My father, who was serene, humorous and full of hobbies, remarked casually that he had been asked to go on what was then called The Vestry.
At this my mother, who was more swift, restless and generally Radical in her instincts, uttered something like a cry of pain; she said, "Oh, Edward, don't! We never have been respectable yet; don't let's begin now." And I remember my father mildly replying, "My dear, you present a rather alarming picture of our lives, if you say that we have never for one single instant been respectable." Readers of Pride and Prejudice will perceive that there was something of Mr.
I may add that my grandfather, when the story was told, always used to insist that he had added to the phrase "I don't care how they are conducted," the qualifying words (repeated with a grave motion ot the hand) "provided it is with reverence and sincerity." But I grieve to say that sceptics in the younger generation believed this to have been an afterthought.
The point is, however, that my grandfather was pleased, and not really very much amazed, to be called a monument and a landmark.
Bowing down in blind credulity, as is my custom, before mere authority and the tradition of the elders, superstitiously swallowing a story I could not test at the time by experiment or private judgment, I am firmly of opinion that I was born on the 29th of May, 1874, on Campden Hill, Kensington; and baptised according to the formularies of the Church of England in the little church of St.
George opposite the large Waterworks Tower that dominated that ridge.
"You are an Historical Character," said the admiring stranger.
"You have changed the whole destiny of Church and State." My grandfather still assumed airily that this might be a poetical manner of describing a successful house-agency.
"You are a Monument," said the strange gentleman, "Sir, you are a Landmark." My grandfather, slightly flattered, murmured politely that they had certainly been in Kensington for some little time.And before we come to any of my own experiences, it will be well to devote this brief chapter to a few of the other facts of my family and environment which I hold equally precariously on mere hearsay evidence.Of course what many call hearsay evidence, or what I call human evidence, might be questioned in theory, as in the Baconian controversy or a good deal of the Higher Criticism. I might be the long-lost heir of The Holy Roman Empire, or an infant left by ruffians from Limehouse on a door-step in Kensington, to develop in later life a hideous criminal heredity.Bennet about my father; though there was certainly nothing of Mrs. Anyhow, what I mean here is that my people belonged to that rather old-fashioned English middle class; in which a business man was still permitted to mind his own business.They had been granted no glimpse of our later and loftier vision, of that more advanced and adventurous conception of commerce, in which a business man is supposed to rival, ruin, destroy, absorb and swallow up everybody else's business.


text:
Anatel approves fixed line tariff hikes
Brazil's telecoms regulator Anatel has approved an average tariff increase of up to 3.01% for fixed line operators, Dow Jones writes. Tariffs for long-distance calls may be raised by as much as 9.7%, the watchdog said, on the proviso that the average hike does not exceed 3.01%. Anatel gave the country's largest fixed line operator Oi the green light to raise its tariffs by 2.76%, while Brasil Telecom (BrT) will be allowed to go to 3.01% – the same increase agreed for Telefonica of Spain's Telesp unit. The new tariffs will take effect after the publication on the official government diary, and two days after the announcement by each company in Brazil's largest newspapers, Anatel said.
Brazil, Brasil Telecom (BrT), Oi, Telefonica Brasil (Vivo), Wireline

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Julia Marcus, PhD, MPH is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Population Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, and Adjunct Faculty at The Fenway Institute. Her primary interest is in the promotion of sexual health, with a focus on implementation of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Her research has leveraged electronic health records to identify patients who may benefit from PrEP, characterize PrEP uptake and continuation, and document clinical outcomes among PrEP users in real-world healthcare settings. She also has a career development award (K01) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to study the dissemination of highly effective hepatitis C treatment, with a focus on HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.
Dr. Marcus received her doctoral degree in epidemiology from the University of California, Berkeley, and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research.


Jameis Winston has had several off-the-field issues over the years.
Chris Godwin had 59 receptions for 842 yards and seven touchdowns in 2018.
Blaine Gabbert played for Bruce Arians with the Cardinals in 2017.
The hires make the Buccaneers the first NFL team with two female coaches on staff.
Breshad Perriman agreed to joins the Browns on Tuesday, but those plans were scraped when the team acquired Odell Beckham, Jr. in a trade with the Giants.


Can Adobe set up an auto-forward from a domain that has been delegated to Adobe?
For example, can any emails sent to no-reply@exampledomain.com be auto-forwarded to email.reply@exampledomain.com?
While domains can be delegated to Adobe, this email is for acknowledging purposes only. Adobe does not have access to any inbox to configure any auto-forwarding abilities. The mail administrator of the domain in question is conducting auto-forward of emails.


text:
Szymanowski & Debussy: String Quartets
Online purchase or streaming: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/SzymanowskiDebussyString
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Composers: Karol Szymanowski & Claude Debussy
Artists: Quartetto Prometeo
This is an original coupling on disc – Debussy's sole quartet is nearly always paired with Ravel's ‐ but also a natural and pleasing one, serving to illuminate two lesser-known string quartets with an earlier masterpiece of the genre. Szymanowski's music is saturated with the influence of the two French composers, but his voice is recognisably his own, whether in the three opulent symphonies, the elusive pianocycles, the opera King Roger that is his masterpiece, or these two string quartets, both composed in 1927.
Even so, it is also not difficult to hear an affinity with Bartok's experience, particularly in the Second, where the instrumental language is more experimental, in the employment of trills, ground rhythms, percussive chords, spices that thicken the original sap, never resorting to mere quotations but, as in Bartok, using rhythmic cells as kickstarters for the engine of creation. The First Quartet is much lusher, recalling the endless singing lines of the First Violin Concerto and more obviously looking back to the Impressionism of Debussy, though Debussy's own quartet dates from a pre‐Impressionist period when he was just beginning to formulate his own language. In the same year as the quartet, 1892, he began to write Prélude a l'aprèsmidi d'un faune and first saw Maurice Maeterlinck's symbolist drama, Pelléas et Melisande, of which he would produce his own operatic version a decade later. The quartet itself is endlessly satisfying, and any fine new recording has its own things to say.
The Quartetto Prometeo is an Italian ensemble founded in 1998, and now with several albums to their name, including Hugo Wolf's complete music for string quartet (BC94166), which contains 'an illuminating interpretation of the String Quartet that is both athletic and elegant, luxuriating in the work's warmth but also plunging fearlessly into its icy depths.' (MusicWeb International) They have forged a creative partnership with one of today's leading Italian composers, Salvatore Sciarrino, which has resulted in commissions and a CD of his famously refined and technically challenging music.
00:00:00 Claude Debussy: String Quartet in G Minor, Op. 10: I. Animé et très décidé
00:06:53 Claude Debussy: String Quartet in G Minor, Op. 10: II. Assez vif et bien rythmé
00:10:55 Claude Debussy: String Quartet in G Minor, Op. 10: III. Andantino, doucement expressif
00:18:27 Claude Debussy: String Quartet in G Minor, Op. 10: IV. Très modéré – Très mouvementé
00:26:07 Karol Szymanowski: String Quartet No. 1 in C Major, Op. 37: I. Lento assai – Allegro moderato
00:34:12 Karol Szymanowski: String Quartet No. 1 in C Major, Op. 37: II. Andantino sempilce – Adagio dolcissimo – Lento assai
00:40:46 Karol Szymanowski: String Quartet No. 1 in C Major, Op. 37: III. Vivace – Scherzando alla burlesca – Vivace ma non troppo
00:45:07 Karol Szymanowski: String Quartet No. 2, Op. 56: I. Moderato, dolce e tranquillo
00:52:49 Szymanowski: String Quartet No. 2, Op. 56: II. Vivace, scherzando
00:57:22 Karol Szymanowski: String Quartet No. 2, Op. 56: III. Lento – Moderato
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Ranby Prison: Drugs:Written question - 257630
Asked by Mr Iain Duncan Smith
(Chingford and Woodford Green)
Asked on: 23 May 2019
Ranby Prison: Drugs
To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, how many incidents there were where drugs were found at HMP Ranby in each of the last 12 months.
Answered by: Robert Buckland
Answered on: 17 June 2019
Holding answer received on 11 June 2019
The Government publishes an Annual Digest that provides a range of detailed statistics and measures for prisons and probation for the financial year, including data on drug tests and finds.
The latest publication covering the 17/18 financial year is available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/annual-hm-prison-and-probation-service-digest-2017-to-2018. Figures on the proportion of positive results for random mandatory drugs tests and the number of incidents where drugs were found for the 17/18 financial year are provided in the table below:
Positive Random Mandatory Drugs Tests and Drug Finds for the 12 months to March 2018
Proportion of positive results for psychoactive substances
Number of incidents where drugs were found
HMP Hull
HMP Humber
HMP Isis
HMP Leeds
HMP Lindholme
HMP Moorland
HMP Nottingham
HMP Ranby
HMP Wealstun
HMP Wormwood Scrubs
We do not publish monthly breakdowns, however, further information about the proportion of positive results for random mandatory drugs tests can be found by selecting table 7.4 in the 'Chapter 7 tables – Random mandatory drug testing' link'.
Further information about the number of incidents where drugs were found can be found by selecting table 9.2 in the 'Chapter 9 tables – Finds in prison' link.
These prisons are also part of the 10 Prisons Project which aims to reduce violence in 10 of our most challenging prisons by reducing the supply of drugs; restoring basic decency and providing the training and support for prison officers to challenge the behaviour that drives violence. The project received an initial £10 million funding to improve security and decency, and bolster leadership capability over a 12-month period.
Grouped Questions: 257409 | 257410 | 257629 | 258895 | 258896 | 258899 | 258900 | 258906 | 258907 | 258913 | 258914 | 258920 | 258921 | 258922 | 258923 | 258930 | 258931 | 258932 | 258933


