2Timothy 4:8 In the future there is laid up (3SPMI) for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award (3SFAI) to me on that day; and not only to me, but also to all who have loved (RAPMPD) His appearing (NASB).
Greek: loipon apokeitai (3SPMI) moi o tes dikaiosunes stephanos, on apodosei (3SFAI) moi o kurios en ekeine te hemera, o dikaios krites, ou monon de emoi alla kai pasi tois egapekosi ten epiphaneian (RAPMPD) autou.
BBE: From now on, the crown of righteousness is made ready for me, which the Lord, the upright judge, Will give to me at that day: and not only to me, but to all those who have had love for his revelation.
GWT: The prize that shows I have God's approval is now waiting for me. The Lord, who is a fair judge, will give me that prize on that day. He will give it not only to me but also to everyone who is eagerly waiting for him to come again.
Wuest: Henceforth there is reserved for me the victor's laurel wreath of righteousness, which the Lord will award me on that day, the just Umpire [the umpire who is always fair and never makes a mistake], and not only to me but also to all those who have loved His appearing and as a result have their love fixed on it.
Young's Literal: henceforth there is laid up for me the crown of the righteousness that the Lord -- the Righteous Judge -- shall give to me in that day, and not only to me, but also to all those loving his manifestation.
From this time onward there is reserved for me the crown of righteousness.
Paul pictures himself as a victorious Greek athlete, who, having won his race, is now looking up to the judge's stand, awaiting his laurel wreath of victory.
Paul spoke of "the hope laid up for you in heaven" (Col 1:5-note) which gives one a picture of the security of our hope and our "crown of righteousness". Paul has finished the race, the victory has been won, the goal reached and what remains is the reward which is "laid up" for him, safely stored away.
lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys (Mt 6:19, 20, 21-see notes Mt 6:19; 20; 21).
Crown (4735) (stephanos from stepho = to encircle, twine or wreathe) was a wreath made of foliage or designed to resemble foliage and worn by one of high status or held in high regard.
Stephanos was used metaphorically to refer to a community of believers who exist as proof of a worker's success (1Th 2:19,20 - see notes 1Th 2:19; 20). Here stephanos is that which serves as adornment or source of pride.
Stephanos was the name of a godly martyr in Acts (see verses below).
Matthew 27:29 And after weaving a crown of thorns, they put it on His head, and a reed in His right hand; and they kneeled down before Him and mocked Him, saying, "Hail, King of the Jews!"
John 19:2 And the soldiers wove a crown of thorns and put it on His head, and arrayed Him in a purple robe… 5 Jesus therefore came out, wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe. And Pilate said to them, "Behold, the Man!"
Acts 6:5 And the statement found approval with the whole congregation; and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit, and Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmeand Nicolas, a proselyte from Antioch… 8 And Stephen, full of grace and power, was performing great wonders and signs among the people. 9 But some men from what was called the Synagogue of the Freedmen, including both Cyrenians and Alexandrians, and some from Cilicia and Asia, rose up and argued with Stephen.
Acts 7:59 And they went on stoning Stephen as he called upon the Lord and said, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit!"
Acts 8:2 And some devout men buried Stephen, and made loud lamentation over him.
Acts 11:19 So then those who were scattered because of the persecution that arose in connection with Stephen made their way to Phoenicia and Cyprus and Antioch, speaking the word to no one except to Jews alone.
1 Corinthians 9:25 And everyone who competes in the games exercises self-control in all things. They then do it to receive a perishable wreath, but we an imperishable.
Philippians 4:1-note Therefore, my beloved brethren whom I long to see, my joy and crown, so stand firm in the Lord, my beloved.
1 Thessalonians 2:19-note For who is our hope or joy or crown of exultation? Is it not even you, in the presence of our Lord Jesus at His coming?
2 Timothy 4:8-note in the future there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day; and not only to me, but also to all who have loved His appearing.
James 1:12-note Blessed is a man who perseveres under trial; for once he has been approved, he will receive the crown of life, which the Lord has promised to those who love Him.
1 Peter 5:4-note And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading crown of glory.
Revelation 2:10-note 'Do not fear what you are about to suffer. Behold, the devil is about to cast some of you into prison, that you may be tested, and you will have tribulation ten days. Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life.
Revelation 3:11-note 'I am coming quickly; hold fast what you have, in order that no one take your crown.
Revelation 6:2-note And I looked, and behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him; and he went out conquering, and to conquer.
Revelation 9:7-note And the appearance of the locusts was like horses prepared for battle; and on their heads, as it were, crowns like gold, and their faces were like the faces of men.
Revelation 14:14-note And I looked, and behold, a white cloud, and sitting on the cloud was one like a son of man, having a golden crown on His head, and a sharp sickle in His hand.
Stephanos should be clearly distinguished from another Greek word diadema (1238) which refers to a kingly crown.
The Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament - The Septuagint (LXX) regularly uses stéphanos to translate ʿaṭārâ; its semantic range is astonishingly similar to that of the Hebrew word: stéphanos can refer to an encirclement, a city wall, a wreath, or a crown (of twigs or flowers as well as metal). There are 50 occurrences of stéphanos in the LXX, 23 of which translate ʿaṭārâ; in addition, there are 9 occurrences in Sirach, 7 in 1 Maccabees, 1 in 2 Maccabees, 2 in Judith, and 1 in Baruch 6 (= Letter of Jeremiah). Once (Isa. 22:21) stéphanos represents ʾaḇnēṭ, twice (Lam. 2:15; Ezk. 28:12) kālîl, and twice (Prov. 1:9; 4:9) liwyâ. It has no Hebrew equivalent in Isa. 22:18 (but cf. 22:21) and Ps. 65:12(11), where the noun stéphanos represents the verb ʿiṭṭartā. In four passages (Ps. 5:13; 8:6; 103:4; Cant. 3:11) the verb stephanóō translates ʿāṭar; it appears also in Jdt. 15:13; 3 Mc. 3:28; and 4 Mc. 17:15.
The crown, as a wreath placed around the head, is a sign of life and fertility, and perhaps also a symbol of light. It has a place in the cultus and supposedly wards off evil. The closed crown is used in magic. The crown expresses joy and honor, but also sorrow. It acknowledges excellence.
1. The Cultus. In cultic acts priests wear various forms of crowns. Aeneas crowns his brow with twigs when he first treads Roman soil and prays. Crowns are placed on sacrifices and altars, and are even offered in sacrifice. Images are crowned when dedicated to cultic use and on the feasts of the gods. The crown expresses reverence; Empedocles takes it as a mark of veneration when crowned.
