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You are at:Home»API Online»Give Me a Hand. Brake.
Give Me a Hand. Brake.
By Rick Kahl on November 30, 2022 API Online, Regulations & Standards, Spotlight On...
Updated 12/05/22: This article has been updated to correct the description of why the TIRE committee prepared the June technical advisory; to note that the advisory applies to guide-operated brakes as well as hand brakes; and to add a definition for what constitutes a "primary" brake.
Can ACCT codify what it takes to hand brake successfully without diminishing the experience it seeks to protect?
The winds of change are swirling around hand braking in the zip line world. The ACCT technical paper on hand braking signaled a new, more nuanced approach to guest safety by the standards writers within the organization. The draft proposed ANSI/ACCT standard, released Nov. 25 and open for public comment through Jan. 9, makes that approach more concrete. The draft allows specific types of braking systems for each of three landing-zone speed ranges. At some point, and possibly soon, some variation on the draft standard will be enacted, with real impacts on many, if not most, zip lines that involve hand braking.
That makes it essential for operators of hand braking tours to review the draft and provide comments on it.
As we reported in Fall 2022 issue of Adventure Park Insider ("Hand Braking Discussion Heats Up," Park Briefs), the ACCT Technical Information, Research, and Education (TIRE) committee released a technical advisory on human-operated braking systems—i.e., hand braking by participants as well as brakes operated by guides. The advisory noted that the arrival speed of the rider (participant or staff) is critical to minimizing risk of injury, and that injuries increase in severity with higher arrival speeds. It also stated that smaller and shorter zip lines with arrival speeds of 6 mph or less, where gravity serves as the primary brake, do not require other brake systems, as the risk of injury at these low speeds is minimal.
To reduce the incident rate, it recommended against relying on participants "to provide the primary brake," and noted that hand braking "must be backed up on lines with arrival speeds above 6 mph." The draft standard goes further, stating that hand braking cannot serve as the primary brake. (Read the full advisory and the draft standard at acctinfo.org.)
Keep in mind that "primary," in its usage in the advisory and draft standard, means "more important than anything else" in differentiating between types of braking systems. At arrival speeds of less than 6 mph, for example, hand braking is not considered more important to stopping than anything else, and is therefore not considered the primary brake.
That said, applying the new standards' landing-zone speed ranges to existing operations can become complicated, expensive, and for some operators, perhaps unnecessary.
ACCT's draft proposed standard could affect up to 90 percent of hand braking tours, estimates industry veteran and certified ACCT inspector John (JT) Turman of Ascent Collaborative Services, requiring them to modify their courses regardless of their safety record. The draft "makes it tough on those that have been running well for a long time," he says.
On the other hand, while Turman has inspected some tours that are "fast and are fine," he's also seen incident reviews where "so many tours are just a little too fast for hand braking." To that end, Turman does see the need for additional and/or more reliable braking systems on faster lines. "It's inconsistent to rely on a guest for whom it's a first time hand braking," he says.
Clearly, there's a need to address these too-fast tours. Can that be done without forcing changes to tours with a good safety record?
STANDARD: ARRIVAL SPEED IS KEY
The draft standard's three speed ranges for arrival in the landing zone are 0-6 mph, 6 to 15 mph, and 15 mph or more. It notes that no brake system is required for the low-speed range. It requires both primary and secondary braking for the medium speed zone. Hand braking cannot be considered a primary or emergency brake, but is allowed for speed control for both these zones. For medium arrival speeds, guide-activated braking can be a primary brake. For landing speeds of more than 15 mph, no active braking by participants or guides is allowed; both primary and emergency brakes must be passive.
"Due to the inability of staff to physically intervene with participant actions when a participant is on a zip line, zip line brake systems shall not depend on participant actions to provide the primary brake," the draft standard declares. It adds, "Active braking is permitted by guides. Unlike participants, guides are trained individuals for whom zip line riding and the operation of zip line brakes is a regular part of their job."
The standard does permit hand braking for arrival speeds up to 15 mph. "At predicted rider speeds below 15 mph (24 km/h) the designer may include approaches that enable participants to interact with the zip line or surrounding environment in order to decrease speed as a supplement to the primary brake," the draft states. "Approaches include and are not limited to hand braking, striding foot arrest, and participant trolley braking. Participant interaction shall not be permitted on high-speed zip lines."
The draft standard adds, "An emergency brake shall require no action by any person," although active reset is allowed.
HISTORY OF SPEED
The range of arrival speeds has grown over the past 20 years as zip lines and tours have evolved. Many early hand braking lines and tours in Central and North America consisted of many, shorter lines (100-150 feet long) and lower speeds. Hand braking was relatively easy and practical.
"We didn't envision people going 1,200 feet," says Michael R. Smith, an early builder and currently owner of hand braking tour Arbortrek Canopy Adventures. "It was more about being in nature, not going as fast as we could."
As zip tours evolved, though, zip lines got longer and faster. Some hand braking lines are 1,800 feet or more, and participants reach higher speeds than on those earlier designs. Longer lines are more subject to environmental influences, like wind, and that expands the range of potential arrival speeds.
To accommodate those wider speed ranges, some of these longer/faster hand braking tours have been retrofitted with guide-operated or passive automatic brake systems. And some have not.
And that's where we find ourselves today.
A FRAMEWORK FOR CONSIDERATION
TIRE committee member Kathy Haras, vice president of Adventureworks! Associates, recently gave Adventure Park Insider her personal view of the issues involved, outlining the pros and cons and other considerations around hand braking.
"I can speak only for myself," she wrote in an email, observing that when it comes to hand braking, "There aren't two views—there's a whole bunch of views. And the details really, really, really matter.
"I want/like/enjoy/prefer when participants hand brake. I think much of the meaningful involvement that separates our field from amusement rides disappears when participants do not engage in skill-based tasks.
"That said, there are hazards when participants hand brake. The hazard profile increases with speed. So, if hand braking is to be done by participants,
It should only be done at lower speeds. Not all speeds are appropriate for participant hand braking, but some absolutely are.
At some speeds, an error in handbraking may lead to injury. Below 6 mph the rider is moving slowly enough that a non-braking event isn't a major concern, but at speeds above 6 mph, impact with the support structure begins to become problematic.
"For me, risk = likelihood [of non-braking]x severity + public outrage." She notes that there's a likelihood of non-braking, and that severe incidents, while rare, can provoke public outrage.
Haras acknowledges, though, that no brake system is perfect. "Passive braking isn't perfect. Neither is guide-operated braking. Each of these has a different hazard profile than participant hand braking. All of these brake systems are appropriate in the right context."
"The ideal," she argues, "is matching the right brake system with the right context." And when it comes to hand braking, "Sometimes the value of the experience outweighs the risk. Sometimes it doesn't. And knowledge about how speed interacts with rider experience profile can help everyone make more informed decisions."
The question is, how risky is hand braking? How much trust can one have in the ability of the guest to hand brake? Views differ widely. Operators such as Eric Lapchenko of Hocking Hills Canopy Tours and Smith of Arbortrek say that most guests readily become sufficiently skilled at hand braking. Others in the industry say that the incidence of lawsuits and claims shows that guests are unreliable.
The problem, for both standards writers and operators of hand braking zip lines and tours, is how to make poorly designed or incident-prone installations less incident-prone, without adding unnecessary operational burdens to well-designed and low-incident operations. It's a tough problem, because the details are not easily codified. It's extremely difficult to fill in the specifics in Haras's risk equation, and to determine when the value of the hand-braking experience outweighs the risk.
THE VALUE OF EXPERIENCE
Many hand braking proponents say the value of the experience is high, and that the experience is significantly different from riding a zip tour with a passive braking system.
Thaddeus Shrader, CEO of Bonsai Designs, which has designed and built many hand braking tours, is one such believer. "What is beautiful about hand braking is the connection that develops between the guide and the participant, and the participant and the experience.
"People want the magic of the experience. They appreciate the opportunity to learn a skill. They feel better, more engaged, and more accomplished at the end of the day. I'm concerned that we're going to close the door on the experiential element."
Lapchenko, course manager at Hocking Hills Canopy Tours in Ohio, with two hand-braking tours, agrees that "the guest really enjoys being part of the adventure."