text:
Acetone[1]
IUPAC name Propanone
Other names β-ketopropane
Dimethyl ketone,
CAS number 67-64-1
RTECS number AL31500000
SMILES CC(=O)C
InChI InChI=1/C3H6O/c1-3(2)4/h1-2H3
Molecular formula CH3COCH3
Molar mass 58.09 g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Density 0.79 g/cm³, liquid
−94.9 °C (178.2 K)
56.53 °C (329.4 K)
Solubility in water miscible
Viscosity 0.32 cP at 20 °C
Molecular shape trigonal planar at C=O
Dipole moment 2.91 D
MSDS External MSDS
EU classification Flammable (F)
Irritant (Xi)
R-phrases R11, R36, R66, R67
S-phrases (S2), S9, S16, S26
Flash point -18 °C
temperature 465 °C
Related Compounds
Related solvents Water
Supplementary data page
Structure and
properties n, εr, etc.
data Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS
Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid. It is the simplest example of the ketones. Acetone is miscible with water, ethanol, ether, etc., and itself serves as an important solvent. The most familiar household use of acetone is as the active ingredient in nail polish remover. Acetone is also used to make plastic, fibers, drugs, and other chemicals. In addition to being manufactured as a chemical, acetone is also found naturally in the environment, including in small amounts in the human body.
Don't let static charges disrupt your weighing accuracy
2 Biosynthesis
3.1 Cleaning fluid
3.2 Solvent
3.3 Feedstock
3.4 Automotive fuel additive
3.5 Other uses
4.1 Acetone peroxide
4.2 Toxicology
Acetone is produced primarily in the cumene process. Previously, acetone was produced by the dry distillation of acetates, for example calcium acetate. During World War I a new process of producing acetone through bacterial fermentation was developed by Chaim Weizmann, later the first president of Israel, in order to help the British war effort.
See also: ketosis
Small amounts of acetone are produced in the body by the decarboxylation of ketone bodies.
Cleaning fluid
Acetone is often the primary (or only) component in nail polish remover. Acetonitrile, another organic solvent, is sometimes used as well. Acetone is also used as a superglue remover. It can be used for thinning and cleaning fiberglass resins and epoxies. It is a strong solvent for most plastics and synthetic fibres.
It is ideal for thinning fiberglass resin, cleaning fiberglass tools and dissolving two-part epoxies and superglue before hardening. A heavy-duty degreaser, it is useful in the preparation of metal prior to painting; it also thins polyester resins, vinyl and adhesives. It easily removes residues from glass and porcelain. In biological research contexts, buffers that contain acetone (such as citrate-buffered formalin) use the acetone to lyse cells for further experimentation.
Additionally, acetone is extremely effective when used as a cleaning agent when dealing with permanent markers.
Acetone can also dissolve many plastics, including those used in Nalgene bottles made of polystyrene, polycarbonate and some types of polypropylene.[2]
In the laboratory, acetone is used as a polar aprotic solvent in a variety of organic reactions, such as SN2 reactions. The use of acetone solvent is also critical for the successful Jones oxidation. Technical grade acetone is inexpensive. Because of acetone's medium polarity, it dissolves a wide range of compounds. Thus, it is commonly loaded into squeezebottles and used as a general solvent in rinsing laboratory glassware.
Acetone is also used extensively for the safe transporting and storing of acetylene. Vessels containing a porous material are first filled with acetone followed by acetylene, which dissolves into the acetone. One liter of acetone can dissolve around 250 liters of acetylene.
An important industrial use for acetone involves its reaction with phenol for the manufacture of bisphenol A. Bisphenol A is an important component of many polymers such as polycarbonates, polyurethanes and epoxy resins. Acetone has also been used in the manufacture of cordite.
Automotive fuel additive
Some automotive enthusiasts add acetone at around 1 part in 500 to their fuel, following claims of dramatic improvement in fuel economy and engine life.[3] This practice is controversial as there are counterclaims that acetone has no measurable effect or may in fact reduce engine life by adversely affecting fuel system parts.[4][5][6] Debates on this subject and claims of Big Oil cover-up intensified when the practice was addressed on the popular American TV show MythBusters in 2006, and shown to have negative effect in the televised fuel economy test.[7]
Acetone is also used as a drying agent, due to the readiness with which it mixes with water, and its volatility.
It can be used as an artistic agent; when rubbed on the back of any laser print or photocopy it produces a roughened effect.
Acetone peroxide
Main article: acetone peroxide
When oxidized, acetone forms acetone peroxide as a by-product, which is a highly unstable compound. It may be formed accidentally, e.g. when waste hydrogen peroxide is poured into a carboy containing waste acetone solvent.
Acetone is an irritant and inhalation may lead to hepatotoxic effects (causing liver damage). The vapors should be avoided. In no circumstance should it be consumed directly or indirectly. Always use goggles when handling acetone; it can cause permanent eye damage (corneal clouding).
Small amounts of acetone are metabolically produced in the body, mainly from fat. In humans, fasting significantly increases its endogenous production (see ketosis). Acetone can be elevated in diabetes. Contamination of water, food (e.g. milk), or the air (acetone is volatile) can lead to chronic exposure to acetone. A number of acute poisoning cases have been described. Relatively speaking, acetone is not a very toxic compound; it can, however, damage the mucosa of the mouth and can irritate and damage skin. Accidental intake of large amounts of acetone may lead to unconsciousness and death.
The effects of long-term exposure to acetone are known mostly from animal studies. Kidney, liver, and nerve damage, increased birth defects, and lowered reproduction ability of males (only) occurred in animals exposed long-term. It is not known if these same effects would be exhibited in humans. Pregnant women should avoid contact with acetone and acetone fumes in order to avoid the possibility of birth defects, including brain damage.
Interestingly, acetone has been shown to have anticonvulsant effects in animal models of epilepsy, in the absence of toxicity, when administered in millimolar concentrations.[8] It has been hypothesized that the high fat low carbohydrate ketogenic diet used clinically to control drug-resistant epilepsy in children works by elevating acetone in the brain.[8]
^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 58.
^ http://www.nalgenelabware.com/techdata/chemical/
^ Louis LaPonte (2007-02-13). Acetone in Fuels (A Study of Dimethylketone or Propanone). Smartgas.net. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
^ Acetone as a Fuel Additive. Pure Energy Systems Wiki. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
^ Tom and Ray Magliozzi (2006-01-21). Click and Clack Talk Cars. Independent Record. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
^ Can adding Acetone to fuel increase mpg by 15 to 35%?. Snopes.com Message Board. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
^ MythBusters (Season 4, Episode 53)
^ a b Likhodii SS, Serbanescu I, Cortez MA, Murphy P, Snead OC 3rd, Burnham WM (2003). "Anticonvulsant properties of acetone, a brain ketone elevated by the ketogenic diet". Ann Neurol. 54 (2): 219–226. doi:10.1002/ana.10634.
Categories: Household chemicals | Cosmetic chemicals | Ketones | Ketone solvents | Fuel additives | DEA List II chemicals
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Acetone". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Acetone.html


This General English Pre-intermediate A2 level course is for adults who want to improve speaking and listening, which accounts for 60% of the lesson. The A2 General Course concentrates on practical use of the language so that students boost their fluency and become more confident speakers of English. During the lesson you'll also be able to focus on your vocabulary, grammar and writing skills.


In 2016, we received a call from the managing partner of one of Europe's largest and most established executive search firms. They wanted to speak to us about helping them to raise awareness of their brand and positon themselves as front of mind within their target markets. OK, I said, but as a genuine market leader what on earth can we do to enhance your position in each of the markets you serve, I asked?
The answer surprised me. While the company was indeed a- if not the- leader in their space, the share of the market they commanded was under threat from the raft of newer agencies entering the market.
They knew they could no longer trade on the power of their name. Nor would their longevity and extensive presence in the industry guarantee their continued success. A change of approach was needed in order to stave off the growing number of new players snapping at their heels.