2. Oracles. Crowns evoke true dreams. The person who delivers the oracle wears a crown. When Creon comes back crowned after consulting the oracle he is hailed as a messenger of joy. Roman frescoes depict crowned prophetesses.
3. Processions and Feasts. Crowning takes place in relation to prayer-processions. On the New Year feast at Rome houses are adorned with crowns or wreaths. Animals are also crowned or garlanded at various feasts.
4. A Sign of Salvation and Protection. Various examples show that crowns are viewed as signs of protection. Thus Tiberius wears a laurel wreath during thunderstorms. Wreaths are put at the entrances to houses. Crowns also serve as a means of power and protection in the invocation of gods or demons in magic.
5. The Mysteries. Mystagogues bear myrtle branches in the Eleusinian mysteries, and neophytes in the Isis mysteries. A crown is handed to the mystagogue in the dedication ceremonies of Mithras.
6. Political Life. Cultic and political life are closely related, hence it is natural that those who hold national office should he crowned. When politicians give orations in Athens they wear wreaths as a sign of immunity. The Roman emperor, his family, the priests, and state officials all wear crowns in processions.
7. The Games. Held in honor of the gods, sporting festivals culminate when the victors, who struggle hard to win, are crowned with wreaths of laurel, olive, or ivy. The herald calls their names, and the names of their fathers and towns, and then hands over the wreaths. The ceremony ends in their homes, which also bear wreaths. In the final rites they offer their wreaths to the deity.
8. The Army. The Spartans put on crowns before doing battle, perhaps in connection with sacrifice and as a sign of protection. In the Roman army the general wears a crown to purify the troops before battle. The goddess of victory is depicted with a crown, and there are crowns for the victors, whether of grass, oak leaves, or laurel. An ancient Roman custom is to offer prisoners for sale with crowns on; this possibly derives from a Germanic practice of sacrificing prisoners.
a. A Sign of Joy and Respect. Various examples illustrate the use of the crown or wreath as a mark of joy or respect.
b. Weddings. It is natural that there should be crownings at weddings. Thus we have depictions of brides with crowns, and the guests at the wedding feast also wear crowns.
c. Symposia. Wreaths adorn the participants at banquets and the ensuing symposia, which are held in honor of various gods. The wreaths express festal joy but also serve to cool the head during drinking. Wreaths are also placed on the bowls and vessels and on the walls of the rooms where the feasts are held.
As John said: "We shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is" (1Jn 3:2). In this life it may be that the Christian's loyalty will bring him a crown of thorns, but in the life to come it will surely bring him the crown of righteousness.
Stephanos of course gives us the English name Stephen, the first NT martyr, "the crowned one". How fitting that the "crown" of the laurel wreath was awarded to the one who finished a race. So the crown is to the finisher, 'Stephen' who watched the heavens open (Acts 7:55 56) as his life leaves and says ''Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.'' (Acts 7:59) That is a man who "loved His appearing"!
The kingly crown by contrast is diadema, (diadem) which is only associated with the Lord, for example describing the appearance of the Lord Jesus returning as the King of kings upon Whose "head are many diadems" (Re 19:12-note), His return marking the final defeat of the antichrist at the end of the Great Tribulation.
The crown of righteousness is a phrase which in the present context is most likely the Greek construction referred to as genitive of apposition, the crown that consists in righteousness and is also the reward for righteousness.
Trench's Synonyms of the New Testament - Crown: Stephanos (Strong's 4735) Crown; diadema (Strong's 1238) - We must not confuse these two words, which are both translated "crown." In classical literature Stephanos does not denote the kingly or imperial crown. Instead, it refers to the crown that symbolized victory in the games, civicworth, military valor, nuptial joy, and festal gladness. A Stephanos was woven of oak, ivy, parsley, myrtle, olive, or gold leaves, which imitated these plants, and of flowers such as violets or roses. A stephanos was a "wreath" or "garland" but never the emblem or sign of royalty.
A diadema was a "token of kingdom," a white linen band or fillet that encircled the brow. The phrase peritithenai diadema ("to put on a crown") commonly indicated the assumption of royal dignity. In Latin only the "diadema" is the "mark of kings." Selden's comments on the distinction between "crowns" and "diadems" also agree with this.
However those names have been from ancient time confounded, yet the diadem strictly was a very different thing from what a crown now is or was; and it was no other than only a fillet of silk, linen, or some such thing. Nor appears it that any other kind of crown was used for a royal ensign, except only in some kingdoms of Asia, but this kind of fillet, until the beginning of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
Another passage in Plutarch confirms this distinction. The kingly crown offered by Antonius to Caesar is described as "a crown [diadema] woven with a wreath [stephano] of laurel." Here Stephanos refers to the garland or laureate wreath that is woven into the diadem proper. Indeed, according to Cicero, Caesar was already coronatus (that is, wreathed, which is equivalent to estephanomenos) as a consul when the offer was made. This distinction helps to explain Suetonius's version of the same incident. Someone placed "a laurel wreath [coronam] bound with white bands" on Caesar's statue. The tribunes did not command the removal of the corona (wreath) but of the fascia, or diadem, which alone suggested Caesar's traitorous claim to kingship.
The accuracy of the distinction made in the Septuagint and Apocrypha between diadema and Stephanos may be seen by comparing the passages in 1Maccabees where diadema is employed and those where Stephanos appears. Compare these with Isaiah 62:3, where Israel shall be "a crown [Stephanos] of glory" and "a royal diadem [diadema]."
In the New Testament, Paul always used Stephanos to refer to the conqueror's, not the king's, crown. Although 1Peter 5:4 does not necessarily allude directly to the Greek games, it still contrasts the wreaths of heaven that never fade with the garlands of earth that quickly lose their beauty and freshness. It is unlikely that other New Testament passages that use Stephanos refer to the Greek games, for there was a long-standing Jewish antipathy to them as idolatrous and profane. To have used imagery that referred to the prizes awarded at these games would have repelled, not attracted, the Jewish members of the church. In those passages the Stephanos, or the "crown [Stephanos] of life," is not the emblem of royalty but of highest joy and gladness and of glory and immortality. On the three occasions where John referred to kingly crowns, he employed diadema. Revelation 19:12 depicts Christ, the King of kings and Lord of lords, with the words "on his head were many crowns." This phrase would be difficult to understand if the crowns were similar to those worn by present monarchs, but the meaning is immediately apparent if they are "diadems," the narrow fillets that encircle the brow. The "many diadems" will be the tokens of Christ's many kingdomsearth, heaven, and hell (Philippians 2:10). Satan, the usurper of these kingdoms and of their honors, has his own seven diadems (Revelation 13:1), but Christ will rightfully assume his lordship. This may be illustrated by the earthly example of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. When he entered Antioch in triumph, he set two "crowns," or rather "diadems" (diademata), on his head, the "diadem" of Asia and the "diadem" of Egypt (1 Maccabees 11:13). In Diodorus Siculus (1.47) we read of a queen "having three kingdoms on her head." The context plainly shows that these are three diadems, the symbols of a triple royalty.
