text:
Psychiatric Refugees? Give me a Break!
October 10, 2016 involuntary treatmentAnti-psychiatry, British Columbia, involuntary treatment, Mental Health Act, treatmentmross109
For years, we've had a small group of very vocal people who call themselves psychiatric survivors — people who have had psychiatric treatment, do not agree with it and consider that they have survived it. Now, thanks to CBC radio, we have someone dubbed a psychiatric refugee — a woman who fled British Columbia for Ontario to escape her involuntary status in a B.C. hospital. And, it was said, she is not the only so-called refugee.
Comparing yourself to people who survived a genocide like the Holocaust or saying that you are comparable to Syrians and others fleeing in leaky, dangerous boats from war is absurd. But what is also absurd is the story that this anonymous person called Sarah by the CBC told. It is just not logical but it is being used to justify the Charter challenge to the B.C. Mental Health Act that I suggested was misguided.
People deserve to know and to understand what the Mental Health Act is about. They deserve to know the processes that are in place to commit someone against their will and to treat them. And they need to know the safeguards that are in place to prevent excesses and protect the rights of the individual. These are never explained.
First, I encourage you to listen to the interview. To begin with, Sarah said that she went to the emergency at a hospital with her mother because of troubling life events and she wanted help. She was admitted, she said, voluntarily but then her status was changed to involuntary.
Now, for her to have been declared involuntary, she would have had to have satisfied all four of these criteria (page 18 of the guide):
Is suffering from a mental disorder that seriously impairs her ability to react appropriately to her environment or to associate with others;
Requires psychiatric treatment in or through a designated facility;
Requires care, supervision and control in or through a designated facility to prevent her substantial mental or physical deterioration or for her own protection or the protection of others; and
Is not suitable as a voluntary patient.
If she was involuntary, a licensed physician must have assessed her and certified that she met the criteria. Then, another independent physician conducted an examination with the same criteria to extend the stay beyond 48 hours.
( See form 4 where the reasons for the involuntary decision must be listed.)
At the end of one month, she would be examined again to determine if she still met the involuntary admission criteria and the proper form would be filled out to extend her stay a further month (page 20 of the guide). If she no longer needed to be involuntary during this period, the doctor can cancel it and she can always appeal her status to a review board at any time.
Once a patient has been deemed involuntary, they are given a form 5 (consent to treatment) (page 173), which explains to them what treatment is being given. Note that Sarah told the CBC that no one ever discussed treatment with her. They had to.
In addition, Sarah's rights would have been explained to her and she would be given a form 13 to sign (page 182). She did say she had to sign something but she was not sure what it was. The person having her sign would have told her that she had a right to a lawyer, that she would be regularly examined by a doctor to ensure she was being held appropriately, informed that she could apply to a review board to assess her capacity, go to court to challenge the doctor's decision and/or request a second opinion from a different doctor.
Next, she would be given a form 15 (page 186) to fill out so that she could nominate a near relative to be informed of her status. She did say that her mother went to the emergency with her so I have to ask where her mother was in all this. Surely she would have been liaising with the hospital staff over diagnoses and treatments. While her mother would have no authority under the act, most doctors do encourage family participation. During the CBC interview, Sarah said that she wished her mother could be involved in her treatment and there is nothing in the act that says she can't be.
Sarah told the CBC that she absconded during a smoke break and that a form 21 (page 193) had been filled out. That form obligates a peace officer to return her to hospital. Sarah said she went to police in Calgary and told them, and that they called her psychiatrist but they did not hold her for return. The form 21 is only valid within British Columbia, but if 60 days had expired, it would not be valid and she would be deemed discharged.
There are so many holes in what she told the CBC that cast doubt on all she said. It is important for people to understand, particularly in light of the court challenge, what protections there are for an individual who is involuntary. This is not something that anyone takes lightly and is done for the best interest of the patient and for society.
The infamous Vince Li, who beheaded Tim McLean on a Greyhound bus, was initially picked up by Toronto Police in 2004 and taken to hospital. He left hospital against medical advice as there was no mechanism with which to keep him.
Imagine what would have happened if he had been treated initially? Tim McLean would be alive, his family would not have suffered the pain and anguish they did, and the first Mountie on scene might not have developed severe PTSD and eventually taken his own life.
As for Vince Li, he has done so well on treatment that he is now living in a halfway house. I can only guess at the pain he must feel knowing what he did while psychotic and that he would not likely have done if he had been properly treated at the outset.
Vancouver resident Erin Hawkes has written extensively on how the so-called forced treatment had saved her life. She has written in the National Post, numerous times in the Huffington Post and in the Tyee.
The CBC should interview her as well on the court challenge and they should do better fact-checking. If the plaintiffs in this Charter challenge call Sarah as a witness, we will see how well her story holds up to cross-examination.
Note: this first appeared in the Huffington Post on September 26. One person criticized me for attacking mothers which is not what I intended. I pointed out that Sarah's mother has gone to the ER with her and I likely had input. When I asked where she was, it was a comment directed towards Sarah who said that she wished her mother could have been involved and I suspect she was. I realize that not all doctors and mental health staff are open to families but enough are. My own experience as a family member is that I have always been involved.
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7 thoughts on "Psychiatric Refugees? Give me a Break!"
Angie Hamilton, Families for Addiction Recovery says:
While certain patients in BC may prefer Ontario legislation, it is equally true that parents in Ontario prefer the laws in the US and most other provinces in Canada. That is why our organization, Families for Addiction Recovery ("FAR"), believes we need to develop pan-Canadian best practices with respect to involuntary treatment, particularly with respect to youth. Parents should not have to be jurisdiction shopping in order to ensure their children get the treatment they so desperately need. See this CBC article about Louise Lemieux White, parent and co-founder of FAR, and her daughter Chloe, who is two years in recovery at the age of 16. Chloe believes if her parents had not taken her to the States at 14 for treatment against her will she would not be alive today:
http://www.cbc.ca/beta/news/canada/toronto/programs/metromorning/mental-health-united-states-1.3740641
kathleen mochnacki says:
Marvin, I don't agree when you say "enough are" regarding the practice of involving families by medical personnel. Although there are some wonderful doctors who do involve families, too many do not despite the fact that research has determined that better outcomes are achieved with family involvement. There is an article somewhere that describes the percentage of psychiatrists who do not ask the patient if they want the family involved and I wish I could retrieve it. If anyone is aware of this article please let me know.
Jane Duval says:
Well said, Mr. Ross. Thank you for your clear, informative article, and for your ongoing efforts to help people with serious brain illnesses and their families. As the mother of a son with schizophrenia, I am grateful for all that you do.
Donald Forsdyke says:
I agree . Patricia Forsdyke
Kathy Powers says:
Reblogged this on KathyPowers1 and commented:
If you follow me at all, you will know that I am a rebel. This caused me unjust care at Read Zone Hospital and Lake Shore hospital in the 70s. When these kind of involuntary laws prevail, all one has to do is get on the wrong side of the powers-that-be. Often, rebelling against injustices is not cause for forced psychiatric treatment like I experienced: strapping down to my bed, injected with psych med to which I was allergic and a most outlandish use of seclusion as punishment. When one survives unjust treatment and cannot go home, I call this a 'refugee' situation. I admire Sarah that even though the BC system really did her wrong, she had the wisdom to seek further psychiatric treatment even though it was so risky. I don't know if I would be that brave! My hat's off to you, Sarah. I hope you may go home soon.
Betty G says:
This article was clearly written by someone who has never been on the inside of a psychiatric facility.
If everyone used the logic your article proposes, people would formulate an argument that since a broken bone isn't as bad as cancer, then the sufferer should forgo medical treatment.
People in psych wards actually die, so how bad do things have to get before they flee?
Are you expecting people to wait for a detonating nuclear warhead before they try and salvage their lives?
Show some compassion.
mross109 says:
I have been in many psychiatric units and psychiatric hospitals. Provide some evidence that those in psych wards die.


Late last year my Dad suggested that a group of us from Ren Shin Kan travel to the Friendship Seminar in Brussels, I'd not had the chance to practice Aikido outside of the UK before and considering the instructors on show and my Dad's friendships with them I immediately said yes.
For me and I think the other 9 people the main draw making us willing to travel through three countries late into the night was the chance to meet new people and see how differently Aikido can be done.
[singlepic id=218 w=300 h=250 float=left]In all honesty it was one of the most enjoyable weekends of Aikido I've had. The fact that you can step into a dojo knowing next to nobody and only being able to speak a few words of the local language yet still be able to train for five hours a day before enjoying a meal and a few drinks in the bar is testament not only to Aziz Belhassane Shihan and his students but also to the inclusive style of Aikido we all subscribe to. Everyone was extremely welcoming and the Seminar itself was a truly world class event.
Whilst most of the weekend could be seen as pretty special there were a few highlights and surprisingly, an expensive meal at the Marriot Hotel which included 6 Shihan (including Dad) as well as 2 embassy officials and a couple of NATO representatives wasn't top of the list. Personally having Philip Lee Shihan teach two classes was pretty special and I think most of the other people over the weekend would agree that Aloyseus Lee is exceptional to train with but perhaps the moment that will stay with me the longest was crashing into the floor shortly after my Dad had told Obata Shihan that I was his son and bounced well.
[singlepic id=217 w=300 h=250 float=right]Most importantly of all and despite the fact it was a long time before I got the tune to "Bring Me Sunshine" out of my head and that drinking in the bar until well after 2am is not the best preparation for for a full day of Aikido I have to say a big thank you to everyone who traveled with us; Sam, Mark, Keith, Adoni, Marketa, Kevin and Romaine with a special thanks to Dad and George for doing all the driving. I hope they all had as good a time as me and I can't wait until the next road trip.
When it happens I'll be sure to say a little about it.


Shawls are called "Selendang" in Indonesian. D. BALI selendang are done in a range of fabrics from crinkle silk chiffon (Selendang CK) and silk crepe de chine (Selendang N) to cotton T–shirt jersey (Selendang T) and hand woven cotton mesh (Selendang Batu). Men especially like the Selendang B and Selendang T.