text:
Panama Scandal Raises Serious Security Concerns
It is the biggest scandal to hit the headlines in recent times and has caused political problems both here in the UK and abroad. The Panama papers finally confirmed that many of our richest citizens are hiding their money in offshore tax havens and the world's media has had a field day.
Files leaked from law company Mossack Fonseca led to Prime Minster David Cameron having to defend himself after a barrage of questions from opposition MPs and media outlets about the Blairemore fund created by his late father. The Prime Minister of Iceland was actually forced to resign after crowds gathered outside his residence calling for him to go.
Failure to Update
While all this has caught the attention of our news outlets, one question that is yet to be fully answered is how a firm like Mossack Fonseca managed to let so much data be stolen in the first place. It wasn't an insider but a problem with the computer security system that led to the leak – the company's systems were out of date and contained some serious issues, all of which quickly became apparent when experts looked into it.
Part of the problem was that some key operating systems were being put at risk because of a failure to update. This included the Outlook Web Access login that had not received an update in the last 7 years and a WordPress website that had not been updated in 3 months. There were also issues with its Drupal client portal that had not been updated for 3 years.
Viral Attack Just a Matter of Time
These security issues left the company systems open to attack from the DROWN virus that works on servers that don't have updated SSL v2 protocols. In short, the leak from Mossack Fonseca was more likely than not going to happen once it failed to update its systems properly.
Lack of encryption because they didn't use a TLS security protocol when it came to sending emails was another problem that the law firm failed to understand. Talking to wired.co.uk recently, Professor Angela Sasse from University College London said: "Given the business they're in, I find it quite surprising that they haven't thought about securing their emails better."
Why Network Security is So Important
If you think your business is nothing like Mossack Fonseca, then you are missing the point. Businesses at all levels need to make sure their systems are updated regularly and that they have the best security in place, something the law firm failed to do which left their systems vulnerable.
Computer security expert Alan Woodward from Surrey University, explained to wired.co.uk: "Take something like Outlook Web Access – if you keep your Exchange Server up to date this just comes along naturally. They seem to have been caught in a time warp. If I were a client of theirs I'd be very concerned that they were communicating using such outdated technology."
Speak to the Experts
Whether you are a small business or a large corporation, having the right IT processes and policies in place is extremely important. If you haven't reviewed your security risk in recent times, perhaps now is the moment to contact the experts. "Having a dedicated IT Support partner like Ratcliff IT on board, means you don't have to worry about being up to date with the latest security upgrades. You can count on the team at Ratcliff IT to ensure that your IT systems are fully updated behind the scenes on a regular basis." comments James Ratcliff, Managing Director, Ratcliff IT.


text:
Power Meri
by brett on February 7, 2020 with No Comments
Papua New Guinea is Australia's nearest neighbour, a place characterised by stunning but unforgiving landscape, immense cultural diversity – and a national passion for rugby league. According to human rights organisations, it is also one of the worst places in the world to be a woman.
Power Meri follows Papua New Guinea's first national women's rugby league team, the PNG Orchids, on their journey to the 2017 World Cup in Australia. Proud, strong and hopeful, the pioneering women in the PNG Orchids team have overcome more challenges than most to play their much-loved national sport. But after years at grassroots level, they have just three months to transform themselves into a competitive national team.
Power Meri takes audiences on a journey through rarely-seen corners of PNG and behind the scenes of women's sport. It follows the Orchids through selection trials, arduous training with a fly-in-fly-out Australian coaching mentor, and diverse personal struggles as they face the world champion Australian Jillaroos and compete at the World Cup.
But their mission is greater than winning. In a country with appalling rates of domestic violence, sport is one of the few arenas in which PNG women can show their strength. If they can perform like men on the rugby field, can they change attitudes about the treatment and status of women back home?
Power Meri offers students an opportunity to:
critique and challenge assumptions and stereotypes;
consider the influence of sport on national and personal identity and on gender equality;
examine the roles, status and representations of women in modern day society;
weigh up the importance of winning vs participating;
consider the different ways people can demonstrate resilience;
evaluate the importance of community support to individuals and groups;
discuss the relative socioeconomic differences between Australia and Papua New Guinea, and the relationship between the two countries.
This study guide is suitable for secondary students at all year levels. It provides information and suggestions for learning activities in Health and Physical Education, English and Media. It may also be used as a supplementary text in the teaching of Civics and Citizenship and the development of Australian Curriculum general capabilities: Personal and Social Capability, Ethical Understanding and Intercultural Understanding.
Links to the Health and Physical Education curriculum
In Health and Physical Education, students explore the importance of sport participation in the community, and the influence of traditions, norms and stereotypes in shaping cultures and identities. In this context, Power Meri relates to the following outcome areas:
Strand Sub-strand
Personal, social and community health • Being healthy, safe and active• Contributing to healthy and active communities
Movement and physical activity • Understanding movement
Links to the English curriculum
In English, students are encouraged to study texts which explore themes of human experience and cultural significance, interpersonal relationships, and ethical and global dilemmas within real-world and fictional settings and represent a variety of perspectives.
Language • Language variation and change• Purpose, audience and structures of different types of texts• Text cohesion• Visual language
Literature • Literature and context• Personal responses to ideas, characters and viewpoints in texts
Literacy • Texts and contexts in which they are used• Listening and speaking interactions• Purpose and audience• Analysing and evaluating texts
Links to the Arts (Media) curriculum
In Media Arts, students refine and extend their understanding of structure, intent, character, settings, points of view, genre and conventions through opportunities to reflect on, analyse, interpret and evaluate a range of media texts. Specifically, students:
Analyse how technical and symbolic elements are used in media artworks to create representations influenced by story, genre, values and points of view of particular audiences
Evaluate how technical and symbolic elements are manipulated in media artworks to create and challenge representations framed by media conventions, social beliefs and values for a range of audiences (ACAMAR078)
Identify specific features and purposes of media artworks from contemporary and past times to explore viewpoints and enrich their media arts making (ACAMAR072)
Analyse a range of media artworks from contemporary and past times to explore differing viewpoints and enrich their media arts making (ACAMAR079)
Teachers are advised to consult the Australian Curriculum online at http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/ and curriculum outlines relevant to their state or territory for further information.
An ATOM Study Guide is available for download.Documentary Feature, Study Guides