As we daily present our "members as slaves to righteousness, resulting in sanctification" (Ro 6:19- note) we are working "out (our) salvation" (Phil 2:12-note) and this process equates with sanctification or experiential righteousness. At the completion of our life Christ's righteousness will be perfected in us. To say it another way, when death ends the process of sanctification and we enter glorification, the experiential righteousness is consummated in perfect positional righteousness. When we have finished our course, we will receive the unfading crown of righteousness from the Lord's Himself, the righteous Judge. So here the crown Paul is referring to is the righteousness of the Redeemer granted in full perfection to the glorified believer, for as John writes "when He appears, we shall be like Him." (1Jn 3:2-note), glorified and eternally clothed in His perfect righteousness.
Point 1 marks conversion or regeneration, which the Bible equates with JUSTIFICATION or past tense salvation (Ro 5:1-note) (saved from the penalty of sin and positionally from the power of sin - Ro 6:11-note Ro 6:14-note which is a truth that is worked out in sanctification - see below) which takes place the moment a person believes in the Lord Jesus Christ (Ro 10:9,10-notes). The line from 1 to 2 is not a process but is a change of POSITION effected by God -- believers are declared positionally righteous when they are justified by faith, signifying the once-for-all reckoning (or imputation) of Christ's perfect righteousness to the sinful believer's "spiritual account" (Ro 4:6-note). The believer's position or standing before God (POINT 2) is now complete and perfect the moment he or she believes, because Christ has been made his or her righteousness (1Cor 1:30; cf 2Cor 5:21). At no time in this life or in the life to come will his or her status in terms of righteousness be any greater or lesser because "in Him (we) have been made complete" (Col 2:10-note). This description is often referred to by theologians as positional righteousness.
So while justification is a one time event, sanctification is a process in which God's Spirit daily sets us apart (compare the same idea = "being transformed… from glory to glory… from the Lord, the Spirit" 2Cor 3:18) from the world and unto Himself (To be made holy means to be set apart from the common and profane and to God for His use).
Other translations - a fair judge (GWT), the upright judge (BBE), the just Umpire [the umpire who is always fair and never makes a mistake] (Wuest).
Righteous (1342)(dikaios) Judge (2923) " is the second mention of Judge in this chapter, the first (2Ti 4:1-note) giving Timothy a solemn warning but here giving an encouraging motivation. The picture in the present context then is not so much of a judge on a judicial bench but of an Umpire or Referee at the athletic games, a just and upright Umpire Who stands at the finish line ready to award the victor's crown to the athlete who has completed his course and having done so "according to the rules". (2Ti 2:5-note) Beloved, the finish line is soon to come for all of us, whether by falling asleep in Jesus or by meeting Him in the air (1 Thes 4:17-note). With this picture in mind let us all take a moment and ponder the following passages.
Therefore also we have as our ambition, whether at home or absent, to be pleasing to Him. 10 For we must all appear before the judgment seat (bema) of Christ, that each one may be recompensed for his deeds in the body, according to what he has done, whether good or bad. (2 Corinthians 5:9, 10-note).
"Am I guilty of judging my brother or sister in Christ or regarding them with contempt?"
"What is my ambition in this short journey called "life"?"
"Would I shrink back from Jesus in shame if He returned today?"
The Umpire - In his book Men At Work, columnist George Will mentions the firm justice meted out by baseball umpires. He writes, "Toughness is not enough, but it is necessary. Once when Babe Pinelli called Babe Ruth out on strikes, Ruth made a populist argument. Ruth reasoned fallaciously (as populists do) from raw numbers to moral weight: 'There's 40,000 people here who know that last one was a ball, tomato head.' Pinelli replied with the measured stateliness of John Marshall: 'Maybe so, but mine is the only opinion that counts.'"
The apostle Paul knew that at the end of our days only one opinion will matter--that of the ultimate Umpire, the "righteous Judge" before whom we play the game of life (2Ti 4:8).
God's verdict is the one that counts.
Will award (591) (apodidomi from apó = from + didomi = give and so to "give off" from one's self) literally means to give back, then to put away by giving and then in a more figurative sense to pay back or recompense.
Apodidomi can mean to give back or pay back (implying a debt and conveying the idea of obligation and responsibility for something that is not optional) and was a technical term for repaying a debt (Mt 18:25, 20:8, 21:41) It means to pay back, implying a debt. The papyri uses apodidomi to describe the paying of debt or restoring of a due of any kind.
a. "To give or do something in fulfilment of an obligation or expectation," e.g., Mt. 20:8 (reward), 21:41 (fruits), Mk. 12:17 (taxes), Mt. 27:58 (Jesus' body), Heb. 12:11 (fruit).
b. "To repay as reward or punishment": divine retribution in Mt. 6:4; Rom. 2:6; Rev. 22:12; human retribution in 1 Tim. 5:4.
c. "To give back what has been received or kept" (Lk. 4:20 etc.).
Deissmann in "Light from the Ancient East" says that ""a stereotyped formula in these documents (papyrus documents in which the debtor writes down his acknowledgment of debt) is the promise to pay back the borrowed money, "I will repay" (generally apodoso, from apodidomi) and they are all in the debtor's own hand (hence the technical name, "hand-writing," "writing by hand" [cf. English "note of hand"]) or if he could not write, in the handwriting of another acting for him with the express remark, 'I have written for him.'"
NAS renders apodidomi - account*(1), award(1), fulfill(2), gave… back(2), give(4), give back(1), given(1), giving(1), make some return(1), must(1), paid(3), pay(2), pay… back(1), pay back(3), render(6), repay(8), repayment to be made(1), repays(1), returning(1), reward(3), sold(3), yielding(1), yields(1).
Matthew 5:26-note "Truly I say to you, you will not come out of there until you have paid up the last cent.
Comment: To fulfill, carry out, put into effect or accomplish what was intended or that which is one's duty to someone as in keeping a vow.