The Toledo IEEE Section in conjunction with the Student Section and IEEE Women in Engineering are hosting an event, the highlight of which is a 1 PDH presentation on Autonomous Vehicles.
The presenter is Robert Neff, a corporate officer in the Intrass Corporation. Bob is member of the SAE Vehicle to Vehicle Communications Standards Technical Committee, and past Chairman of the SAE V2V Vehicle Safety Subcommittee. Bob is chair of IEEE South East Michigan Section. Robert will bring an autonomous vehicle to campus, subject to acquiring a campus permit.
There will be networking and discussing careers with students. This event will also include a tour of an energy and a cyber-security lab showcasing groundbreaking research that is being done at the University of Toledo.
This event will be from 5:30pm till 8:30pm at the Brady Center (1600 N. Westwood Ave.) at the University of Toledo, on Tuesday September 18. Free food and drinks will be provided.


text:
Richard J. Santori
Blake-Lamb Funeral Home
24 febrero , 1936 – 5 noviembre , 2010
When someone is identified as a natural leader, certain images come to mind. First thoughts are of a no-nonsense, tough-minded, dedicated and disciplined person. This description accurately fits Rich Santori who was indeed a born leader. He will be most remembered as fun loving, no BS and a man's best friend. He was a person who always carried a strong sense of duty with him throughout his life and was generous with his time and money. Possessed with "old school" values, Rich was an individual who clearly communicated to those around him just who he was and what he was all about. Everyone acquainted with Rich knew him as a well-respected man who was a well respected force in his community.
Rich was born on February 24, 1936 at Mt. Sinai Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were Hazel Baldassari Salerno and Tom Santori. Rich was raised in Chicago. Even as a youngster, Rich learned to be objective and decisive. Although he always challenged authority, responsibility and dependability was something that he brought to his friends and businesses throughout his life.
As a young boy, Rich was able to put his natural abilities to work. Rich was raised by his devoted mother and loving grandmother. Rich had an inborn appreciation for his family and the natural order of things.
Rich's matter-of-fact attitude about most things was developed during his childhood. As a young boy, he enjoyed being part of teams, and organizations and groups of other kids who shared similar interests. Rich took part in baseball. In his spare time he liked to go down to Lake Michigan.
In school, Rich was as close to being a model student as one could possibly imagine. Of course, all his friends know this was not true. A logical and focused thinker, Rich was always good at working outside of school (squeezing the buffalo off the nickel). Rich's personal motto could well have been, "Do it right the first time". His favorite class in high school was drafting. The teacher he enjoyed learning from the most was the drafting teacher, Mr. Boyles.
Rich was sociable and approachable. Because he was always so straightforward in how he approached relationships, friends and family knew that what they saw was always what they got. He enjoyed the camaraderie of being with a group of friends. When Rich was a member of a group, his interaction worked to keep the others grounded. He wasn't afraid to confront his friends and, when necessary, he challenged them to stick to the task at hand. Those close to Richard came to expect his high standards of performance. While growing up, some of his best friends were Bob Baldassari, his cousin, Hank Troeskin, Tom Montgomery, Gary D'Allesandro, Glenn Richards and Mickie Lurie. Later in life, he was friends with Ray Martin, Tony Durpetti, Bob Baldassari, Dick Andersen, Andy Arliskas, Ed Napleton, Don Camarda, Chip Pierson, Mark Johnson, Ted Bruck, Frank Cacciatore, Johnny Lazarra, George Demes, Ed O'Bradovich, David Glynn, Don Gallaway, Jim Hagstrom, Dick Hawks, Fred Morelli, Tom Matesic, Earle Maloney, Steve Moskowitz, Dominick Pileggi, Richard Ruby, Lou Plucinski, Paul Tamraz, Bob Vorreyer and George Warner.
An objective and conscientious individual, Rich reveled in the security of his relationship with Gina and all his friends. On December 5, 1987 Richard exchanged wedding vows with Gina Marie Anne Bakiares at the Holy Name Cathedral Chapel of Chicago, IL. One of Rich's most endearing qualities was his uncanny ability to start the party and be the last to leave.
Rich has a son, Joseph Santori, and is blessed with one grandson, Nicholas Richard Santori.
Being a hard worker who praised efficiency, Rich was always striving to make improvements where they were necessary. He was able to analyze situations and problems, keeping everything and everyone on track. Rich was a person who could make thorough and thoughtful decisions based on the information available. In both his personal and professional environments, Rich upheld his standards. His primary occupation was automotive dealership owner. Rich was a leader who set goals and achieved them.
Rich was in the US Army Reserves and US Air Force Reserves. His sense of duty helped lead him into the military where his understanding of rank, his willingness to abide by rules and regulations and his desire to follow orders was admired by his fellow service men and women in the 131st Infantry. Through his hard work and dedication, he achieved the rank of Lieutenant.
Rich approached his leisure time in the same manner that he approached his life. A person who enjoyed being neat and orderly and one who understood the nature of things, he appreciated the hours he was able to devote to his various hobbies. His favorite pursuits were boating and flying. Rich was content to enjoy his favorite pastimes alone but was also willing to share his interests with others.
Being generous with his time and energy, Rich liked to belong to a variety of groups and organizations. He was a vocal leader who enjoyed being a part of things. His desire to uphold traditions and his ability to take charge of any type of project made him a tremendous asset. Throughout his later years, Rich was an active member of the Chicago Area Automotive Dealers Assn. He also served on the board of the Univ. of Chicago Foundation.
A civic-minded person, Rich was usually ready to jump in and help with community activities. He was the type of person who could masterfully organize events and projects and then see to it that they were run in an efficient and timely manner. Richard was a member of several community groups, including serving on committees for the Aurora Chamber of Commerce, Community Counseling Center, New York Street Business Assn. During these years, Rich applied his analytical intellect to problem solving and so was an asset on most committees. He was a member of St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church since 1986.
When it came time to travel or take a vacation, Rich used Gina to make sure everyone and everything was ready to go. That also meant that he made certain no single person was overworked in putting the trip together, except for Gina. Rich had a knack for making sure that everyone who was involved had their specific tasks and that those tasks were completed. Favorite vacations included Florida, Mexico, Spain and his own retreat in Watersmeet, Michigan.
Rich was a lover of animals and cherished his pets. One of Rich's favorites was Dink, a black male poodle. They were best friends for 17 years.
When Rich's retirement finally arrived in 2005, he was well prepared. He used his critical evaluation skills to make sure that every detail had been preplanned and attended to. His new life involved living between Lisle, IL and Watersmeet, MI. In retirement, he found new pleasure in socializing with all the friends from the Cisco Chain of lakes. In many ways, Rich loved retirement. It provided him with the opportunity to catch up with his friends, attend functions and group outings, and enjoy his favorite activities.
Rich passed away on November 5, 2010 peacefully at his home in Lisle, IL. Rich fought a brave but short battle against cancer. He is survived by his loving wife, Gina, son, Joe and grandson, Nick. Services were held at St. Joan of Arc Church. Rich was laid to rest in Queen of Heaven Cemetary, Hillside, IL.
All who knew him would agree that Rich was a pillar of the community in Aurora and with Chicago auto dealers. He lived his life with his feet firmly on the ground. He had a strong work ethic, was pragmatic in his thoughts and acts, and constantly sought the means for self-improvement. He was willing to share his ideas and knowledge for the benefit of others, so that they could accomplish more in their lives. Richard Joseph Santori did his best to ensure that his family, friends, loved ones, co-workers, and everyone whose life he touched was given the chance to become a better person.
Richard J. Santori, age 74, cherished husband of Gina, nee Bakiares; father of Joe Santori; grandfather of Nicholas Santori; dear brother of Tom (Erna) Santori; loving son-in-law of George & Joan Bakiares; devoted brother-in-law of Jeffrey (Lynn) Bakiares.
Rich proudly served in the Army and Air Force reserves as a pilot. After the service and through hard work, Rich built and enjoyed operating successful automotive dealerships for 45 years. Rich's experience as a pilot carried over into civilian life, as Rich flew aircraft as a private pilot. He also had a great zest for boating, which he shared with many dear friends.
Visitation Tuesday, November 9, 2010 from 3-8 pm at Blake-Lamb Funeral Home, 5015 Lincoln Ave., Lisle (on Rt. 53, ½ mile south of Ogden Ave. / Rt. 34) where funeral services will begin Wednesday, November 10, 2010 at 9:15 am and proceed to St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church for Mass at 10:00 am. Burial following at Queen of Heaven Cemetery.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to the Richard & Gina Santori Charitable Fund to benefit educational scholarships.
For additonal information call the funeral home at 630-964-9392.
En Memoria De Richard J. Santori
Prayer Service
CARGAR MÁS (319)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Why is there a donate button on this site?
Because it costs about $110 per year to keep this site on the web and I (Rob) haven't played DAOC in years. I keep the site running as a favor to people who still play, but I'm not willing to pay for it. In the last year (2016 to 2017) $110 was donated -- just about the perfect amount -- and if that keeps up, the site will continue. If donations dry up, the site will shut down.
What's the fastest way to level on Gaheris?
Which classes are most in demand on Gaheris?
For end-game groups, the most useful classes are heavy shield tanks (warriors, heroes, armsmen), other blockers (pallies, valks, wardens), pbaoe-with-pet classes (spiritmasters, enchanters), spec buffers and healers (clerics, druids, shamans, midgard healers, bards), heretics, and theurgists. See also the questions below about the best groups for keeps.
Are there good items that exist only on Gaheris?
Update: the three power fragments have been pretty much worthless since patch 1.114. For more information go here.
Another update: Mythic changed power fragments again in 1.114b, presumably to compensate for ruining them in 1.114.
Where can I find good Gaheris templates?
I can't craft yet. How can I make templates?
Use Mytha's craftless templates for healers and spiritmaster.
Which other articles besides this one contain info about Gaheris?
Which items can be used on Gaheris by toons of a different realm?
Is there a Steam group for Gaheris?
Is there a Vent server for Gaheris?
Yes. The Gaheris Vent server is run by Siolith. For more info, click here.
Can a toon craft for all three realms on Gaheris?
Yes. Mythic made a special slash command for Gaheris that allows us to change a toon's crafting realm as often as we want. For example, to change to Midgard you type /craft mid.
Do battlegrounds exist on Gaheris?
Only Cathal Valley exists on Gaheris. "Molvik" appears on porter menus but it's a mistake. Cathal Valley is PVE-only on Gaheris. Cathal Valley's keep contains an encounter that gives a 1-hour 25% bonus to RPs.
Can I port to towns on Gaheris?
Yes but only from porters in certain places. One way is to port to your toon's realm keep in Cathal Valley, then port to the town. Also, some house porters (newer ones) allow you to port to towns.
How do I earn realm points (RPs) on Gaheris?
How many RPs do I get from each dreaded seal?
It depends on your level when you hand them in.
Level 50..........3600 RPs not counting bonuses.
Level 45 - 49.....1800 RPs not counting bonuses.
Level 41 - 45......840 RPs not counting bonuses.
Level 36 - 40......360 RPs not counting bonuses.
Level 31 - 35.......60 RPs not counting bonuses.
Level 26 - 30.......36 RPs not counting bonuses.
Level 21 - 25.......24 RPs not counting bonuses.
Where exactly do I get dreaded seals?
They always drop from keep bosses, relic fort bosses, frontier mino relic bosses, Agramon milegate bosses, and Cathal Valley bosses. They have a percentage chance to drop from other mobs in and around keeps and relic forts, all mobs in Labyrinth, some mobs in Cathal Valley, and all mobs on Agramon. The fastest way to get them is from keeps.
Is there a more convenient way to handle dreaded seals than stacks of ten?
Yes, a spellcrafter can combine dreads into single items that represent 10, 50, or 250 dreads. The 10-dread item is called a lambent; the 50 is called a fulgent; and the 250 is called an effulgent.
What's the lowest level mob I can kill to get dreaded seals?
Lurking scroungers near the inner bridges on Agramon. Their base level is 25.
How do I learn about keeps?
What duo is the best for farming keeps?
Enchanter + warden is very, very good.
What trio is the best for farming keeps?
When can I start farming dreaded seals?
The lowest-level mobs that drop dreaded seals are lurking scroungers and avernal quasits in Agramon. You'll find them between the milegates and inner bridges. The lowest lurking scroungers are approximately level 25 and the lowest avernal quasits are level 32.
Where do I buy quartermaster armor and weapons?
Where do I get scales?
You can get 300 glass and 100 scales from the repeatable quest "An Encroaching Threat" given by the commander in the frontier outside your realm's main border keep (Svasud Faste, Forest Sauvage, or Druim Cain). [2015 update: You may have to get the quest now in the towns in Uppland, Cruachan Gorge, or Forest Sauvage.] If you prefer to play the game instead of grinding quests, you can kill mobs in Dartmoor, Sheeroe Hills, Malmohus, Avalon City, Fomor or Trollheim. If you want to exercise some skill, you can farm Nosdoden with a small number of toons. The other main mobs in these zones (main dragons. Xanxicar, and Myrrdraxis) are harder.
What are the most powerful PvE abilities for end-game encounters?
Guard; protect III; pbaoe from the true pbaoe classes (spiritmaster, enchanter, etc.); focus damage shield (enchanter, cabalist, etc.); Torrential Blaze from heretics; and pet spam (earth pets) from theurgists.
Protect transfers aggro from a healer to a tank. It prevents healers from getting interrupted by mobs. The tank's weapon must be out in order for protect to work. In other words, the tank must be in combat. If the tank isn't in combat, protect has no effect. Protect should be placed only on healers. Protect I and II transfer only a small fraction of the aggro generated by the healer, so they aren't sufficient by themselves to allow a tank to hold aggro in a group that consists of just the two toons. Protect III is more powerful and may even transfer more than half the aggro generated by the healer.
Which resists can I skimp on?
How is crafing here different than on Ywain?
On Gaheris, a toon can craft items for any of the three realms. Use the /craft command to switch realms. For example, to craft a Midgard item, type /craft mid.
Do reactive procs work on shields in PvE?
No. By design they do not. Mythic explained this years ago on the Camelot Herald as follows: "Reactive shield procs do not fire in PVE by design. Because of the way monster AI works in combination with block rates and shield procs, there are a lot of very exploitable situations with allowing it to exist. Thus, no shield procs against NPCs."
From level 10 to 34, New User Journey towns. Above level 34, outside Vindsaul faste, Druim Cain, or Snowdonia fortress.
maybe it's interesting that you can't use most of the teleporter because the picts are inside the border keeps and you will die if you do.I hope you don't think this is a quibble, but the quartermasters are not directly in or at the border keeps. For example - in Albion you'll find them at Swanton Keep.
Thanks Knolle. I changed it.
maybe it's interessting that you can get scales in the SI dungeons (Avalon City, Fomor and Trollheim) too.
Mention should be made about the relative uselessness of protect 1 & 2 compared to protect 3, and probably be listed as an important ability in PvE.
To add to Warrs post, protect only transfers a percentage of aggro to the tank not all. I believe protect III is 20%.
From playing experience, prot 3 has to be at least >50%. Even if the tank isn't hitting a mob, prot3 will never let the tank lose aggro to the healer. Frequently, prot3 is enough to pull aggro back off of a pbae onto the tank, given a good enough healer. If prot3 was 20%, that aggro would jump to the healer instead of the tank, but it doesn't.
knolle wrote: maybe it's interessting that you can get scales in the SI dungeons (Avalon City, Fomor and Trollheim) too.
Thanks Knolle. I added this.
Warriorperson wrote: Mention should be made about the relative uselessness of protect 1 & 2 compared to protect 3, and probably be listed as an important ability in PvE.
Thanks Person. I made those changes.
Muasa wrote: To add to Warrs post, protect only transfers a percentage of aggro to the tank not all. I believe protect III is 20%.
Warriorperson wrote: From playing experience, prot 3 has to be at least >50%. Even if the tank isn't hitting a mob, prot3 will never let the tank lose aggro to the healer. Frequently, prot3 is enough to pull aggro back off of a pbae onto the tank, given a good enough healer. If prot3 was 20%, that aggro would jump to the healer instead of the tank, but it doesn't.
Rob wrote: Protect I and II transfer only a small fraction of the aggro generated by the healer, so they aren't sufficient by themselves to allow a tank to hold aggro in a group that consists of just the two toons. Protect III is more powerful and may even transfer more than half the aggro generated by the healer.
Thanks for all the suggestions! They are a big help.
If you can stomach the boring grinding of mobs until you die of old age approach, I'd probably suggest leveling up on Agramon. The monsters drop dreaded seals, and even at a 3-5% rate at low levels, it's a significant chunk of change to help you get started. Or, you can sit on them and have a nice stash of seals to turn in as soon as you hit 50. Even those first 10 seals at 50 will get you to 2L7 with only Orion's Belt, the Breifine Relic buff and the guild buff.
Thank you for the wonderful tips on this thread! I was unable to retrieve my troll warrior from years ago so this guide will help me start fresh with a new frostalf shaman!
Hibwizz1999 wrote: Thank you for the wonderful tips on this thread! I was unable to retrieve my troll warrior from years ago so this guide will help me start fresh with a new frostalf shaman!
On a server where size doesn't matter, Frostalf is definitely the best choice for Shaman imo (purely for cosmetic reasons).
Thanks! I always liked the look of the Frostalf's too but never made one yet so now is the perfect time.


