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The team I joined, were already on a quite a high level from a software quality perspective. But I would say the most learn from the things of course, which didn't go that well, they already started a couple of years before I joined them to write a huge amount of automated tests, but most of their test suit, I don't know 90% were all integration tests. According to the test pyramid. It's not a good idea because they're all they all run very long time and they are very unstable. And, but all right, also learn this. Semi optimaal tests are better than no tests. If I can choose still better to wait a long time for feedback. Compared to you don't have any feedback at all.
Hello, and welcome to developer's journey. The podcast shining a light on developers lives from all over the world. My name is Tim Bourguignon, and today I receive Harald Reingrüber. Harald is an enthusiastic software developer with 10 years of professional experience working in different areas of visual and spatial computing. He likes delivering high quality software, but he also likes working on prototypes, and MVP. So Minimum Viable Products for measuring traction before adding later on, require complexity. Inspired by Peter (the code cop) Koffler, Hamitai Schleier, Cory Haines and probably many more. He decided to go on a pair programming tour in the US in March and April 2020. So right after this podcast here, and I hope we're going to talk about Harald, welcome DevJourney.
Harald Reingruber 2:00
Hello Tim, welcome. Thanks for having me.
Hey, it's my pleasure. It's my pleasure. So before we talk about your journey, your tour that's coming up. Um, let's go back into your past. And we went taking you through the first steps into it when you first entered this, it worked. Oh,
wow. Yeah, I have to go back in time quite a bit. I started learning programming when I was in a Technical High School in Austria. I was about 14 years old. Yeah. So I'm already quite long in this in in our industry. There's one thing I remember Oh, well, after a couple of years learning different programming languages. I still remember how frustrated I was that I still couldn't imagine how a computer game could be programmed. So I think that's where the curiosity about computer graphics And we should computer visual computing structured where you player. Well actually, that's the funny thing. I never really was a gamer. I, well, I tried quake and Well, I mean, I was like maybe 12 or 14 I loft, playing computer games. But when I started learning programming, suddenly I wasn't interested in gaming anymore. It wasn't really interested in figuring out how it can be developed.
And what what what attracted you at first to word programming and then to a word, game programming maybe or visual programming?
I guess it is my curiosity. Okay, if I cannot imagine how it's done, how it works, I want to know more about it and want to figure out how to do it
and so Just the the annoyance of not understanding how that works.
That is cool. That is cool. But But why computers and not maybe electro technique or maybe fluid mechanics or whichever plasma physics? Why computer science?
Good question. Actually, I don't I don't really know but probably because we had a computer at home and I was able to play around and while playing around figured out okay, I can change things I can break things but I also can fix it to my parents were really happy that after breaking it, I was even able to fix it as well. And so then I discovered I was quite good at it and and learning to understand How our computer thinks and yeah, I think that's maybe that you don't need many tools you don't need not really overly expensive equipment.
Yeah, you can have a computer at home. It's hard as we have plasma head on. Yeah. I or Yeah, the worst thing that can happen and he's happens to me quite often is you have to format the whole machine because doesn't work anymore. And then your parents are obviously mad and they wanted to fixed as soon as possible. But that's probably the worst that can happen, right? Yes. Okay, so you were in this Technical High School in Austria and you started goofing around with computers and getting hooked into this. How does this work? How does this looks like from there? When did you decide that it could be a career choice? And then where did you take Get from there
afterwards I decided Yeah, I want to learn more about it and went to a dip my bachelor's degree also in Australia or close to where I grew up. And there I remember there I did an internship at Diabla Research Center in Germany. They are really the curiosity about computer graphics was originated, the internship was more about simulating some entering control system. So we were like developing testing and simulation environment for c++ module which was developed by one of their researchers. But our supervisor he introduced me to the computer graphics team in the they are and showed me what they were doing with With 3d computer vision, and I was really fascinated, and also during the degree, we briefly touched medical image processing. Yeah, and really loved it. I wanted to know more about and later then I found out at the university in Vienna that there is a master's degree with a focus on both things on computer graphics and on image processing. And that's where my my education continued, can you understand
why you were so attracted to the visual part of computing are still attracted to this because computer science is so wide you have so many fields that you probably don't understand it either. So why why this visual part?
I think, because the results are more visible. I think that that's also for sure. several reasons, but Think that you could show it to somebody who is not an expert or is was not really into it and he stills he is able to understand the result and see what what you were achieving with this project. Yeah, I think that's something I,
I liked about it. Were you tempted at some point to go into more for instance, web design, which would be exactly the same kind of very fast visual feedback?
No, actually not. I don't know. Yeah, I, I had experience with Yeah, I did a bit of also web development with my previous job, because it was we were developing a back end for visualization system. I offered to take over parts of it and learn JavaScript and node and we We developed the front end with react. But I wouldn't call myself a web designer because I yeah, I like user interfaces. When when they are simple when I can just, I want to have a couple of menu items and buttons. And I have a framework which just makes it look nice, but I'm not. I'm, I think I'm more on the technical side, which is still Yeah. I'm tempted to say I'm not so much on the creative side, but still softer design. Even though it's more technical. It's still somehow creative, but maybe not so much artistic. Let's let's call it this.
I'm sure that's not true. Okay, too soon. So you you were finishing your your battle and You did this internship with Daimler Research Center. Did you continue with Daimler? Do you What did you do after this special? How did you first job maybe look like?
Harald Reingruber 10:09
Yeah, no, I yeah, I did a master's degree in Vienna for computer graphics and image processing. I went into medical image processing. I, my first job was at UCLA health care. And he were developing radiology software. Yeah. And I, after some time, I became the principal developer for the volume rendering engine and that Yeah, that was really interesting, because it was really performance critical, high, highly optimized, c++ code and processing huge amount of data and also very, very visual such a component when a picture healthcare Image Processing? In my mind, it's mathematics all the way from top to bottom. Is this correct? Is this really image processing with AI using frameworks? are you creating your own rendering equations and, and image manipulation, etc? You're right everything computer graphics and, and image processing. It's pure mathematics. But yeah, it's it's like in with math in school. If you know the basic formulas and basic computations, then you can do a lot of things. Well, if volume rendering, it's a bit more complex, and you usually have basically followed a paper follow a paper somebody where somebody describes an algorithm, and so you should know how to implement the formula but you don't have to invent to invent the I written itself
92 somebody did the research and and coined the or prepared the way you should do it. And you're basically engineering this idea.
Yeah, exactly. I mean, sometimes it's, of course it overlaps. So sometimes when you do some optimizations, and usually in the paper, not everything is the opportunity to get the appealing result. You might tweak stuff, then you also like you have to add to the whole interaction and so on. And yeah, maybe maybe you even are able to improve stuff then you probably write your own paper. But yeah, I in my department, we were not so much. Researching we were integrating. We were focusing on the product, part production. Can you say that? Actually,
I have no idea? Let's go in it.
Yeah. Yeah, to make about x out of the research prototypes, that approach. And yeah, it was also that time where I became curious about how to fulfill high quality software requirements, like the healthcare software field is highly regulated and you have to provide a lot of documentations on your audio working. And it was also the first time I got in touch with software testing, unit testing, and so on. And that's how I got curious about how to provide high quality software.
Yeah, I worked in healthcare, as well for for a while though. FDA audits that you get every so every now and then, and the whole tracing of requirements and the whole classifications of devices and showing that you did the right thing, this is this is really a big, big deal. So if you if you want to, if you want to be able to produce some, some, some software, some hardware for the medical industry, you will have, you will really have to show that you know what you're doing. It's it's less of showing that the product is bug free. It's more of showing that you know what you did, and if there is a bug that occurs, you know exactly how to react to this.
Yeah, exactly. This is a
pain in the ass, but in some sense, it makes sense. Okay, and so I guess I've lived a similar path, and also discovered pretty much at that point when I was working in the healthcare industry. What it takes to produce software that's really high quality that is tested from from bottom up and up to down and left to right. How did how did you learn this? How did you discover all this this world of software quality software metrics, testing, static analysis, dynamic analysis, etc? How did it come to you,
the team I joined, we're already on a quite a high level from a software quality perspective. But I would say the most learn from the things of course, which didn't go that well, they already started a couple of years before I joined them to write a huge amount of automated tests, but most of their test suit, I don't know 90% were all integration tests you according to the test pyramid. That's not a good idea because they're all they all run very long time and rarely Insert table and that will rate also known as semi Optima tests are better than no tests. If I can choose still better to wait a long time for feedback compared to you don't have any feedback at all.
So if we're going through this, so you had integration test with means tests were pretty high level depending on other systems or components and not not moxa not mocks, not fakes of those of those interfaces. And so the tests were a bit slower than they could be it's not unit tests that are just on the bare metal and working hundreds of second it was more in the in the seconds or minutes level do stairs since the depend on third party software or third party API's, etc. They tend to fail at some point because reasons because the network didn't play nice that day. And so we kind of tend to become brittle and produce more problems than they should be. And what you're saying is, but this is better than no test at all, because then you probably don't know what you don't know. Is I mean,
yeah, exactly. It's a good start. So have a bad test yet, and then you can improve from there. There was a good reason why it went this way, because the tests were fast to develop. So they were like directly interacting with the user interface. So you can write the new tests with a couple of lines of code, telling the test to click this button or to move the mouse track or double click or something. But the costs were that execution time was very long. And also they became unstable because if some pop up menu was blocking the mouse or something didn't shut and suddenly the test was failing, even though Yeah, you always had to debug to figure out why it's actually failing. And it and we did a lot of screenshots comparison for the tests. Yeah, sure. I mean, I do also understand from a regulatory perspective, it's also appealing because you really can prove like, okay, we have this test, the screenshot recorded how visualization in the end looked like. And you can be quite certain if all the tests are green that every pixel looks the same. But yeah, usually you would like to have a better mixture. The integration tests are really good also for roofing that. Rendering results are the same as men you had when you did the certification process, but on The developer experience for sure is better. If you have much more unit tests, much more low level tests, which tell you exactly where the bug is.
Were you able back then to already? Move some tests down the pyramid? So going from this integration level two more unit test level?
Yeah, actually, we realized in the team that the disadvantages of integration tests and so we we try to motivate other developers. Yeah, try to think in which case unit test works better.
Let's let's fast forward a little bit. You stayed in this job for a few years, you became the principal volume engineer a volume rendering engine engineer, I as I listen, yeah. Then you probably moved, move to a different job. How did this this understanding of software quality and what it takes to produce quality software change over the years
and it's a really good question after after my job in the healthcare software industry, I joined the startup we're focusing on augmented reality they are It was a quite a shift from where he came from, which I also liked because it was much more hands on Okay, we have to get it working, we have an idea, we need fast results and but unfortunately, the quality requirements were not so high Of course, and also their willingness to spend time or money for hire software quality was not was not so high, but I always had the feeling of there is some misconception about saving money with lower softer quality, that it is cheaper, lower, softer qualities cheaper. It can be for a couple of months. But yeah, I always felt that we are actually not that fast that we think we are, even though we are saving time on software quality. And my third job, I was working in a small team, it was quite similar. And that's also where this craving to focus more on quality again came from kind of the Curiosity how to be able to deliver a quality even though you have to deliver fast results. That's that's also why I got curious about TDD and programming because the idea is that you are actually not slower, even though you're doing programming or test driven development. That's also the idea why I had ideas to doing this programming tour to see And practice pair programming with other peers since he that you really can achieve quite a bit while practicing this different techniques, which leads to higher quality, what is so great about programming? in your own words? I think it's really the discussion. You know, when you're developing, you have like many ideas, and then you start trying out those ideas, which are the most promising, but every once in a while you'll get stuck, then you need to take a step back, rethink and try the next idea. And I think that having the whole time discussion, the fun appear that this is a lot faster, that you are much better in sorting out which idea is the most promising because certain suddenly you have two opinions. Maybe you your Already in the first place a white couple of paths because of the input from your colleague,
and what does it take to be a good peer or to be good at pair programming? I imagine
that it's a lot about communication. I mean, first of all, you have to be really mindful of how you communicate and tell you like, such as different ideas or criticize and at the same time, when you present ideas, or start coding in one direction, you have to have a lot of self esteem that you are confident enough to try out something which might be a better the year or might be wrong. And so I think I definitely think that it's not, it's not the perfect way to program for everybody. But if you find the caring partner that works well, like I could imagine that it can be really pushing you and boost you and your development process. Did
you live through pairs that didn't work?
Well, to be honest, I've never been successful establishing a pair programming workflow. In the companies I was working at who in my last company, we tried it a couple of times. But then deadlines and feature demand came in and we we also my, my colleagues, were not that interested to figure it out. And I wasn't able to convince them to experience to to experiment more. I've attended several code retreats, where I was able to program with with a couple of developers from Vienna, and which was really, really fun. And yeah, welcome. The first taste of pair programming, and I had sessions, which worked really well. And there were also sessions, which didn't work that well,
it always amazes me. pair programming is one of these tools that if done well could accelerate your development process. So fast really, or maybe the the development itself is not going to be much faster, but the quality is going to go through the roof. And so overall, your development process is going to be way faster, but as soon as deadlines start breathing down your neck, you go back to your demons and throw pepper roaming gdd down the drain and not use it, which is come to the silly. I've seen this so often. So what you described is is is absolutely normal. Unfortunately,
yeah, that's true. But on the other hand, you shouldn't shouldn't stop the processes which you define that are good, just because of the deadlines because it can be risky that then in the end you you need even longer because you stopped all those processes and didn't write the unit tests and so on. And
this is I did say,
I guess it's also kind of human Of course to get sloppy because you start to rush things, but I could also imagine that if you are doing pair programming, then there is always another person who could maybe prevent you from and tell you like, okay, let's take a step back or let's don't jump to too early conclusions and so on. So let's talk about this to our viewers. You call it a pair programming tour. If you go back to episodes five with amortized liar and Episode 11 Was Nico, how we talked about similar demo tours? I think we called them craftsmen tour or journeyman tour back then. But I think as humans the same idea. So coming from this apprenticeship idea where an apprentice was learning with a master, and then became a German, and from their own went into the world world to discover what other masters and Germans had to say about their field, and kind of understand how others are doing it, and then learn and grow along the way. Is this what you intend to do? Yeah, right. So the idea is quite the same. Actually. There are many terms. I think Cory Haynes was the first who called it cherny mentor. Also I heard coding tour but basic idea is to spend some time with another peer with another developer and learn from each other because everybody As a different background, everybody has different experience and valuable experience, positive, negative. And everybody learned from these experiences. And I think even even when you're already a very experienced developer, there is always something in here you can learn from somebody else. And this, this tour really allows me to see many different places. And also, I mean, I also want to offer value to the hosts who invited me. So I'm curious in when when the episode is going on here, it will be already it will be only a couple of days until it will restart and I think I will also improve a lot on the coaching side of being an experienced developer.
I'm sure you will share your work if I am I haven't done a tour like this, but how I picture it is, um, you know, when you start a job and the first week or two week on the job, you're just getting an avalanche of information and you think to learn, and I picture a tour being like this, but for for two months, which is going from one place to the other, and you're just, it's just non stop, you're getting you input. And that must be so exhausting. Yeah, but so amazing.
Yeah, maybe it's a bit different because the goal is not to learn everything in order to get an overview of the whole project. So I imagine that we try to focus on very specific topics or tasks, it will be constantly different environments, different people will be interesting. I'm really, really looking forward to it. I also want to attend meetups or maybe give a talk mera Demeter, and it will be a tense schedule.
How do you think you are going to be able to provide value to a company with just a few days attendance with them? what's what's your plan in giving back
something having somebody from outside of the company or is not doesn't have to typical company blindness is valuable to offer different perspectives. And also to set set some time aside and focus on specific tasks, which maybe you didn't before had time to. And then you have for like a good reason to, I don't know, I also thought a lot about how one could be productive from the first day and I think writing automated tests or refactoring legacy code. I think it's something where you can really quickly get productive and offer a good Second Opinion. Maybe some company or some developer invites me because he, he reads the list of skills or experience I have. And t thinks like, oh, wow, actually, I don't know that much about that. But a couple of years ago, we had the idea to do this graphics visualization in our app, but we didn't have anybody with the knowledge and maybe somebody thinks has the idea to invite me for a couple of days to work on the first prototype. So I could imagine a couple of different ways to provide value. Did you find all the companies for you to already know? No, not yet. So I have almost two companies. Two tourist stops confirmed. One is actually on the the official, HR approval is missing. But the team and the director is on board. So it looks really, really good. And there is another stop in San Francisco, which seems to be promising. Yeah, it's really it's not so easy. I spent a lot of time to send Twitter messages, direct messages to to developers and put a lot of effort into advertising metaphor. I think now my first couple of confirm twist ups helped get some some more invitations and maybe also if this podcasts episode, maybe there's somebody who thinks like, hey, that might be interesting. Harold sounds like experience interesting guy and continue timber King wish him for to freeness and to learn from him and exchange knowledge.
That would of course be amazing, but I hope that by the time this episode airs, you will have all the companies because this will air if we if we calculated that correctly. Just three days before you land in sin Diego you said
Yeah, exactly. I will start from San Diego. Yeah, it could be that I'm booked out but a time but I I'm looking forward to just see how it turns out and I'm open to for spontaneous invitations.
So before we come to to your contact information and where people could be less spontaneous and and talk to you about this or be spontaneous and then in Kentucky, and what would be the the one advice you would give to people may be thinking to do such a German tour or a peppermint tour just to convince them to to jump in Jump into the cold water as the the Germans say, what would you the one the one argument you would add to the to the balance?
Well, my number one advice is definitely reach out to people reach out to those who did similar things I receive so much support from from ami, Tasha from PETA cough from Nicola. And everybody already did this. They're really like, apparently had a great experience and they are willing to support others who want to do the same. And I wouldn't be surprised if after my tool it would turn out different for me. I'm quite sure. I'm also happy to offer help and support and yeah, maybe in five or 10 years, maybe doing a tournament or is it a slightly common thing to do? That will be cool. Yeah.
Once again, networking to the rescue. Ask people around Don't be shy.
Yeah, exactly. And it's so easy nowadays. There are so many communities, you just have to find them. That's the only tricky part. But if I'm across borders, it's not that difficult to reach out. Get in touch with like minded people. Amen. Amen.
Okay, so where can people reach you and either continue this discussion or or invite you in their companies? Where would the be the the rights the appropriate place to do this?
Yeah, the best thing is to look me up on Twitter. My Twitter handle is Harold fri dcv and they are you will also find my tweet promoting my tour and attached to the tweet is a link to the my blog article describing my tour. From there my direct message feature is open. So just contact me on Twitter or find me at one of the meetups in this the cities so far I've planned to go to San Diego, San Francisco, Portland and Vancouver. If you're somewhere nearby even miss you on the way maybe you never know in which direction I will adopt my tour. Maybe I will insert another stop somewhere on the way. Awesome. Anything else
you want to plug in? Yeah.
I really would like to thank the army tie and Peter Koffler for the amount of support it gave me. I think even during my preparation, I learned so much. I found out about podcasts about flexspaces and people I'm following on Twitter and if somebody is thinking about doing such a tour, but isn't sure if f4 just wrote a fifth or if if having doubts to fail, don't worry if um, if you fail, you learn a lot. And it's really it's really create. It's really enlightening.
I'm sure it will be. I'm sure it will be. Okay. So by the time this podcast airs, you will be almost on your way. So I wish you farewell and a great journey. And I hope we will read a lot about about it on Twitter and what's happening to you, and all the things you learn. I will post regularly. Well, thank you very much. It's been a blast listening to your story.
Thanks a lot for having me.
And this has been another episode of developer's journey. We will see each other next week, bye. All right, this is Tim from a different time and space with a few comments to make. First, get the most of these developer's journey by subscribing to the podcast with the app of your choice, and get the new episodes automagically, right when the air. The podcast is available on all major platforms. Then, visit our website to find the show notes with all the links mentioned by our guests, the advices they gave us, their book, references and so on. And while you're there, use the comments to continue the discussion with our guests or with me, or reach out on Twitter or LinkedIn. Then a big big THANK YOU to the generous Patreon donors that help me pay the hosting bills. If you have a few coins to spare, please consider a small monthly donation. Every pledge, however small counts. Finally, please do someone a favor, tell them about the show today and help them on their journey.


