text:
Q: Firebase User Doesn't Have Constructor? I'm working with Flutter/Dart and Firebase. I'm using provider to grab Firebase user info and I'm seeing this error:
The class 'User' doesn't have a default constructor.
Try using one of the named constructors defined in 'User'.

The code causing the issue is:
providers: [
        ChangeNotifierProvider<AuthProvider>(create: (_) => AuthProvider()),
        StreamProvider<User>.value(
          initialData: User(
            name: 'Friend',
            uid: '0',
          ),
          value: FirebaseAuth.instance.authStateChanges(),
          // initialData: ,
        ),

I don't have a user class. The User class is coming from Firebase so how could I possibly add a constructor to it? Is there a way to get around this constructor error in the initialData field?
There's a UserInfo class that has a constructor. But, when I try using that, I can't set any default values for the fields. I'm getting The named parameter 'uid' isn't defined. Try correcting the name to an existing named parameter's name, or defining a named parameter with the name 'uid'

A: The thing is that you cant create a user object, you need to receive it from Firebase.
in the initial data you tried to create an User object so you got an error.
honestly i tried to replicate your error but couldnt find from where did you find the named constructors.
some helpful lines of code:
you can get the current logged in user like this:
 User user = FirebaseAuth.instance.currentUser;

or like this if you sign in with email and password:
 final UserCredential signInResponse = await FirebaseAuth.instance.signInWithEmailAndPassword(
email: email,
password: password);

final User user =signInResponse.user;

if you want to create a new user one of the options is:
 final UserCredential createUserResponse = await FirebaseAuth.instance.createUserWithEmailAndPassword(
email: email,
password: password);

final User user =createUserResponse.user;

hope this helps, if not tell me what did i miss and ill try to correct my answer :)

A: So, if I change the initialData value to the following, the errors disappear. Not sure why this works to be honest seems to me like it should cause some errors, but it's not so I'll roll with it for now.
StreamProvider<User>.value(
          initialData: FirebaseAuth.instance.currentUser,
          value: FirebaseAuth.instance.authStateChanges(),
          // initialData: ,
        ),

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Peter Lougheed Provincial Park is one of the best places in the Canadian Rockies to view moose.
Although the national parks get most of the attention from visitors to the Canadian Rockies, locals will tell you that Kananaskis Country is prime territory for wildlife viewing. The hills, valleys, and forests are home to an abundance of wildlife, including large populations of moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, black bear, bighorn sheep, and mountain goat. Also present, but less likely to be seen, are wolves, grizzly bears, and cougars. In fact, Kananaskis is one of the best places in the region for viewing moose. Look for them along roadways in Peter Lougheed Provincial Park and Spray Valley Provincial Park. These two parks also offer your best chances of seeing bears. Elk are often seen along the Kananaskis Valley between the TransCanada Highway and Kananaskis Village. A large swathe of the Sheep River Valley is set aside as Sheep River Provincial Park, protecting the winter range of hundreds of bighorn sheep.
Even if you're not interested in photography, the Canadian Rockies Wildlife Photography eBook, by renowned wildlife photographer Wayne Lynch, is a great resource for searching out local wildlife. It includes all the very best places to view wildlife in Kananaskis Country.


text:
Assessment, Research & Planning
Academics /
The mission of the Assessment, Research & Planning Office at Penn College is to collect, analyze, and disseminate information in support of institutional effectiveness including assessment, accreditation, planning, policy analyses, and decision-making.
Assessment, Research, and Planning (ARP) strives to provide excellent services to all constituents of the College via the three facets of the Office.
Assessment is a systematic, continuous process for collecting, reviewing, and using data/evidence for the purpose of overall improvement of programs/services and enhancing student learning. The ARP Office provides administrative support for institutional effectiveness though assessment by coordinating or assisting the following activities (among others).
Accreditation Reports
(both institutional and programmatic)
Academic Program Reviews
Surveys (CIRP, NSSE, graduates, employers, etc.)
Research is primarily focused on the study of the College, which is commonly known as institutional research. The ARP Office provides relevant, accurate and timely information via routine and ad hoc reporting of institutional data to internal and external audiences. Routine reports include student demographic booklets produced using semester census date data, end-of-term data, and academic year data.
Institutional Research Data
The ARP Office supports planning efforts at Penn College through its assessment and research activities. The Office also assists the planning committee with updating and drafting the planning document. These documents are for internal use only. Penn College employees can access them using myPCT.
Strategic Goals & Initiatives
Assessment, Research and Planning
arp@pct.edu
Lifelong Education Center B2066
Assessment, Research and Planning Staff
DIF 113

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
CHOICErs
Impact & Transparency
Young and Powerful Podcast
Check out more recent media
Exxposing reality: sex work is work
We believe sex work is work. As an organization, CHOICE stands with sex workers in their struggle for decriminalization.
Climate Change and SRHR: What's the Narrative?
Katelynn Frawley conducted research for CHOICE on the narratives that NGOs are using to present the interlinkages of climate change and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). Read her blog to find out how we can do justice for women and girls in the face of climate change through sexual and reproductive rights.
Post-CSW: Recommendations to the Netherlands for Gender Equality
The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is a United Nations commission that takes place in March in New York every year, to negotiate a new document towards the advancement of gender equality worldwide. As every year, CHOICE youth advocates attended the CSW to lobby on behalf of Dutch women and girls. This year, the priority theme was "social protection systems, access to public services and sustainable infrastructure for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls."
The Future is Female (and Sexually Active)
This International Women's Day, we want to share why Women's Marches as spaces are so integral to the cause of SRHR and for the amplification of youth voices...
Happy Valentine's (and Condoms) Day!
14th of February. The day of love, affection and... condoms.
8 Recommendations on Refugees SRHR in Europe
Refugees in Europe urgently need sexual and reproductive healthcare rights. These are our 8 recommendations to make this happen.
Bigger and Better: The key Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Events in 2019!
Heading into 2019, you will no doubt be filled with new resolutions and fresh spirits for the coming 365 days! We have summed up some of the key events, activities, conferences and summits during the year for you to follow and engage in.
No SRHR without HIV Services
Young people deserve a healthy and happy future. To ensure this, it is crucial that young people's sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are secured. However, we believe that this is impossible without an integrated and comprehensive approach to youth-friendly SRHR and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) health services.
Find us at ICFP 2018
Find us at the International Conference for Family Planning 2018 in Kigali, Rwanda. Check out all our engagements here!
« 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Visit our resource hub You(th)DoIT!
CHOICE for Youth and Sexuality is registered with special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council
info@choiceforyouth.org
1016 DR Amsterdam
RSIN Number: 8143.36.139
Check out our latest annual report here
Stay informed about all things CHOICE:
This is what you can do to help
© 2023 CHOICE for Youth and Sexuality | Webdesign by Violet88


The Sanitarium Weet-Bix Kids TRYathlon in Central East Auckland on Sunday, 10 February 2019 is designed for Kiwi kids aged 7 to 15 years to help them stay active and healthy through a programme of participation.
he TRYathlon will begin with the swim leg on Pt England Beach in the ocean parallel to the beach. TRYathletes are generally able to stand-up during the short swim, however everyone is encouraged to give swimming a go! The bike leg is along Riverside Avenue and Dunkirk Road, and the run leg is around Point England Reserve itself.
This event is based at Point England Reserve.


If you've noticed a recent change in the smell or taste of your pool water, it could indicate unhealthy changes to the chemical composition of the water. If the water tastes salty to you, it generally means that something is amiss with the water's TDS level.
Simply put, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) refers to everything dissolved in water that isn't, well, water. This includes all the microscopic minerals, salts, metals and organic matter that find their way into a water system as a result of chemical additives, regular usage, and water treatment.
Most worrying, a high TDS level can damage the fabric of the swimming pool itself. This can, therefore, be a major problem if left untreated. For this reason, it's important that you identify whether there is a problem and, for the sake of your pool's longevity (and an enjoyable swim), take action to solve it.
A helpful way of determining the balance of your pool water is by utilising something called the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). This measures a range of factors, including water hardness, TDS, alkalinity, pH levels and temperature – making it not just an effective way of judging TDS levels, but also a comprehensive means of assessing your water's chemical makeup.
You will need a water balance kit, a thermometer and a TDS meter. Your water balance kit should have simple, straightforward instructions to enable you to carry out a water analysis. Once you have the figures measured for the factors above, you should record them on paper (or online calculator) for your pool engineer to determine the saturation index of the water.
Using the results of this test, it can be established whether the pool water is corrosive which can damage the pool equipment and internal finishes. or whether it is scale forming, which can result in a build-up of minerals, also causing damage to equipment and leaving deposits on covers, handrails etc. London Swimming Pool engineers can take effective action to return your pool's chemical and mineral makeup back to normal – and prevent long-term damage to your pool.
If like most clients you're not up for tackling the test yourself, get in touch with your pool engineer, explain the situation and you'll be well on your way to enjoying a non-salty, non-corrosive pool once more.
The best way of protecting your pool water from undesirable TDS levels and any other potential issues is to have regular (at least twice a month) professional servicing. This way you can be confident that no problems arise in the first place.


The Aero-Delta is the junior bike pack in the Aero range but it is one of our most popular bags for good reason, it is versatile, expanding to over double its size when required.
For general commuting you can have the bag at a mere 15 liters which is perfect for lunch and a few items to go to work. But on the longer trips, zip the bag open and you have a 35 liter capacity to take a large range of gear in this handy motorcycle luggage option.
The Aero-Delta can be zipped together with all of the products in the Aero range, including the Aero-Spada, to increase luggage capacity.
All products in the Aero range will zip together to increase capacity.
Each kit includes the L-Brackets for your bike, the appropriate Pack-Rack, the Aero-Delta, and the mounting instructions & all components, such as required nuts and bolts.
The Aero-Delta Bike-Pack Kit is manufactured specifically for each motorbike for a perfect fit. To check that we have this Bike-Pack System for your Bike choose your Make and Model below.