Hospitality is one of the best things that mankind has produced. However, it has always been a rare commodity - even in the age of mass tourism. Our goal is to help you experience true hospitality.
From the bush lodge in Botswana to the castle in South Tyrol: Our houses are as different as the countries we travel to. But almost all of them have one thing in common: they are small and personal. They are often managed by the owners themselves. Our B&Bs and inns, our hotels and lodges are places where one can experience hospitality.
For your individual trip we book the most important things: the accommodation, the rental cars and sometimes even some private tours with our local guides. That way all you have to do is enjoy your travels. You will receive a handbook tailored to your trip with all the important details.
Our recommendation: Don't rush to the destination! Avoid motorways if possible! Explore the country on secondary roads! And stay at least two nights in any place! This will give you time for your own discoveries, unforgettable impressions and human encounters.


We have a number of premium facilities at Ellesmere College which we are currently looking to let out to sports clubs, fitness instructors and community groups.
We are currently open for evening community sports bookings on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday evenings throughout the year (excluding summer, Easter and Christmas closures). We are primarily aiming these sessions at reoccurring bookings from community groups/clubs and coaches or fitness professionals.
*Please contact us for the availability of our other facilities.
During the weekends and half terms our facilities are available to hire for 'one-off' bookings. This includes both sporting and non-sporting events. Please feel free to contact us with details of your requirements.
*Please note that we don't allow alcohol on site.
The sports hall is equipped with drop down competition grade basketball nets and newly purchased Futsal, indoor football nets. The space also has an upstairs viewing gallery which can be hired for an additional fee (see small hall).
This large, multi-activity space is perfect for a wide variety of events and would be perfect for lectures, seminars, community theatre groups or any other event which requires a large indoor area.
Our small hall overlooks the sports hall below and would be perfect to be used in conjunction with the sport hall as a viewing gallery to allow space for spectators. It could also be used as a space for small community groups or events.
The kitchen looks onto both of the halls and can be hired along with staffing for an additional cost.
The MUGA, or Multi Use Games Area, is a large outdoor open space. It is hard standing and fully enclosed. The uses for this versatile space are endless and would be perfect for a number of outdoor activities.
Our purpose built BMX track and mountain bike trail are a new addition to the college. Both newly finished in 2015, they would be perfect for a qualified individual to set up a cycling club or deliver cycling lessons.
Ellesmere College is also equipped with multiple meeting rooms available to hire.


text:
Anaphes confertus är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Doutt 1949.  Anaphes confertus ingår i släktet Anaphes och familjen dvärgsteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dvärgsteklar
confertus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There will be no Co-op added down the line, they have said "no" to there being Co-op in the sense of actual Co-op. So we will have to hope modders can get it into the game somehow, cause god do I want it. Long live the great Peace Walker. how to play omaha hi lo strategy 20/01/2018 · Use these tips and tricks to help you craft traps, kill zombies, and survive multiplayer Salvage missions.
27/02/2018 · Metal Gear Survive does not let you explore the campaign with a friend. You are limited to a briefer horde mode with three other people who happen to be trapped in Dite.
17/08/2016 · Konami's Metal Gear Survive is a co-op zombie survival game Spoiler: It does not look much like a Metal Gear game.