text:
https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvOTU0NzgxLW92ZXJ2aWV3
Drugs & Diseases > Pediatrics: General Medicine
Pediatric Autoimmune and Chronic Benign Neutropenia
Author: Susumu Inoue, MD; Chief Editor: Lawrence C Wolfe, MD more...
Sections Pediatric Autoimmune and Chronic Benign Neutropenia
Tests for Neutrophil Antibodies
Bone Marrow Examination
Serum Immunoglobulin Quantitation
Colony-Stimulating Factors
Pediatric chronic autoimmune neutropenia (pediatric chronic AIN, also called chronic benign neutropenia or chronic idiopathic neutropenia) is a benign, self-limiting condition affecting infants and toddlers. [1] The name usually refers to primary, not secondary, AIN.
Neutropenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 1000/μL in infants and less than 1500/μL in older children.
Despite the fact that the condition is called autoimmune neutropenia, antibodies against neutrophils may not be demonstrated in a significant number of cases. When antibodies do occur, their presence has no prognostic or therapeutic implications, since equal proportions of antibody-positive and antibody-negative cases recover spontaneously. In addition, antibodies were demonstrated in patients who were proven to have severe congenital neutropenia due to a mutation of the ELANE gene. [2]
ANC alone does not allow differentiation of AIN from severe congenital neutropenia, since in both disorders the ANC may be extremely low. Indeed, differentiation from severe congenital neutropenia and benign ethnic neutropenia may be difficult. When severe congenital neutropenia is suspected, a molecular diagnostic test is indicated.
Secondary AIN occurs in a setting of systemic autoimmune disease, infection, neoplasia, bone marrow or organ transplantation, drug administration, or immunodeficiency. Secondary AIN develops in much older children than does primary AIN, is more common in girls, and is clinically more prone to serious infections; spontaneous recovery is rare. [3]
Chronicity means that neutropenia persists longer than 3 months. Primary AIN in infants and children lasts, on average, 20 months. Although the clinical course of AIN is usually benign, a minority of children experience frequent infections.
AIN has an excellent prognosis. In severe cases of the disease, treatment usually consists of regular administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (filgrastim).
Other points to keep in mind include the following:
Determine whether neutropenia is acute and transient or chronic by obtaining frequent complete blood counts (CBCs)
Determine the severity of neutropenia and the severity of concurrent infection
Progressive neutropenia over a course of days requires rapid workup, including hematology consultation
History of parent consanguinity, family history of neutropenia, or past or current life-threatening infection suggests severe congenital neutropenia rather than AIN and requires genetic workup
When the history and serial laboratory studies are consistent with AIN, a test to detect neutrophil antibodies (human neutrophil antigens [HNA]-1, 2, and 4) is not needed
Be aware that there are multiple systemic diseases whose features include neutropenia, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Barth syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome; look for nonhematologic abnormalities and incorporate them into the differential diagnosis
The definition of neutropenia in infants is different from that in adults. In infants aged 2 weeks to 1 year, the lower limit of the normal neutrophil count is 1000/µL. After the first year of life, the lower limit is 1500/µL, as in adults.
The most common form of neutropenia in infants and young children is transient neutropenia occurring with or following a viral illness. It resolves itself within 2 weeks. If it lasts longer than that, or if the child is very ill, then a full workup for neutropenia is in order.
The most common type of chronic neutropenia (neutropenia lasting for 3 months or longer) in pediatric patients is chronic benign neutropenia of childhood. Chronic benign neutropenia can be regarded as a synonym for primary AIN in children. [4] Some investigators have also used the term chronic idiopathic neutropenia as a synonym for chronic benign neutropenia when the presence of antibodies cannot be demonstrated. [1]
The mean age at diagnosis of AIN is 6-12 months, with a range of 3-30 months. Spontaneous recovery occurs by age 5 years, and the mean duration of neutropenia is approximately 20 months.
Go to Neutropenia for complete information on this topic.
Primary and secondary autoimmune neutropenia
AIN is either primary or secondary. In primary AIN, neutropenia is the only abnormality. Infections associated with the primary form are usually limited and mild. [5] Primary neutropenia occurs in infants and toddlers, and spontaneous recovery is the rule.
Older children, adolescents, and young adults predominantly develop secondary AIN. In this condition, other primary pathologies occur, including systemic autoimmune disease, infections, malignancy, or immunodeficiency. It can also be associated with drug administration and bone marrow or organ transplantation. AIN that occurs in the older pediatric age group and adolescents must be regarded as a totally distinct entity from chronic benign neutropenia. The clinical course of secondary AIN is not benign. It is more common in females and is associated with severe infections, with spontaneous recovery being very rare. Lymphopenia, direct antiglobulin test (DAT)–positive hemolytic anemia, and/or thrombocytopenia are common in secondary AIN, developing later or at the same time. [3] Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is common, and ultimately, systemic lupus, Felty syndrome, Sjögren syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease, and/or a lupuslike illness predominate. Therefore, in this age group, a rigorous search for evidence of other autoimmune phenomena should be made.
A case of secondary autoimmune neutropenia. This patient presented with recurrent otitis and areas of cellulitis in the diaper area. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the skin lesions. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and autoimmune neutropenia were confirmed based on the presence of autoantibodies. The patient has a mutation on exon 15, A504T, which changed an asparagine residue to a valine residue.
Lalezari and colleagues demonstrated neutrophil antibodies in 119 of 121 infants and children with chronic neutropenia, thereby establishing the autoimmune nature of the disease. [6] In the study, all patients had at one time an absolute neutrophil count of less than 500/µL (see the Absolute Neutrophil Count calculator).
AIN is similar to immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) of young children, a more common cytopenia in children. ITP is believed to be triggered by a viral infection and, in some individuals, by immunization. Whether autoimmune neutropenia is commonly triggered by similar etiologies is not known. A similar age group is affected, and recovery is expected in both. Some studies have shown an association with parvovirus B19 infection. Recently, Nakamura et al showed deficiencies in regulatory T cell (CD4+, CD25+) in children with autoimmune neutropenia. [7] Thus, it may be a phenomenon of physiologically delayed maturation of immune regulation.
When identified in AIN, antibodies most commonly include immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against neutrophil glycosylated isoforms of FC gamma RIIIb (or CD 16b) and human neutrophil antigen 1 (HNA1) and, less commonly, against HNA4, which are linked to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor.
The human neutrophil antigen (HNA) system consists of HNA-1 through HNA-5. Of these, most common antibodies are directed against HNA-1, which consists of NA-1, NA-2, and SH. They are not anti–human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. Anti-HLA antibodies may be present, but it is very rarely the cause of AIN.
Bruin et al demonstrated that in patients with AIN, antibodies were exclusively directed against the NA alloantigens, whereas in patients with secondary autoimmune neutropenia, antibodies had pan-FC gamma RIIIb specificity. [8] though other researchers have shown that at the outset of AIN, antibodies against FCγRIIIb may be present (see below).
Bone marrow examination findings are variable and not diagnostic. Bone marrow may be normal, show late-stage maturation arrest, be hyperplastic, or be hypoplastic. In rare cases, granulocyte phagocytosis has been reported. [9]
In a study by Perdikogianni et al, circulating granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels (serum or plasma) were found to be normal, even during the neutropenic period, except when patients had infections. [10] On the other hand, Kobayashi et al found that the patient's sera contained mildly but significantly elevated concentration of G-CSF compared with the control sera. [11]
The incidence of autoimmune neutropenia does not vary among different ethnic populations.
A Scottish study estimated that in the Scottish population, the incidence of autoimmune neutropenia is 1 in 100,000 children per year. [12] This may have been an underestimate, however, because laboratory tests are not usually performed in most cases of autoimmune neutropenia.
Autoimmune neutropenia has a slight preponderance in girls in one study, [6] but not in others. [13] The mean age at diagnosis of autoimmune neutropenia is 6-12 months, with a range of 3-30 months.
A high frequency of benign neutropenia is widely recognized in African Americans, Yemenite and Falasha Jews, Black Beduin, blacks of South African extraction, Ethiopians, West Indians, Arab Jordanians, and various tribal groups inhabiting the United Arab Emirates. [14] A study showed the median ANC of children with benign ethnic neutropenia to be 893 x 106/L. [15] The gene responsible for this form of neutropenia is identified as the DARC (Duffy antigen/receptor chemokine) gene, although the exact mechanism that causes neutropenia is still to be elucidated. [16, 17] In the age group (6 months to 3 years) when AIN is common, it may be impossible to distinguish these two entities in a given child.
Infections associated with primary AIN, which are usually limited and mild, include just fever, otitis media, upper respiratory tract infection, common colds, viral gastroenteritis, skin infection, stomatitis, and gingivitis. Sepsis and pneumonia are rare. Hajishengallis et al reported on the development of AIN-related periodontal disease in a child aged 2 years. [18] In a study done at St Jude Children's Research Hospital on children with all types of chronic neutropenia, otolaryngological infections predominated, consisting of recurrent otitis media (81%), viral upper respiratory tract infection (67%), oral ulcers or gingivitis (53%), tonsillitis (39%), and sinusitis (37%). [19]
This is in contrast to the severe, life-threatening infections (quite often systemic) experienced by infants with severe congenital neutropenia (Kostmann disease and other types), children with aplastic anemia, older children with secondary AIN, and children with neutropenia who are receiving chemotherapy. An Italian study showed that 40% of children with secondary AIN had severe infections, as compared with 12% of children with primary AIN. [3]
In another study, of 73 children with neutropenia, Fioredda et al reported a rate of 0.66 infections per patient with AIN, compared with 5.75 infections per patient with severe congenital neutropenia. [20] (The AIN figure may be an overestimate, however, since there may have been a selection bias; the neutropenia registry used in the study contained more severely affected AIN patients.) The reasons for this difference between primary autoimmune and severe congenital neutropenia may be related to the fact that individuals with AIN have an adequate bone marrow neutrophil reserve and can therefore mount some level of neutrophil response to an infection, even though these neutrophils are rapidly destroyed; this is in contrast to patients with poor or no bone marrow reserve.
Although febrile illnesses appear to be more common in children with AIN than in healthy children, AIN usually does not affect the child's growth and development, although some exceptions occur. (See History.)
The prognosis in primary chronic neutropenia is excellent. The condition usually lasts only 2-3 years before spontaneous resolution, and virtually all patients recover by age 5 years.
Spontaneous recovery after 6-24 months is typical. If it persists beyond age 4-5 years, consider other diagnoses (secondary neutropenia). It is important to follow these patients into recovery for this reason.
Thoroughly discussing the natural history with the patient's parents and/or caregivers is important, since this can prevent undue anxiety created by low neutrophil counts.
In addition, because medical advice is usually sought after infections have occurred in a child with autoimmune neutropenia, discussing the condition's natural history validates the experience of the parents and/or caregivers and, in turn, increases their confidence in the physician's diagnosis and treatment.
It is important for patients to maintain good dental hygiene in order to prevent gingivitis, stomatitis, and other mucous membrane infections of the mouth.
Clinical Presentation
Dale DC, Bolyard AA. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic idiopathic neutropenia. Curr Opin Hematol. 2017 Jan. 24 (1):46-53. [Medline].
Boxer LA, Bolyard AA, Marrero TM, et al. Is there a role for anti-neutrophil antibody testing in predicting spontaneous resolution of neutropenia in young children. Blood. 2015. 126 (23):2211.
Farruggia P, Puccio G, Fioredda F, et al. Autoimmune neutropenia of childhood secondary to other autoimmune disorders: Data from the Italian neutropenia registry. Am J Hematol. 2017 Sep. 92 (9):E546-9. [Medline].
Nixon CP, Sweeney JD. Autoimmune Cytopenias: Diagnosis & Management. R I Med J (2013). 2016 Dec 1. 99 (12):36-40. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Farruggia P, Dufour C. Diagnosis and management of primary autoimmune neutropenia in children: insights for clinicians. Ther Adv Hematol. 2015 Feb. 6 (1):15-24. [Medline].
Lalezari P, Khorshidi M, Petrosova M. Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy. J Pediatr. 1986 Nov. 109(5):764-9. [Medline].
Nakamura K, Miki M, Mizoguchi Y, Karakawa S, Sato T, Kobayashi M. Deficiency of regulatory T cells in children with autoimmune neutropenia. Br J Haematol. 2009 Jun. 145(5):642-7. [Medline].
Bruin MC, von dem Borne AE, Tamminga RY, Kleijer M, Buddelmeijer L, de Haas M. Neutrophil antibody specificity in different types of childhood autoimmune neutropenia. Blood. 1999 Sep 1. 94(5):1797-802. [Medline].
Urban C, Lackner H, Sovinz P, Beham-Schmid C. Intramedullary aggregation and phagocytosis of neutrophils in chronic benign neutropenia of childhood. Br J Haematol. 2008 Aug. 142(4):504. [Medline].
Perdikogianni Ch, Dimitriou H, Stiakaki E, Markaki EA, Kalmanti M. Adhesion molecules, endogenous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels and replating capacity of progenitors in autoimmune neutropenia of childhood. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Nov. 92(11):1277-83. [Medline].
Kobayashi M, Ueda K, Kojima S, Nishihira H, Ishiguro A, Shimbo T. Serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels in patients with chronic neutropenia of childhood: modulation of G-CSF levels by myeloid precursor cell mass. Br J Haematol. 1999 May. 105(2):486-90. [Medline].
Lyall EG, Lucas GF, Eden OB. Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy. J Clin Pathol. 1992 May. 45(5):431-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Sella R, Flomenblit L, Goldstein I, Kaplinsky C. Detection of anti-neutrophil antibodies in autoimmune neutropenia of infancy: a multicenter study. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010 Feb. 12(2):91-6. [Medline].
Denic S, Showqi S, Klein C, Takala M, Nagelkerke N, Agarwal MM. Prevalence, phenotype and inheritance of benign neutropenia in Arabs. BMC Blood Disord. 2009 Mar 27. 9:3. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ortiz MV, Meier ER, Hsieh MM. Identification and Clinical Characterization of Children With Benign Ethnic Neutropenia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2016 Apr. 38 (3):e140-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Grann VR, Ziv E, Joseph CK, Neugut AI, Wei Y, Jacobson JS. Duffy (Fy), DARC, and neutropenia among women from the United States, Europe and the Caribbean. Br J Haematol. 2008 Oct. 143(2):288-93. [Medline].
Hajishengallis E, Rashewsky S, Kulkarni C, Stathopoulou P. Autoimmune Neutropenia as a Cause of Periodontal Disease in Preschool Children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016 Winter. 40 (1):69-75. [Medline].
Shete M, Thompson JW, Naidu SI, Stocks RM, Wang WC. Olaryngologic manifestations in children with chronic neutropenia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012 Mar. 76(3):392-5. [Medline].
Fioredda F, Calvillo M, Burlando O, et al. Infectious complications in children with severe congenital, autoimmune or idiopathic neutropenia: a retrospective study from the Italian Neutropenia Registry. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Apr. 32 (4):410-2. [Medline].
Bejjani N, Beaupain B, Bertrand Y, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Donadieu J. How to differentiate congenital from noncongenital chronic neutropenia at the first medical examination? Proposal of score: A pilot study from the French Severe Chronic Neutropenia registry. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017 Dec. 64 (12):[Medline].
Vlacha V, Feketea G. The clinical significance of non-malignant neutropenia in hospitalized children. Ann Hematol. 2007 Dec. 86(12):865-70. [Medline].
Lindqvist H, Carlsson G, Moell J, Winiarski J, Sundin M. Neutropenia in childhood: a 5-year experience at a tertiary center. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Jun. 174 (6):801-7. [Medline].
Hsieh MM, Everhart JE, Byrd-Holt DD, Tisdale JF, Rodgers GP. Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Apr 3. 146(7):486-92. [Medline].
Bux J, Behrens G, Jaeger G, Welte K. Diagnosis and clinical course of autoimmune neutropenia in infancy: analysis of 240 cases. Blood. 1998 Jan 1. 91(1):181-6. [Medline].
Audrain M, Martin J, Fromont P, Prie N, Thomas C, Muller EJ. Autoimmune neutropenia in children: analysis of 116 cases. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011 Aug. 22(5):494-6. [Medline].
Bruin M, Dassen A, Pajkrt D, Buddelmeyer L, Kuijpers T, de Haas M. Primary autoimmune neutropenia in children: a study of neutrophil antibodies and clinical course. Vox Sang. 2005 Jan. 88(1):52-9. [Medline].
Susumu Inoue, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Director of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Associate Director of Pediatric Education, Department of Pediatrics, Hurley Medical Center
Susumu Inoue, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Society for Pediatric Research
Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Gary D Crouch, MD Associate Professor, Program Director of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Fellowship, Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Gary D Crouch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Hematology
Lawrence C Wolfe, MD Associate Chief for Hematology and Safety, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center
Lawrence C Wolfe, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Blood Banks, American Society of Hematology, Children's Oncology Group, Eastern Society for Pediatric Research
Gary R Jones, MD Associate Medical Director, Clinical Development, Berlex Laboratories
Gary R Jones, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, and Western Society for Pediatric Research
encoded search term (Pediatric Autoimmune and Chronic Benign Neutropenia) and Pediatric Autoimmune and Chronic Benign Neutropenia
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
White Blood Cell Function
Fast Five Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Neutropenia?
Kostmann Disease
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Diseases & Conditions Pediatric Autoimmune and Chronic Benign Neutropenia
Diseases & Conditions Neutropenia
2010 neutrophils-granulocytes-999500 Drugs
Drugs granulocytes
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Drugs filgrastim


