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一本道最新高清无码
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一本道最新高清无码We offer an exciting range of subjects, and provide flexible degree structures to shape the qualification that will keep your skills in demand.
Faculty of Computing and Mathematical Sciences
Te Huataki Waiora Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance
Te Kura Toi Tangata Faculty of Education
Te Piringa - Faculty of Law
Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies
Waikato Management School
Waikato Pathways College
135 subjects found
一本道最新高清无码Studying accounting is your pathway to working with clients to help them make their businesses more profitable and successful, and reduce their exposure to financial risk. With accounting you'll gain the skills you need to become a trusted business adviser and make strategic financial decisions for organisations.
The Adult Learning programmes equip graduates with the knowledge to work alongside adults in New Zealand tertiary institutions (adult and community education agencies, polytechnics, private training establishments, wananga and universities).
一本道最新高清无码In a small country like New Zealand, successful agribusiness relies on understanding how to manage complex value chains within competitive global markets. Studying Agribusiness at Waikato University puts you in the heartland of New Zealand's leading agriculture-based export industries, learning from experts.
一本道最新高清无码Knowledge of animal behaviour is important for anyone interested in areas such as conservation biology of native birds, the control of pest species, evolutionary biology, population ecology and the efficient and humane management of farm animals.
Anthropology is the study of humanity in all its fantastic diversity. Waikato's Anthropology students learn from anthropologists who have a strong Pacific focus and engage in research across a wide range of crucial global issues.
Applied Computing at the University of Waikato gives you the practical technological skills to provide effective business solutions.
一本道最新高清无码Are you interested in human language and the way it has been formed and adapted throughout civilisation? Study Applied Linguistics at Waikato and you'll explore the complex world of language theories and methods, and the solution of practical problems associated with language.
A minor in Applied Physics will provide you with a broad introduction to physics principles and concepts, and is designed to strengthen and broaden a subject major in Earth Sciences, Biology or Chemistry.
一本道最新高清无码By studying Aquaculture as a major at the University of Waikato's Tauranga campus, you will be at the centre of New Zealand's prime growth area for aquaculture.
Arts education in New Zealand, is comprised of four disciplines: Visual Arts, Dance, Drama and Music Sound Arts. Given the recognition of the growing need for essential skills such as creativity, communication and collaboration, the Arts are gaining a renewed focus.
一本道最新高清无码Biochemistry – the study of life in chemical terms – is one of the fastest growing areas of modern science. You'll learn about the fundamental molecules of life – proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids – seeking to understand how they interact in living organisms, both in health and disease.
As a Biological Sciences student at the University of Waikato you will benefit from our practical and innovative approach to teaching, as well as one-on-one time with world-renowned researchers.
一本道最新高清无码The Chemical and Biological Engineering programme at the University of Waikato combines the traditional discipline of chemical engineering with new and emerging specialisations in engineering to produce graduates who are better equipped to solve the world's sustainability challenges.
Chemistry is fundamental to our understanding of all branches of science and for a wide range of industries. A degree in Chemistry from the University of Waikato means you'll gain an excellent grasp of Chemistry theory, supported by a strong emphasis on practical expertise.
一本道最新高清无码Chinese at Waikato involves the study of Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin) and the history, culture and society of ancient and present day China.
The world needs competent and trained Civil Engineering professionals to address the increasing challenges in urban and rural facilities and infrastructure.
Examine the processes and factors that control coastal landforms, resources and hazards, evaluate human effects, and identify and assess options to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts.
Communication Design is concerned with visually communicating messages and ideas across multiple media platforms. As a communication designer, you will work to combine type and image to attract an audience's attention and deliver your client's messages.
Make a difference in your community and whānau by studying Community Health.
Computer Science is rapidly changing the world we live in. Studying Computer Science at the University of Waikato, you'll learn about software systems and how people and computers interact. You'll also learn how to create new software, and ensure it's easy for people to use.
The two-paper Postgraduate Certificate in Counselling offers specialist postgraduate education in either family and relationship counselling or counselling supervision. The qualification is designed for experienced counselling and social service practitioners who have already received professional education.
Counselling Studies
This programme is suitable for qualified teachers and other education professionals who wish to further their career and develop leadership in a particular field of education.
Are you interested in the complex interaction between music and computing in the digital age? Creative Technologies fuses multimedia practices with the fast-paced world of digital communications, mobile and networking. For New Zealand-based students, Creative Technologies begins as a graduate-level subject.
Being a great writer will set you up for success in any career path. Study Creative Writing at Waikato and hone your communication skills to develop professionally, or start on a whole new journey as an expert writer.
一本道最新高清无码Dance is integral to understanding the history and social life of many cultures, and offers a context for embodied learning about ourselves, how we relate to and communicate with others, and the world. Dance is experienced in many forms throughout Aotearoa in social, ritual, traditional and contemporary artistic contexts.
Enhance productivity and help make more informed decisions, while using your Computer Science and Statistical analysis skills, through Data Analytics.
Studying Design at the University of Waikato makes you highly sought after, with a unique combination of design and coding skills. You will be able to meet the increasing demand for designers who can work in a variety of media, such as websites, apps, gaming and virtual reality.
Design Media
一本道最新高清无码You'll learn how to make eye-catching graphic/media design experiences which drive products and bring satisfaction to viewers when you study Design Media at Waikato. Design Media is all about learning-by-doing and integrating media in new ways.
Looking for a sought-after blend of business and IT skills? Gain expertise in the latest digital technologies and pursue a career as a tech-savvy manager, helping companies to improve their business performance.
一本道最新高清无码Positioned at the junctures between traditional filmmaking and new forms of computer-based digital art, digital cinema increasingly blurs boundaries between music video, animation, graphic design, as well as avant-garde, independent, and mainstream cinemas. At Waikato you'll gain an appreciation of the productive exchange between these various forms of digital cinema.
一本道最新高清无码Technology is now part of everyday life and is increasingly becoming part of our learning environments. With Digital Learning at Waikato you will develop an understanding of the importance it plays in education.
The demand for experts in Earth Sciences continues to grow as we look to better manage our soil, water, minerals, energy and coastal and marine resources, as well as understand natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, tsunami, landslides and volcanic eruptions.
In studying Ecology and Biodiversity you'll learn about the distribution, abundance, and biology of organisms and their role in New Zealand's most important ecosystems.
Studying Economics will help you develop the analytical skills needed to be an effective problem solver of real-life issues. You'll learn how to apply your skills to issues ranging from employment and housing, to public health, transport and environmental pollution.
Teaching at the University of Waikato sets you up to become a skilled and reflective teacher. We produce qualified teachers who are in high demand both in New Zealand and around the world. Alongside preparing teachers for the classroom the study of education encompasses a broad range of options that reflect the far-reaching nature of the field. Educators are interested in how knowledge, skills and values are constructed, accumulated, and conveyed through formal and informal means.
一本道最新高清无码We also offer Education subjects for the Bachelor of Social Sciences and Bachelor of Arts degrees, and a range of postgraduate qualifications.
Education and Society involves critical inquiry into the social, political, cultural, economic and personal theories and practices of lifelong education.
Effective leadership in educational settings is critical in order to grow and sustain successful organisations. Enhance your career prospects with a specialised leadership programme that challenges you personally and professionally.
The world as we know it is continuously and rapidly evolving, with electrical and electronic engineers at the forefront of all practical technology that we require in order to solve society's needs for communication, clean energy, industry and climate change.
The work of electronic engineers is essential to our social, business and industrial lives. New Zealand's electronics manufacturing industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the country. Our companies are targeting niche markets, such as telecommunications, and exporting their products all over the world.
Science graduates with electronics skills are sought after by many industries that use or manufacture electronic equipment. New Zealand's electronics manufacturing industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the country. Our companies are targeting niche markets, such as telecommunications, and exporting their products all over the world.
一本道最新高清无码Engineering professionals are solving the world's problems and leading the way in innovation by improving infrastructure, building smarter technologies and finding alternative energy sources.
English at Waikato prepares you for what employers want – a trained mind and the ability to understand and creatively solve problems with words. You'll grow your appreciation for major literary works and a love for the English language.
These papers are very useful for improving the skills required for university study by students whose first language is not English. Students who would like to develop their confidence in the skills of speaking, writing, reading and listening in English are encouraged to choose an ENSLA paper as one of their elective papers. All papers are supported by the University's online learning system.
The Environment and Society masters programme is designed for graduates of undergraduate qualifications in social sciences, environmental sciences, law, economics or management.
Study Environmental Engineering at the University of Waikato for a career where you'll make a lasting impact on society by helping to protect and enhance our natural and man-made environments, while enjoying excellent job prospects.
Environmental Planning
一本道最新高清无码Environmental Planning at Waikato develops your knowledge of how human behaviour affects the environment. We'll inspire you to understand how social, economic and cultural aspects, and the physical environment contribute to problems and provide solutions.
一本道最新高清无码The pressure on our environment is increasing as the human population grows. Environmental Sciences provide a basis for understanding environmental problems, and finding solutions to them.
一本道最新高清无码The study of Ethics provides an excellent grounding in evaluative theory and reasoning for a professional future in the public service, the health sector, social work, with environmental agencies, and in business.
一本道最新高清无码Finance is all about achieving the best return relative to risk, and helping organisations add value for their shareholders. Studying Finance at Waikato University will prepare you for highly paid positions in the financial and business sectors anywhere in the world.
Would you like to be able to chat with a winemaker in the Loire Valley? Discuss the menu with a waiter in a Parisian café? Frequent the Latin Quarter and talk about existentialism in the Café de la Sorbonne? Then learning French as part of a major in International Languages and Cultures is the ideal way to start.
Gender and sexuality shape virtually every aspect of our social relations, and contribute fundamentally to our sense of self.
Geographical Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems provides one of the major contact points between emerging computer technology and applied geographic skills. GIS involves the use of mapping skills, the use of information with a locational reference, and skills in geographical analysis and interpretation.
Geography matters because it is about basic human relationships - between people and the environment, and between people and other people. Ranked among the top geography programmes in the world, the Geography programme at Waikato is the only solely human geography programme in New Zealand.
Modern society is very dependent on mineral and energy resources, including aggregates and cement for construction, metals for manufacturing, rare earths for electronics and batteries, and energy for operating equipment.
Global Studies in Education
一本道最新高清无码This specialisation builds upon the traditions of comparative and international education as well as philosophy and sociology of education to explore and research the global dimensions of education.
Health is a multi-disciplinary field of study. Health is not just about the absence of disease, it's about taking a holistic approach to improve outcomes for individuals, iwi, and communities.
The health industry is growing and has significant opportunities for research and jobs both within New Zealand and around the world. There is a need, and niche, for health communication specialists.
Health, Sport and Human Performance
Turn your passion into an exciting career by studying Health, Sport and Human Performance at the University of Waikato. Our exciting study options will equip you with the latest knowledge and skills to excel in this dynamic environment.
一本道最新高清无码Historians study the past to understand the present. History at Waikato will inspire you to understand current events in light of historical context and give you a first-rate history education from a top 200 QS-rated programme.
Interested in the study of the human lifespan from conception and birth onwards? Human Development investigates how people develop throughout their lives and how cultural and social settings help to shape what is possible.
Human Performance Science
Our Human Performance Science major represents a distinctive approach to sport and exercise science. Based on three pillars - performance physiology, performance psychology and performance monitoring and exercise prescription, this major clearly links to high performance sport.
一本道最新高清无码Human Resource Management prepares you to play a pivotal role in company needs – the person who recruits, develops and trains employees to achieve success.
一本道最新高清无码By studying Hydrology at the University of Waikato, you'll understand the key components of water storage and water movement on and beneath the surface of the Earth, and the role of water in weather and climate. You'll also learn about flood and drought hazards.
一本道最新高清无码Industrial designers shape the world we live in by designing the products we use every day, from items as simple as a toothbrush, through to those as intricate as an aeroplane. The role of the industrial designer is in the designing of products that are durable, effective in purpose, and beautiful in appearance.
Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management
Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management at Waikato prepares you to play the important role of managing people's work and their environment. You'll be ready for a career in employment relations, human resources, workplace change and education and training.
In a fast-paced ever changing world, Interface Design puts designers at the intersection of design and code. You will help users to navigate the sometimes complex digital world with ease through Interface Design.
