This past year has been a tough one. It's been a long one in a lot of ways too. But as 2018 comes to a close and we just finished our Christmas holiday together, I'm feeling pretty emotional. You know me – I get weepy when I try to express my feelings – so here goes in writing.
You and I have been through a lot over the years. It has been me-n-you since you were barely a year old. Look at you now – a 26 year old, a grown-up, an adult, a mother of two, a wife!
I am honored to call you my daughter, my best friend, my confidante. And I thank God for you daily! I've watched you take on the world and be pretty darned successful at whatever you put your mind to.
You are a person to be admired. For your strength. For your inner power. Your beauty. Your kindness. That giant heart of yours. As your kindergarten teacher told me when you were just 5 years old – You are destined to be a leader if you were guided in the right direction.
Though I definitely made a lot of mistakes raising you (as all parents do) – I believe that God helped me to help you and hopefully kept you pretty much on the right path. I do not take credit except to say that I allowed God to use me as a means to get you where He wanted you to be.
I see you now in your adulthood – often times doubting yourself. Lacking the self-confidence you used to portray to others and battling with depression/anxiety issues. It breaks my heart. Because I know you are still that vibrant, funny, smart and strong young woman you've always been. Trust me – its still there….you only need to dig a little deeper to find it.
One only needs to witness your life (as I have) or hear your testimony to know that you've 'still got it.' You ARE that leader the teacher spoke of way back then – even if you don't see it.
When we are tired and beaten down in life – that is when Satan goes to work on us. And I believe that is when he gets to you. But you only need to look around to see that YOU ARE OKAY and YOU ARE WORTHY and YOU ARE LOVED UNCONDITIONALLY.
You have a fabulous husband. One that most women can only dream of having. He is your perfect match – the one who God prepared for you! You two fit.
Your children. When you doubt yourself – look at them. They are happy children. That doesn't happen by accident, you know. YOU are playing a huge role. YOU are helping to form their little personalities. YOU are teaching them to lean on God. YOU bring them laughter and fun!
Of course there are days when everyone is disobedient or crying or whatever… But you can't let that be the measuring tool for how you are doing and your value. Look at the bigger picture and you will see what I see. What others see. You are doing a great job!
I pray that you continue to grow in God's will and allow Him to help you as only He can do. And I sure look forward to spending more time together soon.
In addition, as a side note, I wish we lived closer together. God willing, maybe someday that will change. But until then, I will value and treasure each visit we get and continue to be in awe of you and how you raise your children, how your marriage works, how it includes God and how inspiring you are to others.
Keep doing what you are doing, my daughter – because I believe you are on the right path!
"It Was the Love," He Said….
I just heard a man's testimony on the radio this morning that struck a chord with me. He said that he grew up Muslim. However, through a lot of adverse things in his life, he became an Atheist.
At one point a couple of years ago, he decided he was tired of all of the anger and hatred that you hear in today's music. So he started searching for 'clean music' that his kids could listen to. He stumbled across the Christian radio station K-Love.
Fast-forward to now and he is a Christian. They asked him what was it that finally did it for him. His answer? LOVE!
He said that it touched him that there wasn't all of the fighting and arguing being spewed. It was the love that everyone talked and sang about. He initially thought it had to be phony…but with time he realized it was real. And, he studied the bible and discovered that Jesus showed love to everyone regardless of who they were or what they had done. He realized it was real.
For me, that brought to mind something else. I have had friends and met people who are excited about sharing the Word. So much so that you almost can't carry on a normal conversation because they are busy quoting scripture to you in response to everything. Half the time what they quote doesn't even apply (or at least the person they are talking to can't see the connection).
I've even attended a church in the past that is full of very loving people who desire to do God's work. However, if you are new or a visitor and happen to have a version of the bible that differs from the King James – then they hound you about it. They try to 'kindly' give you the 'right' one. They have been known to corner you and tell you how wrong you are because you grew up in a different church.
None of that wins the lost, people. As a matter of fact – it turns them off and sends them running. Which honestly, I don't blame them!
I think that in our effortts to 'win souls' – we forget the most important thing: show God's love. It's not supposed to be the human effort anyhow. All we are to do is let His love show through us. The rest is between God and that other person. It's God's love shining through us that attracts the lost. They want what we have – just like that man mentioned earlier.
Jesus did not run after people and judge them. He didn't make them feel guilty. He simply loved them where they were.
So I believe we should stop preaching at people. Stop arguing your point. Stop trying to show them how wrong they are and how right you are. Stop quoting words that don't mean much to the non-Christian. Just love them. Let God's love shine through you in how you live your life. Not through your efforts/works – but by being open to God's will.
Yep, He Had My Back the Whole Way!
11) Was able to go see my daughter and her hubby for a few days during the July 4th holiday!
17) Had to request them to defer a car payment when starting new job – in order to get them to coordinate with paydays = they had to deduct a double-payment out of the SAME paycheck that #16 occurs!
There are many, many more ups and downs, but these are the things that come to mind right now. It's a lot. Especially for a single-parent who is NOT getting any sort of assistance. But it also means that someone had to have my back. And He did! God has seen me through as promised! He never said it would be easy…but rather that He would be there.
However, I've also learned that He actually takes the burdens completely from me when I ask Him to – when I give it to Him. It has been a hard lesson for me to learn – but I believe I've got it now. I don't even stress anymore about things….when something difficult comes my way – I say 'here You go, God…it's Yours' — and He takes it!
May you all be blessed and enjoy your family and friends during the holidays. And here's to a beautiful, bless-filled 2015 coming around the corner!
When my daughter was young, I worked full-time as a single mother. My mom would pick her up from school. When I got off, I would go to my parents' house and we would all have dinner together before taking her home. During those times – my dad always had milk with his evening meal. So my daughter followed suit and would do the same because he was the father figure in her life and she wanted to be just like him.
Out of the clear blue, when she was about 5 or 6, she started refusing to drink milk. After several evenings of this – I asked her why she quit drinking milk. She informs me that we were always telling her to drink her milk because it would help make her big and strong (I know, I know…but that is what used to be said about milk). And lately, we had been commenting that she was growing up so fast (you know how adults do)…..so, she connected the two and stopped drinking milk in order to slow down the growth process!
Needless to say we got a good chuckle out of the situation. And of course we corrected the misunderstanding.
Fast forward to my 8-year old son. He had to start wearing glasses last year – his first pair. This year, we went for his check-up and discovered that he needed a new prescription. We ended up going to a place that offered buy-one, get-one-free. When we got home, he asked me what we were going to do with his old pair. I casually mentioned that we would probably donate them – because there are places that will take them and help a child whose parents can't afford to buy glasses for them.
A couple of weeks later, I get a call at work from the school nurse. She tells me that my son had given his extra pair of glasses to a little boy – who didn't even need glasses. She tells me that the glasses are pretty much beyond repair. I tell her to send them home and I would see what insurance would cover.
I got off of the phone stunned. After all, I had noticed him wearing the 2nd pair of glasses and had even commented on it. And he didn't say a word. And it was unlike him to do such a thing without asking first.
When I got home, I inquired about what had happened. Come to find out – my son was showing his friends his new glasses – and a little boy said he needed glasses but his parents wouldn't get him any. And, my giant-hearted son remembered that comment I made about donating….. So, he actually donated his OLD pair of glasses, not his new ones like everyone thought. Of course he didn't realize that one has to have the right prescription, etc. But his heart was in the right place!
Comments that we think is very clear and simple – are not so when in comes to how our children interpret them There is no being sarcastic with children….they don't get it. What you say is fact. It's black and white, no gray.
Therefore, if you have children/grandchildren – slow down. Take time with them. Take time to explain things….to show them exactly what you mean. Take time to love them.
Mixed emotions. That is what I have been experiencing lately. Like a roller-coaster, up on minute, down the next. Funny how going down memory lane can bring back emotions as if you were back in that time. It kind of wears you out to be up one moment and then deeply saddened in the very next one.
My daughter and her husband were in town for the weekend. The trip was quick and of course it went by way too quickly! We have always been close – and this move has been rough on both of us. No more dropping in on each other or calling and saying "let's do lunch" anymore. So we go from being anxious for days building up to their arrival – to great joy when they get here – and then a crash when they have to leave again. It's like mourning all over again. Each time.
One thing for sure – we definitely appreciate our time together. We value family and never take each other for granted. My family has always been close and will always have each others' back no matter what happens. I never have understood how people can get ticked off at another family member and then simply cut off all ties. That's so sad!
Going down memory lane has been a bit more difficult on me lately. We all take a stroll into our past from time to time. Maybe it's a song that you used to listen to when you were younger. Or you see a book you read. And maybe you run into an old classmate. Whatever it is – it slams you right back into that time period for a few moments.
I find that Facebook has brought about a lot of those little strolls. Whenever I re-connect with someone from my past. The older I get – the more I value and appreciate those connections. There are a few connections that surprise me. They are the ones that humble me for various reasons.