text:
Ken Starr files brief for the church to defend of Prop 8
Ken Starr (who investigated President Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky) is the chief counsel and author of the amicus brief for the church and three other religious institutions defending Proposition 8 before the California Supreme Court.
APPLICATION FOR PERMISSION TO FILE AMICI CURIAE BRIEFAND STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE TO THE HONORABLE RONALD M. GEORGE, CHIEF JUSTICE, AND THE HONORABLE ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA:
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, Rule 8.200(c), amici curiae The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, California Catholic Conference, National Association of Evangelicals, and Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America respectfully request permission to file the accompanying brief in support of Respondent State of California. The brief will assist the Court by setting forth the uniquely important perspective of four major faith communities with respect to marriage. Amici have a profound interest in the established definition of marriage and in the outcome of this case:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian denomination with approximately 800,000 members in California. Marriage and the family are central to the Churchs doctrine and beliefs. The Church teaches that marriage between man and woman is ordained of God and that the traditional family is the foundation of society. (See The Family: A Proclamation to the World, The First Presidency and Council of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (September 23, 1995), available at http://www.lds.org/library/display/0,4945,161-1-11-1,00.html [The family is ordained of God. Marriage between man and woman is essential to His eternal plan. Children are entitled to birth within the bonds of matrimony, and to be reared by a father and a mother who honor marital vows with complete fidelity.].) The Church believes that marriage and family supply the crucial relationships through which parents and children learn to live basic moral norms and acquire public and private virtue. The Church opposes changing the traditional male-female definition of marriage because of the harm such a change will cause to marriage and the family.
http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/supreme/highprofile/documents/calcathconfamicus.pdf
I found a Wonderful site on Isaiah!
http://www.isaiahexplained.com/
The site has free lessons on every chapter.
Very well done and in the author's own voice.
Every Isaiah Chapter has the Analytical Commentary of Isaiah. Enjoy this personable verse-by-verse commentary of Isaiah by well-known Hebrew scholar Avraham Gileadi.
"Dr. Gileadi is the only LDS scholar I know of who is thoroughly competent to teach the words of Isaiah"—Professor Hugh Nibley, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. (1. 6. 2003)
"It is my testimony that this man has been brought forward and trained at this time to help those inside the Church into Isaiah, and those outside the Church, Jew and Gentile, through Isaiah into the Church" —Arthur Henry King, author, former BYU professor and London
Temple President.
"Dr. Gileadi has achieved a major breakthrough in the investigation of a book of such complexity and importance as the Book of Isaiah"—Professor David Noel Freedman, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
"Dr. Gileadi's work will render obsolete almost all the speculations of Isaiah scholars over the last one hundred years . . . enabling scholarship to proceed along an entirely new line . . . opening new avenues of approach for others to follow"—Professor Roland K. Harrison, Wycliffe College, Toronto, Canada.
"Only one who is truly at home not only with the Hebrew but with the ancient manner of biblical thought could have produced such an insightful and ground-breaking book"—Professor S. Douglas Waterhouse, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.
"Avraham Gileadi's unsealing of the Book of Isaiah will forever change people's
understanding of Judeo-Christian religion, lifting it to heights hitherto known only to prophets and saints"—Arie Noot, corporate executive, Edmond, Oklahoma.
"Isaiah Decoded is a huge breakthrough for the seeker of truth—Jew, Christian, Moslem, and agnostic. From an ancient writing, Gileadi has brought to light eternal truths about the nature of God and our relationship to him that have lain buried for centuries in the dust of time"—Guy Wins, fifth-generation Jewish diamond dealer from Antwerp, Belgium.
"Gileadi is the only scholar I know who has been able to express the Jewish expectation of the Messiah in relation to the life and mission of Jesus of Nazareth"—Daniel Rona, Israeli tour guide, Jerusalem, Israel.
"Dr. Gileadi has clearly demonstrated his mastery of the Book of Isaiah and of the scholarly literature dealing with it"—Professor Ronald Youngblood, Bethel Theological Seminary, San Diego, California.
"Avraham Gileadi's books and tapes take the casual observer of Isaiah's words and transform him into an enlightened and lifelong student of the Word of God"—Allan and Nancy Pratt, LDS mission president, Toulouse, France.
"Dr. Gileadi has awakened a whole new depth of my understanding of Isaiah's prophetic message. His books and tapes illuminate the urgent relevance of Isaiah's writings to our own day"—Becky Douglas, supervisor and sponsor of three orphanages in India, Atlanta, Georgia.
"Dr. Gileadi's translation [of the Book of Isaiah] is clear and smooth, allowing the reader to appreciate the power and beauty of Isaiah as conveyed in the Hebrew original"—Professor Herbert M. Wolf, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
"Gileadi has uncovered an amazing message written in a divine code by the prophet–poet Isaiah. This will give comfort, hope, and joy to masses of people as they cope with the perplexing events now unfolding before their eyes"—Fenton Tobler, thirty years elementary school principle, Las Vegas, Nevada.
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text:
Strategic guidance for applying PCI-DSS tactics.
The Art of CIO Success
NetWitness's Amit Yoran comments on The Art of War
Minimize Risk by Maximizing Accountability
Security Paradigms
By Steven Fox, CSO |
A security consultant reports from the trenches.
The Anatomy of Leadership - A Sun Tzu perspective
What is Leadership? Most of us will agree that it is a quality or set of behaviors that engenders sufficient trust and respect as to have others follow someone. Can you point to the elements that contribute to leadership?
In The Art of War, Sun Tzu characterized leadership as a mix of five traits: Intelligence, Credibility, Humaneness, Courage, and Discipline. Every organization is characterized by processes and culture that influence the conduct of business. Sun Tzu referred to this as the Tao, or way. The Tao impacts, and is impacted by, personnel at all levels. The leadership, however, plays a unique role in the organization – leaders are entrusted to rally support for, and implement, a strategy.
Intelligence – If leaders are to succeed, their competence must permeate every aspect of their work. Their technical proficiency must conform to or exceed expectations. They must understand the needs and challenges of their colleagues. They must also understand the position of the organization in relation to their competitors. Leaders must take care in how their intelligence is perceived. Boastful shows of intelligence may be perceived as arrogance.
Credibility – Credibility emerges from a reputation of trustworthiness and competence. A leader must demonstrate his ability to employ his experience and knowledge to address a challenge relevant to the company. "The leader must first understand the priorities and values embodied in the Tao," said Sun Tzu. Armed with this knowledge, a leader's time and energy can be focused for greater value.
Humaneness – Leaders must demonstrate respect for those with whom they interact. This applies to subordinates, peers, and competitors. The security implications of this trait are significant. Information security managers who treat their reports with consideration and respect garner more cooperation. These leaders recognize the critical, enabling role their reports play.
Given the structure of most organizations, humaneness must be exercised between the leaders. Information security managers must balance the needs of many stakeholders against the security mandates of the company. They employ communication strategies that not only recognize the stakeholder visions but emphasize the common mission of the organization.
Humaneness must also be applied to the perception of organizational challenges. Leaders must shift to viewing individuals or teams as solution enablers. I have encountered the political fallout created by adversarial-minded security consultants. These individuals blamed the stakeholders for the control deficiencies they discovered and set a tone of mistrust that permeated their relationship. The resulting lack of confidence in security consultants was a significant challenge to overcome. Key to my evangelizing efforts was to empower the stakeholders in addressing the security gaps.
Courage – Leaders must project decisiveness and courage in the face of challenges. The credibility of individuals who vacillate under pressure suffers. Consequently, their judgment is questioned by both subordinates and peers. Courage enables a leader to recognize the opportunities inherent in all risks. The confidence projected by a courageous leader lends credibility to his actions and decisions. This trait allows the leader to "mobilize his team to take advantage of opportunities," said Sun Tzu. It also enables the leader to guide organizational adaptations to a changing environment.
Discipline – Throughout The Art of War, Sun Tzu stressed the importance of trained and disciplined personnel. The leader's job, he said, is to "prepare his forces for all tactical contingencies that may arise in the field of battle." This sage advice is applicable to building an effective security program. Leaders are positioned to evaluate the training needs of the team and enable said training. Training, however, does not stimulate discipline. "Discipline," according to Sun Tzu, "is enforced through consistent application of reward and punishment." Information security managers ensure that secure policies and practices are enforced with appropriate penalties for nonconformance.
Sun Tzu stressed that the leader must refer to the organization Tao when finding the appropriate balance of these traits we have discussed. Ultimately, a leader is self-aware and strategic in his ability to adapt.


