Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures are involuntary muscle activity caused by an abnormal electrical storm in the brain. Epilepsy can be either idiopathic or primary (unknown cause) or secondary (caused by something else). In idiopathic epilepsy there is no identifiable abnormality other than the seizures themselves and it is assumed to be hereditary. It typically begins between 1 and 5 years. In secondary epilepsy the seizures are the result of an identifiable cause such as a brain lesion or other medical condition. Secondary epilepsy commonly begins in the first year or in older dogs.
Seizures can manifest in many ways and can be very brief (seconds) or can last for many minutes or, in rare occasions, hours or until they are stopped by medical intervention.
Generalized, tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures are the most common in dogs. These begin with the tonic phase, a contraction of all skeletal muscles and loss of consciousness resulting in the dog typically falling on his side with stiff legs and the head often arched back. There may be involuntary vocalization or twitching, drooling, and loss of bowel/bladder control. This phase is usually brief and is then followed by a clonic phase characterized by rhythmic movements including jaw and legs (paddling motions).
Less commonly generalized seizures can just be tonic or just clonic and rarely tonic-clonic seizures may be mild enough that consciousness is not lost.
Petit mal seizures are a brief generalized seizure often characterized by simple staring for a brief period and then the dog returns to normal.
Partial (focal) seizures are less common. In this type of seizure the abnormal electrical activity does not spread to include the entire brain. A seizure may begin as a partial seizure and then spread to become generalized (tonic-clonic). Partial seizures are much more likely to be secondary, resulting from a specific cause. Partial seizures can be either simple (only affect the area of the brain that controls movement) and characterized by focal twitching or blinking, or complex (psychomotor seizures originating in the part of the brain that controls behavior) where consciousness is altered and there may be bizarre behavior such as unprovoked aggression or repetitive behavior.
Status epilepticus is a prolonged seizure or a series of seizures that occur continuously or repeatedly in a 24 hour period and is a medical emergency. Untreated, it can lead to brain damage and even death.
Seizures are typically preceded by a period of abnormal behavior called the pre-ictal phase. The dog may show signs of anxiety and apprehension: whining, pacing, panting, seeking comfort from the owner. The seizure itself is the ictal stage. Most generalized seizures are followed by a post-ictal phase which can last from minutes to hours and is characterized by stupor, disorientation, and/or blindness.
Idiopathic or primary epilepsy is believed to be an inherited condition. It is a fairly common disorder in canines but relatively rare in Samoyeds compared with some other breeds. Secondary epilepsy or seizures are due to specific brain lesions or other medical conditions.
First degree relatives with idiopathic epilepsy.
Secondary epilepsy or seizures are due to specific medical conditions such as brain trauma or tumor, ingestion of toxins, infection, and certain metabolic conditions.
Perhaps the most important information your vet needs is an accurate description (or even a video) of the seizure or episode. This, together with a good physical and neurological examination of your pet, will be very useful in helping diagnose the cause of your dog's seizure(s). Based on this information your vet will obtain a variety of blood tests (complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistries, thyroid function tests) and a urinalysis. Depending on the results of these tests, further studies may be indicated: MRI or CT brain scan, spinal tap, electroencephalogram (EEG), or other laboratory tests.
Idiopathic epilepsy is a diagnosis of exclusion. If all of the above studies are normal then a diagnosis of primary epilepsy is made.
Medications are the treatment of choice for epilepsy however not all dogs with epilepsy require medication. This is a choice that is made by the veterinarian and the owner of the animal. When medications are used, they are usually a life-long therapy and cannot be discontinued suddenly. Common drugs which are used for canine epilepsy include phenobarbital, primodone, potassium bromide and Valium (diazepam). In certain instances, more uncommon medications are needed. The medication regimen must be customized for each dog. Other treatments may include surgery (for specific brain lesions), vagal nerve stimulation, and special diets.
Seizures lasting for more than 5-10 minutes (actual seizure, not including pre- and post-ictal stages), or three seizures within a 24 hour period, is considered a medical emergency and the dog should be taken to a veterinarian immediately.
Because idiopathic epilepsy is believed to be inherited, affected dogs or dogs with primary relatives with this type of epilepsy should not be bred.


But, on February 2, the Department of Interior (DOI) issued a notice to re-open the plan, potentially putting at risk more than 6 million acres of vital conservation lands, such as the Silurian Valley, Centennial Flats, and Chuckwalla Bench. These places are home to iconic plant and animal species, including the Joshua Tree, our wildflower superblooms, microphyll woodlands, the Mohave ground squirrel, desert tortoises, and bighorn sheep.
Within a two-week span, the DOI re-opened the DRECP, delayed the publication of a court-ordered environmental review of off-highway vehicle routes in the West Mojave, and cancelled a review of their own proposal to withdraw mining from up to 1.3 million acres of BLM-managed conservation lands. Taken together, these actions by DOI represent a concerted assault to rollback conservation across California's desert lands.
The Trump administration claims they are revisiting the DRECP to explore additional lands for renewable energy development. Yet, within the span of weeks, they've created a new tariff on imported solar panels that results in a 30 percent increase to their cost. This attempt to reopen the plan is not about renewable energy. It's about the administration's hostility to conservation and to the wishes of the residents of our region.
The California Native Plant Society is asking members to speak up for our desert lands and the unique native flora of these landscapes. We need you to let BLM and your Board of Supervisor members know that Californians want DOI to leave the DRECP alone, that reopening this plan will jeopardize the desert we cherish. It's important that both the BLM and local counties know your wishes.
CNPS needs members in Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, and Inyo Counties to write their local members. Meanwhile, all members statewide should send letters and postcards to the BLM. Visit our DRECP page to find talking points and action items.
Note: This is a fast-moving issue, and much may have changed by the time this issue hits your mailbox.


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Victor Elementary School District » Schools » Galileo Academy School of Gifted and Talented Education
Conor Devlin
CDevlin@vesd.net
15999 Warwick Street
Victorville, Ca 92395
If you would like to know more about our school please visit our homepage by clicking here.
Hello, and thank you for your interest in Galileo Academy! With all of the amazing things going on at Galileo Academy, it is difficult to capture it all in a brief message. We take pride in offering a truly unique education here at Galileo Academy. Our work at Galileo is focused around a mission statement which was created by parents, staff, and students.
"Teachers, students, and parents work together to foster each student's maximum potential through use of GATE and 21st Century strategies."
We are still in the process of transitioning to our new campus and all of the changes that have come along with the transition. The new facility is a dream come true for us and is already allowing for many new opportunities for our school.
All 28 of our classrooms at Galileo incorporate Gifted and Talented Education strategies into their daily learning. We are focused on maximizing each student's potential and use these strategies to assist in meeting this goal. Our goal is to provide activities and instructional strategies designed to be compatible with how the brain processes information. We strive to challenge and improve the skills of all students while making sure to challenge our gifted and high-ability students. At Galileo, we are helping students become thinkers.
Galileo Academy takes strategies previously reserved only for identified GATE students and introduces them to all of our students regardless of ability levels. With these opportunities, and a lot of hard work from staff, students, and parents, we work to attain our mission statement. I am so proud to be the principal of this school and be a part of the amazing work being done here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Jonathan presents Dick Spazway's Road to Success
By thinkpierceThursday, February 28, 2013Books, Stories
Sometime between elementary & middle school I started drawing ridiculous comics on pretty much whatever happened to be near me at the time. It was during that era as kid when you and your friends have developed so much inside joke jargon that you're practically speaking a different language at times. The comics were just one more way that jargon was being put to use and the less sense each comic made, the more it seemed to entertain me. I eventually assembled together the different pieces of paper & cardboard the comics were written on and my first booklet, "Dick Spazway's Road to Success" was born. Even now as a digital read, Dick Spazway's Road to Success still has the power to kill brain cells. But don't take my word for it; test-drive Dick Spazway's Road to Success for yourself and when you're done get ready to go off the beaten path again with booklet #2, National Debt. Coming next week. Thinkpierce, Something New Every Friday!
Jonathan presents "Technical Difficulties"