New Jersey! GO man GO!
Well, I don't think you're ready to settle in just yet.
So you might as well keep going.
Sounds like it's time to move on. Next time you post I hope you're in the Keys.
We bought a little Ham for thanksgiving! it cost 8 bucks! our new weekly money budget is 60 dollars.
by the way dad... looks like I'll be coming home for christmas.... got any work... and... can you pay for the plan ticket? LeeAnn's parents are buying hers! they love her so much.
Or we could arrange a one way ticket home for the winter.
I miss my baby girl!!!


The HERBANICA® Herbal Remedy range consists of 9 single botanicals specifically chosen for a number of common ailments. Whether your body needs a boost, protection or relief, these herbal remedies can assist in balancing your body and help relieve the health issues you are experiencing.
Each product has helpful information on what it is used for and how to take it. If symptoms persist, consult your healthcare professional.
Want to calm down and unwind?
Time to flush out the system?
Experiencing a heavy flow or an irregular cycle?
Need to settle your stomach?
Feeling a little bit moody?
Got a raspy cough or sore throat?
Want to help your heart a little?


Whenever we have the opportunity to kill a few trends with one stone, we take it. And, it turns out most fall dresses are like little fashion burritos, with all of the styles we're loving right now bundled into one easy-to-wear item. Ditsy florals? Ruffles, animal prints, and asymmetric hemlines? Check, check, check.
So when you're ready to shop for this season, take note of how many trends you can tackle with just one piece: the long-sleeve dress. After all, if you're going to wear dresses all season long, you want them function as an entire outfit all on their own. Because really, why should any dress only check one box? From here on out, all of our purchases have to be filling at least three.
It may seem like a tall order, but the 16 dresses ahead will have us covered all autumn long — just throw a cowboy boot here or a chunky sneaker there and we can basically get dressed in the dark from October through December.


text:
Stanthorpe Stonefruit Farm
Southern Downs
CO2 Savings
Stone fruit, sheep and beef cattle
Solar Pumping, Lighting, Tariffs
Farm Profile
The Stanthope farm produces an average of 300 tonnes of stonefruit per year from 40ha. Water is supplied from on-site irrigation dams, which are replenished from rainfall.
When the audit has conducted the site consumed approximately 20,300 kWh annually at a cost of around $6,500, which is low as they already had a 10kW solar photovoltaic (PV) system installed. Diesel consumption was also recorded at the site, with 228 GJ per year. Their energy benchmarking was approximately 67kWh per tonne of fruit produced.
The site energy consumption consists of:
A packing shed with various items of machinery that process the fruit with a 5kW solar system;
A cold room in the packing shed used 2-3 months of the year during harvesting;
Workers accommodation with a 5kW solar system; and
A number of diesel pumps for irrigation and water transfer.
Based on the site energy consumption, an audit process evaluated the following recommendations to reduce consumption and improve energy efficiency on-farm:
Analysis of existing and available tariffs;
Retrofit of lighting in packing shed and workers accommodation;
Replacement of hot water system with solar thermal in workers accommodation;
Upgrade the existing two solar PV systems to 6.5kW; and
Replacement of the diesel transfer pump with a 7.5kW pump and 9.2kW solar array
The tariff analysis was completed on the site's tariffs and it was found that the solar feed-in tariff had been changed by the retailer from $0.51/kWh to $0.08/kWh before the contract was expired due to a new meter being installed. The grower went to the retailer to have the feed-in tariff changed.
The audited lighting system in the packing shed and the worker's accommodation consists of 400W high bay Mercury Vapour luminaries in the packing shed and 40 36W twin T8 fluorescent fittings in both buildings. The high bay fittings were recommended to be replaced with 200W LED lights which will reduce the lighting electricity usage by up to 50%. The audit recommended replacing the 36-watt fluorescent tubes with 18 watts LED tubes within the existing light fitting, which can use 40% less electricity. Maintenance costs will also be reduced as the LED tubes have a longer lifespan. It was suggested to replace half of the double fittings with LED panels that use 32W.
The replacement of the diesel pump included a 7.5kW submersible hybrid pump, a 9.2 kW pump drive with solar power, and a 14.85 kW PV system. The upgrade of the hot water system in one of the worker's accommodation buildings to a solar thermal system was suggested due to their ability to heat to higher temperatures, for which a holding tank would also be required with a total payback period too large to be recommended. Additionally, the auditor identified the opportunity to increase the size of each of the Solar PV systems to increase the on-site generation, reducing the amount of grid electricity supplied and increasing the Feed-in-Tariff revenue.
The energy audit solutions recommended are summarised below:
Recommendations Lighting Retrofit in the shed Lighting Retrofit in accommodation Replacement of diesel pump Solar PV Upgrades
Annual Energy Savings (kWh) 773 162 63,000 (228 GJ) 2,910
Annual Cost Savings ($) 281 46 5,600 1,484
Emission Savings (tCO2-e) 0.7 0.2 16.0 2.7
Capital Cost ($) 1,450 300 35,000 5,500
Payback Period (years) 5.2 6.5 4.5 1.4
Following the audit recommendations, the grower decided to retrofit the lighting system in the shed and replace the diesel pump with a 7.5 kW solar pump connected to a 9.2 kW inverter. Post-implementation metrics have been calculated from the Measurement and Verification process, with achieved energy savings of 77% and cost savings of 48%, as follows.
Metric Pre-Implementation Post-Implementation Reduction (%)
Energy Consumption (kWh) including diesel 83,342 19,569 77
Total energy Cost ($) 12,138 6,257 48
Emission Savings (tCO2-e) 35 18.3 48
With the new solar pump, the farm has offset all diesel consumption, with additional time savings.
An energy audit is a good investment
An energy audit is a great way for a business to cut costs and boost productivity. Find out about what's involved in an energy audit HERE and subscribe to our bi-monthly energy e-news HERE.
If you have any energy efficiency related questions for the team get in touch at energysavers@qff.org.au.
The Energy Savers Plus Extension Program is delivered by the Queensland Farmers Federation with support and funding from the Queensland Department of Energy and Public Works.


first and foremost is the maintenance history. The top maintenance items are 1) the timing belt - the service interval is 10 years OR 120K miles - whichever comes first, so a 2006 should be on its third timing belt. 2) condition of the PCV system - when inspecting the car you should pull the dipstick with the motor running to see if any smoke vents out or do the rubber glove test over the oil fill cap. 3) color of fluids, and any signs of leaks? All should have been serviced at some point - coolant, brake fluid, transmission, power steering 4) overall cleanliness? If somebody can't keep the car clean inside and out, why would you expect the car to be properly serviced? Generally speaking the S40s should be fairly reliable, but as a 12 year old car, there will be things to fix. Read through the posts on the S40 board to get an idea - keeping in mind people post up only when they have things that go wrong or want to do their own repairs. Its better to be a DIY type for things like regular oil changes, fluid flushes, brakes, odd sensors that fail.
Thank you so much for your input! If smoke comes out of the oil dipstick tube, what does that typically mean? What exactly am I looking for when putting latex glove over oil filler cap once removed?
Just so there's no confusion, a 2006 vehicle without well over 200,000 miles will be on its second timing belt, not its third (it's on the WAY to its third belt, of course). Lots of people overlook this when buying a car, and end up having to drop a grand into the car immediately (or worse, have the belt break or slip bad enough for the valves to get in a fistfight with the pistons).
Checking most of the fluids for color and condition is fairly easy EXCEPT the transmission. For some thoroughly (to me) unknown reason, Volvo put it where it can only be removed from underneath the car, with the splash panel off. FWIW, I'd seriously recommend pulling the splash panel anyway - it can hide a host of problems - you'll be hard-pressed to see leaks unless they're visible from above (most aren't), or so bad that the fluid is dripping out all over the place even with the cover removed. Look for any kind of fluid anywhere it shouldn't be.
When you put a latex glove over the oil fill port (cap removed, of course), you're checking for blow-by from the pistons, and/or a clogged PCV (Positive Crankcase Ventilation) valve. Normally I'll just slap my palm over the hole, and can feel blowby that way. Then again, I don't mind getting a little oil on my hands.
1) Apply the brakes sharply (at a low speed) and see if you get a really noticeable "thunk" through the steering wheel. Normally this will mean that the bushings in the lower control arms are shot, and you'll need new LCAs (along with an alignment).
2) Make sure the car shifts properly in "manual mode" (pushing the shift lever over to the right). Many times, the black panel that keeps you from being able to see down into the console around the shift lever is broken, and without this (cheap and easy) part, the car won't shift manually.
3) Pay close attention for any harsh up- or down-shifts. Better that your test drive is long enough to get the transmission up to temperature, because some problems will occur only when cold, others only when hot.
4) Try to insist that the car has NOT been started and/or warmed up before you arrive. This can cover up a host of problems, such as a leaky fuel system (requiring a long crank in the morning), telltale puffs of white smoke from bad rings / valve guides, etc., etc., etc.
5) Driving over speed bumps, and/or pot holes - and taking a few sharp turns can point out suspension issues you might miss otherwise.
6) Count the keys and remotes. They're VERY expensive to add after the fact.
8) Look for leaks - between the engine and transmission (rear main seal - big bucks), axles (axle seals - easy DIY, but will cost a whole lot more at a dealer, valve cover gasket (ditto), oil filter housing, hoses, etc.
9) Yes, make sure the A/C works. Easy to overlook if it's freezing outside, but you're going to regret not catching an A/C (or heat) problem when the weather changes.
10) Wheel bearings - you'll hear a bad bearing as a grumbling or droning noise, often identifiable audibly to one corner though not always. You'll be spending a few hundred bucks to fix each of these (around $100 if you're a DIY guy with a press).
11) Water damage - I like to pull up the trim panels on the door sills and look under the carpet for signs of water damage. Yeah, some cars that are used in nasty weather can have a LOT of water just from sloppy, snow-covered boots, but it's important to make sure that the car hasn't been in a flood (it'll never, ever, ever, ever, ever be right if it was).
12) And of course, look for any signs of an accident. Normally this will be easiest to spot "on the corners" - look at the unibody under the hood / trunk carpet for any signs of having been straightened. Same with side door sills, and suspension attachment points. Usually if a car has been bent up at all, you'll see some sign of it that the body shop can't (or won't) be able to fix entirely.
Wow! Thanks for the detailed explanation on what to check and how to check it. I can't tell you how much I appreciate the effort you went through to share this valuable info with me. I'll print this out and use it as a guide.
Possibly Buying a '13 or '14 S60: Buying Advice Needed!!!


text:
title: About
class: home
profile: true
---

![Working](../images/working.jpg)

O meu nome é **Vitor Costa**, sou freelancer na área de desenvolvimento web e design gráfico.