"To create a peak experience, risk must be properly paired with skill/competency," says Smith. "If there is too much risk and too little skill, then the result is misadventure. If there is too little risk and too much skill, then boredom ensues. Remove all of the skill and minimize the risk, there's no opportunity for adventure; there's only a chance of amusement."
HOW HIGH IS THE RISK?
So: how high is the risk of non-braking by participants? The risk profile depends not only on the arrival speed but also on several other factors, including the physical attributes of the installation, the athletic ability and mindset of the clientele, the backup braking system and, if applicable, the ability of a guide to operate an active backup system.
Smith and Lapchenko say that most of their guests quickly learn to brake. "It's not a very complicated thing to hand brake," Smith notes. Those who can't, though, can be weeded out during ground school, where each guest has a chance to practice hand braking, and on the early lines on a tour, where speeds are relatively low and consequences of non-braking can be mitigated by the guides.
In addition, Lapchenko says, "The sense of control helps assure some of the hesitant guests. It gives them some sense of security."
Lapchenko acknowledges that some guests struggle with hand braking at times, and some are not able to hand brake properly as speeds increase. The tour's backup guide-activated braking system counters that issue.
Additionally, Lapchenko's guides continually evaluate the guests' performance and coach guests throughout the tour. They are also empowered to remove participants who the guides feel are not up to the task of braking. All that contributes to the operation's safety record.
Removals are rare, though. With proper and ample instruction, most people learn to hand brake quickly. As Lapchenko notes, "even people in their late 80s and early 90s have done the course."
Shrader notes that many guide-activated backup brakes allow the guide to pre-load the system so that lighter/slower participants don't have a harsh interaction with the brake. That is an advantage over passive systems, which do not have the same capacity to calibrate the braking force to the individual.
Likelihood of serious injury is another key component of the Haras equation. And at many hand braking operations, serious injury is quite unlikely. We spoke to several industry players with long experience in hand braking; all said that serious claims stemming from hand braking tours are relatively infrequent. Lapchenko says that in the 15 years Hocking Hills Canopy Tours has operated its hand braking tours, the number of serious incidents has been "slim to none."
The common wisdom in the industry is that, overall, more/minor incidents happen on hand braking courses, but more/serious incidents tend to happen on non-hand-braking tours, where speeds can be much higher. As insurance expert Robert Monaghan of Hibbs Hallmark Insurance Agency says, "We still cover hand braking tours, and if the insurance carriers saw any negative trends, they would let us know, by either asking more questions, or … not insuring them."
Neither of those are the case, he says—but the universe of hand braking courses is relatively small, he adds, so even if there were a high level of serious incidents on hand braking courses, they might be difficult to isolate and identify in the data.
As one person told us, standards want things to be clear as black and white; hand braking is by nature a gray area.
BEST OF BOTH WORLDS?
Members of the TIRE committee—and others—have suggested that zip tours with higher arrival speeds can add backup braking systems, or entire primary and secondary brake systems depending on the arrival speed, and still incorporate hand braking as an operational element for speed control. It's not a case of either/or, they say, but of using both. That way, participants are still actively involved, and also enjoy the additional (presumed) security of the backup or primary braking system.
"The guest experience of being an active participant in their zip should not be affected by new primary brake standards," says Rich Klajnscek of Sea Fox Consulting, and a member of the ACCT TIRE committee. "They can hand brake just like before up to a certain speed, but in reality this is only a backup to the actual primary brake.
"This is a design issue, not a programming issue."
Not everyone sees this as an ideal solution. "Some say, 'use hand braking, just put primary and secondary brakes behind it.' But that really changes the experience," says Smith. "If you put a brake behind the hand braking system, people stop hand braking. It's the same with padding trees at the landing platform—people think they can hit it. If they feel safe, they behave recklessly."
"It changes the guest experience," Hocking Hills' Lapchenko agrees. "That's why I feel so strongly about continuing our operation as we have for so long. We believe strongly in our professionally built course, built for hand braking. We'd like to continue operating as we have for 15 years now."
IT'S (EVEN MORE) COMPLICATED
The new draft standard would affect most hand braking operators in a variety of ways.
To add passive braking components to a hand braking tour, says Smith, "Courses will likely have to raise the zip lines, purchase new trolleys and hope that the new bearing speeds match current design parameters, extend landing areas, run a second cable above the zip line to anchor the brake system, and possibly change the slope and tension of the zip lines—which may require a complete re-design and layout of the course. These retrofits become more difficult as the lengths get longer and tensions on ropes get higher. If the course is up in trees, changing the loads means you have to re-engineer the whole system."
At Hocking Hills, Lapchenko notes that the proposal "might require different adjustments on different lines."
And retrofits can be expensive. Turman notes that the cost of a passive brake alone can run between $1,000 and $5,000 per line. And that's before you add the cost of installation, testing, extending landing zones and platforms or adding other components.
"There's not an aspect of the business that will not be impacted by a change of this magnitude," states Smith. "In addition to the cost of retro-fitting the structures, tour cycle times will need to be adjusted, staff will need to be retrained, and operating manuals, marketing, signage, and waivers will need to be rewritten. Smith estimates that the total cost could run as high as $500,000 for some tours.
It is possible to redesign a canopy tour, reducing the pitch of the zip line to create slower arrival speeds. But that's more expensive than updating the braking system, Turman says, and not a practical solution for most tours.
Operational impacts. Both Smith and Turman note that the addition of passive brakes tends to lead to more retrievals, and that increases the time it takes to complete a tour. "That might mean an operation runs one less tour a day, and that affects revenue," Turman says.
"Plus, there's time needed to adopt the new system, and that also slows things down," he adds. The job of the guides themselves would expand, to include inspection and operation of any passive brake components added to the overall system. That would create the need for additional training as well.
"It's not just retrofitting a course," says Lapchenko, "it's retrofitting a training regimen, and our inspections. It could get very complicated and would affect us in a big way."
And, for all that, it's not clear that auto or passive brakes would reduce the incidence of serious injuries. More than one expert we spoke with, including some who are not hand braking advocates, say that the majority of zip lining lawsuits involve automatic or passive braking systems that malfunctioned or weren't reset properly. Of course, there are more zip tours with auto systems than not, and those courses often entail higher speeds than hand braking courses; both of those factors largely explain the tilt in court cases. But they don't make the case that auto systems are inherently safer than hand braking, either.
As Shrader says, "the idea is that if you remove hand braking, zip lines will become safer and there's less liability. But that may not be the case; you've just changed the type of issues you have to deal with."
Even the convention of establishing speed ranges for different braking requirements, which seems logical, is far from simple. Keith Jacobs of ESI notes that it is not easy to measure speeds below 20 mph—radar guns and other tools are not developed to measure slow speeds.
Even if they were, each zip line and zip tour is unique, and environmental conditions can cause arrival speeds to increase or decrease from day to day and hour to hour. Participant behavior can impact zipping and arrival as well. And those effects are not easy to predict or test.
Rather than speed ranges, Jacobs says, "I think a good standard sets a performance requirement—say, that arrival speed must be no faster than six miles an hour, and the brake system has to be reliable. Then it's up to the manufacturer or engineer to determine how to meet that performance requirement. If the engineer and the designer and the fabricator and the operator can figure out how to meet that design parameter with hand braking, god bless them."
Jacobs cites ASTM standards for rollercoasters as an example. "There's a performance requirement for the car, and they don't tell me as an engineer what kind of brake system I need. They only say that the rollercoaster has to be able to stop appropriately for the speed, and that there must be a redundant braking system in case the primary brake system fails."
Smith, who frequently serves as an expert witness in lawsuits regarding zip line cases, notes that "most lawsuits that involve hand braking relate to courses that were poorly designed, and on which there were lots of other accidents, too. Writing standards based on these cases is bad policy."
Instead, he suggests, "A ride hazard analysis would solve a lot of safety issues.
"There are lots of steps we could take before concluding that hand brakes shouldn't exist," he concludes.
One of those steps will be to carefully follow the ACCT standards process and consider the merits of the eventual draft proposed standard that emerges. Operators (and others) will have the opportunity to weigh in on it, and ACCT encourages that. Given the potentially big impacts on hand braking operations, it will be important for operators to be heard.
Rick Kahl