Recently I reconnected with my first love. I thought of him a lot through the years and often wondered whatever happened to him. I honestly wasn't sure that he was even alive as he was a mess the last time I ran into him. As a matter of fact, after talking with him that night so long ago – I remember telling my friend I didn't think he would live long. So it has been a real joy to see that he did make it – and that his life is good. My emotions run high with this experience though.
I guess it's the Fibro Fog again – but for the life of me I cannot recall the specifics of why I broke up with him – other than being young and dumb. He tells me that I was the only one to break his heart. And that makes me feel really awful. Yes, we were young and it's all part of life….but that is no real excuse. I regret that I caused him pain. I regret that I didn't know what I was doing back then. And in some ways I regret letting him go.
It seems we both have lived through a lot. Gone through tough times and survived. For that I am grateful. I really enjoy chatting with him and getting to know him all over again. However, with that brings a lot of mixed feelings. I find myself being like a school girl anxiously awaiting to hear from him again. And at the same time – we live totally different lives in different cities. Too much time has passed and we are different people now. We can't go back. So then I feel like an idiot, ya know?
I'm sure it is the reminiscing about what used to be. And what could have been. And being single again. But as mentioned in past blog posts – I have no intentions of getting into another relationship other than simple friendship. So what the heck is up with my crazy emotions?!
At any rate – I am thankful for the people God has placed in my life. And for the special times/connections that I have. I am thankful that God has always had my back…..after all we are family.
Speaking of God having my back…I have been experiencing much favor of late. I believe the reason is not that I'm 'doing' the right thing now – as that would be relying on my works rather than His grace. But rather that I am believing that He has already provided everything I need and so much more. I only have to learn to receive His gifts!
So thank You, Father for always being there for me and mine!
Still On My Journey…Learning More…..Sometimes With My Heels Dug In…..
I can't believe I haven't posted anything since May – and here it is October! A lot has been going on for sure. Some of it has been tough, but I lean heavily on God and He always sees me through!
As mentioned in this previous post, my daughter and son-in-law moved down south. They are doing well though we are all missing each other like crazy. My daughter had some serious home-sickness going on for a bit – but I think she is doing better now.
They both came back up a few weeks ago for a visit. While here, many of their friends came out to the house for a little party. It sure was fun seeing everyone together again! And most recently they were here for the wedding of 'my other daughter' – as you may have read on previous posts….she is my daughter's best friend. They call each other 'sister' and I'm 'Mom' to her.
I also mentioned that the new job I got after being laid-off was not very enjoyable. I didn't want to complain about the job I had after losing the other one…but I was miserable. I didn't want to come across as being ungrateful. It was during this time though, that I started learning that I was not leaning on God as much as I thought.
I was so 'worried' about being laid-off that I grabbed the first job that came along rather than praying about it and relying on God to open doors for me. Again, which has been typical in my life, I was trying to be in control and manipulate my situation.
If you read this earlier post of mine, then you will understand my thought process here. Of course it wasn't until after I started the new job and began to reflect on my situation that I came to realize that I was still struggling with 'unbelief'. Though I had faith that God would provide, my unbelief came about in thinking that I needed to jump on that job because there might not be another offer rather than waiting on Him. So I spent almost 6 months in a job that I was unhappy with and that was not a good fit – for me or the employer.
During this time, I kept studying and learning about God's grace and His desire to provide for us, His children. Most recently it dawned on me….
Just as an earthly parent, God does not want His children to suffer, be ill, in pain or live in poverty. He wants only the best for us. I have always said I believed that….but I think deep down I always felt like I wasn't living up to whatever it was in my mind that I thought I should be or be doing for Him. I felt that because I was 'failing' or falling short of what I thought He wanted….then why would He shower me with abundance? If I couldn't take care of the little, why would He give me more?
Don't get me wrong – I'm not talking about doing 'works' in order to get to heaven. But just as with my own children….they may do things that are not what I would choose for them…and they may even disappoint me from time to time. But would I want them to suffer, do without, hurt? No way! So why would I assume God would be any different?
I heard someone say that maybe we shouldn't be asking God for 'just enough' – meaning, why do we ask Him for things like giving us just enough to live comfortably, or feel better, or pay our bills? We are children of God. We were made righteous by Christ. So we should claim it! We have power through Christ!
So I recently sat down and had a lengthy conversation with my Father. And I laid it all at the feet of my Savior. It finally made sense to me! I gave thanks. I cried. And rejoiced. And cried some more. But afterwards I felt so much lighter and I could definitely feel a difference. The burdens were gone.
First of all, I hurt my back carrying something at work that was WAY to heavy. And I was laying in bed on the 3rd night of the worst pain I have ever been in. But through the misery – I kept repeating thanks over and over for the healing. And sure enough, the pain went away without seeking medical care.
Every time I found my mind wanting to head down in the dumps or start with the negative thoughts – I would correct myself and say thanks to my Father. I gave thanks for my healing (we are healed by his stripes….) and thanks for His provision. Let me tell you….it was not – and still isn't – a natural or automatic thing for me. I am so used to thinking 'here we go again' or something negative…and then gearing up to deal with it. So, I have had to repeat many, many times that I do not have to carry the burden….God's got this!
Next, I got a call from someone that I have always considered a mentor of mine. I had worked with him in the past and though we parted ways years ago, I would still do some 'virtual assistant' jobs for him from time to time. I also know his boss – the owner of the company in which he works now – from that same time period in our past. He asked me to stop in to help them with some personnel issues. I agreed.
When I got there, both of them were there telling me about how some things had changed within the company – and they wanted to offer me a job!!! You have to understand – I have wanted to work for them for years! And here it was, out of the clear blue, being offered! Needless to say, I accepted the job.
Within the first week – I was given a raise…to cover the healthcare premiums – so that it wouldn't cut into my take home pay. Can you believe that!? I was also assured that I would be getting my pay bumped up very soon.
Then came the realization that I was most likely going to lose my insurance on my home – due to 'forgetting' (Fibro Fog) to pay it…and my first check was coming in exactly one week later than the cut-off date. Again I found myself starting to get stressed. But I reminded myself that God's got this….and I was just along for the ride.
Sure enough – no quicker had those thoughts crossed my mind when my boss asked me how I was with the gap between my last job's payday and this one. I told him I was figuring it out. He told me to give him a figure and he would advance it to me. I did. He did. When I asked about re-paying it…..I was told not to worry about it right now. So, house insurance was paid – literally within 4 hours of it being cancelled!
For many – this may sound like small potatoes….but for me – this is huge! For the first time in my life, I feel that things are going to be good for me! I no longer feel like I screwed up and therefore it is what it is! Of course there will still be things to come up and I will probably have to remind myself another few hundred times to let things go….but I'm confident that it will become easier as I'm growing and learning more!
Next on my list is my health – again, I've spoken with God about this and I am confident that my body is repairing itself and I will no longer suffer. For now, I find that when I'm getting caught up in the 'unbelief' – my Fibro starts acting up. Once I claim healing and refuse to worry about the situation the symptoms recede. I believe that for now this is my little reminder to help get me back on track. But I also fully believe that I am healed and that my healthy body will manifest once I learn to accept the gift given to me.
And finally…..relationships. I'm not sure where I'm going here yet. But I'm trusting God to lead me. At the moment, with all of the pain and mistrust I've experienced in this area….I do not want an intimate relationship with another man…ever! But at the same time, I find myself lonely and wishing for companionship. However, I will wait on my Father and see what He has in mind for me. Maybe it's more than I can ever dream of…..or maybe I'm not supposed to have another man in my life….either way, I'm good with that.
F.R.O.G. = Fully Relying On God…..that's the fun part….once you learn to relax and go with it!


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"Running fast is my business"
Stregspiller January 19, 2018 Peter Bruun's Corner, News Leave a Comment
INTERVIEW – Running fast-breaks is one of the hallmarks of handball made in Norway, and it certainly has been at this 2018 European championship.
As the only right wing in the team, Kristian Bjørnsen is a crucial figure executing this aspect of the game and he is acutely aware of his task.
Running fast-breaks backed by a solid 6-0 defense has been a major element in Norway's success formula for some time now. This philosophy of playing handball translates into a particularly important role for Kristian Bjørnsen.
The 29-year-old player from HSG Wetzlar, who is the only right wing in coach Berge´s squad, is one of the key factors, when it comes to scoring so-called easy goals.
Bjørnsen has understood his role fairly well as he clearly demonstrated, when Norway defeated Serbia 32:27 in their first main round match, in Zagreb. He shared the honors of "Top Scorer" with his teammate, playmaker and left back Sander Sagosen. However, he is not completely happy.
"Unlike our group matches, our match against Serbia was a game of two very different halves.
"In the first half, we showed a poor performance and that was the main reason, why the score was 17:17 at the break, but therafter, we were controlling the game.
"Actually, our lack of stability was rather uncharacteristic, as we have been quite consistent at this championship.
"However, I think there are still things we can enhance.
"First of all, we can improve our defense even further and our goalkeepers can do even better than they have shown until now.
