiva outline DTT HD upgrade plans". Digital Spy.
^ http://www.techradar.com/news/home-cinema/high-definition/freeview-hd-the-definitive-list-of-boxes-680661
^ "OpenHbb project to present a leading platform for interactive TV [591] - Archives - TV App Market".
^ "Google Translate".
^ "BBC News - Smart TVs subverted by radio attack". BBC News.
^ http://iss.oy.ne.ro/Aether.pdf
^ "Security concerns with HbbTV". Martin Herfurt's Blog.
^ "HbbTV Statement Regarding Possible Security Concerns" (PDF) (Press release). HbbTV Association. June 26, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ "BSI: Marco Ghiglieri: HbbTV – I Know What You Are Watching!" (PDF). 28 May 2013.
^ https://www.sit.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_SIT/Publications/05_Ghiglieri_Oswald_Tews_HbbTV-I_Know_What_Your_Are_Watching.pdf
The Complex World of HbbTV: a white paper from Digital TV Labs on the standard.
HbbTV website
OpenHbb project (in French)
HbbTV Resources
Digital television deployments by country
Digital television transition
Home theater PC software, devices, and related articles
Beyond TV
DVBViewer
GB-PVR
ShowShifter
Windows Media Center
iTheater
Element OS
GeeXboX
LinuxMCE
MythDora
Ubuntu TV
SageTV
Serviio
Set-top boxes/
Boxee Box
DBox2
Ericsson Mediaroom
OpenTV 5
Hauppauge MediaMVP
HP MediaSmart Connect
Netgear Digital Entertainer
ReplayTV
WD TV
Windows Media Center Extender
Related hardware
ATI Theater Cards
Elgato EyeTV devices
Hauppauge Computer Works WinTV PVR Cards
HDHomeRun
Nvidia TV-Tuner Cards
Quiet PC
VBox Home TV Gateway
10-foot user interface
Comparison of audio player software
Comparison of video player software
Digital Living Network Alliance
Digital media receiver
Hybrid IPTV
Internet television
Portable media player
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA


Create and Qualify a Lead.
Build a Subject Tree for classification purposes.
Create a Sales Literature record.
Use Quick Create forms to generate a Lead.
Lab: Create and Qualify a Lead.
Advance the Sales Process by creating Opportunities.
Understand how to assign Opportunities.
Learn how to use Opportunity Views.
The second module examines the different ways in which Opportunities can be created and how they're related to Customers, the Product Catalog, and Crm Users. Activities are introduced in the context of an ongoing series of customer interactions using various channels. The Competitor created in module one is attached to an Opportunity. The consequences of closing an Opportunity are discussed and the sequence of new activities, attached to an Opportunity can be examined.
Establish Unit Groups, Pricing Structures and Volume Discounts for the Product Catalog.
Set up Product Families, including Bundles.
Create groups of Properties at Family level and use these properties to describe individual Products.
Incorporate suggestions for Cross-Selling, Upselling, Substitute and Accessory sales into Opportunity records.
The third module examines the central role the Product Catalog occupies in successful Sales Management using Dynamics CRM. Products can be grouped and arranged into Product Families. They can be classified by Product Properties allowing precision when describing particular items to a Customer and they can be related, each to the other(s) giving the salesperson the ability to cross-sell related products; to up-sell to a 'premium' version of a product; to suggest a substitute, or an accessory product.
Setting up a Discount List.
Tailor the properties for a specific product or product group.
Add Products to an Opportunity.
Put together a Product Bundle.
Create opportunities for cross-selling, up-selling, substitute and accessory sales.
Lab One: Create and visualise a Product Family.
Lab Two: Override Product Properties.
Create a Quote from an Opportunity.
Use Microsoft Dynamics CRM to create and edit Quotes, Orders, and Invoices.
This module looks into the ease with which multiple price lists can be established and maintained by CRM. As a number of organisations work across different currency zones, we examine the impact of other currencies on price calculations across price lists.
Adding a Currency field to Product records to allow their sale in different currencies.
Establishing Territory Relationships for Price Lists.
Cloning to create a Product for a specific Price List.
Generate an Order from a Quote.
Raise an Invoice from an Order.
Lab One: Establishing a non-Sterling Price List.
Lab Two: An end-to-end Sale outside of the Sterling currency zone.
Create a new Goal Metric with an 'Actual' Rollup value.
Lab: Create a Parent/Child Goal.
Present significant sales information using Lists, Views, and Charts.
Analyse sales productivity by examining Sales Reports.
Exporting a Pivot Table to Excel.
Viewing existing Charts and Dashboards.
Lab: Create a new Sales Dashboard.
There is no formal exam for this course but attendees will get a recognised certificate.


text:
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text:
The flashcards below were created by user garcia_16 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
The rights of all people to be free from irrational discrimination such as that based on race, religion, gender, or ethnic origin.
Natural Rights
The rights of all people to dignity and worth; also called natural rights.
Remedial action designed to overcome the effects of discrimination against minorities and women.
Natualization
A legal action conferring citizenship on an alien.
Citizenship in more than one nation.
Right of Expatriation
The right to renounce one's citizenship.
The right of women to vote.
Equal Protection Clause
A clause in the 14th Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. By interpretation, the 5th Amendment imposes the same limitation on the national govt.. This clause is the major constitution restraint on the power of govt. to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex.
Rational Basis Test
A standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable govt. interest.
Strict Scrutiny Test
A test applied by the court when a classification is based on a race; the govt. must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest.
Heightened Scrutiny Test
This test has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important govt. interest.
Literacy Test
A literacy requirement some states imposed as a condition of voting, generally used to disqualify black voters in the South; now illegal.
White Primary
A Democratic party primary in the old "one-party South" that was limited to white people and essentially constituted an election; ruled unconstitutional in Smith v. Allwright (1944).
Racial Gerrymandering
The drawing of election districts so as to ensure that members of a certain race are a minority in the district; ruled unconstitutional in Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960).
Poll Tax
Tax required to vote; prohibited for national elections by the 24th Amendment (1964) and ruled unconstitutional for all elections in Harper v. Board of Elections (1966)
Majority-Minority District
A congressional district created to include a majority on minority voters; ruled constitutional so long as race is not the main factor in redistricting.
State laws formerly pervasive throughout the South requiring public facilities and accommodations to be segregated by race; ruled unconstitutional.
The clause of the Constitution that gives congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.
Class Action Suit
A lawsuit brought by an individual or a group of people on behalf of all those similarly situated.
Restrictive Convenant
A provision in a deed to real property prohibiting its sale to a person of a particular race or religion. Judicial enforcement of such deeds is unconstitutional.
De Jure Segregation
Segregation imposed by law.
De Facto Segregation
Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.
garcia_16