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Browse ASA Advocacy Update
October 27, 2021ASA Meets With Biden Administration on OSHA Covid ETS, Urges Special Consideration for Staffing Agencies
October 19, 2021ASA Proposes Small Business Size Standards for OSHA Covid ETS
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ASA Meets With Biden Administration on OSHA Covid ETS, Urges Special Consideration for Staffing Agencies
Published October 27, 2021 ■ ASA Advocacy Update
On Oct. 26, ASA and lobbyists from Squire Patton Boggs met with U.S. government officials to express concerns regarding the forthcoming Covid-19 Emergency Temporary Standard. Under the ETS, employers with 100 or more employees will be required to implement vaccine mandates or weekly Covid-19 testing.
ASA reiterated concerns that, given the extraordinarily high turnover of staffing agency temporary employees, agencies would face disproportionately high potential testing costs, and suggested that the ETS exclude employees expected work fewer than 30 days. ASA further proposed that the ETS should not apply in cases where a staffing agency has fewer than five days from the date it receives a client job order within which to find a qualified candidate who either is vaccinated or can obtain a negative Covid-19 test, and it is unable to do so. ASA also urged the officials to include alternative size and revenue tests for determining staffing agencies' small business status under the ETS.
The officials were not permitted under government rules to comment on the association's proposals but asked questions regarding the potential impact of the ETS on the industry, which ASA addressed. Once the ETS is published, ASA will provide further comment to the administration and additional details to its members.
ASA Proposes Small Business Size Standards for OSHA Covid ETS
On Oct. 18, ASA submitted a letter to the U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs asking that the forthcoming Covid-19 Emergency Temporary Standard, which will apply to businesses with 100 or more employees, consider the unique operating characteristics of staffing agencies by including alternative size tests for determining their small business status under the ETS.
ASA proposed that the ETS adopt the headcount approach used for determining employer eligibility for the Employee Retention Tax Credit under the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020—i.e., 130 hours per month, without regard to full-time equivalent employees.
ASA also proposed that the ETS should include alternative size tests for determining small business status based on financial measures like revenue and assets. The letter suggested that the ETS adopt the tests used in the federal Paycheck Protection Program. Under the PPP, a staffing agency is a small business concern if its annual revenue is $30 million or less. The letter further suggested that the ETS include a size test similar to the "alternative size standard" from the U.S. Small Business Administration, under which a borrower was considered a small concern if its maximum tangible net worth at the time of application was not more than $15 million and its average net income after federal income taxes (excluding any carryover losses) for the prior two full fiscal years was not more than $5 million.
ASA is in the process of seeking a meeting with OIRA to discuss these proposals.
On Oct. 18, ASA filed an amicus brief asking the U.S. Supreme Court to review a class action relevant to health care staffing agencies and others that reimburse traveling workers through per diem payments.
ASA asked the court to reverse a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling that a health care staffing agency's payments are compensation for work and thus must be included in traveling workers' regular rate of pay for overtime purposes. If allowed to stand, the Ninth Circuit's decision could harm many staffing agencies, particularly in the health care sector. As many as 20 other firms face or have faced similar lawsuits.
Per diem payments may be excluded from calculation of overtime under the Fair Labor Standards Act if the payments reimburse workers for meals, incidentals, and housing incurred on behalf of the employer while working away from home. They may not, however, effectively function as compensation for work.
The plaintiffs allege that the agency's per diem payments functioned as compensation because they were prorated when the workers did not work hours or shifts required under their contracts. The trial court rejected this argument, but the Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that a combination of factors indicated that the payments functioned as compensation for hours worked. The factors included tying the per diem deductions to shifts not worked regardless of the reason for not working. The ASA brief argues that the court incorrectly interpreted the relevant statute to prohibit such practice.
The Supreme Court reviews only a limited number of cases each session, and it will be several months before it is announced if the court will grant review of this case. ASA is represented by one of the top Supreme Court litigators in the country: Donald Verrilli, who was U.S. Solicitor General from 2011 to 2016.
ASA Files Lawsuit Challenging Nevada Ban on Construction Staffing
Published September 07, 2021 ■ ASA Advocacy Update
ASA has filed suit against the state of Nevada challenging a law that, effective Oct. 1, 2021, would bar staffing agencies from providing skilled construction labor—the first time any state has attempted to impose an outright ban on the services a staffing agency can provide. The lawsuit, filed Aug. 31, seeks an injunction and a declaration that the law is unconstitutional.
ASA Meets With Top Officials at Departments of Labor and Commerce
Published July 14, 2021 ■ ASA Advocacy Update
Earlier this week, ASA staff met with U.S. Secretary of Labor Marty Walsh and Kevin Gallagher, senior adviser to U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo. The introductory meetings focused on the importance of the staffing industry to the U.S. economy as well as the role ASA members have played during the Covid-19 pandemic.
ASA staff apprised Secretary Walsh of the many opportunities the staffing industry offers the U.S. workforce, including flexibility and choice. Secretary Walsh noted his past dealings with the industry when he was a state legislator and the important role that staffing companies play.
Gallagher also was familiar with the industry through his previous role as deputy chief of staff for then-Rhode Island Gov. Raimondo, and noted the industry's commitment to worker training and upskilling. Both Walsh and Gallagher suggested that this should be the first of several meetings between the staffing industry and their agencies as the economy continues to recover from the pandemic.
Learn more about ASA's ongoing advocacy efforts on behalf of the staffing industry.
Ohio Repeals Sales Tax on Staffing Services
After years of effort by ASA, the Ohio Staffing & Search Association (an ASA-affiliated chapter), and allies in the Ohio Chamber of Commerce, the Ohio legislature quietly and without public fanfare repealed the state sales tax on employment services. The repeal provision, which was part of a massive state budget bill, was signed into law by Gov. Mike DeWine on June 30. The repeal becomes effective on the 91st day following enactment.
Special thanks to Tom Erb and Larry Kidd, longtime ASA members and industry leaders in Ohio, who spearheaded the final push that resulted in the win. ASA has long argued that, by increasing the cost of staffing services, the tax had an adverse effect on jobs and a negative ripple effect throughout the state economy. The influx of money flowing to the state from the American Rescue Plan Act, which Congress passed earlier this year, is believed to have mitigated lawmakers' concerns about the loss of tax revenue that historically has been an obstacle to repeal.
Published June 04, 2021 ■ ASA Advocacy Update
Washington State Enacts Temporary Worker Safety Law
Published April 19, 2021 ■ ASA Advocacy Update
Last week, Washington Gov. Jay Inslee signed a new law aimed at ensuring temporary worker safety in the construction and manufacturing industries. The law requires host employers to review the safety training provided by staffing firms, document and inform staffing firms about the site-specific hazards temporary workers may face, and train temporary workers on any such hazards. If a temporary worker's job tasks or work location change and new hazards may be encountered, the host employer must inform the staffing firm and employees and must ensure that updated training and personal protective equipment are provided, as necessary.
The law was drafted by the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. Given that passage was all but certain, the American Staffing Association, lobbyist Melissa Gombosky, and members of the ASA employee safety committee worked with L&I to remove unnecessary and overly burdensome requirements.
Appeals Court Enjoins San Antonio Paid Sick Leave Law
Published March 11, 2021 ■ ASA Advocacy Update
On March 10, the Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals upheld a temporary injunction prohibiting San Antonio's paid sick leave ordinance from going into effect, ruling that the ordinance is unconstitutional. ASA—as well as several staffing firms, business groups, and businesses—is a plaintiff in the lawsuit challenging the ordinance's legality.
The ordinance, which provides one hour of paid sick leave for every 30 hours worked and includes no waiting period for leave use, effectively creates a minimum wage and therefore violates the Texas Minimum Wage Act, which supersedes all local wage ordinances, the court ruled. A paid sick leave ordinance in the city of Austin was similarly struck down in 2018. It is unclear whether the city of San Antonio will appeal the court's decision.
Industry Advocacy Helps Derail Unnecessary Employer Legislation in Rhode Island
Published February 26, 2021 ■ ASA Advocacy Update
Advocacy by ASA and the Rhode Island Staffing Association, an ASA-affiliated chapter, helped persuade state lawmakers to put legislation on hold that would have imposed new regulatory burdens on businesses that use contract labor.
Rhode Island bill S 139 would make any employer or organization that obtains workers through a subcontractor, staffing organization, or other labor contractor legally liable if that labor contractor violates any of the payment-of-wages laws under Title 28 of the Rhode Island General Laws.
ASA and RISA submitted testimony outlining the staffing industry's objections to the bill. They argued that the bill was redundant and unnecessary because users of contract labor have long been responsible as joint, special, or secondary employers under a wide range of federal and Rhode Island state labor and employment laws covering every aspect of the employment relationship whenever the user firm directs and controls the work performed by the contract employees.
A coalition of Rhode Island businesses also objected to the bill, arguing that it would penalize users of contract labor even if they had no knowledge of any violation of the wage payment laws.
Faced with unified business opposition, the senate labor committee referred the bill for study, effectively killing it for the year. If lawmakers revisit the subject again during the 2022 legislative session, ASA and RISA will renew their objections.


