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Marketing & MediaOnline Media
Online Media News Philippines
2019 NYF Radio Awards: Winners announced!
The New York Festivals Radio Awards has announced its 2019 winners...
Journalists protest Philippine move to close news website
MANILA - Philippine journalists took to the streets Friday in support of a news website facing state-enforced closure, accusing President Rodrigo Duterte of trampling on press freedom...
Second worst year for journalists in jail: Watchdog
NEW YORK CITY, US: The number of journalists killed and imprisoned fell in 2013 but it was still the second worst year on record for reporters in prison, a US-based watchdog said yesterday.
Spikes Asia announces 2013 winners
SINGAPORE: The hotly anticipated Spikes Asia Awards Ceremony has taken place at the Grand Theatre, Marina Bay Sands. Over 1,000 delegates attended to be the first to hear this year's winners and celebrate the best of creativity in communications from across Asia Pacific.
D&AD Awards: The nominations
LONDON, UK: Here are the nominations for the D&AD Awards. See this year's In Book winners and Nominations below. Yellow Pencil winners will be revealed on Wednesday 12 June at the Awards Ceremony.
Midas Awards 2012 Winners: King James Cape Town wins Grand Midas for Santam Insurance
NEW YORK, US: The Midas Awards, for the World's Best Financial Advertising, announced the award winners for the 2012 competition. This year's Midas Grand Jury awarded one Grand Midas, 26 Gold Ingots, 46 Silver Ingots, and 63 Finalists. The 2012 Midas Awards competition received entries from 28 countries and is reputed to be the only international competition that recognises excellence in financial services communications on a global scale.
Global adspend up 8.8% in Q1 2011: Advertisers push TV spend
NEW YORK, US: Global advertising rose 8.8% year-on-year in Q1 to total US$118 billion* based on published rate cards, as advertisers spent more on television and continued to invest in booming consumer Asian and Latin American markets.
Facebook 'pushing Philippine rebels into oblivion'
MANILA: Philippine leftist rebels are being pushed into oblivion by Facebook and the Internet as rebellious youths now vent online instead of taking up arms against the state, acording to a peace negotiator.
CMO Council and BPI Network to partner with Asia-Pacific business and technology report
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA: Furthering their regional reach and access, the Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) Council and the Business Performance Innovation (BPI) Network will team with the Asia-Pacific Business and Technology Report (APBTR) to gain new content channels and syndication sources in the world's fastest growing and most influential regional market with more than four billion consumers.
CNN enlists top journalism students for iReport initiative
ATLANTA, US: CNN has announced the launch of a new initiative for journalism students, called CNN iReport University, linked to iReport, the network's user-generated news community.
Worldwide web... it's a woman's world
RESTON, US: comScore, Inc yesterday, 29 July 2010, released a global report on women's online usage titled, Women on the Web: How Women are Shaping the Internet, which provides an in-depth analysis of the female Internet user, highlighting key trends by Internet activity, worldwide region and digital channel.


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Q: How to define a b-open set relative to a larger set? In the paper of D. Andrijevic entitled "On b-open Sets", it is defined that

A subset $S$ of a topological space $(X,\tau)$ is $b$-open if
$$ S\subseteq\bar{\operatorname{int} S}\cup \operatorname{int}\bar{S}$$

Now, if $A\subseteq B\subseteq X$, how to define the concept of "$A$ is $b$-open relative to $B$"?

A: $S$ is b-open if it is in the topology on $Y$ and $S\subset\overline{\mathrm{int}(S)}\cup \mathrm{int}(\overline{S})$
Where in general  $\rm int$, is the interior of a set which is the union of all open sets contained in the set.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Stylish white paws on a black background with black buckle and matching black slider.
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PhenMax375 is a fat burning diet pill made in America by YoungYou Corporation.
According to the marketing material, it presents a "brand-new approach to thermogenic weight loss" and uses potent ingredients to deliver fast weight loss and decrease the waist circumference.
However, it's hard to see what this new approach is because all the ingredients used in the PhenMax375 formulation are diet pill regulars.
Another point of interest is that it sounds very much like Phen375 – the market leading dual action fat burner and appetite suppressant.
What is PhenMax375 and How Does it Work?
PhenMax375 is primarily designed to function as an appetite suppressant and fat burner. It's also intended to provide extra energy. This is something most dieters will be in need off, especially if they are spending a lot of time at the track or in the gym.
YoungYou don't provide any information about how any of the promised benefits are likely to be achieved and the formulation does not appear to have been independently tested, so there is no proof that it will work.
However, if it can do the things it's supposed to do, PhenMax375 should make it easier for dieters to stick to their calorie controlled diets, while also ensuring they burn their stores of fat to get extra energy.
B-Phenylethylamine HCL: An organic compound that's alleged to be good for boosting energy levels and supporting weight loss, but there is a lack of scientific evidence to support such claims.
Garcinia Cambogia Extract: A tropical fruit that provides hydroxycitric acid (HCA). This chemical has the ability to prevent new fat cells from forming. It also appears to be good for curbing hunger urges.
L-Carnitine Fumarate: Provides the amino acid L-carnitine, which helps the body produce energy. It's also credited with many other abilities, but offers the most value to people who are L-carnitine deficient.
Caralluma Extract: A respected appetite suppressant that's obtained from a species of cactus. It's ability to take away hunger was put to the test by researchers in India and it's hunger suppressing reputation appears to be built on solid ground. However, the study participants were given 1g of caralluma per day. The amount provided here is much less. The PhenMax375 proprietary blend is 765mg and Caralluma shares capsule space with five other ingredients.
Green Tea: A proven metabolism booster and thermogenic fat burner, green tea is also an extremely healthy ingredient that may protect the heart from the damage caused by heart attacks and strokes.
Guarana: A berry extract that provides caffeine. Guarana is good for providing long term energy, so the fact that it's often added to energy drinks should not come as a surprise. Caffeine is a proven fat burner, so the presence of guarana in the formulation may also help provide some of the promised weight loss.
Usage Instructions – has to taken with a large glass of water, within 20 minutes of eating breakfast, and a healthy eating plan and regular exercise are recommended. Unfortunately, YoungYou appear to be confused about the dose. The marketing material on their website states only one pill is required per day. The back of the bottle says it's two.
YoungYou stress the importance of seeking medical advice prior to using any brand of dietary supplement.
It's Possible to buy PhenMax375 from the manufacturers website and from Amazon. Each bottle contains 60 capsules. Customers who buy via Amazon can expect to pay around $26 per bottle. Buying directly from the manufacturer will bring the price down to $22.50.
Although the formulation contains some good ingredients, the inclusion rates may be too low to provide adequate results and customer feedback suggests it does not work for many users.
This is not a point in the product's favor because anyone who is disappointed by PhenMax375 will be unable to get their money back. At this point it's worth mentioning PhenMax375 is a copycat product intended to attract the attention of people hoping to buy one of the most respected diet pills in the world—Phen375.
The name PhenMax375 even suggests it may be a higher strength version, but it's not, and Phen375 is only available from the official website. It's not made by YoungYou, but it does have a money back guarantee and plenty of good customer reviews.
PhenMax375 is slightly cheaper, so it beats it as far as the price goes, but will be unable to match it in results and, when it comes to weight loss, it's the results that count.
This entry was posted in Fat Burners and tagged PhenMax375 Canada, PhenMax375 Feedback, PhenMax375 Negatives, PhenMax375 or Phen375, PhenMax375 Pharmacy price, PhenMax375 Testimonials by admin. Bookmark the permalink.