International Languages and Cultures at Waikato offers four streams - Chinese, French, Japanese, and Spanish. With advanced language skills, you'll meet the world's need for multilingual and culturally sensitive speakers, enhancing your business and social skills and preparing you for success in a multicultural work environment.
Learn to compete in the global marketplace by understanding how to operate a business in another country, and export to foreign markets such as China and the emerging markets of Asia and the Pacific.
International Relations and Security Studies
一本道最新高清无码Studying International Relations and Security Studies at Waikato includes aspects of international law and trade, and focuses on particular regions of concern (notably, the Middle-East and South-East Asia). A wide range of different length dissertations and theses can be undertaken allowing you to focus on an area of special interest.
一本道最新高清无码The study of Japanese at Waikato involves the acquisition of Japanese language and the study of the history and culture of Japan.
Labour Studies
Labour Studies looks at the world of work and employment and the social environment in which they take place.
Language and Literacy Education
Language and Literacy Education encompasses the teaching and learning of literacy, reading and writing, literature, and language and languages in the compulsory sector. It also includes contexts beyond schooling such as academic literacy and writing in tertiary contexts, and literacy for adults in the community and in workplaces.
Studying law is empowering as it affects every aspect of our life. Study Law at the University of Waikato - ranked as one of the world's top 250 universities for Law - and you'll be looking into why laws are made, who makes them, how they work and how to change them.
Leadership Communication
Research shows the best leaders and managers are outstanding communicators, enabling them to go further and faster in their careers. At Waikato University, we'll teach you how to communicate more effectively in the workplace and how to influence key stakeholders, helping organisations to make strategic changes.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and, given that language impinges on virtually everything we do, it is a broad and interesting subject. Linguistics at the University of Waikato is a top 250 QS-rated programme and will deepen your appreciation for language, as well as provide essential understandings relevant to any career where language is a key component.
一本道最新高清无码In today's world of limited resources and increasing social justice concerns, we need informed, dedicated managers with the business and leadership skills to make a positive difference to the planet. How will you make your mark?
In today's interconnected world, effective management systems and organisational relationships are critical for business success.
Marketing is all about satisfying customer needs and it'll open the doors to a huge range of careers – from advertising and brand management through to strategic planning and product development.
Materials and Process Engineering
一本道最新高清无码By studying Materials and Process Engineering at the University of Waikato, you will learn how to add value to raw materials used to manufacture a number of useful products, while minimising waste. These products can be as varied as dietary formulae, foods, ceramics that can withstand high temperatures, new metal alloys, pharmaceuticals, laminated boards, functional proteins, and composites.
一本道最新高清无码Efficiently converting the world's raw materials and commodity goods into products is important to the global economy. To do this, we need to understand the properties of materials as diverse as food, wood, metals, plastics and fuel.
Explore the world of metals, polymers, ceramics, composites and semiconductors. From levitating trains to electronic paper, there are some exciting developments underway in the world of Materials Science that you could be a part of!
一本道最新高清无码Mathematics is a subject of vital importance that underpins many activities of our modern world. Employers recognise University of Waikato Mathematics graduates for their analytical and problem solving skills as well as their high level of numeracy, which are critical skills for a broad range of jobs.
Expand your knowledge of mathematics and numeracy to enhance your career opportunities and capabilities.
Mechanical engineering uses mechanics and energy principles to design, research, develop and manufacture tools, engines, motors and other devices. At the University of Waikato we align what you learn with what industry requires.
The rapid spread of automated systems into most aspects of life has dominated technological innovations in the 21st century. Mechatronics engineers are trained to be masters of intelligent machines and work across many industries, making the latest "Smart Systems" work for us.
一本道最新高清无码Media Design combines elements of design, screen and media studies within a single major. Use your design skills to create content for multi-media platforms such as 2D and 3D animation, film and video production, and motion graphics.
一本道最新高清无码Molecular and Cellular Biology is an interdisciplinary field combining biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and physiology to study how cells function at the molecular level.
Study Music with leading performers, composers and musicologists; and perform in the acclaimed Dr John Gallagher Concert Chamber, part of the University of Waikato's purpose-built performing arts academy.
Māori and Indigenous Studies
As Indigenous world views become increasingly important to society, a rapidly emerging area of study is Indigenous Studies. The Māori creative and performing arts papers diversify your existing program and provide unique insights into Māori tikanga.
Māori Cultural Studies/Tikanga Māori
Tikanga Māori (Māori Cultural Studies) teaches you the skills required for a community leadership role in the enhancement of Māori development. In today's rapidly evolving world you will establish a basic, yet necessary understanding of the Māori worldview and its relation to other cultures and worlds.
Māori Language/Te Reo Māori
Are you passionate about the survival, retention and revitalisation of te reo Māori? Studying the Māori language at Waikato, you'll explore the world of te reo and its accompanying traditions while picking up vital cultural skills for today's diverse workplace.
Māori Media and Communication
The study of Māori Media and Communication explores indigenous expression across new and emerging communication practices including social media, Māori broadcasting, film and creative performing arts.
Pacific and Indigenous Studies
This subject explores the knowledge, language, culture, politics, methods and theory of Pacific and Indigenous Studies, while teaching students how to interpret new ways of understanding the world.
一本道最新高清无码Philosophy is for thinkers and doers. It's about solving real-life problems, and applying intellectual rigour to how we understand and interact with others, society and the world. Studying Philosophy at Waikato will teach you how to learn, think and write clearly, argue vigorously, and question deeply held assumptions and beliefs.
Physics aims to understand the entire physical world, from the sub-atomic to the cosmological.
一本道最新高清无码Political Science at Waikato offers a broad spectrum of political knowledge on both national and international issues. You'll seek answers to some of the most difficult political issues of today and gain skills for many potential career paths.
Learn about Population Studies through the National Institute for Demographic and Economic Analysis at Waikato and gain a solid, research-led understanding of the population issues facing developed and developing countries, with a particular emphasis on the South Pacific.
Population Studies and Demography
Population issues are among the most serious challenges that humanity faces in the 21st century. Population Studies and Demography at Waikato addresses contrasting issues among developed and developing countries, how governments are handling slowing population growth, and how others are dealing with legal and illegal migration and skill shortages. You'll explore how such issues impact on a country's environmental, economic and social patterns.
Poutū-manahau Population Health
Learn how you can contribute to better health outcomes for our community.
Poutū-mārō Biomedical Sciences
一本道最新高清无码Learn how to contribute to the health of Aotearoa New Zealand by understanding the science behind it.
Primary Kākano Rua
Kākano Rua prepares students for teaching in English medium, bilingual (Māori and English) and Māori medium (total immersion) educational settings.
This specialisation is offered for mid-career educators and professional learning facilitators, who work as leaders of professional learning initiatives with colleagues in schools and other communities of practice, where professional learning is an on-going expectation.
Studying Professional Writing at Waikato teaches you high-level skills as a reader, writer and editor with excellent verbal, grammatical and analytical skills to excel your writing career.
Project managers plan and deliver all aspects of a project from beginning to end, with the goal of adding value and improved efficiency to an organisation.
Widely regarded as the centre of Applied Psychology in New Zealand, Psychology at Waikato offers numerous study options for those keen to pursue this remarkable discipline.
一本道最新高清无码Explore how national, regional and local state institutions formulate and implement policies when you study Public Policy at Waikato. You'll also examine how non-profit organisations, individuals and businesses address issues of public concern.
一本道最新高清无码The world of public relations is fast-growing and exciting. Get the public relations skills you need to help an organisation build trusted relationships with its key stakeholders and enhance its public reputation.
From the natural environment, to our own health and wellbeing, to the technology we use in our everyday lives – science is everywhere.
Science, Technology and Environmental Education
The Science, Technology and Environmental Education programme is for educators interested in curriculum development, learning and teaching in science, technology and environmental education.
Screen and Media Studies
Screen and Media Studies at Waikato makes sure you keep pace with new tools and platforms for the rapidly evolving media industry. You'll get high-quality learning experiences with up-to-date resources in our top 250 QS-rated programme.
Security and Crime Science
Crime Science uses evidence-based information together with scientific approaches and methods to reduce crime and threats to security.
Be a force for change. Study Social Policy at Waikato and develop a critical understanding of how policy-making impacts on every person, regardless of their age, ethnicity or gender – then learn how to influence it.
Social Science Research
Social Science Research is the activity of gathering, analysing and interpreting information for a variety of social, economic, educational and political purposes.
一本道最新高清无码Social Work builds on the ambition students have for making a positive difference in the lives of others, producing passionate graduates for a growing industry. Qualified social workers are sought after both within New Zealand and overseas.
一本道最新高清无码Sociology at Waikato moves you beyond assumptions and explores who we are and our place in the world. You'll study human relationships and how societies form. Sociology at Waikato is highly respected and is a top 250 QS-rated subject.
When you study software engineering, you will learn how to use a scientific and disciplined approach to designing and developing complex software systems. You'll also learn how to operate and maintain such systems. From ATM machines to smart phones to cars - many aspects of modern society are driven by software which we expect to operate correctly and be reliable and flexible at all times.
一本道最新高清无码The growing global population is very dependent on increasing production of food and fibre from soils around the world.
一本道最新高清无码Spanish is one of the major languages of Western Europe, and the most widely spoken language of the Americas, with a substantial number of native and second language speakers, ranging from Metropolitan areas of Canada and the US through Mesoamerican countries, most of South America and even in the Philippines.
Sport Development and Coaching
The Sport Development and Coaching major is based on an innovative combination of pedagogical and sociological studies of sport and active recreation.
一本道最新高清无码Studying Statistics at the University of Waikato will help you to become a critical decision maker in industry. You'll know how to collect and analyse data to lead organisations to informed decisions rather than just hunches or guesses.
一本道最新高清无码This specialisation offers professional development for teachers of specific curriculum subjects. An integrated approach is taken to education across all the STEM (Science, Technology, Environmental Education and Mathematics) subjects.
一本道最新高清无码Strategic Management enables you to discern a company's potential, find new market opportunities, and develop a clear plan to achieve growth and success.
一本道最新高清无码Supply Chain Management gives you the skills to make companies more efficient, competitive and responsive to customers' needs. Learn how to take raw goods and turn them into products that reach customers.
Te Tohu Paetahi
The first intensive te reo Māori immersion programme of its kind, Te Tohu Paetahi has paved the way for the revitalisation of te reo Māori for more than 25 years. Offered in both Hamilton and Tauranga, you can gain a Diploma in Te Tohu Paetahi or credit the programme towards your first year in a Bachelor of Arts.
Teaching (Early Childhood)
Prepare yourself for a career working in a variety of childhood settings with children from birth up to six years old. Gain theoretical and practical experience as you learn about all the aspects of Te Whariki – the Early Childhood curriculum.
Teaching (Mātauranga Māori/Māori Medium)
Teaching qualifications at the University of Waikato set you up to become a skilled and reflective teacher. We produce qualified teachers who are in high demand both in New Zealand and around the world.
Teaching (Primary)
Teaching at the University of Waikato is a qualification that sets you up to become a skilled and reflective teacher. We produce qualified teachers who are in high demand both in New Zealand and around the world.
Teaching (Secondary)
Teachers are influential community members, making a difference to young people and their learning, knowledge and skill acquisition. They play a major role in helping their students develop their independence and success in their lives.
A major in Theatre Studies at Waikato can be a rich and challenging pathway within an Arts degree. It has a wide range of vocational applications within the Performing Arts. This suite of papers leads the student through processes of performance-making.
Tourism and hospitality is one of the world's largest industries and a major player in New Zealand's economy – we need experts to steer that growth. Learn how to manage sustainable operations that will make a lasting impressions on visitors.
Tourism is one of the world's largest industries and significantly impacts New Zealand's economy – we need experts to steer that growth.
Treaty of Waitangi Studies/Akoranga Te Tiriti o Waitangi
一本道最新高清无码Are you passionate about New Zealand history and the constitution of our nation? Treaty of Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Waitangi programme examines the relevance of the Treaty and how it impacts on the relationship between the tangata whenua (people of the land) and colonisation.
Unistart
一本道最新高清无码The University of Waikato Unistart programme gives secondary school students a head-start in tertiary education by letting them complete university papers while they're still at school.
Work, Employment and Society
Work, Employment, and Society is an interdisciplinary subject concerned with the world of employment and work in the broadest sense, and the social and economic context in which they take place. Drawing from a number of disciplines students gain an understanding of contemporary issues such as the nature of work, industrial relations, labour market issues, workers' education and training, and international comparisons.
Writing Studies
Do you love expressing yourself in words? Enjoy a learning environment in which you can explore your creativity as a writer of poetry, fiction or creative non-fiction. Acquire the skills in written communication that you can apply in business environments, or learn to write for digital media or for the screen.
Study enquiries
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text:
package io.gatling.http.cookie