Depending on solid defense
Still, Bjørnsen and his colleague on the opposite wing, Magnus Jøndal have already benefited a great deal from Norway's successful defense efforts, scoring numerous fast-break goals.
"Yes, absolutely and that's probably one of our main assets. Obviously, we benefit a lot from these simple goals, that's what fast-break goals are considered," Kristian Bjørnsen tells.
"We realize that our team may not be as strong physically as some of the other squads at this championship. This circumstance makes fast-breaks even more important for us, and I know that I am one of the players who have to run fastest in this phase of the game.
"In general, a high pace is a necessity for us and running fast is my business," he says.
Only right wing
National coach Christian Berge decided to take only two wing players with him to Croatia, requiring Magnus Jøndal (left wing) and Kristian Bjørnsen (right wing) to play for 60 minutes on both ends of the court, in each and every match.
"I am used to being the only right wing, it has been the case in the two most recent major championships.
"It hasn't really been a problem until now, and I am sure it will continue to be fine this way," expects Kristian Bjørnsen who also feels that his game benefitted significantly after joining HSG Wetzlar in 2016 from IFK Kristianstad, where he won the Swedish championship in the same year.
"My one and a half year there (in Wetzlar ed.) has given me a lot.
"Germany's Bundesliga is one of the best leagues in the world and playing those tough and – for the most part – evenly balanced matches will inevitably contribute to your development as a player and it's the same in my case.
"Playing in this league has improved my game, me physically and I definitely benefit from it when I play for Norway," says Bjørnsen who is expecting to make good use of all his Bundesliga experience in Saturday's match against Croatia.
"I am very much looking forward to this match.
"I expect it to be a close and even match, but hopefully, we can make our defense click and take Croatia out for some running.
"We are aware that it may be a bit difficult to communicate in a noisy arena, but hopefully we can cope with it as well and turn the atmosphere into something positive for us.
"Obviously the game against Croatia will be a key match for reaching the semi-finals. Getting to the semi-finals and playing for medals has been our objective all the time and it still is," emphasizes Kristian Bjørnsen.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Karen "Lou" Moore, 60, Sandusky, passed away Monday, March 18, 2019, in Firelands Regional Medical Center with family by her side.
She was born on April 28, 1958 in Cleveland to John and Eloise Moore.
Karen enjoyed spending time with her family and friends, cooking, and completing puzzles. She gave her life to Christ in 2016.
She will be sadly missed by her sons, DeMar (LaToya) Moore, Rudy Moore (Mesha Johnson), both of Sandusky; sister, Linda (Jimmie) Cherry, Sandusky; brother, John Moore Jr., Port Clinton; grandchildren, De'Asia Moore-Swain, DeMar Moore, DeWade Moore, Elijah Hollingshed, and Tracy Charlton; one great-grandchild, Jaliyah Col'on, all of Sandusky; special friend, Artie Castile, Sandusky; and many nieces, nephews, and other loving relatives and friends.
She was preceded in death by her parents; sister, Yuvette Charlton; and special aunt, Janice Nunn.
A memorial service will be held Tuesday, March 26, 2019, at 1 P.M. in New Jerusalem Baptist Church, 1920 Eddy Henry Way, Sandusky. Rev. Curtis L. Johnson Jr. will officiate. Toft Funeral Home & Crematory, 2001 Columbus Ave., Sandusky is handling the arrangements. Condolences may be made to the family by visiting toftfuneralhome.com.


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Home Wonkery
Trump's Such A Sexist Pig He Doesn't Get That Insulting Women 'For Entertainment' Is Awful (VIDEO)
Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump's track record for insulting women is so dismal he can't even see how truly extensive his misogyny is, even when he's "apologizing."
Trump said of his insults aimed at women throughout his presidential campaign, Wednesday:
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"A lot of that was done for the purpose of entertainment. There's nobody that has more respect for women than I do."
The former reality television star and real estate mogul was in the midst of an interview with KSNV-TV, preceding a rally in Henderson, Nevada, when he made that ludicrous statement.
Reporter Jim Snyder asked Trump:
"Are you trying to tone it down now?"
Trump responded:
"It's not a question of trying, it's very easy."
Apparently, though, it's not quite as easy for Trump to nix the misogyny as he thinks. After all, insulting women for the sake of entertainment doesn't exactly make it okay. In fact, it doesn't at all. Who's entertainment does Trump think throwing vile comments at women suits—women? Hardly. Trump's "entertaining" comments against such women as Megyn Kelly, Rosie O'Donnell, Hillary Clinton and former Miss Universe Alicia Machado, only serve to entertain fellow misogynistic men. Trump does not laugh "with" women, but "at" them, as do the intended audience of his "jokes."
Though Trump may be trying to soft shoe his way into the hearts of the proverbial "American woman," most sane, conscientious women in the country are flipping that old Guess Who song's lyrics on the Donald's head and singing out in a great red, white and blue chorus, "Stay away from me-ee… Don't come hanging around my door/I don't want to see your face no more."
Now Trump, let women be. The damage is done, and there's no going back, no mansplaining your way out of this one. Rival Hillary Clinton has helped seal that deal with a scathing ad using Trump's own words against him, such as calling a woman a "fat slob" and stating that "A person who's flat-chested is very hard… to be a 10." Trump also said of Megyn Kelly after the first Republican primary debate:
"You could see there was blood coming out of her eyes, blood coming out of her, wherever."
Trump also attacked former Miss Universe Alicia Machado most recently, calling her "Miss Piggy" because she'd gained weight, as well as calling her "Miss Housekeeping" due to her being Hispanic.
Yeah, it's easy to see how Trump could possibly think of himself as the most respectful person to women around, isn't it. He has the best respect for women. You're going to love his respect for women, right? You're going to be respecting women so much, so well, you're going to get sick of respecting women.
That must be it. That must be where Trump's at. He's ahead of the curve—that's the kind of leader he is. He's miles ahead of us all in his respect for women. He's been respecting women so much, so well for so long, he's sick of it and throwing out the vile condescension just for kicks, which apparently makes it okay (in his mind), because it's all a goof—just like his presidential campaign.
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And the ladies know that. That's why they eat it up like candy, right? That's why women love Trump all the more. That must be it. He's got that old bad boy complex going, but deep down, America's women know what a tender-hearted old softy Trump is, willing to throw his jacket in the mud for any woman hailing a taxi on a rainy day. You just have to get to know him—the real him. Can't you see it?
Or… Trump could just be full of shit, like so many other rich, white men born into old money in a patriarchal, racist and sexist country.
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Crazy dumper cum on her face
Montana bbw-Bentham, Jeremy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Benthem pain pleasure-Bentham and Mill on the 'quality' of Pleasures
by Klaudia F.
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher of the 18th century. He founded the branch of the utilitarian philosophy. His main work is Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation. His aim is to found a philosophy which ensures a maximum happiness for maximum people. According to Bentham, individuals view their interests accordingly to pleasure and pain.
The simple pleasures of the eye; independent of association. Health is the absence of pleaeure, and consequently of all those kinds of pain which Benthem pain pleasure pleassure the symptoms of disease. Bentham recognised that neither the individual nor the legislator could strictly follow the process he described. Victorian Minds. This allows both for an objective determination of an activity or state and for a comparison with others. These essays attacked waste and corruption in government and were later reissued, with other previously published essays, in Official Aptitude Maximized, Expense Minimizedthe overall aim of which was to optimize the Benthem pain pleasure of public Closeted gay man while reducing government expenditure. Southwood Smith's experimental efforts at mummification, based on practices of the indigenous people of New Zealand ppeasure involving placing the head under an air pump over sulfuric acid and drawing off the fluids, although technically successful, left the head looking distastefully macabre, with dried and darkened skin stretched tautly over the skull.
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Bentham explains Law professor Benthem pain pleasure Dershowitz has quoted Bentham to argue that torture should sometimes be permitted. At best, such a "right" may tell Models perfer what we ought to do; it cannot serve as a legal restriction on what we can or cannot do. All for Nothing: Hamlet's Negativity. Schofield provides an overview of some new directions in Bentham studies, including in the arts and literary studies. Twining, William He wrote in The Principles paih Morals and Legislation :. Fecundity: What is the probability that the pleasure will lead to other pleasures 6. Bentham did not object to medical experiments on animals, providing that the experiments had in mind a particular goal of benefit to humanity, and had Benthem pain pleasure reasonable chance of achieving that goal. He returned briefly to Oxford in —64 to attend lectures given Enemas inflation William Blackstone, the first Vinerian Professor of English Law, which were published in four celebrated volumes as Commentaries on the Laws of England — For Bentham, morals and legislation can be described scientifically, but such a description requires an pani of human nature. This philosophy of utilitarianism took for its "fundamental axiom", it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right Benthem pain pleasure wrong ".
The design, in pursuance of which they were written, was not so extensive as that announced by the present title.
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical.
Bentham defined as the "fundamental axiom" of his philosophy the principle that "it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.
Thats another one to add to my reading list.
How we change what others think, feel, believe and do.