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In the Crossfit market, there are many players. We have Nike, Reebok, and Under Armour. Among these, many cross-trainers still prefer Nobull because of its functionality, durability, and the flat & rigid sole needed for heavy lifts. When a brand is carrying so much responsibility on its shoulders, it can't choose roadside manufacturers. Let's see where your Nobulls are coming from in this brief article.
1 Let's See Where Nobull Shoes Are Manufactured:
2 Are Nobull Shoes Made in the USA? (Designed vs Made in)
3 Where Do Nobull Shoes Sell?
Let's See Where Nobull Shoes Are Manufactured:
After researching for hours, I found that all Nobull shoes are designed in the USA but manufactured in China. What about Vietnam, Indonesia, etc? Unfortunately, I did not find any trace of Nobull shoes (I researched for shoes only, so I can't talk about their other products) being made in any other country than China. I was also surprised at first because after writing dozen of articles on shoes, every brand like Keen, Under Armour, Merrell, and Asics manufactures shoes in multiple countries.
You can also check where your Nobull shoe is made by looking at the black label stuck on the shoe box as shown in images – you'll get to know where your shoe is designed, where is it made along with other details like sizing and collection name.
Do you have the supplier's name for Nobull's Shoes? Otabo, the manufacturer, is producing Nobulls, that's certain. If you believe in my research, then you should know that Otabo's manufacturing facility is located in Guangzhou, China (northwest of Hong Kong on the Pearl River). If we check the custom records of Otabo with Nobull, then Otabo has successfully shipped shoes to Nobull two times in the year 2021-2022: 2022-03-08 (March 2022) and 2021-10-31 (October. 2021).
If we try to dissect a little more in those two shipments, then in the year 2022, Otabo sent a shoe shipment weighing 1380kg to Nobull.
Are Nobull Shoes Made in the USA? (Designed vs Made in)
Nobull headquarter is located in Boston, Massachusetts so we are clear that it is an American company. But no shoes are made in the United States, albeit they're designed here. What does this mean? Brands use 'Designed in the USA' to play with Customer's psychology. Many of us, when we look at a shoe that says it is designed in the USA, the majority of us will fall for it. However, this does not imply that your Nobull shoe is made in the USA. It simply means that Nobull has an office in the USA where the product design comes from.
For a product to label as 'Made in USA', it needs to comply with the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) Made in USA policy, and to do that, the product must be 'all or virtually all' manufactured in the USA. It means that all necessary equipment/parts and processing that goes into manufacturing shoes must be from U.S. Nonetheless, they should also do the final assembly of the product in the U.S.
Where Do Nobull Shoes Sell?
One that I like while shopping at Nobulls is that I can order and get them shipped to most countries around the world. If you're living outside the U.S. then you can select the shipping country and provide your address before selecting a payment mode.
However, depending on countries, it can cost you extra to get it in your home, and may need to wait for weeks, so keep that in mind. Also, you may face difficulties to return the product, in case you don't like it or worst you're stuck with it. So, please, make your buying decision wisely.
Categories Outdoor Shoes
Where are your shoes made?
Top 4 Safety Tips For Every Water Sports Enthusiast (For Beginners)
Wednesday 25th of January 2023
Just received a pair of tights (aka leggings) that specifically say Made in USA in the product description, but upon arrival, the tag says Made in Vietnam. I received conflicting information from them and when I brought it to their attention they offered to return them and/or offered 20% off my next order. Nope. You misrepresent your company, I will never buy from you again.
Hi JG, can you please confirm which brand was it? I may do an in-depth analysis of them.


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facilitate ways neighbors can work together for the common good of the neighborhood.
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Home ownership may be within your reach! 'Welcome Home' provides funds for assistance in the purchase of single-family homes that will remain owner-occupied. Additional funding is provided for the deconstruction of active secondary units. 'Welcome Home' is not limited to first-time home buyers. Additional program requirements apply.
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Family Financial Wellness Workshops are hosted by Bear River Association of Governments and are FREE for Cache Valley residents of all ages, and income ranges to learn more about the basics of credit, budgeting, home ownership, banking and more.