import io.gatling.commons.util.ClockSingleton._

import io.netty.handler.codec.http.cookie.Cookie
import org.asynchttpclient.uri.Uri

case class CookieKey(name: String, domain: String, path: String)

case class StoredCookie(cookie: Cookie, hostOnly: Boolean, persistent: Boolean, creationTime: Long)

object CookieJar {

  val Empty = CookieJar(Map.empty)

  private def requestDomain(requestUri: Uri) = requestUri.getHost.toLowerCase

  private def requestPath(requestUri: Uri) = requestUri.getPath match {
    case "" => "/"
    case p  => p
  }

  // rfc6265#section-5.2.3
  // Let cookie-domain be the attribute-value without the leading %x2E (".") character.
  private def cookieDomain(cookieDomain: Option[String], requestDomain: String) = cookieDomain match {
    case Some(dom) =>
      ((if (dom.charAt(0) == '.') dom.substring(1) else dom).toLowerCase, false)
    case None =>
      (requestDomain, true)
  }

  // rfc6265#section-5.2.4
  private def cookiePath(rawCookiePath: Option[String], requestPath: String) = {

    // rfc6265#section-5.1.4
    def defaultCookiePath() = requestPath match {
      case p if p.length > 1 && p.charAt(0) == '/' =>
        val lastSlash = p.lastIndexOf('/')
        if (lastSlash > 0) { // more than one slash
          p.substring(0, lastSlash)
        } else {
          "/"
        }
      case _ => "/"
    }

    rawCookiePath match {
      case Some(path) if !path.isEmpty && path.charAt(0) == '/' => path
      case _ => defaultCookiePath()
    }
  }

  private def hasExpired(c: Cookie): Boolean = {
    val maxAge = c.maxAge
    maxAge != Cookie.UNDEFINED_MAX_AGE && maxAge <= 0
  }

  // rfc6265#section-5.1.3
  // check "The string is a host name (i.e., not an IP address)" ignored
  private def domainsMatch(cookieDomain: String, requestDomain: String, hostOnly: Boolean) =
    (hostOnly && requestDomain == cookieDomain) ||
      (requestDomain == cookieDomain || requestDomain.endsWith("." + cookieDomain))

  // rfc6265#section-5.1.4
  private def pathsMatch(cookiePath: String, requestPath: String) =
    cookiePath == requestPath ||
      (requestPath.startsWith(cookiePath) && (cookiePath.last == '/' || requestPath.charAt(cookiePath.length) == '/'))

  def apply(uri: Uri, cookies: List[Cookie]): CookieJar = CookieJar(Map.empty).add(uri, cookies)
}

case class CookieJar(store: Map[CookieKey, StoredCookie]) {

  import CookieJar._

  /**
   * @param requestUri       the uri used to deduce defaults for  optional domains and paths
   * @param cookies    the cookies to store
   */
  def add(requestUri: Uri, cookies: List[Cookie]): CookieJar = {

    val thisRequestDomain = requestDomain(requestUri)
    val thisRequestPath = requestPath(requestUri)

    add(thisRequestDomain, thisRequestPath, cookies)
  }

  def add(requestDomain: String, requestPath: String, cookies: List[Cookie]): CookieJar = {

    val newStore = cookies.foldLeft(store) {
      (updatedStore, cookie) =>

        val (keyDomain, hostOnly) = cookieDomain(Option(cookie.domain), requestDomain)

        val keyPath = cookiePath(Option(cookie.path), requestPath)

        if (hasExpired(cookie)) {
          updatedStore - CookieKey(cookie.name.toLowerCase, keyDomain, keyPath)