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Coincidentally… :
The uses and abuses of coincidence
Coincidences happen in real life all the time…so why do editors swear under their breath when they come across a simple coincidence in a manuscript? Aren't we supposed to be true to reality when we write? The answer to that second question is a flat out, "No." Fiction has to be better than reality, cleaner, clearer, and above all else, more causal than random, messy reality. How unsatisfying would it be, for instance, to have your manly hero come down with shingles right before the climax and itch horribly all through his great moment—maybe even in too much pain to enjoy his victory? It can happen to anyone who had chickenpox as a child, and in mundane reality, it just might.
The Coincidence you can't use: But of all the random things that happen in the real world, the convenient coincidence is a particular problem in manuscripts, because beginning writers tend to use coincidence to get their protagonists out of trouble, or to give them information they need, or to get them into the right place at the right time. In fact, coincidence is even worse than magic as an "easy button" for getting protagonists out of trouble. (see: Taking Away the "Easy" Button: Bell's three rules for writing about magic.)
For example: The protagonist is wandering through the evil king's castle, and he "happens" to hear voices coming from the king's private office. He impulsively decides that it would be fun to eavesdrop on the king. And when he does, it just "happens" that the king is talking about an evil plot to wipe out the hero's family. Our hero then flees from the guard who caught him eavesdropping (the guard "happened" to need to use the privy just before the hero walked by) the hero's about to be trapped when he "happens" to fall though some conveniently rotted floorboards. And the tunnel he falls into just "happens" to lead to the hidden room that just "happens" to hold the one weapon that can pierce the evil king's magical armor, and there "happens" to be a secret passage that takes him too…
The reason this is such a problem isn't only that this hero is the luckiest guy alive. It's because all these convenient coincidences make it possible for the protagonist to win without having to fight for it. And that makes him a weak character, and his story unsatisfying. It's the hero's struggle, and the grit, the brains, the courage he displays in that struggle, that makes him a hero. And this is true whether his struggle is to overthrow the evil king, or to find a home for a stray kitten.
The Coincidence you can use: So when can you use coincidence in a story? It's simple—any coincidence that gets the protagonist into trouble is probably fine. When the guard caught our hero eavesdropping on the king's plot, that's a coincidence too—but it's one no editor will have a problem with. (Unless they're objecting to the fact that it's also a cliché.) You can still go overboard, even with trouble-causing coincidences. If everything your protagonist touches goes wrong—particularly because of something that comes out of the blue—your story will start feeling fake. But you can rack up a reasonable number of coincidences—in a full novel, maybe as many as three or four major ones—as long as they all make things harder for your hero.
For example: One of my favorite scenes in a TV shoot-em-up was one in which the hero was driving a rental car across the desert, with the bad guys in hot pursuit. He was a reporter, and didn't carry a gun. You're watching this chase from a far off perspective so you can see both cars, and also how deserted this part of the desert is. The hero's car starts moving slower, then slower, and then it stops. The hero gets out of his car, and goes to lean on the fender with his arms folded. The bad guys park behind him and approach cautiously, guns drawn. The hero finally looks up at them and says, "You're not going to believe this, but I'm out of gas."
That's the kind of coincidence you can almost always use, because it increases suspense and escalates the difficulty of the story problem.
Another allowed Coincidence is the inciting incident that kicks off the story. The tornado "just happens" to pick up your protagonist and whisk her off to Oz. The gun-slinger "just happens" to ride into your hero's town, picks a bar fight with the hero's best friend and shoots him. When getting home from Oz or avenging the friend is the central story problem, it's OK for that problem to have come out of nowhere. The inciting incident, which begins the story problem that your protagonist will struggle throughout the novel to solve, is the ultimate example of a coincidence that gets your protagonist into trouble.
"Then how to I get my hero into the hidden tunnel?" the writers wails. "He has to find that sword—it's the only way to kill the king!" In fact, with just a little thought you can almost always get your hero into the exact same place your coincidences took him—and it will add to the strength of his character instead of weakening him. The secret is in the set up.
Avoiding Coincidences is almost always done with proper set up. I watched an episode of Castle some time ago, where the team needs to solve a mystery in Atlantic City, and they were also planning a bachelor party for one of the detectives. But 1) the bride's teenage brother was going to be part of the bachelor party, which meant it had to be PG. So Castle decided to throw an unofficial bachelor party in Atlantic City during investigation. 2) As part of the party prep, Castle asks the hotel clerk what's showing on main stage, and learns that there's an Elvis impersonator convention at the hotel. 3) As part of the investigation they inspect casino security, and learn that the casino cameras work with facial recognition software. All these steps happen quite early in the episode. But at the end of the second act… 4) The casino owner shuts down the investigation and has them thrown out—they're out of their jurisdiction, so he can. And they have to get back into hotel. 5) Castle sees rack of sparkly costumes being pushed into hotel. And 6) he realizes they can walk right through the front door, disguised as Elvis impersonators.
If the writers had skipped steps 1 through 3, and just come up with that solution at step 5 (Hey, look at those Elvis costumes. I bet there's an Elvis impersonator convention going on. Hey, we could sneak in as Elvis impersonators.) it would have seemed "too convenient." As it was, it came across as quick thinking. And the reason it came across that way was because all elements needed to make it work had been established early on, as a natural part the story.
Set up is also necessary to establish a sufficient the motive for your character's actions. Remember when our hero "impulsively" decided that it would be fun to eavesdrop on the king's conversation? That kind of thing is an even worse method than coincidence for getting your hero where you want him to go. Worse, because instead of simply making your story-world feel fake, it makes your hero look like an impulsive idiot. And it shouldn't be too hard to create a good motive for the protagonist to eavesdrop on the king. Suppose it's time for court appointments to be made, and he wants to see if his father will get the cabinet appointment he's been lobbying for? Or better, if his father is about to be kicked off the cabinet, as the king's been threatening. And as he strolled past the room, where the door had been propped open because it's an unusually hot day, the words that caught his attention were, "…may have to make some difficult choices." If you set it up right, seizing a chance to eavesdrop on the king's conversation would be perfectly natural thing to do. Even if the hero knows it's risky.
Can't a protagonist ever do risky, stupid things? In fact, they can. You just have to set the situation up properly. The easiest way is to conceal information, so what turns out to have been a bad idea was a perfectly sensible choice, given the information the protagonist had. Turns out the scary, crazy dude with a skull tattooed on his forehead wasn't the poisoner after all—it was the charming, pie-baking granny, who just asked for a lift to the end of the deserted lane and is now in the backseat of your car. Oops.
A little more difficult, but sometimes more rewarding, is to have your protagonist so heavily personally motivated that they'll do something everyone knows is a bad idea…but they're so driven they do it anyway. In my novel, Navohar, the heroine is a biologist who helped create a virus to repel an alien invasion, which later mutated and started affecting humans…including her beloved nephew. She's spent her entire, obsessed life trying to find a cure for that virus, and she's on the verge of finding it—but it's in a place where primitive aliens will attack humans who linger in their territory for too long. When the warning drums sound, she tells herself that the aliens always hold off for a few hours before they attack, sometimes for several days. And she keeps saying, "Just a few more hours. Just a few more hours…" until, of course, the aliens attack. The reader knew they were going to attack, even Irene knew they were going to attack. But she's such a driven character that it's believable she'd push the safety limits too far.
One final thing worth noting is that doing detailed set up, and forcing your protagonist to work for his victory instead of lucking into it, not only makes your hero stronger, it makes your whole story richer and more complex.
Let's take our lucky eavesdropper and the evil king. There are actually better ways to resolve this situation, but let's say you really want your hero to find that magic sword in the secret tunnel. How could you set this up?
Suppose that that instead of conveniently overhearing that the king is plotting to destroy his family, the hero learns about it when a band of mercenaries come to arrest his parents. (The hero's father is in the cabinet, and too popular for the king to send the army to do the evil deed.) Using his quick wits, our hero hides from the king's goons and escapes being arrested. He wants to know where his parents were taken, so he goes to the tavern where mercenaries are known to drink, and gets a job there waiting tables—hoping to overhear where they took their prisoners. He works in the tavern for many dreary days. The room where he sleeps shares a chimney with the taproom, and the noise when the maids start to clean comes up that chimney and wakes him every day at dawn, and he hates it. And worse than all the rest, he doesn't manage to overhear anything more significant than a few grumbles about how long it's taking the mercenaries' "employer" to pay them off.
Finally the mercenaries hold a meeting in the tavern with a guy who wears elegant clothes under his cloak—maybe the guy who hired them! But they go into a back room, and the innkeeper is waiting on them himself. Because you've already established that sound rises up the chimneys, it's not much of a stretch that our hero thinks of getting into the room above that private room and listening in…but there's a fellow servant in that room, and the hero uses most of the money he has left to bribe him to leave for a few hours. Then he can overhear, not only that his family is being held in the dungeons under the castle, but also that the king is planning to seal off those old escape tunnels—so much more sensible to destroy your enemies than to keep a back door open in case you need to flee. And mercenaries will destroy your enemies with far fewer questions than the army would! Their next job is to…
Bribing his fellow servant will make working at the tavern problematical anyway—the guy he bribed is bound to tell the boss eventually. So the hero goes out and burgles the office of the construction company the king hired to seal off the tunnel. It makes sense that a builder would have less security than the palace, and after he uses his quick wits to get past the guard dogs, the hero can make his own copy of the secret-tunnel-map. To his great disappointment (but rather logically) there are no escape tunnels that connect with the dungeon. But if he gets into the palace, maybe he can find a way to free his family.
He enters the tunnels before the construction crew arrives, and hides inside as they seal the entrance. Then he can lurk in the tunnels under the palace, stealing food from the kitchens and sleeping behind piles of books in the dusty library where no one ever goes. It takes him some time to steal the keys, so he can get into the king's office to try to find evidence of his family's kidnapping. When he finally breaks in, he can't find the evidence he needs…but he does find a whole pile of information in a secret compartment in the king's desk. Part of that information is that the king's magical armor can be pierced with a particular sword, but the sword has been hidden/lost for centuries. Maybe some of those old diaries he's seen in the library would hold a clue…
OK, most of this is pretty farcical. And there are several things here that might be seen as "coincidences" that help the hero; the fact that sound travels up the chimney into the hero's room, the paymaster meeting the mercenaries in the tavern where the hero is lurking, the fact that the king keeps information about the missing magical sword in the secret compartment in his desk. But because I made the hero work to get this information, laboring as a servant, outwitting guard dogs, lurking like a rat in the palace walls, it won't feel too "lucky" when he finally gets some success from his efforts—because he's earned those victories.
And also observe how much you can build his character, as this previously-somewhat-spoiled rich kid waits tables in a low tavern. How many action scenes you've added as he eludes goons, outwits guard dogs, and lives by his wits in the tunnels. How much more complex, how much richer the whole story becomes when you make your hero overcome obstacles to get what he need, instead of "lucking" into it. Abandoning fortunate "happenings" will make your whole story stronger…and that's no coincidence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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El distrito de Banato del Norte (serbio: Севернобанатски округ, Severnobanatski okrug, húngaro: Észak Bánsági Körzet, croata: Sjevernobanatski okrug, eslovaco: Severobanátsky okres, rumano: Districtul Banatul de Nord, rusino: Сивернобанатски окрух), es un distrito en el norte de Serbia. Comprende partes de las regiones del Banato y Bačka y pertenece a la provincia autónoma de Voivodina. En 2011 tenía una población de 146 690 habitantes, de los cuales el 46.64% eran magiares, el 42.67% serbios y el 3.23% gitanos. Junto al vecino distrito de Bačka del Norte, constituye la región magiar de Voivodina. Su capital es Kikinda.