text:
Everyday Musicality
Music for everyone, every day.
Research to Real Life: Practical Applications of Music Education Research for Teachers
"Research to Real Life" Archive
Everyday Musicality Podcast
Publications by Heather Shouldice
RTRL.09: "Career Intentions and Experiences of Pre- and In-Service Female Band Teachers" (Fischer-Croneis, 2016)
Fischer-Croneis, S. H. (2016). Career intentions and experiences of pre- and in-service female band teachers. Journal of Research in Music Education, 64(2), 179-201.
What did the researcher want to know?
What are women's experiences in realizing their professional goals as band teachers?
What did the researcher do?
Fischer-Croneis conducted a multiple case study of nine women in the midwestern U.S. who were teaching band or finishing their undergraduate preparation to become band teachers. The inservice teachers' years of experience ranged from 4 to 34, and they were teaching either middle school or a combination of middle and high school. Fischer-Croneis individually interviewed each participant, using open-ended questions to elicit discussion regarding their experiences as female band teachers in two main areas of focus: 1) Gaining entry into the profession, and 2) Navigating the profession.
What did the researcher find?
In terms of gaining entry into the band-teaching profession, several participants described experiences in which they had been given interview-related advice based on their gender, were asked interview questions they felt a man would not have been asked, or believed they had not been offered high school band teaching jobs due to their gender. Others sensed "the potential for unspoken bias," including one young woman who felt that a hiring committee might question whether she would "do this job to the full extent" due to the assumption that "she's in a prime baby-making age" (p. 187).
In navigating the profession, some of the participants felt pressure to adopt a more "masculine professional persona" in order to be accepted in the "band world" (p. 188). While they did feel that it was becoming easier to identify female band teachers at the national level, such as Mallory Thompson at Northwestern University, many participants were unable to name a female band teacher they knew at the local level. Only one of the three preservice teachers was able to name a female high school band teacher.
Though they felt things were improving, all of the in-service teachers confirmed the perception of a "Good Ol' Boys' Club" in the band world, which they most notably felt at places like state conferences or the Midwest Clinic. Other experiences shared by participants included being mistaken for the assistant band director (because the male assistant was assumed to be the head director), challenges in networking "with those in power—perceived by many of the participants to be typically men," and a feeling of a "double standard" in that "the assertive behavior [a woman] must embody to be a successful band teacher [does] not match social conventions for women" (p. 192).
What does this mean for my classroom?
Women continue to be a minority in the band teaching profession, and many female teachers experience persistent feelings of exclusion in the band world. Female band teachers in a similar study by Coen-Mishlan (2015) even felt they were treated differently at adjudicated events and questioned whether their bands were judged more critically. Music teachers and music teacher educators should remain aware of the underrepresentation of women in the band teaching profession and the resultant lack of role models for female band teachers. We can look for instances in which gender stereotypes may be reinforced. For example, an examination of the photographs featured in issues of Music Educators Journal from the years 1962-2011 revealed that 79% of the photographs depicting conductors showed men in this role, and there were no photographs of female conductors in any issue of MEJ during 2001 (Kruse, Giebelhausen, Shouldice, & Ramsey, 2015). Media that music teachers use in their classrooms may also reinforce similar stereotypes, which we can look for and avoid.
In addition to avoiding the perpetuation of gender stereotypes, we can actively work to combat them by exposing students to examples and images of female band directors. Individuals serving on hiring committees should be conscious of the possibility of bias against female band teachers, particularly when filling high school band teaching positions, and male band teachers can consciously work to help women feel included and valued in the profession.
Coen-Mishlan, K. (2015). Gender discrimination in the band world: A case study of three female band directors. Excellence in Performing Arts Research, 2, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.21038/epar.2014.0104
Kruse, A. J., Giebelhausen, R., Shouldice, H. N., & Ramsey, A. L. (2015). Male and female photographic representation in 50 years of Music Educators Journal. Journal of Research in Music Education, 62(4), 485-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0022429414555910
Research to Real LifeHeather Shouldiceband, gender, Journal of Research in Music Education, multiple case study design, qualitative research, women in band, women in music1 comment
RTRL.08: "An Examination of Music Teacher Job Interview Questions" (Juchniewicz, 2016)
RTRL.10: "Testing the Beneficial Effects of Singing in a Choir on Mood and Stress" (Linnemann, Schnersch, & Nater, 2017)
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text:
<?php