        } else {
          val persistent = cookie.maxAge != Cookie.UNDEFINED_MAX_AGE
          updatedStore + (CookieKey(cookie.name.toLowerCase, keyDomain, keyPath) -> StoredCookie(cookie, hostOnly, persistent, unpreciseNowMillis))
        }
    }

    CookieJar(newStore)
  }

  def get(domain: String, path: String, secure: Boolean): List[Cookie] =
    if (store.isEmpty) {
      Nil
    } else {
      def isCookieMatching(key: CookieKey, storedCookie: StoredCookie) =
        domainsMatch(key.domain, domain, storedCookie.hostOnly) &&
          pathsMatch(key.path, path) &&
          (secure || !storedCookie.cookie.isSecure)

      val matchingCookies = store.filter {
        case (key, storedCookie) => isCookieMatching(key, storedCookie)
      }

      matchingCookies.toList.sortWith {
        (entry1, entry2) =>

          val (key1, storedCookie1) = entry1
          val (key2, storedCookie2) = entry2

          if (key1.path.length == key2.path.length)
            storedCookie1.creationTime < storedCookie2.creationTime
          else
            key1.path.length >= key2.path.length

      }.map(_._2.cookie)
    }

  def get(requestUri: Uri): List[Cookie] =
    get(
      domain = requestDomain(requestUri),
      path = requestPath(requestUri),
      secure = requestUri.isSecured
    )
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Gusts of wind. Dark clouds coming.
Topiary is home where the wind cannot ruffle the serene composure of trimmed branches.
The reason this may be rough? The temperature he re is in the high 70's. And the front moving in will be in the 40's. When weather collides, tornadoes form. Very strange for Christmas. Here's a picture taken at noon today.
Hope everyone is enjoying warm breezes without the threat of Weather. What is that creepy banging noise outside the house?
Big green and yellow blotch moving our way. egad.
How different your view out the window is. Here it is blue sky and sunshine. However, Mr Weatherman tells us all it will rain tonight.
I would be a bit scared to live in and area where there may be a tornado. Then again, others may be a bit scared to live in a country where a spider bite can kill you. Just whatever you are used to.
The wind was definitely gusty yesterday!
It'll keep things interesting for the New Year festivities!
Has Ms Cow ever chased a tornado? It must be quite an experience.
Linda: I understand right now it's summer in Australia. It's supposed to be winter here...but it's almost 80 degrees!
Super: yep! It was fun!
Gorilla: Cow not only doesn't chase tornadoes, she tries to run as fast as possible the other way!
Sandi: Cow cheering her holiday with thoughts of her low power bill!
You never see tornadoes on Christmas cards or in Christmas specials, do you?
Noooo. And they don't warn you about it when you move here, either.
The first time it started raining really hard and these sirens started going off, Cow thought it was WWIII starting or something.


For many couples going through a divorce, their bitterness toward each other can affect their children. When children are watching their parents go through a divorce, they may feel it is their fault in some way, and they may also imitate one parent's anger toward the other parent. Learn more about how you can avoid the mistakes many divorced parents make that can be detrimental to kids' well-being.
Avoid moving far away from one another so your kids can visit your ex-spouse without a long trip and the planning that goes along with it. Being close by to one another also makes it easier for each parent to remain involved in the kids' school activities.
Agree on a visitation schedule you and your ex-spouse can live with. Set certain days of the week and weekend for the time the kids spend with each of you. Sticking to the schedule you decide on is good for your children because they will come to expect the time they will be with mom or dad.
Do not bash your ex-spouse in front of your children no matter what situation arises that makes you angry. Children do not view your ex-spouse in the same way as you do, so remember always to respect your kids and how they feel about your ex-spouse.
Be prepared for your ex-spouse to have a new partner. Bear in mind that it will be hard enough for your kids to see their mother or father with someone new, and you saying bad things about that person will only make it harder on them.
Being respectful of your ex-spouse after a divorce is always best to keep down troubling emotions that cause serious issues for the kids. If you and your ex-spouse are trying to come to agreements about your kids, consider visiting a qualified counselor for help to learn ways to control the bitterness and fear that can come after a divorce. Working with a family divorce lawyer is also very helpful. Contact one like Arthur David Malkin Attorney At Law to find out how they can help you.


Sweet William choc chips are now available for all your cooking needs!
Ingredients List: Raw cane sugar, vegetable oil, soy flour, cocoa approved for powder(6%), emulsifiers (sunflower lecithin, 476), ahalal natural vanilla flavour.
Gluten free. Made in a nut free factory.


There are a lot of visitors to this Mail-Art Discussion Blog, but there are so fe entries? What is the reason for this? Is a blog not working. Do some visitors want to have access? (send a request by e-mail to me), or are we all just readers and no writer?
Maybe it is a case of laziness. :) I thought this blog was not working as well. And it has such good topics.
Well, I hope the activity rises to keep ideias flowing.
After the NING group was founded I had the feeling that this caused a brain drain and all the people went there. But there was not much discussion before on this blog. May be mail artists prefer to glue than to discuss?
Yeah, "basic" is a good word. May be, for most people mail art is a doing, not that much a theoretical thing. That is okay, but ... BTW: Was Ray Johnson a theory person?
And may be, this "everything works - no jury" is something that kills discussion on the topic?
Just my not very deep reflected thoughts.
Oh, one more point: I answered to some questions, started some threads. But the missing echo was a bit discouraging.
But may be we could change it? (uh, this is comment #4 in this thread!).
Keep on mailing & surfing.
Ray Johnson did work from several very complex concepts. His "Book of Death" concept was explored by Bill Wilson who published a complete book about it. Theory is done by the researchers, not by the mail-artists I guess.
"No jury" is a thing highly valued in Mail-Art. In the concept of mail-art there is no 'good' or 'bad' mail-art. Looking at concepts of projects and the results in the form of artifacts after the mail-art projects have taken place there is a big difference. Even Mail-Artists speak of good and bad, good catalogue, bad catalogue. New concept or a re-make of an concept.
So, are mail-artist ready to analyze what they do, what has been done. We will see.
Matthew Rose suggested to open up comments to all visitors, so I did. It is still moderated to prevent spammers. We will see if that changes things.
As someone who regularly checks this site for mailart callouts, but is not a participant in the site, when I do try to submit comments, they often don't get through. (Eg. The current labelling of Broken Pencil on the latest entry as American is incorrect - Broken Pencil is a Canadian magazine! But my comment to point this out got blocked.) I'm not sure if it's an issue with the 'identity' that I choose when attempting to comment.
Hey Ruud, I think now a days that most people just don't have the time to sit down and comment and read through all these blogs. I'm skeptical of even keeping up the one I just put up for us American artists (USA Mail Artists on IUOMA) because people barely have time to post to their own blogs. Not everyone in the network is similar in age and some people have super busy jobs or kids, etc and there's only so many hrs in the day. I love to stop by here and read but I have a hard time jumping around reading everyone's blogs, it's almost TOO MUCH information. I'd rather a listing of mail art calls, mail artists' addresses like we have on NIng and just check in when I can. Thanks!


Here is a seam ripper on steroids! Do you ever need a seam ripper that will allow you to rip through heavy thread with ease? This ripper was designed for heavy-duty use. If you are using regular-duty seam rippers and find that you are breaking the tips, the HDSR is for you! Compare the size of the HDSR with that of the No Roll Seam Ripper. The HDSR is great for upholstery, canvas work, sail making, and other heavy use. If you are a seamstress this one is for you. Also those that do a lot of button holes will love this one. Because it is such a heavy-duty ripper it will stay sharp longer and it is much more sturdy than the regular-duty seam rippers.
The HDSR has a larger cutting surface, an integral metal ball on the business end and will stay sharp longer than the No Roll Seam Ripper. Also, the hand-crafted wood handle is larger for greater comfort and grip. The HDSR will become your go-to ripper for most of your seam ripping needs.
As with the NRSR, I provide a reconditioning service for $10. Please contact me for details on this.