Thank your guide. I like Baby Jogger City stroller.
Nice products for baby, I like the stroller. It looks great, lightweight and compact.
This stroller is awesome! I just had my son and if we had this we could go all over the town and finally get out of the house! This momma is goin a little stir crazy!
this is the very informative post for seeking a best Stroller .
I think that in order to choose the right stroller, we need to consider three important elements: its weight, size and budget.
There are no universal strollers that will suit everyone because each of us has our own requirements and basic preferences that are very important for us.


text:
package sigmastate.lang

import org.bitbucket.inkytonik.kiama.rewriting.Rewriter._
import org.ergoplatform._
import sigmastate.SCollection._
import sigmastate.Values._
import sigmastate._
import SCollection.SBooleanArray
import scalan.Nullable
import sigmastate.lang.Terms._
import sigmastate.lang.exceptions._
import sigmastate.lang.SigmaPredef._
import sigmastate.serialization.OpCodes
import sigmastate.utxo._

import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer

/**
  * Type inference and analysis for Sigma expressions.
  */
class SigmaTyper(val builder: SigmaBuilder,
                 predefFuncRegistry: PredefinedFuncRegistry,
                 lowerMethodCalls: Boolean) {
  import SigmaTyper._
  import builder._
  import predefFuncRegistry._

  private implicit val implicitPredefFuncRegistry: PredefinedFuncRegistry = predefFuncRegistry

  import SType.tT

  private val predefinedEnv: Map[String, SType] =
      predefFuncRegistry.funcs.mapValues(f => f.declaration.tpe)

  private def processGlobalMethod(srcCtx: Nullable[SourceContext],
                                  method: SMethod,
                                  args: IndexedSeq[SValue]) = {
    val global = Global.withPropagatedSrcCtx(srcCtx)
    val node = for {
      pf <- method.irInfo.irBuilder if lowerMethodCalls
      res <- pf.lift((builder, global, method, args, EmptySubst))
    } yield res
    node.getOrElse(mkMethodCall(global, method, args, EmptySubst).withPropagatedSrcCtx(srcCtx))
  }
  /**
    * Rewrite tree to typed tree.  Checks constituent names and types.  Uses
    * the env map to resolve bound variables and their types.
    */
  def assignType(env: Map[String, SType],
                 bound: SValue,
                 expected: Option[SType] = None): SValue = ( bound match {
    case Block(bs, res) =>
      var curEnv = env
      val bs1 = ArrayBuffer[Val]()
      for (v @ Val(n, _, b) <- bs) {
        if (curEnv.contains(n)) error(s"Variable $n already defined ($n = ${curEnv(n)}", v.sourceContext)
        val b1 = assignType(curEnv, b)
        curEnv = curEnv + (n -> b1.tpe)
        builder.currentSrcCtx.withValue(v.sourceContext) {
          bs1 += mkVal(n, b1.tpe, b1)
        }
      }
      val res1 = assignType(curEnv, res)
      mkBlock(bs1, res1)

    case Tuple(items) =>
      mkTuple(items.map(assignType(env, _)))

    case c @ ConcreteCollection(items, _) =>
      val newItems = items.map(assignType(env, _))
      assignConcreteCollection(c, newItems)

    case i @ Ident(n, _) =>
      env.get(n) match {
        case Some(t) => mkIdent(n, t)
        case None =>
          SGlobal.method(n) match {
            case Some(method) if method.stype.tDom.length == 1 => // this is like  `groupGenerator` without parentheses
              val srcCtx = i.sourceContext
              processGlobalMethod(srcCtx, method, IndexedSeq())
            case _ =>
              error(s"Cannot assign type for variable '$n' because it is not found in env $env", bound.sourceContext)
          }
      }

    case sel @ Select(obj, n, None) =>
      val newObj = assignType(env, obj)
      newObj.tpe match {
        case tNewObj: SProduct =>
          val iField = tNewObj.methodIndex(n)
          val method = if (iField != -1) {
            tNewObj.methods(iField)
          } else
            throw new MethodNotFound(s"Cannot find method '$n' in in the object $obj of Product type with methods ${tNewObj.methods}", obj.sourceContext.toOption)
          val tMeth = method.stype
          val tRes = tMeth match {
            case SFunc(args, _, _) =>
              val tThis = args(0)  // first arg corresponds to method's receiver
              val tMethSpec = unifyTypes(tThis, tNewObj) match {
                case Some(subst) if subst.nonEmpty => applySubst(tMeth, subst).asFunc // specialize for concrete receiver type
                case _ => tMeth.asFunc
              }
              if (tMethSpec.tDom.length == 1 && tMethSpec.tpeParams.isEmpty) tMethSpec.tRange
              else tMethSpec.copy(tDom = tMethSpec.tDom.tail, tRange = tMethSpec.tRange)
            case _ => tMeth
          }
          if (method.irInfo.irBuilder.isDefined && !tRes.isFunc) {
            // this is MethodCall of parameter-less property, so invoke builder and/or fallback to just MethodCall
            val methodConcrType = method.withSType(SFunc(newObj.tpe, tRes))
            val nodeOpt = methodConcrType.irInfo.irBuilder match {
              case Some(b) if lowerMethodCalls =>
                b.lift(builder, newObj, methodConcrType, IndexedSeq(), Map())
              case _ => None
            }
            nodeOpt.getOrElse(mkMethodCall(newObj, methodConcrType, IndexedSeq(), Map()))
          } else {
            mkSelect(newObj, n, Some(tRes))
          }
        case t =>
          error(s"Cannot get field '$n' in in the object $obj of non-product type $t", sel.sourceContext)
      }

    case lam @ Lambda(tparams, args, t, body) =>
      for ((name, t) <- args)
        if (t == NoType)
          error(s"Invalid function $lam: undefined type of argument $name", lam.sourceContext)
      val lambdaEnv = env ++ args
      val newBody = body.map(assignType(lambdaEnv, _))
      if (t != NoType) {
        if (newBody.isDefined && t != newBody.get.tpe)
          error(s"Invalid function $lam: resulting expression type ${newBody.get.tpe} doesn't equal declared type $t", lam.sourceContext)
      }
      val res = mkGenLambda(tparams, args, newBody.fold(t)(_.tpe), newBody)
      res

    case Apply(ApplyTypes(sel @ Select(obj, n, _), Seq(rangeTpe)), args) =>
      val newObj = assignType(env, obj)
      val newArgs = args.map(assignType(env, _))
      obj.tpe match {
        case p: SProduct =>
          p.method(n) match {
            case Some(method @ SMethod(_, _, genFunTpe @ SFunc(_, _, _), _, _, _, _, _)) =>
              val subst = Map(genFunTpe.tpeParams.head.ident -> rangeTpe)
              val concrFunTpe = applySubst(genFunTpe, subst)
              val expectedArgs = concrFunTpe.asFunc.tDom.tail
              val newArgTypes = newArgs.map(_.tpe)
              if (expectedArgs.length != newArgTypes.length
                || !expectedArgs.zip(newArgTypes).forall { case (ea, na) => ea == SAny || ea == na })
                error(s"For method $n expected args: $expectedArgs; actual: $newArgTypes", sel.sourceContext)
              if (method.irInfo.irBuilder.isDefined) {
                method.irInfo.irBuilder
                  .filter(_ => lowerMethodCalls)
                  .flatMap(_.lift(builder, newObj, method, newArgs, subst))
                  .getOrElse(mkMethodCall(newObj, method, newArgs, subst))
              } else {
                val newSelect = mkSelect(newObj, n, Some(concrFunTpe)).withSrcCtx(sel.sourceContext)
                mkApply(newSelect, newArgs.toArray[SValue])
              }
            case Some(method) =>
              error(s"Don't know how to handle method $method in obj $p", sel.sourceContext)
            case None =>
              throw new MethodNotFound(s"Cannot find method '$n' in in the object $obj of Product type with methods ${p.methods}", obj.sourceContext.toOption)
          }
        case _ =>
          error(s"Cannot get field '$n' in in the object $obj of non-product type ${obj.tpe}", sel.sourceContext)
      }

    case app @ Apply(sel @ Select(obj, n, _), args) =>
      val newSel = assignType(env, sel)
      val newArgs = args.map(assignType(env, _))
      newSel.tpe match {
        case genFunTpe @ SFunc(argTypes, _, _) =>
          // If it's a function then the application has type of that function's return type.
          val newObj = assignType(env, obj)
          val newArgTypes = newArgs.map(_.tpe)
          unifyTypeLists(argTypes, newArgTypes) match {
            case Some(subst) =>
              val concrFunTpe = applySubst(genFunTpe, subst)
              newObj.tpe.asInstanceOf[SProduct].method(n) match {
                case Some(method) if method.irInfo.irBuilder.isDefined =>
                  val expectedArgs = concrFunTpe.asFunc.tDom
                  if (expectedArgs.length != newArgTypes.length
                    || !expectedArgs.zip(newArgTypes).forall { case (ea, na) => ea == SAny || ea == na })
                    error(s"For method $n expected args: $expectedArgs; actual: $newArgTypes", sel.sourceContext)
                  val methodConcrType = method.withSType(concrFunTpe.asFunc.withReceiverType(newObj.tpe))
                  methodConcrType.irInfo.irBuilder
                    .filter(_ => lowerMethodCalls)
                    .flatMap(_.lift(builder, newObj, methodConcrType, newArgs, Map()))
                    .getOrElse(mkMethodCall(newObj, methodConcrType, newArgs, Map()))
                case _ =>
                  val newSelect = mkSelect(newObj, n, Some(concrFunTpe)).withSrcCtx(sel.sourceContext)
                  mkApply(newSelect, newArgs.toArray[SValue])
              }
            case None =>
              error(s"Invalid argument type of application $app: expected $argTypes; actual: $newArgTypes", sel.sourceContext)
          }
        case _ =>
          mkApply(newSel, newArgs.toArray[SValue])
      }

    case a @ Apply(ident: Ident, args) if SGlobal.hasMethod(ident.name) => // example: groupGenerator()
      val method = SGlobal.method(ident.name).get
      val srcCtx = a.sourceContext
      val newArgs = args.map(assignType(env, _))
      processGlobalMethod(srcCtx, method, newArgs)

    case app @ Apply(f, args) =>
      val new_f = assignType(env, f)
      (new_f.tpe match {
        case SFunc(argTypes, _, _) =>
          // If it's a pre-defined function application
          if (args.length != argTypes.length)
            error(s"Invalid argument type of application $app: invalid number of arguments", app.sourceContext)
          val typedArgs = args.zip(argTypes).map {
            case (arg, expectedType) => assignType(env, arg, Some(expectedType))
          }
          val adaptedTypedArgs = (new_f, typedArgs) match {
            case (AllOfFunc.sym | AnyOfFunc.sym, _) =>
              adaptSigmaPropToBoolean(typedArgs, argTypes)
            case (Ident(GetVarFunc.name | ExecuteFromVarFunc.name, _), Seq(id: Constant[SNumericType]@unchecked))
              if id.tpe.isNumType =>
                Seq(ByteConstant(SByte.downcast(id.value.asInstanceOf[AnyVal])).withSrcCtx(id.sourceContext))
            case _ => typedArgs
          }
          val actualTypes = adaptedTypedArgs.map(_.tpe)
          unifyTypeLists(argTypes, actualTypes) match {
            case Some(_) =>
              mkApply(new_f, adaptedTypedArgs.toArray[SValue])
            case None =>
              error(s"Invalid argument type of application $app: expected $argTypes; actual after typing: $actualTypes", app.sourceContext)
          }
        case _: SCollectionType[_] =>
          // If it's a collection then the application has type of that collection's element.
          args match {
            case Seq(c @ Constant(index, _: SNumericType)) =>
              val indexConst = IntConstant(SInt.upcast(index.asInstanceOf[AnyVal])).withSrcCtx(c.sourceContext)
              mkByIndex[SType](new_f.asCollection, indexConst, None)
            case Seq(index) =>
              val typedIndex = assignType(env, index)
              typedIndex.tpe match {
                case _: SNumericType =>
                  mkByIndex[SType](new_f.asCollection, typedIndex.upcastTo(SInt), None)
                case _ =>
                  error(s"Invalid argument type of array application $app: expected numeric type; actual: ${typedIndex.tpe}", index.sourceContext)
              }
            case _ =>
              error(s"Invalid argument of array application $app: expected integer value; actual: $args", app.sourceContext)
          }
        case STuple(_) =>
          // If it's a tuple then the type of the application depend on the index.
          args match {
            case Seq(Constant(index, _: SNumericType)) =>
              val fieldIndex = SByte.downcast(index.asInstanceOf[AnyVal]) + 1
              mkSelectField(new_f.asTuple, fieldIndex.toByte)
            case Seq(index) =>
              val typedIndex = assignType(env, index)
              typedIndex.tpe match {
                case _: SNumericType =>
                  mkByIndex(new_f.asCollection[SAny.type], typedIndex.upcastTo(SInt), None)
                case _ =>
                  error(s"Invalid argument type of tuple application $app: expected numeric type; actual: ${typedIndex.tpe}", typedIndex.sourceContext)
              }
            case _ =>
              error(s"Invalid argument of tuple application $app: expected integer value; actual: $args", app.sourceContext)
          }
        case t =>
          error(s"Invalid array application $app: array type is expected but was $t", app.sourceContext)
      }) match {
        case PredefinedFuncApply(irNode) => irNode
        case v => v
      }