namespace Mcms\Modules\Frontend\Controllers;

use Mcms\Library\Tools;
use Mcms\Models\Image;
use Mcms\Models\Member;
use Mcms\Models\Option;
use Mcms\Modules\Frontend\Forms\DeleteMemberForm;
use Mcms\Modules\Frontend\Forms\EditMemberInfoForm;
use Mcms\Modules\Frontend\Forms\EditMemberProfilePictureForm;
use Mcms\Modules\Frontend\Forms\PasswordLostForm;
use Mcms\Modules\Frontend\Forms\ResetPasswordForm;
use Phalcon\Filter;
use Phalcon\Text;
use Phalcon\Utils\Slug;
use Phalcon\Validation;

class MemberController extends ControllerBase
{

    public function passwordLostAction()
    {
        if ($this->session->has("member")) {
            $this->response->redirect("");
            $this->response->send();
            return false;
        }
        $form = new PasswordLostForm();
        if ($this->request->isPost()) {
            if ($form->isValid($this->request->getPost())) {
                $email = $this->request->getPost("email");
                /** @var Member $member */
                $member = Member::findFirstByEmail($email);
                if ($member) {
                    if ($member->token == null) {
                        $member->token = Text::random(Text::RANDOM_ALNUM, rand(16, 24));
                        $member->dateUpdated = Tools::now();
                        $member->save();
                    }

                    $tools = new Tools();

                    // Send mail to member
                    $to = $member->email;
                    $subject = $this->config->site->name . ' - Mot de passe oublié';
                    $html = $this->view->getPartial("member/mail/passwordLost", [
                        "firstname" => $member->firstname,
                        "link" => $this->config->site->url . $this->url->get('member/resetPassword/' . $member->token)
                    ]);
                    $tools->sendMail($to, $subject, $html);
                    $form->clear();
                    $this->addLog('member', 'Demande de mot de passe envoyée par mail', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);
                    $this->flashSession->success("La demande de mot de passe a bien été envoyée.");
                } else {
                    $this->flashSession->error("Aucun compte trouvé avec cette addresse email.");
                }
            } else {
                $this->generateFlashSessionErrorForm($form);
            }
        }
        $this->view->setVar('form', $form);
        $this->view->setVar('metaTitle', 'Mot de passe perdu');
        return true;
    }

    public function resetPasswordAction($token = null)
    {
        if ($this->session->has("member")) {
            $this->response->redirect("");
            $this->response->send();
            return false;
        }
        if ($token === null) {
            $this->dispatcher->forward(
                [
                    'controller' => 'error',
                    'action' => 'error404',
                ]
            );
            $this->response->setStatusCode(404);
            return false;
        }
        /** @var Member $member */
        $member = Member::findFirstByToken($token);
        if (!$member) {
            $this->dispatcher->forward(
                [
                    'controller' => 'error',
                    'action' => 'error404',
                ]
            );
            $this->response->setStatusCode(404);
            return false;
        }
        $form = new ResetPasswordForm();
        if ($this->request->isPost()) {
            if ($form->isValid($this->request->getPost())) {
                $password = $this->request->getPost("password");
                $member->token = null;
                $member->password = $this->security->hash($password);
                $member->dateUpdated = Tools::now();
                $member->save();

                $this->addLog('member', 'Mot de passe modifié après une demande de mot de passe', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);

                $this->flashSession->success("Votre mot de passe a bien été modifié.");

                $this->response->redirect("index/login");
                $this->response->send();
                return false;
            } else {
                $this->generateFlashSessionErrorForm($form);
            }
        }
        $this->view->setVar('member', $member);
        $this->view->setVar('form', $form);
        $this->view->setVar('metaTitle', 'Réinitialisation du mot de passe');
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @Private
     */
    public function editAction()
    {
        /** @var Member $member */
        $member = $this->session->get('member');
        $form = new EditMemberInfoForm();
        if ($this->request->isPost()) {
            if ($form->isValid($this->request->getPost())) {
                $firstname = $this->request->getPost('firstname', Filter::FILTER_SPECIAL_CHARS);
                $lastname = $this->request->getPost('lastname', Filter::FILTER_SPECIAL_CHARS);
                $email = $this->request->getPost('email', Filter::FILTER_EMAIL);
                $username = $this->request->getPost('username', Filter::FILTER_SPECIAL_CHARS);

                $member->firstname = $firstname;
                $member->lastname = $lastname;
                $member->username = $username;
                $member->email = $email;
                $member->dateUpdated = Tools::now();
                $member->updatedBy = $member->id;
                $member->save();
                $this->session->set('member', $member);
                $this->addLog('member', 'Informations du compte modifiées', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);
                $this->flashSession->success("Vos informations ont bien été modifiées.");
            } else {
                $this->generateFlashSessionErrorForm($form);
            }
        } else {
            $form->get("firstname")->setDefault($member->firstname);
            $form->get("lastname")->setDefault($member->lastname);
            $form->get("email")->setDefault($member->email);
            $form->get("username")->setDefault($member->username);
        }
        $this->view->setVar('member', $member);
        $this->view->setVar('form', $form);
        $this->view->setVar('metaTitle', 'Modification du profil');
    }

    /**
     * @Private
     */
    public function passwordAction()
    {
        /** @var Member $member */
        $member = $this->session->get('member');
        $form = new ResetPasswordForm();
        if ($this->request->isPost()) {
            if ($form->isValid($this->request->getPost())) {
                $password = $this->request->getPost("password");
                $member->token = null;
                $member->password = $this->security->hash($password);
                $member->dateUpdated = Tools::now();
                $member->updatedBy = $member->id;
                $member->save();

                $this->addLog('member', 'Mot de passe modifié', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);
                $this->flashSession->success("Votre mot de passe a bien été modifié.");
                $form->clear();
            } else {
                $this->generateFlashSessionErrorForm($form);
            }
        }
        $this->view->setVar('member', $member);
        $this->view->setVar('form', $form);
        $this->view->setVar('metaTitle', 'Modification du mot de passe');
    }

    /**
     * @Private
     * @return bool
     */
    public function profilePictureAction()
    {
        /** @var Member $member */
        $member = $this->session->get('member');
        $form = new EditMemberProfilePictureForm();
        if ($this->request->isPost()) {
            if ($form->isValid($this->request->getPost())) {
                if ($this->request->hasFiles(true)) {
                    $file = $this->request->getUploadedFiles()[0];
                    $name = str_replace('.' . $file->getExtension(), '', $file->getName());
                    $slug = Slug::generate($name);
                    $filename = $slug . '-' . Text::random(Text::RANDOM_ALNUM, 6) . '.' . $file->getExtension();

                    $imageValidatorOption = $this->generateImageValidatorOptions();
                    $fileValidator = new Validation\Validator\File($imageValidatorOption);
                    $validator = new Validation();
                    $validator->add('file', $fileValidator);
                    $messages = $validator->validate($_FILES);

                    if (!count($messages)) {
                        $hasError = false;
                        if (!file_exists("img/upload")) {
                            if (!mkdir('img/upload')) {
                                $this->addLog('member', 'Impossible de créer le dossier de destination de l\'image de profil', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);
                                $this->flashSession->error("Impossible de créer le dossier de destination.");
                                $hasError = true;
                            }
                        }

                        if (!$hasError) {
                            if ($file->moveTo('img/upload/' . $filename)) {
                                $image = new Image();
                                $image->filename = $filename;
                                $image->dateCreated = Tools::now();
                                $image->createdBy = $this->session->get('member')->id;
                                $image->save();

                                $member->profilePicture = $image->id;
                                $member->dateUpdated = Tools::now();
                                $member->updatedBy = $this->session->get('member')->id;
                                $member->save();

                                $this->addLog('member', 'Image de profil modifiée', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);
                                $this->flashSession->success("L'image a bien été enregistrée.");
                                $form->clear();
                            } else {
                                $this->addLog('member', 'Impossible de déplacer l\'image de profil dans le dossier de destination', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);
                                $this->flashSession->error("Impossible de déplacer le fichier le dossier de destination.");
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        foreach ($messages as $message) {
                            $this->flashSession->error($message->getMessage());
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    $this->flashSession->error("Le fichier est manquant.");
                }
            } else {
                $this->generateFlashSessionErrorForm($form);
            }
        }
        $this->view->setVar('member', $member);
        $this->view->setVar('form', $form);
        $this->view->setVar('metaTitle', 'Modification de l\'image de profil');
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @return array
     */
    private function generateImageValidatorOptions()
    {
        $response = [];

        if ($this->config->module->image->maxSize !== false) {
            $response['maxSize'] = $this->config->module->image->maxSize;
            $response['messageSize'] = "Le poids de l'image est trop grand (max {$this->config->module->image->maxSize})";
        }
        if ($this->config->module->image->maxResolution !== false) {
            $response['maxResolution'] = $this->config->module->image->maxResolution;
            $response['messageMaxResolution'] = "L'image est trop grande (résolution maximum {$this->config->module->image->maxResolution})";
        }
        if ($this->config->module->image->allowedTypes !== false && count($this->config->module->image->allowedTypes)) {
            $response['allowedTypes'] = (array)$this->config->module->image->allowedTypes;
            $response['messageType'] = "Le format de l'image n'est pas supporté (types autorisés: :types)";
        }
        return $response;
    }

    /**
     * @Private
     * @return bool
     */
    public function unsubscribeAction()
    {
        /** @var Member $member */
        $member = $this->session->get('member');
        if ($member->role == 'admin') {
            $this->response->redirect("admin/member/delete/" . $member->id);
            $this->response->send();
            return false;
        }

        $rootId = Option::findFirstBySlug("root")->content;
        if ($member->id == $rootId) {
            $this->flashSession->error("Vous ne pouvez pas supprimer votre compte.");
            $this->dispatcher->forward(
                [
                    "controller" => "member",
                    "action" => "edit",
                    "param" => $member->id,
                ]
            );
            return false;
        }

        $form = new DeleteMemberForm();
        if ($this->request->isPost()) {
            if ($form->isValid($this->request->getPost())) {

                foreach ($member->PagesCreated as $page) {
                    $page->createdBy = $rootId;
                    $page->save();
                }
                foreach ($member->AlbumsCreated as $album) {
                    $album->createdBy = $rootId;
                    $album->save();
                }
                foreach ($member->AlbumImagesCreated as $albumImage) {
                    $albumImage->createdBy = $rootId;
                    $albumImage->save();
                }
                foreach ($member->ArticlesCreated as $article) {
                    $article->createdBy = $rootId;
                    $article->save();
                }
                foreach ($member->ImagesCreated as $image) {
                    $image->createdBy = $rootId;
                    $image->save();
                }
                foreach ($member->MembersCreated as $memberCreated) {
                    $memberCreated->createdBy = $rootId;
                    $memberCreated->save();
                }
                foreach ($member->MessagesCreated as $message) {
                    $message->createdBy = $rootId;
                    $message->save();
                }

                $this->addLog('member', 'Désinscription réussie', $member->getFullname(), $member->id);

                $member->delete();

                $this->flashSession->success("Votre compte a bien été supprimé.");
                $this->response->redirect("index/logout");
                $this->response->send();
                return false;

            } else {
                $this->generateFlashSessionErrorForm($form);
            }
        }
        $this->view->setVar("form", $form);
        $this->view->setVar("member", $member);
        $this->view->setVar("root", Member::findFirst($rootId));
        return true;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to upload Project+Dockerfile and build on AWS rather than build locally and upload the docker image to ECS? Since my project (nodejs) + Dockerfile is quite small (<10mb) but the docker image can be up 700mb.
As comparison,
Building my docker locally (with pre-downloaded docker image base i.e. OS) and installing node_modules will take about 30 seconds.
While uploading the built docker image (700mb) to Amazon ECS takes me about 10 mins.
So I was thinking if I could just upload my project and Dockerfile to the AWS, running the build there, and I was expecting them to manage the intermediate/basic image as well.
I am expecting to spend my time to only uploading much smaller file 10mb compared to 700mb, and run the docker build for 30 seconds

A: You can do that by two ways
First one is the best approach and as follow by many industries standard and mention over here also.
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonECR/latest/userguide/docker-basics.html
1st:
Create small or micro t2 instance. Assign the role to that instance or You can configure AWS cli. Then In the EC2 Instance clone your project+dockerfile
So your build process and push will be faster as compared to from your local system.
eval $(aws ecr get-login --no-include-email --region us-west-2)
docker build -t hello-world .
docker tag hello-world aws_account_id.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/hello-world
docker push aws_account_id.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/hello-world

2st:
In the container Instance clone your project+dockerfile and build your image in ECS container instance instead of local system and push that image to AWS ECR. as mention in step 1. You need to configure AWS cli or best approach is to assign the role to you container instance.
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/easily-replace-or-attach-an-iam-role-to-an-existing-ec2-instance-by-using-the-ec2-console/


Vanessa Hudgens Quotes. Jar of Quotes, 2019. https://www.jarofquotes.com/view.php?id=so-many-people-try-to-grow-up-too-fast-and-its-not-fun-you-should-stay-a-kid-as-long-as-possible, accessed .
It's important, too, for people to see that it only takes one person to have faith in you, to care about you, to make you feel changed. We should all help each other out and give love to everyone as much as possible.
I just love expanding my horizons and growing as an artist. The only way you get to do that is by doing something that scares you or takes you out of your comfort zone.
I was a pen pal with one guy, a long time ago. I think we only wrote to each other twice. We didn't really keep it up that long. But, I love it. I think it's really sweet and very creative and freeing, when you get to put a pen to paper, 'cause you don't really do it that much these days, with all this technology.
I feel like acting is something I've been working towards longer. And it would be great to win a Grammy, of course, but for some reason, an Oscar speaks more to me.
You have to love yourself before you can love anyone. I think that's very, very important, no matter how old you are or what you're doing. You have to be able to love yourself because that's when things fall into place.
I feel completely safe in my house but all my friends are scared for me. And of course I can tell my parents panic a little. The best thing about living alone is being able to have my friends come over whenever.


Today, Tesla has announced that it has opened a new Supercharger in Nanaimo, British Columbia, located at Woodgrove shopping centre, located at 6631 N Island Hwy, by the Chapters.
With the addition of this new Supercharger, Tesla now has 26 of these recharging stations across Canada.
Back in November, Tesla announced its Supercharger network would no longer be free for cars ordered after January 15, 2017. Tesla Model X, Model S, and Model 3 cars ordered after this date will instead get 400 kWh of free credits at Supercharging stations, equivalent to about 1,000 miles (1600 km).
Update: this latest Supercharger station is Canada's 26th, not 25th as earlier stated.


Download the complete idiot s guide to the law of attraction or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Please click button to get the complete idiot s guide to the law of attraction book now. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so don't worry about it.... Physics II For Dummies by Steven Holzner in DOC, FB2, RTF download e-book. Welcome to our site, dear reader! All content included on our site, such as text, images, digital downloads and other, is the property of it's content suppliers and protected by US and international copyright laws.
Quantum physics dummies pdf Quantum mechanics for scientists and engineers PDF.selection of the successes and triumphs of quantum physics some of these lie in.