O meu principal objectivo é trabalhar de uma forma clara e objectiva, e desenvolver projectos que sejam acessíveis a todas as pessoas e que tenham o utilizador no centro de todas as decisões.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


At Flag Matrix, we strive to provide the best quality products and customer experience to all of our current and future clients.
We have an incredible selection of International, Provincial and Territorial flags to suite any need large or small. If you need a custom size, no problem just let us know what your requirements are and we will make it happen as we offer the flexibility of creating custom flag solutions for our clients that will make every event, meeting or gathering one to remember.
a number of wonderful organizations.
Copyright © 2019 Flag Matrix Inc. All Rights Reserved.


'earth from above' is karen jerzyk's first stab at drone photography — a genre often reserved for landscape photography and b-roll — which she has reverse-engineered to capturing whimsical masterpieces from surreal sketches. this particular DJI mavic pro 2 drone is a lucky one — purchased by any other, and it might be destined to fly over hills and coastlines to take the same photos as its brothers and sisters. with a self-proclaimed wallflower as a best friend, this drone has the proud courtesy of capturing karen's meticulously crafted stories.
ideas of overhead photography would come to her before she ever owned a drone and until recently these ideas existed only in sketchbooks. 'I've wanted a drone for many years now, but never had enough money to purchase one,' says . 'finally, it seemed like the right time for me to purchase one. I was starting to get bored of shooting everything at a "normal" perspective, and I noticed a lot of people local to me were taking huge liberties in using a lot of elements from my work (basically, using my photos as a blueprint for their own work). typically when this happens, it pushes me into thinking of a plan to shoot in a way that would be difficult to mimic, is still true to my style, and is different from anything else I've seen that's been put out in the world. I figured, why not pull the trigger and finally get a drone?' now, with her new DJI mavic pro 2, she has breathed some of her trickier ideas to life.


text:
package org.jivesoftware.smackx.packet;

import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.PacketExtension;

/**
 * Represents XMPP Personal Event Protocol packets.
 *

 * The 'http://jabber.org/protocol/pubsub#event' namespace is used to publish personal events items
 * from one client to subscribed clients (See XEP-163).
 * @author Jeff Williams
 */
public abstract class PEPItem implements PacketExtension {
	String id;

	abstract String getNode();
	abstract String getItemDetailsXML();
	/**
	 * Creates a new PEPItem.
	 */
	public PEPItem(String id) {
		super();
		this.id = id;
	}
	/**
	 * Returns the XML element name of the extension sub-packet root element. Always returns "x"
	 * @return the XML element name of the packet extension.
	 */
	@Override
	public String getElementName() {
		return "item";
	}
	/**
	 * Returns the XML namespace of the extension sub-packet root element.
	 * @return the XML namespace of the packet extension.
	 */
	@Override
	public String getNamespace() {
		return "http://jabber.org/protocol/pubsub";
	}
	/**
	 * Returns the XML representation of a Personal Event Publish according the specification.
	 * Usually the XML representation will be inside of a Message XML representation like in the
	 * following example:
	 *
	 *

	 * <message id="MlIpV-4" to="gato1@gato.home" from="gato3@gato.home/Smack">
	 *     <subject>Any subject you want</subject>
	 *     <body>This message contains roster items.</body>
	 *     <x xmlns="jabber:x:roster">
	 *         <item jid="gato1@gato.home"/>
	 *         <item jid="gato2@gato.home"/>
	 *     </x>
	 * </message>
	 *

	 */
	@Override
	public String toXML() {
		StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
		buf.append("<").append(getElementName()).append(" id=\"").append(id)
				.append("\">");
		buf.append(getItemDetailsXML());
		buf.append("</").append(getElementName()).append(">");
		return buf.toString();
	}
}


Replenish Iv Solutions is Tampa's Premier IV Therapy Provider.
Our Expertise and People Set Us Apart.
Stephen Gunnin is a managing partner of Replenish IV Solutions and emergency medical professional since 2004.
After completing a two year degree in business, Stephen changed his path to include FireMedic with 10+ years of field service, field training officer, and EMS educator.
After starting Replenish IV with his wife Lisa in 2014, Stephen is continuing his medical training as nurse practitioner specializing in holistic and all-natural medicine.
Tampa being his home since 1974, Stephen lives with his wife & high school dream-girl, best daughter ever Taylor, and four-legged rescue sweetheart, Cadence.
Lisa Gunnin is one of the managing partners of Replenish IV, a proactive wellness company based in Tampa that specializes in vitamin infusions.
Initially in the banking and finance industry, Lisa has been a successful finance manager, vice president of online marketing for a large regional bank, and a business manager for an international cosmetic company.
She is a proud mother of three boys and one girl, and lives in Tampa with her husband, wonderful daughter, and dog.


Strawberry. About 12 species of low, runner-bearing perennial herbs. Most are native to north temperate regions. Cultivated as ornamentals and, especially, for their fruit. Continuously available moisture is required for best fruit production.
Bears small but good flavored strawberries continuously as long as the weather is suitable. Fruit ripens from late May to October outdoors here, and almost year-round in the greenhouse. Unusual for a strawberry plant, its runners are relatively short and more or less upright, so that unless they are bent to the ground and held down they usually do not touch the ground and start new plants. This makes them easier to manage in small gardens than most types of strawberries.
Bears small, sweet, white strawberries over a long season. Spreads quickly by runners.
Bears white flowers in spring, and small sweet fruit in June. On warm, sunny days during fruiting season a patch of wild strawberries emits a strong fragrance of strawberry jam. Cultivated strawberries were developed from a cross involving this species. Spreads quickly; can be used a ground cover (for this purpose it will probably work best in combination with other plants, such as Pennsylvania sedge, Carex pensylvanica).


text:
Gojira brings Fortitude tour to Rochester in epic fashion
Joshua Davis	 Nov 3, 2021
Grammy-nominated metal band Gojira brought their fall U.S. headlining tour to the Main Street Armory in Rochester. The tour featuring special guests Alien Weaponry and Knocked Loose is in support of the bands most recent album release French metal band, Gojira, announced their headline tour coming this fall with the New Zealand metal trio, Alien Weaponry, as the openers. The tour comes after Gojira released their seventh album, Fortitude, their first album dropMasked metal icons, Slipknot, are bringing their Knotfest Roadshow tour to Darien Lake Performing Arts Center this Sunday, August 25. The Grammy winning pioneers have a very heavy supporting lineup that makes for a good


"Race To Fill the Pantry- flat, fun, and fast"
You can run or walk this flat and fast 2 miles and 5k race. The roads are closed off, well marked, and losts of volunteers. There is one water stop. You end the race on a gravel path, running past the crowd, and finish under the arch.


Loose and comfortable - perfect for relaxing!
Your search for a true boxer style is over. Clever's loose retro short is covered with fine stripes and has a traditional single button fly. Great for wearing around the house on a lazy weekend.


This web page lists hotels in the State of Michigan. Before visiting any of these Michigan hotels, be sure to verify their address, hours of operation, and appointment policies (if applicable). A hotel may have ceased operations or moved to a different location, and business hours can sometimes be irregular, especially on and around holidays. So a quick phone call can often save you time and aggravation.
Related directory pages are highlighted below the Michigan hotel listings on this page. Links to Hotel directory pages for adjacent States are provided at the bottom of the page. Michigan directory and map page links are also included there.
Advertise Your Michigan Hotel Web Site Here!
180 hotels listed in Michigan.


It started at the dinner table in our home in Guatemala – the same dinner table that Dad (Dr. Steven Hammer) and some friends had made years earlier out of two sheets of plywood. At that dinner table, Dad began pulling bits of paper out of his shirt pocket. Those bits of paper held his notes about words or folk medicine practices he had learned from his patients that day. As he read his jottings to us, some made us curious and ask questions, some made us groan, and some made us laugh.
You see, while Guatemala's national language is, of course, Spanish, twenty-some Mayan languages are still spoken there as well. During the nine years Dad spent in Guatemala, he served many patients who spoke Spanish as a second language and, thus, used some words differently or mixed with their Mayan tongue. Combine that fact with an average education level of second grade and you have a recipe for some pretty interesting health ideas! Throw in Guatemalans' love for slang, and your conversations are bound to be as flavorful as a Christmas tamale.
I personally found those mealtime conversations intriguing. After all, I was the girl who had considered becoming a brain surgeon and a writer. Dad's stories from the clinic melded my interest in science and my love for words and people together. Those mealtime conversations were the start of Understanding the Guatemalan Patient: A Glossary of Spanish Medical Terms and Folk Medicine. More importantly to me, they and other conversations with the many visitors who ate with us are among my favorite Guatemala memories.
 American Diabetes Association, "Overall Numbers, Diabetes and Prediabetes" http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/ (accessed 21 September 2015).
This entry was posted in Food for Thought, Inspiration and tagged community healthcare in Latin America, familia, family, healthy eating, healthy kids, healthy living, Hispanic foods, juvenile diabetes, la vida sana, meals, National Hispanic Heritage Month, preventing diabetes on September 22, 2015 by stevenhammermd.