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Our favorite white jeans are back! We love the split knee style with a frayed hem. With a high rise and super skinny fit, they are also comfy + flattering. And possibly the best for last- they are not see-through which is a white jean must!
In Kan Can denim, we suggest sizing down. Model wears a 3/25.


text:
France, Social, Literary, Political, Volume 1
Door Henry Lytton Bulwer
All inquiry as to opinions and votes previous to the restoration are forbidded; also all judicial prosecutions for the same to drop.
The conscription is abolished ; the recruiting for the army and navy is provided for by a law.
The King's person is inviolable and sacred; his ministers are responsible. The King alone is invested with the executive power.
The King is the head of the state; The King is, &c. for the just enhe commands the forces of the land forcement of the laws, without ever and the forces of the sea, declares war, being able to put aside the laws forms treaties of peace, of alliance, and themselves or suspend their execuof commerce; appoints to all offices tion. No foreign troops shall ever be of public administration, and frames admitted into the service of the state all rules and regulations for the just but by virtue of an especial law. enforcement of the laws and the secu: rity of the state.
Every law ought to be freely discussed and voted by the majority of botla the Chambers.
The Chambers have the right to request the King to propose a law for any object, and to suggest the best mode of framing the law they wish him to propose.
This demand can be made by either of the Chambers; but, after having passed a special committee, it shall not be forwarded to the other Chamber under the space of ten days.
(Articles xix. and xx. are suppressed in the new charta.)
xxi. If a proposition is adopted by the other Chainber, it will be submitted to the King; if it is rejected, it cannot again be brought forward the same session.
If the proposition of a law has been rejected by either of the three powers, it cannot be again presented during the same session.
The King ratifies and promulgates the laws.
xxin. The civil list is fixed for the whole reign by the first legislative sitting that is held after the accession.
XXIV.
The Chamber of Peers is an essential portion of the legislative power.
It is convoked by the King conjointly with the Chamber of Deputies. The session of both begins and ends at the same time.
XXVI,
Any sittings of the Chamber of Peers, after the closing of the session o! the Chamber of Deputies, or which have not been especially convoked by the King, shall be held null and void.
Any sittings, &c., null and void, excepting when assembled on trials, then it can only exercise judicial power.
The creation of Peers of France belongs exclusively to the King. Their number is unlimited; he can make them either for life or hereditary.
Peers can take their seats in the Chamber at twenty-five years of age, but cannot speak or discuss until thirty years of age.
XXIX.
The Chamber of Peers has for president the Chancellor of France; during his absence a peer appointed by the King.
Members and princes of the blood- The princes of the blood are Peers royal are Peers by right of birth, and of France by right of birth; they rank rank immediately after the president, immediately after the president. but have no voice in the Chamber before the age of twenty-five years.
XXXI.
The princes cannot take their seat in the Chamber but by order of the King, given for each session by a message, under pain of rendering gull and void all that may have been passed in their presence.—(Suppressed.).
XXXII.
The discussions in the chamber of Peers are secret.
The sittings of the Chamber of Peers are public, like those of the Deputies.
XXXIU,
To the Chainber of Peers belongs the right of prosecution for high treason, or for state-offences, according to law.
XXXIV.
No Peer can be arrested but by order of the Chamber, and be judged by the same in criminal matters.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
The Chamber of Deputies to be elected by the electoral colleges, which shall be organised according to the law.
XXXVI. Each department to have the same number of Deputies that it has had until the present time.-(Suppressed.)
XXXI. The Deputies to be elected for five The Deputies are elected for the years, and in such a manner that the space of five years. Chamber be reinforced a fifth every year. * }
Xxxii. No Deputy can take his seat in the No Deputy can take his seat in the Chamber if he is under forty years of Chamber if he is under thirty years age, and if he does not pay direct of age, and if he does not unite all the taxes to the mount of 1000 fr.
other requisitions according to the law.
XXXVIII.
If, nevertheless, there should not
If, nevertheless, there should not be found in the department fifty in- be found in the department fifty individuals of the prescribed age and dividuals of the prescribed age and paying direct taxes of 1000 fr. their eligibility, according to law, their number may be completed by the next number may be completed by the next highest taxed below the 1000 francs, highest taxed below them, &c. and these can be elected with the concurrence of the first.
Half at least of the Deputies to be chosen from among the eligibles, who bave their political dwelling in the department. XLIII.
XXXVII. The president of the Chamber of The President of the Chamber of Deputies to be chosen by the King Deputies to be elected by the Chamber from a list of five members presented at the commencement of each session. by the Chamber.
• The Chambor sits seven years, unless dissolved by the King,-Law of the 9th of June, 1824
XLIV.
The sittings of the Chamber shall be public; but the demand of five members suffices to form it into a secret committee.
XLV.
The Chamber divides itself into sections, in order to discuss the propositions made by the King.
XLVI.
No alteration can be made in a law, if such has not been proposed or agreed to by the king, and if it has not been sent to and discussed by the sections.(Suppressed.)
XLVII.
The Chamber of Deputies receives all proposals for taxes; it is not until they have been passed that they can be carried to the Chamber of Peers.(Suppressed.)
No tax can be imposed or enforced without the consent of both the Chambers and the sanction of the King.
XLIX.
The manorial tax is to be granted only for a year. Indirect taxes can be imposed for several years.
The King convokes the Chambers every year; he prorogues them, and can dissolve the Chamber of Deputies; but in such a case he must call another within the space of three months.
LI.
A member of the Chamber cannot be arrested during the sittings or sis weeks before and after the sittings,
LII.
A member of the Chamber cannot be arrested for any criminal offence during the sittings, unless it be of a flagrant nature, and then only with the consent of the Chamber.
LIII.
Any petition to either of the Chambers must be made in and presented in writing; the law forbids any petition being presented personally at the bar of the Chamber.
LIV.
Ministers can be members of either Chamber; they have the right to enter both the Chambers, and be heard when they demand it.
LY.
The Chamber of Deputies has the right to impeach the ministers, and to have them tried by the Chamber of Peers, which alone has the privilege of judging.
LVI.
They can only be impeached for high treason or embezzlement. Special laws are provided for the prosecution of such crimes.-(Suppressed.)
(Articles Lvi. to LXIJ. of the Old the same as Articles xlvin. to bui. in the New Charta.)
LXIII.
There cannot, consequently, be ap- There cannot, in consequence, be pointed any commissions and tri- appointed any special commissions or bunaux extraordinaires. Bnt the special sittings of Courts of Law, naming of the provost's jurisdiction under any title or pretence whatever. is not included under this denomination-if their re-establishement is deemed necessary.
(Articles LXIV. to LxxII. of the Old the same as Articles lv. to LINI. in the New Charta.)
LXXIII.
The Colonies to be governed by special laws and regulations.
LXXIV.
LXV.
The King and his successors at their coronation shall swear faithfully to observe the present constitutional charta.
The King and his successors on their accession shall swear before the united Chambers to observe faithfully the constitutional Charta.
LXXV.
The Deputies of France, after a dissolution, to retain their seats until they are replaced.---(Suppressed.)
LXXVI.
The first renewal of a fifteenth of the Chamber to date not earlier than the year 1816.--(Suppressed.)
The following belong to the New Charta only.
LXVI.
The present Charta and its privileges are confided to the patriotism and courage of the national guards, and the citizens of France.
LXVII.
France réassumes her colours, and for the future no other cockade shall be worn than the tri-coloured cockade.
Special Provisions.
LXVIII.
All appointments and creation of Peers made during the reign of Charles X. declared to be null and void.
LXIX.
Separate laws, to be provided for the following objects with as little delay as possible :
1. Use of Jury to crimes of the press, and political offences. 2. The responsibility of ministers and other agents of power. 3. The re-election of Deputies and public functionaries who receive salaries 4. Annual vote for the contingencies of the army.
5. Organisation of the national guards, with the intervention of the said guards in the choice of their officers.
6. Arrangements which shall establish by law the state of officers of all ranks in the army and the navy.
7. Municipal and provincial institutions founded on an elective system. 8. Public instruction, and liberty to teach.