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Jeremy Bentham, jurist and political reformer, is the philosopher whose name is most closely associated with the foundational era of the modern utilitarian tradition.
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher of the 18th century. He founded the branch of the utilitarian philosophy. His main work is Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation. His aim is to found a philosophy which ensures a maximum happiness for maximum people.
According to Bentham, individuals view their interests accordingly to pleasure and pain. Indded, individuals are making an hedonistic calculus. Every action has negative and positive effects, so individuals are looking to achieve those who bring the most happiness. Of course the philosophers who share this vision of the utilitarian philosophy, some have a very different opinion on how best to achieve it politically.
In the words of Aristotle, it is commonly accepted that happiness is the goal, but the disagreement is considerable, as to what constitutes happiness. For Bentham the answer is simple: happiness is just fun and no pain. The purpose of morality is to promote the good happiness of society.
A moral principle is ideal if and only if it complies maximize universal happiness good company. The principle of utility is the moral ideal. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the chain of the Other causes and effects, are fastened to Their throne. Theys Govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think: every effort we make to throw off Can our subjection, Will Demonstrate to serve purpose and confirm it. The Principles of utility Recognise this subjection, and covered any of it for the foundation That system, the object of Which is to rear the fabric of felicity by the hands of reason and of law.
Use of this chapter. Circumstances to Be taken Into account in the Estimating the value of a pleasure or bread Considered with references to a single person, by and for itself. Its purity, or the chance of it HAS not Being Followed by feelings of opposite kind: that is: bread, if it be a pleasure, pleasures, if it be a pain.
Two last thesis, however, are in strictness scarcely to Be Deemed and properties of the pleasure or the pain Itself, They Are not, Therefore, in strictness to Be taken Into the account of the value of gold That pleasure That bread.
They Are Deemed to Be in strictness only in properties of the act, event or Other, by Which Such pleasure or Produced bread has-been, and accordingly are only to Be taken Into the account of the Tendency of Such Such act or event.
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Where laissez-faire does not produce the best result, however, the legislator must act in other direct and indirect ways to produce the optimal outcome. Get custom essay sample written according to your requirements. London: sold by R. As the hedonic calculus shows "expectation utilities" to be much higher than natural ones, it follows that Bentham does not favour the sacrifice of a few to the benefit of the many. Farnham: Ashgate. Draper, T. Kelly, P.
Benthem pain pleasure. Academic Tools
In the last four months my experience with pain has been problematic. Neuropathic pain is difficult to manage and poorly understood. My threshold for pain is exceptionally high--a physical trait that came in handy as a morbidly sick kid and a paralyzed adult. I am quite capable of putting the pain I experience out of my mind on a daily basis. If I concentrate on something intellectually stimulating during the work day I can work effectively. The key here is to be active physically or intellectually at every moment.
The problem arises when the work day is over and I am physically and intellectually spent. This is when I struggle. I have had some very long nights in recent months. For me the pain is largely in my hips and feels like an unrelenting burning sensation. Usually I can fall asleep but am woken by the pain between 2am and 3am. Sleep after pain wakes me up is elusive. There is no doubt I am very lucky. Many people with neuropathic pain truly suffer.
No medications I am aware truly eliminate neuropathic pain. Clouding the mind with narcotics is out of the question. THC found in recreational marijuana provides some relief but I do not like the high associated with it. Cardiologists frown upon alcohol so I drink in strict moderation. No more rum and coke for me. CBD oil and creams are something I have started to explore. None have been effective to date. In short, pain relief is illusive. Middle of the night pain sucks.
Again, I am lucky. I rest and read. Lately I have been reading on my phone. There is an amazing amount of high quality classic scholarship readily available. Lately I have been reading work by Jeremy Bentham. In all these areas he made major contributions that continue to feature in discussions of utilitarianism, notably its moral, legal, economic and political forms. Jeremy Bentham was born on 15 February and died on 6 June in London. He was the elder son of an attorney, Jeremiah Bentham —92 and his first wife, Alicia Whitehorn d.
He viewed the Oxbridge colleges as seats of privilege, prejudice and idleness, and his Oxford experience left him with a deep distrust of oaths and sparked a general antipathy toward the Anglican establishment , 35— There he heard cases argued before Lord Mansfield, including the proceedings against the radical journalist and politician John Wilkes. He returned briefly to Oxford in —64 to attend lectures given by William Blackstone, the first Vinerian Professor of English Law, which were published in four celebrated volumes as Commentaries on the Laws of England — Bentham was called to the Bar in , but his legal career lasted only one brief.
Bentham launched his career as a legal theorist in with the anonymously published A Fragment on Government. This slim volume is an offshoot of a larger critique of Blackstone that was not published until the twentieth century, and is now known as A Comment on the Commentaries. Bentham would give these basic postulates exposition, argumentative support, and further refinement in the decades following, but it was the operationalization of the utility principle that absorbed most of his energy and time during a long and highly productive working life.
The first two volumes on civil and penal law were later re-translated into English by the American utilitarian Richard Hildreth and published as The Theory of Legislation , a text that remained at the centre of utilitarian studies in the English-speaking world through to the middle of the twentieth century.
The volume later received high praise from J. It received its widest audience in America, where it was reprinted on many occasions and frequently cited in the debates over the usury laws. Upon his return from Russia, Bentham was encouraged by Shelburne to turn his attentions to foreign policy and international law.
He drafted short papers on several topics that were later published under the general title Principles of International Law. The political upheaval in France provided Bentham with an opportunity to put certain of his ideas into practice and also the context in which he first developed the utilitarian logic of democracy based on the identification of interests between the ruler and the ruled.
He nevertheless stopped short of publicly advocating parliamentary reform in Britain and at this stage was very far from the republicanism he adopted in later life Dinwiddy ; Crimmins ; Schofield Over the years he devoted considerable sums of his own money to the project, and published further material comparing the merits of the panopticon with the disadvantages of the system of transporting convicts to penal colonies —43, IV, — The essays on poor law reform from —98 , a were partly stimulated by rising food prices and the resultant debate about the treatment of the poor.
The writings on monetary matters, in particular, contain original and innovative solutions to practical financial and currency difficulties. After ruminating on the subject for several years, Bentham took up the reform of judicial administration in Scotch Reform , while the voluminous manuscripts on evidence from this time were later edited and published by J.
Mill as Rationale of Judicial Evidence In courts open to the public, judges were to be charged with following basic principles that would allow for the most complete and accurate testimony available Twining , 42, 70; Schofield , —31; Resnick The overriding consideration was the subordination of the judge to the lawmaker, though the judge may if empowered suspend the execution of the law where utility demanded, pending a final decision by the legislature Dinwiddy a.
This insight served to draw Bentham into an open engagement with parliamentary reform. A further catalyst came from his association with James Mill, whom he met in late , and who for many years thereafter acted as his philosophical and political aide-de-camp. The drafts he wrote in —10 provided the outlines for his first public statement in support of representative democracy in Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the Form of a Catechism with Reasons for Each Article These included: the elimination of royal patronage, a substantial extension of the franchise, annual elections by secret ballot, the election of intellectually qualified and independent members of parliament with a system of fines to ensure regular attendance, and the accurate and regular publication of parliamentary debates.
Without these reforms Bentham believed Britain risked revolution. From this point on he became widely recognised as the foremost philosophical voice of political radicalism. Other political writings from this time include Defence of Economy against the Right Honourable Edmund Burke and Defence of Economy against the Right Honourable George Rose , both written in but not published until , 39— These essays attacked waste and corruption in government and were later reissued, with other previously published essays, in Official Aptitude Maximized, Expense Minimized , the overall aim of which was to optimize the competence of public servants while reducing government expenditure.
In , his Book of Fallacies appeared, in which he employed a humorous vein of barbs to lay bare the fallacious reasoning frequently used to bolster sinister interests and stymie proposals for reform In these works he brought to bear with telling scepticism his reasoning on logic, language and ontology from the same period —43, VIII, —; Crimmins At about the same time, he also wrote at length on private ethics in Deontology , published posthumously in two volumes in In Church—of—Englandism he was highly critical of the education offered in the schools run by the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church.
In the years following, Bentham produced draft upon draft of elements of the Constitutional Code , only the first of three volumes of which was published during his lifetime.
In these writings he unequivocally pinned his colors to the republican cause, but also demonstrated an acute sense of the growing importance of the administrative functions of the modern state Rosenblum ; Hume ; Rosen In December he provided funds to start the Westminster Review , a periodical dedicated to radical views.
He also assumed a leadership role in the movement for law reform and political reform, maintained regular contact with similarly inclined reformers, publishers and intellectuals at home and abroad, and was surrounded by disciples who acted as secretaries, collaborators, and editorial assistants. Bentham never married, and died in the company of friends on the eve of the signing of the Great Reform Act.
In preparation for this final act, in an unpublished pamphlet written in the year before his death, Auto-Icon; or Farther Uses of the Dead to the Living printed , but not then published , he proposed the display of auto-iconized bodies and heads as a means to public instruction.