Municipios

Comprende la ciudad de Kikinda y cinco municipios rurales:
 Ada (húngaro: Ada)
 Čoka (húngaro: Csóka)
 Kanjiža (húngaro: Magyarkanizsa)
 Novi Kneževac
 Senta (húngaro: Zenta)

Para los municipios con etnia mayormente magiar, los nombres también son dados en húngaro.

Aunque el distrito lleva el nombre de "Banato", los municipios de Kanjiža, Senta y Ada están geográficamente en la vecina región histórica de Bačka, ya que el río Tisza marca el límite entre las dos regiones.

Referencias

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Carolina Country's Own
A Hometown Hero Returns
By Brooks Preik. Photography by Brownie Harris.
The Devil Went Down to Georgia is the song that made him famous, but Charlie Daniels is North Carolina born and bred. And the citizens of Wilmington, hometown of the country music legend, want the world to know. Daniels has joined other famous Wilmington-born celebrities like Roman Gabriel, Robert Ruark and David Brinkley, whose names have been enshrined with a star on the city's Walk of Fame. A fitting tribute for the modest fiddle player who left town in 1958 with scarcely any money in his pockets, a little rock-and-roll band composed of his buddies, and a dream of making it big in the music world.
By 1979, when Epic records released his Grammy winning record, Daniels had made a name for himself writing songs – one of which was recorded by Elvis Presley – and performing on records with a wide variety of country music greats including Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, Marty Robbins, Lester Flat and Earl Scruggs and Johnny Cash. His own 1975 collection Fire On the Mountain had reached Double Platinum status. He had also toured Europe with Leonard Cohen. The Devil Went Down to Georgia, an award-winning Platinum single, topped both country and pop charts, became an international favorite and later earned Daniels an unforgettable appearance in the hit movie Urban Cowboy. The soundtrack from the movie won a 1981 award for Soundtrack of the Year. Daniels had gained exposure and favor with audiences other than his faithful country music fans.
With his "bullrider" hat barely clearing his eyebrows, his classic cowboy outfit, and a silver belt buckle equal in size to the gigantic proportions of the man who wears it, Charlie Daniels would seem to be as Western as he is Southern. "I love mixing styles of music," Daniels says, and surely it's his combination of the quintessential elements of both cultures in his manner and his music, that's made him an American music icon. His own explanation for his incredible success is characteristically Charlie: "I'm just an old country boy God's been real good to."
Twice voted the Academy of Country Music's Touring Band of the Year with more than 250 days a year and more than a million miles on the road, Daniels (65), and his band still maintain a grueling schedule that might intimidate a less determined man. He averages about 150 shows a year, has a busy recording schedule, does quite a bit of writing and has even taken on some public speaking engagements. "We have our first all-live album that we're getting ready to release," he says. "And we also have a new Christian album, with 22 of my all-time favorite gospel songs, that will probably be out in the fall."
High Speed Heroes, the single from The Charlie Daniels Band, released on Speedway Records, is a tribute to another North Carolina legend, Dale Earnhardt, and all race car drivers. "I met Dale in Talladega, Alabama, at a race last year. In fact, he won the race," Charlie says. "I met him just a few minutes before he went on stage and had a picture made with him. He was a really, really nice guy, a true gentleman."
The career of Charlie Daniels has spanned almost five decades. He has been equally at home performing blues, rock, bluegrass, gospel, or country music. A tireless worker for literacy in America and many other charitable causes, Daniels has received numerous humanitarian awards as well as an endless number of honors and awards for his incomparable musical achievements. In 1999, he was honored with the Living Legend Award from TNN Music City News. One of his proudest moments came this year with the dedication of a museum in his honor in Nashville.
Daniels has received accolades from music lovers the world over and tributes from two former presidents who were present when he received the prestigious Pioneer Award in April 1998 at the Academy of Country Music. How does Charlie Daniels feel about receiving a star on his hometown's Walk of Fame? This mega talent, who has never lost his "country boy" touch and sense of wonder, is delighted.
"There's something very special about it," Daniels says. "If the home folks like you, it means an awful lot. I've been gone from Wilmington since 1958, but it's my birthplace, and a little piece of my heart will always be there. Tell everybody I'm looking forward to it. I'm deeply honored, and I just hope a lot of home folks will turn out to share it with me."
(Purchase photos)
Performing Arts & Entertainment
© VisitWilmingtonNC.com™
Editor's Note: This article appeared in Capturing The Spirit Of The Carolinas.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.


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Q: How many different combinations of $18$ numbers can be made from $136$ numbers? My question simply is how many possible different combinations of any $18$ numbers can be made from $136$ numbers?
Number of different combinations of $18$ numbers is $18! = 6402373705728000$
I do not need that, but once again number of different $18$ numbers that can be made out of any $136$ numbers.

A: There are $136$ choice for the first choice and $135$ for the second and so on so there are $136*135*....*119=\frac {136!}{118!}$ ways to select 18 items.
But we don't care about order.  If we pick 18 items it does not matter what order we seected them in.  And for any 18 items there are $18! $ orders we could have picked them.
The above number includes all the ways in every possible order.  $18! $ times more than we want.
So we want $\dfrac {\frac {136!}{118!}}{18!}=\frac {136!}{18!118!} $.
In general, to select $a$ from $n $ options without regard to order, there are $\frac {n!}{a! (n-a)!} $ ways to do this.  We write that as ${n\choose a}$ and we call it "$n $ choose $a $".