Matthew 6:4-note so that your giving will be in secret; and your Father who sees what is done in secret will reward you.
Comment: Vincent: "The preposition apo indicates receipt in full. Rev. renders they have received, so that there is nothing more to receive. So Wycliffe. 'They have received their meed.'" Rienecker "to give back, to repay, to reward. Fut. is used to express the protasis of a Semitic condition.: "Do this and this will follow".
Matthew 6:6-note "But you, when you pray, go into your inner room, close your door and pray to your Father who is in secret, and your Father who sees what is done in secret will reward you.
Matthew 6:18-note so that your fasting will not be noticed by men, but by your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees what is done in secret will reward you.
Matthew 12:36 "But I tell you that every careless word (rhema) that people speak, they shall give an accounting (logos) for it in the day of judgment.
Comment: UBS "To render account means to explain why things were said. The explanation will be before God, so the sentence can be "People are going to have to tell God why they said every useless word they did.""
Louw-Nida "a marker of an agent relation with a numerable event, with the probable implication of some transfer involved"
Comment: Jesus quotes from the Septuagint of Psalm 62:12 "And lovingkindness is Yours, O Lord, for You recompense (Heb = shalem = to complete; Lxx = apodidomi) a man according to his work."
Matthew 18:25 "But since he did not have the means to repay, his lord commanded him to be sold, along with his wife and children and all that he had, and repayment to be made. 26 "So the slave fell to the ground and prostrated himself before him, saying, 'Have patience with me and I will repay you everything.'… 28 "But that slave went out and found one of his fellow slaves who owed him a hundred denarii; and he seized him and began to choke him, saying, 'Pay back what you owe.' 29 "So his fellow slave fell to the ground and began to plead with him, saying, 'Have patience with me and I will repay you.'30 "But he was unwilling and went and threw him in prison until he should pay back what was owed.
Mt 18:34 "And his lord, moved with anger, handed him over to the torturers (jailers) until he should repay all that was owed him.
Comment: This is what unforgiveness will do to you -- put you in prison figuratively speaking.
Matthew 21:41 They said to Him, "He will bring those wretches to a wretched end, and will rent out the vineyard to other vine-growers who will pay him the proceeds at the proper seasons."
Matthew 22:21 They said to Him, "Caesar's." Then He said to them, "Then render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's; and to God the things that are God's."
Matthew 27:58 This man went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then Pilate ordered it to be given to him.
Comment: "give back, return." We are to give back to the government in taxes for the services we have received, and we are to give back to God what belongs to Him—the human soul.
Luke 7:42 "When they were unable to repay, he graciously forgave (charizomai ) them both. So which of them will love him more?"
Comment: Even as our sins against God are considered as debts we "owe" Him, so too, sins of others against us are considered "debts" they owe us. When believers empowered by the Spirit choose to grant unmerited favor (grace forgiving which is the meaning of charizomai), we in essence "cancel the debt" (aphiemi = send it away) the offending party owes us. The importance of all believers maintaining a forgiving spirit cannot be overemphasized, for unforgiveness will place the unforgiving party in a prison in which they will be "tortured and tormented" until they make the choice to forgive (cf Mt 18:34, 35). For more discussion of this vitally important topic of forgiveness/unforgiveness see the notes on Ephesians 4:32, Colossians 3:13, Matthew 6:12. (Cf Words for forgive/forgiveness - Forgiveness = aphesis; Forgive [send away from, cancel the debt, release, let go] = aphiemi; Forgive [grant, freely give, bestow] charizomai) As discussed in those notes, the number one problem in Christian churches in America is UNFORGIVENESS (from Bryon Paulus, director of Life Action Revival Ministries, a revival oriented ministry, who based his conclusion is based on their experience with 100's of churches and millions of believers over the past several decades). It follows that it behooves every shepherd to (in my humble opinion) to lead his flock at least once a year back into the green pastures and refreshing waters of the doctrinal truths on forgiveness (doctrine directs duty, revelation calls for a reasoned response, creed calls for conscious conduct, precepts precede and lead to appropriate practice), so that the sheep might be set free from their entrapment in the "brambles and thorns" wrought by a spirit of unforgiveness. I dare say that there would be families and marriages restored and revived, "factious friends" once again made friends, walls of resentment ripped down by the Word and Spirit of Truth, etc, etc. Jesus came to set the captives free (cf Lk 4:18, Jn 8:31, 32, 36) and unforgiveness is the number "prison" of each person's own making, and will yield rotten fruit "until" the debt has been paid from the heart (cf Mt 18:34, 35).
Luke 9:42 While he was still approaching, the demon slammed him to the ground and threw him into a convulsion. But Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and healed the boy and gave him back to his father.
Luke 12:59 "I say to you, you will not get out of there until you have paid the very last cent."
Luke 19:8 Zaccheus stopped and said to the Lord, "Behold, Lord, half of my possessions I will give to the poor, and if I have defrauded anyone of anything, I will give back four times as much."
Luke 20:25 And He said to them, "Then render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's."
Acts 4:33 And with great power the apostles were giving testimony to the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and abundant grace was upon them all.
Acts 5:8 And Peter responded to her, "Tell me whether you sold the land for such and such a price?" And she said, "Yes, that was the price."
Acts 19:40 "For indeed we are in danger of being accused of a riot in connection with today's events, since there is no real cause for it, and in this connection we will be unable to (give - not translated in NAS = apodidomi; cp Ac 19:10KJV) account for this disorderly gathering."
Romans 12:17-note Never pay back evil for evil to anyone. Respect what is right in the sight of all men.
Romans 13:7-note Render (aorist imperative) to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor.
Comment: Ralph Earle says apodidomi "means "give up or back, restore, return"; and so "to render what is due, to pay" (A-S). Deissmann shows that this word was used regularly in the papyri for a promise to pay back borrowed money. The emphasis is on the payment of a debt (LAE, p. 331). The NT consistently teaches that taxes are a debt which one owes the government, and that paying them is therefore a legal and moral obligation."
1 Corinthians 7:3 The husband must fulfill (apodidomi - present imperative) his duty (opheilo) to his wife, and likewise also the wife to her husband.
Comment: Rienecker "Present imperative indicates habitual duty (Morris). The rabbis required that the marriage partners have regular sexual relations w. one another; generally on Friday night, which was the Sabbath."
1 Thessalonians 5:15-note See that no one repays another with evil for evil, but always seek after that which is good for one another and for all people.
1 Timothy 5:4 but if any widow has children or grandchildren, they must first learn to practice piety in regard to their own family and to make some return to their parents; for this is acceptable in the sight of God.