text:
Barbara Neville
Misdemeanor Probation Oversight Director
Barbara Neville began her career with the Georgia Department of Corrections in 2006. While with the Department of Corrections, she served as a probation officer, program manager, and Director of Offender Administration.
Barbara Neville began her career with the Georgia Department of Corrections in 2006. While with the Department of Corrections, she served as a probation officer, program manager, and Director of Offender Administration. In 2012, Barbara transferred to the State Board of Pardons and Paroles where she served as a hearing examiner and Max Out Re-Entry (M.O.R.E.) program manager.
In her current role, Barbara manages the operations of the unit charged with implementing the rules and regulations promulgated by the newly formed Board of Community Supervision. Additionally, she develops processes for the registration and compliance of misdemeanor probation providers across the state of Georgia.
Barbara earned her Bachelors Degree in Criminal Justice from Kennesaw State University and her Master's Degree in Public Administration from Columbus State University's Georgia Law Enforcement Command College. She is currently pursuing her Ph.D. in Public Administration. Barbara is also a P.O.S.T. certified Senior Instructor and currently serves as Vice President for the Georgia Professional Association of Community Supervision.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
RD&E NHS Trust to deploy energy technology from Centrica Business Solutions
Image: Centrica Business Solutions to deliver state-of-the-art energy technology to RD&E NHS Trust in Exeter. Photo: courtesy of Centrica plc.
The Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust (RD&E) will invest £7m in a new energy technology to be delivered by Centrica Business Solutions, which is aimed at reducing the trust's energy costs by 17%.
The energy technology from the Centrica subsidiary, which will be installed at five sites of the NHS trust across Exeter, will help the RD&E to bring down its energy costs by £800,000 a year.
According to Centrica, design and construction for the project are expected to be wrapped up by the end of April 2020. Under the scope of the project, Centrica Business Solutions will be installing a new 1.5MW combined heat and power unit that will produce power onsite at Wonford Hospital, and also roof-mounted solar panels at Wonford and Heavitree Hospitals and Mardon Neuro-Rehabilitation Centre located in Exeter.
Centrica said that Heavitree and Wonford Hospitals will also benefit from new LED light fittings and improvements to the air-conditioning systems. Mardon Neuro-Rehabilitation Centre will benefit from the installation of new energy-efficient boilers.
RD&E strategic capital planning deputy director Robert Steele said: "As a major hospital providing round-the-clock services, we consume large amounts of energy so we're committed to a range of measures to help us continually improve energy efficiency.
"This initiative with Centrica is a major part of our approach to reduce the amount of money we spend on energy and utilities, releasing more funds to invest in frontline patient care and other vital functions. At the same time, reducing our energy consumption helps reduce our environmental impact."
Upon completion of the project, the annual emissions from the RD&E facilities are expected to be offset by more than 2,200 tonnes of carbon dioxide, which is equivalent to taking off more than 1,450 cars from the road.
Centrica Business Solutions healthcare solutions business development head Tony Orton said: "The energy infrastructure improvement project will deliver a huge saving for the Trust as well as contributing significantly towards its carbon reduction targets.
"Our analysis shows that if this approach was replicated across just half of the NHS estate it would save more than £130 million a year, money that can be reinvested in frontline services."


Morning messes, I am coming to the rescue!
1- Keep your stuff in one place: And preferably next to your sink and mirror! Keep your morning makeup kit, facial wash and towel together right next to your sink and mirror.
2- Have a workday mini-makeup kit: Pick your workday makeup kit and put it together independently from the rest of your beauty products so you can apply your 5 minutes makeup and then take it with you for touch ups.
3- Reduce the number of used products: Limit your daily makeup to a few products, and preferably multi-purpose products to save you time and space. Foundations that dry into powder, stick blushers, all in one liner pens and so on.
4- Keep your colors versatile: Use colors that go with your natural hair and skin colors, and with most of your outfits so you won't waste time thinking of matching your makeup to your outfit. Our workday favorites are the classic black or brown liner, black mascara, peach blusher and down toned beige or rosewood lipstick.
5- Use easily applied products: Avoid the products that need tools and brushes to be applies, go instead for those easily applied using fingers such as cream blushes and eye shadows.
6- Always use the mini-versions of makeup tools: So you won't have space problems in your bag, avoid overly big makeup sponges and brushes; use those attached to the products instead.
7- Go either creamy or powdery: Keep most of your products on one side, because it is easier and faster to correct mistakes within the same chemical texture. If your foundation is creamy, go for creamy eyeshadows and blushers; if you're going for compact powder instead, powdery textures for the rest of your makeup should be your initial choice.


text:
Q: How to read contents of "contacts2.db" file from the phone programmatically? Is it possible to read the database files in Android 2.1 ? For example, files in /data/data/com.android.providers.contacts/databases/ contacts2.db. If yes, how? And is it possible to replace this file programmatically in order to import / export contacts or any other database files?

A: You would never access
/data/data/com.android.providers.contacts/databases/contacts2.db

EVER. You can't read that file from your app without root access anyways. What your looking for is content providers. As the URI specifies that is a provider to the contacts database. You want to look more into Content Providers and specifically in your case the Contact Provider. You can look at the documentation here: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/providers/contacts-provider.html
Hope that answers your question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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HVAC Solution Version 6.0 includes a new Controls Viewpoint feature along with the following….
Imagine connecting a boiler to a coil in a few easy steps; you have just sized all your pipes and pumps and performed literally hundreds of calculations in seconds. Connect to that system an air handler and a VAV box and you have an extremely versatile and powerful design tool. HVAC Solution software takes you from the end of your building loads to the end of your HVAC design project by selecting and scheduling your equipment.


text:
Overview of Toltec Gods and Religion
Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images
History Before Columbus
Caribbean History
Central American History
South American History
Christopher Minster
Professor of History and Literature
Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University
M.A., Spanish, University of Montana
B.A., Spanish, Penn State University
Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides.
The Ancient Toltec civilization dominated Central Mexico during the post-classic period, from approximately 900-1150 A.D. from their home in the city of Tollan (Tula). They had a rich religious life and the apogee of their civilization is marked by the spread of the cult of Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent. Toltec society was dominated by warrior cults and they practiced human sacrifice as a means of gaining favor with their gods.
The Toltec Civilization
The Toltecs were a major Mesoamerican culture who rose to prominence after the fall of Teotihuacán in approximately 750 A.D. Even before Teotihuacan fell, Chichimec groups in central Mexico and the remnants of the mighty Teotihuacan civilization had begun coalescing into the city of Tula. There they founded a powerful civilization which would eventually extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific through networks of trade, vassal states, and war. Their influence reached as far as the Yucatan Peninsula, where the descendants of the ancient Maya civilization emulated Tula art and religion. The Toltecs were a warlike society ruled by priest-kings. By 1150, their civilization went into decline and Tula was eventually destroyed and abandoned. The Mexica (Aztec) culture considered ancient Tollan (Tula) the high point of civilization and claimed to be descendants of the mighty Toltec kings.
Religious Life at Tula
Toltec society was highly militaristic, with religion playing an equal or secondary role to the military. In this, it was similar to the later Aztec culture. Still, religion was extremely important to the Toltecs. The kings and rulers of the Toltecs often served as priests of Tlaloc as well, erasing the line between civil and religious rule. Most of the buildings in the center of Tula had religious functions.
The Sacred Precinct of Tula
Religion and gods were important to the Toltecs. Their mighty city of Tula is dominated by the sacred precinct, a compound of pyramids, temples, ball courts, and other structures around an airy plaza.
Pyramid C: The largest pyramid at Tula, Pyramid C has not been completely excavated and was extensively looted even before the Spanish arrived. It shares certain characteristics with the Pyramid of the Moon at Teotihuacan, including its east-west orientation. It was once covered with relief panels like Pyramid B, but most of these were looted or destroyed. The little evidence that remains suggests that Pyramid C might have been dedicated to Quetzalcoatl.
Pyramid B: located at a right angle across the plaza from the larger Pyramid C, Pyramid B is home to the four tall warrior statues for which the site of Tula is so famous. Four smaller pillars contain relief sculptures of gods and Toltec kings. A carving on the temple is thought by some archaeologists to represent Quetzalcoatl in his aspect as Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, the warlike god of the morning star. Archaeologist Robert Cobean believes that Pyramid B was a private religious sanctuary for the ruling dynasty.
The Ball Courts: There are at least three Ball courts at Tula. Two of them are strategically located: Ballcourt One is aligned to Pyramid B on the other side of the main plaza, and the larger Ballcourt Two makes up the western edge of the sacred precinct. The Mesoamerican ball game had important symbolic and religious meaning for the Toltecs and other ancient Mesoamerican cultures.
Other Religious Structures in the Sacred Precinct: In addition to the pyramids and ball courts, there are other structures in Tula which had religious significance. The so-called "Burned Palace," once thought to be where the royal family lived, is now believed to have served a more religious purpose. The "Palace of Quetzalcoatl," situated between the two major pyramids, was also once thought to be residential but is now believed to have been a temple of sorts, possibly for the royal family. There is a small altar in the middle of the main plaza as well as the remains of a tzompantli, or skull rack for the heads of sacrificial victims.
The Toltecs and Human Sacrifice
Ample evidence at Tula shows that the Toltecs were dedicated practitioners of human sacrifice. On the western side of the main plaza, there is a tzompantli, or skull rack. It is not far from Ballcourt Two (which is probably not a coincidence). The heads and skulls of sacrificed victims were placed here for display. It is one of the earliest known tzompantlis, and probably the one that the Aztecs would later model theirs upon. Inside the Burned Palace, three Chac Mool statues were found: these reclining figures hold bowls where human hearts were placed. Pieces of another Chac Mool were found near Pyramid C, and historians believe that a Chac Mool statue probably was placed on top of the small altar in the center of the main plaza. There are depictions at Tula of several cuauhxicalli, or large eagle vessels which were used to hold human sacrifices. The historical record agrees with the archaeology: post-conquest sources recounting Aztec legends of Tollan claim that Ce Atl Topiltzín, the legendary founder of Tula, was forced to leave because the followers of Tezcatlipoca wanted him to increase the number of human sacrifices.
The Gods of the Toltecs
The ancient Toltec civilization had many gods, chief among them Quetzalcoatl, Tezcatlipoca, and Tlaloc. Quetzalcoatl was the most important of these, and representations of his abound at Tula. During the apogee of the Toltec civilization, the cult of Quetzalcoatl spread throughout Mesoamerica. It even reached as far as the ancestral lands of the Maya, where similarities between Tula and Chichen Itza include the majestic Temple to Kukulcán, the Maya word for Quetzalcoatl. At major sites contemporary with Tula, such as El Tajin and Xochicalco, there are important temples dedicated to the Feathered Serpent. The mythical founder of the Toltec civilization, Ce Atl Topiltzín Quetzalcoatl, may have been a real person who was later deified into Quetzalcoatl.
Tlaloc, the rain god, was worshiped at Teotihuacan. As the successors of the great Teotihuacan culture, it is no surprise that the Toltecs venerated Tlaloc as well. A warrior statue dressed in Tlaloc garb was discovered at Tula, indicating the probable presence of a Tlaloc warrior cult there.
Tezcatlipoca, the Smoking Mirror, was considered a sort of brother god to Quetzalcoatl, and some surviving legends from the Toltec culture include both of them. There is only one representation of Tezcatlipoca at Tula, on one of the columns atop Pyramid B, but the site was heavily looted even before the arrival of the Spanish and other carvings and images may have been carried off long ago.
There are depictions of other gods at Tula, including Xochiquetzal and Centeotl, but their worship was clearly less widespread than that of Tlaloc, Quetzalcoatl, and Tezcatlipoca.
New Age Toltec Beliefs
Some practitioners of "New Age" Spiritualism have adopted the term "Toltec" to refer to their beliefs. Chief among them is the writer Miguel Angel Ruiz, whose 1997 book has sold millions of copies. Very loosely stated, this new "Toltec" spiritual belief system focuses on the self and one's relationship to things one cannot change. This modern spirituality has little or nothing to do with religion from the ancient Toltec civilization and should not be confused with it.
Charles River Editors. The History and Culture of the Toltec. Lexington: Charles River Editors, 2014.
Cobean, Robert H., Elizabeth Jiménez García and Alba Guadalupe Mastache. Tula. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2012.
Coe, Michael D, and Rex Koontz. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008
Davies, Nigel. The Toltecs: Until the Fall of Tula. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
Gamboa Cabezas, Luis Manuel. "El Palacio Quemado, Tula: Seis Decadas de Investigaciones." Arqueologia Mexicana XV-85 (May-June 2007). 43-47
Toltec Weapons, Armor, and Warfare
10 Facts About the Ancient Toltecs
Toltec Art, Sculpture and Architecture
The Founding of Tenochtitlan and the Origin of the Aztecs
The Ancient Toltec Trade and Economy
The Cholula Massacre
9 Facts About Quetzalcoatl
Tollan, the Toltec Capital
A Walking Tour of the Maya Capital of Chichén Itzá
Tezcatlipoca: Aztec God of Night and Smoking Mirrors
The Toltecs - Semi-Mythical Legend of the Aztecs
Quetzalcoatl - Pan-Mesoamerican Feathered Serpent God
Important Aztec Gods and Goddesses
The Chac Mool Sculptures of Ancient Mexico
Aztec Sacrifice - The Meaning and Practice of Mexica Ritual Killings
Politics and the Political System of the Ancient Maya