Western multinationals hoping to benefit from China's huge and cheap labour market could be in for a rude shock – the booming economy and the rising expectations of its workforce mean growing numbers are unhappy with their pay and benefits.
Research by consultancy Watson Wyatt Worldwide had found Chinese workers to be far less satisfied with their pay and benefit than workers in the rest of Asia-Pacific and even in the U.S.
This, it argued, could start to pose a severe headache for multinational employers in China's rigid labour market.
The finding comes just a day after research by consultancy Hay argued that pay rises for managers in China (along with India and Eastern Europe) would this year outstrip those for managers in Western economies.
The Watson Wyatt study of 180 companies and 60,000 employees found that barely more than a quarter (28 per cent) of mainland Chinese workers rated their compensation and benefits favourably.
This compared with 38 percent in Asia-Pacific as a whole and 47 per cent in the United States.
While Chinese workers cited communication as a main driver of job satisfaction, many did know how performance was measured or received a consistent message from their company on the link between high performance and an individual's pay.
"The challenge for employers to create monetary compensation and benefit satisfaction for Chinese workers is great," said Robert Wesselkamper, director of international consulting for Watson Wyatt.
"Raising pay will not solve this problem alone. By demonstrating how pay is determined and the value of a total rewards package, companies can help employees understand how financial return is only one part of a larger compensation strategy," he added.
Satisfaction with pay has in China has been on a downward trend for some time now.
In 2003/04 38 per cent of Chinese workers rated pay favourably, a figure that fell to 33 per cent in 2005/2006.
Similarly, in 2003/2004, 27 per cent of Chinese workers gave their total compensation package (pay, bonus and incentives) a favourable rating, compared with only 21 percent in 2005/2006, said Watson Wyatt.
"As Chinese workers express dissatisfaction with pay more and more, multinational companies may find it helpful to address these concerns as they attempt to establish a base in China," said Patrick Huang, managing director of Watson Wyatt's Greater China offices.
"A first step could be to provide clear communications that educate the workforce about their compensation and benefits programs and reassure employees of the importance and meaning of their work," he added.


Will Trump's special counsel interview be recorded?
Will Trump's special counsel interview be recorded?
The president told White House reporters that his interview for the Russia investigation is likely to happen in two or three weeks and would go under oath if his lawyers are okay with that.


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Las relaciones Cuba-China se refiere a las relaciones bilaterales entre Cuba y China. Las relaciones cubano-chinas son las relaciones interestatales entre la República Popular China y la República de Cuba, que son ambos estados comunistas. Los orígenes de las relaciones comenzaron cuando la dinastía Qing reconoció la independencia de la República de Cuba (1902-59) de los Estados Unidos en 1902.

Las relaciones se basan en el comercio, los créditos y las inversiones que han aumentado significativamente desde los años noventa. China es el segundo mayor socio comercial de Cuba después de las relaciones entre Cuba y Venezuela. En una reunión ceremonial en La Habana a principios de 2006, el embajador de China en Cuba dijo: "Nuestro gobierno tiene una posición firme para desarrollar la cooperación comercial entre nuestros países. La política, la orientación, se ha determinado. Lo que queda es el trabajo para completar nuestros planes."
Cuba y China son ambas gobernadas por un partido comunista, sin embargo, estuvieron en lados diferentes durante la Guerra Fría, con Cuba siendo un aliado de la Unión Soviética, mientras que China se opuso a ella ya que tenía opiniones diferentes sobre comunismo.

China ha rescatado Cuba con préstamos de miles de millones de dólares, y como resultado tienen acceso a gran parte de su petróleo en el Golfo de México.

Comercio
El comercio bilateral entre China y Cuba en 2005 sumó US $ 777 millones, de los cuales US $ 560 millones fueron exportaciones chinas a Cuba. China está enviando una cantidad creciente de bienes duraderos a Cuba. Los bienes chinos se han convertido en las herramientas primarias tanto en la planeada revitalización de la infraestructura del transporte en Cuba como en la "Revolución Energética" de 2006 para suministrar electricidad a la población cubana. Algunas transacciones a gran escala incluyen:

Transporte
A mediados de 2006, Cuba había comprado 100 locomotoras de China por 130 millones de dólares.

A principios de 2006, Cuba había firmado un contrato por 1.000 autobuses chinos para transporte urbano e interprovincial.

Refrigeradores
El gobierno cubano está reemplazando aparatos viejos por modelos más nuevos y más eficientes, incluyendo (a principios de 2006) 30,000 refrigeradores chinos.

Inversiones

Níquel
A partir de 2004, China había acordado planificar la inversión de US $ 500 millones en la finalización y operación de Las Camariocas, una planta de procesamiento inacabada de la era soviética. Bajo el acuerdo, el productor estatal de níquel, el 51 por ciento, y Minmetals Corporation, propiedad del gobierno chino, posee el 49 por ciento. El financiamiento para el proyecto es del Banco de Desarrollo de China, con Sinosure, la Corporación de Seguros de Exportación y Crédito de China, proporcionando garantías.

Petróleo
SINOPEC, la petrolera estatal china, tiene un acuerdo con la estatal Cupet (Cuba Petroleum) para desarrollar los recursos petroleros. A mediados de 2008, SINOPEC había hecho algunas pruebas sísmicas para los recursos petroleros en la isla de Cuba, pero no había perforación. La compañía también tiene un contrato para la producción conjunta en una de las áreas costa afuera de Cuba del alto rendimiento potencial, de la costa de Pinar del Río, pero no había realizado perforaciones off-shore a mediados de 2008.

En noviembre de 2005, PetroChina Great Wall perforación Co., Ltd. y CUPET celebró una ceremonia para la firma de dos contratos de servicio de perforación, para proporcionar di; La perforación de Great Wall ha proporcionado perforación de perforación para la exploración de petróleo en la costa norte de Cuba.

Biotecnología
En diciembre de 2005, los dos países firmaron un acuerdo para desarrollar joint ventures biotecnológicas en los próximos tres a cinco años. "Pacto biotecnológico de Cuba y China", Oficina de Cuba de Radiodifusión, 29 de diciembre de 2005, citado en "China Cuba vincula informe del Proyecto de Transición de Cuba" , Havana Journal, 2 de junio de 2006 Dos plantas de fabricación con tecnología y procesos cubanos, operaban en China a principios de 2006.

Relaciones políticas y militares
A finales de los años 90, China proporcionó al gobierno cubano equipos para bloquear las señales de Radio Martí.

El presidente chino Hu Jintao visitó Cuba en noviembre de 2004.

El personal chino ha estado operando dos estaciones de señales de inteligencia en Cuba desde principios de 1999.