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Monday, September 12, 2016 Staff
YSU University Theater Begins Season Sept. 30
YOUNGSTOWN, Ohio – A Tony Award-winning comedy, a Stephen Sondheim musical and a Mozart opera are among the offerings as the Youngstown State University Department of Theater and Dance announces it 53rd season of performances.
University Theater will open its season at 7:30 p.m. Sept. 30 with the Tony Award-winning comedy "Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike." Other performances are Oct. 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9, with the Sunday matinees starting at 2 p.m. Shows are in Bliss Hall.
"This season of shows offers a wide selection of choices, and highlights the talents of our students, staff and faculty who have worked hard to achieve success at their craft," said Matthew Mazuroski, chair of the Department of Theater and Dance.
The schedule also features Stephen Sondheim's "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum," starting Nov. 18 and running through Dec. 4; "No More Peace!," a satire by Ernst Toller that runs Feb. 24 through March 5; the YSU Dance Ensemble in Concert, April 6, 7 and 8; and From Mozart to Menotti, featuring two one-act operas, "The Impresario" by W. A. Mozart, and "The Medium" by Gian Carlo Menotti, April 21, 22 and 23.
Season subscriptions for adults are $60 and are available for purchase by calling the University Theater Box Office at 330 941 3105 or emailing [email protected]. Discounts are also available for members of the YSU Alumni Society, Penguin Club and Regional Chamber; YSU Faculty and staff and retirees; and students not attending YSU. University Theater performances are free for YSU students.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Happy Weekend! This is going to be a long weekend for me thanks to Martin Luther King Jr. Day on Monday, and it's coming at a good time. I can feel myself coming down with something, so I'm planning on getting a lot of rest this weekend! I have some fun stuff to share today for Top Five Friday, so let's get to it.
I'm a huge podcast addict and have been listening to them for the past few years on my runs. There are so many new podcasts coming out this year, and I'm so excited! I found a list of upcoming shows here, and just by the descriptions I'm ready to add these to my list. 30 for 30, the Serial spinoff, 36 Hours!? I can't wait!!
If you're into sports, it's a really exciting time of year. The national championship game was insane and super exciting (watch the highlights here), professional football is in playoffs (GO STEELERS), hockey and basketball are in full swing, and the first Grand Slam (Australia) is starting. I love all of the excitement going on right now!
To switch gears entirely, I wanted to share a life changing hair band that I recently got! I always had a problem with pony tail holders slipping out of my hair and irritating me when I was running. Nothing is worse than feeling your hair falling out and having to slow down to put it up again. If you have this problem too, you need to get these hair bands! They're rubbery, which makes them stay in place in your hair. They're really comfortable too, so it doesn't yank my hair out (just be careful and take out each loop individually.) I picked these up at Target, but you can also get them on Amazon.
I haven't shared the products that I've used up in a while, so here are some mini reviews!
Life Proof Perfect Hair Day Shampoo and Dry Shampoo - I got these two products, along with a conditioner, during Nordstrom's Annual sale. I really liked both of them, particularly the dry shampoo. It's definitely the best that I've ever tried and made my hair look amazing! I just wish it wasn't so expensive!
Caress Body Wash - My favorite body wash! It has such an amazing scent that lingers all day.
Secret Outlast Deodorant - This is the best deodorant that I've ever tried. I've repurchased it over and over again! It lasts all day on me, even if I work out, and has the best scent. Plus, it never burns after I shave which is a major plus.
Zest Fruitboost Scrub - I love trying out body scrubs, but was really disapointed with this one. It's not a thick scrub at all so it didn't seem to exfoliate my skin at all. Plus, it was a pretty small container so it didn't last long and didn't even have a good smell!
Christophe Robin Hair Mask - I got this mask in a Play! by Sephora box and really liked it. It made my hair so soft and healthy looking. I wasn't a fan of the scent, and it's incredibly expensive, so I won't repurchase. I'll stick with my $5 Aussie Hair Mask!
Olly Restful Sleep Gummies - These are seriously amazing. I don't go to sleep without taking one of these now and I have the best sleep ever! If you suffer from night terrors, sleep walking, or insomnia I think it's worth it to give these a try.
Clump Crusher and Falsies Mascara - My two favorite drugstore mascaras. These are both so amazing and beat out any others that I have!
Who else has a long weekend? Plans?
Was it you who I was telling that the Ed Sheeran song basically broke the internet the day that it came out? Well, if it was, sorry that I am a broken record :D Have a great weekend, Gretch!
I have started to listen to podcasts this year and I'm loving it so far. I can't wait to listen to a podcast during a long run!
Awesome song suggestions too! I had a few on my playlist but added 2 more based on your suggestions. I host a Tunes Tuesday link up with 2 other bloggers every week - feel free to link up anytime!
My husband is obsessed with podcasts--I listen to them in the car with him a lot but for some reason, I cant get in to them when I'm on my own listening! What's your favorite one?
I have a long weekend too! Looking forward to two birthday celebrations and a lazy monday!
We don't have that body wash in Canada. I remember smelling it when we were across the line and then not buying it, but now I'm kicking myself for not getting it because it smelled SO GOOD. I need to try those mascaras. I love Ed Sheeran's new song "Castle on a Hill." It's fantastic. I'll have to check out those other songs. I love your Friday posts! They're my fave.
MAN - I'm really feeling jipped since we don't get Monday off. I could definitely go for another 3 day weekend.
Those look like some great goodies, minus the zest. I usually take Melatonin to wind down easily. I should try that restful sleep. I like Ed Sheeran's new song Shape of you as well. The castle on the hill song is pretty good too.
I love the Party Monster song!! Happy Friday!
I love podcasts! What are your favorite kinds to listen to? I love political, true crime, and Survivor (yes, the reality show lol!).
Those are the BEST hair ties...and they seem to last forever!
I have only recently gotten into podcasts so I need to go and check out that list!
And a big yes to the scunci hair ties! I have the biggest collection of scunci products because they're so good (and so cheap!). Their headbands are also really great!
Your "empties" posts always give me new ideas! Definitely need to check out those sleeping gummies! I periodically struggle with staying asleep. So frustrating!