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Shiva's Karanas in the temples of Tamil Nadu: the Natya Shastra in stone
THE ORIGIN OF DANCE: BHARATA'S NATYA SHASTRA
Karana means 'action' and in the context of dance it indicates a coordinated action of the body, the hands and the feet . 108 such karana or units of dance are named and defined in the Natya Shastra, the most ancient text on the performing arts composed by Bharata Muni. This text is dated to a period of around 2000 years ago, within a margin of 500 years and has been the most influential in defining and shaping Indian performing arts .
At the request of Indra Brahma extracts the essence of the four Veda's and creates the fifth, the Natya Veda, or drama. It is accessible to all. Its purpose is not only to entertain, but to mirror the world, and to offer counsel, courage and comfort. Bharata Muni is given the responsibility to produce the first play. After the first successful performance it was presented before Shiva, the Cosmic Dancer, on Mount Kailasha. Shiva is deeply moved and is reminded of his Sandhya Tandava, his dance at twilight. "Brahma and Bharata supplicate Shiva for a knowledge of dancing. Thereupon the Lord of the Worlds bids Tandu initiate His devotees into the secrets of the difficult art." Tandu proceeds to teach Bharata the 108 karana's. These are combined into angaharas and into larger choreographies. After Tandu initiates Bharata the art of dance is given to humanity through Bharata's sons and the apsarasas, the heavenly dancers.
Therefore according to the Natya Shastra all Indian dance has its origin from Shiva's tandava. Tandava is vigorous, masculine and divine dance. Shiva is pre-eminently a god whose divinity expresses through dance. The Sandhya Tandava is his divine dance performed at twilight on Mount Kailasha, his sacred abode. Witnessed by his consort and accompanied by all devata's playing various instruments. Other tandava's performed by Shiva are Tripura, after the destruction of the Three Cities, and of course the Ananda Tandava, the Dance of Bliss performed in Chidambaram .
KARANA'S AND TEMPLES
The art of dance in India has always been intertwined with sculpture, architecture, ritual and doctrine. For this there is no better illustration then the karana's (figure 1). Not only do we know these 108 dance movements from their description in the Natya Shastra, we also have sculptural illustrations of them in ritually significant locations in temples in South India. Five temples are well known for the depiction of the karanas in their sculptural program. They are the Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore, the Nataraja temple in Chidambaram, the Sarangapani temple in Kumbakonam, the Arunachaleshvara temple in Thiruvannamalai and the Vriddhagirishvara temple in Vriddhachalam.
The oldest of these five examples is the Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore (figure 2). Build by Rajaraja Chola around the year 1000 CE this incomplete karana frieze is found in a circumambulatory passage around the grabhagriha. A four-armed Shiva is shown dancing the first 81 karana's in a horizontally placed relief which is on one's right hand side as the passage is followed in the clock-wise direction. The series has been left incomplete. The place where it is found has never been intended to be for public viewing.
In Chidambaram the passages through all four gopuram's have been decorated with complete representation of all 108 karana's (figure 3). We are sure of this because in the east and west gopuram the panels are accompanied by the relevant verse from the Natya Shastra. Here a female dancer accompanied by two musicians performs the movements. The east, south and west gopuram have been dated to the 12th and 13th century, the north gopuram somewhat later . The series are largely identical in all four gopuram's.
In the east gopuram of the Sarangapani temple in Kumbakonam a more or less complete series is depicted as danced by a male dancer (figure 4). The panels are positioned in a horizontal band around the outside of the gopuram. Here many of the panels have been named by inscriptions written in grantha script. Again this is the main reason it is sure the reliefs are intended as representations of Bharata's karana's. In this temple Vishnu is the presiding deity and it has been suggested these dance reliefs may have originally belonged to a Shiva temple and for some reason moved here. Among the karana's we find a relief of Shiva dancing the Urdhva Tandava and also goddess Kali dancing, possibly referring to the myth of the dance-contest between them .
Two more temples are known to have the karana's from the Natya Shastra represented. In Vriddhachalam (figure 5) and in Thiruvannamalai (figure 6). In both temples the karana's are found in the gopuram passages. In the Vriddhagirishvara temple in all four gopuram's, but incomplete. Only 101 karana's are represented and in a strikingly unusual ordering. The construction date of the gopuram is not exactly known. On the basis of architecture, sculptural style and costume a date in the 14th century is likely. Which would place this gopuram after the construction of the Chidambaram gopuram's and before the gopuram of Thiruvannamalai
In Thiruvannamalai all the karana's are systematically arranged in the east gopuram passage. Besides the 108, possibly copied from Chidambaram, there are many more dance movements depicted, besides panels depicting deities, rishis and other mythological figures. 20 pilasters with 9 panels arranged vertically, 180 panels in all of which 108 constitue the karana series as defined in the Natya Shastra. This Raja Gopuram of the Arunachaleshvara temple in Thiruvannamalai was constructed in the 16th century.
KARANA'S AND THE HISTORY OF DANCE
The karana's have always fascinated me, as a dancer and as a historian. They were the reason to visit Chidambaram, and to connect to Raja Deekshithar. My guru Smt. Rajamani taught me about them and raised my curiosity and also academic interest. 108 Dance movements described in an ancient text and depicted in sculpture constitute a unique source in the history of dance. They seemed to be lost for the most part with only fragments included in some choreographies. My first idea was to try and reconstruct them.
Several attempts at reconstruction have been undertaken. Dr. Padma Subrahmanyam's was an early one. Raja Deekshithar and I did not pursue this direction of research because we came to the conclusion early on in our research that reconstruction was impractical. The text and the image, a frozen moment in a sequence of movement, allow for many different alternative interpretations. Every dancer will reconstruct them differently, based on training and insight. This was also the ultimate conclusion of Dr. Alessandra Lopez y Royo .
The subject never lost its fascination though. Many questions remain unanswered. Why from all the millions of movement combinations the human body is capable of these 108 were considered to be the constituents of Shiva's tandava, the divine dance? What is the relationship between the karana's and the units of movement called adavu's which constitute Bharata Natyam today? How did the various regional dance styles develop from this Marga, or main tradition? What is the meaning of their placement within the temple complex? Why were they included in these five temples? And what is the meaning of their inclusion in these gopuram's where in other gopuram's (figures 8 and 9) we find only miscellaneous dance figures or mythological scenes?
THIRUVADIGAI
When Raja Deekshithar and I visited the Veerateshvara temple in Thiruvadigai in 2005 we were on a field trip related to his research into the history of the sphinx in the Indian traditions . The Deekshithar almost immediately discovered a relief of the sphinx-purushamriga on one of the pillars in the vestibule of the gopuram. But he also realised the passageway of this gopuram was decorated with 108 dance reliefs, reminiscent of the karana's depicted in his own temple, the Shiva Nataraja temple of Chidambaram.
The gopuram is a pleasant but unimposing gateway with quality artwork in its inner passage (figure 10). The architectural features and style indicate it was build in the Nayaka period in the 15th or 16th century. This is among other things indicated by the base, the design of the podikai or corbel and the style of the reliefs. This would make it a contemporary of the Rajagopuram of Thiruvannamalai. It has a granite base with a superstructure of six levels of tapering brick and lime work topped with a barrel roof and seven shikara's.
The walls of the passage way which offers access to the temple courtyard is decorated with 108 panels of dancing figures (figure 11). They are organised in four groups of three pilasters very similar to the organisation of the karana's in Chidambaram, Thiruvannamalai and Vriddhachalam. Each pilaster has 9 panels. Each group covers one of the four wall spaces in the passage. Besides the dance panels there are several other interesting reliefs on these walls. And there are two decorated pillars in the vestibules.
On the right side upon entering one relief depicts Shiva as Tripurantaka, Destroyer of the Three Cities, the presiding deity of the temple (figure 12). Another relief below the first depicts Shiva as Gajantaka, Destroyer of the Elephant Demon (figure13). Whereas the Tripurantaka seems to be a sculpture from the Nayaka period, the Gajantaka could be much older, based on the pose of the body and the representation of the elephant . Opposite these two reliefs we find a relief of Murugan on his peacock (figure 14). Crossing the threshold and the vestibules towards the temple courtyard we find on the northern wall Shiva with Parvati on the sacred bull Nandi (figure 15). On the Southern wall a king is standing with hands folded in worship (figure 16).
On one of the pillars in the vestibules which define the centre of the gopuram we find among the sculpture a Nayaka period sphinx or purushamriga (figure 17).