Otras áreas de cooperación

Intercambio científico e técnico e innovación en los sectores industrial y agrícola.
Intercambios culturales
Intercambios médicos, educativos y formativos
Infraestructura energética y de transportes

Lecturas externas
 Jiang Zemin, The Future of Socialism Remains as Bright as Ever, Excerpt from remarks to Fidel Castro (Selected Works, Vol I, p. 327-330)
 Hearn, Adrian H. (2012), China, Global Governance and the Future of Cuba, en: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41, 1, 155-179.
 Hearn, Adrian H. Cuba and China: Lessons and Opportunities for the United States Commissioned report for the CubaInfo Series; El Instituto Cubano de Investigación, Universidad Internacional de Florida, junio de 2009

Misiones diplomáticas residentes
 tiene una embajada en La Habana.
 tiene una embajada en Pekín y consulados-generales en Cantón y Shanghái.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 during the review of Cuba by the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review, February 5, 2009

China
Cuba

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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You are here: Home › McAuliffe Continues Stadium Pitch
McAuliffe Continues Stadium Pitch
By Zach Spedden on September 1, 2016 in NFL, Washington Football Team
Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe is continuing to state his case for a new Washington Redskins stadium in Loudon County, and has made a public plea to the team.
McAuliffe was one of the speakers at Wednesday's Welcome Home Luncheon. It has been known that he is enthusiastically behind a plan that would bring the Redskins to Loudon County, and he took advantage of his opportunity at the team's annual event to make the case that they should settle in Virginia.
His reasoning behind why Virginia should build the stadium is that Redskins already have such a presence in the area. More from the Washington Post:
"A majority of the folks who go to the games, season-ticket holders, are from where? The Commonwealth of Virginia!" McAuliffe pointed out to an audience that included Redskins owner Daniel Snyder, team president Bruce Allen and 600 well-heeled supporters. "Sixty-six percent of the revenue to the Redskins comes from where? Residents of the Commonwealth of Virginia! Every player lives where? The Commonwealth of Virginia!"
After thanking the Redskins for being "a great economic driver" for the state, McAuliffe noted: "We have your headquarters! We have your training facility! What else could there possibly be?"
The ongoing search for a facility to replace FedEx Field has a few interesting elements. Obviously there is some sentiment to bringing the Redskins back to the District of Columbia, a scenario in which the team could potentially construct a new facility on the site of RFK Stadium.
Conversely, Virginia has its own motives. In terms of population, it is the largest state in the country without a major sports franchise. And while it does receive considerable attention–sometimes in the form of training complexes–from DC's franchises, McAuliffe would certainly be in distinction among the state's governors if he helps lead an initiative.
Virginia has made runs at major franchises in past, with a few concepts being floated for Major League Baseball until the Montreal Expos moved to Washington. More recently, the Sacramento Kings were briefly tied to Virginia Beach in their search for an arena, but the Kings ultimately stayed in Sacramento.
At this point Virginia has an opportunity to attract the Redskins, who obviously have a network of fans in the state and a move to Loudon County could be supported by a potential extension of the DC Metro's Silver Line. Of course, the Redskins have a lease at FedEx Field through 2027 and this debate will probably play on for some time. In the meantime, McAuliffe is clearly trying to seize what may be a rare opportunity for Virginia.
RELATED STORIES: Va. Gov: We Expect to Land New Redskins Stadium
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Snyders exploring Washington Commanders "potential transactions"
New Nashville stadium closer to reality
FedEx Field, Terry McAuliffe, Washington Redskins
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Changes in screen design leading to temperature trend biases
In the lab, temperature can be measured with amazing accuracies. Outside, exposed to the elements, measuring the temperature of the air is much harder. For example, if the temperature sensor gets wet, due to rain or dew, the evaporation leads to a cooling of the sensor. The largest cause of exposure errors are solar and heat radiation. For these reasons, thermometers need to be protected from the elements by a screen. Changes in the radiation error are an important source of non-climatic changes in station temperature data. Innovations leading to reductions in these errors are an major source of temperature trend biases.
A wall measurement at the Mathematical Tower in Kremsmünster. You mainly see the bright board to protect the instruments against rain, which is on the first floor, at the base of the window, a little right of the entrance.
The history of changes in exposure is different in every country, but in broad lines follows this pattern. In the beginning thermometers were installed in unheated rooms or in front of a window of an unheated room on the North (poleward) side of a building.
When this was found to lead to too high temperatures a period of innovation and diversity started. For example, small metal cages were added to the North wall measurements. More importantly free standing structures were designed: stands, shelters, houses and screens. In the Common Wealth the Glaisher (Greenwich) stand was prevalent. It has a vertical wooden board, a small roof and sides, but it is fully open in the front and in summer you have to rotate it to ensure that no direct sun gets onto the thermometer.
Shelters were build with larger roofs and sides, but still open to the front and the bottom, for example the Mountsouris and Wild screens. Sometimes even small houses or garden sheds were build, in the tropics with a thick thatched roof.
In the end, the [[Stevenson screen]] (Cotton Region Shelter) won the day. This screen is closed to all sides. It has double Louvre walls, double boards as roof and a board as bottom. (Early designs sometimes did not have a bottom.)
In the recent decades there is a move to Automatic Weather Stations (AWS), which do not have a normal (liquid in glass) thermometer, but an electrical resistance temperature sensor and is typically screened by multiple round plastic cones. These instruments are sometimes mechanically ventilated, reducing radiation errors during calm weather. Some countries have installed their automatic sensors in Stevenson screens to reduce the non-climatic change.
The photo on the left shows an open shelter for meteorological instruments at the edge of the school square of the primary school of La Rochelle, in 1910. On the right one sees the current situation, a Stevenson-like screen located closer to the ocean, along the Atlantic shore, in place named "Le bout blanc". Picture: Olivier Mestre, Meteo France, Toulouse, France.
Radiation errors
To understand when and where the temperature measurements have most bias, we need to understand how solar and heat radiation leads to measurement errors.
The temperature sensor should have the temperature of the air and should thus not be warmed or cooled by solar or heat radiation. The energy exchange between sensor and air due to ventilation should thus be large relative to the radiative exchanges. One of the reasons why temperature measurements outside are so difficult is that these are conflicting requirements: closing the screen for radiation will also limit the air flow. However, with a smart design, mechanical ventilation and small sensors this conflict can be partially resolved.
For North-wall observations direct solar radiation on the sensor was sometimes a problem during sunrise and sunset. In addition the sun may heat the wall below the thermometer and warm the rising air. Even for Stevenson screens some solar radiation still gets into the screen. Furthermore, the sun shining on the screen warms it, which can then warm the air flowing through the screen. For this reason it is important that the screen is regularly painted white and cleaned.
Scattered solar radiation (clouds, vegetation, surface) is important for older screens being open to the front. The open front also leads to a direct cooling of the sensor as it emits heat radiation. The net heat radiation flux is especially large when the back radiation of the atmosphere is low, thus when there are no clouds and the air is dry. Warm air can contain more humidity, thus these effects are generally also largest when it is cold.
Because older screens did not have a bottom, a hot surface below the screen could be a problem during the day and a cold surface during the night. This especially happens when the soil is dry and bare.
All these effects are most clearly seen when the wind is calm.
Concluding, we expect the cooling bias at night to be largest when the weather is calm, cloud free and the air is dry (cold). We also expect a warming bias during the day to be largest when the weather is calm and cloud free. In addition we can get a warm bias when the soil is dry and bare and in summer during sunrise and sunset.
Thus all things being equal, the radiation error is expected to be largest in sub-tropic, tropical and continental climates and small in maritime, moderate and cold climates.
Schematic drawing of the various factors that can lead to radiation errors.
Parallel measurements
We know how large these effects are from parallel measurements, where an old and new measurement set-up are compared side by side. Unfortunately, there are not that many of parallel measurements for the transition to Stevenson screens. Many parallel measurements in North-West Europe, a maritime, moderate or cold climate, where the effects are expected to be small of those are described in a wonderful review article by David Parker (1994) and he concludes that in the mid-latitudes the past warm bias will be smaller than 0.2°C. In the following, I will have a look at the parallel measurements outside of this region.
In the topics, the bias can be larger. Parker also describes two parallel measurements of a tropical thatched house with a Stevenson screen. One in India and one in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). They both have a bias of about 0.4°C. The bias naturally depends on the design, a comparison of a normal Stevenson screen with one with a thatched roof in Samoa shows almost no differences.
This picture shows three meteorological shelters next to each other in Murcia (Spain). The rightmost shelter is a replica of the Montsouri (French) screen, in use in Spain and many European countries in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the middle, Stevenson screen equipped with automatic sensors. Leftmost, Stevenson screen equipped with conventional meteorological instruments.
Picture: Project SCREEN, Center for Climate Change, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain.
Recently two beautiful studies were made with modern automatic equipment to study the influence of the screens. With automatic sensors you can make measurements every 10 minutes, which helps in understanding the reasons for the differences. In Spain they have build two replicas of the French screen used around 1900. One was installed in [[La Coruna]] (more Atlantic) and one in [[Murcia]] (more Mediterranean). They showed that the old measurements had a temperature bias of about 0.3°C; the Mediterranean location had, as expected, a somewhat larger bias than the Atlantic one.
The second modern study was in Austria, at the Mathematical Tower in Kremsmünster (depicted at the top of this post). This North-wall measurement was compared to a Stevenson screen (Böhm et al., 2010). It showed a temperature bias of about 0.2°C. The wall was oriented North-North-East and during sunrise in summer the sun could shine on the instrument.