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Tag Archives: New York Philharmonic Concerts in the Parks
Arts & Entertainment, Festivals and Events, New York City travel
New York Philharmonic Brings 'Priceless Music for Free' Summer Concerts to City Parks
June 14, 2019 krubin723	Leave a comment
New York Philharmonic 2019 Summer Concert in Central Park, led by Jaap van Zweden, Music Director © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
The New York Philharmonic's 2019 Concerts in the Parks, Presented by Didi and Oscar Schafer, provided a stunning introduction to conductor Jaap van Zweden, completing his first season as the Philharmonic's Music Director, leading the orchestra in a program of Rossini's Overture to "La gazza ladra" (The Thieving Magpie); Copland's "Hoe-Down," from Rodeo; and Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 2 in E Minor, Op. 27. The concert also featured astonishing compositions by two 12-year olds in the Philharmonic's Very Young Composers (VYC) program, and their opportunity to hear their works performed by the full symphony orchestra in front of 50,000 people in Central Park and thousands more in concerts in Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx, Cunningham Park, Queens; and Prospect Park, Brooklyn. (For the schedule, see www.nyphil.org.)
Jaap van Zweden conducts New York Philharmonic Summer Concert in Cunningham Park, Queens © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
In the 54 years that the New York Philharmonic has offered the Summer Concerts in the Parks (for the past 13 years, the series has been presented by Didi and Oscar Schafer), some 15 million people have enjoyed "priceless music absolutely free, under the stars" and with fireworks, no less. It is a vast communal picnic with music the food of love. Play on.
Nilomi Weerakkody with New York Philharmonic Music Director Jaap van Zweden, performs her composition, "Soundscape for Orchestra" before 50,000 people in Central Park © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
This is the second year that the concert has also showcased original compositions of its Very Young Composers – a program that was begun 20 years ago to give children an opportunity to learn about music in an after-school program in New York's public schools, with the best of them being performed by members of the Philharmonic, and the very, very best by the full orchestra. There are some 200 students enrolled in schools all over the city; the Philharmonic also partners with schools around the country and the world to offer similar programs. (The director of Education and Community Outreach, Gary Padmore was on his way to Shanghai.)
Nilomi Weerakkody, a 12-year old who is a sixth grader at the Dalton School, composed "Soundscape for Orchestra," turning the sounds of nature into a symphonic composition.
Very Young Composer Mack Soocca-Ho, with Philharmonic President Deborah Borda, discusses his composition, Ociantrose © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
For "Ociantrose," Mack Scocca-Ho, a 12-year old who has been composing since he was 3, created an imaginary city, Ociantrose, the capital of Myanolar. His composition celebrates Ociantrose's distinctive identity, a bustling city where order is not imposed by the government but arises from the residents. The musical themes suggest "the variety of people and the harmony emerging form independence."
The Philharmonic is raising money to subsidize its education programs – with a challenge that if it raises $400,000 by August 31, a donor will match with $200,000 (go to www.nyphil.org).
New York Philharmonic Conductor Jaap van Zweden tips his Yankee cap to the Central Park audience after playing Copland's "Rodeo." © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
Next season will showcase "Project 19," marking the centennial of the 19th amendment with new works by 19 female composers – the largest commissioning program of women ever undertaken by an orchestra, said Deborah Borda, the New York Philharmonic's President and Chief Executive Officer. Also, "Mahler's New York" honors New York's past through two of his symphonies with an examination of the composer-conductor's time in the city. The "hotspots" festival focuses on three "new" music centers – Berlin, Reykjavik and New York.
New York Philharmonic President Deborah Borda introduces the 2019 concerts in the Parks series in Central Park © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
"New York is more than the Philharmonic's home," Borda writes. "This city is in our blood and its high standards fuel our planning and performances."
Here are highlights from this year's Summer in the Parks concerts:
New York Philharmonic Conductor Jaap van Zweden playfully dons a Yankee cap for Copland's "Rodeo" in Central Park © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
#nyphilarts and entertainmentNew York PhilharmonicNew York Philharmonic Concerts in the Parkssummer concertssummer concerts in New York
New York Philharmonic Orchestra Brings 'Priceless' Music to Free Summer Concert in Prospect Park
New York Philharmonic brought its priceless music, absolutely free to Brooklyn's Prospect Park as part of the Summer Concerts in the Parks Series Presented by Didi and Oscar Schafer © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
By Karen Rubin, Dave E. Leiberman, Laini Miranda
The New York Philharmonic's 2018 Concerts in the Parks, Presented by Didi and Oscar Schafer, provided a stunning introduction to conductor James Gaffigan, a New York native and Brooklynite, leading the orchestra in a program celebrating Laureate Conductor Leonard Bernstein's centennial, evocative works highlighting the Orchestra's virtuosity, and compositions by fifth-grade students in the Philharmonic's Very Young Composers (VYC) program — the first time that VYC works have been performed in the parks concerts.
James Gaffigan conducts the New York Philharmonic in Saint-Saens' Bacchanale from "Samson et Dalila" in Prospect Park, Brooklyn © Karen Rubin/ goingplacesfarandnear.com
The delightful program, perfect for a summer-concert-in-the-parks, featured Saint-Saëns's Bacchanale from Samson and Delilah; Bernstein's Three Dance Episodes from On the Town, a love letter to New York City;and Rimsky-Korsakov's storybook in symphony, Scheherazade.
James Gaffigan conducts the New York Philharmonic in Prospect Park, Brooklyn © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
The concert in Brooklyn's Prospect Park June 15 featured truly remarkable performances of 2018 works by 11-year-old Very Young Composer Jordan Millar's Boogie Down Uptown; and 10-year-old Very Young Composer Camryn Cowan's Harlem Shake.
New York Philharmonic conductor James Gaffigan with young composers Jordan Millar and Camryn Cowan © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
James Gaffigan, a proud New Yorker who introduced the concert by asking for applause for public school teachers, showed himself to be the very antithesis of the arrogant orchestra conductor, but rather, generous of praise, encouragement and exuberant emotion.
James Gaffigan conducts the New York Philharmonic in Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade in Prospect Park, Brooklyn © Karen Rubin/ goingplacesfarandnear.com
He did not use a baton for the Scheherazade. He waved his hands and arms in grand gestures, not so much conducting as dancing, performing, acting the music, bringing his whole body into it more like an opera singer than the orchestra conductor, giving the piece a staccato-like crisp precision. He conveyed an infectious joy of music. After, he congratulated Frank Huang, the brilliant concertmaster for his angelic violin solo, and then walked into the orchestra to congratulate all the solo performers, before taking the collective bow.
Conductor James Gaffigan joins applause for New York Philharmonic's concertmaster Frank Huang © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
The summer concert series also featured performances at Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx (June 12); the Great Lawn in Central Park, Manhattan (June 13); and Cunningham Park, Queens (June 14). Musicians from the New York Philharmonic also performed Beethoven's Wind Sextet, Op. 71; Tchaikovsky's Souvenir de Florence; and the World Premieres of wind sextets by Very Young Composers of New York City — 14-year-old Chi-Chi Ezekwenna's It's Almost Summer! and 13-year-old Nicolas Lipman's Sriracha! — in the Free Indoor Concert in Staten Island at the Music Hall at Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden (June 17).
The performances in the Bronx, Queens, Manhattan, and Brooklyn concluded with dazzling fireworks.
The New York Philharmonic concert in Prospect Park concludes with dazzling fireworks © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
The summer series is an amazing opportunity to bring "priceless music" to new audiences absolutely free. Since 1965, the summer series has brought joy to more than 15 million New Yorkers and Big Apple visitors.
"We want all New Yorkers to love the Philharmonic as much as we do and the concerts in the Parks are a glorious way to share the Philharmonic's virtuosity and power," said New York Philharmonic chairman Oscar S. Schafer, who with his wife, Didi, has underwritten the series.
Here are more highlights from the concert in Prospect Park:
Conductor James Gaffigan and Very Young Composer of New York City Jordan Millar (b 2006), "Boogie Down Uptown" (2018) © Karen Rubin/ goingplacesfarandnear.com
Conductor James Gaffigan and Very Young Composer of New York City Camryn Cowan (2007), "Harlem Shake" (2018) © Karen Rubin/ goingplacesfarandnear.com
James Gaffigan conducts the New York Philharmonic in Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade in Prospect Park, Brooklyn © Karen Rubin/goingplacesfarandnear.com
Founded in 1842, the New York Philharmonic is the oldest symphony orchestra in the United States.
At the New York Philharmonic's website (www.nyphil.org) you can peruse online archives and exhibits, see the concert calendar, get background on the musicians, and purchase tickets.
The summer concerts also inspire visits to see the orchestra at home at Lincoln Center (David Geffen Hall, 10 Lincoln Center Plaza, 212-875-5656). There are various subscription offers – the Philharmonic was offering an opportunity to choose four or more 2018-19 subscription concerts to get one free (promo code CHOOSE4, by June 22).
© 2018 Travel Features Syndicate, a division of Workstyles, Inc. All rights reserved. Visit goingplacesfarandnear.com, www.huffingtonpost.com/author/karen-rubin , and travelwritersmagazine.com/TravelFeaturesSyndicate/. Blogging at goingplacesnearandfar.wordpress.com and moralcompasstravel.info. Send comments or questions to FamTravLtr@aol.com. Tweet @TravelFeatures. 'Like' us at facebook.com/NewsPhotoFeatures
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What Is a Dance Doing in the Middle of Enda Walsh's Play?
A woman, alone, stomps in place and slaps her chest and thighs. She runs in circles and spins. She weeps and crumples and slams into walls. At one point, during the 20 minutes that we watch her, she murmurs to herself, but doesn't say anything intelligible. And that makes her performance a surprising one to find in the middle of a play.
The play is "Arlington," by the acclaimed Irish playwright Enda Walsh, which continues at St. Ann's Warehouse. The setting is a nondescript waiting room, equipped with surveillance cameras — a kind of prison cell. In the first of the work's three sections, it's inhabited by Isla, who carries on a conversation with a young man in an adjacent control room, turning the play into something of a love story.
But these two characters disappear for the central section, replaced by that stomping, spinning, nearly silent young woman. It's an unusual choice for a playwright, especially one prone to having his characters gush torrents of words. Speaking over the phone from London last week, Mr. Walsh said he knew early in the writing of "Arlington" that the middle segment had to be dance.
"At the end of the first section," he said, "the audience is still scratching its head a little, piecing together where we are and what's happening." At that point, a playwright often starts explaining things, "but I thought, 'No, let's go in another direction, into the DNA, the subtext,' which is the pressure put on a body in confinement. How can you express that except as dance?
Apart from the dramatic situation established in the first part, Mr. Walsh gave Ms. Martin only a bare prompt: the final 20 minutes of a woman's life (and a decisive ending that shouldn't be given away here). The choreographer and her chosen dancer, Oona Doherty, rehearsed separately from the rest of the cast, and the pieces came together only in the final week before the premiere, at the Galway International Arts Festival last year.
That aesthetic attitude is common enough among contemporary choreographers, but not many get a chance to apply it in a central, essential part of a play. First, Ms. Martin created a movement script, a sequence of thoughts and the actions that go with them, a thousand words the audience never hears. Rather than steps, the choreographic directions supply psychological motivations, sometimes straightforward (spinning to circulate the air), sometimes more figurative ("as if her brain melts downward into her body").
Although Ms. Doherty is nearly silent, her part of the play is not. The sound design, by Helen Atkinson, assails her with noises, including what might be her own recorded memories, and music, from sentimental Japanese pop to the punk of Siouxsie and the Banshees and the heart-tugging strings of Teho Teardo's commissioned music.
Before the parts came together, Mr. Walsh said he worried that his context might impair Ms. Martin and Ms. Doherty's art by making it too clear, too literal.