پادکست امروز ما بخش دوم موضوع خاستگاری است. در پادکست قبلی داستانی را شنیدیم که شخص مورد نظر با مشکلاتی برای خاستگاری کردن روبرو شده است و نتوانسته ابراز علاقه کند. در این درس مکالمه ای بین همان فرد با دوست دختر خود را خواهیم شنید که پیشنهاد ازدواج به این دختر خواهد داد و از او خاستگاری خواهد کرد. همانند درس قبل ، این پادکست هم در بین جوانان طرفدار زیاد دارد و بهتر است در موضوع عاشقی در زبان انگلیسی بتوانیم از لغات و اصطلاحات رایج آن استفاده کنیم.
I had been stressing out about it for a couple of weeks. How do I ask my girlfriend to marry me?
We were getting some dinner at a fast food restaurant before going to the movies.
Fiona: Tell me the truth. What's up with you lately?
Doug: Me? Nothing. Why do you ask?
Fiona: You haven't been yourself. You've been quiet and distant. Are you seeing someone else?
Doug: No! Of course I'm not. I would never cheat on you.
Fiona: Then, do you want to break up with me?
Doug: No way! That's the last thing I want to do. You've got it all wrong .
Fiona: Then, tell me what's on your mind .
Doug: I…well…it's just that…oh, I can't stand it anymore! I've been carrying around this ring in my pocket for two weeks trying to get up the nerve to ask you. Fiona, will you marry me?
Fiona: Ah! I can believe it. Are you serious?
Doug: I've never been more serious. This wasn't the way I wanted to ask you, but will you?
Fiona: Yes, I'll marry you. And, I thought you wanted to break up.
Doug: No, I don't, silly. I want us to be together for the rest of our lives. Don't you know that?


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text:
Q: Python adding utility functions to SqlAlchemy Entity classes In my Python package, I have defined a number Sqlalchemy Entity classes. All classes are defined using ORM declarative techniques. Most classes map directly to database tables (in a 1:1 fashion) using normal attributes and relationships, with only a couple of classes utilizing simple hybrid_attributes.
When you look at a few other packages like Elixir or Camelot, they have supplemental sqlalchemy features that provide convenience operations as extra attributes attached to each Entity instance. For example, to_dict(), which copies an Entity instance to a dictionary and from_dict(), which attempts to create a new Entity instance from a dictionary.
What is the simplest way to go about manually adding functions like those to my own Entity classes? Looking for generic approaches that will have the fewest caveats for the most common uses.

Use metadata/mapper to find the appropriate set of Column keys? (for to_dict)
Class methods? Static methods?
Subclass declarative_base from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative?
What about mixins?

A: I was digging in the source for Elixir and I found how they implemented these helpers...
The functions are defined as regular instance methods on a Parent Base class that is meant to be subclassed, although the elixir Entity uses metaclass.
From that implementation, I think I can subclass from sqlalchemy's built-in Base for declarative classes, and simply add these methods to my customclass. Whether or not the elixir functions will work as-is, I have not yet tested.
The functions both use:
mapper = sqlalchemy.orm.object_mapper(self)

and then use that mapper object to access everything. Is object_mapper still the recommended way to do this in SA-0.8 and later? Any caveats I should know about?


 Please note : This kit includes the meter as shown above.
It contains important information on updates to the kit.
All kits have been sold.
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We are looking into providing a new type of kit in the near future (2019), keep and eye on this page for information !
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Please email copy of the transaction information with your order to kits@ahars.com.au.
Track and trace is available though Australia Post's Express Courier International. Please note that we send kits using standard airmail which means that the kit is sent uninsured, and that the risk is completely with the buyer.
We attempt to dispatch purchased kits within 3 working days after confirmation of receiving payment in full or in the case of cheques once the cheque has been cleared.
If you require further information, please email AHARS Inc at kits@ahars.com.au before making any payment.
Building the Kit – Please read me !
This kit is of an Advanced standard and assembly requires good soldering and hand skills. The plastic case needs to be drilled and cut as appropriate for switches and displays but if care is taken, then this should not pose any problem for any Amateur.
The kit is complete, including the meter and all components required including the two wound coils for its completion.
The latest updates and any technical issues should be obtained from Jim Tregellas VK5JST's website before starting construction !
The club takes NO responsibility with problems associated with construction, but will provide reasonable assistance to the purchaser to get the kit operational, nor do we stock "spares".
However, the purchaser should keep clearly in mind that this is a volunteer organisation with limited resources, and that politeness in correspondence is much appreciated.
As the technical article makes clear, access to an oscilloscope is highly desirable but not strictly mandatory.


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text:
White Supremacy:
Implications for Political Program
from Understanding and Fighting White Supremacy
by David Ranney
(Note: The following is an edited version of a speech presented by the author to a meeting of the leadership of the New American Movement on January 3,1976 in Pittsburgh All of the specific arguments against STO's position referred to in the text below have been made by members of NAM. References to names have been edited out since the positions which go with these names are not available in written form. The "expanded remarks" by Noel Ignatin were in reference to the debate which followed Ranney's address.)
Our political work should have a dual thrust. On the one hand, all of our activities should emphasize equality between the races. There can be no compromise on this. Whatever the subject matter of our work-the economy, utilities, unemployment, education, workplace tactics-we should seek out all instances where inequality based on skin color exists and make the fight against those inequalities a major component of our program. We should never avoid any issue because it is controversial to white workers. We should never compromise issues of importance to Black, Latino or Native American workers for fear that it will "split the class". The fact of the matter is that the class is split and that struggle over racial issues are necessary steps toward real unity.
The second part of the dual thrust that I mentioned is our role relative to Third World organizations. We must see our role as supporting those organizations by: accepting their leadership on questions of race, the political stance that we take and by explaining that stance to white workers. This means that we must enter into our organizing work by placing equality as the key issue. And it means that we must develop a base among white workers so that we are in a position to explain why equality is in the interests of the class as a whole.
Those of you who have argued that this position has no unique tactical implications are simply closing your eyes both to NAM's practice and the practice of much of the white left. To carry through the sort of program implied by our political position on white supremacy means a shift in emphasis in the type of organizing NAM does. It means an overall programmatic emphasis on combatting white supremacy in all of its forms. This will effect not only the content of programs, but also how money is spent, where emphasis is placed in building chapters, and more conscious efforts to work with and support Third World groups.
The theoretical position behind these practical considerations can be briefly summarized as follows. The critical impediment to class struggle and the development of revolutionary consciousness is white supremacy. The material form white supremacy takes is one of a privileged position of white workers relative to Third World workers; while the ideological form of white supremacy is racism -- set of attitudes on the part of white workers that both protects and justifies their relatively privileged status. It is the material form of white supremacy that must be smashed in order to wipe out racist ideology and unify the class. Thus the key demand in our program must be for equality-wiping away differentials or the relative privileged status of whites in jobs, income health, housing, discriminatory forms of seniority etc.
Some of you have made much of the notion that the "fundamental contradiction" in society is between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. We have been accused of "turning Marxism on its head" by focusing our strategic concern on contradictions within the working class. This contention, however, is a false separation. First of all Marxism should not employ the term "fundamental contradiction" in such a static way. Marx noted that the class struggle is one manifestation of the societal contradiction between the forces and relations of production. We contend that white supremacy is a particular aspect of the class struggle and the fight against white supremacy is a crucial aspect of the class struggle itself. If you can agree that white supremacy inhibits the ability of the working class to fight the bourgeoisie, then the struggle against white supremacy is the class struggle. The two can't be separated.
Our position is based on an historical analysis of class struggle in the U.S. and a contemporary analysis of where that struggle is today. It is an analysis which demonstrates that white supremacy began with the categorization of Black people as slave for life in response to Southern proletarian upsurge. It is an analysis which can demonstrate that Black led proletarian movements have been met with the harshest repression and the simultaneous extension of white privilege. It is clearly not a stage theory as some of you have contended because it can show that every blow against white supremacy is a blow against the ruling class.
Philosophically our position rests on the dialectical view that the development of things comes through the interplay of their internal contradictions. Thus the revolutionary development of the working class will come through the interplay of its internal contradictions and race is a critical contradiction within the working class. Lenin argued that the task of revolutionaries is not to fight bourgeois ideas as such, but to fight them as they are spread in the proletariat. And it is this that we propose to do.
One final philosophical point relates to charges that our position represents a petit bourgeois outlook because it rests on personal transformation. This represents a real distortion of our position. What we seek is a class transformation in which the working class as a whole determines in the course of struggle that their emancipation from the ravages of capitalism can not be built on a base of white supremacy. Marx made this very point as applied to slavery in the U.S. and Lenin first used the term privilege to make a similar point with regard to the relationship between Russians and their national groups. We do not advocate exhorting white workers on an individual basis to give up their privileged status. What we do advocate is promoting vigorous struggle with the ruling class with equality at the forefront and to articulate the lessons of these struggles.
Those who have opposed our position have argued that class unity can best be built by finding areas where Black and white workers can unite and avoiding those where they can't. A similar view that I have heard is that we should develop our program in such a way that we emphasize building relations with white workers even if we have to de-emphasize racially touchy issues or make compromises in such areas as seniority and busing.
The tenuousness of these ideas can be demonstrated historically. So long as there is inequality, Third World people will band together and confront white supremacy and whites will tend to pull back - wiping out any unity that is not firmly grounded in equality. Contemporary struggles over housing integration, equal education, layoffs, discriminatory job classifications are examples. While white workers may agree to work with other Third World workers on things of mutual interest, they have tended in the past to cast these things aside when struggle over issues involving equality are raised.
In this context, many white leftists have argued that it is incorrect to use the term privilege to describe the relative position of whites to Third World people. There have been two arguments put forth. One is that privilege is a metaphysical concept because it fails to examine the relationship of race and class. Similarly it has been argued that Black demands are not necessarily class demands. Since 95% of Black people are proletarians, it is hard to understand the point. Demands that will benefit the masses of Black, Puerto Rican, Mexican, Native American and Asian peoples who are living in the U.S. are proletarian demands. And there is nothing metaphysical about the fact that Third World peoples have the worst jobs, lowest incomes, poorest housing, education and health care. Further, this argument overlooks something noted earlier - that the struggle against white supremacy is an integral part of the class struggle generally.
Another argument along the same lines is that such things as the right to unionize, seniority, decent wages are the product of class struggle and thus can't be termed privileges. The refusal to admit that the status of white workers relative to Third World workers is a privileged status represents a white blindspot. Such things as the right to unionize, seniority, and decent wages have a dialectical property in the context of white supremacy. When these things were won, they were at the same time both advances in the class struggle and fetters on that struggle. They were fetters because they failed to deal with or even reinforced white supremacy. Our position would contend that this fetter side of the contradiction-has been the dominant one historically.
To illustrate further what I mean by a fetter, let's look at these "products of class struggle" from the dominant side of the contradiction - which is the side most Third World people look at it from. The right to unionize becomes the right to exclude Blacks, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Native Americans and Asians from certain unions. The right to seniority becomes the right to use seniority to maintain Third World people in the worst and lowest paying jobs or to condemn them to no job at all. The right to decent wages becomes the right of white workers to have higher wages and better living standards than people who are not white. The failure to look at the development of the working class from this perspective has historically been the most glaring weakness in much of the white left which stems from a white chauvinist perspective.
The fact that white workers have hegemony in unions can use seniority to keep their jobs when Third World pea pie lose theirs, have higher wages, better housing, school and health care, encompasses a privileged status. The use of the term privilege is a recognition that the Third World side of the contradiction is dominant. And so long as this is the case there can be no unified class struggle. Why is this? Because white workers rightfully see that equality means losing their relative advantage and their relative advantage is the essence of white supremacy. It gives whites an edge over Third World people in terms of material advantage and social status - an edge that will not be given up without a struggle.
This does not mean that we are out to smash seniority per se. What we do seek are policies that will make seniority work equally for all workers. Nor are we out to force white workers to accept indecent wages. Rather we seek to destroy wage differentials based on race - whatever that takes.
To assume that whites will give up their privileged status without a struggle is incorrect. The Boston and Louisville Busing struggles demonstrate that. On the other hand, to assume that in the course of a struggle, whites will always be recalcitrant or submit only through bribes or trickery is an anti-working class stance in the sense that it assumes that white workers are incapable of seeing the gains of equality in terms of class solidarity, class confrontation, and the isolation of reactionary elements in the class. Of course, our program is not an easy one to follow, but that is the nature of a revolutionary movement. Third World workers will confront white workers as they have in the past and are doing right now. For our part, we should actively encourage that confrontation and at the same time work to be in the best position to support the demands and needs of Third World workers to the white workers we are relating to.
I want to stress that our position is a positive program for class struggle capable of striking a critical blow to bourgeois hegemony. It is not (as it has often been characterized) a moralistic position that exhorts white workers to stop being racist. It assumes that the resolution of this critical contradiction within the working class can best be dealt with as that contradiction is heightened. It assumes that a resolution in favor of equality is a critical blow to the ruling class and hence is a crucial strategic dimension of class struggle generally. Strategies that seek to minimize this contradiction are self defeating because only through a program that is firmly grounded in equality can a stable working class unity be achieved. Such strategies are ultimately anti-working class because they hinder rather than advance the class struggle.
Back to Understanding and Fighting White Supremacy