He requested that his own mummified head and skeleton, dressed in his habitual garments, be displayed, and it can still be viewed today at University College London. In these and other early writings we see Bentham striving to emulate in the moral world the great advances made in physical science. In the process he consciously allied himself with the more progressive elements of the Enlightenment and made plain the intellectual influences that shaped his thought, notably Bacon, Locke, Hume, and the French philosophes.
Influenced by the empiricism of Bacon and Locke, Bentham held that all knowledge is derived from sensation: the intellect has no material to work with apart from that obtained by the senses. In the second half of the 17 th century, the Royal Society had emphasized the role of experiment and generally empiricist epistemology in the development of the natural sciences. Suitably impressed by the progress made in this department of knowledge, Bentham carried over into moral science the basic principle that people can only know, in any certain or scientific sense of that term, that which can be observed and verified.
He rejected all forms of idealism in philosophy and insisted that in principle all matter is quantifiable in mathematical terms, and this extends to the pains and pleasures that we experience—the ultimate phenomena to which all human activity and social concepts, such as rights, obligation, and duty could be reduced and explained.
Some fictitious entities are necessary for human discourse, but their meaning can only be revealed through their connection to real entities , n; b, —88, —18 ; if a fictitious entity proves impervious to this paraphrastic technique it is shown to be a meaningless abstraction unrelated to demonstrable reality. All are dismissed on the grounds that they are merely empty phrases that express nothing beyond the sentiment of the person who advocates them.
Not representing verifiable reality, such phrases could not be considered useful. At the beginning of IPML Bentham offered the famous declamation that underscores the primacy of pains and pleasures in utilitarian theory:. There are two forms of hedonism expressed in this seminal passage: 1 psychological hedonism, which states that all motives of action are grounded in the apprehension of pain or the desire for pleasure; and 2 ethical hedonism, which holds that pleasure is the only good and actions are right in so far as they tend to produce pleasure or avoid pain.
As such, pain and pleasure are the final cause of individual action and the efficient cause and means to individual happiness. Nor, can they talk? But, can they suffer? But how is the legislator to influence individual actions and gain conformity to his decisions? In effect, there is no such thing as a good or bad motive.
When deciding whether to act or which act to undertake, a person must calculate as best as he can the pains and pleasures that may reasonably be expected to accrue to the persons including himself affected by the acts under consideration.
A similar calculation should guide the legislator in formulating laws. However, Bentham recognised that it was not normally feasible for an individual to engage in such a calculation as a preliminary to undertaking every act. For this reason he spoke of the general tendencies of actions to enhance happiness suggested by past experience as a sufficient guide in most situations.
To this end he developed rules to guide the lawmaker in the construction of a penal code, including the elements involved in the calculation of the mischief caused by offences and the appropriate punishments. In general he followed Adam Smith in believing the individual to be the best judge of his or her own interests, but the simplicity of this proposition is deceptive see Engelmann This involves the individual in imagining what will occur if she were to act in a certain manner. For Bentham, the most important elements of the external environment in which a person imagines outcomes are the penalties and rewards laid down by law and those deriving from other educative and moral institutional arrangements and practices, including the sanction exercised by public opinion.
In this sense, law and other agencies may be used to construct interests by providing individuals with the motives to pursue courses of action beneficial to the community.
It is the individual who then must correctly perceive where her interests lie; she must imagine the expected outcomes the legislator has determined. Second, Bentham recognised that explaining action in terms of interest is potentially circular. If we mean, acting to pursue our interest in the widest sense, then the statement is tautological b, 93n. Bentham recognised the possibility of altruistic actions, and frequently alluded to his own philanthropy when recommending schemes to further the public good.
However, if not all action is motivated by self-interest in the narrow or strict meaning of the term, then how far can the self-preference principle be considered a reliable guide for the legislator in constructing motives? While it is not true that everyone always acts in his or her self-interest, it is best that the legislator design institutions and law as if this were in fact true. Self-interested acts are the norm; altruism is the exception.
Third, although individuals may in general be the best judges of their own interests, they may not always judge wisely. But if people incorrectly perceive their interests, then the legislator may be misled in constructing the appropriate motivation.
This means that assessing the value of the constituent elements of interest pains and pleasures is a tricky business for the legislator; he must accurately observe the ways people behave, deduce the motives behind their actions, and encompass this knowledge in the sanctions of law. The aim is to tell individuals what they should not do, but also to provide them with motives pains and pleasures in prospect sufficient to divert their desires into channels best designed to serve the public interest.
In this way government could educate its citizens to make more effective choices, or at least guide them into more appropriate paths to achieve their real interests —43, I, Bentham recognised that neither the individual nor the legislator could strictly follow the process he described.
As is well known, while adhering to the basic Benthamic analysis of motives, in Utilitarianism J. This tended to undermine the aggregative dimension of the theory laid down by Bentham. Bentham occasionally suggested that pains and pleasures might be evaluated in relation to income or wealth, but he was aware of the limitations of this approach.
It is in the nature of the case that the amount of increase in happiness will not be as great as the increase in wealth; the addition of equal increments of money will eventually bring successively less of an increase in happiness. One of its practical consequences for a utilitarian such as Bentham is that, where choices present themselves between giving an additional increment to a rich man or to a poor man, more happiness will result from giving it to the poorer of the two.
Also, the analysis underscores why money cannot be a direct measure of utility, since the utility represented by a particular sum of money will vary depending on the relative wealth of the person who receives it. Moreover, it is evident that diminishing marginal utility is also a feature of the additional increments of pleasure a person may experience beyond a certain point; equal increments of pleasure will not necessarily add to the stockpile of happiness if a person has reached a saturation point.
For Bentham, the unhappiness created by the loss of something will usually have a greater impact on a person than the happiness brought about by its gain to someone else —43, I, —7. Of course, if the loser is a wealthy person and the gainer a poor man, this will not hold. But in the normal run of things, this is why Bentham gave a higher priority to the protection of property by law and why he held that the alleviation of suffering demands more immediate attention than plans to produce wealth —54, III, , Raising public funds through taxation for vital services would be justified by the principle, as would emergency expropriation of property in times of war or famine, usually with compensation paid to the property owner.
For Bentham, the significance of this principle as a practical guide could hardly be overstated. He came to see that such a principle could justify inordinate sacrifices by a minority, however that minority might be composed, in the interest of enhancing the happiness of a majority.
He considered this a false conclusion, but one that needed to be addressed. The less the numerical difference between the minority and majority, the more obvious the deficiency in aggregate happiness will be a, Logically, then, the closer we approximate the happiness of all the members of the community, the greater the aggregate of happiness. The universal interest relates to interests that are shared by everyone, and only when it is impossible for government to contrive policies to achieve this end is a distribution of happiness less than universal or less than equal justified b, However, the number of decisions made by governments that are genuinely of universal reach are relatively few and may be limited to national defence and the framework of individual rights securities.
Beyond that, redistributive policies invariably involve unequal sacrifices and benefits. This means that the legislator must employ a utilitarian calculation in which the pain experienced by the few is reduced to the minimum necessary to produce benefits for the many; only on this basis may pleasures be summed and pains subtracted in order to produce the rationale to justify the best policy.
Related to this conception of the universal interest is the egalitarian commitment that in arriving at the appropriate law or policy the interests of each and all must count, and count equally , I, This does not mean that optimal utility is not the goal, but simply stresses that optimal utility will be more likely achieved where there is an approximate equality in the distribution of the basic requirements of happiness Postema Green forward, argue that calculations of total utility fail to respect the distinctiveness of persons and thereby place their interests at perpetual risk Rawls , 22—27; Nozick , 28—35; see the discussions in Ten , 13—37; Rosen , Chs.
If deterrence can be achieved by punishing an innocent bystander when the real culprit cannot be caught or brought to justice, then why should the bystander not be punished?
Because public utility would be maximised by making an example of an innocent bystander just as much as by punishing the person who was actually guilty of the offence but who has not been apprehended, it seems the utilitarian ought to support the punishment.
But this is not only intuitively wrong, it is also wrong because there is a real danger that violations of security would lead to other such violations, with no principled basis to cease inflicting them. Basic securities must be afforded to each and every member of the community, and violations of these vital interests are not justified, whether they be perpetrated by other individuals or government, since they contravene the distributive elements of utilitarian theory.
From early on in his utilitarian theorizing, Bentham understood that the achievement of utilitarian objectives in practice required the translation of the utility principle into elements amenable to implementation in ways that the philosophically abstract principle itself could not be.
Concrete manifestations of happiness, for example, could be found in personal security and reduced crime rates, enhanced health and declining death rates, broader opportunities for education, the reduction of diseases caused by sewage pollution, and so on.
This deficiency did not, however, prevent him from developing the theoretical apparatus to direct the formulation of such laws.
This was more than the Humean observation that utility is embedded in customary rules that have evolved over time. Where the jurist detects deficiencies, new rules and precepts must be developed that demonstrably accord with the utility principle.