    case mc @ MethodCallLike(obj, m, args, _) =>
      val newObj = assignType(env, obj)
      val newArgs = args.map(assignType(env, _))
      newObj.tpe match {
        case tColl: SCollectionType[a] => (m, newArgs) match {
          case ("++", Seq(r)) =>
            if (r.tpe == tColl)
              mkAppend(newObj.asCollection[a], r.asCollection[a])
            else
              error(s"Invalid argument type for $m, expected $tColl but was ${r.tpe}", r.sourceContext)
          case (SCollection(method), _) =>
            val typeSubst = method.stype match {
              case sfunc @ SFunc(_, _, _) =>
                val newArgsTypes = newArgs.map(_.tpe)
                val actualTypes = newObj.tpe +: newArgsTypes
                unifyTypeLists(sfunc.tDom, actualTypes) match {
                  case Some(subst) =>
                    val concrFunTpe = applySubst(sfunc, subst).asFunc
                    val newMethod = method.withSType(concrFunTpe)
                    val concrFunArgsTypes = concrFunTpe.tDom.tail
                    if (newArgsTypes != concrFunArgsTypes)
                      error(s"Invalid method $newMethod argument type: expected $concrFunArgsTypes; actual: $newArgsTypes", mc.sourceContext)
                    subst
                  case None =>
                    error(s"Invalid argument type of method call $mc : expected ${sfunc.tDom}; actual: $actualTypes", mc.sourceContext)
                }
              case _ => EmptySubst
            }
            method.irInfo.irBuilder
              .filter(_ => lowerMethodCalls)
              .flatMap(_.lift(builder, newObj, method, newArgs, typeSubst))
              .getOrElse(mkMethodCall(newObj, method, newArgs, typeSubst))

          case _ =>
            throw new NonApplicableMethod(s"Unknown symbol $m, which is used as operation with arguments $newObj and $newArgs", mc.sourceContext.toOption)
        }
        case SGroupElement => (m, newArgs) match {
          case ("*", Seq(r)) =>
            if (r.tpe == SGroupElement)
              mkMultiplyGroup(newObj.asGroupElement, r.asGroupElement)
            else
              error(s"Invalid argument type for $m, expected $SGroupElement but was ${r.tpe}", r.sourceContext)
          case _ =>
            throw new NonApplicableMethod(s"Unknown symbol $m, which is used as ($newObj) $m ($newArgs)", mc.sourceContext.toOption)
        }
        case _: SNumericType => (m, newArgs) match {
          case("+" | "*" | "^" | ">>" | "<<" | ">>>", Seq(r)) => r.tpe match {
            case _: SNumericType => m match {
              case "*" => bimap(env, "*", newObj.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkMultiply)(tT, tT)
              case "+" => bimap(env, "+", newObj.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkPlus)(tT, tT)
              case "^" => bimap(env, "^", newObj.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkBitXor)(tT, tT)
              case ">>" => bimap(env, ">>", newObj.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkBitShiftRight)(tT, tT)
              case "<<" => bimap(env, "<<", newObj.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkBitShiftLeft)(tT, tT)
              case ">>>" => bimap(env, ">>>", newObj.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkBitShiftRightZeroed)(tT, tT)
            }
            case _ =>
              throw new InvalidBinaryOperationParameters(s"Invalid argument type for $m, expected ${newObj.tpe} but was ${r.tpe}", r.sourceContext.toOption)
          }
          case _ =>
            throw new NonApplicableMethod(s"Unknown symbol $m, which is used as ($newObj) $m ($newArgs)", mc.sourceContext.toOption)
        }

        case SSigmaProp => (m, newArgs) match {
          case ("||" | "&&" | "^", Seq(r)) => r.tpe match {
            case SBoolean =>
              val (a, b) = (Select(newObj, SSigmaProp.IsProven, Some(SBoolean)).asBoolValue, r.asBoolValue)
              val res = m match {
                case "||" => mkBinOr(a, b)
                case "&&" => mkBinAnd(a, b)
                case "^" => mkBinXor(a, b)
              }
              res
            case SSigmaProp =>
              val (a, b) = (newObj.asSigmaProp, r.asSigmaProp)
              val res = m match {
                case "||" => mkSigmaOr(Seq(a, b))
                case "&&" => mkSigmaAnd(Seq(a, b))
                case "^" => throw new NotImplementedError(s"Xor operation is not defined between SigmaProps")
              }
              res
            case _ =>
              error(s"Invalid argument type for $m, expected $SSigmaProp but was ${r.tpe}", r.sourceContext)
          }
          case _ =>
            throw new NonApplicableMethod(s"Unknown symbol $m, which is used as ($newObj) $m ($newArgs)", mc.sourceContext.toOption)
        }
        case SBoolean => (m, newArgs) match {
          case ("||" | "&&" | "^", Seq(r)) => r.tpe match {
            case SBoolean => m match {
              case "||" => mkBinOr(newObj.asBoolValue, r.asBoolValue)
              case "&&" => mkBinAnd(newObj.asBoolValue, r.asBoolValue)
              case "^" => mkBinXor(newObj.asBoolValue, r.asBoolValue)
            }
            case SSigmaProp =>
              val (a, b) = (newObj.asBoolValue, Select(r, SSigmaProp.IsProven, Some(SBoolean)).asBoolValue)
              val res = m match {
                case "||" => mkBinOr(a, b)
                case "&&" => mkBinAnd(a, b)
                case "^" => mkBinXor(a, b)
              }
              res
            case _ =>
              error(s"Invalid argument type for $m, expected ${newObj.tpe} but was ${r.tpe}", r.sourceContext)
          }
          case _ =>
            throw new NonApplicableMethod(s"Unknown symbol $m, which is used as ($newObj) $m ($newArgs)", mc.sourceContext.toOption)
        }
        case _: SString.type => (m, newArgs) match {
          case ("+", Seq(r)) => (newObj, r) match {
            case (cl : Constant[SString.type]@unchecked, cr : Constant[SString.type]@unchecked) =>
              mkStringConcat(cl, cr)
            case _ =>
              throw new InvalidBinaryOperationParameters(s"Invalid argument type for $m, expected ${newObj.tpe} but was ${r.tpe}", r.sourceContext.toOption)
          }
          case _ =>
            throw new NonApplicableMethod(s"Unknown symbol $m, which is used as ($newObj) $m ($newArgs)", mc.sourceContext.toOption)
        }
        case t =>
          error(s"Invalid operation $mc on type $t", mc.sourceContext)
      }

    case app @ ApplyTypes(input, targs) =>
      val newInput = assignType(env, input)
      newInput.tpe match {
        case genFunTpe @ SFunc(_, _, tpeParams) =>
          if (tpeParams.lengthCompare(targs.length) != 0)
            error(s"Wrong number of type arguments $app: expected $tpeParams but provided $targs. " +
                  s"Note that partial application of type parameters is not supported.", app.sourceContext)
          val subst = tpeParams.map(_.ident).zip(targs).toMap
          val concrFunTpe = applySubst(genFunTpe, subst).asFunc
          newInput match {
            case Select(obj, n, _) => mkSelect(obj, n, Some(concrFunTpe.tRange))
            case Ident(name, _) => mkIdent(name, concrFunTpe)
          }
        case _ =>
          error(s"Invalid application of type arguments $app: function $input doesn't have type parameters", input.sourceContext)
      }

//    case app @ ApplyTypes(in, targs) =>
//      val newIn = assignType(env, in)
//      ApplyTypes(newIn, targs)
//      error(s"Invalid application of type arguments $app: expression doesn't have type parameters")

    case If(c, t, e) =>
      val c1 = assignType(env, c).asValue[SBoolean.type]
      val t1 = assignType(env, t)
      val e1 = assignType(env, e)
      val ite = mkIf(c1, t1, e1)
      if (c1.tpe != SBoolean)
        error(s"Invalid type of condition in $ite: expected Boolean; actual: ${c1.tpe}", c.sourceContext)
      if (t1.tpe != e1.tpe)
        error(s"Invalid type of condition $ite: both branches should have the same type but was ${t1.tpe} and ${e1.tpe}", t1.sourceContext)
      ite

    case op @ AND(input) =>
      val input1 = assignType(env, input).asValue[SCollection[SBoolean.type]]
      if (!(input1.tpe.isCollection && input1.tpe.elemType == SBoolean))
        error(s"Invalid operation AND: $op", op.sourceContext)
      mkAND(input1)

    case op @ OR(input) =>
      val input1 = assignType(env, input).asValue[SCollection[SBoolean.type]]
      if (!(input1.tpe.isCollection && input1.tpe.elemType == SBoolean))
        error(s"Invalid operation OR: $op", op.sourceContext)
      mkOR(input1)

    case GE(l, r) => bimap(env, ">=", l, r)(mkGE[SType])(tT, SBoolean)
    case LE(l, r) => bimap(env, "<=", l, r)(mkLE[SType])(tT, SBoolean)
    case GT(l, r) => bimap(env, ">", l, r) (mkGT[SType])(tT, SBoolean)
    case LT(l, r) => bimap(env, "<", l, r) (mkLT[SType])(tT, SBoolean)
    case EQ(l, r) => bimap2(env, "==", l, r)(mkEQ[SType])
    case NEQ(l, r) => bimap2(env, "!=", l, r)(mkNEQ[SType])