Vertical dance will be featured in the UW dance perfomance, "Passage," showing Tuesday, Dec. 8-Saturday, Dec. 12, at 7:30 p.m. on the Buchanan Center for the Performing Arts main stage.
The University of Wyoming Department of Theatre and Dance "Passage" dance performance can be seen Tuesday, Dec. 8-Saturday, Dec. 12, at 7:30 p.m. on the Buchanan Center for the Performing Arts main stage.
Tickets cost $14 for the public, $11 for senior citizens and $7 for students. For tickets and information call (307) 766-6666, visit the Performing Arts box office or Wyoming Union information desk, or go online at www.uwyo.edu/finearts.
Choreographed by Margaret Wilson, Aaron Wood and Jennifer Deckert, "Passage" is an original dance concert that incorporates contemporary modern and vertical dance in three dance journeys exploring interior and exterior landscapes.
The concert opens with Wilson's "Arctic Dreams," which combines vertical dance with imagery of arctic landscapes inspired by the poetry of Gretel Ehrlich and images from geologist Neil Humphrey's field work in Greenland.
The piece features original music by faculty member Sean Warren Stone.
"Working with Sean on the musical score has added a beautiful and mysterious element to the piece," Wilson says.
Following "Arctic Dreams" is Wood's piece, "Echoing Terrain of Solitude." Inspired by Wyoming's oscillating landscape of harsh, windswept peaks and vast stillness, the dance features projections created by Wood plus the music of Mike Wall and Max Richter.
The concert closes with Deckert's "Disguised in Silence," featuring music by Pan Sonic, Venetian Snares and Sigur Ros. The piece explores western landscape and attempts to discover motion within the silence and the strength behind the quiet.


So what is the perfect cadence?
BTF look to encourage coaches to promote a cadence range of 75-85 revolutions per minute (rpm). Working on this principles. If you select too low a gear – then your cadence will drop low, so sub 65rpm. This means you will be pushing hard and this builds up lactic acid in the legs and will blow them leaving you with nothing for the run. OR if you select too high a gear you could be ticking over at 110rpm+ Meaning that you are virtually spinning on the spot and therefore not moving forwards as fast as you could. However, as you will see with running, a cadence range of 90-95 is best for those looking to run off the bike. You will see the pros hitting 100-120 with ease but they have progressively trained themselves to turn the right gear at that level. Top Tip: look to change your gear frequently to ensure you are in the correct cadence range. Look to practice small periods of higher cadence on your long ride or turbo sessions to teach your body to cycle with a higher turn over.
As mentioned above, get the wrong gear on the bike and you are likely to have blown your legs out filling them with lactic acid and therefore running off the bike with heavy legs. Elite runners have a cadence of 180-210 steps per minute whilst training or racing. The length of their strides simply increases. So how can we use this knowledge to help run off the bike better. Well if you half 180 you get 90 which is the lower end of the more efficient cycle cadence range. Top tip: look to buy a small metronome were you can set the bleeps to help you run faster.
This is slightly more harder to give a guide to. Wing span has a factor. This is basically whether your wing span of your arms are longer or shorter than your height. A positive wing span means you can have the potential to catch more water per stroke, but if you have a poor or short stroke it won't apply. Counting your strokes per length can help. 25m pool means you should take less than 25 strokes. As you get more efficient this will come down. However when you look to go fast, your stroke rate will naturally increase. Having the ability to maintain this is keep. Think speed boat going fast for 10sec then drifting in the water. It slows down. Now if that speed boat could keep going it will get to the end quicker Top tip: you can also buy a waterproof metronome which goes under your swim cap and you look to replicate a stroke to the beeps.
This entry was posted in Coach's Corner and tagged Cycling, Running, Swimming by Mark. Bookmark the permalink.


If we don´t have it, it doesn´t exist – this is the HAMANN motto for its extensive part programme for the current M3 Coupé. Since 1986, the Laupheim-based company has developed and manufactured products for the individualisation of BMW automobiles, using their experience gained in the heated battle of motorsport. The result: powerful performance enhancements, lift-reducing aerodynamics components and a stable sport braking system.
Striking 19- and 20- inch light alloy rims and precious interior modifications made of aluminium and carbon complement these upgrades.
The first tuning level increases the standard figures of the V8 (309 kw/420 hp) by 15 kw/20 hp and delivers an additional 25 Nm (series: 400 Nm) on the crank shaft. This is achieved by an optimised engine map. The V/max limitation is annulled and the top speed increases to 300 km/h.
Another performance kit is called Sportkit HM/M +35. And the name says it all: after the modification, the engine has up to 35 hp/26 kw more power. The torque rises by 48 Nm and the speedometer doesn´t stop until it reaches 320 km/h. Another component of this enduring performance kit is a sportive exhaust system. It is made of stainless steel and is therefore non-corroding and includes a metal catalyser as well as a middle section- and rear section muffler. The comprehensively optimised motor management matches this feature. An earthy sound and a significantly perceptible performance improvement will delight the BMW-pilot from now on.
In the design stage, HAMANN perfectly harmonises the individual components of the aerodynamic package. The result is a breath-taking styling with an optimised airflow. The sportive-dynamic front spoiler, which goes hand in hand with the rear skirt and the rear spoiler, reduces the lifting forces and forms a whole new look. The optical link between front and rear is accomplished with the HAMANN side skirts and the shapely roof spoiler. The precisely fitted Body-Kit is attached on the standard attachment points. Prices start at 2,400 euros.
The HAMANN rim programme takes the individual wishes of the M3-clientele into account. No matter if the customer is looking for a sportive distinctive or elegant and noble appearance – HAMANN offers varying tyre designs and sizes. Named ANNIVERSARY I and ANNIVERSARY I BLACK LINE, a one-piece tyre in a several-part look with 19 inches is offered. Both rims have a high-gloss INOX stainless steel lip, but differ as they either have a silver- or black-lacquered rim-star.
The recommended tyre-wheel combination measures 8.5Jx19 inches with tyres sized 245/35ZR19. The rear is equipped with rims measuring 10.0Jx19 inches and wheels sized 265/35ZR19. ANNIVERSARY rim designs with 20 inches are also available. Here, HAMANN recommends the 9.0Jx20 inches with 245/30ZR20 tyres on the front axle and 10.5Jx20 with 295/25ZR20 tyres on the rear axle.
One of the technical highlights in the offered tuning programme is the three-part HAMANN-aluminium wheel called EDITION RACE. The black-lacquered rim-star and the titan fittings of the glossy finished flange emphasise the racing character. Due to its forge technology manufacturing, it is especially light and improves both the handling and also acceleration and braking response by its reduced unsprung mass.
The tyre-wheel combination measures 8.5Jx20 inches plus tyres on rims sized 245/30ZR20 front and 10.5Jx20 with a set of tyres measuring 295/25ZR20 rear; they are offered for 7,600 euros by HAMANN.
HAMANN recommends high-performance tyres of the type S1 EVO which are manufactured by its technology partner HANKOOK.
Sportive emphasis is achieved by the chassis clips which lower the main part of the sport coupé by 25 millimetres at the front and 15 millimetres at the rear axle.
The ideal solution for varying requirements on the race track and in everyday use is offered by the height adjustable chassis with coil-over by HAMANN. The chassis which can be delivered in two versions (for cars with/without limited slip differential) each include four traction- and pressure adjustable shock absorbers and four progressively wound sportiing springs. This enables to lower the chassis by 40 mm and offers numerous possibilities for an individual adjustment.
A sport brake system leads to excellent deceleration measures. Perforated and internally ventilated brake discs measuring 405 x 34 mm (front) and 380 x 28 mm (rear) are sandwiched by the front six- and back four-piston system.
In addition to the present factory-made interior equipment, HAMANN offers accessories made of precious aluminium. Hand brake levers, gear sticks and pedals bring a motor sports flair and perfectly match the with the HAMANN interior set made of super-light carbon. HAMANN has everything that makes your heart miss a beat – from personalised floor mats up to complete leather equipments everything is made in handcrafted quality.


