text:
History of National and International Research Abuses
Responses to Historical Research Abuse
Federal Regulations for Research Using Human Subjects
Current Federal Regulations
Additional U.S. Privacy Protections
article | Research and Evaluation
Protecting Participants of Social Science Research
Social science research, rooted in the scientific method, is the foundation on which to advance knowledge and society. Part of research can include the participation of individuals, or "human subjects," to help further the understanding of society and issues within society. International, federal, state, and local regulations ensure individuals are protected from harm while participating in research. The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority and other federally funded agencies and individuals adhere to these regulations. This article provides an overview of federal regulations for human subject research protections in social science.
Lily Gleicher | June 17, 2019 |
Second in a series. Read Part I : Demystifying Program Evaluation in Criminal Justice: A Guide for Practitioners.
Research rooted in the scientific method helps inform stakeholders, policymakers, programs, and the community at large; it is the foundation on which to prove or disprove theory, understand issues, build knowledge, and advance society. In social science research, individuals may be asked to participate in studies as "human subjects" to help increase knowledge and understanding on various topics. Individuals may agree to participate in focus groups, interviews, surveys, or observations for research studies and program evaluations. While individual participation can provide numerous social and individual benefits and improve the application of programs and practices, researchers must take ethical considerations into account when developing and conducting a study involving human subjects.
"Research means a systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge." - 45 CFR 46.102(l)
In the United States, human subject research has become more strictly regulated through local, state, and federal laws; however, federal regulations only apply to those research studies that receive federal funding.[1] While regulatory requirements may vary by locale and funding sources, the primary responsibility for conducting ethical research lies with researchers and staff involved in carrying out their studies.[2]
Research norms vary from field to field, but there are several shared values that bind all researchers together, including: honesty, accuracy, efficiency, and objectivity.[3] Responsible research adheres to these values, in addition to professional codes, government regulations and guidelines, institutional policies and guidelines, and personal responsibility.[4]
"Human subjects are living individuals about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research: 1) Obtains information or biospecimens through intervention or interaction with the individual, and uses, studies, or analyzes the information or biospecimens; or 2) Obtains, uses, studies, analyzes or generates identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens." - 45 CFR 46.102(e)(1)
Many current principles, practices, and codifications of ethical and legal human subject research stem from a series of unethical , abusive, and harmful research involving humans—sometimes participating in research involuntarily or without their consent.[5] A series of social and medical research abuses, most notably stemming from World War II, led to a system of both international and federal ethical protections to better shield individuals from potential harm.[6] These international and federal regulating bodies have developed—and continue to critically review and revise—regulations related to human subjects research.
Two notable historical cases of research abuses that contributed to more critical examination of ethical standards for human subject research and deceitful research practices are The Nuremberg War Crime Trials and The Tuskegee Syphilis Study.[7]
The Nuremberg War Crime Trials, held in the mid- to late-1940s, publicly exposed torturous and fatal involuntary human experiments conducted by Nazi physicians and scientists on prisoners in Nazi concentration camps.[8] This led to the development of the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, which began in 1932 and spanned decades, was conducted by the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) and the U.S. Public Health Service. The study experimented on Black men with and without syphilis in Macon County, Ala., to document the natural progression of syphilis.[9] Study participants were not advised of their right to quit the study, informed of study's real purpose, nor offered an effective treatment for the deadly illness, which was penicillin, available beginning in 1947.[10] This led to more explicit government regulation regarding the well-being of human subjects as part of research.
Historical cases indicate unethical practices also were performed during prestigious medical and behavioral studies on children with intellectual disabilities, cognitively impaired patients, and prisoners in correctional facilities.[11]
To address the use of inhumane research as documented in World War II, the Nuremberg Code explicitly detailed guidelines for the ethical treatment of human subjects in research.[12] The Nuremberg Code consists of a set of directives for ethical human experimentation that focus on:
Voluntary consent of the human subjects, with the liberty to disengage from research at any point of a study.
Experimentation for societal good, that cannot be conducted by other means, and attempts to yield fruitful results.
Research conducted, designed, and prepared in such a way to avoid all unnecessary physical or mental pain and suffering, injury, disability, or death.
Studies conducted by scientifically qualified individuals.
Researchers exercising good faith and superior skill and judgement, who are prepared to terminate experimentation if continuation is likely to result in injury, disability, and/or death.
Research benefits that outweigh the risks.[13]
While the Nuremberg Code was not formally adopted by the U.S. government, it was an influential, international document which formed the basis of current human subject research policies.[14]
The Tuskegee Institute's syphilis study was stopped by an advisory panel created by the U.S. government in 1972.[15] Soon thereafter, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was created (herein referred to as the commission) in 1974.[16] In addition, Congress required the then-Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (currently the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) to create and clarify regulations regarding human subject research in the United States.[17]
The commission developed policies to protect human subjects of research studies, including a general policy for protection of human research subjects: Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46 (45 CFR 46).[18] In addition, the commission created additional guidelines through subparts B through D of 45 CFR 46 that protect vulnerable populations.[19]
The commission also provided guidelines regarding reviews of research processes and protocols, disclosure of information, confidentiality and privacy, risks and benefits of research, institutional review board processes, and research compensation.
Belmont Report
Published by the commission in 1978, the Belmont Report summarizes the basic ethical principles to guide human subject research, outlining the principles that help inform moral judgements on fairness, appropriateness, and adequacy of the protections provided to human subjects as part of research.[20] The Belmont Report prescribed three basic principles to guide the decision-making process when conducting ethical human subject research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.[21] These principles are the accepted and common standard for decisions made by institutional review boards (IRBs), administrative bodies established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities.[22]
Respect for persons. Researchers should respect the autonomy of opinions and choices of people, refraining from potentially influencing a person's decision to participate in research, with additional protections for individuals with limited autonomy.[23] This includes information on protocols of obtaining consent in addition to the voluntariness of that consent.
Beneficence. Researchers should minimize the harm and maximize the benefits to those persons involved in research. This, however, does not mean that study participants are not exposed to potential risks, though potential risks must be justified based on the research's potential benefits to the individual, society, and/or knowledge.[24]
Justice. Researchers are obligated to select subjects equitably, and equally distribute the burdens and benefits of research.[25] Thus, researchers cannot exploit specific groups of people due to those individuals' circumstances (e.g. poor people, prisoners).[26] Researchers should critically evaluate whether subject selection is systematically selecting more vulnerable populations due to ease of access, ability to manipulate, or due to individuals' compromised position (e.g. prisoners) and not for reasons linked to the actual research study questions.[27]
Timeline of Human Subject Research Events
Source: Cohen, J. M. (2017). History and ethics of human subject research. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program.; Steneck, N. H. (2007). ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research became inactive in 1978. Today, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP) is the enforcing authority that oversees the protection of human subjects used in research conducted by federally funded agencies and individuals.[28] Federal regulations are incorporated into the requirements of IRB applications and federally funded research. This includes 45 CFR 46 and its subparts, as well as the principles from the Belmont Report.
Subpart A of 45 CFR 46, referred to as the "Common Rule," sets out the basic requirements for privacy and confidentiality for human subjects involved in federally funded programs and research. Subpart A outlines the federal requirements related to IRB membership and operations; review research processes and approval criteria; documentation protocols; informed consent general requirements and protocols; and records in relation to the committee itself and Subpart A requires assured compliance with federal regulations for IRB review and human subject research. Subparts B through D provide additional protections for pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates involved in research; additional protections for biomedical and behavioral research involving prisoners as subjects; and additional protections for research involving children as subjects.[29] In addition, 42 CFR Part 2 provides additional confidentiality and privacy protections around federally regulated or assisted programs that involve substance use disorder prevention, education, and treatment; these also include exceptions for research purposes.
To ensure federally funded research complies with federal regulations, individuals conducting such research are required to complete training and certification in the protections of human subjects. However, the frequency with which this process should occur is not explicit within the regulations.[30] The Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI), an online human subject research training collaborative, notes most organizations require refresher courses every three years.[31] Additionally, any agency in which staff engages in human subject research is required to file an "Assurance" of protection for human subjects with OHRP, formalizing their commitment to uphold these protections.[32]
Institutional Review Boards
Another mechanism of oversight for the protection of human subject research are institutional review boards (IRBs). IRBs are charged with overseeing the protection of the rights of human subjects in research.[33] IRBs must review all federally funded human subject research protocols prior to the start of any research (Figure 2).[34] However, research that is not funded by a federal agency does not require IRB approval of protocols and processes.
Federal regulations indicate IRBs can:
Approve, disapprove, or modify research.
Conduct continuing reviews of research.
Observe and/or verify changes in research.
Suspend or terminate approval for research.
Observe the consent process and research procedures.[35]
IRB Composition under the Common Rule
Source: Selwitz, A. S., Epley, N., & Erickson, J. (2018). Basic Institutional Review Board (IRB) regulations and review process. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) program.
IRBs must adhere to federal requirements and are tasked with weighing the following for each study involving human subjects:
Risks to subjects are minimized and whether risks identified are reasonable in relation to potential benefits and importance of knowledge gained.
Equity of subject selection.
Protocols for informed consent are appropriately documented and whether/how informed consent will be sought from the study subject participants.
Protocols in the research plan provide adequate provision of monitoring data collection and use, ensuring the safety of subjects; and
Protocols protect the privacy and confidentiality of research subjects are adequate.[36]
IRB member requirements include personally conducting or overseeing research; making sure all staff involved understand the rules and regulations governing the research; ensuring fidelity to the research protocols outlined in the IRB-approved proposal; ensuring compliance with IRB requirements for reporting purposes, human subject confidentiality, privacy, and information security; obtaining informed consent; keeping thorough documentation of IRB protocols, processes, informed consent, and research activity; and ensuring any modifications or changes made to the research are first reviewed and approved by the IRB.[37]
Researchers who do not follow IRB requirements and ethical guidelines may face the following consequences.
Suspension of the research project and/or all of the principal investigator's research projects.
Suspension and/or termination of all research at an organization.
Inability to use or publish data and results from the research.
Inability to receive federal grant funds.
Increased and additional IRB monitoring and oversight and/or third-party oversight of research.
Loss of license(s) and/or employment.
Notification of non-compliance to sponsors, other regulatory agencies, and funding agencies.[38]
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) of 1966 allows for more transparency and public inspection of non-sensitive governmental information from federally funded research.[39] However, FOIA also allows several exemptions, including protection of "personal privacy, trade secrets, national security, personnel records, and privileged communications (Figure 3)."[40]
The Shelby Amendment (part of FOIA) requires agencies to disclose data collected as part of federally funded research related only to published research findings from the study, or that data which "were used by the federal government in developing an agency action that has the force and effect of law," upon formal request.[41] Exceptions are in place to protect confidentiality and privacy.[42] Further, only data related to federally supported, published research findings are required for disclosure under FOIA.[43] Researchers should remove personally identifiable information prior to disclosure, balancing privacy protections and intellectual property rights with research accountability and transparency.[44]
FOIA disclosure exemptions also include those listed in statutes compiled for law enforcement. They also may apply when release of records and other information could compromise adjudication or law enforcement processes, among others (see Figure 3, number 7).[45]
Nine Exemptions under FOIA
Source: U.S. Department of Justice (n.d.). FOIA. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.foia.gov/faq.html.
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) protects the privacy of individuals' education records for schools receiving U.S. Department of Education funds.[46] The Act requires written permission for disclosure of students' educational records from a parent/guardian or eligible student, with certain exceptions.[47] These exceptions include (but are not limited to): disclosure to "school officials" with a "legitimate educational interest" to have the information (which must be disclosed in the school's annual notification of FERPA rights); disclosure to another school a student seeks or intends to enroll; for financial aid application purposes; and/or postsecondary education information disclosure in connection with a health or safety emergency.[48]
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule (HIPAA) was created with the understanding that the privacy and confidentiality of personal health information must be protected, while simultaneously recognizing researchers have legitimate needs to use, access, and disclose individually identifiable personal health information to conduct vital, potentially life-saving research. This set of federal regulations provides information on when and which protected health information may be used or disclosed by "covered entities" for research purposes.[49] Covered entities include "health plans, health care clearinghouses, and health care providers who electronically transmit any health information in connection with transactions for which the Department of Health and Human Services has adopted standards."[50] Some government agencies, such as health departments, may be considered covered entities or "hybrid entities," if the agency engages in both covered and non-covered functions.[51]
Covered entities may disclose personal health information in the following manner, per the HIPAA Privacy Rule:
Through written authorization for release of information from the potential human subjects.[52]
Through use or disclosure of deidentified, protected health information for research purposes in accordance with 45 CFR 164.502(d) and 45 CFR 164.514(a)-(c) as defined by the HIPAA Privacy Rule.
Through securing a waiver of authorization provided and approved by an IRB or Privacy Board (45 CFR 164.512(i)).[53]
In addition, HIPAA allows a covered entity to use or disclose identifiable protected
health information for research purposes without individuals' authorization if the covered entity obtains one of the following from the researcher:
Documented approval from an IRB or Privacy Board.
Written or oral description that the use or disclosure of protected health information is for the purposes of research protocol preparation or other preparatory research purposes (e.g. feasibility study).
Written or oral description that the protected health information for use or disclosure is solely for research of decedents.
A data use agreement between the researcher and covered entity for use of a limited data set in which specific identifiers are excluded and in compliance with several stipulations regarding use and transmission of the data.[54]
Responsible research plays an important role in new information, growth, and improvement in the body of knowledge in social sciences. There can be many social and individual benefits from research study participation as a human subject. Most frequently, research provides a social benefit or outcome that is socially valuable.[55] For example, this may be increasing knowledge, informing new policies or programs that may benefit society or discovering new treatments. On an individual level, this benefit may be learning something new that may benefit you or receiving treatment that one may otherwise not receive in a clinical setting.
The unfortunate history of research abuses ultimately resulted in comprehensive principles, guidelines, and federal and state regulations to protect human subjects as part of research. This includes consequences for conducting unethical or harmful research, which can result in legal ramifications. Human subject research protections attempt to balance the necessary privacy, confidentiality, and welfare of a research subject, while recognizing the necessity and role that research has in conducting studies ethically and humanely to further knowledge.
This project was supported by Grant #EMW-2016-CA-APP-00169, awarded to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Points of view or opinions contained within this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Suggested citation: Gleicher, L. (2019). Protecting participants of social science research. Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12391.91046
Steneck, N. H. (2007). ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.; Researchers are also held to international standards, primarily when they are conducting research outside of the U.S.; however, many of the international regulations were the impetus for federal regulations. ↩
Steneck, N. H. (2007). ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ↩
Resources for Research Ethics Education. (2016). Human subjects research: Background. San Diego, CA: University of San Diego, Research Ethics Program. Retrieved from http://research-ethics.org/topics/human-subjects/#background. ↩
Trochim, W. M K, & Donnelly, J. P. (2007). The research methods knowledge base(3rd Ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Custom Publishing. ↩
Shuster, E. (1997). Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(20), 1436–1440. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711133372006. ↩
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. (2017). Tuskegee Study - timeline. Washington, DC: Center for Disease Control. ↩
Cohen, J. M. (2017). History and ethics of human subjects research. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program.; see also Beecher, K. H. (1966). Ethics and clinical research. The New England Journal of Medicine, 274(24), 1354-1360. ↩
Shortly after, the Declaration of Helsinki was also created that provided guidelines for the medical community. ↩
The Nuremberg Code (1947) | The British Medical Journal. (1996). Retrieved August 15, 2018, from https://www.bmj.com/content/313/7070/1448.1. ↩
Cohen, J. M. (2017). History and ethics of human subjects research. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program. ↩
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. (2017). Tuskegee Study - timeline. Washington, DC: Center for Disease Control.; A class action lawsuit on behalf of Tuskegee Study participants and families resulted in a $10 million out-of-court settlement that included a promise the U.S. government would provide lifetime medical benefits and burial services to all living participants, received through the creation of the Tuskegee Health Benefit Program. In 1995, the program was expanded to cover wives, widows, and offspring of program participants. ↩
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (2013). A guide to the archival collection of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: Bioethics Research Library, Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University. ↩
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (2013). A guide to the archival collection of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: Bioethics Research Library, Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University.; Steneck, N. H. (2007). ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ↩
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). ↩
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services).; Cohen, J. M. (2017). History and ethics of human subjects research. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program. ↩
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services).; ↩
Cohen, J. M. (2017). History and ethics of human subjects research. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program.; Steneck, N. H. (2007). ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ↩
Protection of Human Subjects, 46 C.F.R. § 46 (1991, 2009).; Steneck, N. H. (2007). ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ↩
Office of Extramural Research. (n.d.) Frequently asked questions: Human subjects. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved from https://grants.nih.gov/policy/hs/faqs.htm#5787; Cohen, J. M. (2017). History and ethics of human subjects research. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program; Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from https://about.citiprogram.org/en/series/human-subjects-research-hsr/ ↩
Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from https://about.citiprogram.org/en/series/human-subjects-research-hsr/. ↩
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1978). Report and recommendations: Institutional review boards. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). ↩
Not all organizations call their committees reviewing research IRBs; they may be called something different, such as an Independent Ethic Committee (IEC), Ethical Review Board (ERB), or Research Ethics Board (REB). Regardless most apply the same requirements to all human subject research. ↩
Selwitz, A. S., Epley, N., & Erickson, J. (2018). Basic Institutional Review Board (IRB) regulations and review process. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) program. ↩
See also Forsham v. Harris (1980); Monico, E., Bogucki, S., & Moore, C. (2013). Using the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to compel research data disclosure. Emergency Medicine, 3(1), 1-2. ↩
National Research Council on Science, Technology, and Law Panel. (2002). Access to research data in the 21st century: an ongoing dialogue among interested parties: Report of a workshop. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/id/10032387. ↩
Auriti, E., Hamill, N. G., Kulkami, S., & Wu, M.. (2013). Who can obtain access to research data? Protecting research data against compelled disclosure. NACUANOTES, 11(7), 1-8. ↩
Monico, E., Bogucki, S., & Moore, C. (2013). Using the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to compel research data disclosure. Emergency Medicine, 3(1), 1-2. ↩
Fischer, E. A. (2013). Public access to data from federally funded research: Provisions in OMB Circular A-110. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. ↩
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). (2018, March 1). [Guides]. Retrieved August 23, 2018, from https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/index.html. ↩
These exceptions include disclosure of education records without consent to the following parties and/or under the following conditions: school officials with legitimate educational interest, schools to which a student is transferring, specified officials for the purposes of audits and evaluations, specified parties in connection with student financial aid, organizations conducting studies for or on behalf of the school, accrediting organizations, in compliance with a judicial order or lawfully issues subpoena, appropriate officials in cases of health and/or safety emergencies, and state and local authorities within the juvenile justice system, pursuant to the state's law. ; Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). (2018, March 1). [Guides]. Retrieved August 23, 2018, from https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/index.html. ↩
U.S. Department of Education. (2015). FERPA general guidance for students. Author. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/students.html. ↩
Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). HIPAA for professionals. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/special-topics/research/index.html. ↩
Office for Civil Rights (2015). Do HIPAA's requirements for authorization and the Common Rule's requirements for informed consent differ?. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/faq/313/does-the-hipaa-requirement-for-authorization-differ-from-the-common-rule/index.html. ↩
National Institutes of Health. (2004). Clinical research and the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://privacyruleandresearch.nih.gov/clin_research.asp; Hicks, L. (2018). Privacy and confidentiality-SBE. Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program. ↩
Office for Civil Rights (2015). Research: OCR HIPAA privacy. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/special-topics/research/index.html. ↩
Resnik, D. B. (2008). Social Benefits of Human Subjects Research. Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices, 4(11), 1–7. ↩
Keywords: Social science, research, federal regulations, and human subjects

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


While it isn't much of a tie-in to SECRET EMPIRE, ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 still delivers an emotional yet exciting adventure for the Guardians. The artwork looks great, especially when it comes to alien races and constructs.
ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 is ostensibly a tie-in to the SECRET EMPIRE event. The true heart of the book, though, lies in showing the Guardians in an action packed salvage mission. Writers Chad Bowers and Chris Sims craft an emotional story about a man forced to work with someone he hates. Artist Danilo S. Beyruth also does an excellent job drawing the various alien races and robots the Guardians encounter throughout the issue.
ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 begins with the Guardians attempting to enlist the aid of various alien species. They need an army to defeat the seemingly endless Chitauri invasion force that continues to descend on Earth. Peter Quill desperately wants to help Earth, but his teammates don't share that sentiment.
ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 page 4. Image Courtesy of Marvel Entertainment.
Bowers and Sims aptly portray Quill's desire to help mixed with a deep-rooted cynicism. He speaks with the head of the anti-Chitauri forces -– Carol Danvers — about the Guardians' failure to enlist any aid. Although he wants to help, Quill cynically tells Danvers that absolutely no alien species wants to help Earth. Danvers stays positive, asking Quill just to bring her back something. Bowers and Sims show that Quill cares about his old home world. The constant failures to find help beat him down, though. Quill even considers something he normally never would.
READ: Interested in ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY? Here's our review of the first issue!
Later on, former Guardian of the Galaxy Mantis gives a sliver of hope to Quill. She tells him he must venture to a dangerous nebula to acquire something that can aid the Earth. Only one man can navigate this wild nebula: Yondu Udanta. This Yondu is the ancestor of the Yondu who lives in the 30th century. This movie-inspired version first appeared in Sam Humphries' STAR-LORD #1 (2016).
Sims and Bowers add a strong emotional core to ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 with Yondu's inclusion. Yondu, head of the space pirate group called the Ravagers, kidnapped Quill when he was a spacefaring teenager. He eventually allowed Quill to become a member of the Ravagers. Yondu treated Quill like a slave, forcing him to be the Ravagers' personal janitor. Quill still resents Yondu for this, but he reluctantly teams up with him anyway.
One would expect Quill and Yondu to eventually bond during this team-up. They never do. Yondu only gets more selfish as the issue goes on. Eventually, though, the Guardians reconcile their differences about saving Earth in order to defeat Yondu. Once they defeat Yondu, the Guardians decide to help Quill save Earth by any means necessary, since they're a family.
ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 page 10. Image courtesy of Marvel Entertainment.
Sims and Bowers skillfully include elements familiar to fans of the GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY films. They change the elements enough, though, so the books aren't carbon copies of the movies. For example, in GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY VOL. 2, Yondu reveals that he didn't steal Quill so he could have an extra set of hands, [SPOILER] he kept him because he cared about Quill and didn't want to see him killed.
Meanwhile, in ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1, Yondu is an unrepentant jackass. He constantly taunts Quill and threatens to kill him. Yondu eventually captures him in order to sell him to Danvers at a high premium. Quill is right to despise Yondu after how he treated him. Yondu used him as a lowly slave and had no remorse for what he did.
READ: Wanna know what we thought about GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY VOL. 2? Here's our review!
ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 page 2. Image courtesy of Marvel Entertainment.
Beyruth does a great job in portraying both the other-worldliness of the various aliens the Guardians encounter. One of my favorite alien races Beyruth draws in the book is the Makluans, the race of giant space dragons that Fin Fang Foom belongs to. Beyruth draws realistic textures on the Makluans' hide as well as giving them expressive, Jack Kirby-inspired faces.
Also, on the planet the Guardians land on, Galactus' former robot servants build a large statue in his honor. Beyruth draws the statue as a large Wicker Man-like monument that was obviously built with salvaged scraps. The detailed patchwork pieces are the best detail of the enormous faux-Galactus.
ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 page 18. Image Courtesy of Marvel Entertainment.
READ: Here's why we think GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY VOL. 2 is the perfect sequel!
While I greatly enjoyed the annual, it ultimately did not feel like a story that needed to be told. Without going into spoilers, it ultimately added only a small bit to the ongoing SECRET EMPIRE story arc. It was a fun one-off story with touching emotional beats and exciting art. However, we didn't end up much further from where we were at the start of the book, though.
Having said that, I would still recommend ALL-NEW GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ANNUAL #1 to Guardians movie and comic fans. It tells a heartfelt story about a team coming together against one of their members' most hated enemies. I'd say the book isn't a must-read for people following along with the SECRET EMPIRE event. If you're collecting all the issues anyway, though, you won't be disappointed by the art or the story itself.
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We strive to improve the health of our land and our community. Proudly established in 1992, we are one of the longest running Landcare Groups in North East Victoria.
Greta Valley Landcare Group has no Other Ways to Give listings on GiveNow.
Greta Valley Landcare Group Inc. is an incorporated, not-for-profit, community group working to improve the health of our land and our community.


Extremely important for OnTarget training center are the strong relations with our business partners. We work with worldwide software, business, industrial and other companies to develop our services and activities to help each other for our success.
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We built stable relations with user groups in different technologies all over the world. They both with many IT and business societies are our strong supporters in events,trainings and initiatives which we organize.
We would like to thank all of our partners and clients for supporting our trainings, events and initiatives.
Please note this is not the full list of our clients and partners. If you need more detailed information, just contact us.
OnTarget Training has key relationships with leading companies and universities all over the world. As an innovative company we are working successfully with our partners and through over the years we built strong partnerships with them.
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GladRags, which makes the MoonCup US, is one of the oldest makers of menstrual cups. Their Keeper menstrual cup, made of latex, has been manufactured since 1987.
The MoonCup is their silicone menstrual cup. It is identical in shape and size to the Keeper with two ridges around the top of the cup and a smooth hollow stem for removal.
It comes in two sizes and you should select the best size for you based on your age, whether you've given birth, and how fit you are.
The GladRags company is dedicated to making reusable products for your period. In addition to two menstrual cups, they also make a variety of reusable pads and other accessories for your period.


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Q: Development console commands registration I have a DevelopmentConsole class. I am making functionality to register console commands for the subsystems. I don't want the console to know about them but also I don't want them to contain a debug code (like "Console.RegisterCommand...").
I think I should make an additional class hiearachy. For an example I have Player class.
IConsoleBuilder {
    RegisterCommand(string command, Func<string[], string> action);
}

PlayerConsoleBuilderClient : ConsoleBuilderClient {
    readonly Player _player =  ?inject?

    public override void Visit(IConsoleBuilder builder) {
        // builder.RegisterCommand("GetName", args => _player.Name) ;
    }
}

Here I need to use Reflection to find all ConsoleBuilderClient subclasses. It's not a very good idea, is it?
Can you suggest how to do it in a better way?

A: There are only 2 options. You either explicitly define each client class in some kind of collection. Probably in some kind of topmost project. Or you use reflection to look for all subclasses of ConsoleBuilderClient in all loaded/available assemblies.
It is up to you to pick which one you prefer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
[APW Exclusive Interview] The story of SEKAI NO OWARI- Happiness is hard-fought
SEKAI NO OWARI is a name that is mostly unheard of in the Western world. However, step foot into Japan, and what one will soon realise is that they are a J-Pop phenomenon and household name; much like Taylor Swift in the sphere of Western music. Coming together in 2007 and initially playing to no more than 15 people in an abandoned warehouse, the band which consists of Nakajin, Fukase, Saori and DJ Love officially debuted in 2010 and solidly accumulated in success before rising to meteoric fame with their hit single "RPG" in 2012, which has over 96 million hits on YouTube to date. Playing to sold-out venues such as the legendary Nippon Budokan and Nissan Stadium, and with more than a couple chart-topping singles and awards under their belt, the band is well-equipped for their upcoming debut into the US music industry. However, the funky and eclectic indie-pop band didn't exactly breeze their way out of obscurity to become one of the most popular bands in Japan. Theirs is a story of tumultuous times, new beginnings and self discovery, showing us that their happiness and success was anything but easy.
In speaking with us, the band were open about what went on behind the scenes in their personal lives. Lead vocalist and songwriter Fukase especially spoke candidly of his experiences with mental illness which ended his budding career in medicine, initiating what was to be the darkest period of his life. Yet it was this exact feeling of the world collapsing around him that inspired the band's name SEKAI NO OWARI, meaning 'End of the World' which kick-started a musical journey fuelled by the desire to share a message of love and positivity. When asked why he dared to share so boldly his painful journey of internal struggle, Fukase had this to say: "I want to help guide the way for those young minds who are under similar circumstances as mine; so they don't lose their way, or lose confidence in themselves."
Furthermore, the youthful vocalist also had some immensely meaningful words of wisdom for those who are currently struggling with a low point in their lives: "Dreaming about tomorrow won't make any difference for the present moment. Relying on someone else won't help but we can only change ourselves. I know you all know that very well. Be strong, my comrades."
Evidently, it has been Fukase's optimism as well as the love and support that he felt from his band members during this tough period which has shaped the messages that their happy and powerful lyrics bring. However, their music itself is known for being a unique fusion of classical, video game, rock and hip hop genres. Nakajin, SEKAI NO OWARI's band leader lets us in on the difficulties that led them to their nonreplicable sound:
"It was just two of us in the beginning, Fukase as a lead vocal and I played guitar. We were looking for a drummer and bassist but couldn't find people we clicked with. We knew we needed more members to form the group, so we talked to our friend Saori who plays piano and Love the DJ, and asked them to join us. This is how we started unintentionally with these members. It is an odd and unusual combination, but we created something outside the box because of it."
SEKAI NO OWARI-RPG
Furthermore, it is not just the fact that the band was composed of different instruments that made them stand out from the crowd, but also their inimitable chemistry which seems to be the glue piecing their varied interests into one cohesive sound.
"We all have different taste in music; Fukase likes hiphop, Saori likes classical music, LOVE likes rock, and I like video game music. But we understand each other really well because we are childhood friends and currently living together in the shared house. When there's a conflict between us, we overcome the issues by talking it out with respect for each other", Nakajin says.
Indeed, the group's mutual respect and love for one another is what helps them through various conflicts, with every member regarding each other as family. Saori is seen to be the selfish older sister, Nakajin the reliable older brother, Fukase the carefree dad, and DJ Love…the pet elephant? In clarification of DJ Love's interesting role in the SEKAI NO OWARI family, Saori kept her explanation short, sweet and simple: "Because he is gentle, big, and he likes to eat."
The band are so close, that even when I posed to them the usual 'stranded on a desert island with one person' hypothetical, they all replied that they couldn't pick just one! When asked what their motivation for entering the US Market and sharing their music with the world was, Fukase's answer was quite very adorable: "Our motivation was for us to travel the world together".
And it seems that SEKAI NO OWARI's dream will be coming true soon enough. The band has already taken the first step by initiating cross-cultural collaborations with electro-pop great Owl City. Nakajin, who is a big fan of the former shares with us how it all went down: "My manager knew that I was a fan of Owl City since his debut, so he made an initial contact to get in touch, and that's how we started to work on our collaboration. Mr.Heartache was produced by Owl City, and we featured in his song 'TOKYO'. He also joined us at our show in Japan in 2014".
SEKAI NO OWARI-MR HEARTACHE
So with the backing of an established Western talent like Owl City, all that's left is for SEKAI NO OWARI to publish some new works to showcase to Western audiences before they can begin touring and sharing their music with an entirely different audience. Nakajin shares how he feels about such foreign experiences, especially in terms of writing and composing in English:
"When working on songs in English, I try to think of myself as someone from an English speaking country. It's a totally a different feeling than working on Japanese songs. It's really refreshing and exciting at the same time. It's like we are in a different band."
DJ Love also chimed in with his thoughts on cultural obstacles, addressing the importance of spoken language to a listener's acceptance of the music.
"I believe language is very important for a song to be loved for many years. There are rare cases when people feel connected to a song regardless of the language too. But I think there is barrier when reaching out to more people, it's more difficult to have them engaged with music if they don't understand the words."
Nearing the end of the interview, Saori also had some thoughts about the band's ultimate aim in making music which we felt represented what the band stood for without contention: "I would be happy if our music inspired people to share special moments. That's why we want families to come to our concert. It's the idea of people listening to our songs with their loved ones, and people making new friends. "
Encompassing a feeling of warmth and happiness that one feels when with friends or family, the overpowering, naive happiness that SEKAI NO OWARI's music's promotes is not one that was decided upon flippantly. It comes from a potent mix of troubled times, the healing support of loved ones, a unique amalgation of creative energies and a hell of a lot of fighting spirit. Whether it was fate or coincidence that brought the four of them together, SEKAI NO OWARI has now made it their mission to share their brand of hard-fought happiness with anyone who is willing to listen; even if it feels like the world's about to collapse tomorrow. So in lieu of their upcoming debut into the US music industry, my advice is to give these guys a listen-chances are, you'll be hooked on their addictive brand of happiness 30 seconds into the first song. I promise.
SEKAI NO OWARI are currently in the process of planning a North American tour and debut into the US music industry. Keep in the loop by following their Facebook page here.


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Regiunea Maramureș a fost o diviziune administrativ-teritorială situată în zona de nord-vest a Republicii Populare Române, înființată în anul 1960 (când a fost desființată regiunea Baia Mare) și care a existat până în anul 1968, atunci când regiunile au fost desființate.

Istoric
Reședința regiunii a fost la Baia Mare, iar teritoriul său cuprindea o suprafață asemănătoare cu cea a actualelor județe Maramureș și Satu Mare.

Vecinii regiunii Maramureș

Regiunea Maramureș se învecina:
 1960-1968: la est cu regiunea Suceava, la sud cu regiunile Cluj și Oradea, la vest cu Republica Populară Ungară, iar la nord cu RSS Ucraineană.

Raioanele regiunii Maramureș
Regiunea Maramureș cuprindea următoarele raioane:
 1960-1968: Baia Mare, Carei, Cehu Silvaniei, Lăpuș (Tîrgu Lăpuș), Oaș (Negrești), Satu Mare, Sighet, Vișeu (Vișeul de Sus).

Note

Regiunile Republicii Populare Române
Istoria Transilvaniei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Down goes the Footsie. Why I want it to last longer?
Perhaps for a different reason than you think?
UK's 'purest' utility National Grid's 2011-12 results contained few surprises. Total revenue fell 3.5% to £13.8bn while profit before tax rose by 5% to £2.6bn.
The company confirmed the expected 8% inflation beating dividend increase, taking the total dividend for the year to 39.28 pence.
At 25.35 pence, the final dividend is going ex-dividend on 30th May and is payable on 15th August.
A more modest 4% dividend increase is planned for the current year. National Grid confirmed that it will be announcing a new dividend policy for future years, in due course, depending on the confirmation of the new regulatory pricing regime in the UK.
Click Here for more in-depth coverage on National Grid.
In line with market expectations, SSE - National Grid's fellow FTSE100 utility – announced a 6.8% dividend increase, taking the total dividend payout to 80p per share for the year.
The utility group reconfirmed that it would increase its dividend by 2% more than inflation as measured by the retail prices index.
SSE offers one of UK's more attractive dividend records in the UK with 13 years of successive above-inflation dividend increases.
UK's military hardware champion BAE Systems, released a management statement for the first five months of the year, reconfirming that it expects little sales growth for 2012.
Longer term, the prospects of possible cutbacks in military expenditure by the UK and US is already likely to having an impact on the share price while 2012 dividend forecast of around 19 pence should provide it with some support at current share price levels.
Click Here for more in-depth coverage on BAE Systems.
AstraZeneca - results down, dividend safe?
AZN surprised the markets with worse first quarter results than initially expected, in part due to the loss of exclusivity on several brands and slower growth in several developing markets. Earnings per share were down a massive 39%.
AZN have lowered their earnings per share guidance for the full year. The 2012 dividend forecast is around 180 pence and does not appear to be under threat...yet, as the company continues to hold a net cash position - rather unique compared to many other FTSE100 companies.
Click Here for more in-depth coverage on AstraZeneca.
With profits down on the previous quarter, quarterly dividend payer BP's first quarter results included a pleasing increase in dividends at US 8¢ going ex-dividend on 9th May and is payable on 27th June.
The sterling conversion will be announced on 13 June. In dollars, the dividend increase is well above inflation at 14.3% compared to the 7¢ paid a year ago and equal to the amount paid for the last quarter.
Even with this rise, dividend payouts are still running at only a little over half their pre-oil spill levels when quarterly dividends of 14.0¢ were being paid.
Click Here for more in-depth coverage on BP.
With turnover virtually flat, and earnings per share down, first quarter results revealed an inflation beating 6.2% increase dividend at 17 pence going ex-dividend on 9th May and payable on July 5th.
For the year, the dividend is expected to be around 74 pence. GSK expects core operating margins to improve gradually with further gains over the next two to three years. Hopefully this will translate into higher dividends going forward.
Unfortunately, the company also announced that they intend a rather massive £2-2.5bn share buyback programme this year, which instead could be used more sensibly by reducing debt and increasing dividends.
The first three months of 2012, with the exception perhaps for Tesco investors, were very much a one-way ride for equity investors, as share prices rose almost across the board.
However, since closing at 5,966 on 16 March, the FTSE 100 index has taken a dive and the end is unlikely to be in sight yet.
This Friday the Footsie closed at 5,267 - down almost 700 points - 699 to be precise -, or nearly 11.7% from its March high. That represents a formidable sell-off in my book.
Big fallers include mining companies (hard landing in China?), banks and insurance firms (Grexit? Euro implosion?) as well as companies with heavy exposure to both consumer spending in the UK and overseas (obviously consumers are spending less everywhere).
Perversely you may think, but as a long-term Dividend Income Investor, I am rather enjoying this sell-off. Mind you, not that I am shorting stocks or indices… I am not playing that 'game' any longer.
No...I like share prices to be lower.
We may well see share prices substantially lower this Summer.
Just consider this . . . .
What about the impact of next month's second general election in Greece?
What about the €450 billion of debt Italy has to roll over this year?
What about the near-12% yield on 10-year Portuguese bonds or the 6%+ Spain is being forced to pay now?
What about the strong possibility of another Eurozone downturn?
Is Facebook ridiculous IPO value a clear signal of technology markets overheating….again?
Will the USA be able to cut the Budget in this important presidential election year, later this Autumn?
In short, while the FTSE 100 has fallen by 699 points (almost 12%!) from its March high, we may well be at the cusp of another leg down, later this Summer.
.... of course, you are a long term - contrarian - Dividend Income Investor like me.
With still more than 50% in my Dividend Income Portfolio in cash, as a net buyer of high quality dividend paying shares, I would love it for share prices to go much lower than they currently are.
You may be surprised to hear this, even after the recent sell-off.
From our perspective, many high quality dividend paying companies are still priced well above their historical undervalued price levels, i.e. when they are priced to buy. So we wait...and wait for the inevitable to happen.
Yes, I know it is 'sad' from a stock trading perspective, the life of a long term Dividend Income Investor is rather dull and boring. At least I sleep well most nights.
Instead of being glued at the computer screen attempting to catch any minor or major down or upswing, we just do our research and inform our subscribers at Dividend Income Investor.com accordingly, taking away all the 'emotions' of fear and greed many investors…hmm speculators seem to suffer from.
Also, having determined which high quality dividend paying companies I want to own, and, at what price, I just spent some minutes at my online ISA account setting limit buy-orders.
I told you it was boring… but that's how you maximise total real returns and that's how I like it these days.


The 1916 New York state election was held on November 7, 1916, to elect the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a U.S. Senator, the Chief Judge and an associate judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.
The Republican, Democratic, Socialist and Prohibition parties maintained automatic ballot access (necessary 10,000 votes); the Independence League, Progressive and American parties lost it; and the Socialist Labor Party dit not re-attain it.
36 Republicans and 15 Democrats were elected to the New York State Senate, to sit in the 140th and 141st New York State Legislatures (1917–1918).
99 Republicans, 49 Democrats and 2 Socialists were elected to the New York State Assembly, to sit in the 140th New York State Legislature (1917).


When someone 'says it well,' I like to take notice. Jory MacKay of Crew writes a great blog on how to come up with exciting business ideas. I'll give you a few highlights, but it's well worth reading his whole blog.
You might be passionate about your idea, but remember that a business is a transaction.
I need something (or think I need something) and you provide it. Whether that's a product or service doesn't really matter. The crux of it is that I'm willing to part with my hard-earned money for the thing that you've created.
So it makes sense that at the core of all great business ideas is a need. The greater the need, the more successful the company.
Here's a few ways to find that need.
Ask what bothers you. And then find a better way to do it.
Entrepreneurs like to call this scratching your own itch.
Back before they made software, 37Signals—the company behind project management tool Basecamp—was a design firm with a problem. They needed a simple way to communicate with clients about their projects, but there were no good options available.
So they made their own.
The key here is understanding that your itch is contagious. If you're having this problem, it's likely hundreds of thousands of others are in the same boat.
Better yet, you already know your target audience: you.
Use Beginner's Mind to uncover missed opportunities.
Our past experiences have a funny way of getting in the way of forming new ideas.
We assume that because something happened one way, or didn't work in the past, that it will do the same in the future.
In his classic 1962 book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, author Thomas Kuhn argued that people who achieve "fundamental inventions of a new paradigm have either been very young or very new to the field whose paradigm they change".
Unique ideas come when you don't know the conventions of an industry.
When coming up with business ideas, it can help to step back into that beginner's mind—to step back away from the specifics and ask basic questions.
Amazon CTO Werner Vogels calls this Working Backwards—get your face out of the details and the nitty gritty and look at your project with new eyes.
Because you know who else is a beginner? Your customers. Get in their head and you're sure to have the start of a winning idea.
*It's totally worth reading the full blog.


Posted on January 31st, 2018 in Dee Why.
As expected, we've switched over to southerly conditions this morning. So, grey skies, the odd spot of rain, and a building southerly that should see wind speeds in the 25-30 kt range later today. Swell has come up from yesterday as it builds toward the 2-3 metre mark by lunch time. Surface conditions at 0900 were not too bad, but wind was coming from the SW at 8-10kts. Once it goes south and gets to full throttle quality at Dee Why will go downhill.
Outlook is for these southerly settings to stay about the same for at least another few days. Some models show the wind getting a SW tilt around Sunday but the swell energy levels are looking like fading away too. This surfing business really requires a lot of patience!
Have a great day everybody and stay happy, you hear?
A front with an associated southerly change over the Hunter waters is moving north and will reach the far north coast by late morning/early afternoon. Behind the front a slow-moving high pressure system south of the Bight will extend a ridge along the coast maintaining south to southeasterly winds over the next few days.
Southerly 25 to 30 knots.
Southerly 1.5 to 2 metres, increasing to 2 to 3 metres around midday.
Southerly 15 to 25 knots, reaching up to 30 knots early in the morning.
Southerly 2.5 to 3 metres, decreasing to 2 metres by early evening.
Easterly 1 to 1.5 metres inshore, increasing to 1.5 to 2 metres offshore.
Southerly 2 metres, tending southeasterly 1.5 to 2 metres during the morning.
The next routine forecast will be issued at 4:05 pm EDT Wednesday.
Posted on January 29th, 2018 in Dee Why.
No Mans looking too fat and too small on high tide.
A few bods hanging in the beachy and nobody at the point as of 0700.
Monday starts off glassy but with weak and tiny tide-affected conditions (the 1.8 m high was at 0700) The MHL Sydney buoy is still off the air, however Pt Kembla was showing 1.3 m of 7-sec east wind bump at 0400. That's right in line with the Bureau's call and consistent with the conditions at Dee Why this morning (ie knee to waist high) The day should warm up and the cloud should decrease too. Wind will come up from the NE later this morning and get to 10-15 kts by lunch.
Your correspondent is happy to be home, but he's currently doing battle with a bug picked up a week or so ago and therefore not feeling all that tip-top. Looking forward to feeling normal again!
A high pressure system near New Zealand extends a ridge towards northeast New South Wales, directing east to northeasterly winds over coastal waters. The northern coast is expected to see a southeasterly shift during today as a deepening low over the Coral Sea begins to head south. A cold front will bring a vigorous southerly change to the southern half of the coast on Tuesday, continuing through remaining waters on Wednesday. Following this, a new high to the west of Tasmania is expected to maintain a ridge along the New South Wales coast through to the weekend, maintaining generally south to southeasterly winds.
Northeasterly 10 to 15 knots, reaching up to 20 knots in the evening.
North to northeasterly 15 to 20 knots shifting southerly 20 to 30 knots during the early morning.
1 to 2 metres, increasing to 2 to 3 metres during the morning.
Southerly 1 metre, increasing to 1.5 to 2.5 metres during the morning.
Posted on January 25th, 2018 in Goat's Forecast.
Practically nothing at the moment as the tide is too high but there might be a very small wave at lower tide.
Couple of SUPs, paddlers and hopefuls just bobbing around. But with the humidity at 95% being in the water is probably the best place to be. A light Noreaster is helping freshen up the air.
Tomorrow might be a bit better.
The Low in the Coral Sea (below) doesn't look at this stage like it will bring much swell down our way, but there could be some up the coast around Tuesday.
The surf has been small Noreast windswell for most of the week, but at the right tides and right places there's been just enough movement in the water to give kids on school holidays and other people some exercise while escaping the humidity.
And that situation looks like continuing through Monday~~~~~~~~~~~~at least it's not flat.
After that it depends on what track a Low expected to form out in the Coral Sea takes… before a Southerly change cancels out whatever swell might be coming from that. It's a dynamic atmosphere and ocean.
Thursday: around the 1-2 metre range at places open to dead South with some larger sets.
Forecast issued at 4:20 pm EDT on Thursday 25 January 2018.
Partly cloudy. Slight (30%) chance of showers and thunderstorms, mainly in the west. Winds east to northeasterly 20 to 30 km/h.
Cloudy. Slight (20%) chance of a shower or thunderstorm in the outer west. Winds northeasterly 15 to 20 km/h becoming light before dawn then becoming east to northeasterly 15 to 25 km/h in the middle of the day.
Partly cloudy. The chance of a thunderstorm in the outer west in the afternoon. Winds east to northeasterly 20 to 30 km/h.
Partly cloudy. Winds northeasterly 15 to 25 km/h becoming light during the evening.
Mostly sunny. Slight (20%) chance of a shower. Light winds becoming northeasterly 15 to 25 km/h during the day then becoming light during the evening.
Partly cloudy. Medium (60%) chance of showers, most likely later in the day. Light winds becoming easterly 15 to 20 km/h during the day.
Cloudy. High (80%) chance of showers. Winds southerly 15 to 25 km/h.
Cloudy. High (70%) chance of showers. Winds southerly 20 to 30 km/h.
Posted on January 19th, 2018 in Postcard.
Just a few stills from my trusty GoPro rig. I went back to the same place I've been surfing all week and again it was glassy, chest to head and a bit and uncrowded (2-6 of us in the water!). Swell angle just a little too steep for the place so got smashed by more shutdowns. Still, got a couple of very fun head high plus set waves, so I'm happy.
Posted on January 19th, 2018 in At large.
After four days of 3m+ swell, it looks as though Sydney is going to see a steady decline in energy levels across the day. As of midnight the MHL buoy was showing 1.5 m at 8 sec. There could still be some bigger sets in the mix, but by the time the dawn patrol paddles out, I'd guess those will be few and far between. Tide was low at 0405 and will be back to a deepish 1.75 m at 1035. Wind was out of the north around 5 kts at 0520. It'll gradually track around to the NE by this afternoon.
If I were in Sydney and looking at the 29°C later, I'd be heading down to the beach for a cooling splash early. My guess is that magnet spots should be in the chest plus range with maybe one or two head pluses in the morning session. So definitely fun.
As for the week ahead, well, may I direct your attention to the Goat's latest surf forecast.
Surf outlook here is also on the marginal side. After four days of solid swell, I'm not sure there'll be much in the tank when I go for a look at prospects in a few hours… if I spot anything, I'll try to get a postcard or two to share. Can't really complain though. Where I surfed there were never more than a dozen people in the water at any one time. Plus the water was unusually warm (15°C) for winter time. Air temps have been crazy too – basically t-shirt weather during the day.
A high pressure system just off the New South Wales coast is expected to remain near-stationary during the next few days, maintaining generally southerly winds along the northern coast and northerly winds along the southern coast.
North to northeasterly 10 to 15 knots increasing to 15 to 20 knots during the evening.
Posted on January 18th, 2018 in Goat's Forecast.
Great conditions for the early… blue skies, no wind, waves around 1 metre or so with some a little bigger.
The tide is rising so bets to get in sooner rather than later. Longboards SUPs best but energetic shortboard riders should be able to catch a few rides.
The surf is finally starting to ease back after a week of large surf and onshore conditions that were not much use to most people… 'all dressed up but no place to go' springs to mind.
There'll still be more (moderate) waves around for the coming week, albeit with light to stronger onshores on some days.
The water's all been churned up and around, with garnishings of weed, gunk and whatever. Is it polluted?? TG's simple rule is 'if it looks dirty, it is dirty'.
Sunny. Light winds becoming easterly 15 to 20 km/h in the early afternoon then becoming light in the evening.
Hot and sunny. Light winds becoming easterly 20 to 30 km/h in the middle of the day then becoming light in the evening.
Hot and sunny. Light winds becoming easterly 15 to 25 km/h during the day then becoming light during the evening.
Hot. Partly cloudy. Light winds becoming northeasterly 15 to 25 km/h during the day then becoming light during the evening.
Very hot. Partly cloudy. Medium (40%) chance of showers. The chance of a thunderstorm in the west later in the day. Light winds becoming north to northwesterly 15 to 20 km/h during the morning.
Partly cloudy. Medium (60%) chance of showers, most likely later in the day. Winds northwest to northeasterly 15 to 20 km/h tending south to southeasterly 15 to 25 km/h during the morning.
Partly cloudy. Medium (50%) chance of showers. Light winds becoming easterly 15 to 20 km/h during the day.
Posted on January 18th, 2018 in Postcard.
Posted on January 17th, 2018 in Surf Reports.
Finding it difficult to get reports out, so sorry for spotty performance over last week. We got the first solid swell of the season yesterday. Real long periods and wave faces in the head plus range on the bombs.
Looks as though Sydney's getting hit with some pretty hefty south swell today and tomorrow – but with heaps of south wind too. North corners that like south could be the go tomorrow from the look of the forecast. Swell seems likely to peak today for you and to taper off to smallish by the weekend. Same thing happening here oddly enough.
Go well and I'll try to share a few more piccies as I am able!
Posted on January 14th, 2018 in Surf Reports.
See if this sounds familiar… it's really tiny but skies are blue and air is mild. A solid swell is expected in the next 24-48 hours and I'm at a favourite spot. No one's out because it's nearly flat. But every ten minutes or so a tiny but possibly catchable line rolls in. It might be thigh high. Maybe. I'm a 20 minute walk from the spot. Do I chance it and make the hike or do I wait for tomorrow when the swell should be starting to show?
Posted on January 13th, 2018 in Goat's Forecast.
Don't think you're getting this treatment all the time… It's just cause Don's clearly busy on the other side of the Pacific.
When I first looked at my own little weather station at home it read 16 outside. I thought it must be wrong, but the BoM says Sydney Airport on the coast right now is 17.8 with an apparent temp of 9.8!
While the sky is patchy as is the wind, at the airport it's registering 52 kph gusts from SW.
The surf's coming up but is messy. Offshore it's 3-6 metres from due South with 6-8 second periods.
The wind and the wave size will increase through the day. Showers, max 23 and 'becoming windy'.
Have a good one doing something else.
In Sydney a southerly change in the afternoon means you should get in the water this morning if you're thinking of looking for a surf.
The Southerly wind has already hit South Coast surf spots ….While people on the North Coast will have a bit more time to decide what they are doing… a fresh northerly is chopping up open beaches though making wave quality a bit ordinary.
But that change is expected to turn everything pear shaped on Sunday, so Saturday is definitely the day to go surfing in Sydney this weekend.
Currently overcast in Sydney with no wind or a light NW offshore just starting up. Max expected 33. High tide was just before 7am at 1.57m…going down now till Low at 1.30pm 0.56m.
And as per TG's forecast below, there'll be some solid swell pushing up along the NSW coast during next week but it looks like being for experts and the experienced only!
No significant change to the outlook below, so if you want a weekend surf I'd be looking at Saturday early on in the day.
The planned 'Around the Bends' Newport to Avalon, and annual Avalon Beach ocean swims scheduled for this Sunday by Avalon Beach SLSC, have been postponed to Sunday 8 April 2018, due to water safety concerns with the deteriorating weather and surf outlook for Sunday.
There'll be some solid swell pushing up along the NSW coast from mid week onwards, but it will be for experts and the experienced only!
Well, we've had some changeable weather, wind and smallish waves that were pleasant for some at times over the past week.
It looks like we're going to get some more changeable weather and wind over the coming week with smallish waves at first.
But then, depending on what a Low that's expected to form over Bass Strait does when it goes into the Tasman, we look like getting weather, wind and waves that'll be not so pleasant for most people till possibly later in the week.
Lows have a habit of not doing what may be expected. You just can't tell Mother Nature what to do. We'll know more over coming days. At this stage TG can only go with what's in his fogged up crystal ball.
Sunday: IF the expected Low moves as it's expected and when it's expected, then let's say in the 1-2 metre range short period near to shore at places open to dead South at first, (bigger swell out offshore), with SSW swell and wind to start with, and then building into say the 2-3 metre range later on at dead South places …But all accompanied by windy S/SSW wind… so as it comes up the coast from way down South, NG for Sydney or the South Coast, and probably not much getting into the North Coats points.
Monday: ditto again re the Low('s) expectations… could be in the 2-3 , 3+ metre range with increasing wave period at dead South spots, (with SW/S/SE wind expected by the BoM)…still probably NG Sydney and South Coast; maybe North Coast?
There you go.. Those glum people who weren't looking forward to going back to work next week, now have something to smile about!
The rest of you: Try to enjoy!
Partly cloudy. High (70%) chance of showers, most likely during this afternoon and evening. The chance of a thunderstorm during this afternoon and early evening. Winds north to northwesterly 15 to 20 km/h shifting south to southeasterly 25 to 35 km/h in the late afternoon then decreasing to 15 to 25 km/h in the evening.
Partly cloudy. High (80%) chance of showers, most likely in the morning. Winds southerly 25 to 35 km/h, reaching 50 km/h along the coast.


text:
Grange Association Edinburgh
The website of the Grange Association, Edinburgh
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Home » History » Cemetery » 11 Michael Taylor (1793-1867)
11 Michael Taylor (1793-1867)
Michael Taylor was a silk merchant in Edinburgh whose wife and daughter were poisoned by his son-in-law, Dr Edward William Pritchard. Pritchard and his wife, Mary, lived in Glasgow, where he practised as a doctor. In 1865 Mary was unwell, so her mother, Jane Taylor, went through from Edinburgh to look after her. In February Mrs Taylor died, and Dr Pritchard signed the death certificate. He then accompanied the body to Edinburgh where she was buried in the Grange Cemetery. Less than a month later, Mary also died. Following an anonymous tip off, the police exhumed the body of Jane Taylor, and it was found that both women had antimony poison in their systems. Pritchard was found guilty of their murders, and was hanged on 28 July 1865, the last man to be publicly hanged in Glasgow.
The case was a sensation at the time. It was thought that Pritchard was having an affair with a servant girl, Mary Macleod, and that his mother-in-law had caught them together. Mary, who was 15, became pregnant, and Pritchard arranged an abortion. She was cleared of any involvement in the crimes.
Michael Taylor was born in Kirkby Stephen, Westmoreland, on 3 November 1793. He married Jane Cowan (1792-1865), and Mary Jane Taylor (1825-1865) was born on 28 December 1825 in Duddingston, near Edinburgh. Mary met Edward Pritchard in Portsmouth, marrying him in London on 17 September 1850. By the time they moved to Glasgow they had five children. Jane Taylor was 73 and Mary was 38 when they were murdered. Michael Taylor died two years after the murders at the age of 74.
The headstone in Grange Cemetery is very simple, just giving the names of Michael, Jane and Mary, the date they died, and their ages.
Another murder victim lies in an unmarked grave in the Grange cemetery. She is Elizabeth Dyer, who was poisoned by her husband, Eugene Marie Chantelle in 1878.
1. Murdepeida, http://murderpedia.org/male.P/p/pritchard-edward.htm
2. The Scotsman newspaper, March-July 1865.
3. "Historic South Edinburgh", Volume 3, Charles J Smith, 1986, ISBN 0 284 98739 5
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3D Scan of the Wyverns
1 Thomas Nelson (1780-1861)
10 William Stewart Cruikshank (1855-1928)
12 James Smith (1824-1887)
13 Sir Thomas Dick Lauder (1784-1848)
14 Robin Cook (1946-2005)
15 David Kennedy (1825-1886)
16 Thomas Usher (1821-1896)
17 Thomas Guthrie (1803-1873)
18 James Thin (1824-1915)
19 Andrew Usher (1826-1898)
2 Hugh Miller (1802-1856)
20 Alexander Cowan (1775-1859)
21 John Usher (1828-1904)
22 John Bartholomew (1805-1861)
23 Robert Middlemass (1819-1904)
24 Canon Edward Joseph Hannan (1836-1891)
3 Thomas Oliver (1775-1853)
4 Thomas Chalmers D.D., LL.D. (1780-1847)
5 William Stuart (1820-1888)
6 Charles Maclaren, FRSE (1782-1866)
7 Sir James Gowans (1821-1890)
8 Ivan Szabo (1822-1858)
9 James Moonie (1853-1923)
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text:
Q: vbscript search string in multiple files Please advice how changes the current single incoming log file to search multiple files.
   Dim strTextToFind, strInputFile, strOutputFile, boolMatchCaseSensitive
   Dim objFSO, objInputFile, strFoundText, strLine, objOutputFile

     strTextToFind = Inputbox("Enter the text you would like to search for.")
    strInputFile = "C:\Users\mmmanima\Desktop\mani\Day_16.txt"

iF YOU CAN NOTICED, IM ONLY ACCESS THE day_16 FILE
strOutputFile = "C:\Users\mmmanima\Desktop\texting As\result.txt"
   Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FilesystemObject")
   Const intForReading = 1
   Const intForWriting = 2
   Const intForAppending = 8
   Set objInputFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile(strInputFile, intForReading, False)

Do until objInputFile.atEndOfStream
    strLine = objInputFile.ReadLine
    If InStr(strLine,strTextToFind) > 0 Then
        strFoundText = strLine
     If strFoundText <> "" Then
            Set objOutputFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile(strOutputFile,intForAppending, True)
                objOutputFile.WriteLine strFoundText
                objOutputFile.Close
                Set objOutputFile = Nothing
         End If
End If

     loop
  objInputFile.Close
 Set objInputFile = Nothing

 WScript.Quit

VBScript required to search userinput string into the share folder and there is 60  files.

A: As I believe you want to search through the all files in a particular folder. Then I suggest you to loop you action while all files are read
to do that it's easier to maintain sub or function
pseudo:
var inputFolder = ".\myfolder"
foreach file in the inputFolder
{
    inputFile = file
    searchIn(inputFile)
}

sub searchIn(inputFile)
{
    'do your current works here
}

code:
This part will give you the all file names
Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
inputFldr = Replace(wscript.scriptfullname,wscript.scriptname,".\")
Set fldr = fso.getFolder(inputFldr)

For Each file In fldr.Files
 'call to your function
Next

----------plese aware of typos------
Dim strTextToFind, strInputFile, strOutputFile, boolMatchCaseSensitive
Dim objFSO, objInputFile, strFoundText, strLine, objOutputFile

Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
inputFldr = Replace(wscript.scriptfullname,wscript.scriptname,".\")
Set fldr = objFSO.getFolder(inputFldr)

strTextToFind = Inputbox("Enter the text you would like to search for.")

For Each file In fldr.Files
    yourFunctionName(file )
Next

sub yourFunctionName(inputFile)
    strInputFile = inputFile
    strOutputFile = ".\result.txt"
    Const intForReading = 1
    Const intForWriting = 2
    Const intForAppending = 8
    Set objInputFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile(strInputFile, intForReading, False)

    Do until objInputFile.atEndOfStream
        strLine = objInputFile.ReadLine
        If InStr(strLine,strTextToFind) > 0 Then
            strFoundText = strLine
            If strFoundText <> "" Then
                Set objOutputFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile(strOutputFile,intForAppending, True)
                objOutputFile.WriteLine strFoundText
                objOutputFile.Close
                Set objOutputFile = Nothing
            End If
        End If
    loop
    objInputFile.Close
    Set objInputFile = Nothing
end sub
WScript.echo "done"
WScript.Quit

A: You can try this vbscript, i added a function BrowseForFolder()
Option Explicit
Dim strTextToFind,inputFldr,strInputFile,strOutputFile,path,fldr
Dim objFSO, objInputFile,strFoundText,strLine,objOutputFile,file,ws
Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Set ws = CreateObject("wscript.Shell")
path = objFSO.GetParentFolderName(wscript.ScriptFullName)
strOutputFile = path & "\result.txt"

If objFSO.FileExists(strOutputFile) Then
    objFSO.DeleteFile(strOutputFile)
End if

inputFldr = BrowseForFolder()
Set fldr = objFSO.getFolder(inputFldr)
strTextToFind = Inputbox("Enter the text you would like to search for it !","Enter the text you would like to search for it !","wscript")

For Each file In fldr.Files
    Call Search(file,strTextToFind)
Next
ws.run strOutputFile
'***************************************************************************************************************
Sub Search(inputFile,strTextToFind)
    strInputFile = inputFile
    Const intForReading = 1
    Const intForWriting = 2
    Const intForAppending = 8
    Set objInputFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile(strInputFile,intForReading, False)
    Do until objInputFile.atEndOfStream
        strLine = objInputFile.ReadLine
        If InStr(strLine,strTextToFind) > 0 Then
            strFoundText = strLine
            If strFoundText <> "" Then
                Set objOutputFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile(strOutputFile,intForAppending, True)
                objOutputFile.WriteLine "The Path of file ===> "& DblQuote(strInputFile) & VbCRLF &_
                "String found "& DblQuote(strTextToFind) & " ===> "& DblQuote(strFoundText) & VbCRLF & String(100,"*")
                objOutputFile.Close
                Set objOutputFile = Nothing
            End If
        End If
    loop
    objInputFile.Close
    Set objInputFile = Nothing
End sub
'***************************************************************************************************************
Function BrowseForFolder()
    Dim ws,objFolder,Copyright
    Set ws = CreateObject("Shell.Application")
    Set objFolder = ws.BrowseForFolder(0,"Choose the folder to search on it ",1,"c:\Programs")
    If objFolder Is Nothing Then
        Wscript.Quit
    End If
    BrowseForFolder = objFolder.self.path
end Function
'****************************************************************************************************************
Function DblQuote(Str)
    DblQuote = Chr(34) & Str & Chr(34)
End Function
'*****************************************************

A: A bit late in the day after such a long time gap to address Mara Raj's problem with Hackoo's script but here it is for any others who may be interested. On starting the script it automatically deletes any existing result.txt file. Should the script subsequently go on to find "no match"  it fails to generate a results.txt file as it would normally do if there were a match. The simplest way to correct this is to  insert:
If objFSO.FileExists(strOutputFile) Then
else
wscript.echo "No Matches Found"
wscript.Quit
end if

between "next" and "ws.run strOutputFile"


text:
Q: Parallel shifting of mass while calculating moment of inertia only seems to work for linear objects Since the moment of inertia is defined as $\int r^2 dm$ where $r$ is the distance of the mass element from the axis, one can move a mass element parallel to the axis, without changing the moment of inertia.
For example, consider a thin rod of length $L$, inclined at an angle $\theta$ to the axis passing through its center of mass. If you move all its particles parallel to its axis to a plane perpendicular to the axis, it will make another rod of length $L \sin \theta$, and you would expect its moment of inertia to be $\frac {mL^2 \sin ^2 \theta}{12}$, in accordance to the formula of the moment of inertia of a rod perpendicular to the axis passing through its COM. After calculation, this does turn out to be the case.
Another example, is a hollow cone of radius $R$, open at its base, with an axis passing through its apex, perpendicular to its base. If you parallelly shift all its particles (rings) to one plane perpendicular to the axis, you get a disc, and the cone's moment of inertia comes out to be $\frac {mR^2}{2}$ by the formula of the moment of inertia for a disc.
However, this only seems to work for linearly varying objects. If you take a circular arc and shift all its particles to a plane, you get a rod again. However, the moment of inertia of the rod is not the same as the moment of inertia of the arc. Similarly, if you take a hemispherical shell and shift its particles to a plane, you get a disc of the same radius, however, the moment of inertia of the hemisphere is not $\frac {mR^2}{2}$
Why is this the case? What is special about linearly varying objects?

A: This happens because in linearly varying objects the distribution of mass is uniform before you shift the particles and after you shift the particles. However, for a nonlinear object, mass distribution is not uniform.
For a hollow hemisphere, after shifting the particles the surface is a flat disk however its mass density is not uniform. The mass will be more concentrated on the outer region of the disk than the center of the disk. While the moment of inertia of this non-uniform disk will still be the same as the hemisphere, it will be different than the standard moment of inertia of a uniformly distributed disk.


text:
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Nonprofits and Associations
There is a legendary tale about Abraham Lincoln that tells of him saving a burlap bag full of unwanted piglets that had been tossed into a river to die. Upon diving into the river and saving the porcine payload, onlookers remarked what an upstanding and moral person he was. To which Mr. Lincoln responded, "Am I really moral or do I just wish to appear so?"
In today's world, where time shrinks at an ever-increasing pace between what was once considered to be science fiction becoming science fact, the question becomes, "Just because we can do it, should we do it?"
With the advent of the gig economy and the constant disruption of business as usual, there may be no choice but to accept that how we work today will not be how we work tomorrow. And this applies to how both nonprofit businesses and mission-driven associations continue their operations.
For example, as Amazon continues to enhance its delivery-to-the-curb options, competing, traditional brick-and-mortar companies such as Walmart and Publix are introducing similar delivery services. While this may lead to a reduction in the workforce needed to work in the companies physical shopping locations, opportunities to work in the delivery area will expand.
As the field of machine learning expands the development of algorithms that endow computers with an artificial intelligence, the opportunities for nonprofits and associations to use software instead of people to optimize fundraising and member drives will also increase.
Image how fundraising efforts could be maximized using software that would:
Predict a demographic most open to financially supporting a certain cause
Identify a geographical area most in need of funds raised
Optimize how funds are best managed and dispersed
Or how associations could benefit from software that:
Identifies trends in their sphere of influence that can predict the outcomes that affect health and welfare
Identifies a demographic that may be more sympathetic to an association's cause
Coordinates how association members can best use their efforts in support of a cause
Perhaps we should stop fearing a future of computing that embraces machine learning or artificial intelligence, and the view that predicts machines will take over control of this planet displacing humans as the dominant species – a fantastical science fiction staple since the 1950s. Instead, we should consider how technology, overall, has improved the human condition. From advances in medicine to improvements in transportation, people are living much better than they did even 100 years ago.
Remember, none of this is for the greater glory of the nonprofit or association of people implementing these new software algorithms, but it is for the advancement of a cause or common goal that hopefully leaves the world around us a better place.
So, when using this new technology, maybe it would be good to think about not only how you appear to others, but what you are accomplishing when you act.
FUNDRAISING,TRUE FUND ACCOUNTING
Erin Shy 2020-06-19T09:15:42+00:006.19.20|
ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT,FUNDRAISING,ONLINE LEARNING,TECHNOLOGY,TRUE FUND ACCOUNTING
The Role of Nonprofits in Racial Equity Erin Shy 6.19.20
Xperience 2019: Discover Exciting Keynotes and Register for Early Bird… Kathi Whitley 7.31.19
"Big 3" Missed Fundraising Opportunities Dianne Kleber 4.8.19


text:
Shape of Despair is een funeral doomband uit Finland. De band begon onder de naam Raven in 1995, ze veranderden hun naam in september 1998, het label van de band is Spinefarm Records.
De ep 'Written In My Scars' uit 2010 is uitgebracht door het label Solarfall Records, een sublabel van Aftermath Music.

Discografie
 Shades of... (cd, 2000)
 Angels of Distress (cd, 2001)
 Illusion's Play (cd, 2004
 Shape of Despair (Compilatie, 2005)
 Written in My Scars (ep, 2010)

Externe links
 Myspace Shape of Despair
 Last.fm Shape of Despair

Finse metalband