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text:
Christina von Schweden (eigentlich Kristina, nach ihrem Übertritt zum Katholizismus Maria Alexandra, *  in Stockholm; † 19. April 1689 in Rom), Tochter des schwedischen Königs Gustav II. Adolf (1594–1632) und dessen Gemahlin Maria Eleonora von Brandenburg (1599–1655), war von 1632 bis 1654 Königin von Schweden.

Leben

Männliche Erziehung

Christina war das jüngste Kind ihrer Eltern nach zwei Totgeburten und einer im Säuglingsalter verstorbenen Schwester. Als sie fünf Jahre alt war, fiel ihr Vater 1632 in der Schlacht bei Lützen. Sie trat unter Vormundschaft der Mutter Maria Eleonora die Regentschaft an und lebte bis 1636 bei ihrer Mutter. Auf Wunsch des Vaters wurde sie wie ein Kronprinz ausgebildet und ab 1635 auf das Königsamt vorbereitet. Weil die Mutter als depressiv und verantwortungslos galt, übernahm ab 1636 der Reichskanzler Axel Oxenstierna die Vormundschaft und Christina lebte danach bei ihrer Tante Katharina Wasa und deren Mann Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Zweibrücken. Sie wurde gemeinsam mit ihrer Cousine Marie Euphrosine von Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg erzogen, lernte reiten und jagen, legte wenig Wert auf ihr Äußeres und verbrachte die Nächte mit ihren Studien. Mit ihrem Cousin Karl Gustav, der unter dem Namen Karl X. später ihr Nachfolger auf dem schwedischen Thron wurde, hatte sie in ihren Jugendjahren anscheinend eine kurze Liebschaft.
1644 übernahm Christina als Achtzehnjährige – und von nun an mündig – die Regierungsgewalt; die Krönung wurde allerdings wegen des Torstenssonkrieges verschoben. Bis dahin hatte Reichskanzler Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654) die Regentschaft geführt. Christina nutzte die Unterstützung ihres Onkels Johann Kasimirs von Pfalz-Zweibrücken und seiner beiden Söhne Karl Gustav und Adolf Johann, mit denen sie aufgewachsen war, um sich von der Bevormundung durch Oxenstierna zu befreien. 1647 ernannte sie Karl Gustav zum Generalissimus der schwedischen Truppen in Deutschland und signalisierte gleichzeitig ihre Absicht, ihn zu heiraten.

Während ihrer Regierung wurde Jämtland gewonnen, Königsberg jedoch erfolglos besetzt. Johan Axelsson Oxenstierna und Johan Adler Salvius erwarben 1648 im Frieden von Osnabrück Vorpommern, Rügen und Bremen-Verden für Schweden. Ihr Eingreifen beschleunigte den Westfälischen Frieden und somit das Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges.

1649 erließ sie ein Verbot sämtlicher Hexenprozesse im schwedischen Königreich.

Prunk, Kunst und Wissenschaft
In ihrer Regierungszeit führte sie einen prunkvollen Hof, einen der aufwendigsten in Europa. Das machte zwar einen starken Eindruck auf ihre Zeitgenossen und erhöhte so ihre Reputation, bürdete Schweden allerdings auch hohe finanzielle Lasten auf. Um Abhilfe zu schaffen, ließ sie den Finanzspezialisten Johan Palmstruch nach Schweden kommen. Im September 1649 ließ sie René Descartes aus Holland kommen, mit dem sie schon seit 1647 korrespondiert hatte, fand jedoch erst um die Jahreswende Zeit, sich ihm zu widmen. Ab Dezember 1649 empfing sie ihn, der am liebsten bis Mittag im Bett lag, morgens um 5 Uhr zu Gesprächen. Descartes erkrankte im Januar 1650 an Lungenentzündung und starb am 11. Februar 1650 im Haus des französischen Botschafters Pierre Chanut.

Christina kaufte und baute Bibliotheken und unterhielt eine Münzen- und Gemäldesammlung. Ihre Kunstsammlung kam nicht nur auf konventionellem Wege zustande. So befahl oder genehmigte sie 1648 den Prager Kunstraub und erbeutete u. a. große Teile der Kunstsammlung Kaiser Rudolfs II., darunter über 760 Gemälde, 270 Statuen, 30.000 Münzen, 300 wissenschaftliche Instrumente und 600 Kristalle. Eines ihrer Lieblingsprojekte war die Universität Uppsala, die sie großzügig mit Gebäuden und Büchern wie dem Codex Gigas und De laudibus sanctae crucis ausstattete, darunter die Beutekunst von Hans Christoph von Königsmarck aus dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg (aus der Bibliothek der Universität Würzburg oder des Lyceum Hosianum in Braunsberg). Sie unterstützte Gelehrte, die sich mit Religion, Kirchenvätern oder alten Sprachen beschäftigten. Zum Beispiel verkehrten Johannes Freinsheim, Cornelius Tollius, Nikolaes Heinsius der Ältere, Claude Saumaise, Pierre Daniel Huet, Gabriel Naudé und Samuel Bochart zu ihrer Zeit an Schwedens Hof.

Christina war auch dem Theater sehr zugetan. Der Einfluss ausländischer Künstler auf die schwedische Theaterkultur erlangte in ihrer Regierungszeit einige Bedeutung. Eine französische Ballettgruppe unter der Leitung von Antoine de Beaulieu wurde ab 1638 für Christinas Hof engagiert. 1647 kam der Geigenspieler Pierre Verdier nach Stockholm. Zu einem Ensemble italienischer Musiker an Christinas Hof gehörte bis 1654 unter anderem der Komponist und Gitarrist Angelo Michele Bartolotti. Im Jahre 1652 wurde Vincenzo Albrici mit einer italienischen Operngruppe und 1653 Ariana Nozeman mit einer niederländischen Theatergruppe zu Vorführungen im Bollhuset eingeladen. Die französische Sängerin Anne Chabanceau de La Barre wurde von ihr zur Hofsängerin (Hovsångerska) ernannt. Sie unterhielt weiterhin die Königliche Hofkapelle (Kungliga Hovkapellet), die seit König Gustav Wasa in unterschiedlichen Größen bestand. Der Dichter Georg Stiernhielm schrieb für sie das Schauspiel Den fångne Cupido eller Laviancu de Diane, in dem sie selbst als Göttin Diana auftrat. Auch Joost van den Vondel schrieb Gedichte für und über sie.