As well as thought about trust? Do you really believe something or possibly someone? Has it been a must matter to believe around something? In this world one can find a strong immense level of religious thinking and different rivers. Well, hope is a great feature that can influence someone's lifestyle. Even if you are not just a believer, however, you have trust, things can be very different in your lifetime.
Although it is not What is Morals Essay, we will have to find out the meaning of this time period. Faith is a complete self esteem in items that one are unable to see. In addition, it is the joy of things that one is not going to see. The very Bible states about faith very definitely. One of the guides of the Word of god is called Hebrews. The eleventh chapter of the book gets going from the meaning of faith.
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Very often belief plays an essential role. One can find cases as soon as someone is affected with severe health issues, but then people gets perfectly just because as well as faith. The person believes in which nothing may hurt him. Have you heard that will sometimes a male gets hurt because your dog pronounces drastically wrong words? In the event he/she constantly says, 'Oh, I feel too bad, I have this awful headache', a person can plunge in to worse ailment. But when a person says, 'Yes, I have some headache, nonetheless it is fine, I will be fine', he or she indeed will feel better.
These include simple and also the how faith rules in our lives. Incidentally, if you need traveler or another product concerning this unique topic, i highly recommend you make order placed on our website. Here a friend or relative can find numerous papers. You should, read about our own services. Perhaps it will help you understand how our enterprise can be helpful.
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What the Holy book Says with regards to Faith?
Belief is a successful force this changes elements. It is able to produce things. While reading the very Bible and even though looking at our lives, we can see all of our weaknesses. The main Scripture educates people to observe themselves with Christ. Read more about Christianity and also its particular worldview here.
Do you talk with yourself? Absolutely you do. Our thoughts tend to be talking to us all. We are dealing with in our mind exactly what do we feel about things, the way you view points, and what we would like to happen. There does exist one more crucial aspect. Have you noticed how do you talk with yourself around yourself? Lots of people do not like independently much. They get very poor view of by themselves. Others could think likewise highly with regards to themselves. They think they are cleverer than some, they are consistently right though other are often not.
Mercy and charm of Mycket bra give us forgiveness for all those goof ups that we have done. God needs someone to function as the best person that he/she can be. He presents us capacite, strength, and also ability. Set out to think about yourself how And also thinks about one. Begin to say the words of which God claims about you. He's a plan for every individual. Maybe you loathe your present lifestyle, but Oplagt wants someone to have a great future.
Expertise is also incredibly significant. But in some cases people should not confidence it. So why we are dealing with it? Due to the fact experience could spoil all, while morals brings pale things back to life . Look at important queries on daily life experience here.
One more important thing that individuals would like to discuss in homework about faith is that when you make a miscalculation, do not confess you do all kinds of things wrong. It's not at all true. You are many good and terrific things. In cases where a person discusses his lock-ups, he will possess a bad thoughts and opinions of their self. The good news is that you can talk to by yourself in a way that will benefit you. The Bible reveals that Christian believers in character are seated dining in mind-blowing places. So , your body everyday life here on the entire world, but as you believe in Christ, your soul is put in heavenly places. The following aspect changes everything.
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Faith is an obscure problem for many people. They get baffled when consider things. What certainly makes sense is that a person probably should not meditate over it too much. Just simply relax along with trust in each word involving God.
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1 . Decide to have faith in God . This is an impressive moment. It opens the particular curtain. Comprehend for getting peace, delight, and intend.
minimal payments The second mandatory thing the fact that someone have to is to currently have a child-like faith . What https://essaywriterforyou.com/ is which will? A child thinks everything that he or she is told. It is actually so simple. He is aware nothing concerning this world and about how factors work during this life. Hence, a child says someone who conveys to him around Santa.
a few. Do not care to to say, 'I wish Thought about faith. ' You already have faith . When you did not currently have faith, in all probability not arrived at the shop. You go certainly, there because you get faith you may buy something. It truly is fantastic the amount of faith someone uses any solitary morning. You can easily continue this subject with article creator on-line.
your five. A person secretes his trust when they prays good luck . You have to know that owning faith is not to mean using it. One can have profit a standard bank, but he still is bankrupt. It is vital to leave it out.
Oprah, a skilled host along with brilliant individual, claimed this she is Christian. She explains that morals helped her in many lifestyle situations. Like the ones have said in the past, God presents us all. We've got to find out how to believe in Him.
Someone needs to figure out how to lean at God. If you sit inside chair you possess faith that it will hold a person up. It truly is comfortable, and you may lean on it. This is a slow example of how one can lean on God. Another basic example: for those who pay to publish essay, you have it eventually.
Faith helps us to reduce confusion, jealousy, and stress. Someone might say that he is a person of religion, but it just true. Open up Mark 10: 22 and read precisely what is said at this time there, 'Have faith in Oplagt. ' And also told the smallest gamete of faith supplies a person energy and capacity to move heaps.
Faith is a inheritance by God. That connects you and points that must stem from your life. The life span itself becomes available when one has faith . Do not lose your trust. Sometimes you will need to keep thinking, keep trustworthy. The Word of god says in which God is certainly faithful. He'll almost certainly make you to pass through all challenges with a smile on your encounter.
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These PVM communities offer independent living, assisted living, memory care and skilled nursing care all on one campus. Each Village is designed to provide the active senior amenities and a safe, secure campus. At a PVM community, quality senior living is our priority. The benefit of living on a continuing care campus allows priority access to all levels of care. We provide a lifestyle where seniors able to live on their own without having to maintain a home. There are a variety of services available including, depending on the location, on-site delicious meals, housekeeping and laundry. All of our communities offer social activities and wellness programs geared towards the physical, spiritual and educational needs of seniors of all ages. Safety is a key standard and every PVM resident gets an emergency on-call system as part of their rent at all of our communities. At PVM, we have a great sense of pride in providing a sense of community and consider each resident a member of our family.


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Bands (1) + -
Education (1) + -
Homecoming (1) + -
Mankato State University (1) + -
Campus Mall (x) > The Fountain (x) > Music (x) > Campus Mall (x) > Color photographs (x) >
Mankato State University, MSU band plays on the Campus Mall during Homecoming, 1988
Education--Bands--Campus Mall--Education--Homecoming--Mankato State University--Music, Education--Bands--Campus Mall--Education--Homecoming--Mankato State University--Music
Mankato State University, MSU band plays on the Campus Mall during Homecoming, Nelson Hall is in the background, 1988. The Campus Mall is a student gathering area, and is located between Armstrong Hall and The Fountain. Nelson Hall was opened in 1962. The building had modern shop facilities and classrooms and offices to accommodate the Industrial Arts and Mathematics departments. It was named in honor of Maurice J. Nelson who served Mankato State for forty-one years as a professor of industrial arts and dean of men.