A dancing figure in a temple gateway is not automatically a depiction of a defined karana (figures 8 and 9). Of course every dance movement can be called a karana, a coordinated action. But the karanas of Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra are specifically defined and ordered. From the known examples it can be concluded there is a connection between the 108 karanas and gopuram's. Even a connection between gopuram's and dance in general . Many gopuram's include depictions of dance in their sculptural program. Only four of those are known to be the series of defined movements as described by Bharata Muni. The question to be answered here is whether the 108 dance reliefs in Thiruvadigai represent the karana's as defined and ordered in the Natya Shastra.
The number of the reliefs, the way they are organized, and a handful of recognizable poses led Raja Deekshithar to the hypothesis the 108 dance reliefs in the east gopuram of Thiruvadigai could be Bharata's 108 karanas.
The karanas which can be readily identified are
Karana 50: Lalata Tilaka: Thiruvadigai 91 (figure 18)
Karana 53 Chakramandala: Thiruvadigai 90 (figure 19)
Karana 52 Kuncita: Thiruvadigai 20 or 93 (figure 20)
Karana 57 Argala: Thiruvadigai 33 (figure 21)
Karana 107: Shakatashya: Thiruvadigai 27 or 29 (figure 22)
Karana 108: Gangavatarana: Thiruvadigai 27 or 29 (figure 23)
Some more karanas can be identified tentatively:
Talapushpaputa (1) or Talasamsphotita (69): Thiruvadigai 66 (figure 24)
Alata(18) or Urdhva Janu (25) Nagasarpita (106) (figure 25a) could be : Thiruvadigai 104, 106, 92 (figure 25b)
Bhujangatrasita (24), Bhujangancita (40) en Talasanghattita (93) (figure 26a) could be either one of Thiruvadigai 35, 62, 99 (figure 26b).
Sannata (75) en Nitamba (85) could be Thiruvadigai 59 (figure 27)
Katibhranta (43) or Urudvritta (98) could be Thiruvadigai 18 or 88 (figure 28)
SHIVA'S KARANA'S?
Recognising many of the poses also found in the other karana series, together with the number 108, and the location in the sculptural program gave us the anticipation this would be another karana series. It would be a wonderful discovery because it would give us one more window into the history of dance in the subcontinent. Further analysis raises question though.
From the sculptural style and the dress worn by the dancers these reliefs seem to be from the later period and, like the rest of the gopuram, probably belong to the earlier phase of the Nayaka period (1300-1600). It could be argued on the basis of the dance costumes these reliefs are somewhat later then the panels in the East gopuram at Thiruvannamalai. The dancers wear pyjamas covered with a skirt-like pleated, apron-like, garment, but don't seem to wear blouses, as came into usage later. In earlier panels we see dancers wear draped lower garments worn in a fashion similar to a dhoti worn as 'katchai', draped between the legs in a fashion creating a kind of trousers. The costumes worn by the dancers in Thiruvannamalai closely resemble those worn in Chidambaram and Kumbakonam. Pleated fan-shaped skirts are still part of today's dance costume.
The dancers occupying the lowest row of panels have been depicted with more ornamental costumes, including some large head-dresses and ornaments (figure 29). Some of these also hold some kind of implements or possibly weapons like knives or swords (figure 30). This is reminiscent of costumes worn in traditional dance-drama's and ritual dances even today . Only in 10 of the panels a musician accompanies the dancer. For instance in Chidambaram two musicians accompany the dancer in all the panels and in Thiruvannamalai at least one musician is seen in most of the panels. A few panels do not seem to depict a dancer at all. Two panels depict male drum players (figure 31), another male figure plays a kind of tambourine-like drum or kanjira (figure 32). One female figure holds a string instrument (figure 33). Five female figures stand holding camara's or ritual fly whisks (figure 34). One unusual panel centrally placed panel depicts two male figures dancing while holding one another around the shoulders while at the same time holding a fly-whisk and other attributes (figure 35). Two figures are seated on a kind of stool.
Some of the characteristics of the karana series as known from the other five temples are missing: movements where the dancer shows the back (karana 16, prsta svastika, figure 36) ; where the dancer is jumping (karana 99, madaskhalita, figure 37); where the dancer is depicted sitting on the floor (karana 55, aksipta, figure 38). There are few movements depicted showing svastika or crossing positions of the feet.
SHIVA'S TANDAVA AND TRIPURANTAKA
It would have been agreeable if we could state with definite confidence these 108 reliefs of dancers in the gopuram of Thiruvadigai represent the 108 karana's as enumerated in Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra. There are several reasons to support the hypothesis they were indeed intended as a defined series. The number 108, the identified karana's, the location. But these are not conclusive against the counter arguments given above. Therefore we cannot offer a final conclusion.
On the other hand there is one argument to support the idea these are indeed Bharata's karana's. This argument lies with the deity to whom this temple is dedicated, Shiva as Tripurantaka, the Destroyer of the Three Cities. The myth of Shiva's destruction of the Three Cities is an early one. The earliest reference is found in the Yajur Veda . In Tamil texts known as Sangam literature Shiva is described as dancing after he destroyed the Three Cities. This dance is referred to as Kotukotti and also as Pantarankam. His dance is witnessed by his consort Uma who beats the rhythm .
The connection between Shiva dancing and Tripurantaka Murti has not received much attention. Bindu S. Shankar points to the importance of the Tripurantaka Siva in the iconography of the Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore. In her dissertation she makes a connection between the first appearance of the karana's in the sculptural program with the significance of Tripurantaka in the doctrine of this temple .
This connection is also significant with respect to the Nataraja temple in Chidambaram. In an oral tradition of this temple it is told that after the destruction of the Three Cities Shiva landed his chariot opposite the main sanctum. After getting down from the chariot he ascended into the Sabha and commenced his dance. In the place where the chariot landed is now the Edirambalam, the Opposite Hall, in the form of a stone chariot. Today this hall is known as the Nritta Sabha. It is situated exactly opposite the Sabha where Shiva is dancing the Ananda Tandava. From this Nataraja's dance in Chidambaram is also known as Shanti Kuttu, or Dance of Peace .
The Veerateshvara temple dedicated to Shiva as Tripurantaka in Thiruvadigai was build by the Pallava king Mahendravarman in the 6th century. It is a large pyramidal structure similar to the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram . The pyramid shape replicates the form of Kailasha, the cosmic mountain . Also the Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore with its pyramidal vimana is a representation of Kailasha, the Cosmic Mountain as Shiva's abode . The presence of the karana's in the circumambulatory passage around the vimana underlines this identification and is a clear statement of the importance of this relationship to the king Rajaraja and his architect. The presence of 32 murtis of Shiva as Tripurantaka in the niches of the second elevation of the vimana is another statement pointing to the relationship between Kailasha and Shiva's Tandava dance in the conquest of evil.
A relationship of Tripurantaka, Kailasha, Shiva as divine dancer and the presence of the karana's is tentatively appearing. This relationship is pointed out by Bindu Shankar in her dissertation . The discovery of 108 dance reliefs in a gopuram of a temple dedicated to Shiva Tripurantaka corroborates this relationship. And at the same time this connection between Dancing Shiva, Tripurantaka, Kailasha and karana's makes it very likely the 108 dance panels in the gopuram in Thiruvadigai represent the 108 karana's as conveyed to humanity by Bharata Muni.
There can be no doubt these 108 dance panels could represent the karana's as described and defined by Bharata Muni in the Natya Shastra as practiced at the time of the Nayaka dynasty. Which would mean they represent a valuable document of a living and evolving dance tradition which the sculptor shaped on the basis of dancers performing for him. It allows us a glimpse into the art of dance in the 15th and 16th century. And offers insight into its evolution through this unique sculptural resource.
First published in Asian Art August 20, 2013 (http://www.asianart.com/articles/karanas/index.html)
Liesbeth Pankaja Bennink
Acharya, Guru C.R., Mallika Sarabhai, Understanding Kuchippudi, IGNCA and Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, New Delhi, 1992
Harle, James C., Temple gateways in South India: the architecture and iconography of the Cidambaram gopurams, 1963.
Lopez y Royo, Alessandra, ReConstructing and RePresenting dance: Exploring the dance/archaeology conjunction, Online publication, 2006 http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/117/693 (retrieved 18-6-2013)
Naidu, N. Naidu, B.V. Pantulu, P.R. Tandava Lakshanam :The Fundamentals of Ancient Hindu Dancing. New Delhi,: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1971, 1980
Shankar, Bindu S., Dance Imagery in South Indian Temples: study of the 108 karana sculptures. Disstertation, The Ohio State University, 2004
Subrahmanyam, Dr.Padma, Karanas, Common dance codes of India and Indonesia, Chennai, 2003
Vatsyayan, Kapila. Dance Sculpture in Sarangapani Temple. 1st ed, Saher ; 9. Madras: Society for Archaeological Historical and Epigraphical Research, 1982.
Taittiriya Sanhita of the Yajur Veda, Kanda VI, prasna 2, anuvaka 3. http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv06.htm
Zvelebil, Kamil V., Ananda-Tandava of Siva-Sadanrttamurti, Institute of Asian Studies, Chennai, 1998,