We power on through the late games. Here is your open thread, discuss.
San Francisco at Arizona (FOX): John Skelton laughs at Jim Trotter's quarterback rankings. Alex Smith isn't fit to carry John Skelton's jesuit jock strap. Arizona continues to tilt at windmills with this whole "Kevin Kolb Experiment" while a perfectly heroic man stands by, waiting for a second chance to show the Cardinals what everyone else already knows: As John Skelton goes, so goes the world.
Buffalo at San Diego (CBS): I would like to be a fly on the wall of Berman's brain for this one. He's got such a hard on for the circling wagons and powder blue loveable losers that you could probably see the exact moment his brain fries. And you'd be the only one in the world who knew, because this is Chris Berman we're talking about.


There is help available to the disabled individuals that need it. Because of the hardships associated with immobility, there are many resources that will give additional assistance in the financing or payment process. There are both private and government-run programs that help people with disabilities get the transportation they need.
© 2010-2019 Dodge Wheelchair Vans Guide All Rights Reserved.


Rajasthan Royals have won 5 of their last 10 completed T20 matches.
Kings XI Punjab have won 3 of their last 10 completed T20 matches.
Rajasthan Royals are rated 3 points ahead of Kings XI Punjab in the Cricsq ratings.
The team batting second won the last 19 out the last 30 completed matches played at .
Back Kings XI Punjab to win with full stake (odds at time of writing 2.22 on Betfair).
Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab have played each other 13 times since 2010. Rajasthan Royals won 8 times and Kings XI Punjab 4 times.
has hosted 30 T20 matches since 2010. We will now examine some more details from the matches.
156 is the average first innings score at in matches where the full 20 overs were available. No team has scored over 200 in T20s here since 2010. 164, 176 and 158 were the last 3 first innings scores here.
19 out the last 30 completed matches played at have been won by the team batting second.
They lost to Kolkata Knight Riders in their last match. They bowled first and conceeded 169 for 7. They then failed to chase this score down. They reached 144 for 4 in their reply.
Sanju Samson was the top run scorer with 50 off 38 balls. Ajinkya Rahane scored 46 off 41 balls. The next highest score was 20 by Rahul Tripathi.
Ish Sodhi was their best bowler. He took 0 for 15 off 4.0 overs. Krishnappa Gowtham went for 5.0 an over. Jofra Archer took 2 wicket and had an economy rate of 8.25.
They lost to Chennai Super Kings in their last match. They batted first and scored 153 for 10. Their bowlers then failed to defend this score.
Karun Nair was the top run scorer with 54 off 26 balls. Manoj Tiwary scored 35 off 30 balls. The next highest score was 24 by David Miller.
Ankit Rajpoot was their best bowler. He took 2 for 19 off 4.0 overs. Mohit Sharma also bowled well. He went for 8.84 an over. Andrew Tye took 0 wicket and had an economy rate of 11.75.
Rajasthan Royals are rated 3 points ahead of Kings XI Punjab in the Cricsq ratings. They have 87 points whereas Kings XI Punjab have 84.
At the time of writing Rajasthan Royals are favorites on Betfair at 1.81. Kings XI Punjab are 2.22.
Rajasthan Royals are rightfully favourites and are the most likely team to this match. But I suggest backing Kings XI Punjab to win this match. They are currently 2.22 on Betfair. At the prices Rajasthan Royals are too short to bet on and Kings XI Punjab represent the value.
Jos Buttler has played in 232 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 3 fifties in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 5101 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 30.4. He has a strike rate of 144.5. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 148.2 and against spin it is 125.0.
Ajinkya Rahane has played in 151 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 3802 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 31.2. He has a strike rate of 119.6. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
Liam Livingstone has played in 61 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 2 fifties in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 1384 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 27.1. He has a strike rate of 141.5. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 140.5 and against spin it is 132.0.
Rahul Tripathi has played in 26 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 617 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 26.8. He has a strike rate of 142.2. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
Ben Stokes has played in 112 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 2134 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 24.8. He has a strike rate of 135.8. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
Stokes has taken 58 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 8.22 runs per over.
Stuart Binny has played in 122 Twenty 20 matches.
Binny has taken 42 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 7.88 runs per over.
Sanju Samson has played in 84 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 2 fifties in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 1886 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 26.6. He has a strike rate of 126.6. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 129.4 and against spin it is 118.0.
Steven Smith has played in 140 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 3007 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 30.4. He has a strike rate of 127.0. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 129.8 and against spin it is 116.0.
Prashant Chopra has played in 1 Twenty 20 matches.
Shreyas Gopal has played in 41 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 332 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 15.8. He has a strike rate of 113.3. He prefers batting against the spinners. His strike rate against spin is 118.3 and against pace it is 102.3.
Gopal has taken 40 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 7.7 runs per over.
Krishnappa Gowtham has played in 40 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 424 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 15.7. He has a strike rate of 166.3. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 173.2 and against spin it is 130.6.
Gowtham has taken 39 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 7.03 runs per over.
Varun Aaron has played in 42 Twenty 20 matches.
Aaron has taken 38 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 8.67 runs per over.
Jaydev Unadkat has played in 73 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 54 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 10.8. He has a strike rate of 105.9. He prefers batting against the spinners. His strike rate against spin is 133.3 and against pace it is 90.9.
Unadkat has taken 81 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 8.45 runs per over.
Dhawal Kulkarni has played in 84 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 97 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 10.8. He has a strike rate of 93.3. He prefers batting against the spinners. His strike rate against spin is 112.9 and against pace it is 78.2.
Kulkarni has taken 83 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 8.05 runs per over.
Chris Gayle has played in 345 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 10914 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 37.9. He has a strike rate of 145.0. He prefers batting against the spinners. His strike rate against spin is 148.8 and against pace it is 132.2.
Lokesh Rahul has played in 89 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 2610 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 42.8. He has a strike rate of 145.2. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
Mayank Agarwal has played in 92 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 1955 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 25.4. He has a strike rate of 136.3. He prefers batting against the spinners. His strike rate against spin is 147.1 and against pace it is 125.4.
Karun Nair has played in 90 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 2117 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 28.6. He has a strike rate of 128.5. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
David Miller has played in 244 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 1 fifty in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 5138 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 34.5. He has a strike rate of 140.2. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 145.1 and against spin it is 125.5.
Mandeep Singh has played in 88 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 1451 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 21.7. He has a strike rate of 123.1. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 127.5 and against spin it is 106.3.
Murugan Ashwin has played in 31 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 283 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 23.6. He has a strike rate of 123.6. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
Ashwin has taken 33 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 7.76 runs per over.
Nicholas Pooran has played in 97 Twenty 20 matches. He has scored 2 fifties in his last 10 T20s.
He has scored 1841 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 23.9. He has a strike rate of 145.2. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
Ravichandran Ashwin has played in 181 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 562 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 15.2. He has a strike rate of 114.2. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 121.3 and against spin it is 87.4.
Ashwin has taken 170 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 6.81 runs per over.
Sam Curran has played in 49 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 478 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 15.9. He has a strike rate of 118.9. He is equally effective against pace and spin.
Curran has taken 42 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 8.25 runs per over.
Sarfaraz Khan has played in 25 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 228 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 20.7. He has a strike rate of 159.4. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 163.3 and against spin it is 109.1.
Varun Chakravathi has played in 11 Twenty 20 matches.
Chakravathi has taken 9 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 4.81 runs per over.
Andrew Tye has played in 127 Twenty 20 matches.
Tye has taken 176 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 7.93 runs per over.
Mohammed Shami has played in 43 Twenty 20 matches.
He has scored 53 runs in Twenty 20 matches. He has an average of 6.6. He has a strike rate of 103.9. He prefers batting against pace bowlers. His strike rate against pace is 112.5 and against spin it is 85.0.
Shami has taken 29 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 9.37 runs per over.
Ankit Rajpoot has played in 19 Twenty 20 matches.
Rajpoot has taken 19 wickets in Twenty 20 matches. He has an economy rate of 8.39 runs per over.