    case ArithOp(l, r, OpCodes.MinusCode) => bimap(env, "-", l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkMinus)(tT, tT)
    case ArithOp(l, r, OpCodes.PlusCode) => bimap(env, "+", l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkPlus)(tT, tT)
    case ArithOp(l, r, OpCodes.MultiplyCode) => bimap(env, "*", l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkMultiply)(tT, tT)
    case ArithOp(l, r, OpCodes.ModuloCode) => bimap(env, "%", l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkModulo)(tT, tT)
    case ArithOp(l, r, OpCodes.DivisionCode) => bimap(env, "/", l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkDivide)(tT, tT)
    case ArithOp(l, r, OpCodes.MinCode) => bimap(env, "min", l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkMin)(tT, tT)
    case ArithOp(l, r, OpCodes.MaxCode) => bimap(env, "max", l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkMax)(tT, tT)

    case BitOp(l, r, OpCodes.BitOrCode) => bimap(env, BitOp.BitOr.name, l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkBitOr)(tT, tT)
    case BitOp(l, r, OpCodes.BitAndCode) => bimap(env, BitOp.BitAnd.name, l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkBitAnd)(tT, tT)
    case BitOp(l, r, OpCodes.BitXorCode) => bimap(env, BitOp.BitXor.name, l.asNumValue, r.asNumValue)(mkBitXor)(tT, tT)

    case Xor(l, r) => bimap(env, "|", l, r)(mkXor)(SByteArray, SByteArray)
    case MultiplyGroup(l, r) => bimap(env, "*", l, r)(mkMultiplyGroup)(SGroupElement, SGroupElement)

    case Exponentiate(l, r) =>
      val l1 = assignType(env, l).asGroupElement
      val r1 = assignType(env, r).asBigInt
      if (l1.tpe != SGroupElement || r1.tpe != SBigInt)
        error(s"Invalid binary operation Exponentiate: expected argument types ($SGroupElement, $SBigInt); actual: (${l.tpe}, ${r.tpe})", l.sourceContext)
      mkExponentiate(l1, r1)

    case ByIndex(col, i, defaultValue) =>
      val c1 = assignType(env, col).asCollection[SType]
      if (!c1.tpe.isCollectionLike)
        error(s"Invalid operation ByIndex: expected Collection argument type; actual: (${col.tpe})", col.sourceContext)
      defaultValue match {
        case Some(v) if v.tpe.typeCode != c1.tpe.elemType.typeCode =>
            error(s"Invalid operation ByIndex: expected default value type (${c1.tpe.elemType}); actual: (${v.tpe})", v.sourceContext)
        case ref @ _ => mkByIndex(c1, i, ref)
      }

    case SizeOf(col) =>
      val c1 = assignType(env, col).asCollection[SType]
      if (!c1.tpe.isCollectionLike)
        error(s"Invalid operation SizeOf: expected argument types ($SCollection); actual: (${col.tpe})", col.sourceContext)
      mkSizeOf(c1)

    case SigmaPropIsProven(p) =>
      val p1 = assignType(env, p)
      if (!p1.tpe.isSigmaProp)
        error(s"Invalid operation IsValid: expected argument types ($SSigmaProp); actual: (${p.tpe})", p.sourceContext)
      SigmaPropIsProven(p1.asSigmaProp)

    case SigmaPropBytes(p) =>
      val p1 = assignType(env, p)
      if (!p1.tpe.isSigmaProp)
        error(s"Invalid operation ProofBytes: expected argument types ($SSigmaProp); actual: (${p.tpe})", p.sourceContext)
      SigmaPropBytes(p1.asSigmaProp)

    case LogicalNot(i) => unmap(env, "!", i.asBoolValue)(mkLogicalNot)(SBoolean)
    case Negation(i) => unmap[SNumericType](env, "-", i.asNumValue)(mkNegation)(tT)
    case BitInversion(i) => unmap[SNumericType](env, "~", i.asNumValue)(mkBitInversion)(tT)

    case SomeValue(x) => SomeValue(assignType(env, x))
    case v: NoneValue[_] => v

    case Global => Global
    case Context => Context
    case Height => Height
    case MinerPubkey => MinerPubkey
    case Self => Self
    case Inputs => Inputs
    case Outputs => Outputs
    case LastBlockUtxoRootHash => LastBlockUtxoRootHash
    case c @ LongConstant(i) if expected.isDefined && expected.get == SByte =>
      if (i >= 0 && i <= Byte.MaxValue) ByteConstant(i.toByte)
      else error(s"Value $i of type Long cannot be converted to Byte.", c.sourceContext)
    case v: ContextVariable[_] => v
    case v: GetVar[_] => v
    case v: OptionGet[_] => v
    case v: EvaluatedValue[_] => v
    case v: SigmaBoolean => v
    case v: Upcast[_, _] => v
    case v @ Select(_, _, Some(_)) => v
    case v =>
      error(s"Don't know how to assignType($v)", v.sourceContext)
  }).withEnsuredSrcCtx(bound.sourceContext)

  def assignConcreteCollection(cc: ConcreteCollection[SType], newItems: Seq[Value[SType]]) = {
    val types = newItems.map(_.tpe).distinct
    val tItem = if (cc.items.isEmpty) {
      if (cc.elementType == NoType)
        error(s"Undefined type of empty collection $cc", cc.sourceContext)
      cc.elementType
    } else {
      msgTypeOf(types).getOrElse(
        error(s"All element of array $cc should have the same type but found $types", cc.sourceContext))
    }
    builder.currentSrcCtx.withValue(cc.sourceContext) { mkConcreteCollection(newItems, tItem) }
  }

  def adaptSigmaPropToBoolean(items: Seq[Value[SType]], expectedTypes: Seq[SType]): Seq[Value[SType]] = {
    val res = items.zip(expectedTypes).map {
      case (cc: ConcreteCollection[SType]@unchecked, SBooleanArray) =>
        val items = adaptSigmaPropToBoolean(cc.items, Array.fill(cc.items.length)(SBoolean))
        assignConcreteCollection(cc, items)
      case (it, SBoolean) if it.tpe == SSigmaProp => SigmaPropIsProven(it.asSigmaProp)
      case (it,_) => it
    }
    res.toArray[SValue]
  }

  def bimap[T <: SType]
      (env: Map[String, SType], op: String, l: Value[T], r: Value[T])
      (mkNode: (Value[T], Value[T]) => SValue)
      (tArg: SType, tRes: SType): SValue = {
    val l1 = assignType(env, l).asValue[T]
    val r1 = assignType(env, r).asValue[T]
    val safeMkNode = { (left: Value[T], right: Value[T]) =>
      try {
        val node = mkNode(left, right)
        if (node.tpe == NoType)
          error("No type can be assigned to expression", l.sourceContext)
        node
      } catch {
        case e: Throwable =>
          throw new InvalidBinaryOperationParameters(s"operation: $op: $e", l.sourceContext.toOption)
      }
    }
    (l1.tpe, r1.tpe) match {
      case (t1: SNumericType, t2: SNumericType) if t1 != t2 =>
        safeMkNode(l1, r1)
      case (t1, t2) =>
        val substOpt = unifyTypes(SFunc(Vector(tArg, tArg), tRes), SFunc(Vector(t1, t2), tRes))
        if (substOpt.isDefined)
          safeMkNode(l1, r1)
        else
          throw new InvalidBinaryOperationParameters(s"Invalid binary operation $op: expected argument types ($tArg, $tArg); actual: (${l1.tpe }, ${r1.tpe })", l.sourceContext.toOption)
    }

  }

  def bimap2[T <: SType]
      (env: Map[String, SType], op: String, l: Value[T], r: Value[T])
          (newNode: (Value[T], Value[T]) => SValue): SValue = {
    val l1 = assignType(env, l).asValue[T]
    val r1 = assignType(env, r).asValue[T]
    try {
      newNode(l1, r1)
    } catch {
      case e: Throwable =>
        throw new InvalidBinaryOperationParameters(s"operation $op: $e", l.sourceContext.toOption)
    }
  }

  def unmap[T <: SType](env: Map[String, SType], op: String, i: Value[T])
                       (newNode: Value[T] => SValue)
                       (tArg: SType): SValue = {
    val i1 = assignType(env, i).asValue[T]
    if (!i1.tpe.isNumType && i1.tpe != tArg)
      throw new InvalidUnaryOperationParameters(s"Invalid unary op $op: expected argument type $tArg, actual: ${i1.tpe}", i.sourceContext.toOption)
    try {
      newNode(i1)
    } catch {
      case e: Throwable =>
        throw new InvalidUnaryOperationParameters(s"operation $op error: $e", i.sourceContext.toOption)
    }
  }

  def typecheck(bound: SValue): SValue = {
    val assigned = assignType(predefinedEnv, bound)
    if (assigned.tpe == NoType)
      error(s"No type can be assigned to expression $assigned", bound.sourceContext)

    // traverse the tree bottom-up checking that all the nodes have a type
    var untyped: SValue = null
    rewrite(everywherebu(rule[Any]{
      case v: SValue =>
        if (v.tpe == NoType) untyped = v
        v
    }))(assigned)

    if (untyped != null)
      error(s"Errors found in $bound while assigning types to expression: $untyped assigned NoType", untyped.sourceContext)

    assigned
  }
}

object SigmaTyper {

  type STypeSubst = Map[STypeVar, SType]
  val EmptySubst = Map.empty[STypeVar, SType]

  /** Performs pairwise type unification making sure each type variable is equally
    * substituted in all items. */
  def unifyTypeLists(items1: Seq[SType], items2: Seq[SType]): Option[STypeSubst] = {
    // unify items pairwise independently
    val itemsUni = (items1, items2).zipped.map((t1, t2) => unifyTypes(t1,t2))
    if (itemsUni.forall(_.isDefined)) {
      // merge substitutions making sure the same id is equally substituted in all items
      val merged = itemsUni.foldLeft(EmptySubst)((acc, subst) => {
        var res = acc
        for ((id, t) <- subst.get) {
          if (res.contains(id) && res(id) != t) return None
          res = res + (id -> t)
        }
        res
      })
      Some(merged)
    } else
      None
  }

  private val unifiedWithoutSubst = Some(EmptySubst)