The greatest happiness principle sets the over-arching objective and is the critical standard against which existing practices are to be judged. As such, it stands ever ready to be summoned forth whenever new guidelines are needed, subordinate ends conflict, or existing laws require amendment, refinement, or further elaboration.
However, in practice it is the secondary elements of the theory that do the work of producing beneficial outcomes. In this way, they give practical concreteness to the philosophically abstract end of the greatest happiness. The subordinate ends of civil law are security, subsistence, abundance, and equality, in this order of priority.
This is entirely consistent with the view that, properly understood, the utility principle entails a presumption in favour of an equal distribution, unless there is compelling empirical evidence that utility would not be served by such a policy. However, he refused to countenance the idea that policies to redistribute wealth at the cost of security would be beneficial either to social prosperity or individual wellbeing. Bentham believed that facilitating individuals in the pursuit of their interests in a free market is what government should do, because this is the proven best way to maximise the public good.
Where laissez-faire does not produce the best result, however, the legislator must act in other direct and indirect ways to produce the optimal outcome. But radical schemes for property re-distribution are ruled out; the axiomatic requirement that each be treated equally, that the happiness of each be counted, justified policies to equalize the distribution of goods only where this could be achieved without disappointing legitimate expectations.
Just as the primary purpose of civil law is economic security and national prosperity, so it draws powerful support from the protection afforded persons, property and expectations by the threat of punishment —43, III, To this end, utilitarian penal law is framed in terms of the principal objective of deterrence, but it also embraces the secondary ends of disablement, moral reformation, and compensation see Crimmins b.
The effectiveness of the theory in practice depends on two additional features: offences must be classified solely on the basis of the harm perpetrated, and there must be an appropriate proportion between crimes and punishments. It is because of its failure to satisfy the first feature that Bentham rejected the prevailing criminalization of consensual sexual acts, and developed the first systematic defence of sexual liberty in the English language. In settling the required proportions of punishment, Bentham recognised he had burdened the legislator with a vastly complex task—the calculation of the correct quantity and type of pain needed to achieve the desired ends, in particular the objective of deterrence.
Bentham first examined the utility of the death penalty in the s when he delineated the principles of penal law —43, I, —50; see also , Ch. In sum, it is a special application of his utilitarian theory of punishment. The framework of analysis is presented as an objective, neutral exercise, by which the benefits and costs of the death penalty in cases of murder are assessed in comparison with life imprisonment with hard labour.
All things considered, Bentham believed the weight of the calculation worked against the death penalty on the grounds of deterrence, the fact that it is inequable in its application, falling mainly on the shoulders of the poor, and because it is a form of punishment that is irremissible in the face of judicial error.
By , however, he abandoned the exceptions and argued that no offence warranted capital punishment UC cvii. Subordinate ends are also evident in the design and management of the panopticon prison: security and economy are foremost, but tempered by humanity and accountability.
This view of the panopticon has opened up some interesting lines of discourse on the encroaching methods of control and surveillance in contemporary liberal societies Brunon-Ernst The end of economy determined that the panopticon prison should be a private self-sustaining operation not requiring financial assistance from the public purse.
Security determined that the community be protected from convicted criminals, and severity in punishment was to serve the ends of deterrence and reformation. But security also required that the inmate be protected from cruel treatment, and humanity determined that prisoners should be deprived only of liberty not health or life.
Prisoners were to be kept clean and their labour made productive and profitable, including the development of skills that might be useful to them when released. In support of these objectives, Bentham invoked several devices to effect transparency and accountability in prison government.
And, just as the panopticon was to be monitored by the publication of regular reports, so reports of government activity were required to keep the democratic polity informed and facilitate the accountability of public officials.
When Bentham turned his thoughts to constitutional law in earnest in the s, partly inspired by constitution-making in parts of southern Europe, it was with the conviction that all states in which the institutions of representative democracy already existed or in which they could be introduced were fertile soil for the utilitarian pannomion.
The administrative, electoral and legislative details of this project occupied much of the last decade of his life, with its core ideas discussed in the pages of a variety of works in addition to the Code , such as Securities Against Misrule , First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code , and Official Aptitude Maximized; Expense Minimized. The subsidiary principles of accountability, efficiency, and economy underpinned the institutional design and procedural operations elaborated in these writings.
It is imperative, therefore, to devise mechanisms that will ensure that only by acting in the public interest could they promote their own interests. Given the extensive powers Bentham envisaged the thirteen ministries of the reformed government would possess—far more power in the areas of public health, education, and relief of the poor and indigent than existed at the time—further safeguards would be required. Intellectual and active aptitude were to be tested through an examination process, though this would come to naught if the appointed official did not possess the appropriate moral aptitude —43, IX, Other devices designed to ensure, encourage, and test the required aptitude of public officials include: 1 the precise definition of responsibilities attached to each office, against which the actions of officials could be judged by either a superordinate official or the public; 2 the principle of subordination, according to which every official was subordinate to another who could punish him for inefficiency in the performance of his tasks; 3 complete exposure to legal prosecution of all officials for wrong-doing; 4 the elimination of the practice of handing out unwarranted titles of honour to party supporters and other favourites; 5 complete publicity of government business and the elimination of secrecy; and 6 freedom of the press, speech and association see Rosen , Ch.
In the first sense of the term it is seemingly impossible for there to be a law that deliberately functions contrary to the will of the legislature. However, Bentham also held that all political authority, no matter what form it takes, is necessarily limited by its capacity to compel obedience from the people. And in Of the Limits of the Penal Branch of Jurisprudence he explained that this implies two volitions, both of which are necessary components of a complete theory of sovereignty: on the one hand, the enactments of a legislature and, on the other, the will of the people to obey those enactments.
The POT would scrutinize the actions of elected representatives, public and judicial officials, prosecuting charges where they are found remiss in their responsibilities, censoring misrule and imposing penalties when applicable.
In these terms, the POT would be the leading security against the misuse and abuse of power , Vital to the functioning of the POT is the dissemination of information. In the first instance this would require the establishment of a public archive of government actions and activities containing records of law, policy, legislative debate, and statistics, which the government would be constitutionally required to make available to the public by a freedom of information provision in the constitutional code to ensure transparency.
Secondly, it would require an unshackled press to ensure widespread publicity and the freedom to criticize unimpeded by censorship or gagging orders. Here Bentham drew upon his essay On the Liberty of the Press, and Public Discussion to point out the dangers of laws designed to limit these liberties. Bentham did not consider that the effectiveness of the POT as a check on misrule could be undermined by secret government methods to limit the flow of information, nor did it occur to him that a press dominated by the views of one class could subvert the veracity of the information it disseminated.
He pinned his faith on transparency and publicity Postema , Ideally, the public would be adequately informed, and the POT would be constituted by those among the public who were both knowledgeable and concerned about the issues before it.
Jeremy Bentham - Wikipedia
The design, in pursuance of which they were written, was not so extensive as that announced by the present title. They had at that time no other destination than that of serving as an introduction to a plan of a penal code in terminus, designed to follow them, in the same volume.
The body of the work had received its completion according to the then present extent of the author's views, when, in the investigation of some flaws he had discovered, he found himself unexpectedly entangled in an unsuspected corner of the metaphysical maze. A suspension, at first not apprehended to be more than a temporary one, necessarily ensued: suspension brought on coolness, and coolness, aided by other concurrent causes, ripened into disgust.
Imperfections pervading the whole mass had already been pointed out by the sincerity of severe and discerning friends; and conscience had certified the justness of their censure.
The inordinate length of some of the chapters, the apparent inutility of others, and the dry and metaphysical turn of the whole, suggested an apprehension, that, if published in its present form, the work would contend under great disadvantages for any chance, it might on other accounts possess, of being read, and consequently of being of use. But, though in this manner the idea of completing the present work slid insensibly aside, that was not by any means the case with the considerations which had led him to engage in it.
Every opening, which promised to afford the lights he stood in need of, was still pursued: as occasion arose the several departments connected with that in which he had at first engaged, were successively explored; insomuch that, in one branch or other of the pursuit, his researches have nearly embraced the whole field of legislation.
Several causes have conspired at present to bring to light, under this new title, a work which under its original one had been imperceptibly, but as it had seemed irrevocably, doomed to oblivion. In the course of eight years, materials for various works, corresponding to the different branches of the subject of legislation, had been produced, and some nearly reduced to shape: and, in every one of those works, the principles exhibited in the present publication had been found so necessary, that, either to transcribe them piecemeal, or to exhibit them somewhere where they could be referred to in the lump, was found unavoidable.
The former course would have occasioned repetitions too bulky to be employed without necessity in the execution of a plan unavoidably so voluminous: the latter was therefore indisputably the preferable one.
To publish the materials in the form in which they were already printed, or to work them up into a new one, was therefore the only alternative: the latter had all along been his wish, and, had time and the requisite degree of alacrity been at command, it would as certainly have been realised. Cogent considerations, however, concur, with the irksomeness of the task, in placing the accomplishment of it at present at an unfathomable distance.