text:
A Copa Tiger de 1996 foi a edição inaugural do Campeonato da ASEAN, patrocinada pela cerveja Tiger.  Foi realizada em Singapura no período de 1 de Setembro a 15 de Setembro de 1996.

Times

Todos os seis membros fundadores da Federação de Futebol da ASEAN (FFA) foram participantes, com as nações da antiga Indochina como convidadas, visto que não faziam parte da federação de futebol naquele momento .

Estádios

Campeonato

Fase de grupos

Grupo A

Grupo B

Finais

Semi-finais

Disputa do terceiro lugar

Final

Vencedor

Artilheiros

7 gols
 Natapong Sritong-in

6 gols
 K. Sanbagamaran

5 gols
 Kiatisuk Senamuang

4 gols

 Kurniawan Dwi Yulianto
 Peri Sandria

 Samsurin Abdul Rahman
 Win Aung

 Fandi Ahmad
 Vo Hoang Buu

3 gols

 Fachri Husaini
 Eri Irianto

 M. Chandran
 Phithaya Santawong

 Worrawoot Srimaka
 Le Huynh Duc

2 gols

 Anuar Abu Bakar
 Maung Maung Htay

 Maung Maung Oo
 Myo Hlaing Win

 Tran Cong Minh
 Nguyen Hong Son

1 gol

 Irwan Mohammad
 Nuth Sony
 Robby Darwis
 Ansyari Lubis
 Aples Gideon Tecuari
 Saysana Savatdy
 Chalana Luang-Amath

 Keolakhone Channiphone
 Bounlap Khenkitisack
 Phonesavanh Phimmasean
 Azman Adnan
 Zainal Abidin Hassan
 Rosdee Sulong
 Tin Myo Aung

 Hasnim Haron
 Lim Tong Hai
 Steven Tan
 Nguyen Huu Dang
 Huynh Quoc Cuong

1 gol-contra
 Yeyen Tumena (jogando contra Vietnã)
 Azmil Azali (jogando contra Indonésia)

Ligações externas
"Tiger Cup 1996". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation.
Courtney, Barrie. "ASEAN ("Tiger") Cup 1996". RSSSF.

Futebol de Singapura

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here in America, we have a serious, troubled teen problem. More specifically, our nation has a serious issue with how it perceives, alienates, and most importantly, how it rehabilitates its millions of juvenile delinquent offenders.
It is not uncommon for good-intentioned and loving parents to turn to prescription medications in an attempt to relieve their child's depression. However, what if parents knew these medications prescribed to depressed teens were not only ineffective but instead, made symptoms worse? Would parents really roll the dice with their child's mental health?
Recovery has a self-directed nature to it which requires a concerted effort. It requires an internal understanding of the situation, and a willful choice to turn around and try to make things right. There's no way to force teens suffering from personality disorders to just change overnight.
When your teen shows sudden changes, you may attribute them to regular teenage hormones. But teen depression is on the rise and it is important for you to recognize the signs in case your teen is in trouble. Teenagers face a host of pressure in today's society and teen depression can be very dangerous.
Teenagers have a hard time having a positive attitude in every situation. Growing up today seems to be harder than in times past and for the most part teenagers are not known for being very empathetic.


Started in 2010, Brodo is now one of the most successful shoe companies in Indonesia. Their success has earned them the award 'Indonesia Most Creative Companies 2015' by SWA magazine.
A talkshow event called Jump Start was held by Jakarta Creative Hub. It featured some startup business insights from M. Yukka Harlanda and Christopher Angkasa, Brodo's co-founder and angel investor respectively.
Here are 5 things that we learn from them about what it takes to build a successful startup company.
Because it's not only about selling a product anymore. It's also about selling authenticity, a story, a movement and a lifestyle.
Brodo is all about brotherhood which is consistently apparent in their marketing endeavors; they focus on the male demographic, calling their customers 'Bro' and using relatable public figures as their brand ambassadors.
It requires a great amount of courage to take risks in finding the strategy that works best for the business.
We know this for a fact; it took two years and three tries for one of our closest client to finally arrive to a business model that profits!
People like a brand that is invested in their ultimate satisfaction and has an emotional bond with them.
A good customer experience has a multiplying effect; it has a very high possibility of driving a second purchase, a third purchase and so forth.
Curiosity opens doors for new technology and marketing opportunities while keeping people and culture at the core.
One doesn't need to invest that much to learn new things. In fact, Yukka got most of his business knowledge just from watching Youtube videos.
Remember that business is like a rollercoaster, and these are two things that need to be held along the ups and downs.
Yukka and Chris have gone through just that, and it was their commitment and discipline that brought their business growing by leaps and bounds.
All images are taken from their website and Instagram page.
Find all of our articles here. To get a weekly dose of design and business knowledge, scroll down and subscribe once you get there!


A brand-new, unused, and unworn particular that is not in original sell packaging or may be lost original retail packaging materials (such as the original box or bag). See all condition definitions- opens in a new window or tab 1. Return to Australia; Due to its unusual form not for day-to-day wear we do not consent restitution for change of mind and/or explanation specified as heel is too high etc. Unique style very small-scale stock and will made to order; 2.
Our guess: performing arts her way into the genus melissa Shoes' Pop-Up Shop in Miami today. Y.-based case mecca (you know, the one that collaborates with bigwigs like Karl Lagerfeld, mythical being Wu, and Vivienne Westwood) is setting up at Art city with an exclusive postulation with artist Sebastian Errazuriz titled "12 scale For 12 Lovers." The result? The craziest, kind-of-fetish-y, entirely novelty, Lady Gaga-esque kicks. divine by first girlfriends, Errazuriz used state-of-the-art 3-D-printing engineering science to plan these one-of-a-kind shoe sculptures.
* calculable manner of speaking dates- opens in a new opening or tab include seller's handling time, origin ZIP Code, direction ZIP Code and instance of acceptance and will be on shipping service designated and acknowledgement of clear-cut payment- opens in a new window or tab. transportation times may vary, particularly during peak periods. The shoes necessary be unworn/100% new, wrapped in their daring wadding bodied and box. The box requisite be attentive in transport paper or put into a large commercial enterprise box - please do not put measuring system on the box.


The Wausau Nordic Ski Club will be holding weekly Ski Social Nights for the adult membership. This week, February 13, will be our first night out since we now have snow and won't be bitterly cold. It also is our Wine and Chocolate Night. You are asked to bring a chocolate treat for sharing. The evening is open to members and guests. Besides wine and chocolate, come prepared to ski as we want to get out and enjoy the snow. You can arrive early and ski with friends or plan on skiing after we do some inside stuff.
As part of our evening, we also want to celebrate the success of our local ski teams at the recent State Meet. This includes the State Championship won by our Wausau Nordic United Girls team led by the overall champion, Olivia Dreger, who is now a two-time state champ. We'll have a short presentation of the team and also let you know how our other teams did there including the Wausau East/West team and the Wausau Night Gliders. It was an awesome weekend of ski racing that we as a club can take pride in knowing that we have helped make it possible for them to ski at the top levels in the State.
We may also have a demonstration on some new ski waxes that are intended to make life much easier for the average skier to obtain quality waxed skis. New developments in the wax world might make our wax iron obsolete as there are new rub on or spray on types of wax that will serve most any skier very well and looks to be a trend in the future.
So please join us on Wednesday, February 13th at 6:00 PM for a fun evening of social time and ski time with friends. And plan to join us on the following Wednesday's as well for out club night on the snow.