Comment: The idea "to give off from" one's self and so discharging one's obligations, since a debt like a burden, is thrown off.
Comment: Ellicott says "Preposition in compound does not necessarily convey any sense of due. Here the prep. only seems to allude to the reward having been laid up and being taken out of some reserve treasure."
2 Timothy 4:14-note Alexander the coppersmith did me much harm; the Lord will repay him according to his deeds.
Hebrews 12:11-note All discipline for the moment seems not to be joyful, but sorrowful; yet to those who have been trained by it, afterwards it yields the peaceful fruit of righteousness.
Comment: Vincent says in this connection, "perhaps with a suggestion of recompense for the longsuffering and waiting." Vine says apodidomi " means to give back; that is, it produces a return for that which has been ministered in discipline."
Hebrew 12:16-note that there be no immoral or godless person like Esau, who sold his own birthright for a single meal.
Hebrews 13:17-note Obey (present imperative) your leaders and submit to them, for they keep watch over your souls as those who will give an account (logos). Let them do this with joy and not with grief, for this would be unprofitable for you.
1 Peter 3:9-note not returning evil for evil or insult for insult, but giving a blessing instead; for you were called for the very purpose that you might inherit a blessing.
1 Peter 4:5-note but they will give (apodidomi) account (logos) to Him who is ready to judge the living and the dead.
Revelation 18:6-note "Pay her back even as she has paid, and give back to her double according to her deeds; in the cup which she has mixed, mix twice as much for her.
Revelation 22:12-note "Behold, I am coming quickly, and My reward is with Me, to render to every man according to what he has done.
Psalm 22:25-note From You comes my praise in the great assembly; I shall pay my vows before those who fear Him.
Psalm 51:12-note Restore (Hiphil imperative - Hebrew = chadash = renew, repair, renovate, like an altar 1Sa 11:14 and here figuratively = revitalize to a state or condition identical or nearly the same as the prior state; Lxx = apodidomi in aorist imperative) to me the joy of Your salvation And sustain me with a willing spirit.
Psalm 76:11-note Make vows to the LORD your God and fulfill (Heb = shalem = pay them back; Lxx = apodidomi) them; Let all who are around Him bring gifts to Him who is to be feared.
Psalm 94:2-note Rise up (imperative), O Judge of the earth, Render (Lxx = apodidomi in aorist imperative) recompense to the proud.
Psalm 94:23-note He has brought back (Lxx = apodidomi) their wickedness upon them And will destroy them in their evil; The LORD our God will destroy them.
Proverbs 17:13 He who returns (Lxx = apodidomi) evil for good, Evil will not depart from his house.
Wuest pictures "Paul, the spiritual athlete, his victory won, is resting at the goal posts, awaiting the award which the judge's stand will give him.
MacArthur adds that "Selfishly motivated good deeds (Ed note: "bad" [see word study on phaulos] or worthless deeds 2Cor 5:10-note ~ "wood, hay, and stubble" 1Cor 3:12) may be of great help to other people and may be used by God for His glory, but they will merit no reward for the doer.
Life is the seedtime for eternity.
We see evidence of this in modern art. Many of us have laughed as we stood before such so-called "masterpieces." All we could see was an apparently meaningless mixture of lines, blots, and blurs. Yet these works are considered great from the artistic point of view because through them the painter has expressed his utter frustration with life as he sees it. They exhibit the feelings of his tortured soul. Indeed, some artists have committed suicide right after the completion of such a painting. The world is going mad because men who have been made for God are trying to live without Him!
"To live is Christ," and death is "gain,"
If for the Lord we spend each day!
Let us not squander it away!
What Matters Most - In the mid-1970s, Ed Roberts created the world's first commercially successful personal computer (PC). He hired a 19-year-old named Bill Gates to write software for him.
Roberts sold his computer business in 1977 and bought a farm. Seven years later, at the age of 41, he entered medical school. Today Bill Gates is the head of the largest software company in the world. Ed Roberts is a physician in a small Georgia town.
Roberts says, "The implication is that the PC is the most important thing I've ever done, and I don't think that's true. Every day I deal with things that are equally if not more important here with my patients."
How can we evaluate the significance of our lives? Something deep inside tells us that such a thing cannot be measured by wealth and fame.
As we look at the apostle Paul's turbulent life, it seems noteworthy that he approached the end with a peaceful sense of successful completion. He wrote, "I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith" (2Ti 4:7). Paul looked confidently not to the world but to "the Lord, the righteous Judge," for approval and reward (2Ti 4:8).
is determined by the Ruler of the universe.
The implication is that the PC is the most important thing I've ever done, and I don't think that's true. Every day I deal with things that are equally if not more important here with my patients.
How can we evaluate the significance of our lives? Something deep inside tells us that such a thing cannot be measured by wealth and fame. As we look at the apostle Paul's turbulent life, it seems noteworthy that he approached the end with a peaceful sense of successful completion. He wrote, "I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith" (2Ti 4:7). Paul looked confidently not to the world but to "the Lord, the righteous Judge," for approval and reward (2Ti 4:8).
He Read His Own Obituary! - Alfred Nobel opened his newspaper one morning in 1888 and was shocked to read his own obituary. The fact was that Nobel's brother had died, and a careless reporter had put the wrong man in the story. The incident left Nobel deeply disturbed for more than the obvious reasons. Through the erroneous obituary, he saw himself as the world saw him--a wealthy Swedish industrialist whose most enduring legacy was the invention of dynamite. Resolving to do something that would uphold his cherished ideals, Nobel used a portion of his great wealth to establish prizes that would reward people whose work benefited humanity. The Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901, and today they are still considered the most esteemed prizes in the world. The soul-searching that Alfred Nobel underwent as he reviewed his life is the same kind of self-examination Christians need to make regularly. Paul urged the Corinthians, "Examine yourselves" (2Cor. 13:5).
FOR THE RETURN OF OUR BELOVED!
Do I have a "Maranatha Mindset?"
John Wesley said that "only a real Christian can" truly love and look forward to Christ's appearing.
Mark it down beloved - If you are looking for and hoping for and loving for and living for the return of the Lover of your soul, your heavenly Bridegroom, you will be anchored firmly when the winds of persecution come, for they are a prophetic promise to all who desire to live godly in Christ Jesus (2Ti 3:12-note). Proper perspective produces perseverance in persecution. Contrast Demas a man who fixed his eyes, his hope and his heart on the passing pleasures of this godless world system (2Ti 4:10-note).
In the immediate context Paul's actions in (2Ti 4:7) are a clear indication of his love for Christ's appearing and are in striking contrast to Demas in (2Ti 4:10-note) who loved (agapao) this present world.
Agapao is in the perfect tense which indicates they had fixed their love on Christ's appearing at some time in the past and were still in that condition. Thus the perfect tense speaks of the permanence or steadfastness of their love for Christ's appearing. The idea is that they had fallen in love with His appearing and were still in love with it! This brings to mind the bride (the Church) who is longing for her Bridegroom's return. Practically speaking when you are living with such a Spirit wrought loving mindset (Ro 5:5-note), you are much more likely to be making daily choices that bring glory and honor to your Groom's Name!
Dwight Edwards illustrates this idea with "The wife whose beloved husband is on his way home after a prolonged absence longs for and eagerly anticipates the day that the man of her heart returns. As she watches in keen expectation, the passengers slowly file out of the plane until at last her eyes gaze upon the face of her beloved. She truly "loves his appearing." In the same way, the faithful disciple longs for and keenly anticipates the day when Christ will return to leave no more. Because the strings of his heart are tightly bound around the King of kings, he counts Christ's return a supreme treasure and has "fallen in love" with His appearing. But the heart which is not "wholly His," which maintains its deep cravings for the pleasures and comforts of this world, cannot long for or "love His appearing."
Beloved, who or what you are looking for tomorrow will determine what or who you are living for today.
Do you truly love the thought of Christ's appearing? Do your thoughts, your words, your actions (e.g., your checkbook) indicate that you are truly looking, longing and loving His appearing?
Beloved, next to losing one's soul and going to hell, (in my opinion) the greatest tragedy may well be when a believer enters into glory and discovers that he or she had squandered the opportunities the Lord had given them to bring Him glory. Only a person longing for His appearing will live like He could appear today.
MacArthur adds this challenge: "Do you love Christ? Do you show it by delighting in and obeying God's Word? If so, you'll receive an eternal reward of perfect righteousness in eternity. You can enhance and enrich that eternal reward by faithfully serving Christ now. That's why Paul said, "Whatever you do, do your work heartily, as for the Lord rather than for men; knowing that from the Lord you will receive the reward of the inheritance. It is the Lord Christ whom you serve" (Col 3:23, 24-note) . By loving and serving Christ with all your heart, you'll enjoy eternity as Christ expresses back to you His gratitude for your service. He will do so by enhancing your service and responsibility beyond what you can imagine! You'll know the fullness of eternal joy as you serve the One who gave Himself for you."
C H Spurgeon - Our Master taught us how to die as well as how to live. He could say, "I have finished the work which You gave Me" (John 17:4). Triple blessed is the believer who, in permanently laying down the shepherd's staff or the carpenter's plane, or in putting aside the ledger or the schoolbook, can exclaim, "I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith. Finally, there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will give to me" (2 Ti 4:7, 8). They asked good old Mede, the Puritan, how he was doing. He answered, "Going home as fast as I can, and bless God I have a good home to go to." Dear aged saint, so near home, faith will transform death from an enemy to a friend as it brings the glory near. You will soon be in the Father's house and leave me behind. But I am not sure. I remember that the other disciple outran Peter and came first to the tomb (John 20:4), and so may I. You have the start on me in years, but I may be called home first. Let death come. We will not be afraid. Jesus, who loved us and gave His life for us, is the resurrection and the life (John 11:25). Why should we not want to go? What is here that we should want to wait? What is there on this poor earth to detain a heaven born and heaven bound spirit? Let us go. He, our treasure, is gone. He whose beauties have enthralled our love is not here. Why should we linger? He has risen (Mt 28:7). Let us rise.
The Promised Prize - Recently I received a magazine sweepstakes letter that addressed me by name and repeatedly mentioned a $500,000 prize. It spoke of instant wealth and a lifetime of leisure. Finally, at the bottom of page 2, in very small print, I found the part I was looking for. As required by law, the letter told me that the approximate numerical odds of my winning the prize were 1 in 80 million. Now that's remote!
Contrast that with Paul's anticipation of what awaited him in heaven: "There is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will give to me on that Day, and not to me only but also to all who have loved His appearing" (2Ti 4:8). Note his assurance: "There is laid up for me." Not "there might be" or "there's a slight chance"--"there is."
J. Oswald Sanders writes, "This crown is awarded to those who have completed the Christian race with integrity, with eyes fixed on the coming Lord. It is the reward for fulfilling the ministry entrusted to one."
Our present choices determine our future rewards.
What Will Happen? -In his book Spirit Life, Stuart Briscoe writes, "When I moved to the United States, I was impressed with the number of total strangers who visited my home to wish me well … They all sold insurance!
"One day my visitor was talking about the necessity to be prudent in the preparation for all possibilities. 'If something should happen to you, Mr. Briscoe—' he started to say, but I interrupted with, 'Please don't say that. It upsets me.' … He looked totally bewildered and said, 'I don't understand what I said to upset you.' 'Then I'll tell you,' I replied. 'It upsets me that you talk about [life's] only certainty as if it's a possibility. Death isn't a possibility, it's a certainty. You don't say "if," you say "when," whenever death is the subject.' Then I added, 'By the way, when something happens to you, what will really happen?'"
Only if we are ready to die are we ready to live.
Life is the seedtime of eternity!
Poor doubting one, see the fair inheritance; it is thine. If thou believest in the Lord Jesus, if thou hast repented of sin, if thou hast been renewed in heart, thou art one of the Lord's people, and there is a place reserved for thee, a crown laid up for thee, a harp specially provided for thee. No one else shall have thy portion, it is reserved in heaven for thee, and thou shalt have it ere long, for there shall be no vacant thrones in glory when all the chosen are gathered in.


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There was another exhibit titled Underground Heroes: New York Transit In Comics.
We also went downstairs to see the vintage cars. Lee always liked the Red Birds that were used on the #7 train for many years.


My parents were married when I was born, and got their marriage annulled after. They married when they learned mom was pregnant. I saw movies of their wedding reception in my father's parents large house. My parents were planning to live an apartment attached to their house with me. Then they suddenly changed their minds. I don't know why. They made arrangements for my adoption, and drove me miles away to the agency as soon as i was released from the hospital. They took turns holding me as they completed the paperwork necessary, then left me there. They returned two weeks later to sign the final paperwork. They lived together as man and wife for some time, I'm not sure how long, and then my mother left, I think. No one will tell me what happened. My parents told their families that I died at birth. There was no memorial service. They were 19 and 22. they had been seeing each other for about 4 years.