  /** Finds a substitution `subst` of type variables such that unifyTypes(applySubst(t1, subst), t2) shouldBe Some(emptySubst) */
  def unifyTypes(t1: SType, t2: SType): Option[STypeSubst] = (t1, t2) match {
    case (_ @ STypeVar(n1), _ @ STypeVar(n2)) =>
      if (n1 == n2) unifiedWithoutSubst else None
    case (id1 @ STypeVar(_), _) =>
      Some(Map(id1 -> t2))
    case (e1: SCollectionType[_], e2: SCollectionType[_]) =>
      unifyTypes(e1.elemType, e2.elemType)
    case (e1: SCollectionType[_], _: STuple) =>
      unifyTypes(e1.elemType, SAny)
    case (e1: SOption[_], e2: SOption[_]) =>
      unifyTypes(e1.elemType, e2.elemType)
    case (e1: STuple, e2: STuple) if e1.items.length == e2.items.length =>
      unifyTypeLists(e1.items, e2.items)
    case (e1: SFunc, e2: SFunc) if e1.tDom.length == e2.tDom.length =>
      unifyTypeLists(e1.tDom :+ e1.tRange, e2.tDom :+ e2.tRange)
    case (STypeApply(name1, args1), STypeApply(name2, args2))
      if name1 == name2 && args1.length == args2.length =>
      unifyTypeLists(args1, args2)
    case (SBoolean, SSigmaProp) => // it is necessary for implicit conversion in Coll(bool, prop, bool)
      unifiedWithoutSubst
    case (SPrimType(e1), SPrimType(e2)) if e1 == e2 =>
      unifiedWithoutSubst
    case (SAny, _) =>
      unifiedWithoutSubst
    case _ => None
  }

  def applySubst(tpe: SType, subst: STypeSubst): SType = tpe match {
    case SFunc(args, res, tparams) =>
      val remainingVars = tparams.filterNot { p => subst.contains(p.ident) }
      SFunc(args.map(applySubst(_, subst)), applySubst(res, subst), remainingVars)
    case _ =>
      val substRule = rule[Any] {
        case id: STypeVar if subst.contains(id) => subst(id)
      }
      rewrite(everywherebu(substRule))(tpe)
  }

  def msgType(t1: SType, t2: SType): Option[SType] = unifyTypes(t1, t2) match {
    case Some(_) => Some(t1)
    case None => unifyTypes(t2, t1).map(_ => t2)
  }

  /** Most Specific Generalized (MSG) type of ts.
    * Currently just the type of the first element as long as all the elements have the same type. */
  def msgTypeOf(ts: Seq[SType]): Option[SType] = {
    if (ts.isEmpty) None
    else {
      var res: SType = ts.head
      for (t <- ts.iterator.drop(1)) {
        msgType(t, res) match {
          case Some(msg) => res = msg //assign new
          case None => return None
        }
      }
      Some(res)
    }
  }

  def error(msg: String, srcCtx: Nullable[SourceContext]) = throw new TyperException(msg, srcCtx.toOption)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Caribbean Economies in the time of Coronavirus
Author: Jeetendra Khadan
More chapters
Caribbean economies
Economic growth is expected to decline in 2020, affected by the ongoing shock.
In Suriname, both the external economic shock and domestic measures aimed at slowing the spread of the virus will have adverse implications for the economy.
Most significant shock to the economy is likely to stem from lower commodity prices, and that firms in the construction, hospitality, retail, and transportation sectors will also be disproportionately affected. Individuals and households that largely depend on those sectors (as well as the informal sector) for employment will also see disruptions.
Remittance flows from The Netherlands and United States could be impaired, suggesting the need for a stronger role for government support programs for the affected individuals and households.
Economic growth in 2020 will be affected by the ongoing shock. The main transmission channel for Suriname will be commodity prices with second round effects through the impact of social distancing measures and internal and international travel restrictions.
Macroeconomic policy responses are being considered but current policy constraints will likely cause a trade-off between public health and economic health.
Given the unprecedented nature of the ongoing shock, a multisectoral policy agenda with the goal of returning the economy to a sustainable growth path will have to be carefully developed.
The Coronavirus Outbreak and Government Actions to Prevent Transmission
Suriname confirmed its first imported COVID-19 case on March 13, 2020. As of March 26, the authorities had confirmed a total of eight cases with 320 persons in quarantine. Up until now, all cases have been classified as imported.
The authorities acted swiftly to contain further importation of the virus and prevent community spread by imposing travel restrictions and implementing a number of social distancing measures. Measures implemented to date include the indefinite closure of all borders (land, sea, and air) and measures to facilitate the return of foreigners to their country of origin and retrieve Surinamese nationals in foreign countries. The authorities also limited social gatherings, closed all schools and universities, and restricted in-restaurant and bar dining services (take-out services are allowed). Communication of COVID-19 developments to the public occurs via a daily press conference as well as through a dedicated website and press briefings.
Economic Growth Prospects: Then and Now
Economic growth is expected to decline in 2020, affected by the ongoing shock. As discussed in the December 2020 Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin, the country's economic growth was expected to continue to improve over the medium term, with real GDP growth estimated to reach 2.5 percent in 2020. However, recent developments now cast doubt on that assumption. Lower growth at best or an economic contraction at least similar to the 2015 decline (-5.6 percent) is expected for 2020.
Transmission channels are varied and affect all sectors of the economy, either directly or indirectly. The main transmission channel for Suriname will be commodity prices (gold and oil), given the country's high commodity dependence (Figure 1). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) baseline assumptions for crude oil and gold prices to support economic growth of 2.5 percent in 2020 were US$57.9 per barrel and US$1531 per troy ounce, respectively. However, due to COVID-19-related supply and demand shocks and tensions between Russia and Saudi Arabia, crude oil prices plummeted by 60 percent in March 2020 (compared to IMF baseline assumptions) (IMF 2019c). Gold prices have been fluctuating, with a marginal difference around the IMF baseline assumption.1 The ongoing commodity price shock will have negative effects on growth, and could further weaken Suriname's fiscal and external positions.
Second-round effects would occur through the impact of social distancing measures and internal and international travel restrictions. The necessary restrictions associated with social distancing globally and within Suriname could have large adverse effects on domestic economic activity, depending on how long they remain in effect. The "face-to-face" industries such as entertainment, restaurants, bars, retail, transportation, and home care services are expected to be affected the most during this period. Moreover, new investments are expected to be postponed and ongoing infrastructure projects could suffer delays in implementation, affecting economic activity in the construction sector. Although the tourism sector in Suriname is relatively small (Figure 2), there could be large effects on businesses and households that depend on the travel and tourism value chain (e.g., hotels, restaurants, transportation and tour operators).
Government Policy Response
The ongoing shock is having an unprecedented impact in advanced and emerging economies, with large spillovers expected for small open economies like Suriname. COVID-19 is causing a trade-off between public health and economic health as many countries temporarily close non-essential services and businesses and ask employees to stay at home. In that context, it would require an immense coordinated policy response—fiscal, monetary, and social policies—to first "flatten the curve" of COVID-19 and then implement a multisectoral policy response to address the resulting economic challenges. In Suriname, macroeconomic policy responses are being considered, but current policy constraints will likely cause the trade-off mentioned above between public health and economic health. Suriname's policy options and constraints in terms of fiscal policy, monetary policy, and social policy and support for businesses are outlined below.
Fiscal policy: Ongoing policy discussions are focused on ensuring that the distribution of basic supplies and crucial government services and utilities continues during the COVID-19 crisis period. The authorities are also looking at measures to support the business sector. However, fiscal policy response is constrained by challenging macroeconomic conditions and a precarious fiscal position. The ongoing shock is likely to worsen the fiscal accounts through a decline in revenues (mostly oil) and also reduced tax receipts. Nevertheless, a large fiscal effort is needed to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and support households and businesses. The trade-off here is worsening economic conditions in the short term to preserve public health. In that regard, it would be important to increase budget allocations to address the COVID-19 crisis by reorienting planned expenditure in the short run and seeking low-cost financing in order to (1) provide cash and in-kind transfers, especially for vulnerable people who are likely to lose their jobs and income during the crisis period, (2) use and strengthen the effectiveness of the social safety net to respond to the ongoing shock, and (3) pursue sector policies to ensure business survival post COVID-19, especially in the transportation, tourism, and hotels sectors, perhaps in the form of tax relief and/or working with banks to offer deferred payment options. Post-crisis policies would need to focus on restoring fiscal stability by strengthening the fiscal framework (see IMF 2019c for specific measures).
Monetary policy: A monetary policy response to the ongoing crisis is challenged by relatively high levels of nonperforming loans estimated at 12 percent of total gross loans as of the second quarter of 2018. Moreover, a de facto peg to the U.S. dollar, with a high and increasing trend in the parallel market rate (the current parallel market premium is over 70 percent),2 along with relatively low and falling international reserves, also constrain the policy response. Lowering reserve requirements could be an option to increase liquidity, but this (together with the required fiscal effort) could worsen the abovementioned challenges. Nevertheless, if the ongoing crisis deepens, the authorities would have to carefully weigh the trade-offs between public health and economic health.
Social policy and support for businesses: The authorities have announced social support measures for vulnerable groups during the period. These include enhanced supervision of price speculation and advising companies not to dismiss employees during the crisis. Commercial banks have also increased withdrawal limits at automated teller machines and strongly encouraged the use of online banking. Finabank (a privately-owned commercial bank) also announced that its customers would be eligible for deferred payment on their obligations if their business operations are affected by the COVID-19 virus.
1 It is expected that gold prices could further improve in 2020, which could help offset declines in other areas.
2 A recent amendment to the Currency Control and Transaction Offices Control Act now stipulates that only the official rate of the Central Bank of Suriname should be used in all domestic transactions. The exchange houses, banks, and the business sector are currently challenging key elements of the amended law.
Jeetendra Khadan
Jeetendra Khadan is a Senior Economist who holds the position of Country Economist for Suriname within the Caribbean Country Department at the Inter-American Development Bank.


William Henry Washington ( born February 7, 1813 near Goldsboro, North Carolina; † August 12, 1860 in New Bern, North Carolina ) was an American politician. Between 1841 and 1843 he represented the State of North Carolina in the U.S. House of Representatives.
After studying law and its made in 1835 admitted to the bar William Washington began in New Bern to work in his new profession. At the same time he proposed as a member of the Whig Party launched a political career. In the congressional elections of 1840 he was in the fourth constituency of North Carolina in the U.S. House of Representatives in Washington DC chosen, where he became the successor of Charles Biddle Shepard on March 4, 1841. Since he resigned in 1842 to run again, he was able to complete only one term in Congress until March 3, 1843. This was marked by the tension between the Whigs and President John Tyler. At that time, has already been discussed about a possible annexation since 1836 the independent Republic of Mexico Texas.
After his retirement from the U.S. House of Representatives Washington remained at the state level in the political business. In the years 1843 and 1846 he was a member of the House of Representatives from North Carolina. He also sat in 1848, 1850 and 1852 in the State Senate. Professionally, he practiced as a lawyer again. William Washington died on August 12, 1860 in New Bern.