For both the Spanish and the Austrian examples it should be noted that small modern sensors were used. It is possible that the radiation errors would have been larger had the original thermometers been used.
Comparing a Wild screen with a Stevenson screen at the astronomical observatory in [[Basel]], Switzerland, Renate Auchmann and Stefan Brönnimann (2012) found clear signs of radiation errors, but the annual mean temperature was somehow not biased.
Parallel measurement with a Wild screen and a Stevenson screen in Basel, Switzerland.
In [[Adelaide]], Australia, we have a beautiful long parallel measurement of the Glaisher (Greenwich) stand with a Stevenson screen (Cotton Region Shelter). It runs 61 complete years (1887-1947) and shows that the historical Glaisher stand recorded on average 0.2°C higher temperatures; see figure with annual cycle below. The negative bias in the minimum temperature at night is almost constant throughout the year, the positive bias is larger and strongest in summer. Radiation errors thus not only affect the mean, but also the size of the annual cycles. They will also affect the daily cycle, as well as the weather variability and extremes in the temperature record.
The exact size of the bias of this parallel measurement has a large uncertainty, it varies considerably from year to year and the data also shows clear inhomogeneities itself. For such old measurements, the exact measurement conditions are hard to ascertain.
The annual cycle of the temperature difference between a Glaisher stand and a Stevenson screen. For both the daily maximum and the daily minimum temperature. (Figure 1 from Nicholls et al. (1996)
Our understanding of the measurements and limited evidence from parallel measurements suggest that there is a bias of a few tenth of a Centigrade in observations made before the introduction of Stevenson screens. The [[Stevenson screen]]
was designed in 1864, most countries switched in the decades around 1900, but some countries did not switch until the 1960ies.
The last few decades there was a new transition to automatic weather stations (AWS). Some countries have installed the automatic probes in Stevenson screens, but most have installed single unit AWS with multiple plastic cones as screen. The smaller probe and mechanical ventilation could make the radiation errors smaller, but depending on the design possibly also more radiation gets into the screen and the maintenance may also be worse now that the instrument is no longer visited daily. An review article on this topic is still dearly missing.
Last month we have founded the Parallel Observations Science Team (POST) as part of the International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) to gather and analyze parallel measurements and see how they affect the climate record. (Not only with respect to the mean, but also for changes in day and annual cycles, weather variability and weather extremes.) Theo Brandsma will lead our study on the transition to Stevenson screens and Enric Aguilar the transition from conventional observations to automatic weather stations. If you know of any dataset and/or want to collaborate please contact us.
With some colleagues I am working on a review paper on inhomogeneities in the distribution of daily data. This work, especially with Renate Auchmann, has greatly helped me understand radiation errors. Mistakes in this post are naturally my own. More on non-climatic changes in daily data later.
A beautiful "must-read" article on temperature screens by Stephen Burt: What do we mean by 'air temperature'? Measuring temperature is not as easy as you may think.
Just the facts, homogenization adjustments reduce global warming: The adjustments to the land surface temperature increase the trend, but the adjustments to the sea surface temperature decrease the trend.
Temperature bias from the village heat island
A database with parallel climate measurements describes the database we want to build with parallel measurements
A database with daily climate data for more reliable studies of changes in extreme weather gives somewhat more background
Auchmann, R., and S. Brönnimann, 2012: A physics-based correction model for homogenizing sub-daily temperature series. Journal Geophysical Research, 117, D17119, doi: 10.1029/2012JD018067.
Böhm, R., P.D. Jones, J. Hiebl, D. Frank, M. Brunetti, M.Maugeri, 2010: The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760–2007. Climatic Change, 101, no. 1-2, pp 41-67, doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9649-4.
Brunet, M., Asin, J., Sigró, J., Bañón, M., García, F., Aguilar, E., Palenzuela, J. E., Peterson, T. C. and Jones, P., 2011: The minimization of the screen bias from ancient Western Mediterranean air temperature records: an exploratory statistical analysis. International Journal Climatology, 31, pp, 1879–1895, doi:
10.1002/joc.2192.
Nicholls, N., R. Tapp, K. Burrows, D. Richards. Historical thermometer exposures in Australia. International Journal of Climatology, 16, pp. 705-710, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199606)16:6<705::AID-JOC30>3.0.CO;2-S, 1996.
Parker, D. E., 1994: Effects of changing exposure of thermometers at land stations. International Journal of Climatology, 14, pp. 1–31, doi: 10.1002/joc.3370140102.
Labels: automatic weather stations, climate change, French screen, homogenization, inhomogeneities, North-wall observations, Stevenson screen, surface temperature, temperature trend bias, Wild screen
Very nice and concise description of measurement bias due to radiation etc.
I would only add two other issues not (clearly) mentioned.
The first is snow on the ground. It strongly affects the amount of visible radiation inside the screen, which can make the measured temperature a degree or more warmer. This error is more prominent in sunny and calm places in deep valleys and basins and may even cause an error of 5 °C or so (my experience).
The second issue is thermal inertia of a screen-thermometer system. Stevenson screen strongly reduces short-term temperature fluctuations, thus making daily measured minimum and maximum temperature comparable to ventillated modern designs.
Monday, 9 February 2015 at 11:15:00 GMT
Hi Gregor, good points. And it might be that with automatic weather stations the snow is whiter because no observer compacts and soils it.
I wonder how many AWS have only single Louvre cones and thus are more sensitive to snow or hot or cold surfaces.
Elio Campitelli said...
Great post, as usual. It's very interesting to see so much thought and effort put into having the best and most rigorous data.
Thursday, 12 February 2015 at 16:38:00 GMT
It is always good to use both statistics and physics. Then you can have a look weather the statistical homogenization using neighbours finds about the same answer as the one you would physically expect.
Especially nowadays for the homogenization of the temperature distribution of daily data, we need to understand the reasons for the non-climatic changes well. Otherwise it is hard to remove these complicated changes and to produce realistic validation datasets.
Ronan Connolly said...
Great to hear about your "Parallel Observations Science Team" project! The more parallel measurements we can get, the better! :)
By the way, have you read our brief 2 page review of the pre-Stevenson screen transition problem in our Surface Stations paper? http://oprj.net/articles/climate-science/11
It was only a fairly brief discussion, since the focus of the paper was on the U.S. Surface Stations project results (i.e., modern screen "exposure"), but we felt the two subjects were similar enough to merit a comparison.
The bit on the introduction of the Stevenson Screen is in Section 2.4 (p7-8 in the paper)
We discussed several of the relevant studies we could find, including the Austrian and Spanish studies you mentioned.
Unfortunately, we have some concerns over the representativeness of the Austrian study - the new station is in a high-walled garden and as a result seems to frequently be in the shade. It is quite possible this has itself introduced a non-climatic bias (possibly cooling?). If so, this would have biased the results of the Kremsmuenster study.
We also identified several potential problems with the two Brunet et al. Spanish studies which we feel weren't adequately resolved by the authors, e.g., from Google Earth, both stations currently appear to be quite heavily urbanized and poorly exposed. Both of these factors could potentially have altered the apparent "screening bias" of the Montsouri shelters relative to the actual bias (whatever it was) which would have existed when the actual transition was being made in the late 19th/earth 20th Century.
What do you think yourself?
Tuesday, 3 March 2015 at 22:52:00 GMT
Ronan, In discussions on the Watts et al. (2012) manuscripts I was sometimes tempted to cite your article as stating that all old measurements are in the worst Leroy quality class and that the siting had thus only gotten better. But it would have been purely rhetorical.
Irony is best not used in a scientific paper. It seem logical that the last few decades where we have a dense climate network with good quality measurements, we trust the observations more than the proxies. While in the early instrumental period, the thermometers and screens had considerable problems because the measurement was not understood well yet. Maybe you agree with this, the "irony" suggests you do, while not being wiling to state so. It is a good custom in the literature to be clear about your conclusions. (You can be a bit vague when showing a specific paper/person wrong, but also then irony would not be a good stylistic tool.)
I do not agree that the parallel measurement in Austria is biased because the Stevenson screen is in the shade. If that was the location of the Stevenson screen during past observations, that is the right location. A bigger problem is that it is not fully clear when the small solar screen was build into the North Wall screen. Both factors do make the extrapolation to other stations difficult. That is anyway difficult because the exact configuration, building materials and colour are likely important.
(The internet is not very good at the moment or your figshare link to the Google Earth figure does not work.) Not sure whether I would see an UHI as a problem for the difference between the French screen and the Stevenson screen in Spain. If the air is just warmer, that would affect both measurements. What would be a problem if there were a large building on the North side of the open French screen that was not there before.
Sorry for being such a contrarian, but on the photos I noticed that the grass in the circle where the instruments are standing is so nice and lush, whereas the surrounding is dry and bare. Asking about it, I found that they water the grass in the circle. That would make the radiation error via the hot ground a lot smaller. The new question now is when did they start with watering. If they always did, there would be no problem. I will try to find out, but would be surprised if people would have used a hand pump to water the ground around their screens in the distant past.
Sunday, 8 March 2015 at 23:03:00 GMT
Now I finally could look at your Google Earth maps. I wonder if the locations are right. Especially in case of Murcia, I see a lot of agricultural land to the North, while your dot is in the middle of a building.
You do see some building on the photos, which are taking in many directions, but none where I would fear to see an enhanced radiation error.
Lo Corunna also seem to be the wrong location, but as your map does show a little green, I am less sure. It is hard to compare two such different perspectives.
Stop all harassment of all scientists now
Just the facts, homogenization adjustments reduce ...
Climatologists have manipulated data to REDUCE glo...
Changes in screen design leading to temperature tr...


Highway 169 in Aitkin is set to close next week between First Street SE and First String NE. There will be a detour along Highway 47 and County Road 12.
The closure is needed to allow crews to repair a railroad crossing and to replace a curb and sidewalk.
For real-time travel information in Minnesota, visit www.511mn.org.


Let's face it: You know social media is important. You're just not sure how it's relevant to your job, or how to harness it in a way that furthers your business goals.
Do I have a workshop for you! Regardless of your industry or experience, let me teach you the principles and best practices of this brave new digital world. We'll study material at both a general level and specifically with respect to your field.
Each attendee will earn a certificate of completion.


text:
Suitman's Survivor Rulebook
Hidden Idols
Confessionals
Viewer's Lounge
The Suitman's Survivor Rulebook is a full and detailed list of the basic regulations behind the Suitman's Survivor franchise. Though these rules are not explicitly always mentioned out loud or reminded by the hosts, they must be followed by every Survivor castaway, or else they face expulsion with possible exclusion from future season participation.
See also: Challenges.
Live challenges for each season will occur daily within a pre-determined timeframe. Notification of the times for each challenge may regularly be given very close to when it is due to begin, and thus castaways are required to always be aware that a challenge could be taking place between the stated timeframe.
Current live challenge timeframe: 5pm - 7pm EST / 10pm - 12am GMT.
To compete in a live challenge, castaways must "check-in" to the challenge from within 15 minutes of the stated challenge time. Castaways who are late to check-in may or may not be allowed to compete depending on the type of challenge and host discretion.
Non-live challenges can occur at any time following a vote read. These challenges will be pre-set for castaways to complete by a certain time, such as a screenshot or spamming challenge. Castaways may contribute to the challenge for themselves or their tribe at any point before the finish time, where results would be revealed.
For non-live challenges castaways will be given approximately 24 hours to compete. The finish time for a non-live challenge is likely to be at some point with the live challenge timeframe stated above.
Semi-live challenges are non-live challenges which finish on the same day that they start, at an unusually late time not necessarily within the live timeframe.
Current likely semi-live finish time: 7pm EST.
Most challenges are hosted by SuitMa13, but on occasions can be hosted by aiwfwyattroh. etaco75 is a more rare substitute host for when both main hosts are unavailable.
Tribal Council and Voting
See also: Tribal Council.
The losing tribe during the tribal phase or all castaways during the individual phase are required to send votes to eliminate a castaway each day without failure, unless otherwise stated.
Votes for Tribal Council must be submitted by a certain time on the day following an live challenge or non-live results. That time is unlikely to fluctuate much throughout the season, but may be extended/reduced per castaway wishes. This should only happen if completely necessary, and a notification of vote time change will be given out to all castaways. If all votes are received early, then the votes may be read before the deadline.
Current voting deadline: 4pm or 5pm EST.
If a castaway has to leave for a certain amount of time, but still wishes to participate in the season, they may be allowed to send a "boolist" (castaway ranking in order of wish to eliminate) which could be used as their votes in their absence. This however is not advised upon, and may be rejected by the host at their discretion. Castaways who are likely to be absent for a long period of time may be advised to quit. A booklist is more likely to be allowed in the case of a jury vote.
Castaways may change their vote at any time until the deadline.
Failure to vote is a violation of the rules, and such castaways will receive a self-vote for the ongoing Tribal Council if they fail to submit. A self-vote increases the number of votes against there receiver by one as penalty for not voting.
As of Survivor: Eritrea, castaways who violate the rules of vote casting three times in one season are removed from the game via "medical evacuation". They will not join the jury if they have made to that stage.
If a castaway is banned from the Tengaged website while still participating in Suitman's Survivor, the rules change depending on their type of ban.
Temporarily banned castaways will receive self-votes until they return unless they are able to send votes via Skype (all castaways would be informed of the method change). The three violations rule still stands in this instance.
Known permanently banned castaways - or castaways who are temporarily banned for long enough the span the remainder of the game - may be immediately removed via medical evacuation at the host's discretion.
Immune castaways who don't vote will receive a "DNV" (stands for 'did not vote'). This does not count as a vote against them, but does count as a violation, and could lead to a medical evacuation if is their third.
Tiebreaker Policy
See also: Tiebreaker.
In case of a tie during a Tribal Council, the castaways will be forced to re-vote. All castaways, apart from the two whom are tied, must re-send their choice to eliminate before a new deadline.
The new deadline is changeable. Votes may just be due late that day, or it could be set to the usual time the following day. This will heavily depend on the number of castaways required to re-vote.
If a vote remains tied after a re-vote then the Tribal Council becomes deadlocked, and must be resolved by a luck-based "rock drawing". In this instance the two tied castaways become immune and all other non-immune players must each select a numbered rock for drawing. A randomisation system will then select one rock number, and the castaway who selected that rock is immediately eliminated from the game.
In the case of a tie at the Final Four (or if only four castaways remain on a tribe), the re-vote is skipped and we are sent straight to the rock pulling tiebreaker, this time between the two tied players ONLY.
In the rare instance that all but one player is immune from the rock draw, then the one unsafe castaway is eliminated by default.
Hidden Immunity Idols
See also: Hidden Immunity Idol.
Clues to the whereabouts of hidden immunity idols are handed out to the winning tribe(s) after each challenge, or to the winning sole castaway and two people of their choice. If a castaway correctly guesses the idol's whereabouts, they will receive a hidden immunity idol for free use.
To play a hidden immunity idol a castaway must state to the host that they are doing so BEFORE the votes are read at the vote deadline. The idol will negate any votes cast for the person it is played on, leading to the person with the next highest number of votes going home.
The idol owner can either publicly "play" the idol on someone else, or they can opt to hand it to a member of their own tribe discreetly behind the scenes without actually playing it by formal transfer, potentially as a bargaining chip.
As of Survivor: Puerto Rico, you cannot give a hidden immunity idol to a member of an opposing tribe without publicly handing it to them at the challenge or at Tribal Council. To do this they must publicly say *drops idol*, and get the person they are giving it to say *picks up idol*. This will confirm the transfer, but will also make people aware that the transfer has taken place. The idol cannot be picked up by anyone other than the person the dropper wishes to have the idol. Furthermore, a public transfer is not necessary if split up due to One Day Tribes.
The last chance to play an idol is at the Final Five Tribal Council, regardless of weather it is a Final Two or Final Three scenario.
See also: Final Tribal Council.
Each season it is pre-determined weather the game will end with a Final Two or a Final Three, and the castaways that reach this stage must receive the majority of votes from the jury to be declared the Sole Survivor.
The last person voted out pre-jury will be designated as a "backup juror". This means they have to submit a jury vote to the host which will ONLY count in the case of a jury vote tie to decide the winner.
Confessionals are a widely advised part of the Suitman's Survivor series. The hosts like to know what is going on in the game, and confessionals are the castaway's port to express their plans for the game. They are so important that a major part of the decision on returning castaways a lot of the time comes down to who has sent confessionals, because they are the people most invested in the game.
Another important part of Suitman's Survivor is the Viewer's Lounge - the place where fans of the series go to discuss the season. It is locked tight to ensure game secrets are secure, because as standard ALL confessionals from castaways will be posted for the occupants to follow the game. Because of this, the residents of the lounge are regularly checked and modified to ensure that they are trustworthy "neutral" players who will not leak secrets out to the castaways within the game. This applies to both the main Tengaged Viewer's Lounge group AND the more recent Skype chat.
If you wish for all or some of your confessionals to not be posted within the Viewer's Lounge, you may request for them to be retained until after the season's conclusion.
Furthermore, upon request, certain members of the lounge may be removed to avoid certain bias to or against players within the game, at the host's discretion.
These regulations stand as the basic rules of Suitman's Survivor, however there are instances where the rules may be changed. This could be due to a twist or some other anomaly which forces the hosts to make alternative decisions. In most cases, no previously unmentioned rules will be introduced mid season, and new major rules would likely be introduced following the season conclusion, ahead of the next one, such as the medical evacuation and idol transfer rules.
Retrieved from "https://suitmansurvivor.fandom.com/wiki/Suitman%27s_Survivor_Rulebook?oldid=34131"


Join Water of Life today as they minister the gospel in word, song and power. Doyle Davidson shares a brief summary of his eyes being dimmed in 2008 and the total darkness that fell on him in 2013. The Lord is present to bring him to victory and he is confident that he will soon see. He believes it will be right to make his first public announcement of his eyesight restored (outside of Water of Life), to World Harvest Television, LeSEA Broadcasting.
Kathie Davidson ministers that God, in his love and pity for the wretched, the afflicted, sent Jesus and redeemed them, according to Isaiah 63:9. She shares the testimony she learned from Doyle, of Ben Swett being saved by a rich Jew (Jesus) and Doyle recounts hearing Ben Swett minister his testimony at a low point in Doyle's life. He closes exhorting the world to call on the name of Jesus and be saved.
Kathie's Message: "In His Pity"
In my affliction, I had you afflicted. In my love and my pity have I afflicted you for my people. This is my glory. This is my love. This is my pity. Carry (this) with my honor.


Well, I think I'm always mad (not the angry kind of mad, more like Mad Hatter mad). But this March is looking extra-specially mad. I think it's the anticipation of Spring popping up. The days are getting longer and I just can't wait to begin gardening and feeling human again. Winter kind of kills me and Spring revives me.
If you've made a treasury or been featured in one and you want to include an ACTIVE one on your blog, go here for super easy instructions.
Have a SUPER SWEET weekend, and if you find the time please click and comment on the treasury. Maybe one day I'll make it to the front page (a girl can dream).


There are quite a few the reason why the need to perform a driver replace in Windows come up. This helps hold your pc operating smoothly with the latest drivers for whatever hardware you could be working. These driver updates tell Windows the right way to use each part of your laptop to its greatest potential, however some driver updates will not be updates in any respect.
For the rest of your software program that doesn't mechanically replace itself, checking for updates not less than once a month for them must be sufficient. In contrast side by facet these tools are all very comparable, however most importantly they are all able to routinely updating drivers on a PC system by enabling the scheduler in accordance with person choice.
Subsequent time you open QuickBooks, this system will immediate you to put in the update. The malicious software program writers go to work searching for methods to make use of the new updated code to let them in. The software vendor offers newer patches and updates.
After it's setup, it's going to routinely replace the index. Service Pack 2 gives Windows XP with a "Home windows Security Middle", and different key tools, to help protect the consumer's system from unsafe attachments and downloads. The firewall is activated robotically by Home windows, however users have the option to disable it, as well as to create exceptions to bypass the safety in certain conditions.
The experience might be boring and will provide you with extra problems in the event you mistakenly obtain virus together with any of these drivers. Pc drivers are simply small laptop programs that work behind the scenes to make your laptop function properly.


LIONEL MESSI has donated some £200,000 to help recover a football pitch and sports facility in his native Argentina.
The Barcelona icon is not short of a bob or two having banked an astonishing £65million last year to sit second in the world's sport rich list.
And now he has handed over some cash through his foundation to help the next generation of Argentina superstars come through the ranks.
Mundo Deportivo report the money will go to helping repair the facilities of a sports club in Lanus, in Messi's hometown of Rosario.
Damian Sala is secretary of sports in capital Buenos Aires and said: "We are very grateful to the Messi Foundation because it allows us to do great work for the boys.
"This is a very important achievement because it is the first time that an entity of this size has made a major investment in Lanus."
Messi's foundation was set up in 2007 and has a special focus on helping children and youths who may be disadvantaged.
Its activities are not limited to just Argentina and money is donated all over the world.
Messi - who scored in the 6-0 rout of Alaves yesterday - has certainly been in the mood to splash some cash recently.
He bought his neighbour's house in the plush Spanish region of Castelldefels to have some more peace and quiet.
Not to be outdone though, arch rival Cristiano Ronaldo last week saved 80 dogs and stepped in to help save a Portuguese kennel from closure.


First Congregational Church of Franklin was originally founded as the Second Church of Wrentham in February of 1738. It became First Church of Franklin when the town (named in honor of Benjamin Franklin) was incorporated in 1778. From its every beginning, the church was very missions and benevolence minded, distributing monies first by agreement of the pastor and diaconate, and then at the discretion of an appointed treasurer. The church's Sabbath school was conceived of in 1818 but not formally founded until 1827.
In 1938 Franklin was hit by a hurricane which destroyed the First Baptist Church building. First Congregational Church invited the Baptists to worship with them. This arrangement eventually lead to a federation between the two bodies.
More information on the church today can be found on their website.
Records included here document the church's covenant and meeting minutes. Also included are records of correspondence, baptisms, and membership.
These records document the minutes of church meetings, correspondence, and religious societies. The records also include lists of baptisms, membership admissions and dismissions, censures, marriages, and deaths.
This volume contains records of marriages as recorded by Rev. Emmons. Also included are two pages of death records.


text:
Broker libel battle costs FT £4.3m
By James Rossiter
Updated: 11:44 EST, 17 January 2006
CITY broker Collins Stewart today emerged victorious in its long-running, acrimonious libel battle with the Financial Times.
The Financial Times will make a written apology on the front of its Companies & Markets second section, running in a single column for half the depth of the page.
The newspaper will also pay £300,000 in damages to the broker and foot both sides' legal costs totalling over £4m.
'The matter is now closed,' said Collins Stewart chief executive Terry Smith. His firm originally sought £230.5m of 'special damages' when it launched its claim in September 2003, but that part of the claim was thrown out in an earlier hearing.
Both sides were due to meet in the High Court this week, for up to a month, with Collins Stewart still claiming £37m.
The case blew up in September 2003 after the FT, then under the editorial leadership of Andrew Gowers, ran allegations of insider dealing - later proved to be unfounded - made by sacked investment analyst James Middleweek against his former bosses.
Announcing the out-of-court settlement to Mr Justice Eady today, Rod Christie-Miller of the broker's solicitors Schillings, said: 'The FT has indicated its regret at the way it repeated these allegations against Collins Stewart in 2003.'
A joint statement from both the FT and Collins Stewart read: 'The Financial Times has agreed to publish an apology in the UK edition of the FT newspaper and on FT.com. The FT regrets the way in which it reported the allegations made against Collins Stewart in August 2003 by Collins Stewart's former employee James Middleweek.'
Gowers left the FT suddenly at the end of last year. Pearson, the FT's owner cited 'strategic differences' for his abrupt departure. He was replaced by another FT veteran, Lionel Barber, who said today, 'After two-and-a-half years of litigation, this agreement enables both sides to put this matter behind us and move on.'
Pearson earlier today claimed the FT was on course to break even this year.


It all started with Quake II.
Aaron Salmon and his gaming buddies — his "clan," in the parlance of the game — played the first-person shooter game feverishly in the mid 90s when they decided what they really needed was a website to track scores and records.
Salmon built it, reverse engineering the whole thing using view source and eventually filling it with clan member profiles, achievement badges, downloads of maps, and screenshots of clan victories.
"Back then you couldn't really go to school for web design so you just had to discover it yourself," he says.
Since then, Salmon has played an integral role in some of the best-known tech projects around the country, including designing for the highly regarded team at Obama for America.
He's also recently joined the Knight Lab as a Knight Lab professional fellow.
How did he go from building AngelFire websites for his Quake II friends to mentions in Crain's Chicago Business as a talent to watch?
After messing around with HTML and web design, teaching himself the skills, Salmon began doing contracted work for local businesses in his hometown of Eau Claire, Wisconsin.
His work eventually got him noticed by a web development shop in Naperville, Illinois. Salmon moved to Chicago and found an interest in community involvement — collaborating not only on websites, but also community gardens and other civic projects.
In the mid-00s he co-founded OhSoWe, a website helped allowed communities share resources in order to foster relationships and reduce waste.
"Collaborative consumption," Salmon calls it. "Why does everyone need to have a lawnmower to mow a 5-foot square patch of yard?" Salmon asks.
Salmon started to work on political initiatives when he was pulled into work on Chicago Mayor-elect Rahm Emmanuel's transition website that allowed the public to submit ideas and proposals they wanted to see enacted in the next administration.
His involvement in Emmanuel's site served as a springboard for one of the biggest opportunities of his career — Obama's reelection campaign.
Harper Reed had also worked on Emmanuel's transition site and had been tapped as the campaign's Chief Technology Officer. He invited Salmon to join the team and Salmon accepted.
Salmon worked on user experience and front-end development, a job that sometimes called for 12 hour-days. It was quite the adjustment, he says, considering he became a father two months prior and had been used to working from home and setting his own schedule.
Though he's a designer by trade, his work on the campaign varied widely.
As the only designer on the team, Salmon found he could communicate between his own team and the digital department to make sure everyone was on the same page.
Salmon joined the Knight Lab as an art director and to help with technology planning. His first projects at the Lab (a website redesign, online style guide and pattern library) are similar to the work he did on the Obama campaign.
What draws Salmon to any project, from the Knight Lab to political campaigns, is the people involved—cool people doing cool things. It's important, Salmon says, to collaborate with people that you respect and enjoy being around.
But the biggest key is to be clear and transparent about what your passions are.


text:
Ballard Spahr Chair Mark Stewart Named Diversity Leader | Ballard Spahr
Ballard Spahr Chair Mark Stewart Named Diversity Leader
Ballard Spahr and firm Chair Mark Stewart have been recognized in Profiles in Diversity Journal as recipients of the magazine's 2015 Diversity Leader Award. The award honors business organizations, their leaders, and diversity officers who advance diversity and inclusion in the workforce.
Mr. Stewart and the firm are among seven businesses honored, along with their leaders, in the small to mid-sized company category (fewer than 3,000 employees). The magazine also recognized 19 large companies and governmental agencies, along with diversity leaders from each. Profiles of the winners of this year's seventh annual awards are featured in Profiles in Diversity Journal, a bimonthly magazine that promotes diversity and inclusion in the corporate, government, nonprofit, higher education, and military sectors.
"I'm honored to be included among this impressive group of advocates," Mr. Stewart said. "The work of advancing diversity is important not just because it's the right thing to do, but because it's the best thing. Diverse perspectives drive creativity and innovation, which are essential to the success of our firm and any company that wants to succeed in a competitive environment."
As Chair, Mr. Stewart appoints diverse lawyers to firm leadership positions, ensures diverse client teams, recruits diverse partners, and regularly speaks to high school students as the firm develops a pipeline of diverse students interested in legal careers. Mr. Stewart is the past chair and a current member of the firm's Diversity Council. In 2012, he received Profiles in Diversity Journal's CEO Leadership in Action Award.
Mark S. Stewart


text:
Castle Rock is a TV series starring André Holland, Melanie Lynskey, and Bill Skarsgård. Based on the stories of Stephen King, the series intertwines characters and themes from the fictional town of Castle Rock.
Country, Channel: USA
Genres: Drama, Fantasy, Horror, Mystery, Sci-Fi, Thriller
Creator: Sam Shaw, Dustin Thomason
Cast: André Holland, Melanie Lynskey, Bill Skarsgård, Jane Levy
After a turbulent, but routine flight, those onboard discover the world has aged five years, and soon a deeper mystery unfolds.
Genres: Drama, Mystery
Creator: Jeff Rake, Matthew Fernandez
Cast: Melissa Roxburgh, Josh Dallas, Athena Karkanis, J.R. Ramirez
Country, Channel: Canada
Genres: Crime, Drama, Mystery
Creator: Ehren Kassam
Cast: Ehren Kassam, Tamara Podemski, Alli Chung, Saad Siddiqui
With her caustic wit and singular charm, DCI Vera Stanhope and her team face a series of captivating murder mysteries set against the breathtaking Northumberland landscape.
Country, Channel: UK
Creator: Brenda Blethyn
Cast: Brenda Blethyn, Jon Morrison, Riley Jones, Kenny Doughty
Doctor Who is a fantastic story, which is more than 50 years old as she came out on television. In each new season, the adventures of the Doctor are incredibly interesting and exciting. But starting from season 11, the Doctor Who became a woman, an
Country, Channel: UK, Canada
Genres: Adventure, Drama, Family, Mystery, Sci-Fi
Creator: Sydney Newman, BBC Wales, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
Cast: Matt Smith, David Tennant, Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Nicholas Briggs, Karen Gillan, Billie Piper, Paul Kasey, Arthur Darvill, Ruari Mears, Freema Agyeman
A cheerleader in her senior year of high school plots revenge against the clique that expelled her.
Genres: Crime, Mystery, Thriller
Creator: Megan Abbott, Gina Fattore
Cast: Willa Fitzgerald, Herizen F. Guardiola, Marlo Kelly
This superhero crime drama television series tells the story of Oliver Queen. He lived a carefree and reckless life, like a playboy. But, one day, his yacht was shipwrecked near a remote island. As a result, Oliver lost all the benefits of
Country, Channel: USA, CW
Genres: Action, Adventure, Crime, Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi
Creator: Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, Andrew Kreisberg
Cast: Stephen Amell, Katie Cassidy, David Ramsey, Susanna Thompson
After being recruited to a secretive academy, a group of students discover that the magic they read about as children is very real-and more dangerous than they ever imagined.
Country, Channel: USA, Syfy
Genres: 2020, Drama, Mystery, Thriller
Cast: Stella Maeve, Hale Appleman, Arjun Gupta
Supernatural is a TV series starring Jared Padalecki, Jensen Ackles, and Jim Beaver. Two brothers follow their father's footsteps as hunters, fighting evil supernatural beings of many kinds, including monsters, demons, and gods that…
Genres: Drama, Fantasy, Horror, Mystery, Thriller
Creator: Eric Kripke
Cast: Jared Padalecki, Jensen Ackles, Jim Beaver, Misha Collins
Legacies is a TV series starring Danielle Rose Russell, Aria Shahghasemi, and Kaylee Bryant. Hope Mikaelson, a tribrid daughter of a Vampire/Werewolf hybrid, makes her way in the world.
Genres: Adventure, Drama, Fantasy, Horror, Mystery
Creator: Julie Plec
Cast: Danielle Rose Russell, Aria Shahghasemi, Kaylee Bryant, Matthew Davis


text:
More sexual misconduct allegations against ex-Ohio State doctor
Posted: May 4, 2018 / 03:11 AM EDT / Updated: May 4, 2018 / 03:32 AM EDT
Ohio State University has received confidential reports alleging sexual misconduct from male athletes in eight sports as it continues its investigation into allegations against a former university doctor, the university said Thursday.
The reports involve athletes affiliated with cheerleading, fencing, football, gymnastics, ice hockey, swimming, volleyball and wrestling.
The doctor, Richard Strauss, died in 2005. In addition to his athletic team duties, Strauss also worked at the university medical center and student health center, the university said.
Thursday's update followed last month's initial announcement that someone recently had come forward to accuse Strauss of sexual misconduct.
"We are sharing this information to encourage our community past and present to come forward," university spokesman Chris Davey said. "We believe the more information that we have, it will aid in the investigation."
The university has hired Seattle-based law firm Perkins Coie to conduct an independent investigation. It also has referred the matter to Columbus police and the Franklin County Prosecutor's Office for a potential criminal investigation.
The Associated Press could not locate any relatives of Strauss who could be asked to comment on the allegations.
Strauss was an associate professor of medicine at Ohio State.
An article in the campus newspaper from 1984 said he was selected to test Olympic athletes for illegal drug use during the summer games in Los Angeles.
Other articles published during the 1980s said Strauss studied injury rates among wrestlers and other athletes, as well as the effects of steroid use.
The timing of the allegations ranges from the mid-1970s through the late 1990s, Strauss' tenure at Ohio State.


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Home » Paying For School » Veterans' Educational Assistance Program (VEAP)
Updated 11 Jan 2023 | Joe Wallace
The Department of Veterans Affairs offers an education benefit to veterans called VEAP. the Veterans' Educational Assistance Program. Qualifying veterans may be eligible for a 2-to-1 matching contribution from the government for education benefits. This program offers money for tuition and certain fees for VA-approved programs.
Depending on the amount of the student's VEAP contributions, up to 36 months of VEAP benefits may be available.
What VEAP Offers
VEAP can help you pay for:
Undergraduate and graduate degree programs
On-the-job training and apprenticeships
Co-op training
Non-college degree programs (technical or vocational courses)
Entrepreneurship training
Correspondence training
Test fees
In limited cases, VEAP funds may be allowed for remedial classes, "deficiency" classes, and refresher courses.
When using VEAP, students typically have 10 years (from their date of discharge) to use the program or they will have their VEAP contributions refunded. Furthermore, you can request a refund if you have contributed funds to VEAP but don't qualify or if you change your mind about the program.
How To Apply To Use VEAP
The VA official site has forms and instructions you can use to apply for your VEAP benefits(see below). But there is no way to sign up for VEAP itself if you have not contributed to the program already.
VEAP was closed to new accounts in 1987, and today the application forms and instructions found at VA.gov are specifically for those who have already made VEAP contributions and want to claim their benefit.
Apply to use your VEAP benefits via the Department of Veterans Affairs official site using an Application for VA Education Benefits (VA Form 22-1990) online. If you are applying on active duty, contact your base Education Services Officer to have your VEAP enrollment approved.
Applicants not on active duty at application time should send a copy of DD Form 214, your proof of military discharge.
How VEAP Contributions are Paid
Active duty military members who signed up for VEAP when enrollment was open were required to make contributions to the VEAP fund, which the military matched two-for-one. The service member's contribution could be paid in a lump sum, or paid monthly by allotment.
Service member's maximum contribution: $2,700
Government maximum contribution: $5,400
Total entitlement: $8,100
Applying for a VEAP Refund
You may request a refund by filling out VA Form 22-5281, Application for Refund of Educational Contributions. When your form is complete, submit it to the nearest VA regional office.
Who Qualifies for VEAP
All of the following must be true to qualify:
You entered military service between January 1, 1977, and June 30, 1985, for services except for the Air Force(see below), and;
You contributed money to your VEAP account before April 1, 1987, and;
You put in up to $2,700 of your own money, and;
You completed your first full term of service, and;
You did not receive a dishonorable discharge
Air Force personnel must meet the following requirements:
You entered service for the first time between December 1, 1980, and September 30, 1981, and
You workers in one of these Air Force career fields: 20723, 20731, 20830, 46130, 46230A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, or Z, 46430, or 81130, and
You enlisted in Beckley, WV; Buffalo, NY; Dallas; Fargo, ND; Houston; Jackson, MS; Louisville, KY; Memphis, TN; Omaha, NB; Philadelphia; Seattle; Sioux Falls, SD; or Syracuse, NY
For those currently serving on active duty, the VA official site advises that you must have three months of contributions in order to use VEAP.
Enrollment Verification Requirement
You are required to verify enrollment to continue using VEAP. The Department of Veterans Affairs advises students to, "Ask your school or training official to verify your enrollment with us. We'll review your application and let you know if we need anything else."
Joe Wallace
Joe Wallace is a 13-year veteran of the United States Air Force and a former reporter/editor for Air Force Television News and the Pentagon Channel. His freelance work includes contract work for Motorola, VALoans.com, and Credit Karma. He is co-founder of Dim Art House in Springfield, Illinois, and spends his non-writing time as an abstract painter, independent publisher, and occasional filmmaker.
https://collegerecon.com/author/jwallace/
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Tagged: GI BillVeterans Benefits


Every week #IF #IllustrationFriday has a challenge for a specific word. It is a great way to showcase your work and a wonderful opportunity to meet lots of wonderful people! Anyone can join in with their entry to Illustration Friday. I so much enjoy doing this challenge. This week is Jump. This vibrant, colorful painting of Jump – has also been called Leap – I think Jump and Leap are very related! I encourage you to check Illustration Friday out! Lots of fun people and paintings! Thank you! ~ Diane Clancy!