Abdankung und Konversion zum Katholizismus

Ihrer Abdankung ging eine längere Vorgeschichte voraus. Schon 1650 kam es im Parlament zu Unruhen. Im Jahre 1651 erklärte die Königin, sie brauche Ruhe und das Land einen starken Führer. Bereits 1651, kurz nach ihrer offiziellen Krönung am 20. Oktober 1650, hatte Christina die Absicht zur Abdankung erklären lassen, war aber von Oxenstierna überredet worden, davon Abstand zu nehmen. Ein weiterer Grund für ihren Abdankungswunsch war, dass sie ihren Vetter, den Kurfürsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg, heiraten sollte, aber jede Heirat prinzipiell ablehnte.

Im Mai 1652 wurden der Jesuitengeneral Goswin Nickel und Fabio Chigi, der spätere Papst Alexander VII., darüber informiert, dass Christina zum Katholizismus konvertieren wolle. Seitdem arbeiteten einige Jesuiten wie Gottfried Franken, der Christina in Mathematik unterrichtete, auf eine Konversion hin. Christina akzeptierte mittlerweile, ihre Regentschaft weiterhin fortsetzen zu sollen unter der Bedingung, nie wieder nach einer Heirat gefragt zu werden. Innerhalb weniger Wochen verlor sie viel von ihrer Popularität, als Arnold Johan Messenius hingerichtet wurde, der sie schweren Fehlverhaltens beschuldigt und sie eine Jezebel genannt hatte.

Statt zu regieren verbrachte sie die meiste Zeit mit ihren ausländischen Freunden im Festsaal (am Sonntagabend) und im Theater. Darin bestärkt wurde sie durch den Arzt Pierre Bourdelot, den sie nach Stockholm eingeladen hatte und der ihr empfahl, sie sollte weniger arbeiten und lesen und mehr ihrem Vergnügen leben. Ihre Mutter und Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie hatten nicht viel Vertrauen in Bourdelot und versuchten entgegenzuwirken. De la Gardie wurde daraufhin kaltgestellt und ihre Mutter nach Schloss Gripsholm verbannt. Im Jahre 1653 gründete Christina den militärischen Amaranten-Orden, zu dessen erstem Ritter sie Antonio Pimentel de Prado ernannte. Alle Mitglieder mussten versprechen, nicht (wieder) zu heiraten. Christina bekam jedoch in der Öffentlichkeit immer mehr Kritik für ihre verschwenderische Politik. Innerhalb von zehn Jahren hatte sie siebzehn neue Grafen, 46 Barone und 428 Mitglieder des niederen Adels ernannt, und um diese mit ausreichenden Apanagen zu versehen, hatte sie Krongut verkauft oder verpfändet. Im Februar 1654 informierte sie den Reichsrat und den schwedischen Ständereichstag zum zweiten Mal über ihre Absicht, die Regentschaft niederzulegen und abzudanken. Oxenstierna antwortete ihr, dass sie ihre Entscheidung innerhalb von wenigen Monaten bereuen würde. Im Mai wurden ihre Vorschläge diskutiert. Sie hatte 200.000 Riksdaler pro Jahr gefordert, stattdessen wurden ihr schwedische Reichslehen angeboten. Finanziell wurde sie nun durch Einnahmen aus Norrköping, den Inseln Gotland, Öland und Ösel, Gütern in Schwedisch Mecklenburg und Schwedisch-Pommern gesichert. Ihre Schulden wurden von der Staatskasse übernommen.

Auf dem Reichstag im Schloss Uppsala wurde am 16. Juni 1654 die Abdankungsurkunde verlesen und ihr Nachfolger bestimmt. Die Krone Schwedens überließ sie ihrem Cousin Karl Gustav von Zweibrücken-Kleeburg, dem neuen König Karl X. Gustav (1654–1660).

Kurz darauf flüchtete sie wegen des Nordischen Krieges unter dem Tarnnamen Graf von Dohna über Münster und Utrecht nach Antwerpen. Christina hatte bereits wertvolle Bücher, Gemälde, Statuen und Wandteppiche aus ihrer Burg Tre Kronor verpackt und auf einigen Schiffen verschickt. In Antwerpen wurde sie von Hannibal Sehested besucht, Leopold Wilhelm von Österreich, der sie nach Brüssel einlud, und dem eifersüchtigen und beleidigten Louis II. de Bourbon, prince de Condé. Am 24. Dezember 1654 konvertierte sie, vorerst aus politischen Gründen unter Geheimhaltung, in Brüssel vor Zeugen und Freunden, darunter Antonio Pimentel und Raimondo Montecuccoli. Nach neun Monaten reiste sie nach Innsbruck, wo sie am 3. November 1655 in der Innsbrucker Hofkirche den Übertritt zum Katholizismus öffentlich vollzog. Dabei wurde sie vom päpstlichen Gesandten Lukas Holste betreut. Das Ereignis wurde mit großem Aufwand gefeiert. Am Abend wurde zu ihren Ehren die Oper Argia von Antonio Cesti aufgeführt. Ihr Gastgeber Ferdinand Karl (Österreich-Tirol) scheint allerdings froh gewesen zu sein, als sie abreiste.

Über die Gründe der Konversion ist viel diskutiert worden. So wird vermutet, dass ihr Übertritt als Protest gegen die strenge protestantische Erziehung zu sehen sei, oder dass sie von der kulturellen Blüte katholischer Länder im Barock fasziniert war oder sogar, dass sich die eigensinnige Ex-Königin als Katholikin in dem von ihr geliebten Italien mit seinem warmen Klima freier würde bewegen können. Für die Kräfte der Gegenreformation Europas war der Übertritt ein Triumph, schließlich war sie die Tochter von Gustav Adolf, dem protestantischen Helden im Dreißigjährigen Krieg.

Rom

Ab Dezember 1655 nahm sie ihren Wohnsitz im Palazzo Farnese in Rom. Ihre Ankunft feierte Stefano Gradi mit einer lateinischen Begrüßungsrede. Nach ihrer Firmung durch Papst Alexander VII. nahm sie die Namen Maria Alexandra an, ihre Korrespondenz unterschrieb sie jedoch mit dem Namen "Christina Alexandra". Über die Krone Neapels verhandelte sie erfolglos mit den Spaniern, dann insgeheim mit Kardinal Mazarin; doch er wollte die Krone nach dem Tod Christinas für Frankreich haben. Auf einer Frankreichreise Christinas 1656 wurden die Einzelheiten festgelegt. Der Plan wurde jedoch verraten und Christina ließ den vermutlichen Verräter aus ihrem Gefolge, den Oberstallmeister Markgraf Giovanni Monaldeschi, in Schloss Fontainebleau am 10. November 1657 töten. Die Umstände der Tat – sie besaß ja keinerlei königliche Rechte mehr – empörten die Franzosen so sehr, dass sie als Persona non grata das Land verlassen musste und auch in Rom von der Gesellschaft längere Zeit geächtet wurde. Im Juli 1659 (oder 1663?) zog sie nach Trastevere in den Palazzo Riario, auf der Oberseite des Janiculus. Carlo Ambrogio Lonati wurde dort ihr Konzertmeister, Lelio Colista Lautenist, Loreto Vittori war einer ihrer Sänger.

Nach Schweden reiste Christina noch zwei Mal: 1660, als nach dem Tod von Karl X. Gustav die Abdankung neu verhandelt wurde, und 1667, als man ihr aber die Weiterreise und (bis zur Krönung eines neuen Königs) die künftige Einreise untersagte, da sie in Begleitung eines katholischen Priesters war. 1666 bis 1668 war sie in Hamburg, um sich mit Abraham Senior Teixeira und seinem Sohn um die Verwaltung ihrer schwedischen Güter zu kümmern. Auch ihre politischen Ambitionen hatte sie nicht zuletzt aus finanziellen Gründen noch nicht ganz aufgegeben, so spekulierte sie 1668 auf die Krone Polens.

Sie widmete sich ganz der Kunst und eröffnete am 8. Januar 1671 das Teatro Tor di nona, das erste öffentliche Theater der Stadt, wo, anders als damals üblich, auch Frauen spielten oder sangen. Ganz Rom war begeistert von dieser Neuerung, aber schon 1676 wurde dieses Theater auf Anweisung des neuen Papstes Clemens X. geschlossen. Christina war eine Liebhaberin der Barockmusik und spielte wahrscheinlich selbst Geige. Sie gab bei Alessandro Stradella und Bernardo Pasquini Kompositionen in Auftrag. Giacomo Carissimi und Alessandro Scarlatti (1680–1683) wurden ihre Kapellmeister. Arcangelo Corelli widmete ihr sein Opus 1 und spielte 1685 in Rom anlässlich der Krönung Jakobs II. (England).

Mit den Formalitäten ihrer neuen Konfession nahm sie es allerdings nicht so genau – sie sei keine "Betschwester", sagte sie auf Vorhaltungen, dass sie selten zur Beichte gehe. Sie hatte gute Kontakte zu Miguel de Molinos, einem spanischen Mystiker, der keinen Wert auf die Sakramente legte und 1687 zu ewiger Kerkerhaft verurteilt wurde. Christina setzte sich für religiöse Toleranz ein, verurteilte die Verfolgung der Protestanten unter Ludwig XIV. und nahm 1686 die Juden in Rom unter ihren persönlichen Schutz.

Sie starb am 19. April 1689 in Rom und wurde in den Vatikanischen Grotten im Petersdom bestattet. Ihr lateinischer Titel auf dem Epitaph von Carlo Fontana lautet: CHRISTINA ALEXANDRA D(EI) G(RATIA) SUEC(ORUM) GOTH(ORUM) VANDALORUM REGINA (deutsch: Christina Alexandra, von Gottes Gnaden Königin der Schweden, Goten und Vandalen).
Als Erben und Nachlassverwalter setzte sie ihren Vertrauten, den Kardinal Decio Azzolini ein, der aber bereits sieben Wochen nach ihr starb. Teile der kostbaren Bibliothek sowie ihre Briefe und Dokumente erwarb später der Papst. Der Großteil wurde zur Deckung ihrer Schulden über ganz Europa verstreut verkauft.