A homeowners association in southwestern Colorado has threatened to fine a resident $25 a day until she removes a Christmas wreath with a peace sign that some say is an anti-Iraq war protest or a symbol of Satan.
I had a pair of sandals in high school with lateral leather straps. The broadest of the three held a peace sign, made out of leather also, bradded onto the cross strap. I still remember one night trying to convince the mother of a friend of mine that the symbol was not "Satanic."


UBC Mining Method Selection (see Appendix II - Mining Method References) is a modified version of the Nicholas approach for selection of mining method based on orebody characteristice (refer Nicholas 1981). Selection involves summation and ranking of numerical values associated with orebody characteristics that reflect the suitability of a particular method.
Mining Methods. There are four key stages of work involved in mining for minerals. These include: 3415, 3416 Prospecting – The purpose of this stage is to identify areas that are likely to contain mineral deposits. The work includes geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys (e.g. seismic surveying), aerial surveys, including the taking of samples by low-impact mechanical methods.
This book describes mining methods for the surface and underground mineral deposits. The methods are generalized and focus on typical applications from different mining areas around the world, keeping in mind, however, that every mineral deposit, with its geology, grade, shape, and volume, is unique.
The mining method - Learn about the multiple steps that the mineralized rock at Donlin Gold would require during processing to extract the gold. The mining method - Learn about the multiple steps that the mineralized rock at Donlin Gold would require during processing to extract the gold.
DIAMOND MINING. PIPE MINING (PRIMARY DEPOSITS) There are two types of pipe mining, namely open-pit mining and underground mining. Open-pit mining involves removing the layers of sand and rock found just above the kimberlite. Once exposed, the ore in the pit is broken up by blasting. A single blast can break approx. 3,000 tonnes of ore.
As the years passed, more elaborate methods of placer mining (river mining with dams and water-driven pumps, ditch-fed sluicing systems, booming and other nascent versions of hydraulicking, and sinking drifts into ancient gravels) gradually replaced the miner with his pick and pan.
Dec 12, 2017· Mining Method. Sub-level caving The Aguablanca deposit consists of magmatic sulphide mineralization hosted by the gabbro and gabbro-norite units. Sulphide. Contact Us. On the delimitation of diorite and gabbro and related rocks.
Compared to other mining methods, room-and-pillar mining is a low-cost method with a low recovery rate (since some ore is left behind in pillars). Yet, the method causes very little dilution as the contact between ore and waste is limited due to the waste being on top and ore being at the bottom.


text:
Q: DataGridViewComboBoxColumn name/value how? I thought this was simple like in Access.
User needs to set the value of one column in a datatable to either 1 or 2.
I wanted to present a combobox showing "ONE", "TWO" and setting 1 or 2 behind the scene, like I did lots of times in Access-Forms.
On the other side, if the table is shown it shall not show 1 or 2 but the corresponding string in the ComboBox.
How can I get this simple task to work??

A: This is how you read the value from the grid when the value in the combobox changes:
dataGridView1.EditingControlShowing += dataGridView1_EditingControlShowing;

private void dataGridView1_EditingControlShowing(object sender, DataGridViewEditingControlShowingEventArgs e)
{
    if (dataGridView1.CurrentCell.ColumnIndex == 0 && e.Control is ComboBox)
    {
        ComboBox comboBox = e.Control as ComboBox;
        comboBox.SelectedIndexChanged += LastColumnComboSelectionChanged;
    }
}

private void LastColumnComboSelectionChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    var sendingCB = sender as DataGridViewComboBoxEditingControl;
    object value = sendingCB.SelectedValue;
    if (value != null)
    {
        int intValue = (int)sendingCB.SelectedValue;
        //do something with value
    }
}

sources: this post

A: I assume you meant DataGridView, which is for Windows Forms, while the GridView is for ASP.NET although you tagged your question as such.
How are you binding the data to the DataGridViewComboBoxColumn? You'll need to set the DisplayMember and ValueMember properties on the DataGridViewComboBoxColumn while setting its DataSource. The MSDN link to DisplayMember shows an example, but it doesn't quite show what you're requesting since it sets both properties to the same thing.
The DisplayMember would be the text you want the user to see, and the ValueMember would be the hidden underlying value associated with it.
For the sake of an example, let's say you have a Choice class in your project that represents your selections and looks like this:
public class Choice
{
    public string Name { get; private set; }
    public int Value { get; private set; }
    public Choice(string name, int value)
    {
        Name = name;
        Value = value;
    }

    private static readonly List<Choice> possibleChoices = new List<Choice>
    {
        { new Choice("One", 1) },
        { new Choice("Two", 2) }
    };

    public static List<Choice> GetChoices()
    {
        return possibleChoices;
    }
}

GetChoices() will return a list containing your choices. Ideally you would have such a method in a service layer, or you could build your own list elsewhere if you wanted to (in your form's code behind). For simplicity I've lumped it all together in the same class.
In your form you would bind the list to the DataGridViewComboBoxColumn as follows:
// reference the combobox column
DataGridViewComboBoxColumn cboBoxColumn = (DataGridViewComboBoxColumn)dataGridView1.Columns[0];
cboBoxColumn.DataSource = Choice.GetChoices();
cboBoxColumn.DisplayMember = "Name";  // the Name property in Choice class
cboBoxColumn.ValueMember = "Value";  // ditto for the Value property

You should now see "One" and "Two" in the combobox. When you get the selected value from it, it should be the underlying 1 or 2 value.
That's the idea behind using DisplayMember/ValueMember. This should get you going and help you adapt the datasource you were using.

A: Note that in the example given above, DataGridViewComboBoxColumn cboBoxColumn = (DataGridViewComboBoxColumn)dataGridView1.Columns[0]; does not work - the compiler won't allow you to cast a dateGridView column to a DataGridViewComboBoxColumn. I'm interested in the example because it's one of the few that I've seen that includes a local data source instead of a database. My application reads data from a file. Hopefully someone sees this and updates the example to work in a current version of .NET.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Strangling
(Redirected from Strangulation)
"Strangulation" redirects here. For bowel strangulation, see Strangulation (bowel). For domestic violence strangulation, see Strangulation (domestic violence).
"Strangle" and "Strangled" redirect here. For the options strategy, see Strangle (options). For the 2016 Hungarian film, see Strangled (film).
Not to be confused with Choking.
Further information: chokehold
Look up strangling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Strangling is compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death by causing an increasingly hypoxic state in the brain.[1] Fatal strangling typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and is one of two main ways that hanging causes death (alongside breaking the victim's neck).
A cheetah strangling an impala, Timbavati Game Reserve, South Africa
Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia, in the choking game, and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defense systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:[2]
Hanging—Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
Ligature strangulation—Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrote
Manual strangulation—Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity
2 Manual strangulation
3 Ligature strangulation
GeneralEdit
The neck contains several vulnerable targets for compression including the carotid arteries.
Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain:[3][4]
Compression of the carotid arteries or jugular veins—causing cerebral ischemia.
Compression of the laryngopharynx, larynx, or trachea—causing asphyxia.
Stimulation of the carotid sinus reflex—causing bradycardia, hypotension, or both.
Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism.[5] Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death,[6] but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries.[7] Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm2 (4.9 psi), while the trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm2 (32 psi).[8]
As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation.[5] Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed.[3][9] The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied [10] to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.[3]
Manual strangulationEdit
Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as batons. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the airway, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx[3] and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck.[5] In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling.[3]
More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as chokeholds, and are extensively practised and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo and jujutsu, strangles or chokes that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safe[citation needed] way to render the opponent unconscious as opposed to other attacks, e.g. strikes to the head. During the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a Court Martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army.[11]
Ligature strangulationEdit
Main article: Garrote
Ligature strangulation (also known as "garroting") is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, or shoe laces, either partially or fully circumferencing the neck.[12] Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own bodyweight.[5] Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time,[5] with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds.[12] Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly,.[5] Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim.
During the Spanish Inquisition, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the auto-da-fé.[13] Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed American serial killer Altemio Sanchez used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did Gary Ridgway, the Green River Killer.
Fainting game
Long drop
Short drop
Strangulation (domestic violence)
^ Ernoehazy, William & Ernoehazy, WS. "Hanging Injuries and Strangulation". emedicine.com. Retrieved March 3, 2006. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Strack, Gael & McClane, George. "How to Improve Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases". polaroid.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2006. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ a b c d e Jones, Richard (February 26, 2006). "Asphyxia". forensicmed.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 26, 2006.
^ Jones, Richard. "Strangulation". forensicmed.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 30, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
^ a b c d e f J. A. J. Ferris. "Asphyxia". pathology.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 2009-09-27.
^ Koiwai, Karl. How Safe is Choking in Judo?. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. Death from law enforcement neck holds. www.charlydmiller.com.URL last accessed March 3, 2006
^ Gunther, Wendy. On Chokes (Medical), with quotations from Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. www.aikiweb.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Passig, K. Carotid Sinus reflex death - a theory and its history. www.datenschlag.org. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
^ Koiwai, Karl. Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza). judoinfo.com URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Culloden. BBC Drama Documentary, 1964.
^ a b Turvey, Brent (1996). A guide to the physical analysis of ligature patterns in homicide investigations. Knowledge Solutions Library, Electronic Publication. www.corpus-delicti.com. URL last accessed March 1, 2006.
^ Reston, James Jr. Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors. Doubleday, 2005. ISBN 0-385-50848-4.
Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006). Judo Unleashed. ISBN 0-07-147534-6. Basic reference on judo choking techniques.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strangling&oldid=1000494721"


The evocatively dark, neo-gothic visions of ex-Vaseline founder Frances McKee found a new outlet in 2000 with her band Suckle. Joined on vocals by her sister Marie, Suckle would go on to release one album and two EP's with Chemikal Underground, garnering praise from all quarters and cementing her reputation as a uniquely gifted singer songwriter.
It was of course Frances' earlier musical incarnation, The Vaselines with Eugene Kelly, that brought her work to prominence: hailed as Kurt Cobain's favourite band, The Vaselines would have three of their songs covered by the ill-fated band – notably Jesus Don't Want Me For A Sunbeam which appeared on the now legendary MTV Unplugged album. Frances and Eugene have recently refitted the good ship Vaseline, playing a string of successful shows including US tours, trips to Brazil – you name it.
From Chemikal Underground's point of view, getting the chance to work with Frances was a real honour, having been longtime Vaselines fans. Eugene Kelly is no slouch either, given that his post Vaselines work with Captain America was another massive favourite with Stewart, Alun and Paul. Given the shortage of Suckle related social media sites, we've included a link (down to your right) for The Vaselines website.


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