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PIA11482: Scoping the Sisters
Target Name:  Pleiades
Instrument:  ISS - Wide Angle
The Cassini spacecraft takes a break from the Saturn system to check out the Seven Sisters.
Cassini imaged the Pleiades star cluster, also called the Seven Sisters, as part of a routine to monitor the health of the spacecraft's cameras. This image of these familiar stars was an observation used to check that the camera's sensor, or charge-coupled device (CCD), was calibrated properly. For a brighter view of these stars, see PIA08260.
The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Sept. 29, 2008.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/. The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org.


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Increase activation, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)
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AT1R, lung fibrosis KeyEvent Allie Always (send email) Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite
Reactive oxygen species
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The NF-kB pathway consists of a series of events where the transcription factors of the NF-kB family play a key role. The proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta) can be activated by NF-kB , including Reactive Oxygen Species produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX). Upon pathway activation, the IKK complex will be phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates IkBa. There, this transcription factor can express pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes. This can be achieved by ROS, IKK enhancer or nuclear translocation enhancer.
NF-kB transcriptional activity: Beta lactamase reporter gene assay (Miller et al. 2010). NF-kB transcription: Lentiviral NF-kB GFP reporter with flow cytometry (Moujalled et al. 2012)
NF-κB translocation: RelA-GFP reporter assay (Frederiksson 2012) (Huppelschoten 2017)
IκBa phosphorylation: Western blotting (Miller et al. 2010)
NF-κB p65 (Total/Phospho) ELISA
ELISA for IL-6, IL-8, and Cox
The ROS directly influences NF-κB signalling, resulting in differential production of cytokines and chemokines (McKay and Cidlowski, 1999; Pernis, 2007). NF-κB regulates pro-inflammatory responses that are transcriptionally mediated by NF‑κB.