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Bottom trawling contributes more carbon emissions than air travel
News Pollution Air
The bottom trawling fishing technique is more harmful to the environment than previously thought, according to a new study. While it has long been known that this method captures fish indiscriminately, there was no available data on its carbon footprint. A recent study now shows that this method of fishing releases carbon emissions from ocean beds.
The study, published in Nature, becomes the first to give a clear estimate of the carbon emissions caused by bottom trawling. In this technique, nets are dragged along the ocean floor, scraping for fish and other ocean creatures. This damages a significant part of fish habitats and releases CO2 that had been captured in the sea bed.
Related: Super trawlers ravage UK's protected waters amid pandemic
The study broke the ocean into 50-square-kilometer blocks and used collected data to measure how much each square contributes to marine life in terms of fish stock, biodiversity and salinity among other aspects.
Researchers estimate that bottom trawling releases about one gigaton of carbon emissions into the atmosphere every year, meaning this method of fishing alone contributes more carbon to the atmosphere than the aviation industry at pre-pandemic levels. This practice also impedes the ability of the sea bed to continue absorbing and storing carbon. On top of the pollution, damaged habitats for fish and indiscriminate capturing of species leads to diversity degradation.
According to Enric Sala, lead author, marine biologist and National Geographic's Explorer in Residence, the team had originally set out to find ways of discrediting this method of fishing to encourage those in the industry and governments to put an end to it. Scientists have been trying to petition governments against bottom trawling due to the effects it has on marine habitats. Bottom trawling is also one of the most expensive methods of fishing and the most destructive. Sala explained that most fishing operators that depend on bottom trawling rely on government subsidies to remain afloat. The team hopes this research will lead people to think twice about allowing bottom trawling to continue.
+ Nature
Via Time
Image via andrasgs
Bottom Trawling


Obituary for Wendie Rodriguez | Langeland Family Funeral Homes, Inc.
Wendie passed away surrounded by her family on late Tuesday evening, March 6, 2018 at her home following a short illness. She was born on February 16, 1952 in Detroit, the daughter of the late Frank D. and Virginia (Hart) Hayes. Wendie was employed in the dental field for 48 years until her recent retirement in December 2017. On December 22, 1984, she was united in marriage to Hector Rodriguez. Shortly after, they relocated to Bad Axe so she could be closer to Lake Huron. Wendie was a former member of the Bad Axe City Council for several years. She was also very active in the Stuart Neighborhood Association. She enjoyed traveling to Lake Superior in the U.P. and was an avid rock collector/hoarder. She loved animals, especially squirrels, which would eat right out of her hand. Surviving are her husband of 33 years: Hector; daughter: Shana (Darren) Bielby of Saginaw; four grandchildren: Joshua, Caleb, Lauren and Olivia; and five siblings: Nancy Hayes, Michelle (Glen) Nowak, Marybeth (Brad) Baynai, Denise (Bob) Belisle and Brian (Patty) Hayes; and several nieces and nephews. Honoring her wishes, cremation has taken place and private family services will be held at a later date. As an expression of sympathy, memorial contributions may be directed to Animal Rescue Project.


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Home » Gaming » Reviews » Linked Mirror Review; Reflection Of The Human Mind
Linked Mirror Review; Reflection Of The Human Mind
whatsthatproduct	January 9, 2021	2 0
We analyze Twin Mirror, the new one from Dontnod Entertainment, a storytelling adventure already available on PC, PS4, Xbox One, PS5 and Xbox Series X / S.
The Dontnod Entertainment project, which began as an episode and has suffered more than one delay, reaches our Pc, consoles PS4 and Xbox One and the new generation, with PS5 and Xbox Series X / S. This new video game story bet, Linked Mirror, following after another production with a French studio to present us a daily story with certain paranormal elements. Nonetheless, does it measure for others as Life is weird or Tell me the story recently? We tell you, in detail.
A few years after his adventures march from Basswood, Sam Higgs, he returns to his hometown to meet the back of his best friend. However, sadness is not the main emotion that clouds his mind, but guilt and abuse randomly run through the mental palace of the main character. Since he left, he has not once spoken to his friend, who ended up dating his ex-girlfriend and landing on the local paper post that Sam had always wanted.
Sam Higgs and the return to Basswood
He manages to get everything out of his mind as soon as his friend's daughter shows her concern about her mysterious death. Apparently it was a car accident, but the little girl believes that there is something else behind the matter and that it is a real thing murder. Le clear references to the famous Twin Peaks by David Lynch, he said detective and journalistic spirit Sam will wake up and take advantage of it we will have to go with him all over the place five hours in which the whole plot will be developed.
We found it a bit concise and maybe that's why it was originally set up as an episodic game. This, combined with the delays it suffered in launching, could lead to problems in the development of the title. We do, however, appreciate having short stories that go to the point of being able to traverse our long games with episodes of this style, which we can finish in an evening or two.
On the other hand, and without going too deep into the Twin Mirror argument so far do not enter the land of prey, we must mention the familiarity and everyday life we feel as we explore Basswood. Despite not being a very large step, but a series of small connected spaces, we get some very dishonest characters which we will feel we know forever. Personally we failed to connect with any of them, but other types of players are likely to find broken love, friends and acquaintances with whom they can be identified.
As you know if you had a Dontnod Entertainment title, the playable scheme of these narrative adventures is quite simple. We can see a series of cinematic scenes, move freely through certain spaces to explore every corner, hold conversations in which we are presented with various defined decisions and solve certain puzzles whose complexity is not too high.
The Mental Palace and double the main character
In Twin Mirror this is all present. The riddles we find are not too innovative, since they go back to the typical ones we have already seen in works of these attributes, such as, for example, finding the password for a locked or safe computer. However, the new Mind Palace mechanic all of these scenarios turn into something more interesting and different from the controls. Curiously, this concept comes from a metaphor invented by St. Augustine (a saint of the Catholic Church) to refer to that virtual place that exists only in our imagination and through which we share our ideas in different orderly rooms.
In Dontnod game this translates in particular central and investigative scenes, in which Sam has to gather his ideas and explore a certain room show all possible variables of things that could happen then. In this way, you can recreate the scene and thus discover the truth hidden in your cloudy memories. On the other hand, we will too certain cryptographic sequences in which Higgs is trapped in his own mind and from which he must escape after overcoming a maze of mirrors, doubling himself and other obstacles.
Apart from The Mental Palace, the other novel that Twin Mirror brings is the double of the main character. He will be there from the beginning to hear his own insight into Sam's ear and to help him decide what to do in each situation. We can listen to him or not, since we will only hear his chatter. Depending on what is most logical for us in each case, we can choose one decision or another, which will end, as you well know. resulting in one end or the other That can vary greatly depending on the direction we take.
Graphically, Twin Mirror seems to us too simple and at below expectations we have a title that reaches the doors of the new generation. Our case is that we played it on a computer and despite being able to move it in Ultra, details like shadows, contrast and definition of stage elements and characters seemed to be of a fairly modest quality (as you see in the next image). We know that Dontnod 's work does not seek graphic realism, but nevertheless we found that this installment is not on the same level as the recent Tell Me Why, to cite one example.
About her technical section, we have come across the odd bug, but fortunately none of them prevented the progress of our game, so we do not think that they are serious. Indeed, could be fixed with the arrival of future patches we have no doubt that the development team is already working.
Finally, for audio section There is an OST with original themes that accompany the action in each scene and that will help us get into the environment that emerges at every moment. The team of voice actors and actors, with voices available in english At the moment, it's not bad at all and while the localization may be a point above its current state, it fulfills its role and we haven't found serious grammatical errors in Spanish, so Dontnod's work is perfectly enjoyable in the sense seo.
Graphic part below expectations
Twin Mirror is the latest from Dontnod Entertainment, masters in creating narrative works in video game form. We believe, however, that the work in progress is second to none such as Life is Strange or the recent Tell Me Why, as it presents a predictable story and a team of characters with whom we have failed to connect. Innovative mechanics is where he really enjoys, the Sam Higgs Mental and Double Palace, which will give a lot of play to allow us to interpret the plot in a different way and make different decisions that will change the course of the story and it will lead to one end or the other. . In short, it is a work of praise for all those who love the genre, but yes, it would be advisable to lower our expectations a bit before we take control of the new project from the French studio.
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