Another consideration is, that the suppression of the present work, had it been ever so decidedly wished, is no longer altogether in his power. In the course of so long an interval, various incidents have introduced copies into various hands, from some of which they have been transferred by deaths and other accidents, into others that are unknown to him.
Detached, but considerable extracts, have even been published, without any dishonourable views for the name of the author was very honestly subjoined to them , but without his privity, and in publications undertaken without his knowledge.
It may perhaps be necessary to add, to complete his excuse for offering to the public a work pervaded by blemishes, which have not escaped even the author's partial eye, that the censure, so justly bestowed upon the form, did not extend itself to the matter.
In sending it thus abroad into the world with all its imperfections upon its head, he thinks it may be of assistance to the few readers he can expect, to receive a short intimation of the chief particulars, in respect of which it fails of corresponding with his maturer views. It will thence be observed how in some respects it fails of quadrating with the design announced by its original title, as in others it does with that announced by the one it bears at present.
An introduction to a work which takes for its subject the totality of any science, ought to contain all such matters, and such matters only, as belong in common to every particular branch of that science, or at least to more branches of it than one. Compared with its present title, the present work fails in both ways of being conformable to that rule. As an introduction to the principles of morals, in addition to the analysis it contains of the extensive ideas signified by the terms pleasure, pain, motive, and disposition, it ought to have given a similar analysis of the not less extensive, though much less determinate, ideas annexed to the terms emotion, passion, appetite, virtue, vice, and some others, including the names of the particular virtues and vices.
But as the true, and, if he conceives right, the only true groundwork for the development of the latter set of terms, has been laid by the explanation of the former, the completion of such a dictionary, so to style it, would, in comparison of the commencement, be little more than a mechanical operation. Again, as an introduction to the principles of legislation in general, it ought rather to have included matters belonging exclusively to the civil branch, than matters more particularly applicable to the penal: the latter being but a means of compassing the ends proposed by the former.
In preference therefore, or at least in priority, to the several chapters which will be found relative to punishment, it ought to have exhibited a set of propositions which have since presented themselves to him as affording a standard for the operations performed by government, in the creation and distribution of proprietary and other civil rights.
He means certain axioms of what may be termed mental pathology, expressive of the connection betwixt the feelings of the parties concerned, and the several classes of incidents, which either call for, or are produced by, operations of the nature above mentioned. Lastly, the analytical discussions relative to the classification of offences would, according to his present views, be transferred to a separate treatise, in which the system of legislation is considered solely in respect of its form: in other words, in respect of its method and terminology.
In these respects the performance fails of coming up to the author's own ideas of what should have been exhibited in a work, bearing the title he has now given it. He knows however of no other that would be less unsuitable: nor in particular would so adequate an intimation of its actual contents have been given, by a title corresponding to the more limited design, with which it was written: viz.
Yet more. Dry and tedious as a great part of the discussions it contains must unavoidably be found by the bulk of readers, he knows not how to regret the having written them, nor even the having made them public. Under every head, the practical uses, to which the discussions contained under that head appeared applicable, are indicated: nor is there, he believes, a single proposition that he has not found occasion to build upon in the penning of some article or other of those provisions of detail, of which a body of law, authoritative or unauthoritative, must be composed.
He will venture to specify particularly, in this view, the several chapters shortly characterized by the words Sensibility, Actions, Intentionality, Consciousness, Motives, Dispositions, Consequences.
Even in the enormous chapter on the division of offenses, which, notwithstanding the forced compression the plan has undergone in several of its parts, in manner there mentioned, occupies no fewer than one hundred and four closely printed quarto pages, the ten concluding ones are employed in a statement of the practical advantages that may be reaped from the plan of classification which it exhibits. Those in whose sight the Defence of Usury has been fortunate enough to find favour, may reckon as one instance of those advantages the discovery of the principles developed in that little treatise.
In the preface to an anonymous tract published so long ago as in , 2 he had hinted at the utility of a natural classification of offenses, in the character of a test for distinguishing genuine from spurious ones. The case of usury is one among a number of instances of the truth of that observation. A note at the end of Sect. To some readers, as a means of helping them to support the fatigue of wading through an analysis of such enormous length, he would almost recommend the beginning with those ten concluding pages.
One good at least may result from the present publication; viz. The narrower the circle of readers is, within which the present work may be condemned to confine itself, the less limited may be the number of those to whom the fruits of his succeeding labours may be found accessible. He may therefore in this respect find himself in the condition of those philosophers of antiquity, who are represented as having held two bodies of doctrine, a popular and an occult one: but, with this difference, that in his instance the occult and the popular will, he hopes, be found as consistent as in those they were contradictory; and that in his production whatever there is of occultness has been the pure result of sad necessity, and in no respect of choice.
Having, in the course of this advertisement, had such frequent occasion to allude to different arrangements, as having been suggested by more extensive and maturer views, it may perhaps contribute to the satisfaction of the reader, to receive a short intimation of their nature: the rather, as, without such explanation, references, made here and there to unpublished works, might be productive of perplexity and mistake.
The following then are the titles of the works by the publication of which his present designs would be completed. They are exhibited in the order which seemed to him best fitted for apprehension, and in which they would stand disposed, were the whole assemblage ready to come out at once: but the order, in which they will eventually appear, may probably enough be influenced in some degree by collateral and temporary considerations. Part the 1st. Principles of legislation in matters of civil, more distinctively termed private distributive, or for shortness, distributive, law.
Part the 2nd. Principles of legislation in matters of penal law. Part the 3rd. Principles of legislation in matters of procedure: uniting in one view the criminal and civil branches, between which no line can be drawn, but a very indistinct one, and that continually liable to variation. Part the 4th. Principles of legislation in matters of reward.
Part the 5th. Principles of legislation in matters of public distributive, more concisely as well as familiarly termed constitutional, law. Part the 6th. Principles of legislation in matters of political tactics: or of the art of maintaining order in the proceedings of political assemblies, so as to direct them to the end of their institution: viz.
Part the 7th. Principles of legislation in matters betwixt nation and nation, or, to use a new though not inexpressive appellation, in matters of international law. Part the 8th. Principles of legislation in matters of finance. Part the 9th. Principles of legislation in matters of political economy. Part the 10th. Plan of a body of law, complete in all its branches, considered in respect of its form; in other words, in respect of its method and terminology; including a view of the origination and connexion of the ideas expressed by the short list of terms, the exposition of which contains all that can be said with propriety to belong to the head of universal jurisprudence.
The use of the principles laid down under the above several heads is to prepare the way for the body of law itself exhibited in terminis; and which to be complete, with reference to any political state, must consequently be calculated for the meridian, and adapted to the circumstances, of some one such state in particular.
Had he an unlimited power of drawing upon time, and every other condition necessary, it would be his wish to postpone the publication of each part to the completion of the whole.
In particular, the use of the ten parts, which exhibit what appear to him the dictates of utility in every line, being no other than to furnish reasons for the several corresponding provisions contained in the body of law itself, the exact truth of the former can never be precisely ascertained, till the provisions, to which they are destined to apply, are themselves ascertained, and that in terminis. But as the infirmity of human nature renders all plans precarious in the execution, in proportion as they are extensive in the design, and as he has already made considerable advances in several branches of the theory, without having made correspondent advances in the practical applications, he deems it more than probable, that the eventual order of publication will not correspond exactly with that which, had it been equally practicable, would have appeared most eligible.
Of this irregularity the unavoidable result will be, a multitude of imperfections, which, if the execution of the body of law in terminis had kept pace with the development of the principles, so that each part had been adjusted and corrected by the other, might have been avoided.
His conduct however will be the less swayed by this inconvenience, from his suspecting it to be of the number of those in which the personal vanity of the author is much more concerned, than the instruction of the public: since whatever amendments may be suggested in the detail of the principles, by the literal fixation of the provisions to which they are relative, may easily be made in a corrected edition of the former, succeeding upon the publication of the latter.
In the course of the ensuing pages, references will be found, as already intimated, some to the plan of a penal code to which this work was meant as an introduction, some to other branches of the above-mentioned general plan, under titles somewhat different from those, by which they have been mentioned here.
The giving this warning is all which it is in the author's power to do, to save the reader from the perplexity of looking out for what has not as yet any existence. The recollection of the change of plan will in like manner account for several similar incongruities not worth particularizing. Allusion was made, at the outset of this advertisement, to some unspecified difficulties, as the causes of the original suspension, and unfinished complexion, of the present work.
Ashamed of his defeat, and unable to dissemble it, he knows not how to reface himself the benefit of such an apology as a slight sketch of the nature of those difficulties may afford.. The discovery of them was produced by the attempt to solve the questions that will be found at the conclusion of the volume: Wherein consisted the identity and completeness of a law? What the distinction, and where the separation, between a penal and a civil law? What the distinction, and where the separation, between the penal and other branches of the law?
To give a complete and correct answer to these questions, it is but too evident that the relations and dependencies of every part of the legislative system, with respect to every other, must have been comprehended and ascertained. But it is only upon a view of these parts themselves, that such an operation could have been performed. To the accuracy of such a survey one necessary condition would therefore be, the complete existence of the fabric to be surveyed.
To the performance of this condition no example is as yet to be met with any where. Common law, as it styles itself in England, judiciary law as it might aptly be styled every where. Shreds and scraps of real law, stuck on upon that imaginary ground, compose the furniture of every national code. What follows? There is, or rather there ought to be, a logic of the will. Of these two branches of that recondite art, Aristotle saw only the latter: succeeding logicians, treading in the steps of their great founder, have concurred in seeing with no other eyes.
Yet so far as a difference can be assigned between branches so intimately connected, whatever difference there is, in point of importance, is in favour of the logic of the will. Since it is only by their capacity of directing the operations of this faculty, that the operations of the understanding are of any consequence.
It is, to the art of legislation, what the science of anatomy is to the art of medicine: with this difference, that the subject of it is what the artist has to work with, instead of being what he has to operate upon. Nor is the body politic less in danger from a want of acquaintance with the one science, than the body natural from ignorance in the other. One example, amongst a thousand that might be adduced in proof of this assertion, may be seen in the note which terminates this volume.
Yet more: a body of proposed law, how complete soever, would be comparatively useless and uninstructive, unless explained and justified, and that in every tittle, by a continued accompaniment, a perpetual commentary of reasons: which reasons, that the comparative value of such as point in opposite directions may be estimated, and the conjunct force, of such as point in the same direction may be felt.
There must be therefore, not one system only, but two parallel and connected systems, running on together. Are enterprises like these achievable? He knows not. This only he knows, that they have been undertaken, proceeded in, and that some progress has been made in all of them. He will venture to add, if at all achievable, never at least by one, to whom the fatigue of attending to discussions, as arid as those which occupy the ensuing pages, would either appear useless, or feel intolerable.
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Even with all the wonderful things happening for me right now (publishing my book), having poetry readings lined up) my mind sometimes still turns toward the less that pleasant ones. But I think that is what serves my writing best, really, seeing both sides of things, through to the gray, twilight areas of my heart. This poem is about those places.


"Von Der Höh" is not just a German surname but stands for a traditional bookshop in Hamburg. Read on to see what we discovered in a small boutique with books on design, photography, typography, advertising, illustration, architecture – full of printed surprises!
"Von Der Höh" originated as an art bookshop in Berlin (1937) founded by Helmut von der Höh, until the second world war removes the bookshop from the city maps – but not from the hearts… In times of peace the bookshop finds its new home in the city of Hamburg where today's owners, Mrs. Gitta Erbe (the founder's daughter) and Mr. Reinhard Erbe, continue the family business for the love of books.
Nowadays, the Von Der Höh bookshop is based on the first floor in the middle of Hamburg's shopping center and is well known to the local creative scene. Ironically, it's the same creative scene (a fashion store) that requires the bookshop to move in 2006 from a "window seat" towards a smaller boutique which narrows down the necessary display space for books. Luckily, unlike earlier plans on closing the store, the bookshop continues which has been a big relief for a lot of local art and design lovers.
Do bookshops still matter? In times of internet-shops (read: Amazon), we asked ourselves "Why do we still need bookshops?" By visiting the Von Der Höh bookshop we discovered three good reasons.
Secondly, a website doesn't hear my accent. An online bookshop doesn't know who I am or where I am from unless I say so. Mr. Erbe quickly recognizes my Dutch accent and suggests a few books on Dutch design in a subtle way. After a short dialogue on design he notices my special interest for materials and comes up with another great book which has been published recently.
Finally, how to find what you are not looking for? Finding books is not only about searching but also about discovering. While exploring the bookshop I learn about publications I wouldn't know how to search for in the first place. Also, the large number of design publications these days makes it hard for us not to get lost but "the publishers that offer quality books on design are only few" says Mr. Erbe, and knowing them makes it possible to cultivate a condensed selection of books that keeps on surprising us.
People often say a bookshop is just a good as it's owners – which is probably the reason why Mr. and Mrs. Erbe (file under "happy couple") have been keeping this bookshop going, for over 25 years (!) Despite their respectable age they are still in touch with the young art scene which is illustrated by the displayed artworks of upcoming artists. Our camera ends here, and to see more of the bookshop and the owners for yourself, not to be missed out whenever you're in the Hamburg area.


Learn how to prepare and centre clay on the pottery wheel in order to make cylindrical forms. Limited to 6 participants. Finished pieces will be glazed and fired and are generally ready for pick up 3 weeks after the session.
Krystal Obschonka has been a practising artist & craftswoman for the past 30 years, porcelain and stoneware being her medium of choice. Krystal has a love of her craft and loves teaching others - thus she has become a mainstay here at the Cannery, passing on her skills to children, youth, and adults. Be sure to find Krystal on Facebook: Krystal Obschonka Artist!


text:
Q&A with Julie Lawson Timmer
Julie Lawson Timmer is the author of the new novel Mrs. Saint and the Defectives. She also has written the novels Untethered and Five Days Left. She lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Q: How did you come up with the idea for Mrs. Saint and the Defectives?
A: This book sprang not from a single thought but from a collection of ideas and images, all of which I was ruminating about at the same period of time. None seemed big enough to carry an entire novel on its own, but combined, they formed the story.
As for the three ideas or images that formed the plot, the first came from a riveting NPR story I heard one day, about a woman who had hidden her past from everyone in her life, other than her husband. It was only when she died that her son, then in his 40s, learned about her history.
The second idea—really a collection of memories—came from my own experiences as a divorcee and single mother. I wanted to write about what it's like for a single mom to navigate the challenges of raising a son. I also wanted to address the responsibility some single mothers feel with regard to the emotional health of not only our children, but our exes.
Finally, the third idea—or image—was that of a former neighbor of ours, whom my children, husband and I adored. She was a wonderfully generous, caring person with a last name that began with "St." and she told us to call her "Mrs. Saint."
There is a low wooden fence that separates our two properties, and with regularity, Mrs. Saint would step over the fence to see us. She was often dressed very formally, but this never kept her from coming into our muddy yard, where she would be set upon immediately by our two big, slobbery, dirty Labradors.
She frequently brought them bones that she had picked up especially for them at the butcher, and when I would shriek at the dogs to get their muddy paws off her expensive, cream-colored slacks, Mrs. Saint would wave off my concern and say she cared far more about the dogs than she did about her clothes.
She was older—her children are my age—and she was a wealth of information about raising children and keeping up a household. (I have borrowed at least one of her pieces of advice for the fictional Mrs. Saint to use in the book.)
But she didn't help only my family--she assisted many, many others in our city as well, through volunteer work and other activities.
Our beloved Mrs. Saint died suddenly about five years ago, and although I didn't realize it until this book came to me, I have for some time, subconsciously, wanted to write something that would honor her. I dedicated the book to her, and because I knew from the beginning I would do that, writing the novel felt like a labor of love from the start.
Q: Did you plan the entire storyline out before you started writing, or did you make many changes along the way?
A: I did less deliberate planning for this novel than I have for my others. The three ideas/images I mentioned all fit together in my mind so seamlessly that once I realized they could work together to form a book, the entire plot sprang to mind.
Suddenly, I saw this fully realized story in my mind, almost like a movie, and my task was simply to write it all down frantically before the image reel faded.
Of course, there was tweaking and tinkering along the way, and as usual, I went through many drafts before I was satisfied with the final piece. But I have never had an entire plot drop into my mind as fully as this one did. I am grateful to have had the experience—it was an absolute joy to write.
Q: Did you need to do any research to write the novel?
A: Oh yes. I do a lot of research for all of my books, and this one was no exception. It didn't occur to me until after I started answering questions about the book, but if I talk about the exact research I did for Mrs. Saint, it'll give away part of the story. So, I'll just say I did a ton of research and leave it at that.
Q: Who are some of your favorite authors?
A: I have many, but my top ones would be: Anne Tyler, Ann Patchett, Elizabeth Strout, Fredrik Backman, Jonathan Tropper, Richard Russo, Jess Walter.
A: My fourth novel, scheduled to come out in October 2018, is about a quirky cast of characters who live in Flint, Michigan, at the time of the water crisis.
Like Mrs. Saint and my other novels, it's a novel about families of choice (vs. ones created by common DNA), domestic drama (parenting, marriage) and thorny ethical issues.
My research has taken me often to Flint, a lovely city filled with some wonderful, artistic, generous people.
A: I just sent my "baby" away to university! I always knew this day would come of course, but it's still unbelievable to me. I have heard about people who go on trips at this point, to reward themselves for successfully nudging their chicks out of the nest, and to cheer themselves up a bit about their empty nest.
Instead, I decided to sign up for training to answer a hotline at a local nonprofit that serves youth in need. I have always wanted to do this, but the training and weekly call commitment are such that I didn't feel I could take that time away from my kids.
So, I told myself that once my daughter (the youngest) was off to university, I'd join the hotline. I signed up for the training the day after we moved her into her dorm. I may still take a trip, but for now, this is my reward and I'm thrilled about it.
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