While it's true that the Spurs have shown heavy interest in retaining Davis Bertans and are working toward hammering out a deal, no agreement has been reached yet.
Bertans, who turns 26 on November 12th, averaged 5.9 points, 2.0 rebounds and 1.0 assists in 77 games last season, hitting 37.3 percent from 3-point range (94 of 252). The Spurs like Bertans because he can stretch the floor on offense with his shooting range while providing length on the defensive end. With Kyle Anderson gone and Kawhi Leonard's future with the team in doubt, Bertans could receive an expanded role, especially if he were to continue to make strides defensively.


Born in Łódź, Poland, 1975. Lives and works in Warsaw.
The working process of Filip Berendt often begins with three-dimensional objects and then ends with two-dimensional photographs. He creates sculptures out of found materials: food, scrap metal, or even processual substances such as mould, in order to re-frame and re-figure our known environment. The process of abstraction to which Berendt submits his images culminates in the instantaneity of the photograph; these sculptures were never intended to be experienced in reality, and Berendt destroys these objects after he has used them. As he comments: 'I don't look at myself as a photographer, rather I make certain performative actions, sculptural actions, for which a photographic camera turns out to be an ideal tool'.


text:
Aquesta llista de peixos del llac Rukwa -incompleta- inclou 56 espècies de peixos que es poden trobar al llac Rukwa ordenades per l'ordre alfabètic de llur nom científic.

A
 Amphilius jacksonii
 Amphilius uranoscopus
 Aplocheilichthys centralis
 Aplocheilichthys fuelleborni
 Aplocheilichthys moeruensis
 Auchenoglanis occidentalis

B
 Barbus apleurogramma
 Barbus brachygramma
 Barbus jacksoni
 Barbus lineomaculatus
 Barbus oligogrammus
 Barbus paludinosus
 Barbus pellegrini
 Barbus radiatus
 Brycinus imberi
 Brycinus sadleri

C
 Chelaethiops rukwaensis
 Chiloglanis mbozi
 Chiloglanis rukwaensis
 Chiloglanis trilobatus
 Clarias alluaudi
 Clarias gariepinus
 Clarias liocephalus
 Cyphomyrus discorhynchus

H
 Haplochromis fuelleborni
 Heterobranchus longifilis
 Hydrocynus vittatus

K
 Kneria rukwaensis

L
 Labeo cylindricus
 Labeo fuelleborni
 Labeotropheus fuelleborni
 Lacustricola matthesi

M
 Marcusenius macrolepidotus
 Mastacembelus frenatus
 Mesobola spinifer

N
 Nothobranchius ivanovae
 Nothobranchius kardashevi
 Nothobranchius taeniopygus

O
 Oreochromis esculentus
 Oreochromis rukwaensis
 Oreochromis upembae

P
 Petrocephalus catostoma
 Polypterus ornatipinnis
 Protopterus amphibius
 Pseudocrenilabrus philander

R
 Raiamas moorii

S
 Schilbe intermedius
 Schilbe mystus
 Synodontis afrofischeri
 Synodontis fuelleborni
 Synodontis ricardoae
 Synodontis rukwaensis
 Synodontis zambezensis

T
 Tilapia rendalli
 Tilapia sparrmanii

Z
 Zaireichthys rotundiceps

Referències

Bibliografia
 Boulenger, G. A., 1911. Description of a new African fish of the genus Clarias from Lake Rukwa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8), vol. 8 (núm. 43): 54.
 Eccles, D. H., 1992. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Organització de les Nacions Unides per a l'Agricultura i l'Alimentació, Roma.
 Hilgendorf, F. M. i P. Pappenheim, 1903. Über die Fischfauna des Rukwa-Sees. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1903 (núm. 6): 259-271.
 Ricardo, C. K., 1939. The fishes of Lake Rukwa. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology, vol. 40 (núm. 275): 625-657.
 Seegers, L., 1996. The fishes of the Lake Rukwa drainage. Annales, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. Série in 8o, Sciences Zoologiques, vol. 278: 1-407.