This is a collaborative project that explores textual, material and visual representations of the archetypal heroine, an idea found in South Asian dramaturgical treatises as well as other classical disciplines and scholarship. Drawing on items in the Bodleian and University collections, it examines how the notion of archetypal femininity was created and is now reproduced, particularly in respect of fashion and textiles, performing arts and food. Culminating in a conference and keynote event, it also reimagines physical spaces, particularly the university space, to depict the world of the heroine and engage the public through performance and installation.
Please email the lead investigator, Nisha Somasundaram, for any queries regarding this project.


There is debate over the effectiveness of deworming children against soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) to improve health outcomes, and current evidence may be limited in study design and generalizability. However, programmatic deworming continues throughout low and middle-income countries.
We performed an empirical evaluation of the relationship between deworming in pre-school age children (ages 1–4 years) within the previous 6 months, as proxy-reported by the mother, and health outcomes of weight, height, and hemoglobin. We used nationally representative cross-sectional data from 45 countries using the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) during the period 2005–2016. We used logistic regression with coarsened exact matching, fixed effects for survey and year, and person-level covariates. We included data on 325,115 children in 45 STH-endemic countries from 66 DHS surveys. Globally in STH-endemic countries, children who received deworming treatment were less likely to be stunted (1.2 percentage point decline from mean of 36%; 95% CI [-1.9, -0.5%]; p<0.001), but we did not detect consistent associations between deworming and anemia or weight. In sub-Saharan Africa, we found that children who received deworming treatment were less likely to be stunted (1.1 percentage point decline from mean of 36%; 95% CI [-2.1, -0.2%]; p = 0.01) and less likely to have anemia (1.8 percentage point decline from mean of 58%; 95% CI [-2.8, -0.7%]; p<0.001), but we did not detect consistent associations between deworming and weight. These findings were robust across multiple statistical models, and we did not find consistently measurable associations with data from non-endemic settings.
Among pre-school age children, we detected a robust and consistent association between deworming and reduced stunting, with additional evidence for reduced anemia in sub-Saharan Africa. We did not find a consistent relationship between deworming and improved weight. This global empirical analysis provides evidence to support the deworming of pre-school age children.
Soil-transmitted helminths are parasitic worms that affect 1.5 billion people. The global public health strategy is regular deworming of children in endemic settings. In this study, we bring an independent dataset with over 320,000 pre-school age children across 45 STH-endemic countries to investigate the relationship between deworming and health outcomes of weight, height, and anemia. We address potential limitations of past studies by examining across diverse settings for improved generalizability, increasing sample size, and focusing on children who received treatment to improve statistical power. We find that deworming is robustly associated with reduced stunting in pre-school age children and find additional evidence that deworming may be associated with reduced anemia in sub-Saharan Africa. Deworming was not consistently associated with improved weight. These findings were robust across multiple statistical models, and we did not find consistently measurable associations with data from non-endemic settings, which improves confidence in the study findings. This global empirical analysis provides evidence to support the continued deworming of pre-school age children in endemic settings.
Copyright: © 2018 Lo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The data underlying this study are owned by USAID. All data are available from the DHS database/USAID Institutional Data Access (http://dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm). The datasets used in this study are the country surveys described in the manuscript. Any researcher can request for access to the data, as long as they create a free login account and submit a data request.
Funding: This study was supported by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation and the Medical Scientist Training Program (Stanford University School of Medicine). No funding bodies had any role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: JS and DA were employed by Children Without Worms (Task Force for Global Health), which is an organization that promotes prevention and treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.
The large-scale empiric treatment of children for soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), commonly known as "deworming", has become controversial [1–4]. This strategy of regular deworming (also known as 'preventive chemotherapy') with albendazole or mebendazole has been the main STH control strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for over a decade . While deworming continues to be implemented throughout low and middle-income countries for the estimated 1.5 billion people with STH (caused by infection with Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm species of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichiura), the evidence linking real-world experience of deworming with health outcomes is mixed .
Some randomized-controlled trials have demonstrated possible positive benefits of deworming on child health, primarily focused on weight or height, although many trials have not found these relations [3, 7–10]. Observational studies provide evidence for an association between deworming and cognitive improvements, physical growth, and reduced anemia [11–13]. However, many of these benefits have been disputed by recent studies [3, 4, 14, 15]. The Cochrane Collaboration (2015) and Campbell Collaboration (2017) systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials concluded deworming does not result in improved health outcomes, although they did find some benefit to treating those known to be infected [3, 4]. This was followed by substantial debate on the potential limitations of randomized trials and the Cochrane and Campbell meta-analyses [1, 2, 16–18]. In particular, because a minority of individuals harbors a majority of the worm burden, critics argued that these studies were underpowered to detect a meaningful effect, since only a fraction of the population benefits from treatment in areas of low or even moderate parasite burden. Furthermore, low STH prevalence in some clinical trials, heterogeneity in helminth species and their respective health effects, and the short time period of most trials may obscure potential health benefits. Uncertainty about the benefits of deworming is compounded by clustering of existing randomized trials in a few regions, which may limit generalizability to different contexts.
Periodic deworming of pre-school age children (ages 1–4 years) has been recommended by the WHO in areas where prevalence is ≥20% by stool microscopy since the 2006 WHO guidelines . The strategy is intended to reduce the number of children with moderate and high-intensity infection, which is associated with adverse health outcomes . Since pre-school age children (ages 1–4 years) are not typically reached through school-based deworming programs, they more commonly receive treatment through Child Health days , community-based deworming for lymphatic filariasis, or though the healthcare system. Recent modeling studies also have highlighted the importance of treating this population in order to reduce overall transmission and improve the cost-effectiveness of deworming programs [20–23]. From a measurement standpoint, this age group may enable more sensitive detection of health, educational, and economic benefits in response to deworming than the school-age population, which is more often studied. This is because periodic deworming in pre-school age children can occur before significant cumulative exposure to STH and continues throughout a period of rapid growth and development [10, 24].
To better understand the relationship between deworming and health in pre-school age children, we performed an empirical analysis using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) across 45 countries. We addressed several limitations of past approaches in terms of generalizability, and draw upon a decade of deworming to measure population-level relationships between deworming and health.
We examined the relationship between reported deworming and the pre-specified health outcomes of malnutrition (underweight, stunting) and anemia among pre-school age children (ages 1–4 years, selected based on WHO classification of this age group) in 45 low- and middle-income STH-endemic countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe using cross-sectional data during the period 2005–2016. We also performed an analysis for sub-Saharan Africa alone given the substantial STH burden and scale of ongoing deworming .
We used the DHS to examine the relationship between deworming exposure and health outcomes using cross-sectional data. These nationally representative surveys are conducted approximately every 5 years in many low- and middle-income countries in collaboration with in-country partners . We used all available DHS surveys that included data on deworming exposure, health outcomes, and relevant covariates from endemic countries based on WHO classification (Appendix). DHS did not provide person-level information on STH infection status. We included all surveys from eligible countries in order to maximize sample size and examine temporal trends, and selected only children ages 1–4 years. We excluded countries with low-burden STH (defined as countries in which <10% children lived in areas where STH was endemic and WHO recommends mass deworming) or those missing data on deworming, health outcomes, or relevant covariates (see Appendix). A table of excluded surveys is available in the Appendix. We used the WHO preventive chemotherapy database to estimate country-level disease burden for STH based on proportion of children requiring deworming . All data files are available from the DHS database online. This study relied on published data and did not require human subject research approval.
We defined the study exposure using the mother's report of whether her children received "drugs for intestinal parasites in the 6 months prior to the survey". We examined three pre-specified binary health outcomes for pre-school age children: underweight, stunting, and anemia, which are the relevant health outcomes available in DHS surveys for this age group. We defined being underweight as a weight-for-age two standard deviations below the WHO global reference standard, stunting as a height-for-age two standard deviations below the WHO global reference standard, and anemia as a hemoglobin below 11 g/dL . We chose to dichotomize health outcome variables in the main analysis to isolate the disease state and to account for possible confounding trends (e.g. increasing obesity), although we also conducted the analysis with continuous outcome variables. We included pre-specified person-level covariates in the analysis to address potential confounding relations, including child's age and gender, mother's age (<30 years or older based on prior DHS analysis on health-seeking behavior ) and education (defined as no education, some primary school, and completion of primary school or higher education), wealth quintile (a composite measure for each person's household, relative based on country standard), place of residence (urban or rural, relative based on country's definition), and binary variables indicating access to improved water, sanitation (based on toilet facility using the Joint Monitoring Programme definitions) , and healthcare-seeking behaviors using receipt of third dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine as an indirect proxy (Appendix).
The primary analyses used three health outcomes (underweight, stunting, or anemia) as dependent variables in logistic regression models where the primary independent variable was an indicator of receipt of deworming. We pre-processed our sample to improve balance between the treated and untreated groups using coarsened exact matching (CEM) within each DHS survey . We used CEM over the more common propensity score matching to relax concerns over balance (i.e., CEM creates strata to ensure that treatment and untreated groups are matched on all covariates, rather than balanced on a propensity score alone), improve the intuitive understanding of the matching process, and because CEM was found to out-perform propensity score matching in balancing groups [32, 33] (see Appendix).
In all models we also used survey fixed effects, implemented as a set of indicator variables that control for all invariant differences between surveys (e.g. level of economic development and national STH prevalence at time of survey). Notably, these fixed effects control for unobserved sub-national (regional) differences in wealth and access to services or nutritional programs that would be related to health outcome, and are in addition to person-level covariates. We also included year fixed effects that control for common time effects across all surveys. Matched models using CEM do not include covariates in regression since they are pre-processed for balance. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) for a given health outcome among children that were dewormed relative to those that were not. We also reported the marginal effects, which represent the change in the probability of the outcome among those exposed to deworming relative to those that were not. We used robust standard errors clustered by country and survey. We also estimated the possible impact of providing deworming in the sub-Saharan African study countries by computing the number of avertable cases of disease states that could be related to deworming for better conceptualization of magnitude of the study results (see Appendix). The analytic code is available on request to the corresponding author.
We conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the stability of our findings to alternative statistical models and assumptions on the data. We repeated the main analysis with alternative model specifications (e.g. ordinary least squares model with continuous outcomes), additional covariates (e.g. vitamin A receipt, use of malaria net, and breastfeeding), and country-specific analyses (see Appendix). We tested region (sub-national) fixed effects to match children within region. We defined relationship robustness in reference to these alternative statistical models.
We performed additional analyses including dose-response, negative controls, and sub-group analyses. The analysis tested stratification by age and estimated STH disease burden, including formal tests of interaction, to estimate dose response. We tested for the possibility of unobserved confounding by testing "negative controls" (factors theoretically unrelated to exposure and outcome, but possibly confounded by those same unobserved factors); we tested negative control exposures unrelated to deworming (e.g., "heard of family planning on radio" and "access to condoms") and negative control outcomes (e.g., "cough in last two weeks" and "fever in last two weeks") (see Appendix). We defined a relationship between deworming and health outcomes as "consistent" when the negative controls did not hold comparable associations to the primary study findings. We also examined the relationship between deworming and health outcomes in the sub-group of disease state (e.g. underweight children only). The Appendix contains additional details.
This study included 325,115 pre-school age children from 45 countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe from 2005 to 2016 (Table 1). This included a total of 66 DHS surveys, and excluded an additional 26 surveys for lack of data or endemicity for STH (see Appendix, Section 1). Over this time period, the mean proportion of respondents that indicated their pre-school age child received deworming medicine in the previous six months was 43.4%. The country-level deworming coverage was highly variable, ranging from 6.1% (Azerbaijan) to 87.4% (Rwanda), which may partly reflect the proportion of "at-risk" children within the country (Fig 1; Table A1). The overall prevalence of underweight, stunting, and anemia was 29.5%, 35.5%, and 53.0%, respectively. We found that children who received deworming were slightly older, wealthier, more likely to live in urban areas, had mothers that were more educated, had stronger health-seeking behavior, and greater access to toilets (Table 2). The CEM matched dewormed and untreated groups on all specified covariates (Table 2).
Fig 1. Study countries and deworming coverage over 2005–2016.
We used data from the DHS for 45 STH endemic countries. For each, we computed the deworming coverage in pre-school age children.
Table 1. Study countries and DHS survey year.
Table 2. Characteristics of pre-school age children stratified by receipt of deworming, unmatched and CEM matched groups.
Globally, in the matched analysis, children who received deworming treatment were less likely to be stunted (1.2 percentage decline from mean of 36%; 95%CI [-1.9, -0.5%]; OR:0.92; p<0.001). This association was robust and mostly consistent, meaning this relationship was not observed in the negative-exposure controls, relaxing concern for any residual confounding (Table 3, A4, A5). We also found that children who received deworming treatment were less likely to be anemic (1.4 percentage decline from mean of 53%; 95%CI [-2.2, -0.6%]; OR:0.93; p<0.001), but while this finding was robust across specifications, it was also observed in negative-exposure controls suggesting the possibility of residual confounding. We did not measure a robust or consistent relationship between deworming and being underweight in the overall analysis (0.7 percentage decline from mean of 29%; 95%CI [-1.7, 0.2%]; OR:0.94; p = 0.06), but did measure a robust and consistent relationship between deworming and higher weight in the sub-group of underweight children (0.02 standard deviation increase; 95%CI [0.01, 0.04]; p<0.01).
Table 3. Regression model estimating the relationship in health outcomes for pre-school age children reported to have received treatment for intestinal worms in past 6 months.
In sub-Saharan Africa, in the matched analysis of 32 countries, we found that children who received deworming treatment were less likely to be stunted (1.1 percentage decline from mean of 36%; 95%CI [-2.1, -0.2%]; OR: 0.94; p = 0.01) and less likely to be anemic (1.8 percentage decline from mean of 58%; 95%CI [-2.8, -0.7%]; OR:0.91; p<0.001) (Table 3). These findings were robust across the majority of alternative statistical models and mostly consistent in overall negative-exposure controls (Table A4, A5). We did not detect consistent associations between deworming and reduced risk of being underweight in the overall analysis, but did find a relationship in the sub-group of underweight children (0.02 standard deviation increase; 95%CI [0.00, 0.05]; p = 0.03). To conceptualize the magnitude of these effect sizes, we estimated that expanding deworming to 100% coverage could be related to 694,100 (95%UI: 134,300–1,298,700) averted cases of stunting and 850,600 (95%UI: 325,300–1,326,000) averted cases of anemia in pre-school age children from study countries in sub-Saharan Africa that are not yet being dewormed due to low coverage (Figure A4; Table A9).
The primary findings reported as robust were supported across the majority of alternative statistical models (Table A4). In some cases, a finding was not consistent because the negative-exposure control was related to the health outcome (e.g. "access to condoms" was associated with less anemia in the global analysis) (Table A5). Deworming was associated with more reports of recent cough and fever as outcomes (see Appendix), which suggests some unexplained relationship, but argues against selection bias of better health in the population that received deworming. When matching with addition of covariate for receipt of vitamin A, use of malaria net, and breastfeeding, the main study finding remained broadly consistent; we did not find evidence for interaction between deworming and vitamin A. We repeated the main analysis restricting to only one child per household (i.e. not including additional children in the household) and found our findings to be broadly consistent.
We tested for dose-response effects through stratification by STH disease burden and age and testing continuous interaction; we found increasing effect size at older ages for the relationship between deworming and reduced stunting but did not find any other consistent relations (Table A6-A7). We did not find any clear evidence for larger effect sizes in higher STH disease burden settings (Table A7). Notably, we did not find any relationships between deworming and better health outcomes using data from non-endemic settings (country list in Appendix), which increases our confidence in our findings since we would not expect deworming benefits in these regions (Table A8). There was a range of effect sizes in the country-specific analyses (Figure A1-3).
Drawing upon data from more than 320,000 pre-school age children in 45 countries, this empirical analysis provides evidence for a global-level association between deworming and reduced stunting, with additional evidence for reduced anemia in sub-Saharan Africa for pre-school age children. We do not find a consistent relationship between deworming and improved weight. While the evidence to support the benefit of mass deworming has recently been questioned [1–4], this study aims to bring new data and study design to better understand the relationship between deworming and health outcomes in the population of pre-school age children. We addressed potential limitations of past studies by examining across diverse settings for generalizability and increasing sample size and focusing on children who received treatment to improve statistical power. Importantly, while a mother's recall of deworming may be imperfect, any recall bias is unlikely to be unique to the dewormed group so this would bias our overall study findings towards no association and would not be a threat to the validity of our findings. The study results from our global empirical analysis provide evidence to support the deworming of pre-school age children.
Pre-school age children remain a key population for STH burden, because of their potential for long-term health and educational consequences, contribution to ongoing transmission, and need for treatment outside of traditional school-based deworming [5, 21]. Over the past 10 years, treatment in this age group has scaled up across many low and middle-income countries . WHO currently estimates that global deworming has increased substantially to achieve a coverage of 51% of pre-school age children worldwide, although these estimates are only from countries that report this data . Overall, the WHO estimate corresponds well with our estimate that 43% of pre-school age children had received deworming, which lends validity to the proxy-reported deworming exposure. However, we noted substantial within-country heterogeneity for deworming coverage, implying that some regions are not being reached despite a moderately high overall deworming coverage.
In our study, we measured a modest reduced risk of stunting among pre-school age children with a 1.1% decline from 36% prevalence–although this modest association corresponds with an estimated 694,100 cases of stunting in pre-school age children in our study countries from sub-Saharan Africa. This association should be conceptualized as the "diluted" population-level impact. In reality, the benefit of deworming is likely greatest among those children with high parasite burden and is intuitively null among those who are not infected. Therefore, the population-level effect is relatively modest. While stunting is considered to be a chronic indicator of health and may not be expected to change within the relatively short 6-month timeframe of our deworming exposure, reported receipt of deworming is likely correlated with previous deworming so this exposure may represent sustained periodic deworming. Our finding that older children had an increased association for improved height supports this hypothesis that larger benefits may be observed in repeatedly treated children.
We measured a consistent relationship between deworming and reduced risk of anemia (1.8% lower absolute percentage) in sub-Saharan Africa, which corresponds with an estimated 850,600 anemic pre-school age children in our study countries that could benefit from deworming. This relationship was not observed in the global analysis, driven by a non-association in South American countries. The disease burden of hookworm is likely higher in sub-Saharan Africa meaning a higher burden of avertable anemia, where we measured a positive association, than in South America, where we did not [34, 35].
We did not find a robust association between deworming and a reduction in being underweight in the primary analysis, and the negative-exposure control analysis suggested the possibility for residual confounding. However, there was an association between deworming and lower risk of being underweight in children who were already underweight. This suggests the possibility that deworming may associated with weight gain in children who are already underweight, but that the association is diluted out when including all children. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based deworming programs found positive effects of deworming on weight , while other meta-analyses failed to detect a measurable effect, although these have often focused on older children [3, 4].
Our study findings differ from the conclusions of recent meta-analyses of randomized trials, which failed to detect measurable improvements to height, weight, or anemia from deworming at a population-level [3, 4]. Notably, these meta-analyses have found that deworming may improve weight among those who are known to be infected but not at a population-level, which may be explained by a dilution effect . A key difference in our analysis was a focus on pre-school age children, and measurement of only treated individuals rather than an overall population to increase statistical power (since overall population would dilute a relationship by including children who were not treated). A principal feature of this study was its large sample size and adequate statistical power. We included 66 national surveys with 325,000 children to ensure we could detect possible benefit despite the dilution effect (including non-infected and lightly infected children not expected to benefit from treatment). The discrepancy between our study findings and those of previous studies may further be explained by effect heterogeneity that is driven by spatial distribution of disease, differences between worm species, and an important non-linear relationship between disease burden (based on community infection intensity) and health outcomes [17, 18]. Our results find substantial country heterogeneity in the associations between deworming and health outcomes, which further supports the complexities in measuring the impact of deworming and the importance of evaluating real world deworming across diverse settings and epidemiologic conditions. While our deworming treatment record is reported for the previous 6 months, these children appear more likely to have received deworming treatments repeatedly, as recommended by WHO. Therefore, repeated periodic deworming, which consistently reduces worm burden, is more likely to result in long-term health-related outcomes and may also include treatment with different drugs (e.g. albendazole vs mebendazole), multiple treatments, and drugs for other parasitic worms (e.g. praziquantel for Schistosoma spp). Notably, this survey question may not have included treatment given for other infections (e.g. lymphatic filariasis) that would also be effective against STH infections, and this would bias our findings towards no association. We did not find a relationship between increasing country-level STH burden and higher effect sizes (i.e., dose response), although the aggregated country-level nature of the STH burden estimate may obscure a potential relationship. We did not perform a sub-analysis for Asia alone because data were limited.
The findings of this analysis should be interpreted within the context of the study design and constraints of the data. While we controlled for many key differences between the dewormed and control group through the CEM process to adjust for observed differences and through survey fixed effects to adjust for unobserved heterogeneities, residual unobserved differences may not be accounted for in the model (e.g. women who reported deworming may also have different health seeking behavior). We addressed this potential residual confounding by testing negative control exposures and outcomes. Negative-exposure controls that were associated with the health outcome raised concerns about selection bias that could not be eliminated with the observed data, even after matching; in these cases, the primary relationships were deemed inconsistent. While we measured an incompletely explained relationship between deworming and outcomes of increased frequency of reported fever and cough in the previous two weeks, this would bias against our primary study finding since these populations would not be predisposed to better health for unobserved reasons. Furthermore, we repeated the analysis with data from 10 non-endemic and low prevalence countries and found no consistently measurable associations between deworming and health outcomes, which may relax some concern for residual confounding since no relationship would be expected in these regions while similar confounding pathways may still be present. Similarly, while the main exposure variable for deworming of a child was proxy-reported by his or her mother and potentially subject to reporting bias (e.g. increased health knowledge) or recall bias, this would be more likely to bias our findings towards null unless the bias was unique and differential in the deworming group. Importantly, we did not have data on person-level STH infection status, although since mass deworming programs are also being implemented without knowledge of individual infection status, our goal was to quantify the population-level effectiveness of these real-world programs. The substantial overdispersion of the parasite and dilution effect of including all children (the majority uninfected or lightly infected) would significantly push our findings towards null. Since unprogrammed receipt of albendazole is common (e.g. local pharmacy, healthcare facility), it is likely that reported deworming included both programmed (e.g. mass drug administration, child health days) and unprogrammed sources [36, 37]. We also tested including vitamin A receipt as a variable or effect modifier in the model for sensitivity analysis, since vitamin A is often delivered alongside albendazole or mebendazole to pre-school age children during child health days, although our primary analyses remained robust even when considering vitamin A. Our analysis focused on pre-school age children, but future work should also examine school-age children and the broader community that may play a critical role in ongoing transmission [21, 23]. Finally, the estimates for potentially avertable cases of stunting and anemia related to deworming have substantial uncertainty, but are provided for better conceptualization of the magnitude of the study estimates and are not meant to imply causality.
This study found that deworming pre-school age children against STH is related to global reductions in risk of stunting, and evidence for reduced anemia in sub-Saharan Africa. Given recent controversy on deworming against STH, we provide an observational study design grounded in individual-level survey data that overcomes challenges in data and generalizability of prior work, and supports the continued deworming of pre-school age children.
1. Hicks JH, Kremer M, Miguel E. (2015) The Case for Mass Treatment of Intestinal Helminths in Endemic Areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(10):e0004214. pmid:26492528.
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12. Smith JL, Brooker S. (2010) Impact of hookworm infection and deworming on anaemia in non-pregnant populations: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 15(7):776–95. pmid:20500563.
13. Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, et al. (2006) Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367(9521):1521–32. pmid:16679166.
14. Awasthi S, Peto R, Read S, Richards SM, Pande V, Bundy D, et al. (2013) Population deworming every 6 months with albendazole in 1 million pre-school children in North India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 381(9876):1478–86. pmid:23498850.
15. Joseph SA, Casapia M, Montresor A, Rahme E, Ward BJ, Marquis GS, et al. (2015) The Effect of Deworming on Growth in One-Year-Old Children Living in a Soil-Transmitted Helminth-Endemic Area of Peru: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(10):e0004020. pmid:26426270.
16. Croke K, Hicks JH, Hsu E, Kremer M, Miguel E. (2016) Does Mass Deworming Affect Child Nutrition? Meta-analysis, Cost-Effectiveness, and Statistical Power. NBER.
17. Andrews JR, Bogoch II, Utzinger J. (2017) The benefits of mass deworming on health outcomes: new evidence synthesis, the debate persists. Lancet Glob Health 5(1):e4–e5. pmid:27955787.
18. Lo NC, Addiss DG, Hotez PJ, King CH, Stothard JR, Evans DS, et al. (2016) A call to strengthen the global strategy against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: the time is now. Lancet Infect Dis. pmid:27914852.
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20. Anderson R, Truscott J, Hollingsworth TD. (2014) The coverage and frequency of mass drug administration required to eliminate persistent transmission of soil-transmitted helminths. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369(1645):20130435. Epub 2014/05/14. pmid:24821921.
21. Lo NC, Bogoch II, Blackburn BG, Raso G, N'Goran EK, Coulibaly JT, et al. (2015) Comparison of community-wide, integrated mass drug administration strategies for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a cost-effectiveness modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 3(10):e629–38. pmid:26385302.
22. Lo NC, Lai YS, Karagiannis-Voules DA, Bogoch II, Coulibaly JT, Bendavid E, et al. (2016) Assessment of global guidelines for preventive chemotherapy against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a cost-effectiveness modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. pmid:27286968.
23. Truscott JE, Hollingsworth TD, Brooker SJ, Anderson RM. (2014) Can chemotherapy alone eliminate the transmission of soil transmitted helminths? Parasit Vectors 7:266. Epub 2014/06/12. pmid:24916278.
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36. Addiss DG. (2015) The challenge of unreported and unprogrammed deworming for soil-transmitted helminth control programs. Int Health 7(6):377–9. pmid:26311691.
37. Harris JR, Worrell CM, Davis SM, Odero K, Mogeni OD, Deming MS, et al. (2015) Unprogrammed deworming in the Kibera slum, Nairobi: implications for control of soil-transmitted helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(3):e0003590. pmid:25763577.


I'll try to respond at length to Jonah tomorrow. But a couple thoughts. Again, I'm not the one who's trying to talk about partisan coalition politics. Its not my main interest, and it's not my comparative advantage. I'm trying to show how attractive classical liberalism can be once it is scoured of the conservative barnacles of the now irrelevant Cold War alliance and once it begins to take seriously (rather than just ignore) the powerful arguments of the best contemporary liberal thought.
I think maybe one of our main issues is that Jonah seems to think actually-existing-politically-relevant conservativism is in some sense "anti-statist," and that's why libertarians ought to like that kind of conservative. (Jonah: "If the right ever loses its anti-statism, we will have a race-to-the-bottom between two statist parties, one cosmopolitan and socialistic one nativistic and nationalistic.") I have some questions about what the anti-statism of "the right" amounts to. But, hey, I'm not an anti-statist! I'm statist! Lots of libertarians are! So maybe statism isn't ipso facto socialism? Like James Madison, for example, I want a state, I want its power constitutionally limited, and I want it democratically governed. I am a proponent of free-market liberal democracy — like Hayek, Friedman, Buchanan, and I'd guess a whole lot of market-loving economists. I accept the public goods justification for the state, more or less. I accept that regulations which correctly price negative externalities tend to make everyone better off, and are worth doing. I am morally and methodologically anti-nationalist–which is more unusual–but that's not anti-statism. I don't mind the fact of country-sized public goods jurisdictions, nor do I mind tax-financing of genuine public goods by more or less legitimate states. I just wish national jurisdictional boundaries should better respect basic liberties by being more porous. Nor do I mind the tax-financing of education or welfare programs that actually help members of a polity to develop the capacity and ability to meaningfully exercise their rights and liberties. I am a liberal! "Rawlsekianism" is a ridiculous word, but I actually think a certain fusion of the best of 20th Century classical/market liberalism and welfare liberalism is the best political philosophy. I also think it may be possible to persuade many other people of this, and that they will find it attractive. In my experience, the people open to this view are already relatively liberal, in the usual sense, and tend to favor Democrats. That's fine by me.
But I do have some admittedly amateur thoughts about partisan politics, and I think Jonah's commitments may have led him a bit astray, so I'll try to say something about that tomorrow.


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text:
Aire és un municipi francès situat al departament de les Ardenes i a la regió del Gran Est. L'any 2007 tenia 231 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet d'Aire era de 231 persones. Hi havia 82 famílies de les quals 12 eren unipersonals (4 homes vivint sols i 8 dones vivint soles), 31 parelles sense fills i 39 parelles amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitants censats

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 87 habitatges, 80 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 4 eren segones residències i 3 estaven desocupats. Tots els 87 habitatges eren cases. Dels 80 habitatges principals, 64 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 16 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 1 estava cedit a títol gratuït; 1 tenia dues cambres, 4 en tenien tres, 10 en tenien quatre i 66 en tenien cinc o més. 67 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 34 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 42 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 142 persones, 112 eren actives i 30 eren inactives. De les 112 persones actives 102 estaven ocupades (57 homes i 45 dones) i 10 estaven aturades (3 homes i 7 dones). De les 30 persones inactives 6 estaven jubilades, 17 estaven estudiant i 7 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Aire hi havia 80 unitats fiscals que integraven 230 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 17.777 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 13 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 1 era d'una empresa de fabricació d'altres productes industrials, 5 d'empreses de construcció, 3 d'empreses de comerç i reparació d'automòbils, 1 d'una empresa immobiliària, 2 d'empreses de serveis i 1 d'una empresa classificada com a «altres activitats de serveis».

Dels 6 establiments de servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009, 1 era un taller de reparació d'automòbils i de material agrícola, 1 paleta, 2 fusteries i 2 lampisteries.

L'any 2000 a Aire hi havia 8 explotacions agrícoles.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques d'Aire a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades d'Aire a l'INSEE
 France par commune  Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.

Municipis de les Ardenes