Pallas des Nordens

Nach ihrem Tod wurde formell die von ihr angeregte Accademia dell'Arcadia gegründet.
Christina wurde gerne als "Pallas" oder "Semiramis des Nordens" bezeichnet. Es gab aber auch viele andere Geschichten und Gerüchte. Christina hatte wenig Weibliches in ihrem Auftreten. Sie hatte eine tiefe Stimme, ging meistens einfach und als Mann in Hosen und Stiefel gekleidet und ließ sich ihre Haare wie ein Mann schneiden. Sie hatte eine ausgeprägte Vorliebe für erotische Kunst, Literatur und Autoren wie Pietro Aretino. Als sie 22 Jahre alt war, kannte sie die Ars amatoria und einige Epigramme von Marcus Valerius Martialis auswendig. Verschiedentlich wurde angenommen, sie sei lesbisch oder bisexuell veranlagt gewesen. Insbesondere ihre von 1644 bis 1662 andauernde Zuneigung zu ihrer Hofdame Ebba Sparre (1626–1662) ist in zeitnahen Quellen dokumentiert, beispielsweise in ihrem Briefwechsel. Andererseits vermutete man auch eine Liebesbeziehung zu ihrem engen Vertrauten Kardinal Decio Azzolini, der sich deswegen sogar mehrfach vor dem Papst verantworten musste. In ihrer Jugend schwärmte sie für den Grafen Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, der dies zur Förderung seiner diplomatischen Karriere ausnutzte und dann eine enge Freundin Christinas heiratete. Sie weigerte sich ihr ganzes Leben lang zu heiraten – allein die Vorstellung einer Abhängigkeit von einem Mann erregte bei ihr eine heftige Abneigung.

Rezeption
Der Komponist Graf Friedrich Wilhelm von Redern widmete ihr seine einzige Oper Christina, Königin von Schweden (1820). Am Mindre Teatern in Stockholm wurde 1849 Jacopo Foronis Oper Cristina, regina di Svezia uraufgeführt. August Strindberg schrieb über sie 1901 das Drama Kristina. Der Spiegel der Königin von Nina Blazon ist ein Jugendroman über die Geschichte Kristinas.
Das Königin-Christinen-Haus in Zeven wurde nach ihr benannt.

Monumente

Porträts

Weitere bekannte Porträts sind unter anderem:

 Ein Stich von Robert Nanteuil von 1654.
 Ein Gemälde des holländischen van Dyck-Schülers David Beck (1621–1656) aus dem Jahr 1650 im Finnischen Nationalmuseum. Beck folgte Christina bis nach Brüssel und scheint von Christina für diplomatische Missionen eingesetzt, jedoch in Den Haag vergiftet worden zu sein.
 Stich von Wenceslaus Hollar.
 Eine abgebildete seltene Goldmünze (Gekröntes Brustbild, 6 Dukaten, 1644), welche im März 2011 für die Rekordsumme von 260.000 Euro versteigert wurde.

Verfilmung
 Königin Christine (USA, 1933), mit Greta Garbo unter der Regie von Rouben Mamoulian
 Christina – Zwischen Thron und Liebe (The Abdication) (GB, 1974), mit Liv Ullmann unter der Regie von Anthony Harvey
 Drottning Christina (Schweden, 1981), mit Lena Nyman unter der Regie von Björn Melander
 Christina Wasa – Die wilde Königin (Dokumentation, Deutschland, 2013) unter der Regie von Wilfried Hauke
 The Girl King (Finnland, Deutschland (Bayern), Kanada (Québec), Schweden, 2015) unter der Regie von Mika Kaurismäki

Werke

Christina ließ ihre Briefe an Descartes veröffentlichen und postum ihre Maximen. Deutsche Ausgaben sind:
 Historische Merkwürdigkeiten der Königin Christina von Schweden, Herausgeber Johan Arckenholtz, Amsterdam und Leipzig, vier Bände 1751–1760 books.google.com (Werke, auch französisch Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Christine de Suède, vier Bände 1751–1760)
 Memoiren, Aphorismen, München, Winkler 1967 (Herausgeberin Anni Carlson)
 Gedanken über Religion und Leben, Düsseldorf, Schwann, 1930 (Herausgeber Hermann Joseph Schmidt)
 Gesammelte Werke − Autobiographie, Aphorismen, historische Schriften, Hamburg, Autorenverlag Maeger 1995 (mit 130 restaurierten Faksimileseiten der Arckenholtz-Ausgabe 1751/2)

Briefwechsel unter anderem mit Descartes:
 Lettres choisis des Christine reine de Suede, 1760, und Lettres Secrets, Genf 1761.

Literatur

Sachbücher
 Veronica Buckley: Christina, Königin von Schweden. Das rastlose Leben einer Exzentrikerin ("Christina, queen of Sweden"). Eichborn Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-8218-4557-0.
 Jörg-Peter Findeisen: Christina von Schweden. Legende durch Jahrhunderte. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-7973-0514-1.
 Hans Emil Friis: Königin Christine von Schweden, 1626–1689: Ein Lebensbild ("Dronning Christina af Sverrig"). Verlag H. Meyer, Leipzig 1899.
 Ulrich Hermans (Redaktion), Stadt Osnabrück (Hrsg.): Christina, Königin von Schweden. Katalog der Ausstellung im Kulturgeschichtlichen Museum Osnabrück, 23. November 1997 – 1. März 1998. Edition Rasch Verlag, Bramsche 1997, ISBN 3-932147-32-4.
 Verena von der Heyden-Rynsch: Christina von Schweden. Die rätselhafte Monarchin. Piper, München 2002, ISBN 3-492-23383-X.
 Else Hocks: Christine Alexandra Königin von Schweden. Verlag Hegner, Leipzig 1936.
 Franz Schauerte: Christina – Königin von Schweden (Dissertation), Herder, Freiburg 1880.
 Sven Stolpe: Königin Christine von Schweden ("Drottning Kristina"). Verlag Knecht, Frankfurt am Main 1962.
 Veronica Biermann: Von der Kunst abzudanken. Die Repräsentationsstrategien Königin Christinas von Schweden. Böhlau Verlag, Wien/Köln/Weimar 2012, ISBN 978-3-412-20790-8.
 Per Sandin (Red.): Bilder av Kristina. Livrustkammaren, Stockholm 2013, ISBN 978-91-87594-50-2.

Spezialliteratur
 Hanns-Peter Mederer: Deutsche Musiker an schwedischen Residenzen des 17. Jahrhunderts. In: Concerto. Band 6 (2004), S. 32 f.
 Katrin Losleben: Musik, Macht, Patronage: Kulturförderung als politisches Handeln im Rom der Frühen Neuzeit am Beispiel der Christina von Schweden (1626–1689). Verlag Dohr, Köln 2012, ISBN 978-3-936655-96-4.
 Laure Wyss: Weggehen ehe das Meer zufriert. Fragmente zu Königin Christina von Schweden. Limmat Verlag, Zürich 1994, ISBN 3-85791-228-6.
 Daniela Williams, "Joseph Eckhel (1737-1798) and the coin collection of Queen Christina of Sweden in Rome", Journal of the History of Collections 31 (2019).

Belletristik
 August Strindberg: Königin Christine. Schauspiel in 4 Akten. Ruetten & Loening, Potsdam 1953.
 Mary Lavater-Sloman: Ein Schicksal. Das Leben der Königin Christine von Schweden. Roman. Artemis-Verlag, Zürich 1967.
 Sigrid Grabner: Die Rebellin. Königin Christine von Schweden; historischer Roman. Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-548-23711-8.
 Gloria Kaiser: Die Amazone von Rom. Das abenteuerliche Leben der Christina von Schweden. Verlag Seifert, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-902406-18-6.
 Nina Blazon: Der Spiegel der Königin. Ravensburger Buchverlag, 2006, ISBN 3-473-35257-8.
 Katrin Burseg: Die Rebellin des Papstes. edition fredebold, 2010, ISBN 978-3-939674-29-0.

Weblinks

 Biographie bei Fembio
 Kurzbiographie mit Links zu weiteren Biographien von Koniarek und Schreiber
 Königin-Christine-Gesellschaft e. V.
 Englischsprachige Webseite zu ihr (auch zum Garbo-Film) von Tracy Marks
 Fünf Zitate von Christina bei nur.zitate.com
 Sabine König, Anne-K. Jung: Christina von Schweden. In: lespress, Januar 2003, S. 38 f.
 Joachim Grage: Entblößungen: Das zweifelhafte Geschlecht Christinas von Schweden in der Biographik. In: Frauenbiographik. Lebensbeschreibungen und Porträts, herausgegeben von Christian von Zimmermann, Nina von Zimmermann (Mannheimer Beiträge zur Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft, Band 63), Tübingen 2005
 Hakan Baykal: Christina von Schweden: Die radikalste Selbstbefreiung. In Spektrum.de, 31. Oktober 2020

Einzelnachweise

König (Schweden)
Familienmitglied des Hauses Wasa
Thronkandidat (Polen)
Person im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (Schweden)
Bibliophiler
Kunstsammler
Gustav II. Adolf