The third issue of the best-selling comic book series by Barry "Bazza" Wernick and Matthew Spradlin is a great deal. 24 pages of delicious colors and story! Make sure to provide email address at checkout to receive the PDF.
Our elite group of students serving detention on this stormy Saturday at CrestView Academy have quickly dropped in numbers. As the last few remaining kids reveal secrets past and present, they attempt to escape the ghoulish apparition they've conjured from the underworld. And when the 'outsider' comes up with a plan to escape their fancy new library, the question is raised: Is this recently released juvenile delinquent a friend...or a deadly foe? Maybe the ghosts which supposedly haunt this prestigious school aren't responsible for today's 8-hour bloodbath after all?


An RM mobile crusher is extremely versatile. Every material that you process comes out of the crusher as cubic final grain. That is how coal is often processed, for example, in some regions of Europe.
Railway sleepers are another challenging material that is recycled in no time by RM crushers to form value grain. Do you need to process material that is a special challenge? Contact us and together we will find the optimum solution for you!
Major contract with RM 70GO!
To crush 15,000 tons of recycling material in a short time while ensuring that the precise quality is achieved is no problem for the RM 70GO! The rapid start-up and straightforward handling made it possible to finish the order working at high capacity.


text:
Women's Ranch Rodeo Finals Coming to Amarillo
AMARILLO, TX September 1, 2011 — Looking for something a little western to do Oct. 14 and 15? Then a seat in the Amarillo National Center is just the ticket. The Women's Ranch Rodeo Association will be holding their World Finals in Amarillo, TX.
The WRRA, formed in 2005, features women only teams competing in a series of ranch rodeos throughout the year, culminating in a world finals each October. Between eight and 12 teams compete in five events at each rodeo. Each team has four contestants and their trusty steed. The events include sorting, trailer loading, doctoring, tie down/mugging and simulated branding.
"We are so appreciative to the Coors Cowboy Club for providing us the opportunity to bring our World Finals to Amarillo and the Amarillo National Center," said Edy Jost, President of the WRRA. "We look forward to bringing our families and this competition to town." The WRRA World Finals will be held in Amarillo for five years according to Chris Reed of the Coors Cowboy Club.
Reed noted that the agreement creates a unique opportunity for rodeo fans in Amarillo and the surrounding area to learn about and enjoy an important type of ranch rodeo competition. "The women who compete in the WRRA are skilled cowgirls. Many of them live on working ranches compete in other ranch rodeos and roping events throughout the year. Those attending the World Finals will certainly find the level of competition and the excitement of the event to their liking," he said.
Tickets for Friday or Saturday are $12 each and include the 1pm rodeo performance, Chamber "After Hours" (Friday, 5:30pm), BBQ Sandwich (Saturday, 5:30pm), the 7pm rodeo and a dance. There will also be shopping at the Cowboy Christmas where vendors will have an assortment of Christmas gift ideas.
For more information, 806-376-7767.


The decennial census (occurring every ten years) by the US Census Bureau provides crucial policy and planning information. It is important to incorporate the nursing home population in this larger civic project, but how can nursing home administrators balance resident autonomy and privacy, administrative demands, and accurate reporting of census data. A study commissioned by the Census Bureau examined the use of administrative lists in nursing home-based census enumeration, and barriers to self-report by residents.
Source: Salari S. Ethnographic evidence of barriers to resident self-report on the decennial census in hospice and skilled nursing facilities. Seniors Housing & Care Journal; (2012). 20(1).
The National Investment Center for the Seniors Housing and Care Industry (NIC) and the Mather LifeWays Institute on Aging are bringing open access to the Seniors Housing & Care Journal in 2012, making all the articles accessible to all, free of charge. To download the articles from the 2012 journal, please visit the NIC's website.


Friday May 6th 1892 It was a very pleasant morning. I walked to town and Fanny came home with me to spend the day. Ott came for dinner. Fanny began my quilt. I helped with the work in the evening. Saturday May 7th 1892 We cleaned up the summer kitchen and done the other work. Will and I rode to town in the afternoon. I got a few things. I worked on my quilt in the evening. Will is forty-two years old today. Sunday May 8th 1892 Will and I went to church this forenoon and in the afternoon was out to Marys a little while. The Whetstones were over. I wrote some in the evening. It was a cloudy windy day with a drizzling rain in the evening. Monday May 9th 1892 It rained all day long. I worked on my quilt besides helping with the work. This is Hatties birthday. She is thirty-five years old. Tuesday May 10th 1892 weather still gloomy and slightly rainy. Mother spend the day in town. I worked at my quilt and she helped me with it. Sadie washed in the afternoon. Wednesday May 11th 1892 We ironed some clothes from the garret and put out the rest in the afternoon. Will and I went to town. I was at the office to show Ott letters I had from the boys and was down to Hatties she is cleaning house. I got me a new dress. In the evening I went back to town to hear Mrs Aldrich lecture. Mary and the girls came along. I went with them. Thursday May 12th 1892 I was busy with the work all forenoon. We washed again. In the afternoon we put my quilt in and worked at it till bed-time. It did not rain today. It is six years today since Will and I were married.


New Zealand has a rich engineering and industrial heritage worth appreciating and celebrating. We created the Engineering Heritage Register to make sure everyone knows about and understands our major engineering achievements and the contribution engineers make to society.
As part of our heritage programme, we're always looking for new Register entries. Items go through a robust registration process to ensure that we're profiling the very best of New Zealand's engineering heritage.
We also have stories on a wide range of other heritage items. See our Engineering Heritage Record.


J.P. Morgan's Corporate & Investment Bank (CIB) is a global leader across banking, markets and investor services. It provides strategic advice, raises capital, manages risk and extends liquidity in markets around the world. The world's most important corporations, governments and institutions entrust us with their business in more than 100 countries.
Testing including; creation of test scenarios with subject matter experts, test scripts and managing execution of testing and subsequent stakeholder sign off. These may include System Testing, User Acceptance Testing and Production Verification Testing. Assessment of the business impact of defects and issues.
J.P. Morgan is an equal opportunity employer and is committed to providing a working environment that embraces and values diversity and inclusion. We are proud to retain our Silver Employer status in the 2018 Australian Workplace Equality Index (AWEI). If you have any support or access requirements, we encourage you to advise us at time of application.


text:
De fires klub (engelsk: Club of Four) var et samarbejde mellem lastbilsfabrikanterne Volvo Trucks (Sverige), DAF (Holland), Magirus-Deutz (Tyskland) og Saviem/Renault (Frankrig). Det var et af de første store joint ventures indenfor den europæiske køretøjsindustri.

De fire firmaer gik i 1971 sammen i et projekt om at lave en lastbil i mellemklassen. Man søsatte en samarbejdsaftale og oprettede firmaet European Truck Development Corporation med sæder i Eindhoven og Noisy-le-Roi. I starten var også MAN med i samarbejdet, men forlod det senere til fordel for et samarbejde med Volkswagen. Modellen kom på markedet i 1975. Hvert firma havde sin egen front. Saviem leverede foraksler til samtlige fabrikater, og førerhusene til Volvo, DAF og Magirus-Deutz blev fremstillet hos Magirus-Deutz. Saviem havde stor indflydelse på udformningen af førerhusets design.

Videreudviklinger
DAF blev i 1987 overtaget af British Leyland, og modellen udgik da af DAF's modelprogram. Magirus-Deutz blev i 1975 en del af Iveco (Fiat) og forsvandt efterhånden som eget mærke. Modellen afløstes der af Iveco Eurocargo, som introduceredes i 1992. Saviem forsvandt i 1980 som eget mærke da moderselskabet Renault købte Berliet og alle tre firmaer i stedet blev slået sammen i Renault Véhicules Industriels (RVI), mens modellen fortsatte i produktion hos Renault frem til 2000. Volvo kaldte deres versioner F4 og F6. I 1979 blev F7, baseret på F4/F6, valgt til Truck of the Year. I 1985 kom en indirekte efterfølger, men først en direkte i 2006. På det amerikanske marked solgtes modellen som Mid-Liner af Mack Trucks, som fra 1979 indgik i Renault og i dag indgår i Volvo.

Eksterne henvisninger
 http://www.volvotrucks.com/trucks/global/en-gb/aboutus/history/1970s/pages/F4_and_F6.aspx  (på engelsk)

Lastbiler
Volvo Trucks
Renault-lastbilmodeller
DAF-lastbilmodeller

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia