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Home Censorship DePaul Rejects Finkelstein
DePaul Rejects Finkelstein
Inside Higher Education June 11, 2007
DePaul University on Friday formally denied tenure to Norman G. Finkelstein, who has taught political science there while attracting an international following — of both fans and critics — for his attacks on Israeli policies and the "Holocaust industry."
Finkelstein's tenure bid has attracted an unusual degree of outside attention and his research has been much debated by scholars of the Middle East. In evaluating his record, DePaul faculty panels and administrators praised him as a teacher and acknowledged that he has become a prominent public intellectual, with works published by major presses. But first a dean and now the president of DePaul — in rejecting tenure for Finkelstein — have cited the style of his work and intellectual combat. Finkelstein was criticized for violating the Vincentian norms of the Roman Catholic university with writing and statements that were deemed hurtful, that contained ad hominem attacks and that did not show respect for others
Given that line of criticism, the Finkelstein case is emerging as a test of whether a range of qualities grouped together as "collegiality" belong in tenure cases. Many colleges and universities consider collegiality — perhaps not surprising given that a positive tenure vote can make someone a colleague for the duration of a career. But many experts on academic freedom, as well as the American Association of University Professors, view skeptically the practice of treating collegiality as a major, independent factor in the tenure process. They fear that collegiality can provide cover for squelching the views of those who may hold controversial or cutting edge views or who just get on their colleagues' wrong sides.
Dichter cancels U.K. trip over fears of 'war crimes' arrest
By Barak Ravid, Haaretz Correspondent
Haaretz.
Public Security Minister Avi Dichter canceled a trip to Britain over concerns he would be arrested due to his involvement in the decision to assassinate the head of Hamas' military wing in July 2002.
Fifteen people were killed in the bombing of Salah Shehade's house in Gaza, among them his wife and three children, when Dichter was head of the Shin Bet security service. He is the first minister to have to deal with a possible arrest.
Dichter was invited to take part in a conference by a British research institute on "the day after" Annapolis. He was supposed to give an address on the diplomatic process.
Dichter contacted the Foreign Ministry and sought an opinion on the matter, among other reasons because of previous cases in which complaints were filed in Britain and arrest warrants were issued on suspicion of war crimes by senior officers who served during the second intifada.
The Foreign Ministry wrote Dichter that it did not recommend he visit Britain because of a high probability that an extreme leftist organization there would file a complaint, which might lead to an arrest warrant. The ministry also wrote that because Dichter was not an official guest of the British government, he did not have immunity from arrest.


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Check out the other Byrdwell.com Websites!
Disclaimer: Not all fragments listed here are observed from every class of phospholipid. Every possible adduct and most fragments have been listed here for the sake of thoroughness, whether they are actually observed or not. The page for each phospholipid class will be tailored as time permits.


I'm taking a quick breather week, I'll be back again next week with the back half of Chapter 19. In the meantime, enjoy Ada and Alexis dressed up like bunnies. As you can see, Ada was one hundred percent on board with this idea.
Hey folks, had a great time at Chibi Chibi Con yesterday. Plenty of nice people came up to the both, and lots grabbed flyers and copies of the comic. If you're one of the new people here, let me say, "Welcome!" Also, be sure to go back and check out the comic from the beginning. Chapter 1 is right this way.
Chibi Chibi Con 2019, again.
Hey Rune Readers, just a reminder that I will have a table in the Artist Alley at Chibi Chibi Con 2019. The event will be on April 6th, 2019 and will be hosted at the Evergreen State College. Stop by and pay a visit if you're in the area. Hopefully there won't be a surprise snowstorm, again. As I said before, I will be selling copies of Rune Hunters Chapter 0, as well as some original artwork.
Hey folks, just wanted to give you a heads up that Rune Hunters Chapter 19 will be starting up next week. Sorry for the longer breather, but I needed a little time off to get things ready and to enjoy a little bit of a winter break.
Stay for Chapter 19, though. It's gonna be a doozy.


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Q: How to create an XDocument given an XmlWriter? We have a method that writes XML into an XmlWriter, we use this to generate a stream of XML directly without having to go via some form of DOM. However there are occasions where we do want to create a DOM. One approach would be to always build a DOM and to stream from that (to cover both requirements), but we like the performance of writing XML directly. Therefore we want to build a DOM from an XmlWriter.
See How to create a XmlDocument using XmlWriter in .NET? for an example of how to create an XmlDocument from an XmlWriter, albeit using a slightly off-piste code pattern. Are there similar options if I want an XDocument (or XElement subtree) instead?

A: Have a look at the XContainer.CreateWriter Method:

XContainer.CreateWriter Method
Creates an XmlWriter that can be used to add nodes to the XContainer.

Both XDocument and XElement are XContainers.
Example:
XDocument doc = new XDocument();
using (XmlWriter writer = doc.CreateWriter())
{
    // Do this directly
    writer.WriteStartDocument();
    writer.WriteStartElement("root");
    writer.WriteElementString("foo", "bar");
    writer.WriteEndElement();
    writer.WriteEndDocument();
    // or anything else you want to with writer, like calling functions etc.
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: PHP - form results to CSV - replace commas before writing I am trying to change / strip / replace the COMMAS from the results of a form before it is saved to a CSV file.
The basic process:

*

*form filled out by a user. submit

*result written to a CSV file  (open, write, close)

*email to an email address. (mail: to, subject, message, headers)

I have tried the wrapping of data with "\" as described here >> Write to .csv file with PHP (Commas in Data Error)
This is my basic form > form.php
<form action="thanks.php" method="post" >
    Title
    <select name="Title" class="form-control">
        <option value=""> - select - </option>
        <option value="Mr.">Mr.</option>
        <option value="Mrs.">Mrs.</option>
    </select>

    First Name *
    <input name="FirstName" type="text" value="" id="FirstName">

     Last Name *
    <input name="LastName" type="text" value="" id="LastName">

    Email Address *
    <input name="Email" type="text" value="" id="Email">

    Comments
    <textarea name="Comments" rows="2" class="form-control" id="Comments"></textarea>

    Description
    <textarea name="Description" rows="2" class="form-control" id="Description"></textarea>

    <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

What I have got working:

*

*Collecting of filled out form data to thanks.php

*Opening and writing to a csv file (well twice - ones a backup)

*Sending of forms data as html to an email

thanks.php
    <?php extract ($_POST); ?>
    <?php
        $Title =        $_POST['Title'];
        $FirstName =    $_POST['FirstName'];
        $LastName =     $_POST['LastName'];
        $Email =        $_POST['Email'];
        $Description =  $_POST['Description'];
        $Comments =     $_POST['Comments'];

        $fp = fopen("thedata.csv", "a");
        $savestring =
            $arr[] = "\"".$Title."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$FirstName."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$LastName."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$Email."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$Description."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$Comments."\"".
            "\n";
        fwrite($fp, $savestring);
        fclose($fp);

        $fp = fopen("backupdata.csv", "a");
        $savestring =
            $arr[] = "\"".$Title."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$FirstName."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$LastName."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$Email."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$Description."\",".
            $arr[] = "\"".$Comments."\"".
            "\n";
        fwrite($fp, $savestring);
        fclose($fp);
    ?>

    <?php
    {
      PRINT "
Thanks for filling out the form
";
    }
    $to  = "email@address.com".",";
    $subject = "Contact the client";
    $message = "

            Title
            FirstName
            LastName
            Email
            Description
            Comments

            $Title
            $FirstName
            $LastName
            $Email
            $Description
            $Comments

    ";
    $headers  = "MIME-Version: 1.0" . "\r\n";
    $headers .= "Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" . "\r\n";
    $headers .= "From:email@address.com" . "\r\n";
    mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers);
    ?>

What is NOT working...
When I open the csv file (in excel/sheets), I noticed that people are adding commas to the description and / or comments fields... so there are extra columns automatically.
I have tried using semi-colons instead in $savestring but then it doesn't even separate into columns. Just one line, and where I put a comma in description that's where the next column comes.
So I know I need to replace the commas THEY type in with hyphens (or something else) BEFORE I write to CSV so that columns are NOT created, therefore breaking the formatting of data into extra columns.
I just can't figure out how :|


Click here to access a one-page overview of our schedule.
Click here to access our final detailed agenda including links to abstracts from each talk. Copies of many of the full presentations are now available from this document as well.


text:
30 October 2018|Articles
The Winkdex Blended Bitcoin Index: How it Works
Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss are known for their many crypto exploits. In 2014, Winklevoss Capital, the investment firm created by these twins, launched Winkdex. The goal was to create a Bitcoin price monitoring tool that was more accurate than the options available at that time. Today, the Winkdex price monitoring platform sees use by numerous financial institutions, including Bloomberg, when determining the real price of Bitcoin.
How The Winkdex Works
The Winkdex price index tool pulls data from multiple exchanges, including Bitfinex, BTCE, CampBX, and LocalBTC. The data collected is then put into proprietary mathematical formulas. These formulas take into account a wide range of factors to determine the true weighted value of Bitcoin.
The Winkdex employs a five-step process to ensure the prices provided are of the highest accuracy. The first step is to gather trade data from all the participating exchanges. The information is then timestamped and placed into a grid. The grid includes the source, time, price, quantity, and quantity as a percentage of total trade volume. Additionally, the mathematical protocol looks for erroneous data points and rejects them from the equation.
The next step in the Winkdex equation is to sort the trades based on price from lowest to highest. This step is a critical component in the equation because it allows the platform to disregard the most unstable data. Both low and high percentile trades can create irregularities in the mathematical formula used.
Identify Trades
The third step in the Winkdex blended Bitcoin price index is to identify trades with prices within the cutoff threshold. This action requires eliminating exchange data prices collected under the top 95 percent in the equation. In this step, the top and bottom five percent of all trades get excluded from the calculations. By eliminating the top and bottom volume trades, Winkdex can create a more stable price calculation.
The fourth step of the Winkdex blended Bitcoin price index formula involves the removed top and bottom percentiles. When these removed data points don't add up to exactly 5 percent, the Winkdex will split the data to achieve the desired fifth percentile required by the protocol.
The data collected by the Winkdex is then re-sorted and placed into a table that shows the weights of the trades. The weight of a trade is a calculation that takes into account the proportional relevance of a trade. This data will include any split trade information in the previous steps. The data gets calculated by taking the sum of volumes and dividing them by the sum of quantities.
The Winkdex
The New York-based Winkdex entered the market in October 2014 under a wave of media coverage. Since its inception, the Winkdex platform has emerged as one of the most accurate Bitcoin price indexes available to crypto investors.
The Winkdex Blended Index via Homepage
Winkdex App
The crypto duo decided it was a wise decision to expand their platform into the mobile sector after recognizing the need for a more user-friendly approach. This desire prompted the launch of the Winkdex iOS and Android apps. You can utilize the platform directly from your iPhone or Android smart device.
The crypto community is uniquely mobile in their investment monitoring strategy. Many in the crypto space see mobile integration as a crucial step towards large-scale cryptocurrency adoption. By catering to these individuals, the Winkdex has been able to capture a significant portion of the market share.
Winkdex Widget
In 2015, the Winkdex platform became available in widget form as well. Widgets allow you to quickly monitor the price index without the added step of opening an app. Installing widgets is easy and the widget is a popular alternative to downloading the entire Winkdex app.
Ethereum Support
The Winkdex also supports similar functionality for Ethereum (ETH). Ethereum has long been one of the top cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization globally. The mathematical equation used to calculate Bitcoin's price is the same when determining Ethereum.
The Winklevoss Twins
The Winklevoss twins are no strangers to the crypto spotlight. The dynamic duo has been a significant voice in the crypto space for years. The pair initially received massive media coverage after suing Facebook. The brothers alleged Facebook had stolen their concept from the brother's ConnectU platform. After a lengthy trial, the twins received $65 million in damages.
It was this $65 million dollar lawsuit victory which ultimately gave the twins the funding to invest in Bitcoin. The brothers used $11 million of these funds to purchase Bitcoin in April 2007, when the price of Bitcoin was around $120 per Bitcoin.
Tyler and Cameron have also made a name for themselves within the crypto community as venture capitalists. One of the twins' most publicized investments was BitInstant. This NY-based crypto exchange entered the market in 2011 and operated until 2014. The project's developers included Charlie Shrem and Gareth Nelson.
The Winklevoss twins made headlines again in 2008 when they competed in the Beijing Olympics. In 2017, reports surfaced that the twins were among the first Bitcoin billionaires. At the time the brothers boasted that they owned over one percent of the total bitcoins in circulation.
SEC Rejections
The Winklevoss twins have had their share of run-ins with the SEC along their crypto journey. In July of this year, the brothers received their second SEC rejection regarding the launch of an ETF Bitcoin fund. The brothers named it the Gemini Fund after their highly successful crypto exchange. The SEC stated in their rejection that a "substantial majority of Bitcoin trading occurs on unregulated venues."
Winklevoss Twins Get Green Light
This month, the Gemini crypto exchange received approval to add Litecoin to the platform. The platform boasts full SEC compliance, and coincidentally, utilizes the Winkdex pricing.
The Winkdex Continues to Expand
The Winklevoss twins are significant players in the crypto community. Their influence and ingenuity remain felt throughout the crypto space. These brothers continue to push for increased Bitcoin adoption, and many in the space see their participation as critical in getting Bitcoin ETFs licensed.
Hopefully, in the coming months, these two creative minds will be able to convince the SEC of the benefits of allowing Bitcoin ETFs to operate. For now, the crypto community is watching their moves closely to determine what's next.
BitcoinBitcoin millionairesWinklevoss Twins
David Hamilton aka DavidtheWriter has published thousands of cryptocurrency related articles. Currently, he resides in the epicenter of the cryptomarket – Puerto Rico. David is a strong advocate for blockchain technologies and financial sovereignty.
http://Mywebalien.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


VBGB Beer Hall & Garden is the first beer hall and garden combination in Charlotte. Using traditional German biergartens (with a contemporary spin) as inspiration for its décor and menu, VBGB offers 30 craft beers on draft, most of them served in authentic German .5 liter and 1 liter steins, as well as pitchers. The indoor hall has frost rails to keep your beverages chilled, and the communal ambiance thrives thanks to the superb design.
VBGB features Charlotte's largest outdoor patio at 6,500 square feet filled with 12 foot communal picnic tables bringing a new level of friendly interaction and socialization.
Located just outside the gates of the Time Warner Amphitheatre, on the backside of the NC Music Factory, VBGB offers traditional German beer garden fare, like brats, potato latkes and pretzels, as well as many traditional bar foods, but also offers healthy options like edamame and homemade quinoa salad. VBGB also offers a full bar and select wines by the ½ bottle. VBGB has a seating capacity for over 450; with private event space for up to 150 (includes private patio and private tap options as well).
With the iconic JFG Coffee sign on the roof above, VBGB will be easy to find. Owners, Tom and Kara Taddeo, are honored to have been chosen as the keepers of the sign and are excited to see its return to the Charlotte skyline.
VBGB (Very Big German Beer) Beer Hall and Garden is have rave reviews, so google the name and see for yourself. As always, free parking is available in the newly paved lot, directly across the street from VBGB. Find us right under the JFG Coffee Sign.


text:
1MATCH URL: https://assets.rappler.com/612F469A6EA84F6BAE882D2B94A4B421/img/9696C087FB584CB086FCDA8A6BA9FF5F/dureza-sison-20160615-1.jpg
Dureza: We are now at the threshold of peace
'Four years after its breakdown and collapse, we are now on the threshold of a resumption of the stalled peace talks with the CPP/NPA/NDF,' chief government negotiator Jesus Dureza says
Bobby Lagsa
Published 11:19 AM, June 17, 2016
Updated 11:19 AM, June 17, 2016
SELFIE TIME. Duterte peace adviser Jesus Dureza (right) poses for a selfie with NDF peace panel chair Luis Jalandoni (left) and CPP founder Jose Maria Sison. File photo from Dureza's Facebook page
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, Philippines – Jesus Dureza, the chief government negotiator of President-elect Rodrigo Duterte with the Communist Party of the Philippines-National Democratic Front-New People's Army (CPP-NDF) said that the country is close to the resumption of peace talks.
Dureza, together with incoming Labor Secretary Silvestre Bello III and former congressman Hernani Braganza flew to Oslo, Norway last week to meet with Jose Maria Sison, chief political consultant of the NDF and Luis Jalandoni, NDF chairperson.
The meeting resulted in a joint statement last Wednesday for the resumption of peace talks sometime during the 3rd week of July 2016 in Norway.
The Royal Norwegian Government is the third party facilitator of the peace negotiations.
In a statement, Dureza urged everyone to stay on course on the road to peace. "Yet, the road ahead to trek is not that always smooth and easy," Dureza said.
"Four years after its breakdown and collapse, we are now on the threshold of a resumption of the stalled peace talks with the CPP/NPA/NDF," Dureza added.
"Norway will usher in the formal restart next month of what could be another renewed effort to end conflict and bring about that long elusive but cherished peace in the land," Dureza said.
Dureza also said that the recent Oslo "encounter" was a reunion of sorts of old friends on both sides of the negotiating table but whose efforts in various times and climes in the past proved futile.
"Now, new sparks of the dawning Rodrigo Duterte presidency are reigniting the peace landscape," Dureza said.
Dureza said that the two-day Oslo meeting shows optimism and trust.
"There is mutual enthusiasm and hope, not only amongst us negotiators across the table, but most significantly, among us all Filipinos, in whose behalf all these efforts are being done in the first place," Dureza added.
There will expectedly be humps and bumps along the way. But there is a destination that we must all inevitably reach, the chief negotiator said.
"Our new president is taking the decisive lead and has shown us the way. Let us all stay the course," Dureza urged.
Internal displacement in Misamis Oriental
While Dureza and the CPP-NDF-NPA are holding exploratory talks to jumpstart the stalled peace talks, 135 people evacuated their ancestral lands in Lagonglong town in Misamis Oriental.
This is the 4th time that the Higaonon tribe in Barangay Banglay fled their land after armed clashes between government troopers and NPA rebels.
The clashes between the army and the rebels have been going on for more than a week now and the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are seeking government intervention via the provincial government.
A scheduled dialogue today, June 17, between the IDPs, army officials from the 4th Infantry Division, and the provincial government was cancelled. No definite date has been specified for the rescheduled dialogue.
Captain Nestor Endozo, spokesperson of the 58th Infantry battalion of the 4th ID, said they have distributed relief goods to 21 families housed in Lagonglong's municipal gym.
Nenita Hilugon, head of the IDPs, said they will not be returning to their homes anytime soon. The IDPs want the military to withdraw their troops from their lands.
The Karapatan Human Rights group said the military has violated the Comprehensive Agreement on the Respect for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CARHRIHL) by placing their soldiers in civilian communities. – Rappler.com
Filed under:communist party of the philippines•cpp-ndf-npa•hernani braganza•joma sison•jose maria sison•luis jalandoni•national democratic front•new people's army•peace talks•silvestre bello iii•jesus dureza


text:
Núbia fou la regió del sud de l'antic Egipte, més enllà de la primera cascada del Nil. La regió s'estenia fins a la sisena cascada, a la vora de l'actual Khartum. Núbia es divideix en dues regions: Alta Núbia (al sud, des de la segona a la sisena cascada) i Baixa Núbia (regió al nord, fins a 400 km més enllà de la primera cascada i a la vora de la segona). El seu nom podria derivar de la paraula de l'antic egipci, Nub, que vol dir 'or'.

Antigues denominacions

El país es deia a l'Imperi Antic Ta-Seti (Terra dels Arcs, per la fama de bons arquers dels habitants del país), nom que fou també aplicat al nomós més al sud d'Egipte. Els egipcis anomenaven al territori més al sud, sud-est i sud-oest del país com a Ta-Netjer (Terra de déus). El territori de Núbia fou anomenat Ta-Nehesi (Nehesi = Nubià). La Baixa Núbia fou anomenada Wasat (del nom d'un dels principats de la regió). Els nòmades del desert de Núbia eren esmentats com a Iuntiu o Iuntiu-setiu (Tribus Núbies). Els noms de Medjai, Irtjet, Zatju i Kaau es donaven a pobles o regnes de la Baixa Núbia. La terra de Iam era una part de l'alta Núbia (entre la cinquena i la sisena cascada o més probablement entre la tercera i quarta segons altres fonts) que es coneix bé perquè ha quedat record d'una visita feta en temps de la sisena dinastia per Harkhuf, Governador d'Elefantina. La terra del Punt, suposadament a Somàlia, ha estat identificada, amb dubtes, com una part de l'Alta Núbia, la zona de l'est a la vora de la Mar Roja.

Des l'Imperi Mitjà els egipcis van utilitzar la paraula Kash per designar Núbia. Kash, probablement el regne bíblic de Kush, era el nom del regne, potser successor d'Iam, establert a Kerma fins al , en el qual els egipcis van arribar allí, i després a Napata, i molt més tard a Mèroe, pronunciat Meroguai. Noms regionals durant l'Imperi Mitjà foren: Sha'at (a la regió de l'illa de Sai), Irishek, Tua, Imana'a i Ruket (al centre) i Awshek i Webet-Sepat a les muntanyes orientals.

A l'Imperi Nou els egipcis es referien a Núbia, o concretament al regne de Kush, com a Khenet-Hennefer es creu que era el nom de l'alta Núbia entre la segona i la quarta cascada. El poble que vivia a la regió de Dòngola, abans potser esmentat com a Terra d'Iam, és esmentat com a Irem. Una mica més tard, a la regió de Napata se la va anomenar Karoi. Durant la capitalitat de Mèroe a la regió més enllà de la cinquena cascada se li deia Illa de Mèroe (entre els rius Atbara, Nil i Nil Blau).

Història

Paleolític
S'han trobat eines del paleolític però no restes humanes a causa de les difícils condicions climàtiques per a la seva conservació. Aquestes eines són destrals, arrodonides de l'extrem per la qual cosa eren utilitzades per donar cops, i que s'agafaven per l'altre, de les que n'existeixen al Sudan Central i fins al delta del Nil, i similars a les d'Europa i Àsia, i que corresponen a lHomo erectus. Aquesta cultura és coneguda com a Acheulià i va existir vers 500.000 aC a 50.000 aC.

Als anys 90 es van trobar a prop de Dòngola uns centenars de destrals de mà i en un dels llocs un taller de pedra amb restes i una fila de pedres grans que suggerien un resguard i que seria el lloc habitat més antic de la Vall del Nil, de fa uns 70.000 anys. Però entre el 50.000 i el 25.000 aC la cultura de la destral de mà va desaparèixer i fou substituïda per un altre tipus de treball de la pedra, variable segons les regions. Les primeres restes humanes són d'aquesta època i corresponen ja a l'espècie Homo sapiens. Entre el 25.000 i el 8000 aC les condicions climàtiques es van anar acostant a les actuals. D'aquesta fase s'han trobat alguns assentaments a la zona de la segona cascada del Nil, que sembla corresponen a un poble seminòmada (Qadan) que recol·lectava, pescava i utilitzava el gra salvatge; tenien cementiri, que s'ha trobat a Gebel Sahaba prop de Wadi Halfa, el que indicaria un assentament bastant estable, i per la quantitat de morts violentes que es detecten sembla que havien de lluitar per la terra o els recursos.

Neolític
El neolític va començar vers el 8000 aC; les comunitats van començar a viure en assentaments permanents i a produir el seu propi menjar; els assentaments s'han localitzat quasi tots en zones avui dia en ple desert (el desert de Bayuda al nord de Khartum, el desert Saharià a l'oest de Dongola, i el desert de Núbia a l'Est de Kerma) el que indica o bé un canvi climàtic o bé que el Nil ha canviat el seu trajecte almenys en algunes zones. S'han trobat les restes d'un antic riu (Wadi Howar) que des del Txad arribava al Nil per la zona de Dongola; el territori al nord de la gran corba del riu Nil era tallat per una branca del Nil Blanc que corria cap al nord al que avui és el Wadi Muqaddam, on s'aprecien traces d'haver estat ben regada i s'han trobat restes de peixos; a l'est de Kerma, a la regió coneguda com a Wadi al-Khowi totalment desèrtica, també s'han trobat restes de rius. s'ha comprovat que el riu Nil corria uns 10 km més a l'est que actualment, i a la regió de Kadruda s'ha pogut determinar que va agafar el seu llit actual vers el 5000-2000 aC, observant-se que els assentaments són més vells a 10 km a l'est del riu i que ho són menys progressivament cap a l'oest. En aquesta regió del Wadi al-Khowi s'han localitzat uns trenta cementiris alguns amb un miler de tombes, algunes de les quals reflecteixen una diferència social, per la col·locació i la presència de ceràmica, armes, vori i altres objectes, diferència que s'hauria iniciat vers el 5000 aC i hauria continuat. A Kadero, uns 15 km al nord de Khartum, s'han trobat restes de cases, d'animals domèstics i ceràmica; s'han excavat unes 160 tombes, n'hi ha centenars, i també s'aprecia l'estratificació amb la presència d'objectes entre els quals conquilles de la Mar Roja, a 300 km a l'est. A la vora de Shendi, més al nord, s'ha trobat un establiment del període vers el 4000 aC anomenat Kadada, on el cementiri tenia milers d'individus, i centenars de tombes han estat excavades, observant-se que els nens eren enterrats sota les cases i no al mateix lloc que els adults

El grup A
A partir del 3500 aC van florir dues noves cultures. Una, a la Baixa Núbia entre la primera i segona cascada i, l'altra, entre la tercera i la quarta. Es creu que estaven emparentades però presenten algunes diferències. Aquestes cultures foren identificades per l'arqueòleg George Reiner el 1907 i les va anomenar Grup A perquè cap inscripció egípcia conserva el seu nom. Sembla que aquest grup A era molt diferent dels seus contemporanis egipcis tant políticament com en la llengua, la cultura i fins i tot l'ètnia. Se n'ha trobat objectes a la Baixa Núbia i algun a Egipte i es van excavar alguns cementiris en els quals hi ha objectes de luxe portats d'Egipte. A Qustul, al sud d'Assuan (lloc documentat ja amb els primers faraons i potser fins i tot en època predinàstica), es van trobar algunes tombes amb força objectes suposadament egipcis de luxe, i entre ells representacions de reis amb la corona i amb el déu falcó Horus, i el prehistoriador Bruce Williams va suggerir que existia un estat central que hauria estat regit per una dinastia amb 10 o 12 reis que serien els allí representats (que no serien pas faraons egipcis) i que Egipte hauria copiat més tard el model, àdhuc els objectes allí trobats, confirmant així l'afirmació de Diodorus de Sicília que al segle I aC afirmava que la cultura egípcia derivava de Núbia. El fet que alguns productes siguin no importacions sinó locals semblava que li donava la raó però les últimes descobertes a Abidos de materials similars datats vers el 3400 aC, anteriors a les tombes de Qustul, han fet perdre pes a la hipòtesi. A Qustul i a altres ciutats del mateix grup, la gent s'enterrava en forats amb pedres alineades amb acompanyament de recipients i productes cosmètics. Una estructura de ciutat a Kerma (datada vers 3500 a 2500 aC) s'ha descobert allí, on també hi ha un cementiri amb alguns caps o reietons enterrats i s'ha trobat tanmateix les restes d'una ciutat anterior (vers 5000 a 3500 aC). Un altre assentament important és el d'illa de Sai també amb un cementiri del grup A.

Els texts egipcis deixen constància de 5 expedicions a Núbia: la de Snefru, vers 2550 aC fou la primera (700 presoners i 2000 caps de ramat). Després d'això les restes del Grup A desapareixen, bé assimilades per Egipte o expulsats cap al desert, i els egipcis van poder avançar cap a Núbia i establir un lloc avançat a Buhen, a la segona cascada, lloc sobretot d'intercanvi comercial. Vers el 2550 a 2400 aC els egipcis van poder ocupar alguns punts claus de la Baixa Núbia i el seu control devia desorganitzar els poders existents i van arribar nous pobles seminòmades potser organitzats en confederacions tribals dirigides per caps que els egipcis anomenen "els grans". Els egipcis van haver de tornar vers la primera cascada deixant la Baixa Núbia en mans d'aquestes tribus i amb els contactes comercials interromputs.

El grup C, els regnes de Wawat, Irtjet, Setju i Iam (Kerma)
Vers el 2500 aC va entrar un grup a la regió, anomenat Grup C, una branca dels quals va originar a l'Alta Núbia l'anomenada Cultura de Kerma, que va substituir el pre-Kerma, i va florir plenament vers el 2200 aC que es diu així perquè el seu centre principal fou la ciutat actual de Kerma (on s'han trobat les principals restes); altres branques del Grup C es van establir més al nord a la Baixa Núbia. A pre-Kerma s'han trobat les restes d'un gran palau rodó datat d'abans del 2000 aC i una estela escrita en jeroglífics egipcis amb el nom de dos oficials egipcis que havien visitat la ciutat; també s'han trobat objectes comercials i gerres de pedra.

El concepte abstracte Grup C fou introduït igualment per l'arqueòleg americà George Reisner a començaments del . La gran expedició del faraó Snefru (vers 2550 aC) a Núbia, ja esmentada, on va fer set-cents presoners, no va aturar l'entrada del grup C, que devia procedir del sud o sud-oest i que es va establir a la riba occidental del Nil entre la primera i segona cascada. Molt similar fou l'altra branca del grup que va formar l'esmentada cultura de Kerma, a la zona de la tercera cascada. Ambdós grups eren pastors i els seus assentaments eren barraques rodones amb parets vegetals; els llocs on es van establir eren fèrtils (Dakka, Aniba, Qustul, Ballana, Faras) facilitant el desenvolupament de tribus, l'aparició de caps i la formació de petits estats o regnes com Irtjet, Satajw (Setju), Wawat…Iam, el més important dels regnes fou probablement el que avui dia es coneix com a regne de Kerma i podria ser Iam. Sembla que eren molt bons arquers i com a mercenaris van servir als exèrcits egipcis. A l'Imperi Mitjà les ciutats del grup C es van fer més solides, construïdes de pedra o rajola. Els egipcis, per controlar el país, van haver d'establir una sèrie de fortaleses.

La presència dels nouvinguts està testimoniada per algunes tombes baixes i rodones i per la ceràmica vermella o negra decorada amb incisions i pigmentació blanca. Inicialment es va pensar en un grup B, però finalment es va descartar i se'l va incloure al grup C. A partir del 2600 aC els egipcis anomenaren els nubians com Nehesy, però dins el terme s'incloïen diversos grups cadascun amb nom tribal o geogràfic diferent. A la sisena dinastia (2300-2150 aC) apareixen els noms de Wawat (al nord), Irtjet (al sud de l'anterior), i Setju (més al sud encara), que serien diferents petits regnes formats per individus integrants del Grup C. Un altre grup va ser anomenat Medja, poble nòmada potser del desert oriental a partir de la segona cascada, i que per similitud de nom s'han identificat amb els beges, antics blèmies i que van arribar per la mateixa època o poc després (vers 2300-2200 aC), coneguts com a cultura dels sepulcres de cassoles, però amb tendència a barrejar-se els tres grups (C, Kerma i sepulcres de Cassoles).

Vegeu Medja

Si bé des de la Primera dinastia els egipcis ja comerciaven amb Núbia, i hi van fer expedicions, que podrien haver estat intents de conquesta parcial o respostes a incursions frontereres, el comerç principal fou precisament amb la gent de la terra de Medja, és a dir els Medjai (que els arqueòlegs esmenten com el poble dels sepulcres de cassoles), els quals es distingien també com a guerrers ferotges i alguns es van enrolar als exèrcits egipcis com a mercenaris almenys des de la sisena dinastia. Els egipcis estaven interessats bàsicament a comerciar amb productes que els hi mancaven i en minerals com la pedra dura, el coure i l'or (a Núbia hi havia unes mines a l'actual Wadi Allaqi a l'est de les muntanyes prop de Qubban, a menys de 200 km al sud d'Elefantina. Més tard, encara a l'Imperi Antic, el comerç es va estendre a altres productes que de vegades procedien d'altres pobles, com eren l'encens, la mirra (l'"or verd"), el vori, la fusta negra i d'altres, olis, resines, gomes, pells d'animals (panteres, lleopards, micus, gossos, girafes), plomes i ous d'estruç, i nans (que eren necessaris per als rituals religiosos).

Al començament de la tercera dinastia, o potser ja durant la segona, es va fundar el punt avançat egipci de Buhen, a la segona cascada del Nil, prop de la producció de coure; més tard el faraó Khufu va treure diorita a l'oest de Toshka i al sud de Buhen; altres expedicions van sobrepassar la segona cascada; a la quarta dinastia va quedar establert el servei regular de missatges entre la primera i la segona cascada; amb el faraó Sahure, a la dinastia V, s'esmenta el comerç amb Punt, que es feia amb vaixells per la Mar Roja (les caravanes sortien de Coptos fins al Wadi Hammamat o bé el Wadi Gasus a la costa de la mar). Durant aquest període es va abandonar Buhen i les mines prop de Toshka es van tancar, però uns anys després, amb la següent dinastia, es reclutaven mercenaris per la campanya del Canaan i s'esmenten cinc diferents pobles nubians; també es van fer expedicions a Ibhat, al sud-est de la segona cascada, i es van construir barques gegants a Wawat per emportar-se fusta i es va anomenar als sobirans de Wawat, Irtjet, Iam i Medja com "Fusta arrossegada" possiblement com una darrera humiliació; poc després es van obrir canals a la regió de la primera cascada i després (vers 2550 aC) el faraó Merenre va anar a Elefantina, on va ser homenatjat pels sobirans nubians de Wawat, Irtjet, i Setju. Una biografia de l'oficial egipci Uni trobada a la seva tomba a Abidos explica que va dirigir la construcció de canals a la regió de la primera cascada i estan allí va visitar en barca pel Nil alguns llocs de Núbia per agafar pedra per a la piràmide del faraó, i que els reis de Núbia li van facilitar la fusta que va necessitar (suposadament la fusta havia de venir de l'Alta Núbia, ja que no ni havia a la Baixa Núbia; per la mateixa època mercenaris nubians es van enrolar a l'exèrcit egipci, que formaven el cos principal vers el 2150 aC, i molts dels quals es van establir a Egipte, sobretot a l'Alt Egipte, i es van barrejar amb la població que encara conserva traces d'aquesta barreja. Els texts egipcis esmenten en aquesta època (vers 2200 aC) uns reis (o caps) nubians anomenats Ibi i Pepi-Nakht.

Sembla que els governadors d'Elefantina eren els delegats reials pels afers de Núbia i un d'ells, ja esmentat, Harkhuf va deixar constància de quatre expedicions a l'alta Núbia i Iam durant els regnats de Merenre i de Pepi II, amb ordres de descobrir les rutes a través del país i negociar amb els seus caps, com s'esmenta més endavant.

Més tard es coneix una expedició dirigida per Hekajib, governador d'Elefantina, que aparentment buscava aniquilar el grup C, traient Wawat de la confederació i establint un control egipci més estable, però no ho va aconseguir, i les campanyes militars van continuar la resta de l'Imperi vell. Amb la sisena dinastia el governador d'Elefantina, Sabni, explica que havia hagut de caminar un dia fins a Wawat, amb un exèrcit, per poder recuperar el cos de son pare, l'anterior governador, assassinat mentre comerciava. El grup C doncs va tenir un destacat paper en l'expulsió dels egipcis en iniciar-se les guerres civils i el primer període entremig.

Vers el 2200 o poc després apareix el regne d'Iam, els guerrers del qual també van entrar a l'exèrcit egipci. L'única font per això és la biografia de Harkhuf, governador d'Elefantina (o cap de caravana segons altres fonts) en què narra quatre expedicions a Núbia en les quals va emprar uns vuit mesos en cada una. Iam tenia un rei que era aliat dels egipcis i al que Harkhuf va portar regals; el rei d'Iam va donar tres-cents cavalls carregats de mercaderies i un pigmeu (un nan) de "la terra dels habitants de l'horitzó". Per anar des Egipte, Harkhuf va seguir les rutes del desert, ja que era perillós passar per Wawat, Irtjet, i Setju o Zatju. Per tornar, com que necessitava passar vora el riu, el rei d'Iam li va donar una escorta fins al mateix Egipte, i va poder creuar els tres regnes hostils. Alguns erudits proposen identificar Iam amb Kerma.

Fortaleses egípcies a Núbia; el regne de Kus o de Kerma

A partir del 2150 i fins vora el 2000 aC Egipte va viure el primer període entremig i el comerç amb Núbia va quedar suspès. Durant aquesta època va desaparèixer el regne d'Iam i se substituí per Kus al texts egipcis. Alguns erudits proposen que, com abans Iam, Kus fou un estadi del regne de Kerma, el regne més poderós de Núbia que s'ha d'identificar amb el Kus egipci. Efectivament és molt probable que Kus fou el regne que va tenir centre a la moderna ciutat de Kerma. La paraula Kus era modificada pels egipcis per donar l'adjectiu vil o menyspreable, potser perquè Iam fou amic i Kus era enemic. Sorgit del que fou el regne d'Iam, que potser va subsistir un temps, es creu que va formar una confederació oposada a Egipte i va acabar unificant el petits regnes del nord com Irtjet, Zatju, i Wawat sota un sol sobirà.

Reunificat Egipte abans del 2000 aC els egipcis no van tardar a tornar a Núbia. Aquesta vegada els egipcis edificaren punts forts, establiments comercials i temples i els dirigents nubians es convertiren a la religió egípcia, adoptant els seus costums i emprant els jeroglífics per escriure; l'or, la fusta, el vori i altres productes eren exportats a Egipte. Es coneixen alguns reis de Kerma: Awawa (vers 1850 aC) i Nedjeh (vers 1650 aC).

Vers el 1900 aC es van començar a construir fortaleses a la zona de la segona cascada, defensades per una muralla i amb llocs pels arquers. Quasi totes eren a l'oest del riu el que indicaria que els atacs venien més fàcilment de l'est. Aquestes fortaleses eren a més de militars, emporis comercials, i punts de vigilància i de control tant per prevenir invasions com per protegir a les barques que recorrien el Nil i a les caravanes. Aquestes fortaleses eren també una advertència del poder egipci als reis de Kus (Kerma?) perquè no intentés res vers el nord com potser va passar abans del 1900 aC. Les fortaleses tenien torres de vigilància cada certa distància i havien de ser aprovisionades per manca de provisions suficients en el mateix terreny. La més al sud fou Semna (Batn al-Hajjar) que potser es deia Het, al sud de la segona cascada (70 km al sud de l'actual frontera entre Egipte i Sudan). Altres foren (de nord a Sud) Aniba, Kubban, Ikkur, Buhen, Kor, Dorginarti, Mirgissa (Iken), Dabenarti, Askut, Shelfak i Uronarti. A la zona de Semna hi havia Kumma (a l'altre costat de riu) i Semna del sud (a tocar de Semna).

Conquesta de Kus o Kerma

Vers el 1700 aC o 1650 aC aquestes fortaleses van haver de ser abandonades davant l'atac dels hikses (Prínceps de les terres estrangeres) al delta; el rei Nedjeh, suposadament de Kus o Kerma va conquerir o ocupar algunes fortaleses als egipcis, que potser les abandonaven voluntàriament, i alguns soldats egipcis van passar al seu servei. Els hikses van formar dos dinasties (XV i XVI) i van considerar el rei que governava a Tebes com a tributari fins que vers el 1550 aC Kamose va arribar al tron de l'Alt Egipte; llavors el rei del delta i el de Kus van planejar repartir-se l'Alt Egipte però Kamose es va avançar i va atacar el nord, que després va sotmetre el seu successor Amosis I, fundador de la dinastia XVIII. Mentre el regne de Kus havia ocupat el sud d'Egipte fins a la mateixa Assuan. La conquesta de Kus per Egipte no fou fàcil i fins vers el 1450 aC no es va poder donar per feta.

Kamose va capturar un missatger del rei dels hikses en què els invitava a atacar l'Alt Egipte des del sud i dividir-se el territori. El seu successor Amosis I va expulsar els hikses i més tard va conquerir la zona de la primera cascada del Nil. El seu fill Amenhotep I vers el 1500 va arribar a la segona cascada i potser fins a l'illa de Sai. Tuthmosis I, el successor, va arribar fins a la tercera cascada, i un destacament, pel desert, va arribar fins a la vora de la cinquena cascada. Però amb Tuthmosis II i la reina Hatshepsut la situació no va progressar gairebé més. És possible que es conquerís Kerma (Kus?) vers el 1480 aC però la conquesta no es va completar fins Tuthmosis III, després del 1450 aC quan els egipcis es van establir a Napata, a la quarta cascada, i la ciutat de Kurgus (Hagar al-Merwa) a la cinquena al sud de la moderna Abu Hamed, en cadascuna de les quals es va construir una fortalesa.

Virregnat de Kus
Es va crear llavors un virregnat, el cap del qual es deia "Reial fill de Kus i cap de les terres exteriors del Sud" i governava des Nekhen a Napata. Des de llavors a tota Núbia se li va dir Kush, ja que fins llavors era anomenada Wawat, especialment la Baixa Núbia. La capital del virregnat fou Aniba o bé Faras. Els territoris de Wawat i Kus (Baixa i Alta Núbia) havien d'aportar un tribut anual, que era or, esclaus, ramats i productes agrícoles (Wawat) i a més vori i animals exòtics, fusta resines aromàtiques, gomes, pedres precioses, etc. (Kus). Cada regió tenia un governador responsable davant el virrei. Aquest tenia el control de l'exèrcit el cap del qual es deia "comandant dels arquers de Kus"; els prínceps nubians van ser enviats a Egipte per adoptar els costums i més tard tornaren a Núbia com a governadors de les seves regions d'origen (sembla que podrien ser tres principats a Wawat i sis a Kush, per una representació a les parets de la tomba del virrei Amenhotep Hui del temps de Tutankhamon vers el 1330 aC). Els nubians van servir a l'exèrcit egipci i molts van ser enviats a la frontera asiàtica.

Per poder establir egipcis a Núbia calia que els egipcis se sentissin allí com a Egipte. Els egipcis volien morir a la seva terra i amb els seus deus. Els faraons van bastir molts temples a Núbia. A Soleb, Abu Simbel i d'altres llocs n'hi ha exemples notables. A la vora del temple sorgia una petita ciutat; els egipcis es casaven amb nubianes i els nubians rics s'assimilaven fàcilment als egipcis i aprenien a parlar i escriure l'egipci. Sembla que el primer déu nubià fou el sol, i després de la conquesta Amon va esdevenir el principal déu. A Núbia se'l representava sovint com un home amb cap d'animal (un cabrit) coronat pel sol potser derivat d'un anterior déu nubi. El santuari principal fou al Gebel Barkal prop de Napata, que es pensava que era una estàtua natural d'un déu (des l'est la muntanya sembla el cap d'un rei coronat amb una diadema).

El regne de Napata

Després de la mort de Ramsès II el 1224 aC el control egipci a Núbia s'esmicolà. Uns anys després Egipte va quedar de nou dividit i l'Alt Egipte fou administrat pels grans sacerdots d'Amon a Tebes (Ueset). Vers el 1080 aC es creu que hi havia un rei a l'alta Núbia i que la Baixa Núbia era terra de ningú (fins que el rei d'Alta Núbia se'n va apoderar vers 750 aC). La influència cultural egípcia a l'Alta Núbia era minsa i a la part més propera a Egipte, on era més gran, els temples foren abandonats. Al segle X tornen a aparèixer productes de Núbia a les llistes egípcies com els regals al temples dels faraons, per exemple Sheshonq I vers el 945-925 i Osorkon vers 925-890 aC. Mercenaris nubians es van emprar a la guerra contra Judà. Així el comerç estava restablert però no la dominació que va correspondre en tots aquest segles a un poder nubià independent que no se sap on podia ser però que s'ha de suposar que fou a Napata pel descobriment per Reisner del cementiri d'Al-Kurru prop del Gebel Barkal, on es va descobrir una ciutat emmurallada i tombes reials en què les robes passen de ser nubianes a egípcies; les primeres tombes circulars, reminiscències del grup C, no tenen inscripcions i no se'n coneix els propietaris; s'hi van trobar objectes d'or i joies; més tard les trombes es van fer quadrades i col·locades en petites piràmides, el furat era espaiós i havia algunes cambres i el difunt estava en un taüt; les darreres tombes pertanyen als reis de la Dinastia XXV d'Egipte. No obstant les primeres tombes són de vers el 900 aC així que encara resta un període fosc d'uns tres-cents o quatre-cents anys.

El canvi cultural que porta els reis de Napata a esdevenir faraons se suggereix que fou fet per influència de sacerdots de Tebes expatriats: el faraó Takelot II volia imposar al seu fill com a gran sacerdot d'Amon i els sacerdots s'hi oposaven, i alguns segurament van fugir a Kus de la fúria del rei i van influir a la cort.

Napata conquereix Egipte
El primer rei egipcianitzat fou Alara (785-760 aC) que era almenys el sisè rei enterrat a Al-Kurru i probablement fou el primer que va unificar aquest territori i va construir (o millor reconstruir) temples per Amon a Gebel Barkal i Kawa. El seu successor Kashta va conquerir la Baixa Núbia i es va titular rei de l'Alt i Baix Egipte on mai havia d'entrar. El va succeir Piankhi "El que viu" que va conquerir l'Alt Egipte i va col·locar a la seva germana com a "Dona divina del Déu" a Tebes, equivalent a gran sacerdotessa, deessa vivent i reina mortal. La guerra contra el nord va acabar en victòria. Mort Piankhi el seu successor Shabaka va aplanar una revolta del nord i es va establir a Egipte, a Memfis. Shebiktu i Taharqa foren els següents reis. Taharqa va perdre el país davant els assiris però el seu successor Tanutamen el va recuperar efímerament.

Segon període de Napata
Establert el regne només a Núbia amb capital a Napata, des Assuan cap al sud, els seus reis usaven els títols i insígnies del faraó com si fossin els verdaders faraons; per això el 593 aC un exèrcit de mercenaris grecs i de Caria contractats pel faraó d'Egipte Psamètic I va envair Kus (Napata), va derrotar l'exèrcit nubià al sud de la tercera cascada mentre un altre cos de l'exèrcit creuava pel desert i es presentava a Napata que fou saquejada i incendiada, i els seus palaus i temples foren destruïts. El rei Aspelta va fugir a Mèroe, on va establir la capital, encara que potser temporalment la capital va tornar més tard a Napata que fou com una capital religiosa on se celebraven festivals i actes, i el lloc on es coronaven i s'enterraven els reis. És en els segles següents que desapareixerà l'egipci escrit i les inscripcions es faran en la llengua coneguda com a meroític, que utilitzava un nou alfabet. Diodorus de Sicília escriu que els sacerdots de Mèroe podien escriure al rei i demanar-li que entregués la vida a déu, es suïcidés, però això fou abolit per Ergamenes (Arkamani) que quan va rebre la carta va anar al temple, va detenir els sacerdots i va fer el que va voler, però la narració de Diodorus no ha pogut estar comprovada. El cert és que aquest rei fou el primer que va tenir una piràmide al cementiri de Nuri, usat des el rei Taharqa i on foren enterrats 90 dels seus successors i 54 reines. Només 5 successors de Taharqa estan documentats històricament, i els altres només són noms trobats a les seves tombes.

Regne de Mèroe
La fase de Napata va acabar quan els reis van començar a ser enterrats a Mèroe que ja devia ser la capital abans, i es va iniciar l'anomenat període Meroític. La regió de Mèroe és coneguda com a Butana i com a illa de Mèroe. Com que el meroític encara no s'ha pogut desxifrar ben bé i d'aquesta època les inscripcions són escrites en aquesta llengua, les dades històriques són encara molt imprecises. Altres llocs importants del regne foren Massawarat (Mussawarat es-Sufra) i Wad Ban Naqa o Naga. Algunes reines van regir el país i sembla que portaren el nom de candaces que seria l'equivalen a reina mare, i segurament només eren regents dels seus fills menors d'edat.

L'únic text que es coneix sobre la fi de Mèroe és una inscripció en llengua Geez del rei Ezana d'Axum, que diu que va envair "Kasu" (Kus) a la meitat del segle IV on la terra havia estat ocupada per un poble anomenat Noba que vivia en cases d'herba i ciutats de rajoles. Certament no se sap res del que va passar a Mèroe del 350 al 550. La invasió d'un poble, els noba, sembla assegurada per la seva presència més tard. El país es devia fragmentar en molts estats, s'han trobat alguns cementiris amb tombes amb un grau de riquesa que indicaria que es tractava de reis o reietons. Aquestes tombes s'han trobat a Al-Hobagi, uns 20 km riu amunt de Mèroe, i consisteixen en túmuls de terra, el més llarg de 40 m de diàmetre i d'uns 5 m d'alçada, rodejats de paret; l'interior de la tomba és similar a les meroítiques i conté objectes meroítics i romans; els cossos enterrats se suposa que corresponen a reis i tenen a la vora menjar, gerres de beguda, armament i alguns objectes de bronze romans i meroítics, algun d'ells amb la inscripció meroítica qore ("rei"), així com gossos, camells, cavalls i altres animals. S'han trobat altres cementiris més al nord, a la regió entre la quarta cascada i Dongola, els més importants a Tangasi i Zuma, prop de Napata, però les tombes són pobres i difícilment es poden considerar de reis. Així doncs, encara continuaria el regne si bé la capital o el lloc d'enterrament seria ara un altre.

Els noba s'han identificat a vegades amb els blèmies, però generalment se'ls considera dins l'anomenat Grup X, amb la seva cultura centrada a Ballana que precedeix a la cultura cristiana i se sobreposa a la cultura meroítica. El seu monument més important és el cementiri reial descobert i explorat per Emery i Kirwan entre 1931 i 1934 tant a Ballana com a l'altre costat del riu, a Qustul, no lluny d'Abu Simbel.

Els regnes cristians
D'aquesta cultura es devia originar el regne de Nobàdia, que reclamava haver derrotat els blèmies en una inscripció al temple de Kalabsha. Sembla que el seu rei es va fer cristià. El primer rei cristià fou el d'Axum, al segle IV; els romans d'Orient es van aliar amb aquest regne i el 524 li van oferir tropes mercenàries formades per blèmies i nobades per ajudar-lo a conquerir Iemen. El 540 el temple d'Isis a Files es va tancar i els blèmies i els nobades es van convertir, si no ho estaven ja almenys en part, al cristianisme, sense oposició. Però a la resta de la Baixa Núbia la cristianització fou més lenta i amb problemes o violència. A Qasr Ibrim s'ha trobat les restes d'un temple pagà del segle VI que fou destruït suposadament pels cristians. Les disquisicions entre les tendències monofisites i diofisites sobre la naturalesa de Jesús van provocar una divisió religiosa. Bizanci va optar pel diofisisme (dos naturaleses una divina i una humana) i Egipte (amb Síria i Armènia) pel monofisisme (una sola naturalesa); el 451 el monofisisme fou formalment declarada heretgia però era majoritària a Egipte. El 543 Nobàtia es va convertir portant per la tendència monofisita i Makuria (Dongola) es va convertir el 570 seguint la tendència diofisita; Aloa, regne sorgit a l'Alta Núbia vers el , el 580 va seguir també l'opció monofisita (el seu veí Aksum era diofisita). Del 616 fins al 629 Egipte fou ocupat pels perses i el 638 o 641 pels àrabs, i Makuria, unida a Nobàtia, va esdevenir monofisita depenent de l'església principal d'Egipte. També Axum o Aksum va passar al camp monofisita i va reconèixer l'autoritat del patriarca copte.
Els àrabs van entrar a Núbia el 642 i després el 653 però sense èxit. Els arquers nubians els van rebutjar la primera vegada, i a la segona els nubians van aconseguir un acord, un pacte (Bakht) en el qual pagarien un tribut de 360 esclaus a l'any i permetrien la construcció d'una mesquita a Dongola, la capital. Això es va respectar durant sis-cents anys. Existien llavors diversos bisbats i s'havien aixecat catedrals amb l'ajut de tècnics romans d'Orient; el segle VIII la decoració de les catedrals es va fer més espectacular. La més important sembla que fou la de Faras (les pintures de la qual van poder ser salvades de ser cobertes per l'aigua del llac Nasser); el monestir més importants fou Ghazali al desert enfront de Napata a l'altre costat del riu (uns 20 km endins). Els escrits es van fer en grec primerament i més tard en llengua pròpia escrita en caràcters grecs.

Decadència del regnes cristians, islamització
Progressivament el poder del rei va declinar vers el . Els senyors locals construïen castells però no esglésies, les quals cada cop eren més petites. El 1400 Makuria estava de fet dividit en diversos principats. El mateix va passar a Aloa. L'entrada de beduïns àrabs expulsats d'Egipte també va contribuir a la fragmentació i els petits territoris autònoms van caure en mans de caps àrabs i musulmans per les armes o per enllaços matrimonials i van esdevenir aviat musulmans. A Núbia l'herència passava no al fill propi sinó al fill gran de la germana; ja era així en temps dels faraons de la XXV dinastia; i els àrabs es casaven amb dones nubianes que sovint heretaven de son germà; el fill de l'àrab era l'hereu; però els musulmans no tenien aquest tipus d'herència i quan arribava l'herència (terrenys o propietats, o bé un territori) a un musulmà, després la deixava al seu fill. La inseguretat general a Núbia va fer que el comerç decaigués i el país quedés aïllat. Al nord els nubians van conservar els costums i la llengua però al sud es van arabitzar i van passar a parlar àrab; cada ciutat o grup de petites ciutats era regida per un cap àrab anomenat mek ("rei"). Un intent de reunificació fou frustrat quan els funj procedents del sud van començar a reclamar tribut als mek amb territoris més al sud de la tercera cascada (més al nord pertanyia al sultà otomà junt amb les ciutats de Suakin i Massawa a la costa de la Mar Roja). El 1504 els regnes estaven en poder dels funj de Sennar que el 1523 van esdevenir oficialment musulmans. El poder dels funj va durar fins al 1821

Vegeu Banu l-Kanz

Domini egipci, període de la Mahdiya
Els egipcis van dominar el regne de Sennar el 1821. La seva dominació fou opressora i va provocar descontentament. El 1881 un santó anomenat Muhammed Ahmed es va declarar ell mateix el mahdi ("el messies") i va unir el país contra els odiats egipcis. La major part de les tribus es van posar al seu costat sobretot després de les seves primeres victòries. Mentre Egipte va esdevenir protectorat britànic. El 1885 la gent del mahdi va ocupar Khartum, governat pel britànic general Charles Gordon i des de llavors i fins al 1898 Sudan fou un estat independent islàmic.

Domini britànic i independència
Des del 1899 al 1956 Sudan i Egipte restaren units de fets. Sudan formava un condomini anglo-egipci, i Egipte era un regne primer sota protectorat britànic i el 1922 independent. Fins al 1956 els nubians doncs estaven repartits entre dues administracions, però en la pràctica, com que el Sudan era territori egipci, i britànic, encara no hi havia una separació clara. Però el 1956 el Sudan va esdevenir independent i el nubians de cada banda van quedar separats.

El règim democràtic fou enderrocat i va sorgir un règim socialista dirigit per Gafar al-Numeiri, fins que un cop d'estat comunista que va fracassar, el va portar a posicions radicals de dreta i dictatorials. La guerra amb els pobles del sud fou quasi endèmica. Enderrocat al-Numeiri i després d'un breu període d'un govern moderat, els islamistes van tornar al poder per mitjà del general Bashir i de Hassan al-Turabi, i va seguir la guerra contra el sud. Els islamistes segueixen avui al poder però el 2005 es va signar la pau amb el sudistes.

Núbia moderna
Avui dia els nubians estan repartits entre Egipte i el Sudan.

Nubis d'Egipte
Dins Egipte van quedar dos tribus principals i algunes subtribus: fadija i kanuz. Els kanuz viuen entre Assuan i Al-Madhiq, en 17 llogarets. Parlen el dialecte matuk o matukià. Els fadija viuen més avall d'Al-Mahdiq, fins a la frontera sudanesa. Habiten 19 llogarets. Parlen el dialecte fadijà.

El nubians són una atracció turística. Els seus poblats es visiten i són considerats més nets i acollidors que els àrabs. No tenen especials problemes de discriminació. No hi ha cap protecció per la seva cultura que sobreviu pel seu aïllament. Els joves, però, marxen a les ciutats o a l'estranger a buscar feina.

Nubis del Sudan
A Sudan van quedar les tribus nubianes dels Donakela, Mahiss i Sokkot, amb diverses subtribus.

Els nubians del Sudan estan o se senten discriminats. Una part ha col·laborat amb els rebels del sud del Sudan. Les seves regions no reben ajuts del govern i la seva cultura no té cap mena de protecció.

Símbols i política de Núbia
De moment no hi ha cap bandera o emblema de la nació nubiana. La seva representació política està, de fet, en mans del United Sudan National Party (USNP), format per la unió de la General Union of Nuba (GUN), el Sudan National Party (SNP), el Free Sudan National Party (SNP-Free) i el Sudan National Party - Collective Leadership (SNP-CL), presidit pel bisbe Phillip Abbas Ghaboush (SNP-Free) amb tres vicepresidents, Mohammed Hamad Kuwa (SNP-CL), Elamin Hamouda (SNP) i Yussif Abdalla Jibril (GUN). L'USNP dona suport al sudista SPLA/SPLM però és partidari de seguir en un Sudan democràtic. Molts nubians han lluitat a les files de l'SPLA.

Llista de reis

Reis de Núbia
 Amosis-Sitaiet ?
 Turi (Tjuroi) 1520- ?
 Seni, començaments del
 Inebni, començaments del
 Amen-em-nekhu, començaments del
 Nehi, meitat del
 User-Satet, meitat del
 Merimose, començaments del
 Amenhotep-Hui (I), finals del
 Paser (I), finals del
 Messui ?
 Iuni, prop del 1300 aC
 Amenemope, prop del 1290 aC
 Tuthmosis, prop del 1290 aC
 Hekhanakhte, començaments del
 Hui (II), començaments del
 Iwni, començaments del
 Paser (II, meitat del
 Setau, meitat del
 Penout ?
 Hori fill de Kama, vers 1080 aC
 Panehasi (revoltat), vers 1080-1070 aC
 Herihor (de Tebes), vers 1074
 Neshkhons (reina, dona de Pinudjem II de Tebes), vers 970 aC, amb títol de superintendent de les Terres Estrangeres del sud i virreina de Kush, càrrec probablement nominal perquè Egipte ja no dominava Núbia

Reis de Napata
 Piankhi I 1074-v. 1050 aC
 Painuten I
 Masakharta
 Menkheperra v.1030-v. 991 aC
 Nesubanebdjed v. 991-v. 987 aC
 Painuten II v. 987-980 aC
 Sebi c. 980-970 aC
 Pokeamon
 Asarkamon I
 Amenkhotep v. 930-c. 880 aC
 Pamses v. 880-c. 855 aC
 Aserkamon II v. 855-c. 815 aC
 Rei desconegut v. 815- ? aC
 Shabaka I v. 795 aC
 Alara v. 785-760 aC
 Kashta v. 760-747 aC

Faraons de la XXV dinastia (Núbia i Egipte)
 Piankhi II (primer faraó de la XXV dinastia) 747-716 aC
 Shabaka II (segon faraó de la XXV dinastia) 716-702 aC
 Shebitku (tercer faraó de la XXV dinastia) 702-690 aC
 Taharqa (quart faraó de la XXV dinastia) 690-664 aC
 Tanutamen (cinquè faraó de la XXV dinastia) 664-653 aC

Reis de Napata
 Amenardis (reina) 664-653 aC
 Altanersa 653-643 aC
 Senkamanisken 643-623 aC
 Anlamani 623-593 aC
 Napata saquejada per Egipte el 590 aC (la capital passa a Mèroe)

Reis de Mèroe
 Aspelta 593-568 aC
 Amtalqa 568-555 aC
 Malonaqen 555-542 aC
 Analmaaie 542-538 aC
 Amaninatakilebte (Amaniastabarqa) 538-519 aC
 Karkamani 519-510 aC
 Amaniastabarqa 510-487 aC
 Siaspiqa 487-468 aC
 Nasakhma 468-463 aC
 Malewiebamani 463-435 aC
 Talakhamani 435-431 aC
 Amanineteierike (Irike-amanote) 431-405 aC (Es creu que va ajudar els egipcis en la seva rebel·lió contra els perses el 414-413 aC i al 404 aC)
 Baskakeren 405-390 aC
 Harsiotef 390-369 aC
 Rei desconegut 369-350 aC
 Akhraten 350-335 aC
 Nastasen 335- v. 310 aC
 Aktisanes v. 310-270 aC
 Arkamani-qo (Ergamenes) 270-260 aC
 Amanislo 260-250 aC
 Aman...tekha 250-235 aC
 Arnekhamani 235-218 aC
 Arqamani 218-200 aC
 Tabriqo (Adikhalmani ?) 200-190 aC
 ...iwal 190-185 aC
 Rei desconegut 185-170 aC
 Reina Candaces Shanakdakhete 170-150 aC
 Rei desconegut 150-130 aC
 Naqirinsan 130-110 aC
 Tandjidamani 110-90 aC
 ...hale 90-50 aC
 ...amani (reina)
 Nawidemak
 Amanikhabale (amb la Reina Kaditede) 50-40 aC

Reis de Napata
 Teriteqas (a Napata, amb la reina Candaces Amanirenes) 40-? aC
 Reina Candaces Amanishakheto (Amanirenes) (a Napata) v. 35-20 aC
 Akinidad
 Atac a la regió d'Assuan i contraatac romà, Napata és saquejada vers 24 aC

Reis de Mèroe
 Candaces Amanishakheto o Amanitores (reina) 10-1 aC
 Natakamani o Natekamani amb la reina Candaces Amanishakheto o
Amanitores 1 aC-20
 Amanishakheto o Amanitores (reina)
 Arikhankharer
 Arikakahtani
 Shorkaror, v. 20-30
 Pisakar, v. 30-40
 Amanitaraqide v. 40-50
 Amanitenmemide v. 50-62
 Amanikhatashan 62-85
 Teritnide v. 85-90
 Teqerideamani I v. 90-114
 Tamelerdeamani 114-134
 Adeqetali 134-140
 Takideamani v. 140-155
 Tarekeniwal v. 155-170
 Amanikhalika v. 170-175
 Ariteniesbokhe v. 175-190
 Amanikhareqerem v. 190-200
 Teritedakhatei v. 200-215
 Ariesbokhe 215-225
 Teritnede 225-246
 Aretnide 246
 Teqerideamani II 246-266 ?
 Tamelerdeamani 266-283
 Iesbokheamani 283-306
 Lahideamani (reina) 306-314
 Maleqorobar 314-329
 Akedaketival 329-340
 Rei desconegut 340-355 ?
 Fragmentació vers la segona meitat del . Es formen alguns estats, els principals dels quals foren Nobàtia (capital Faras o Pakhoris o Bukharas) i Dòngola.

Vegeu també
 Nubiologia
 Dotawo
 Kordufan

Enllaços externs

 Lloc web de napata
 Excavacions a Kerma
 Fotos i notes sobre el Sudan
 Article sobre Núbia
 Núbia patrimoni descuidat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On Boxing Day there is a community walk starting in Bwlch at the shop/village hall at 10.30, walking over the mountain back into LLangorse. Soup and roll available at the Castle on return. Please wear appropriate clothing. Dogs on leads welcome.
Plans are afoot for a Christmas Market (10th December) Carol Singing (16th December) and a Children's Christmas Party (15th December).


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A publication of Friends of the Westfield Library
WWPL Annual Report 2011
Westfield Washington Public Library Board of Trustees: Mike Thomas, President Carolyn Wheeler, Vice President Paul Catlin, Treasurer Mic Mead, Secretary Nancy Knochel David Weiss The Library Board meets on the second Wednesday of each month at 7:00 p.m. 2011 has come to a close and the Westfield Washington Public Library is looking toward 2012 with great enthusiasm. We continue to face financial challenges as the property tax caps and the decrease in assessed values in our service district have again decreased the revenues for the library. Below are just a few highlights of what we accomplished in 2011. The library newsletter went electronic in 2011. We continue to provide the newsletter to those who prefer a mailed copy and have hard copies available at the library. Evergreen Indiana is an invaluable asset that allows access to over six million items and nearly 100 libraries throughout Indiana. The Hamilton County Reciprocal Borrowing program also provides our patrons even greater access to materials.
The library received a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library
Services to purchase two child-friendly workstations. These workstations increase Internet availability at the library, as well as providing a childfriendly browser that is also available for download from our website to use at home. Our dedicated volunteers provide invaluable support to the library, freeing up the staff to better serve our patrons. Thank you for the countless hours they have given to the library. I would like to thank the Friends of the Westfield Library for their continued support throughout the year through their fundraising efforts. The Friends of the Library fund the incentives for the Childrens and Adult Summer Reading programs. They also supplement other programming costs and any special purchases the library may need that are not covered by the operating budget. In 2011, they contributed $1,500 to purchase two LCD TVs to display announcements and information about library programs. Finally, I would like to thank the dedicated staff and Library Trustees for their hard work and continued efforts that make this library a wonderful asset to the City of Westfield and Washington Township. The library board, the staff and I continue to look for new and innovative ways to provide our patrons with quality library services, and I hope the charts we have provided will give you an idea of what your library has to offer and how we performed in 2011. The Westfield Washington Public Library is looking forward to serving your library service needs for 2012. Sheryl A. Sollars Library Director
Library Hours Monday-Thursday 10:00 AM-8:00 PM Friday 10:00 AM-6:00 PM Saturday 10:00 AM-5:00 PM Closed Sunday
From the Board of Trustees
The board meeting minutes and packets are posted on the librarys website at www.wwpl.lib.in.us. January 11, 2011 Board Meeting
We received our County Option Income Tax disbursement for January and there was a slight increase over last year. The agenda for the work session to be held January 21, 2011 was passed out and reviewed.
our size throughout the state, statistics from 1995 (the last time there was a renovation), 2000, 2005, 2010.
Paul Ewer and Lindsay Fernandez from Quantum Architecture were on hand to answer any questions Circulation for December 2011 from the board regarding was 30,259, and of those preliminary space reallocation circulations 1,390 were from information that had been Hamilton County Reciprocal Borrowers. 65 items were The library board reviewed designed based on the Librarys circulated by patrons from other the 2011 Investments and Strategic plan, past survey Evergreen Libraries, and a total of Finance Policy during the information and needs of the library. annual Board of Finance 458 items from WWPL were sent meeting. to other Evergreen Libraries. We This meeting was open to the issued 116 new library cards, and public, but it was not a public input of those, 14 were issued to meeting. Hamilton County Reciprocal January 23, 2012 Borrowers. 99 items were checked out using the Self Check station, Library Board Working Session Winter Weather Closings but the Self Check station was down for some time following the The library board met to discuss options for space reallocation, If Westfield declares a Evergreen upgrade. expansion, minor refurbishments snow emergency the (i.e. carpet, wall covering, etc.), or library will be closed. If whether to do nothing at all to the the decision is made to close the current facility would be an option. library due to other weather conditions, the closing will be Information was presented to the reported to all local TV stations library board concerning statistics and be posted on our website and for library services from libraries Facebook page.
Email Newsletter Savings
This is the fourth issue of the librarys monthly newsletter that is being distributed to patrons via email. The newsletter is still available at the library, on our website and by mail to members of our Friends group, but cutting back on print copies saves time, money and is a much greener option. The publication, as well as the monthly calendar, is sent via email to all our patrons with a current email address on file, and everyone that requests it and provides their email address. Anyone who would like to be included on the distribution list may sign up on our website at www.wwpl.lib.in.us/ newsletter.htm. We have gone from printing almost 300 copies and mailing over 100 of those each month, to printing about 150 and mailing 60 of those monthly. With a cost of 57 to print each copy and 45 postage, the library is saving more than $100 each month.
Book Discussion Groups The Mystery Book Discussion Group is talking about A Duty to the Dead by Charles Todd, when they meet on Wednesday, February 1, at 1 p.m. Come join other mystery lovers at a once-a-month discussion group that meets at the library. You are invited even if you havent read the book! Future discussions are: March 7: Death by Darjeeling by Laura Childs April 4: Murder on Astor Place by Victoria Thompson Come join other book lovers at a once-a-month discussion group that meets at the library. The General Group reads a wide variety of genres and meets on the third Wednesday of each month at 1 p.m. You are invited even if you havent read the book! The Paris Wife by Paula McLain is the topic for this month, and the discussion will be in the Sumner Room on Wednesday, February 15. Future discussions are: March 21: The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane by Katherine Howe April 18: Hamilton County Reads Selection - TBA Genealogy Club Join the Westfield Genealogy Club and share ideas, new websites and sources about family history, as well as meet some terrific people. The club meets on Saturday, February 4 at 10:15 a.m. in the Sumner Room. Beginning and experienced genealogists are welcome to become members. Euchre Group Are you a euchre enthusiast looking for three other players? Join in the fun when the Euchre Group meets at 5:30 p.m. the second and fourth Wednesday of each month. Come enjoy a relaxing evening of fun with some great people at this free program on February 8 and 22. Computer Classes Come to the free Computer Class at the library and learn all about Microsoft Publisher. This desktop publishing software allows you to create everything from simple flyers to greeting cards and newsletters. The class is presented on Thursday, February 16, at 6:30 p.m. JUST ADDED! Intro to E-books on Monday February 20, at 6:30 p.m. Want to get started on Facebook? Already have a Facebook account but not sure what to do next? Come to the library for Facebook Fundamentals, a class for beginners that teaches you to set up your page, manage privacy settings, and connect with friends and family! Learn to update your status and add a photo, all while you interact with others online. An email address is required to register for Facebook, but the class is free and is offered on Thursday, February 23, at 3 p.m. Join us for a free class called Email Basics, designed for beginners who want to learn how easy it can be to keep up with friends and family through the Internet. Learn to set up a free email account, as well as how to send and receive messages. The class is offered on Tuesday, February 28, at 6:30 p.m. Watercolor Painting Class Talented artist Jan Roland teaches a class in Watercolor Painting and Techniques at the library on Thursday, February 16, at 10:15 a.m. No previous art experience is necessary, and the class fee of $12 includes all materials. Come enjoy expressing your creativity! Please contact Information/ Reference Services to register for any of these programs.
Un-Valentine Party Single? Been dumped? Or do you have someone special? Whatever the situation, teens are invited to an Un-Valentine Party on Thursday, February 9, at 3 p.m. Make cards (happy or sad), decorate heart cookies, have snacks, and play games. This will brighten up your day, no matter what! Hang Time Whatevah Time for Teens is on Tuesday, February 14, at 2:30 p.m., in the Craft Room. Spend the afternoon just hanging out, playing the Wii, eating snacks, talking or doing whatevah. TAG Be part of the Teen Advisory Group (TAG) when it meets at 3 p.m. on Tuesday, February 28.
For Teens Only
Anime Manga Club Anime and manga enthusiasts are invited to join us every Monday for the Anime Manga Club. Hang out, watch anime and have snacks starting at 2:30 p.m. You must be 13 or older, or have a parentsigned permission slip to attend. February 6, 13 and 27. Teen Movie Time Its Teen Movie Time! The movie is Priest ( Screen Gems, PG-13), about a postapocalyptic world where humans and vampires have fought for centuries, and a priest must break his vow of peace and return to the old ways to save his niece from a new hive of vampires. The movie will be shown at 3 p.m. on Tuesday, February 7, and you must be 13 or older to attend.
We need you to help choose and plan teen library activities. These programs are for you, so come and tell us what you want! E.M.O. Club E.M.O. is a club started by teens for teens that meets to play the Wii. You can play just for fun or in real competition against other teens. The library has Wii games to play, but feel free to bring your own. Teens supply the food, so bring some or make a donation. All meetings are 2:30 to 5 p.m., and this months meetings are: Thursday, February 2 Thursday, February 16 Tuesday, February 21
We have a new, self-serve fax machine, located between the two catalog computers on the wall opposite the New Book shelves. Cost to send a domestic fax is $1.50 for the first page, and $1 for each additional page. An international fax is $4.95 for the first page, and $3.45 for each additional page. There are step-by-step instructions, and credit (Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Discover), debit and check cards are accepted. Faxes may still be sent to the librarys fax number: 317-896-3702. There is a $.50 charge for each page received. your file, and thats it. It only takes a moment, but its important to the accuracy of your record.
Now you can use your Amazon Kindle with our Overdrive e-books! Overdrive is also Your Evergreen card compatible with Kindle has an expiration date. Most cards expire after two years, reading apps, as well as most other reading devices. Go to our and this is simply to ensure we website to see the great selection have your most current of e-books we have to offer! information on file. If you are checking out materials, you will be asked to verify the information in
Baby Love Birth to 18 Months Thursdays at 10:15 a.m. February 2, 9, 16 and 23 Give your child a head start to early literacy with this unique program of rhyme, play and song. Free Storytime Miss Vicki brings you stories, songs, fingerplays and rhymes every week on Mondays and Tuesdays. There is also an art project, craft, or activity afterward. Times each Monday are 10:30 a.m. for Toddlers (18 months to 3 1/2 accompanied by a caregiver) and 1 p.m. for Preschoolers (3 1/2 Kindergarten). On Tuesdays, times are 10:15 a.m. for Preschoolers and 11:15 a.m. for Toddlers. The program is free, and registration is not required. Paws & Read All Ages Saturday, February 11, at 10:30 a.m. Sign up at the Children's Desk for 15 minutes to read to a dog who is a very good listener. Free Yu-Gi-Oh/Pokemon Club All Ages Second Wednesday of every month at 6:30 p.m. Next Meeting: February 8 Bring your cards, play the games, trade cards, and have fun! Free American Girl Club All Ages Second Thursday of every month at 5:30 p.m. Next Meeting: February 9 Make fun items for your doll and Family Spanish Class Learn Spanish together from native speaker Daniela Gasia in a very familyfriendly class for ages 7 and above. Daniela is from Venezuela, and she has a B.S. in Preschool Education, as well as 10 years of teaching experience.
hear an American Girl short story. Free Homeschool Day Join in on a fun and social event for all those in the area who homeschool. Gather at the library the first Thursday of each month at 11 a.m. to play video games, make crafts and meet others in the community who homeschool. Be part of the free fun, and you dont need to register. Next Meeting: February 2 Lego Freebuild Bring your imagination to the library and get creative at a Lego Freebuild. There will be plenty of legos and lots of room to work. Be part of the fun on Thursday, February 23 at 2:30 p.m.
Class is on Fridays, 2:15-3:15 p.m. (12-1 p.m. February 24 only). The cost is $64 per person or $120 per family; and the fee can be pro-rated. Please contact Childrens Services for registration details.
The library offers a wide range of materials and programs to enhance the homeschool experience Please contact Childrens Services for more
Down the Darkest Road by Tami Hoag Four years after the unsolved disappearance of her sixteen-year-old daughter, Lauren Lawton is the only one still chasing the ghosts of her perfect Santa Barbara life. The world has given her daughter up for dead. Her husband ended his own life in the aftermath. Even Lauren's younger daughter is desperate to find what's left of the childhood she hasn't been allowed to have. The Innocent by Taylor Stevens Eight years ago, a man walked five-yearold Hannah out the front doors of her school and spirited her over the Mexican border, taking her into the world of a cult known as The Chosen. For eight years, followers of The Prophet have hidden the child, moving her from country to country, shielding the man who stole her. Now, those whove searched the longest know where to find her. The Rope by Nevada Barr Anna Pigeon has been a ranger with the National Park Service for many years, but she had a very different life before tragedy sent her west seeking something new. Now Nevada Barr finally tells the previously untold story of Annas first foray into the wild, and the case that helped shape her into the ranger she became. Death of Kings by Bernard Cornwell King Alfred is dying and his passing threatens the island of Britain with renewed warfare. Alfred wants his son, Edward, to succeed him but there are other Saxon claimants to the throne as well as ambitious pagan Vikings to the north. Gorilla Man and the Empress of Steak: A New Orleans Family Memoir by Randy Fertel Fertel weaves the larger-than-life stories of his parents Ruth, founder of Ruths Chris, and Rodney, known as The Gorilla Man for his quixotic 1969 run for mayor with the sights, sounds, and tastes of New Orleans. Keeping the Republic: Saving America by Trusting Americans by Mitch Daniels Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels has been called "the most presidential man in America." He has brought more change to his state in a few years than most see in decades. During his tenure, Daniels turned a $700 million deficit into a billion dollar surplus, balanced Indiana's budget even during the recession, converted its once unattractive business climate into one of the strongest for private sector job growth. Back to Work: Why We Need Smart Government for a Strong Economy by Bill Clinton President Bill Clinton gives us his views on the challenges facing the United States today and why government matterspresenting his ideas on restoring economic growth, job creation, financial responsibility, resolving the mortgage crisis, and pursuing a strategy to get us "back in the future business. The New New Rules by Bill Maher The book is named for the weekly monologue on Mahers TV show, where the comedian gives a series of new rules which advocate the ending of political and pop culture trends that irritate him. Jerusalem: A Biography by Simon Sebag Montefiore Jerusalem is the universal city, the capital of two peoples, the shrine of three faiths; it is the prize of empires, the site of Judgement Day and the battlefield of todays clash of civilizations. From King David to Barack Obama, from the birth of Judaism, Christianity and Islam to the Israel-Palestine conflict, this is the epic history of three thousand years of faith, slaughter, fanaticism and coexistence.
February is Black History Month. Celebrate the culture which has helped to shape our nation into a diverse and vibrant society! Gone With the Wind Did you know Hattie McDaniel was the first African-American to win an Academy Award? She won Best Supporting Actress in 1940 for her role as Mammy the House Servant in Gone with the Wind. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The name Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. symbolizes the civil rights movement. This DVD tells the story of Dr. Kings life. Including photographs and rare footage, the director portrays the ideas, methods, and beliefs behind the spokesperson of the civil rights movement. A Moment in History: The Inauguration of Barack Obama A moment that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. could only dream of arrived on January 20, 2009 at the Inauguration of the first black President of the United States. Watch the full Inauguration of the 44th President along with special features on this commemorative DVD. Some other resources include:
Eyes on the Prize a 7 volume PBS documentary on the Civil Rights Movement. Roots the
celebrated TV series chronicling the story of one family through approximately 120 years. NEW BOOKS ON CD
The Rope by Nevada Barr Taken by Robert Crais A Devil is Waiting by Jack Higgins Covert Warriors by W.E.B. Griffin and Wm. E. Butterworth IV D.C. Dead
Voices of the Civil Right Movement a CD set of Black American Freedom Songs from 1960 through 1966.
Blu-Rays have been added to our audio/visual collection! We are purchasing the Blu-Ray/DVD combo packs of new titles . They may be played on Blu-Ray disc players, Playstation 3 game systems and computers equipped with Blu-Ray capability. NEW DVDs
I Dont Know How She Does It
by Stuart Woods
Phone: 317-896-9391 FAX: 317-896-3702 www.wwpl.lib.in.us Sheryl Sollars, Director Sandy Rowland, Assistant Director The Westfield Washington Public Library will strive, in partnership with organizations, to provide quality services, materials and facilities that fulfill the educational, informational, technological, cultural and recreational needs of the entire community.
Westfield Washington Public Library 333 W. Hoover Street Westfield, IN 46074
Free AARP Tax Assistance
Beginning February 10, AARP will again offer free tax assistance at the library. Representatives will be in the Sumner Room every Friday until April 6. You will need to register in advance. Appointments are available between 10:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. Please contact Information/Reference Services at 317-896-9391 Ext. 117 to reserve a spot.
Friends of the Westfield Library
Friends Board: Sara Reitmeyer, President Virginia Fiscus, Vice President Jeanette Wachtel, Treasurer Marie Albertson, Secretary Carly Schull, Member-at-Large Visit our webpage: www.wwpl.lib.in.us/friends
2012 Book Sales
One part of the Friends fundraising efforts is Book Sales. There is always a special Preview Sale for Friends members on Friday from 6 p.m to 7:30 p.m., then the sale is open to the general public during regular library hours from Saturday through the following Saturday. Sales for 2012: The Friends of the Westfield Library is an organization designed to promote and support the mission of the Westfield Washington Public Library. Through its fundraising efforts, primarily book sales held four times a year, and our Annual Craft Bazaar and Silent Auction, the group raises money used to fund library programs and to purchase items that are not within the library's operating budget.
Calling all Friends
The Friends needs you to volunteer as little as one hour of your time to help the library as a cashier at one of the Book Sales. Please contact Sandy at 317-8969391. We cant do it without YOU!
March 2-10 June 1-9 September 7-15 Annual Nearly New Sale December 7-15
http://www.facebook.com/FOWL46074
Westfield Washington Public Library Annual Report for 2011
2011 Operating Fund Revenue Sources
Property Tax COIT State Distribution Financial Institution Tax License Excise Tax and CVET Technology Fund LSTA Grant Community Development Block Grant Fines and Fees Interest on Investments Misc. Rev
Total Operating Fund Income 2000-2011 $1,400,000.00 $1,200,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $800,000.00 $600,000.00 $400,000.00 $200,000.00 $TOTAL Operating Fund Income
Operating Fund Expenitures by Category 2000-2011
$1,400,000.00 $1,200,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $800,000.00 $600,000.00 $400,000.00 $200,000.00 $2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Personal Services Supplies Other Services and Charges Capital Outlays Total Operating Fund Expenditures
Total Operating Fund Expenditures 2000-2011 $1,400,000.00 $1,200,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $800,000.00 $600,000.00 $400,000.00 $200,000.00 $20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 08 20 10
Total Operating Fund Expenditures
Registered Patrons 2000-2011 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
20 00 * 20 08 20 10 ** ** * ** * 20 04 20 02 20 06
Circulation All Materials 2000-2011 # of items Circulated 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0
20 00 * 20 02 20 04 ** * 20 06 20 20 08 10 ** ** *
Registered Patrons
2011 Circulation by Material
Downloadable, 5750, 1% Interactive Software, 1631, 0% VHS, 10529, 2% CDs, 18568, 4% Multimedia, 89, 0% 14-day, 5726, 1% Adult Books, 79203, 18% 14-day Adult Books Juv Books YA Books Magazines Audio Books CD-ROMS DVDs DVDs, 151175, 34% Multimedia CDs VHS Interactive Software Downloadable Juv Books, 142580, 32% CD-ROMS, 718, 0% Audio Books, 16034, 4% Magazines, 10612, 2% YA Books, 11184, 2%
Total Num ber of Program s 2000-2011 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
20 00 * 20 08 20 10 ** ** * 20 02 20 04 ** * 20 06
Annual Program Attendance 2000-2011 25000 20000
TOTAL # of Program s
15000 10000 5000 0
Annual Program Attendance
LIBRARY VISITS / WEEK 2000-2011 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
IN-HOUSE COMPUTER USAGE/Week
LIBRARY VISITS / WEEK
REFERENCE TRANSACTIONS/ WEEK 2000-2011 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
20 10 ** ** * 20 00 * 20 04 ** * 20 02 20 06 20 08
REFERENCE TRAN/ WEEK
2000* and 2001** WWPL was closed September 2000-April 2001 due to mold remediation *** In 2004 WWPL switched ILS (Intergrated Library Systems) to Sirsi **** In October 2009 WWPL switched ILS to Evergreen Indiana ***** In Janaury 2010 the library reduced hours from 61/week to 55/week
20 08 20 10 ** ** *
20 00 *
20 02 20 04 ** *
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Ziaratahsan4pak2017-06-22T13:05:23+00:00
Ziarat is the capital city of the Ziarat district, in the north Balochistan, Pakistan. It was properly established in the 1980s. It is a tourists point and a holiday resort with the lush green environment and cool weather. Moreover, it has been also famous for holding one of National Monuments of Pakistan.
Ziarat is about 140 km from the Quetta city of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located at an average elevation of 2550 meters from sea level.
The Ziarat is a natural hill station and can be reached from Quetta passing a highway road. Another way of visiting the valley is going through Harnai District But it is also a dangerous road. However, from Loralai it is little difficult than the former one due to less rugged road conditions.
Ziarat has a special value for the people of Pakistan. It is not only because of being it's a holiday resort or a touring place, it has also value for being having a special Residency House, where the Top leader (Quaid-e-Azam) of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah spent very few days, but the most memorable days of his life before his death. He spent his days when he was very ill in Ziarat Residency. This Residence has been declared as an important National Monument of Pakistan.
Because of its beautiful greenery, tremendously personified charm, the beauty of conifers of Ziarat and the surrounding juniper valleys depict good scenic view for visitors. It is the best hiking and trekking site where families can come. It is also becoming the popular city for loveliest snowfall during the winter.The weather's
The weather's behavior is unpredictable here but as a whole, it is not so harsh. It is a best place to be visited in March-September.
Ziarat Residncy


text:
Neuropsychiatrist lauds new ADHD assessment test
Betsy Levinson
BioBehavioral Diagnostics, a Cambridge biotech company, has developed a test for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with technology from McLean Hospital in Belmont.
The test, which lasts about 15 to 30 minutes for adolescents, is called Quotient ADHD System. The company said it "aids in the objective and accurate assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder."
For North Andover neuropsychiatrist Dr. Theresa Cerulli, the test is one more diagnostic tool she uses to assess a child or an adult for treatment of the disorder. She said her practice specializes in ADHD and ADD.
"With the test, I have more information over and above the clinical data," she said. In most cases, she said there are other "co-existing pathologies" that are present with a patient, "so the more information the better."
"I've used it for about a year and a half," Cerulli said. "It's more user-friendly to administer than tests in the past."
She said during the test, a patient wears sensors and sits in front of a computer monitor with an infrared monitoring system that records movement, hyperactivity, inattention or restlessness in response to a task on the screen.
The software has age-related norms built in, so that within 15 to 20 minutes, a doctor can see the degree of ADHD that may be exhibited.
"I can see where a patient falls on the spectrum of norms," Cerulli said. "It's used as part of an assessment. It's not 'yes you have it, or no you don't.'"
Cerulli said there is no human error with the resulting statistics that accompany the test. That is useful to her because "most people come in with complicated histories."
Cerulli said 5 percent to 10 percent of school-age children are diagnosed with ADHD, and about 4.4 percent of adults.
Some doctors use the test to get a baseline measurement of a patient's symptoms, then retest at intervals thereafter to judge the efficacy of the treatment plan.
Since there are few neuropsychiatrists that specialize in ADD and ADHD, she sees patients of all ages from Southern Maine and New Hampshire to Connecticut.
"I feel more confident in a shorter period of time using the test," she said. "I can make an objective diagnosis and have a written report in a shortened timeline."
The Quotient ADHD System is made by BioBDx.
For more information, visit the company Web site at http://www.biobdx.com.


"A beautiful home with a happy family" Isn't this what we all dream of ? This dream sounds great but seems difficult to be fulfilled. But you need not to worry now; your dream home is now with your reach as we are here to facilitate you. We take care of your search for a better dwelling; of course through our continuous efforts and deep rooted partnership. To fulfill your long waited dream of a house, Prime Commercial Bank has launched consumer friendly product – Prime Home Loan. This housing finance scheme gives you an excellent opportunity to have your own house and is carefully tailored to suit your requirements & match your capacity.
• Purchase of new house or flat for residential purpose.
• Extension/Repair/Renovation of existing house.
• Furnishing of already existed house.
• For the purchase of real estate houses.
• Fixed Income Group( Having rental/pensions/property etc).
The maximum amount of Home Loan finance will be up to a maximum of 2/3rd of the total construction/purchase price of house. For furnishing, finance from our part will be 70% of cost of such furnishing.
• Photocopy of four Boundary Disclosure (Char Killa) from ward office of the land/building to be placed as collateral.


text:
Carjacking Turned High Speed Chase Ends in Wreck on I-75
By Marc Teichner
Emergency workers on the scene of a wreck on i-75 involving a vehcie stolen in a NW Atlanta car jacking.
Atlanta - An overnight carjacking turned into a high speed chase that ended in a wreck on Interstate 75.
Police say just after midnight two women were visiting a co-worker at an apartment complex on Huff Rd in Northwest Atlanta. A pair of gunmen approached them in the parking lot, demanded their car and money. The victims surrendered the keys to a 2006 Scion and told the robbers they had money in the purses.
Police were able to track the vehicle because an electronic device inside had a GSP unit. It was located in downtown Atlanta. When an officer tried to pull it over, the driver took off heading south on I-75. APD units chased the stolen car down the interstate,with speeds reaching at least 70 miles per hour.
The vehicle wrecked when it reached the I-75/I-285 interchange. Both men inside then fled on foot, only to be caught by police.
Complaining of back and neck pains, the suspects were taken to Grady and will face a long list of charges.
Detectives have and ID on one of the suspects, but are still trying to figure out the other one's name.
Police found two guns inside the car, one of which was stolen. They also recovered many of the items belonging to the victims.
Family of Jimmy Atchison pushes for indictment of former Atlanta Police officer
The US is distributing free N95 masks. Here's how to use one and when to toss it.


City of Niagara Falls and the City of Welland.
The Village Square was the culmination of a series of infrastructure projects in downtown Ridgeway that involved repaving the road, replacing sewers and watermains, and enhancing the streetscape with new sidewalks, lighting, trees, gazebo and a splashpad.
Director of Community and Development Services, Rick Brady, stated "the Ridgeway Village Square is the joint project of Community and Development Services and Infrastructure Services staff. A real team effort to develop a jewel in the heart of Ridgeway".
Mayor Redekop attended the event and noted "Town staff have excelled in the work on this project, which brings a true community feel to downtown Ridgeway. With its train station themed gazebo and water feature, this community meeting spot has enriched the downtown Ridgeway core".
The Town's Interim CAO, Tom Kuchyt, also attended the event and added "This project represents the most recent investment in public infrastructure in downtown Ridgeway and is a true showcase for Fort Erie".
With the redesigned community area, the connection to the Friendship Trail, part of the Greater Niagara Circle Route and the Trans-Canada Trail System, offers an enhanced and more dynamic area for community festivals and events.
The governments of Canada and Ontario each contributed close to $2 million toward the eligible project costs through the Infrastructure Stimulus Fund.
What I like, is the tip of the hat to the design of the covered area, a reminder of when Ridgeway had a railway station, We should thank Kim Craitor and Rob Nicholson for getting us cash from the their governments to get this shovel ready project, kick started. Our staff does terrific work when the Council gives them some direction.!!!