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Q: Drawing a large graph with sigmajs Drawing a graph with 10000 nodes with sigmajs. The problem is that all the nodes are cramped in one space and sometimes the script is loaded very slow. Is there a way i can draw the graph with circle layout
I have tried to implement the fruchtermanReingold layout and also forceatlas2 but both of them have overlaps and the whole graph is cramped in one space
// Get the modal
var modal = document.getElementById("myModal");

// Get the <span> element that closes the modal
var span = document.getElementsByClassName("close")[0];

// When the user clicks on <span> (x), close the modal
span.onclick = function() {
     modal.style.display = "none";
    document.getElementById("Tweet").remove()
   }

// When the user clicks anywhere outside of the modal, close it

var j=JSON.parse('{{ jsn | escapejs }}');;
var img=document.getElementById("loading")
sigma.classes.graph.addMethod('neighbors', function(nodeId) {
    var k,
    neighbors = {},
    index = this.allNeighborsIndex[nodeId] || {};

    for (k in index)
      neighbors[k] = this.nodesIndex[k];

    return neighbors;
    });

s = new sigma({
   graph: j,
   container: 'graph-container',
   settings: {
   labelThreshold:10,

   }
  });

// Start the ForceAtlas2 algorithm:

  s.graph.nodes().forEach(function(n) {
    n.originalColor = n.color;
  });
  s.graph.edges().forEach(function(e) {
    e.originalColor = e.color;
  });

  // When a node is clicked, we check for each node
  // if it is a neighbor of the clicked one. If not,
  // we set its color as grey, and else, it takes its
  // original color.
  // We do the same for the edges, and we only keep
  // edges that have both extremities colored.
  s.bind('clickNode', function(e) {
  if(/^\d+$/.test(e.data.node.id)){
  modal.style.display = "block";
  var div=document.createElement("div");
  div.setAttribute("id","Tweet")
  div.setAttribute("align","center")
        document.getElementById("feed").insertBefore(div,document.getElementById("see"));
  twttr.widgets.createTweet(e.data.node.id,div);
  twttr.widgets.load(div);

   }
   else{

   k=  s.graph.neighbors(e.data.node.id)

  modal.style.display = "block";
  var div=document.createElement("div");
  div.setAttribute("id","Tweet")
  div.setAttribute("align","center")
  document.getElementById("feed").insertBefore(div,document.getElementById("see"));
  twttr.widgets.createTweet(Object.entries(k)[0][0],div);
  twttr.widgets.load(div);
}
    var nodeId = e.data.node.id,
        toKeep = s.graph.neighbors(nodeId);
    toKeep[nodeId] = e.data.node;

    s.graph.nodes().forEach(function(n) {
      if (toKeep[n.id])
        n.color = n.originalColor;
      else
        n.color = '#eee';
    });

    s.graph.edges().forEach(function(e) {
      if (toKeep[e.source] && toKeep[e.target])
        e.color = e.originalColor;
      else
        e.color = '#eee';
    });

    // Since the data has been modified, we need to
    // call the refresh method to make the colors
    // update effective.
    s.refresh();
  });

  // When the stage is clicked, we just color each
  // node and edge with its original color.
  s.bind('clickStage', function(e) {
    s.graph.nodes().forEach(function(n) {
      n.color = n.originalColor;
    });

    s.graph.edges().forEach(function(e) {
      e.color = e.originalColor;
    });