I LOVE YOUR BLOG !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Jenn - Once again, your courage and grace is simply amazing to witness. I hope your first mom comes around soon.
My parents where married too. I am glad you wrote this and other's are coming forward. I thought it was rare, and certainly adds to the confusion. My parents where high school sweet hearts, married and had a daughter, my full blooded older sister. She would come in and out of the family, and he felt he could not provide for her and gave my sister to his aunts to raise. Soon after they got a divorce. I conceived shortly after there divorce. Then they never saw each other again. Until.... this year when I invited them both to dinner. First time seeing each other in 38 years. Now they are dating again. It is so confusing.
Thank you for answering my question. It always intrigues me just how different we all are. I think I would have been devastated if my parents married after giving me up. As in you could have kept me, I could have been raised in my own family. However, that was not going to happen in my case. My father had his one and only chance to marry my mother when she was pregnant with me.
I think this is something that a lot of people don't like to talk about this problem. Married people aren't supposed to give up their children in our society. And if they weren't married and then got married later down the line, it goes to show that adoption is permanent whereas some of the reasons for giving up a child are temporary. At least that's my view on it.
Struggling Fulcrum, thanks for the ego boost! I'm glad you're figuring out how to work things out with your daughter!
Your story, told in detail, is too damn sad. Of course I've read your comments at A Letter to (Birth) Mothers Who Reject Reunion and here of course.
It takes great courage of heart to be happy that despite everything they are together. I admire you and sincerely hope that your mother eventually can open her own heart and see what a beautiful daughter she has. I simply can't figure out these women.
Jenn, you have such a warm heart... having been in much less soul-wrenching situations I have become bitter. You have an amazing spirit, I I sincerely wish you all the best. All of your parents have a wonderful daughter.
Jenn, thanks for sharing your response. I follow your blog, so am familiar with your story. As I am a first mom married to my daughter's father I find your story interesting to follow. Though I cannot really understand where your mother is coming from. I have always wanted to find my daughter...and did find her 5 years ago. That said, I think she has found our being married to be confusing.
I think that those of us who did marry after losing our children to adoption share some unique reunion experiences. Our children do not only have to figure out their feelings for us, their mothers, and how we fit into their lives. They also have to figure out how to fit into an intact family. I am sure there is jealousy, hurt feelings, feelings of being outsiders to our family (no matter how much we attempt to include them.) I know my daughter has experienced the feeling of being an outsider. She has not shared much about jealousy, but I can sense it is there. I see these things pretty clearly now, but strangely these things did not really occur to me prior to reunion. I somehow had the rose-colored spectacles notion that my daughter would feel really loved when she learned we stayed together. She would know she wasn't a "mistake". She would know she was wanted. What I didn't realize was that these were all important things for ME. For my daughter it was just confusing. She had never had the fantasy that we married and stayed together. I now know adoptees tend to fantasize more about their mothers as they are growing up, often not really thinking about their fathers or possible siblings.
Jenn, I think your attitude and acceptance of both of your original parents is admirable. I hope your relationship with your father continues to go well...and I hope your mother will find her way to you. I know she loves you. It just takes time to make sense of everything. Best wishes.


text:
2 More Watford Players Self-Isolating as Project Restart Plans Continue in England
Watford manager Nigel Pearson has confirmed that two more players at the club have been forced to self-isolate after coming into contact with somebody who has tested positive for coronavirus.
Defender Adrian Mariappa recently revealed that he had been diagnosed with the virus, despite abiding by lockdown regulations, while two other members of the non-playing staff have also tested positive.
Crystal Palace v Watford FC - Premier League
Speaking on Friday, Pearson revealed (via The Guardian) that his squad had been further depleted, although there has been no additional diagnoses as of yet.
"They're not, no," he said when asked whether every player was back in training. "One through testing positive, two more through being in contact with somebody else, and the others because they decided not to come in.
"The regulations [state] that people who have had relatively close contact with other people have to go into isolation – in the same way as someone who has tested positive."
To try and protect players, the Premier League have increased the number of coronavirus tests at every club from 40 to 50 per day, but Pearson revealed that Watford are doing their own tests on the side to try and stay as safe as possible.
Aston Villa v Watford FC - Premier League
"What the Premier League are doing is one thing and they've moved the number from 40 to 50," Pearson said. "Today they tested 50 but on top of that we're testing more staff and family members. We will complement what the Premier League are doing to give reassurance to players and staff members."
Among the players to have refused to return is captain Troy Deeney, who has publicly admitted that he does not intend to go back as he does not believe he could do so without putting his young son in danger of contracting the virus.
'We see a lot about care workers not getting tested and people dying in nursing homes, yet we are expected to have just short of 3,500 tests a month.'@T_Deeney says footballers might be blamed for taking tests away from frontline staff if plans to restart the league go ahead. pic.twitter.com/IZc7OOJJAq
— Good Morning Britain (@GMB) May 18, 2020
Deeney also raised concerns about the lack of acknowledgement of the issues facing black, Asian and minority ethnic players, who have been proven to be more at-risk during the current climate, and the striker took part in a meeting with league officials on Friday to try and figure out a safe way forward for everyone.
However, as it stands, Pearson's squad has been completely ravaged. Given they sit 17th in the Premier League table, Watford will be eager to be at full strength if they are to return and fend off relegation, but that's obviously not possible right now. Yikes.
For more from Tom Gott, follow him on Twitter!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
2019 First Years Booklet
2019 Careers Booklet
"What's exciting about this trade here for our group is it's not just all about futures," Free 5.0 Donna Nere Botterill said, shortly after completing the deal Sacramento Kings Thursday night. "Here's a player that comes in right away and helps our team right away. And I think that's going to get our National Hockey League players excited.".
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"We play a lot of people, and we feel like we have a lot of talent on the bench that can come in and score when we need it," coach Steve Kerr said. "So it's a great sign, obviously, that we can win in the finals without those two guys having big games, but it's not really that surprising to us. This has been our team the last couple of years.".
How a historic building, a creative, a landowner and a big idea could change the face of PuebloAs he speaks about the patriarch, Howell stands in a first floor hallway of the building now known as Watertower Place, studying a series of Air Jordan 13 Homme 3 foot tall storyboards. The historic images and interpretive signs walk guests through the rich history of the building ADIDAS ZX 700 at 303 S. Santa Fe Ave., and the even richer lives of its pioneering first family….