Geboren 1626
Gestorben 1689
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Putin decides to receive coronavirus vaccine
Published on: December 27, 2020 18:35 (EAT)
FILE PHOTO: Russia's President Vladimir Putin chairs a joint meeting of the country's State Council and the Council for Strategic Development and National Projects via a video conference call at the Novo-Ogaryovo state residence outside Moscow, Russia December 23, 2020. Sputnik/Mikhail Klimentyev/Kremlin via REUTERS
Russia's President Vladimir Putin will receive the Sputnik V vaccine against the coronavirus, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told a Russian state TV channel on Sunday.
"He said he will be vaccinated, he made this decision and was waiting until all formalities are completed," the spokesman was quoted as saying to Rossiya 1 TV Channel on its website.
Russia launched a voluntary vaccination programme with the Russia-made Sputnik V vaccine earlier in December, starting with the most vulnerable groups in Moscow.
People over the age of 60 may begin to apply for shots on Monday, Moscow mayor Sergei Sobyanin said on his website on Sunday, the day after the Russian health ministry said the vaccine was approved for use by elderly people after a separate trial.
68-year-old Putin said earlier that the Russian vaccine was effective and safe and he saw no reason not to be vaccinated adding that he was waiting until it became available.
Since the start of the coronavirus outbreak in Russia, Putin has mainly worked remotely, held meetings via videolink and limited travel.
Lights, cameras, action: Kenya Cup returns on Feb. 27
He said in August that one of his daughters had taken part in the clinical trial of the vaccine and felt well afterwards.
President Vladimir Putin
Sputnik V vaccine
Missing Kisii University don found dead in his house
Uganda's Bobi Wine says his bodyguard was 'deliberately' run over and killed


text:
a little lusciousness
food - my recipes, chef's recipes, restaurant reviews and more...
THE ART OF DINING 80s OFFICE PARTY
Last Thursday I had all the fun with some of my favourite people at The Art of Dining's 80s Office Party pop up dinner/party. Taking place in The Rose Lipman building on De Beauvoir Road, the place had been transformed into an actual 80s office space. Desks made up the tables, and projectors, photocopiers and filing cabinets were strewn around the room along with all the office supplies, all of which had been designed by Alice Hodge, one half of The Art of Dining team. It was the most dramatized pop up I've been to and they pulled it off so well. The night was led by Amanda Bellingham - "The Margaret Thatcher of Condiments" - a fictional female powerhouse and boss of The Pickle Company Ltd, who led us through tasks such as naming her new pickle company and drawing portraits of her that were then projected on to the wall. Her antics were great as in between course fillers and kept us occupied and very entertained.
But as always it's the food that really makes or breaks a night for me, and The Art of Dining did not disappoint. The five course office inspired menu has been created by head chef and the other half of the Art of Dining team, Ellen Parr who trained at Moro. The food was excellent, with every course delivering.
We started with "black coffee", a mushroom broth with Jerusalem artichoke ravioli and crispy sage. The ravioli was delicately thin with a rich filling and the broth was so punchy. I think we all refilled our office mugs with extra soup as it was so good.
The second course was "elevenses" - smoked haddock and caper sausage roll with tarragon mustard and green bean salad. The mustard sauce on the beans cut through the buttery pastry and its delicious filling. I adore caperberries so was very happy to have a whole one on the plate. I was about to write that this was my favourite course, but I honestly couldn't choose a favourite as I enjoyed them all so much.
Next up was "packed lunch" -which was the fanciest packed lunch I've ever eaten! Pickled cucumber and braised pork bao bun with crispy apple and coriander salad served in a plastic apple. The bun was so light and fluffy and full of rich, sticky pork filling while the salad added the perfect crunch to the dish.
The last of the savoury dishes was "tea". A perfectly cooked tea smoked quail was served with white wine braised potatoes, pickled butternut squash and sweet herbs. How they cooked all those individual quail to perfection is beyond me but they were juicy and so tasty. I may have picked the whole thing up with my hands to get the last bits of meat off the bone....!
Finally it was "biscuits" which I did actually struggle with. Not because it wasn't delicious, it was Turkish coffee cake, whipped goats cheese and caramelised plums, but because I'd just eaten a whole bird plus three more courses. I had a bite of pudding and wished I had a little lid to pop on the top of it so I could take it home with me.
The Art of Dining was so much fun, and an amazing culinary achievement of the day's food reimagined into restaurant worthy dishes. There are a few tickets left for some of their remaining dates - 30th and 31st March and 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 9th, 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th April, but be quick because they will sell out fast. It's £55 a head for a welcome drink, five courses of incredible food and entertainment, and is worth every penny. I can't wait to see what they come up with next!
Posted by A Little Lusciousness at 29.3.16
Labels: london, pop up, restaurant, review, supper club
Jasmin 29 March 2016 at 13:35
This just looks like so much fun!
A Little Lusciousness 30 March 2016 at 15:20
SO MUCH FUN!!
Rosie xx
Amber 29 March 2016 at 20:58
Great experience. I would love to be part of it.
Book tickets, such a great night :)
Drew Watts 22 April 2016 at 09:14
This 80s office dinner party looks adorable. Arrangements in party seem to be done amazingly. I need to host an office party for my staff and would love to use this theme for party. Looking for holistic party venues in Los Angeles for the event.
THEO RANDALL at the INTERCONTINENTAL, MAYFAIR
EASTER EGG FUDGE w LAVOLIO
PHARMACY 2, VAUXHALL
DANILO CORTELLINI w RISO GALLO
BLACK DICE, MAYFAIR
TANNER & CO, BERMONDSEY
MY APRIL POP UP RESTAURANTS
WHERE TO EAT - KYOTO, JAPAN
BLANCHETTE, SOHO
THE BALCON, ST JAMES
SAKE TOUR OF JAPAN
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You are probably familiar with the Rule of 72, which tells you when the one dollar you invest today will be worth $2 once you have a rate of growth. If your annual rate of return is R%, then it will take you (72/R) years to double your money. For instance, for a 6% return (assuming the rate is constant), you will need 72/6 = 12 years to see 100% gain of your money.
The math is quite straightforward and can be done easily with Excel. But if you don't want to do the "dirty" work yourself, then the following plot is provided for your convenience so you can have an idea on how long and how fast you should go. Note that the number of years to triple is smaller than the rate of return (without the percentage) once the return rate reaches R = 11, at which point, you only need ten and a half years to earn two dollars for every dollar invested.
So we know which rate can give us a reasonable time frame to triple our money. The next question is how we can achieve that goal. That is, where can we find that 11% annual return to help us to earn 200% return in a little over ten years?
In the May issue of Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine, an article, Triple Your Money, asks and answers this very question. Using historical data from 1926, the article points out that investors can expect to earn 200% return in 11 years by investing in US stocks, which on average returned 10.4% since 1926. The following is a re-produced plot from the article, showing average returns of some major investment vehicles (30-day T-bills for Cash) and the corresponding years to triple.
There criteria, except the last one, are chosen such that small investors can participate without having to pay big fees. The search returned just 24 funds that meet the above requirements and, not surprisingly, they are all in the three hot categories of the past several years: real estate, precious metal, and foreign stocks.
The way I look at these funds (or the fund categories) is that they are important ingredients of a healthy portfolio, but I won't bet big money on any of them just because they have returned nicely over some 5+ years (here are some discussions on asset allocation and real estate investment). I'd love to see my money triple in five years, but I also want a good sleep every night without worrying what will happen to my money tomorrow. And since they all performed incredibly well since 2001, easy money may have already being made. Therefore, some cautions are needed when weighing your options on when to get in and what to invest.
On another note, the theory of tripling your money for a given rate of return is based on the assumption that the investment is made at the beginning of the period instead of a gradual but regular approach. If you do dollar-cost averaging, you will need much longer time to see the 200% return (here's why). The reason is that all three categories are in a bull market for some time and every time you made a purchase, the shares were likely to be more expensive than what you paid last time.
American Eagle Gold Coin in Short Supply?
This is a fantastic article Sun. Thanks for covering it. Very impressive info here… I need to check this out and apply this to my own investments.
Looking at RateLadder's Prosper gains spreadsheet, it seems like some lenders (including myself) are making 11% or better.
I don't know if I would go with the hot categories in the long term. The exception is foreign stocks. I think there's lots of room left to run there. I think the next ten years should be big for health care as well. I believe precious metals are over-priced, but I have been wrong before.
Awesome fund layout. Also, you can use the rule of 115 to calculate how long it will take an investment to triple.
TJP: Thanks for the tip. I have include that information in the post. I thought there must be some rules to get the number, but didn't really search for it.
I'm impressive, I can bookmark the lookup and do it myself without consulting a professional. One more thing I love about blogging –good resources.
Nice tips, I will bookmark this site.
I'm invested heavily in asian funds…let's all root for the market to go back up!


text:
Home News Breaking News NY Public School Teacher Charged with Smuggling Arms to Hamas
NY Public School Teacher Charged with Smuggling Arms to Hamas
A former New York City high school teacher has been busted in an undercover sting. Investigators say he was trying to sell arms overseas to be used against Jews. In a basement courtroom, there an arraignment for a teacher turned alleged cigarette smuggler turned would-be arms dealer, CBS 2's John Slattery reports."I think they're trumped up charges at this point," attorney Michael D'Ambrosio said.
The defendant, 49-year-old Theophilus Burroughs, a former Marine, was also a former music teacher at the prestigious Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan.
It was at the Bronx warehouse where investigators say Burroughs had previously bought hundreds of thousands of untaxed cigarettes, showing up Tuesday to allegedly sell night-vision goggles, bullet-proof vests, and counterfeit cigarette stamps. He reportedly wet his pants when he was arrested at the warehouse. Investigators said he'd previously sold undercover agents a dozen firearms, including AK-47s and other assault rifles.
During those so-called deals, the district attorney said Burroughs wanted the weapons shipped to the Middle East in containers, to go to Hamas.
Burroughs pleaded not guilty to weapons and drug charges.
"If he was supporting terrorism, we wouldn't be standing here. We'd be in a Federal courthouse," D'Ambrosio said.
Burroughs allegedly had a gun connection in South Carolina and allegedly boasted that he could build grenades and get fertilizer for bombs.
Burroughs was one of 15 defendants indicted in the year-long undercover investigation of illegal cigarettes and guns.
{CBS2/Matzav.com}
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