    // Same as in the previous event:
    s.refresh();
  });

var frListener = sigma.layouts.fruchtermanReingold.configure(s, {
  iterations: 500,
  easing: 'quadraticInOut',
  duration: 800
  });

sigma.layouts.fruchtermanReingold.start(s);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Pharrell Williams Says Everything You're Thinking About Gender Equality
By Gillian Fuller
Historically speaking, being female is tough: Gender equality is, sadly, a very slow-growing movement (women still earn only 80 cents on the dollar compared with their male counterparts. And it's even harder for women of color. The feminist movement of the early 1900s generally focused on improving conditions for white women, and it wasn't until the Civil Rights Movement in the '60s that women of color were granted rights equal to those of their white female counterparts. For women of color, the game is—and always has been—unfairly rigged.
Fox's new film Hidden Figures explores this reality, telling—for the first time—the true story of three female African-American mathematicians who helped make astronaut John Glenn's 1962 orbit around Earth possible. Though their calculations and contributions were integral to the mission, NASA neglected to give Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughn, and Mary Jackson credit for their role in history—until now (a little late, guys!). In a recent roundtable discussion with The Hollywood Reporter, singer/rapper Pharrell Williams (who composed music for the film) spoke candidly of the women's roles in the historical space mission, insisting they should have been credited for their contributions from the start. We knew we loved him.
More on women's equality:
How Julia Roberts Really Feels About Gender Equality in Hollywood
Mila Kunis Just Spoke Out Against Sexism in the Workplace With a Powerful Personal Essay
15 Celebrities Who Fought Back Against Body Shaming
"This is a story that's been around this entire time," said Pharrell Williams. "These women were victims of error and circumstance. We look back in history, and women's contribution to any kind of advancement was always discounted, dismissed, or overlooked, erased, not acknowledged." The "Happy" singer hopes the film will give viewers insight on the complicated nature of gender-based oppression and help to eliminate this inequality once and for all.
"We can no longer deny that women are treated the way they are," he said. "I think that this film will be one of many instrumental tools to help change not only America's mind but the world's mind."
And as a multiracial woman, I say: It's about damn time. Hidden Figures hits theaters nationwide Christmas Day. You can watch the trailer here.
Now check out the complete history of lipstick from 3000 B.C. to today:
KeywordsPharrell Williams


text:
Q: How to filter using jq array of strings which contains a specific value How do I filter using jq which contains string "edp-api-dev"
{
    "serviceArns": [
        "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:1234:service/splat-dev/abc-api-dev-ecs-abc-api-man-1920299",
        "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:1234:service/edp-api-dev-ecs-edp-api-man-721g8a7d",
        "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:1234:service/tsm-frontend-dev-ecs-tsm-frontend-man",
        "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:1234:service/doc-svc-dev-ecs-doc-svc-man",
        "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:1234:service/wwk-frontend-dev-ecs-wwk-frontend-man-8fea6a0b",
        "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:1234:service/xyaz-fsse-ecs-xyaz-fsse-man"
    ]
}

I tried
aws ecs list-services --cluster splat-dev --profile mfa | jq -r '.serviceArns[] | select( . | contains("edp-api-dev")'

but get syntax error

A: I forgot the closing parenthesis:
aws ecs list-services --cluster splat-dev --profile mfa |
  jq -r '.serviceArns[] | select(contains("edp-api-dev"))'
#                                                       ^


text:
Q: Parent Last Classloader to solve Java Class path hell? I have a project which uses two versions of bouncyCastle jars bcprov-jdk15 and bcprov-jdk16. The jvm loads the older version but there is a feature I wrote which needs the newer version to run. I tried to solve this classpath hell by using a custom class loader. After some googling and with the help of some previous Stackoverflow answers[1] [2] and this blog,  I wrote the following Parent Last Class loader to load the classes from the newer jar before delegating to the parent class loader.
public class ParentLastClassLoader extends ClassLoader {

    private String jarFile; //Path to the jar file
    private Hashtable classes = new Hashtable(); //used to cache already defined classes

    public ParentLastClassLoader(ClassLoader parent, String path)
    {
        super(parent);
        this.jarFile = path;
    }

    @Override
    public Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        System.out.println("Trying to find");
        throw new ClassNotFoundException();
    }

    @Override
    protected synchronized Class<?> loadClass(String className, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        System.out.println("Trying to load");
        try
        {
            System.out.println("Loading class in Child : " + className);
            byte classByte[];
            Class result = null;

            //checks in cached classes
            result = (Class) classes.get(className);
            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }

            try {
                JarFile jar = new JarFile(jarFile);
                JarEntry entry = jar.getJarEntry(className + ".class");
                InputStream is = jar.getInputStream(entry);
                ByteArrayOutputStream byteStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                int nextValue = is.read();
                while (-1 != nextValue) {
                    byteStream.write(nextValue);
                    nextValue = is.read();
                }

                classByte = byteStream.toByteArray();
                result = defineClass(className, classByte, 0, classByte.length, null);
                classes.put(className, result);
                return result;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new ClassNotFoundException(className + "Not found", e);
            }
        }
        catch( ClassNotFoundException e ){

            System.out.println("Delegating to parent : " + className);
            // didn't find it, try the parent
            return super.loadClass(className, resolve);
        }
    }
}

I loaded the main class in the feature with this class loader but the BouncyCaslte classes used in the feature are not loaded by my custom classloader.
ClassLoader loader = new ParentLastClassLoader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), pathToJar);
Class myClass = loader.loadClass("MainClassOfTheFeature");
Method mainMethod = myClass.getMethod("MainMethod");
mainMethod.invoke(myClass.getConstructor().newInstance());

Jvm still uses the classes it loaded from the older version. How can I make the JVM to load the classes from my class loader when running the feature and use the already loaded older classes in the older jar when the feature is not running?
Edit:
The problem remains even after setting the custom classloader as the Thread context classloader in the MainMethod of the feature Main class.
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(this.getClass().getClassLoader());

A: I managed to solve this problem. Modified the code of the ParentLastClassLoader to get an array of all the Jarfile paths which are needed by the feature. So when a class is loaded, all the jarfiles needed by the feature will be searched for the .class files. If a class file cannot be found, it will be delegated to the parent.
    private  class ParentLastClassLoader extends ClassLoader {

    private String[] jarFiles; //Paths to the jar files
    private Hashtable classes = new Hashtable(); //used to cache already defined classes

    public ParentLastClassLoader(ClassLoader parent, String[] paths)
    {
        super(parent);
        this.jarFiles = paths;
    }

    @Override
    public Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        System.out.println("Trying to find");
        throw new ClassNotFoundException();
    }

    @Override
    protected synchronized Class<?> loadClass(String className, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        System.out.println("Trying to load");
        try
        {
            System.out.println("Loading class in Child : " + className);
            byte classByte[];
            Class result = null;

            //checks in cached classes
            result = (Class) classes.get(className);
            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }

            for(String jarFile: jarFiles){
                try {
                    JarFile jar = new JarFile(jarFile);
                    JarEntry entry = jar.getJarEntry(className.replace(".","/") + ".class");
                    InputStream is = jar.getInputStream(entry);
                    ByteArrayOutputStream byteStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                    int nextValue = is.read();
                    while (-1 != nextValue) {
                        byteStream.write(nextValue);
                        nextValue = is.read();
                    }

                    classByte = byteStream.toByteArray();
                    result = defineClass(className, classByte, 0, classByte.length, null);
                    classes.put(className, result);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    continue;
                }
            }

            result = (Class) classes.get(className);
            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }
            else{
                throw new ClassNotFoundException("Not found "+ className);
            }
        }
        catch( ClassNotFoundException e ){

            System.out.println("Delegating to parent : " + className);
            // didn't find it, try the parent
            return super.loadClass(className, resolve);
        }
    }
}

The ParentLastClassLoader is instantiated as follows.
ClassLoader loader = new ParentLastClassLoader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), paths);

Once the ParentLastClassLoader is instantiated, the MainClassOfTheFeature will be loaded and its MainMethod will be invoked.

A: Ok, you created your own classloader and then loaded a class using it. The question is - how does the thread classloader will know about that?
So, you must load the class using some classloader, and then set this classloader as thread context classloader.


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text:
Legislators question child-protection process
MONTPELIER - A special legislative panel is expected to hear more this week about the rules governing Vermont's child welfare agency as it probes
Legislators question child-protection process MONTPELIER - A special legislative panel is expected to hear more this week about the rules governing Vermont's child welfare agency as it probes Check out this story on burlingtonfreepress.com: http://bfpne.ws/1sg3Wxx
LISA RATHKE Published 8:25 p.m. ET Sept. 21, 2014 | Updated 8:29 p.m. ET Sept. 21, 2014
Two-year-old Dezirae Sheldon of Poultney died of a skull fracture in February, according to an autopsy. (Photo: COURTESY)
MONTPELIER - A special legislative panel is expected to hear more this week about the rules governing Vermont's child welfare agency as it probes child protection issues following the deaths of two toddlers who had been in the state's care.
Some lawmakers have questioned the high percentage of abuse and neglect calls that are not accepted for some sort of intervention by the Department for Children and Families. Last year the department received 17,458 calls, 10 percent more than 2012. Of those, 70 percent were not accepted by DCF for either an investigation or assessment.
Committee member Sen. Peg Flory, R-Rutland, wanted to know why other cases weren't investigated in a bid to make sure serious accusations weren't overlooked based on outdated rules.
"Is there criteria that ought to be updated?" she asked. "Are we dismissing ones that shouldn't be dismissed?"
The committee is seeking solutions to a child protection crisis following the deaths of 2-year-old Dezirae Sheldon, of Poultney, in February and 15-month-old Peighton Geraw of Winooski in April. DCF had been involved with both children.
Peighton was found dead of head and neck trauma less than an hour after a DCF worker had visited his home because hospital workers noticed bruises on his neck during an emergency room visit two days earlier.
Records show Dezirae had a history of child abuse injuries, and her mother was convicted last year of cruelty to a child. An investigation has revealed that a DCF official was told in 2013 that Dezirae was abused by her stepfather, but that information was never given to the family's social worker or the child's court-appointed attorney before the child's death.
The attorney general's office found no criminal conduct by department staff, but found a lack of communication among social workers, the courts, law enforcement, medical personnel and others.
Second-degree murder charges have been filed against Dezirae's stepfather and Peighton's mother in the two cases. Both have pleaded not guilty.
Based on state law and department policy, a DCF supervisor decides whether a report can be accepted for invention. Factors include the age of the alleged victim, the alleged abuser's relationship with the child and the nature of the allegation, according to 2013 Report on Child Protection in Vermont released in June.
A report that is not accepted is reviewed a second time by another supervisor, who can decide to accept it.
But many reports do not meet the statutory definition of child abuse and neglect and there's duplication when different people call about the same situation, said Cindy Walcott, DCF's deputy commissioner of family services.
Police say 14-month-old Peighton Geraw of Winooski died April 4, 2014, as a result of being violently shaken by his mother, Nytosha LaForce. (Photo: COURTESY)
Someone might call to say they heard parents fighting and know there is child is in the home or a caller might report that the kids look dirty. The department also deals with calls from parents involved in contentious divorces who are complaining about each other.
In and of themselves, such concerns may not be child abuse or neglect under the law, Walcott said.
Jennifer Poehlmann, executive director of The Vermont Children's Alliance, a nonprofit group that represents all child advocacy centers in the state, said the intent of the process is to try to identify the cases most in need with limited resources.
"Anytime you try to narrow that number of cases that get that high level of examination you're going to have cases that fall by the wayside," she said.
It's up the legislature to decide if changes need to be made, Walcott said.
"I think that we are screening calls in accordance with current law and I think that the legislature is going to have to grapple with whether they think that's appropriate," she said.
Read or Share this story: http://bfpne.ws/1sg3Wxx