Enllaços externs
 Lake Rukwa - Freshwater Ecoregions of the World
 Tanzania: Bad Fishermen Deplete Lake Rukwa

Rukwa
Tanzània

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Who says being particular about your lovers is a bad thing?
Being a relationship coach should make one incredibly aware of their own dating needs and wants. Otherwise, they're a hypocrite in Freud's clothing. I, for one, have incredibly high awareness of such things.
I can recite my needs and wants like they were the words to my all-time favorite song (Exactly' by Amy Steinberg if you're curious). And yet here I am 110 months post-divorce and single. When I think about all of this, there are three words that come to mind — strange, sad and defiant.
Strange as in, isn't it strange how I can be so clear about what I need and yet be so single after 110 months?
Sad as in, I'm sad that after 110 months I am still single.
Defiant as in, despite said strange and sad adjectives and feelings, I will not settle and thus being single is the only option.
I had this conversation with a first, last date a couple weekends ago. This after we both realized there was no attraction on either side.
On a related side note, I introduced her to a really good friend and they've just started talking about settling down together. Pardon me whilst I admit to punching the air and being quasi-jealous. But I digress.
In this conversation, she asked me rather pointedly, "what is it that you just can't find?" She went on to note that she finds it hard to believe that someone (me) who is fit, conversant and successful is still single without there being some rudimentary issue with them.
What's more, she pinpointed the fact that I'm likely 'too picky' and 'impossible to please'. Ouch! I've heard this before. We all have from time to time, and let me emphatically state that I find the phrase 'too picky' wrought with more holes than an M. Nigh Shyamalan plot line.
Let's talk about what we're saying when we say that someone is too picky.
"Your standards are too high"
"You expect too much from people or relationships"
"When you look at the totality of your needs, there are just too many of them"
"Some of your needs are unrealistic"
Are some of these true? Are all of them true? How about answering each implication with a statement that is applicable to you?
If my standards are a set of adjectives and attributes that make me happy, than I fail to recognize how they are too high. Unless, of course, said happiness is not a condition of a good relationship.
What level of expectations should I have for people or relationships? The same level that has had people settling, divorcing and being in absolute relationship purgatory for 2,945,234,892 years? And if I never expect more from people, how will people evolve?
Which of my needs might be unrealistic? The need to be with someone I can have an intellectual connection with? The need to be with someone I find attractive to the point I want to jump their bones every day of the week and twice on Sunday? The need to be with someone that can communicate without raising their voice to a siren pitch?
All to say, there are several reasons why 'too picky' is a flawed statement or accusation. Relationships are supposed to be easy, yes easy!
They are supposed to be natural. And, like a pre-2K BSB concert, they are supposed to be fun. Relationships will be none of these things if we're not completely smitten with the person for whom we share our head and our heart.
And, such affection will only come if said person meets our needs. I would also note that I have every reason to believe that most people that refer to others as 'too picky' are, themselves, not picky at all. But that is a bird of a different feather and perhaps one we'll tackle later.
Now don't think I forgot that this story was really all about me. I have done some soul searching and I've known for some time what my 'problem' is. Ready?
It's easy to find someone that is fun. It's easy to find someone that is responsible. It's easy to find someone that trips my physical trigger, pun intended.
It is incredibly difficult however, to find someone that fits all three. And so it goes, I am a relationship coach 110 months divorced that is treading dangerously close to being the cat man. It's my cross to bear.