text:
Speaker Announcement: Brody Buhler, Escher Group
We are delighted to announce that Brody Buhler, CEO at Escher will be presenting at WMX Americas in April 2021.
As CEO, Brody oversees all departments at Escher and is responsible for driving growth in addition to key areas such as strategy, product, operations and culture. A distinguished leader in the post and parcel sector for over 22 years, Brody is a trusted adviser to industry c-level executives globally. Mr Buhler quickly earns the respect of his staff, customers, partners, and peers for his creative strategies and thoughtful approach in solving the postal industry's toughest challenges, driving above-average results, and delivering excellent in every situation.
Most recently, Brody served as the Global Managing Director of Accenture's Post and Parcel Practice for the past 9 years. In that role, he was responsible for overseeing Accenture's delivery and thought leadership for the industry and oversaw a global practice of over 2000 resources across more than 20 countries. Prior to this position, Brody served as the Digital Government lead at Accenture Federal Services where he launched their practice.


text:
All Lee Hower's Posts
Agile VC:
My idle thoughts on tech startups
Chewy S-1: Category Leadership + Conveyor Belt Into Consumers' Homes
Lee Hower
June 13, 2019 · 7 min.
This post also appears on NextView's blog.
Chewy has rapidly grown from a startup to a multi-billion commerce company, establishing itself as the leader in pet e-commerce. Chewy sells tens of thousands of products from many 3rd party brands, as well as its own private label brands (though latter remains <10% of sales). The company launched in 2011 and then was acquired by PetSmart for over $3 billion in 2017 (PetSmart itself owned by PE firm BC Partners), but Chewy is now preparing for life as a standalone public company.
I'll break down Chewy's business based on their recent S-1 filing here. I know some of the investors in Chewy prior to the PetSmart acquisition, but I am not a shareholder nor do I intend to purchase shares in the IPO. But the company is of particular interest to me given NextView is an investor in and I've been a board member of Grove Collaborative, another large and rapidly growing company in the consumer CPG space with a recurring purchase model.
Is Chewy Still a Rapidly Growing Business?
A $3.5B revenue business still growing >50% YoY? Check.
Embedded Growth From Existing Customers
One of the key features of Chewy's business is the recurring nature of customer purchases. Consumers typically own a pet (or pets) for many years, so they are continuously purchasing food, toys, and accessories for their pet for an extended period.
Chewy now has over 10 million customers, repeat purchases by existing customers account for approximately 90% of their revenue today. But importantly Chewy keeps growing, even without acquiring any new customers, because their existing customers spend more money with them. This is analogous to SaaS companies like Slack or Dropbox, which have strong revenue growth just as their existing users consumer more of their service.
Chewy describes the "embedded growth" in this existing customer base in their S-1 so we're able to glean the following:
1) Overall Chewy's customers continue to buy more stuff from them each year
Average revenue per customer has steadily increased from $223/yr in 2012 to $334/yr in 2018. We can infer this increase is due to some combination of Chewy broadening their selection of products over time and increasing brand loyalty by customers, yielding a higher share of wallet for pet-related spend. This is separate from the dynamics of any underlying cohort itself (more on that below).
2) Impressive cohort growth & stability
Chewy helpfully provides some cohort data on both aggregate $ revenue, active customer spend, and LTV/CAC basis. The first is most salient, as it tells us how much revenue Chewy generates from a particular cohort as it ages… it basically nets out effects of some customers dropping out with those that stick around buying more stuff. For example, Chewy's 2015 cohort (e.g. customers who made their initial purchase in 2015) generated 165% of initial cohort revenue in 2018. In other words, for every $1.00 spent by new customers in 2015, that same group (in aggregate) bought $1.65 worth of goods from Chewy in 2018.
FWIW Chewy's 2015 cohort appears to be their best one which is undoubtedly why they highlight it in the S-1, but other years demonstrate similarly strong persistence and growth based on the data they provide. Cohort revenue appears to grow significantly from first year to second year, and then largely levels off but persists for years.
Annual Net Sales By Customer Cohort
3) "Autoship" is a conveyor belt into consumers' homes
While Chewy's embedded growth ultimately comes from many consumers sticking around and increasing their spend over time, one of the drivers of this behavior is Chewy's "autoship" model. While slightly more flexible than a simple monthly subscription (autoship customers also can make ad hoc purchases), the program lets consumers set recurring purchases for consumables they continuously replenish.
Customers in the autoship program generated roughly 66% of Chewy's revenue in 2018. These customers also have a higher avg order value (AOV) than non-autoship customers, so they represent "better" customers for Chewy on multiple dimensions.
What Are Chewy's Prospects for Profitability?
Chewy is unprofitable, on both a net income and EBITDA basis. Much of the press on the company's IPO highlights this fact, which is easy to discern from a casual read of the S-1.
What I was curious to understand is what is the underlying potential for profitability for Chewy. How efficient is it as a business in terms of cash flow consumption or generation? Could Chewy reduce its marketing or other expenditures and be profitable now?
First, on an operating cashflow basis Chewy has been CF positive in some of the recent years. In 2016 they generated an operating cash profit of $7M, in a year where the company was still spending significantly on growth and grew revenue >100% YoY. In 2017 the company had an operating cash burn of roughly $80M, again in a year where the company did >$2B in revenue and grew >100% YoY. In 2018 Chewy was basically cashflow breakeven on an operating basis, with an operating cash burn of $13M on revenue of over $3B.
Operating cashflow represent the cash that's generated or consumed by the business, excluding things like capital expenditures or year to year balance sheet changes in the level of inventories or payables. Chewy also appears to have cashflows going up to its parent PetSmart, which is owned by PE firm BC Partners. In the last two years cash has flowed both from Chewy to PetSmart and vice versa, but on a net basis Chewy has payed roughly $80M more in cash to PetSmart than has flowed from the parent company to Chewy.
To put this all into context, in the past four years Chewy has consumed $134M (negative free cash flow) over the last four years while growing from $200M to $3.5B in revenue. Chewy has spent roughly $750M in marketing over the last three years to fuel growth, and while it has strong LTV/CAC ratios it still takes 1-2 years to see payback on its initial customer acquisition spend. In other words, if Chewy had cut all customer acquisition spend it would have solidly cashflow positive for several years albeit growing at a slower rate, though still growing given embedded growth described above.
Chewy LTV/CAC Ratios By Cohort Year
So If Chewy Is Fundamentally a Profitable Business, How Much Operating Leverage Exists?
We talk a lot about operating leverage in a business, e.g. the ability to increase various drivers of profitability which can make the business more profitable either on a unit basis or overall. To understand what operating leverage may exist in Chewy's business, it's helpful to first understand its existing profit margins.
Today Chewy's underlying gross margins are just over 20%. Chewy cost of goods (COGS) includes both the underlying cost of the products sold but also some fulfillment related expenses like freight and packaging. Gross margins have been steadily improving in recent years from 16.6% in 2016, to 17.5% in 2017, and 20.2% in 2018 and according to the discussion in the S-1 much of this improvement has been attributable to higher product gross margin. Chewy has also started to introduce some private label brands, which presumably will drive higher product gross margin, though this is still fairly early in development. Chewy discloses that private label represents "mid single digit percentage" of sales, i.e. >90% of Chewy's revenue is from selling 3rd party brands.
The other way we often look at margins is contribution margin. There can be genuine philosophical or accounting differences in how different costs are allocated, but generally I strive to think about a true "fully loaded" contribution margin. So for a commerce business like Chewy that would include:
Contribution Margin = (1) Net Revenue – (2) Product Cost – (3) Shipping – (4) Packaging – (5) Payment Processing Costs – (6) Direct Fulfillment Labor – (7) Variable Costs of Fulfillment Infrastructure
If you look at Chewy's financials you'll see a line item for Net Sales and a line item for COGS which includes #2, 3, and 4 above. But Chewy accounts for items #5, 6, and 7 within Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A). They also include customer service costs in this Fulfillment bucket within SG&A, as well as some fixed (e.g. non-variable) costs associated with fulfillment.
Not all of the items #1-7 above are specifically provided in the S-1, so we have to infer based on the data Chewy does provides. We know that the total "Fulfillment" cost that Chewy accounts for in SG&A was just over $400M in 2018, so a bit over 11% of revenue. That includes items that appropriately would fall into contribution margin, like fulfillment labor (pick/pack/ship employees), payment processing costs (just shy of 20% of this Fulfillment bucket), and variable costs of fulfillment infrastructure like leases on warehouses. But there's also probably some expenses in Fulfillment which are amortized fixed expenses for things like software or machinery in warehouses.
TLDR here is that it's probably appropriate to add back a small portion of the expenses in the Fulfillment bucket Chewy reports in SG&A when trying to calculate fully-loaded contribution margin. So if you start with gross profit margin of 20.2% and subtract out the 11.4% in the Fulfillment cost bucket in SG&A, you get 8.8% which is probably a bit too conservative given it includes the amortized fixed expenses as I describe above. So it's probably a fair assumption to say that Chewy has something like ~10% or slightly higher fully-loaded contribution margins, i.e. for every $1 of revenue roughly $0.10 in contribution profit is generated which can offset overhead and generate operating profit.
Bottom line, Chewy appears to be a pretty robust commerce business:
It has a solid leadership position in a large and growing category
It continues to grow rapidly, even at multi-billion revenue scale
Chewy's business is a "conveyor belt into consumers' homes" with strong repeat purchase and growth LTV
It's core business is cashflow positive, excluding marketing spend for new customer acquisition
It's underlying gross margins and contribution margins appear to be steadily improving
Lee is a co-founder and Partner at NextView Ventures. He has spent his entire career as an entrepreneur and investor in early-stage software and internet startups.
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