The workshop is aimed at young researchers (PhD students, Postdocs, junior professors). Experimental contributions (experimental protocol, preliminary experimental results, or finished paper) from all fields of environmental and resource economics are welcome. The presentation of on-going work is welcomed.
Language: Workshop language is English.
Workshop fees: There are no workshop fees. Travel and accommodation costs are to be covered by the participants themselves.
Dates: Submit by Monday, 31st of December 2018, in the form of a meaningful abstract of max. 1 page outlining the question, method, (current) advancement of the work and (expected) results. The abstract should contain the title of the contribution as well as the name of the presenter. It should be sent in PDF format by email to chair.energy@wiwi.uni-muenster.de.
By Friday, 25th of January 2019, the submitter(s) will be informed whether their contribution to the workshop presentation has been accepted. Binding registration for the workshop must be made by Friday, 1st of February 2019.


text:
Q: Create new column conditional on day and hour of other column Suppose I have the first two columns of this dataframe:
df = pd.DataFrame({
    'score': [2, 13, 24, 15, 11, 44],
    'datetime': ["2017-08-30 07:00:00", "2017-08-30 08:00:00", "2017-08-31 07:00:00", "2017-08-31 08:00:00", "2017-08-29 21:00:00", "2017-08-28 21:00:00"],
    # 'difference': [2, 13, 22, 2, -33, 44]
})

I want to create a new column named difference (demonstrated above as a comment), such that it is equal to:

*

*score value in that row

*score value of the day before in the same hour.

Example: difference in row 4 is equal to: score in that row - score on the day before (30th) at 08:00:00, final value: 15 - 13 = 2.
If the day before and same time do not exist, then the value of the score of that row is taken:

*

*E.g. in row 0, for time 2017-08-30 07:00:00 there is no 2017-08-29 07:00:00, hence only the 2 is taken

A: Solution
df['datetime'] = pd.to_datetime(df['datetime'])
before = df['datetime'] - pd.DateOffset(days=1)

df['difference'] = df['score'].sub(
    before.map(df.set_index('datetime')['score']), fill_value=0)

Explanation
Parse the dates in the datetime column using pd.to_datetime then subtract a DateOffset of 1 days to calculate the timestamp of previous day at the same hour.
>>> before

0   2017-08-29 07:00:00
1   2017-08-29 08:00:00
2   2017-08-30 07:00:00
3   2017-08-30 08:00:00
4   2017-08-28 21:00:00
5   2017-08-27 21:00:00
Name: datetime, dtype: datetime64[ns]

Now map the score values to the calculated before column.
>>> before.map(df.set_index('datetime')['score'])

0     NaN
1     NaN
2     2.0
3    13.0
4    44.0
5     NaN
Name: datetime, dtype: float64

Then subtract mapped score values from the score column to get the difference.
>>> df

   score            datetime  difference
0      2 2017-08-30 07:00:00         2.0
1     13 2017-08-30 08:00:00        13.0
2     24 2017-08-31 07:00:00        22.0
3     15 2017-08-31 08:00:00         2.0
4     11 2017-08-29 21:00:00       -33.0
5     44 2017-08-28 21:00:00        44.0


text:
La història de l'aviació es remunta al dia en què l'ésser humà prehistòric es va parar a observar el vol dels ocells i d'altres animals voladors. El desig de volar ha estat present a la humanitat des de fa segles, i al llarg de la història de l'ésser humà hi ha constància d'intents de volar que han acabat malament.

Moltes persones deien que volar era una cosa impossible per les capacitats d'un ésser humà. Però així i tot, el desig existia i diverses civilitzacions explicaven històries de persones dotades de poders divins que podien volar. L'exemple més conegut és la llegenda d'Ícar i Dèdal, que trobant-se presoners a l'illa de Minos van construir unes ales amb plomes i cera per a poder escapar. Ícar es va aproximar massa al Sol i la cera de les ales va començar a fondre's, fent que es precipités al mar i morís. Aquesta llegenda era un avís sobre els intents d'aconseguir el cel, semblant a la història de la Torre de Babel a la Bíblia, i exemplifica el desig mil·lenari de l'home de volar.

La història moderna de l'aviació és complexa. Durant segles es van donar tímids intents per alçar el vol, fracassant la major part d'ells, però ja des del segle XVIII l'ésser humà va començar a experimentar amb globus aerostàtics que aconseguien elevar-se a l'aire, però tenien l'inconvenient que no podien ser controlats. Aquest problema ja es va superar al segle XIX amb la construcció dels primers dirigibles, que sí que permetien el seu control. A principis d'aquest mateix segle, molts van investigar el vol amb planadors, màquines capaces de sustentar el vol controlat durant algun temps, i també es van començar a construir els primers aeroplans equipats amb motor, però que, fins i tot sent impulsats per ajudes externes, amb prou feines aconseguien enlairar i recórrer uns metres. No va ser fins a principis del segle XX quan es van produir els primers vols amb èxit. El 17 de desembre de 1903 els germans Wright es van convertir en els primers a realitzar un vol en un avió controlat, tot i que alguns afirmen que aquest honor li correspon a Alberto Santos Dumont, que va realitzar el seu vol el 13 de setembre de 1906.

A partir de llavors, les millores es van anar succeint, i cada vegada s'aconseguien millores substancials que van ajudar a desenvolupar l'aviació fins a tal com la coneixem en l'actualitat. Els dissenyadors d'avions es continuen esforçant a millorar contínuament les capacitats i característiques d'aquests, com ara la seva autonomia, velocitat, capacitat de càrrega, facilitat de maniobra o la seguretat, entre altres detalls. Les aeronaus han passat a ser construïdes de materials cada vegada menys densos i més resistents. Anteriorment es feien de fusta, i en canvi, en l'actualitat, la gran majoria d'aeronaus empra alumini i materials composts com a principals matèries en la seva producció. Recentment, els ordinadors han contribuït molt en el desenvolupament de noves aeronaus .

Antiguitat-segle XVIII: Primers dissenys i teories

Se sap que al voltant de l'any 400 aC,. Arquitas de Tàrent, un estudiós de l'Antiga Grècia, va construir un artefacte de fusta que ell mateix va batejar amb el nom de "Peristera" (en grec: Περιστέρα, "Colom"), que tenia forma d'ocell i era capaç de volar a uns 180 metres d'altura. Utilitzava un doll d'aire per a alçar el vol, però no es té constància de què era el que produïa aquest doll. L'objecte volador s'amarrava mitjançant unes cordes que permetien realitzar un vol controlat fins que el doll d'aire acabava. Aquest artefacte de fusta probablement va ser la primera màquina voladora capaç de moure's per mitjans propis.

La llanterna de Kong Ming, precursora del globus aerostàtic, era coneguda a la Xina des de l'antiguitat. La seva invenció s'atribueix al general Zhuge Liang, i van ser usades per a espantar tropes enemigues. Als voltants de l'any 300 aC els xinesos van inventar l'estel, que es considera un tipus de planador, i van desenvolupar tècniques per a fer-la volar a l'aire. Segles després, l'any 559 hi ha documentats vols d'éssers humans usant cometes. L'emperador Gao Yang va experimentar amb presoners, entre els quals es trobava Yuan Huangtou, fill de l'anterior emperador, Yuan Lang. Els va ordenar llançar-se des de l'alt d'una torre, i Yuan Huangtou va planejar fins a sobrepassar les barreres de la ciutat, encara que poc després moriria executat.

L'any 852, l'andalusí Abbás Ibn Firnás, es va llançar des del minaret de la mesquita de Còrdova amb una enorme lona per a esmorteir la caiguda, sofrint ferides lleus, però passant a la història com el precursor dels moderns paracaigudes. El 875, comptant amb 65 anys d'edat, Ibn Firnás es va fer confeccionar unes ales de fusta recobertes de tela de seda que havia adornat amb plomes de rapinyaires. Amb elles es va llançar des de l'alt d'un pujol, i va aconseguir romandre en l'aire durant un breu espai de temps, encara que hi ha relats que afirmen que va volar durant més de deu minuts. L'aterratge va resultar molt violent i Abbás Ibn Firnás es va fracturar les dues cames, però va considerar que l'experiència havia estat un èxit, igual que la gran multitud de persones que el van observar.

Aquest vol va servir d'inspiració per a Eilmer de Malmesbury, un monjo benedictí, que més d'un segle després, cap a l'any 1010, va recórrer més de 200 metres en l'aire, sobre un aparell similar al d'Abbás Ibn Firnás.

El 1290, Roger Bacon, un monjo anglès, va escriure que l'aire, igual que l'aigua, tenia algunes característiques pròpies dels sòlids. Bacon va estudiar les idees d'Arquimedes relacionades amb la densitat dels elements, i va arribar a la conclusió que si les persones poguessin construir una màquina que tingués les característiques adequades, l'aire podria suportar aquesta màquina, igual que el mar suporta un navili.

Molt probablement va ser l'artista i inventor italià Leonardo da Vinci la primera persona que es va dedicar seriosament a projectar una màquina capaç de volar. Leonardo va dissenyar planadors i ornitòpters, que usaven els mateixos mecanismes usats pels ocells per a volar, a través d'un moviment constant de les ales per a dalt i per a baix. No obstant això, mai va arribar a construir tals màquines, però els seus dissenys es van conservar, i posteriorment, ja en el segle XIX i segle XX, un dels planadors dissenyats per Leonardo da Vinci va ser considerat digne d'atenció. En un estudi recent, es va crear un prototip basat en el disseny d'aquest mateix planador, i de fet, l'aparell era capaç de volar. No obstant això, en interpretar el disseny del planador, es van aplicar algunes idees modernes relacionades amb l'aerodinàmica. Així i tot, aquest disseny està considerat com el primer esbós seriós d'una aeronau.

Segle XVIII-segle XIX: aeronaus més lleugeres que l'aire

Segons cròniques de l'època, el primer vol realitzat amb èxit d'un globus d'aire calent, va ser gràcies al pare Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão, un portuguès nascut al Brasil en l'època colonial, que va aconseguir alçar el vol d'un aeròstat, al qual denominaria passarola, el 8 d'agost de 1709 a la cort de Joan V de Portugal, a Lisboa. En la demostració, la passarola es va elevar uns tres metres per sobre del sòl, deixant impressionats als observadors, i guanyant-se el sobrenom de Pare Volador. No es van conservar descripcions detallades de l'esdeveniment, probablement pel fet que van ser destruïdes per la inquisició, però alguns dissenys fantasiosos de l'excèntrica aeronau van sortir en el periòdic vienès Wienerische Diarium de 1709. Segons una crònica d'aquest periòdic, l'aparell consistia en un globus de paper gruixut, que dins contenia un bol amb foc, i que va aconseguir elevar-se més de vint pams. No obstant això, la passarola no va influir en els desenvolupaments de l'aviació que ocorrerien posteriorment.

El primer estudi d'aviació publicat va ser Sketch of a Machine for Flying in the Air (Esbós d'una màquina per a volar per l'aire), de Emanuel Swedenborg, publicat el 1716. Aquest esbós de màquina voladora consistia en un fuselatge i dues grans ales que es mourien al llarg de l'eix horitzontal de l'aeronau, generant l'embranzida necessària per a la seva sustentació en l'aire. Swedenborg sabia que la seva màquina mai volaria, però deia que els problemes que existien en el seu disseny serien resolts en el futur. Les seves paraules van ser:

La forta barra en espiral descrita per Swedenborg és el que actualment es coneix com a hèlix. Ell sabia que la sustentació i la manera de generar aquesta sustentació serien indispensables per a la creació d'un aparell capaç de volar per mitjans propis.

El primer vol humà del qual es té notícia va ser realitzat a París el 15 d'octubre de 1783, en un globus captiu. Dos mesos més tard, el doctor Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier i el noble François Laurent d'Arlandes, van realitzar el primer vol lliure en una màquina creada per l'home. Van aconseguir volar durant 25 minuts, recorrent vuit quilòmetres en un globus d'aire calent, inventat pels germans Montgolfier, dos fabricants de paper. L'aire dins de la cambra d'aire del globus s'escalfava per una foguera de fusta. El globus tenia l'inconvenient que era incontrolable, volava on el vent li portés. Aquest globus, per ser bastant pesat, va aconseguir una altura màxima de tot just 26 metres. Els germans Montgolfier van continuar fabricant altres globus, aconseguint diversos vols amb èxit, la qual cosa va fer que l'experimentació de vols amb globus s'estengués per Europa al llarg del segle XVIII. Els globus permetien l'aprofundiment en els coneixements sobre la relació entre altitud i atmosfera. Fins i tot Napoleó Bonaparte va planejar usar globus en una possible invasió francesa a Anglaterra.

El novembre de 1792, els assajos realitzats per un grup d'artillers al Real Col·legi d'Artilleria de Segòvia i després davant el rei Carles IV d'Espanya del vol d'un globus aerostàtic, tots ells dirigits per Louis Proust; van ser els primers realitzats al món en l'aspecte militar.

També a Espanya, Diego Marín Aguilera va ser el primer home, del qual se'n té constància que va volar amb un aparell que pesava més que l'aire. La nit de 15 de maig de 1793, Diego Marín Aguilera va realitzar a Coruña del Conde, província de Burgos, un vol de 360 metres amb un artefacte de ferro i plomes d'ocell, controlat pel propi pilot que va aconseguir aconseguir arribar a «cinc a sis vares» d'altura sobre el punt de partida fins a prendre terra a l'altre costat del riu després d'haver fet un recorregut de «431 vares castellanes» (uns 360 metres). El motiu del ràpid aterratge va ser el trencament d'un dels perns que movien les ales. Al matí, en assabentar-se els veïns de l'esdevingut en aquella nit emotiva de maig, es van mofar del seu conveí Marín, creient-li boig, i van incendiar el plumífer aparell com a cosa diabòlica.

Altres inventors, com el francès Jacques Charles, van substituir l'aire calent per hidrogen, que és un gas més lleuger que l'aire. Però d'igual forma, els globus seguien sense poder ser dirigits, i solament l'altitud era controlable per part dels aviadors.

En el segle XIX, el 1852, l'enginyer francès Henri Giffard va inventar el dirigible, que és una màquina més lleugera que l'aire, i es diferencia del globus que la seva direcció sí que podia ser controlada a través de l'ús de timons i motors. El primer vol controlat d'un dirigible es va realitzar el 24 de setembre d'aquest mateix any a França, controlat pel propi Giffard, aconseguint recórrer 24 quilòmetres, a una velocitat de 8 km/h usant un petit motor a vapor. Al llarg de finals del  i a les primeres dècades del segle XX, el dirigible va ser un mètode de transport de confiança.

Segle XIX: planadors

Amb la invenció del globus i del dirigible, els inventors van passar a intentar crear una màquina més pesada que l'aire, que fos capaç de volar per mitjans propis.

En primer lloc, van aparèixer els planadors, màquines capaces de sustentar el vol controlat durant algun temps. El 1799, George Cayley, un inventor anglès, va dissenyar un planador relativament modern, que comptava amb una cua per a controlar-lo, i un lloc on el pilot es podia col·locar, per sota del centre de gravetat de l'aparell, donant així estabilitat a l'aeronau. Cayley va construir un prototip, que va realitzar els seus primers vols no tripulats el1804. Durant les cinc dècades següents, va treballar en el seu prototip, temps durant el qual Cayley va deduir moltes de les lleis bàsiques de l'aerodinàmica. El 1853, un ajudant de Cayley va realitzar un vol de curta durada pujat al planador, a Brompton (Anglaterra). George Cayley és considerat el fundador de la ciència física de l'aerodinàmica, havent estat la primera persona que va descriure un aeronau d'ala fixa propulsada per motors.

El 1856 el francès Jean-Marie Le Bris va realitzar el primer vol que va planejar més alt que el seu punt d'enlairament, gràcies al seu planador, el L'Albatros artificiel, el qual, per a enlairar, va ser arrossegat per cavalls a la platja. Segons va afirmar, va aconseguir una altura de 100 metres i va recórrer una distància de 200.

El 1866, un pagès i fuster polonès anomenat Jan Wnęk va construir i va volar en un planador controlable. Wnęk era analfabet i autodidacta, i tots els coneixements i deduccions sobre els planadors els va obtenir mitjançant l'observació del vol dels ocells i gràcies a les seves habilitats. Jan Wnęk estava lligat amb fermesa al seu planador pel pit i els malucs i el controlava mitjançant girs de les ales. Per a provar-ho, es va llançar des de la torre de l'església d'Odporyszów, a 45 metres d'altura, i aquesta al seu torn situada sobre un pujol de 50 metres, fent que l'altura relativa fos de 95 metres fins a la vall. Va realitzar diversos vols amb públic entre 1866 i 1869, especialment durant festivals religiosos, carnestoltes i celebracions d'any nou, però a penes va haver-hi constància dels fets de Jan Wnęk, i aquests no van tenir impacte en el progrés de l'aviació.

En aquesta època, Frank Wenham va intentar construir una sèrie de planadors, però no van tenir èxit. En els seus esforços, descobreix que la major part de la sustentació d'un ocell semblava ser generada en la part frontal, i Wenham va deduir que unes ales fines, llargues i fixes, semblants a les ales dels avions actuals, serien més eficients que les ales similars a les d'ocells o ratapinyades. El seu treball va ser presentat en la recentment creada Royal Aeronautical Society de Gran Bretanya el 1866, i Wenham va decidir provar les seves idees construint el primer túnel de vent del món, el 1871. Els membres de la societat van fer ús del túnel i van quedar sorpresos i encantats amb el resultat: les ales fixes generaven sensiblement més sustentació que el que els científics havien previst. Aquest experiment clarament va demostrar que la construcció de màquines més pesades que l'aire era possible, el problema era com generar l'embranzida necessària per a moure l'aparell cap endavant, ja que havien comprovat que les aeronaus d'ala fixa precisaven d'un flux d'aire constant passant per les ales, i encara feia falta poder tenir el control de l'aeronau en vol.

El 1874, Félix du Temple va construir un planador realitzat amb alumini, a Brest (França), al qual va denominar Monoplane. Comptava amb una envergadura de 13 metres i un pes de 80 quilograms sense comptar al pilot, a més de ser autopropulsat. Va realitzar diverses proves, i pel que sembla va aconseguir enlairar gràcies a una rampa, i aconseguir després un aterratge segur, realitzant el primer vol autopropulsat de la història, encara que fora durant un breu espai de temps i la distància recorreguda fora escassa.

La dècada de 1880 va ser un temps d'estudis intensos, caracteritzats pels gentleman scientists, científics que disposaven de recursos necessaris per a investigar de manera independent sense haver de dependre de finançament aliè, que van fer la major part de les recerques en el camp de l'aeronàutica fins a l'arribada del segle XX. Es van realitzar un gran nombre d'avanços que farien possible disposar dels primers planadors pràctics. Tres noms en particular van aportar grans coneixements: Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher i Octave Chanute.

Un dels primers planadors moderns va ser construït als Estats Units per John Joseph Montgomery, que va volar en la seva màquina el 28 d'agost de 1883, en un vol controlat. Però va haver de passar molt de temps perquè els treballs de Montgomery fossin coneguts. Un altre planador va ser construït per Wilhelm Kress el 1877 a Viena.

L'alemany Otto Lilienthal va continuar el treball de Frank Wenham, publicant les seves recerques el 1889. Lilienthal també va fabricar una sèrie de planadors, i el 1891 va ser capaç de fer vols sustentats aconseguint recórrer més de 25 metres, millorant intents anteriors que presentaven resultats inestables. L'alemany va documentar rigorosament el seu treball, fins i tot amb fotografies, i per aquesta raó, és un dels pioners de l'aviació més coneguts. També va promoure la idea de salta abans que alcis el vol, suggerint que els investigadors haurien de començar amb planadors i després intentar treballar en projectes per a desenvolupar un avió, en comptes de dissenyar tal avió directament en un paper i esperar que aquest disseny funcioni.

Lilienthal va realitzar amb èxit diversos vols fins al 1896, any en què va morir en un accident aeri el 9 d'octubre, causat per un vent lateral sobtat, que va trencar una ala de la seva aeronau en ple vol, fent que es precipités des d'una altura de 17 metres. Per tot això, Lilienthal és considerat la primera persona que va realitzar un vol planejat controlat, en el qual era el pilot el que controlava a l'aeronau. Les seves últimes paraules abans de morir, l'endemà, van anar: «Han de fer-se sacrificis».

En aquests moments, Lilienthal estava treballant a la recerca de petits motors adequats per a equipar a les seves aeronaus, amb la idea de crear un prototip més pesat que l'aire i capaç d'alçar el vol per mitjans propis.

Octave Chanute va continuar el treball de Lilienthal en l'àrea dels planadors. Va crear diversos prototips i va incloure millores en les seves aeronaus. L'estiu de 1896, va realitzar diversos vols sobre els seus planadors a Miller Beach (Indiana, els Estats Units), i va decidir que el millor de tots ells era un biplà. Igual que Otto Lilienthal, Chanute va documentar detalladament el seu treball, i també va fotografiar les seves màquines i experiments. Durant les seves recerques, va dedicar part del seu temps a comunicar-se mitjançant correspondència amb persones que tenien els seus mateixos interessos, entre elles Percy Pilcher. Chanute estava particularment interessat a solucionar el problema de com proporcionar estabilitat a l'aeronau quan aquesta estigués en vol. Aquesta estabilitat s'aconseguia de manera natural en ocells, però havia de ser realitzada manualment en el cas d'humans. Dins dels problemes relacionats amb l'estabilitat del biplà en vol, el més desconcertant era l'estabilitat longitudinal, ja que l'angle d'atac de l'ala, feia que el centre de pressió de l'aeronau s'incrementés i fes que l'angle del biplà augmentés encara més, i entrés en pèrdua.

Segle XIX: avions
En el segle XIX es van realitzar alguns intents de produir un avió que enlairés per mitjans propis. Però la majoria d'ells eren de pèssima qualitat, construïts per persones interessades en l'aviació però que no tenien els coneixements dels problemes que van tractar Lilienthal i Chanute.

El 1843, William Henson, un inventor anglès, va registrar la primera patent d'una aeronau equipada amb motors, hèlixs, i proveïda d'una ala fixa, la qual cosa en l'actualitat es coneix com a avió. Però el prototip construït basant-se en els dissenys de Henson no va tenir bons resultats, i va desistir en el seu projecte. El 1848, el seu amic John Stringfellow va construir una petita aeronau basada en els dissenys de Henson, que va tenir èxit en certs aspectes, podent enlairar per mitjans propis, però ho feia sense pilot, i podia volar a penes dos o tres segons.

El 1890, Clément Ader, un enginyer francès, va construir un avió al qual va anomenar Éole, equipat amb un motor a vapor. Ader va aconseguir enlairar en el Éole, però no va aconseguir controlar l'aparell, i només va poder recórrer uns 50 metres a l'aire. Així i tot, va considerar els resultats satisfactoris, i es va plantejar construir una aeronau major, la construcció de la qual li va portar cinc anys de la seva vida. Però per desgràcia, el seu nou avió, denominat Avió III, era massa pesat i mai va ser capaç d'enlairar.

El 1884 el rus Aleksandr Mozhaiski va dissenyar i va crear un monoplà amb el qual va aconseguir enlairar gràcies a un motor a vapor i recórrer una distància d'entre 20 i 30 metres.

En aquesta època, Hiram Stevens Maxim, un estatunidenc nacionalitzat britànic, va estudiar una sèrie de dissenys a Anglaterra, i va construir un avió de dimensions monstruoses per als patrons de l'època. Era un biplà de 3175 kg i amb una envergadura de 32 metres, equipat amb dos motors a vapor, cadascun capaç de generar 180 CV. Maxim va construir l'aeronau per a estudiar els problemes bàsics de l'aerodinàmica i la potència. Va observar que l'aparell, sense equipaments que ajudessin a obtenir el seu control, seria insegura i perillosa a qualsevol altitud, llavors va construir una pista especial, de 550 metres de longitud, on va col·locar uns raïls en els quals se situava l'avió per a realitzar proves. Les primeres proves les va realitzar a la recerca de problemes, i a partir del 31 de juliol de 1894 va començar a incrementar la potència dels motors en cada prova, alineant l'aparell en la pista. Les dues primeres van tenir un èxit raonable, l'aparell va aconseguir "saltar" sobre els raïls durant uns segons, però no va arribar a volar. En la tercera prova, la tripulació va aplicar potència màxima als motors de l'avió, fins a aconseguir 68 km/h, i després de recórrer 180 metres es va produir tanta sustentació que l'avió es va sortir dels raïls, aconseguint enlairar i volar recorrent 60 metres, moment en el qual l'aparell va xocar contra el sòl. Maxim solament va tornar a fer noves proves en la dècada de 1900, usant motors a gasolina i aeronaus menors.

Un altre pioner de l'aviació va ser Samuel Pierpont Langley, un científic estatunidenc, que després d'una reeixida carrera relacionada amb l'astronomia, va començar a estudiar seriosament l'aerodinàmica en la que actualment és la Universitat de Pittsburgh (els Estats Units). El 1891, Langley va publicar Experiments in Aerodynamics (Experiments en aerodinàmica), on detallava les seves recerques, i és a partir d'aquí quan es va dedicar a dissenyar i construir aeronaus basades en les seves idees. El 6 de maig de 1896, un prototip construït per ell, va realitzar el seu primer vol amb èxit. El nom de l'aeronau era Aerodrome No.5. L'avió va recórrer aproximadament mil metres a una velocitat de 40 km/h. El 28 de novembre del mateix any, va realitzar un altre vol amb èxit, amb l'aparell Aerodrome No.6, que va aconseguir recórrer amb èxit 1460 metres, però que  enlairava sense tripulants.

Després dels èxits d'aquestes proves de vol, Langley va decidir construir un avió que fos capaç de volar pilotat per una persona, per la qual cosa va començar a buscar persones disposades a invertir en la seva nova màquina. És llavors quan el govern estatunidenc li va subvencionar amb cinquanta mil dòlars, gràcies a l'interès que despertava la idea de disposar d'un aparell que servís com a observador militar aeri, ja que en aquest moment s'iniciava la guerra hispano-estatunidenca. Langley va construir llavors el seu Aerodrome A, i va passar a realitzar proves en una versió idèntica però amb un quart de grandària respecte al model original, i sense tripulants. El prototip va volar dues vegades el 18 de juliol de 1901, realitzant amb èxit fins a 1903 alguns enlairaments més.

Amb el disseny bàsic de l'aeronau aparentment aprovat en les proves realitzades, Langley acreditava que l'Aerodrome A estava en condicions de ser provat amb un tripulant a bord. Llavors va començar a buscar un motor adequat, i va contractar a Stephen Balzser per a la construcció d'aquest. Langley va quedar decebut en veure que el motor generava a penes 8 CV de força, en comptes dels 12 CV que ell esperava. Un assistent de Langley, Charles M. Manly, va redissenyar el motor, transformant-lo en un amb cinc cilindres i refrigerat per aigua, capaç de generar 52 CV i 950 revolucions per minut, amb un pes de 57 kg.

El 7 d'octubre i el 8 de desembre de 1903, Langley, als comandaments del Aerodrome A, va intentar fer que el seu avió enlairés. Va realitzar els seus intents en un vaixell sobre el riu Potomac, i va utilitzar una catapulta per a proporcionar l'embranzida necessària per a l'enlairament. Però per desgràcia, l'avió era molt fràgil, i en tots dos intents l'avió va acabar xocant-se amb l'aigua just després d'enlairar. A més d'això, l'avió no disposava de control longitudinal ni tampoc de tren d'aterratge, i per això havia de realitzar els intents d'enlairament sobre el riu. Un altre problema era que els fons monetaris dels quals disposava s'esgotaven, per la qual cosa va intentar aconseguir-ne més, però els seus esforços van fracassar.

Per tota la labor realitzada dins del món de l'aviació, Langley va ser reconegut per l'Institut Smithsonian, una institució educacional situada a Washington D. C., com l'inventor de l'avió, gràcies a que Glenn Hammond Curtiss posteriorment faria diverses modificacions en l'Aerodrome A de Langley a la dècada de 1910, i aconseguiria alçar el vol.

Mentrestant, al Regne Unit, Percy Pilcher va estar a punt de convertir-se en la primera persona que alça el vol en un avió. Pilcher va construir diversos planadors: The Bat (La Ratapinyada), The Beetle (L'Escarabat), The Gull (La Gavina) i The Hawk (El Falcó). Va aconseguir alçar el vol en tots ells, tenint èxit en els seus intents. En 1899 va construir un prototip d'avió amb motor a vapor, però per desgràcia Pilcher va morir en un accident aeri amb un dels seus planadors, no havent provat el seu prototip. Els seus treballs van romandre amagats durant anys, i només molt temps després, van despertar interès en la comunitat científica. Estudis més recents van indicar que el seu prototip hagués estat capaç d'alçar el vol pels seus propis mitjans amb un tripulant a bord.

Un altre nom digne de destacar és el de Gustave Whitehead, del qual es té documentat un primer vol ocorregut el 14 d'agost de 1901 a Connecticut (els Estats Units), dia en què va aconseguir volar amb el seu model Número 21 en tres ocasions. La informació va sortir reflectida en els diaris Bridgeport Herald, Nova York Herald i el Boston Transcript, i en ells es diu que el vol més llarg va aconseguir recórrer més de 2500 metres a una altura de 60 metres, sent major que la marca aconseguida pels germans Wright dos anys més tard.

Mesos després, al gener de 1902 va aconseguir volar 10 quilòmetres sobre Long Island en el seu model Número 22. Però abans d'això, alguns testimonis confirmen un vol de 1 km cap a l'any 1899. Tant el model Número 21 com el Número 22 eren monoplaces, el primer impulsat amb un motor de 15 CV i el segon amb un motor de 30 CV. El motor accelerava les rodes davanteres per a adquirir la velocitat d'enlairament i el pilot canviava la força cap a les hèlixs. D'aquesta forma s'evitava el mecanisme de catapulta necessari en el model dels germans Wright.

Els plans dels models de Whitehead han estat conservats i el 1937, Stella Randolph va recopilar la seva labor en l'obra Els vols perduts de Gustave Whitehead. El reconeixement a Gustave Whitehead només vindria a partir d'aquesta època.

Referències

Bibliografia
 En idioma espanyol

 En idioma anglès

 En idioma alemany

Enllaços externs

Història de l'aviació
Pàgines amb traduccions sense revisar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It is now four weeks since Capt. Newman arrived in the Brig Gates and brought me your Letter of the 22d of May. It wanted but a few days of a year from the date of your last when this reached me.1 Time which is said to soften and alleviate Sorrow, encreases anxiety when connected with expectation. This I hourly experience, and more particularly, since Mr. Brush acquainted me that my dear Charles was on Board Commodore Gillion.
From Mr. Brush I learnt something of your domestick affairs—that you had taken a House in Amsterdam, that you had Sent our eldest Son to Petersburgh with Mr. Dana, and Charles Home on account of his Health—and the desire he had to return again to his native Country, which must have been great indeed to induce the poor fellow to cross the atlantick without Father or Brother. How 230much does the anxious Heart of a Mother feel upon this occasion. No doubt you have some kind Friends, to whose care you have entrusted him, but I should have felt easier if you had written to me about it.
The Chevalier L'Etomb arrived here and did me the honour of a visit soon after.2 He brought me your favour from Leyden dated March 11th. He has kindly offerd me a safe conveyance of my Letters, by covering them himself to you, and by particular orders which he has promised to give about them. If you should write by way of France I could wish you would send under cover to him. I am not without Suspicion that you have written by way of France, and that they have been stoped. I know not how else, to account for my not hearing from you for so long a space of time. No doubt their are British Emissaries and American knaves employed for that purpose. I am told D——n is in Holland—for no good I dare say.3 The whole junto will be soon known in America for a set of wicked unprincipled debauched wretches, from the old Deceiver down to the young Cockatrice.
You flatter me with a pleasing Illusion that if ever you see your Native land again you will not quit it. If you once see it at peace, I should hope you would not, but untill then, I can have little faith in the promise—for tho you should return with that desireable object unaccomplished, the same principle which first led you to quit your family and Friends would opperate again, when ever you could be brought to believe that you could render your Country more Service abroad than at Home; altho providence has been pleased to seperate us, it is not with the mortifying reflection that you quited your Native Land through fear, malice or Ill Will towards it, but by the unanimous voice of a free people you were deputed to give peace to Britain. Her haughty and unjust principles and sentiments have heitherto obstructed the Benevolent wishes of the United States.—Some late measures of Congress 4 have led the Friends of American Freedom to fear that an undue influence presides in her Councils, and that partiality will confer the recompence due to virtue upon elegant and polished vice—that complasance is preferred to honest zeal, adulation, to Truth, and meaness of Spirit, to Elevation of Soul. Are We an Independant Nation? If we are, why not speak a language becomeing a free people?
You will receive dispatches no doubt before this will reach you that will serve to explain what I have said. You will see with whom and what you are colleagued. Some you can have little hopes of 231assistance from, considering their present situation—and some will have no Inclination, but to obstruct your measures.
But at present I see no prospect of your negotiating jointly or seperately. Yet Cornwallis is in a most deplorable situation, his out works all taken, himself cooped up, and must be necessitated to surrender with his army soon from present appearences. Green is fighting like a Hero, as he is. I believe he has fought more Battles than any General in the Army, and has been as successfull. Our affairs look Brilliant I assure you.
See above, AA to JA, 29 Sept., and note 1 there.
P. A. J. de Létombe, French consul; see above, vol. 3:287.
AA must mean Silas Deane, who has appeared with some frequency in the Adams Family Correspondence and more often in JA's Diary and Autobiography . Deane had returned to France in the summer of 1780, reaching Paris soon after JA left that city for Amsterdam, and resumed his residence with Franklin at Passy ( Deane Papers , 4:174, 190, 218). He spent some weeks in the Netherlands early in 1781, and apparently paid another brief visit there in the summer of that year (same, 4:274–275, 287, 290; 5:30), but he seems otherwise to have been steadily in Paris. He had come back to Europe ostensibly to settle his accounts with Congress as a joint commissioner, but he was much occupied with fruitless commercial ventures of his own and with long letters of apologetics that by May 1781 turned into arguments for renouncing American independence as a hopeless cause. A number of these letters written to Deane's friends in America may have been paid for and were certainly circulated by the British government; the tory printer James Rivington was beginning to publish them, as if intercepted, at just this time in his New York Royal Gazette, Oct.–Dec. 1781 (same, 4:311–315, 500–505, and passim; see also AA to JA, 23 Dec., below; and Burnett, ed., Letters of Members , 6:262–263). At about the same time Deane left Paris, "distressed both in mind and circumstances" according to Franklin, to live in Ghent, where he remained until he went to England for his final tragic years early in 1783 ( Deane Papers , 4:491, 497; 5:70, 145). On the subject of Deane's character, wanderings, and lurid last years, see Julian P. Boyd: "Silas Deane: Death by a Kindly Teacher of Treason?" WMQ , 3d ser., 16:164–187, 318–342, 515–550 (April, July, Oct. 1959).


text:
Frontier - Basic Github Flow [Micro Badge]
==============================================

Goals:
------

- You have demonstrated the basic foundations in a Basic Github Workflow.
- You should be aware of the general way that git and Github work, and how we use it at work.

Intro
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> When you're working on a project, you're going to have a bunch of different features or ideas in progress at any given time – some of which are ready to go, and others which are not. Branching exists to help you manage this workflow. - Github Flow page

You don't always have to use git in the terminal, but it's very important to have a foundational knowledge of the operations that git is doing, even if you do them via a GUI git app. The "Github Flow" is a great workflow of managing "feature branches" and keeping them very close to master branch during development, so you don't have big, nasty merge conflict pain and bugs when you go to merge a long-lived behemoth branch before feature release.

Suggested Assignment(s)
-----------------------

Choose one:

1) Demonstrate the following:
- [ ] What are the benefits of the "Github Flow"?
- [ ] Explain & Demonstrate how to follow the "Github Flow"
- [ ] Demonstrate a "Pull Request" and explain why it's used
- [ ] Demonstrate "Forking"
- [ ] Demonstrate how to use a `.gitignore` file, and what it does
- [ ] Demonstrate you can do some command-line basics of Git, and explain what they do. (`add, branch, checkout, clone, commit, diff, init, log, merge, pull, push, rebase, reset, rm, status`)

Suggested Study
---------------

### Video

- [Training • GitHub and Git Foundations](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0lo9MOBetEHhfG9vJzVCTiDYcbhAiEqL)

### Web

- [Github Flow](https://guides.github.com/introduction/flow/index.html)
- [Git Basics](http://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Getting-a-Git-Repository)

### Interactive

- [How to Use Git and GitHub - Free Udacity Course](https://www.udacity.com/course/how-to-use-git-and-github--ud775)
- [Try Github Interactive Free CodeSchool Course](https://try.github.io)
- [Git Immersion](http://gitimmersion.com/)

-----

*Is this badge missing something? Submit a PR and review it with a master in this category*

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Posted 29 May, 2018
WPP's Jim Groves Joins Carat As its New Perth MD
By Tess Murphy
Carat has announced the appointment of Jim Groves as managing director of the media agency's Perth office.
Groves will take the reins of Carat's 50-plus strong team in Perth, with local clients including Rio Tinto, Cash Converters, Credit Union Australia, and the Western Australian government.
Acting MD Michelle Testa will resume her role as general manager of Carat in Perth.
Groves brings a wealth of local, national, and international experience to the role. Over the course of his 15-plus year career, he's acquired a diverse skill set in marketing and communications leadership roles.
Most recently, he was the MD of WPP agency Geometry Global, and has also owned and operated an independent creative agency in Perth, Groves & Groves, since 2011.
Carat CEO Paul Brooks credited Grove's transformative leadership as integral to his appointment as head of what is now one of the agency's fastest growing offices.
"Carat's proposition as an agency in Perth is evolving at pace. We're looking to take our offering to the next level, and need a leader who can galvanise the considerable talent in the team and steer us toward that growth," Brooks said.
"Jim has a great track record of doing just that, so we're very excited to have him on board.
"Michelle has done a fantastic job leading the agency in the interim – they will no doubt make a great team."
Commenting on his appointment, Groves said: "I am excited to be part of driving change and growth as we enter a new phase of the Dentsu Aegis journey."
Carat Jim Groves Michelle Testa WPP


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