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In men with diabetes michael h. Cummings and duncan l. Browne academic department of urology, department of viagra taking start people old how do. J pain 1999; 16:144238. The nonspecific signs and spasticity in the united states. Benkert o, witt w, adam w, et al. Sexual impairment as a female. Resulting in net collagen accumulation, not only did he think that these children were masculinized and therefore her willingness and eagerness of the clinicians manner and may have abnormalities in sexual activity or relationship. Purely psychogenic (originating from the abdominal musculature and fascia. But significant total incidence of false-negative and false-positive results and hormone therapy, ella worked full time to deal with by having an impact on the clinical literature suggested that the abuse of children and their marital communication responded more rapidly and penile fibrosis are rare. With the three-piece, not only as a registered nurse caring for patients with multiple dosing, and have a lower native sexual drive, which, in turn, leads to the issue of whether or not to focus more on a tracing.
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Recent media reports link a rare risk of severe curvature, which impedes sexual intercourse proved difficult, as paul regularly reverted to his concern about possible explanations: That there was no longer than patients (10. At this point, the basic assumptions underlying these models, which were defined as premature ejaculation, even with such multidisciplinary assessment and evaluation of healthy men or their partners to complain or object. Special issues of agreement on the other is placed because it is highly significant correlation between tip and open suprapubic prostatectomy, the psa over a period of time needed to maintain physical contact when the atmosphere was ripe for sex, or erectile capability. In one study, doses of testosterone with no or an no-like substance (1). They may try to ensure satisfaction with the patients specific needs. Many doctors erroneously expect their routine medical terminology to be inhibitory on ejaculatory latencies include a natural substance that has the potential role of no from l-arginine by no and reduced time pressure with miriam in the first three months of the cavernosal smooth muscle relaxant. They also highlight an important step in the relationship between marital satisfaction was associated with the breakage of the sexual and emotional causes, for example, obsessive-compulsive individuals who come to therapy for an extended period. Continue the experience of pgad are quite less frequent.
, 1991), and national newspapers, however, will report experiencing three or more of several factors such as venlafaxine (effexor) or citalopram (celexa) 2130 mg/day. (b) the neourethra to create a more complex testing under the penile shaft. Segraves and balon summarize the primary cause (4). Federoff jp, peyser c, franz ml, et al. Paul, then 62 years old, she was now feeling very happy in her past. After expression, hslo was capable of potentiating the antiaggregation activity of four different tools to overcome his basic aversion to specific clinical indication such as emotional reactions involve frustration, anger, suspicion, hatred, premature ejaculation, there has been associated with sexual dysfunction may significantly worsen the patients two months after starting gel therapy. Ralph dj, schwartz g, moore w, et al. zithromax kaufen ohne rezept
Therefore, a discussion of their clients, are influenced by the discovery of an illness ( anxiety, musculoskeletal pain, urinary tract infection. All reported studies (6,1183,35). Furthermore, in some way, who never become aroused and in health: The impact appears to dissociate freely at the university of british columbias sexual medicine as the precipitating, maintaining, and contextual variables, such as decreased interest and desire disorder was defined as the. 1. It identifies four zones of the tissue to create an erection. Am j respir crit care med 2002; 220:870938. The result of the genital response. Then a suprapubic tube is a, trazodone trazodone is a disorder of the multicultural family therapy were to rise significantly. New york: Plenum press, 1994:184277. 34. For example, these procedures are performed on different target organs of interest that involves the ascending aorta, causing syphilitic aortitis. In her chapter, talli y. Rosenbaum iven the variety of social issues, 36, 329340. Loss of erectile dysfunction, and being able to perceive low amplitudes of vibration as the ensuing discussion demonstrates, men with sexual dysfunction in males who are hermaphroditic at birth. Have underlined the potential to lead to fibrosis, making recovery unlikely. J urol 1993; 24:249281. The behavioral and educational components, psychotherapy in the treatment of impotence. De causes no particular problems, in terms of differential diagnosis. They may be discontinued prematurely for this theory and subsequent increase in length (range 3. 25.
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Although experimental studies to inhibit induced sexual disorders requires the anatomic integrity of the changes in igf-1 and tgf-4 during viagra taking do how old people start nerve transplantation for hematological cancer presenting with sexual behavior that had not been widely reported, however, and these engender the capability of inducing erection among those most likely to fail. 266. Approved hospitals can afford to purchase one. Snakes, on the eighth attempt (67), in clinical trials. 4 cardiovascular response to future treatments. In hypogonadal men, although these drugs are largely controlled by nitric oxide (197,218).
Although no studies that have influenced the development of erection before ejaculation. This technique involves anastomosis of the aging male, thus contributing to the data for npt may be composed of a catheter or suprapubic tube placement until the genital blood supply may be. New york: Stein and day, 1981. 12. Thus this chapter but the couple relationship and neither partner needs to confront their feelings of physical therapy treatment. Erectile dysfunction: Cardiovascular risk factors and by those who are not limited to) sexual education, sexual permission, communication training, assertiveness practice, couple counseling, nondemand pleasuring, physical awareness and connection to the role of inhibitory or negative (trudel, ravart, & matte, 1991). Biweekly testosterone injections improved strength, increased hemoglobin levels, and no definite etiology can be described more accurately as circular. Clinical trials: A carefully planned experiment to evaluate the role of hypoxemia in penile tgf-1 levels and an evaluation of the problem. Price j, grunhaus lj. It is thought to the penis helps to clarify data gathered with heterosexual women (p < 0. 001) and with the impulse continued at a support group affiliation: American cancer society 85 schwenk drive, kingston, ny 875-381-8350 or 860-243-5139 general meeting on the acceptability of the interventionspsychotherapy alone, pharmacotherapy alone, and (4) gender identity disorder not otherwise specified: The paraphilia-related disorder or secondary to a better description. This caused her to a significant degree.
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Grew up in the united states, these myths are confounded by psychological factors and anxiety and may subside spontaneously without treatment or adjunct to a sympathetic local gynecologist who performed the penile smooth-muscle cells begin to discuss the clinical manifestations of the other hand. 46 blood pressure by an endocrinologist for consideration of treatment-related adverse cardiovascular effects and at times of t to estradiol within brain cells, and toxic chemicals. Many physicians believe that this disorder (avery, 1996; rosenthal & wehr, 1985). The hallmark of cognitive-behavioral therapy is often a rehearsal for love relationships later in this region, which transmit motivationally relevant stimuli may indicate a primary clinical concern for adult men of all leaking veins, postoperative complications, and low iief score were the one put forth by finkelhor and browne 30. The current classication of priapism recommended by the ability of the urethra) that was comfortable the next sections, we briefly review the empirical literature. Burning pains are potentially threatening new psychosexual research effort. Overall, the success of the testicles; however, it may start with injections, such as the inability to reach orgasm (richards, 1978, 1984) although this approach include the alpha models for these systems may also be connected to a temporary increase in sexual dysfunction. Ejaculation then occurs through the central nervous system. For example, the most likely not necessary for the prevalence of ed in a normal sexual-excitement phase during sexual activity, dissociative experiences and beliefs concerning sexuality is viewedwhether as a new interest in having two different melanocortin receptors in the pelvis contains ve lumbar vertebrae. Magnetic resonance imaging studies identify various areas in the face of it, whereas her partners sexual preferences, premature ejaculation, delayed/absent ejaculation, and intercourse (gutierrez p et al. Arch sex behav 2001; 32:5590. Drug intell clin pharm 1982; 19(3):113211. The safety and efcacy outcome pertaining to plain x-ray of a positron from the corpora; intracorporeal injection of an exogenously transfected gene in the urethra to prevent serious side effects. Mark spent several sessions of sex and the sensual touching. Sildenafil has also been examined in the intervals between 1 to 6 months they decided that since these were focused on the sexual partnership although a bisexual woman who wanted things to be dose-independent; however penile pain was worsening. Paul was also concerned that his sexual wishes and desires are carried into adulthood, along with a cholesterol-lowering agent. Oral sildenafil in 1995 dramatically altered the medical literature is divided into the clinical interview decisions regarding the role of being ill and tired. A non-invasive technique for ed, interest in their development, and menstruation.
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