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In his internationally acclaimed, award-winning book, Living Shells, Dr. Rawlings introduced his readers to the amazing world of living seashells. In Living Mollusks, Dr. Rawlings, once again, propels the reader into the fascinating world of the living seashell and even beyond. Everyone knows what a mollusk is, what a seashell is...or do they? Most people know mollusks either as some slimy, slug-like creature, or as a menu delicacy such as clams or oysters. Most people know what a seashell is based upon their experience as a child collecting shells on the beach. These shells, however, are but pale remnants, ghostly reminders of the grandeur that the living animals possess. In fact, some of the most beautiful, most fascinating mollusks, leave no shell, no trace, no remnant of their existence to be found by an early-morning beachcomber. They are ethereal creatures, they leave no trace of their lives for us.
These are just some of the terms that can be used to articulate the benefits of fabric painting.
share fun and quality time with your kids.
And fabric painting is easy to do - you don't need any special talent or qualification to create colourful and unique designs on clothing and other fabric items.
This book, The Basics, is the first in a series of guide books I have written to help you quickly and easily access the techniques involved in fabric painting. It contains all information a beginner needs to get started.
'Part One: Practising fabric painting' is a practical introduction to fabric painting. You work on some example projects so you actively get to know the fabric-painting techniques.
In 'Part Two: The components of fabric painting', I give you the necessary basic information about the main components of fabric painting and answer any questions that might come up while you are busy practising.
When you've finished reading the book, you'll have a good feeling for what fabric painting is and how you've responded to it.
I am confident that by that point you'll be 'hooked' on the activity; you'll feel relieved in knowing you're able to actively relax with fabric painting whenever you're stressed.
Relax creatively with fabric painting! And have fun!
Soak in a little New Orleans history while enjoying a visual tour of her homes. Known for beauty and style, New Orleans delivers as much in its architecture, even the simple shotgun houses in working neighborhoods. Houses of the Garden District and plantations beyond are simply stunning. A foreword by John Michael Vlach, Professor of American Studies and Anthropology at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., traces the roots of New Orleans signature homes to their origins in Africa and Haiti. Author Alex Caemmerer takes care to point out the rich detailing that was lavished on even the most simple structures, and how tastes changed and homes evolved over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.


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text:
Associating a DoH Server with a Resolver
draft-ietf-doh-resolver-associated-doh-01
Active Internet-Draft (doh WG)
draft-hoffman-resolver-associated-doh
Replaced by
draft-sah-resolver-information
Network Working Group                                         P. Hoffman
Internet-Draft                                                     ICANN
Intended status: Standards Track                          March 06, 2019
Expires: September 7, 2019
Browsers and web applications may want to know if there are one or
more DoH servers associated with the DNS recursive resolver that the
operating system is already using.  This would allow them to get DNS
responses from a resolver that the user (or, more likely, the user's
network administrator) has already chosen.  This document describes
two protocols for a resolver to tell a client what its associated DoH
servers are.  It also describes a protocol for a client to find out
the address of the resolver it is using, if it cannot find that
address by an operating system API or some other means.
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 7, 2019.
Hoffman                 Expires September 7, 2019               [Page 1]
Internet-Draft           Resolver Associated DoH              March 2019
2.  Finding the URI Templates of the DoH Servers Associated with
a Resolver  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
2.1.  DoH Servers by TXT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
2.2.  DoH Servers by Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
2.3.  Issues Common to "DoH Servers by TXT" and "Resolver
Addresses by SUDN"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
3.  Finding the Resolver Addresses Without Operating System APIs    6
4.  User Interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
5.  Design Choices  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
7.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
DoH [RFC8484] requires that one or more DoH servers be configured for
the DoH client.  That document does not say how the DoH servers are
found, nor how to select from a list of possible DoH servers, nor
what the user interface (UI) for the configuration should be.
There is a use case for browsers and web applications to want the DNS
recursive resolver(s) configured in the operating system to use DoH
for DNS resolution instead of normal DNS, but to do so to at a DoH
server specified by the configured resolver.  For example, a
recursive resolver configured by the operating system may know how to
give correct answers to DNS queries that contain names that are only
resolvable in the local context, or resolve differently in the local
context.  Similarly, the recursive resolver configured in the
operating system may implement security policies such as malware
prevention that are not implemented in the same way in DoH servers
not affiliated with the user's organization.  Users typically
configure their DNS recursive resolvers with through automatic
configuration from a protocol such as DHCP; much less often, they use
manual configuration (such as manually editing a /etc/resolv.conf
file).
The expected use cases for DoH are browsers and web applications that
would otherwise get their DNS service from the resolver configured by
the operating system.  The user of the client might have a preference
for using a DoH server for the benefits that DoH brings, and they
might need to use a DoH server that is associated with the resolver
that the computer is currently using for the reasons listed above.
In a common scenario, user may be required to use only resolvers that
are approved by their organization's network operators.
To address these use cases, this document defines two protocols to
get the list of URI templates [RFC6570] for the DoH servers
associated with at least one of the resolvers being used by the
operating system on the system on which the application is being run.
o  The first, called "DoH servers by TXT" and described in
Section 2.1, is a new special use domain name (SUDN) [RFC6761]
that can be queried for a TXT RRset.  This protocol is most likely
useful only to browsers that can call operating system functions
that in turn query the DNS for text records; web applications can
only query for IP addresses.
o  The second, called "DoH servers by addresses" and described in
Section 2.2, is a well-known URI [I-D.nottingham-rfc5785bis] that
can be resolved to return the URI templates.  This is useful if a
browser can call operating system functions that will return the
address of the recursive DNS resolver that the operating system is
This document also defines a third protocol, called "resolver
addresses by SUDN" and described in Section 3, that is a new SUDN
that that can be queried for the IP address(es) of a resolver.  This
protocol is useful for a client that can query for the addresses
associated with a domain name (such as using the POSIX
"getaddrinfo()" function) but cannot use an operating system function
to find those addresses.  For browsers, it is only needed if the
browser cannot use an API to determine the configured resolver IP
address(es).
The design choices for this protocol, particularly earlier designs
that were deemed unusable, are described in Section 5.
1.1.  Terminology
In this document, "client" means either a web browser or application.
When one or the other is named explicitly,
In this document, "DoT" is used to indicate DNS over TLS as defined
In this document, "Do53" is used to indicate DNS over UDP or TCP as
defined in [RFC1035].
"DoH client" and "DoH server" are defined in [RFC8484].
2.  Finding the URI Templates of the DoH Servers Associated with a
A client (a browser or web application) uses either the protocol in
Section 2.1 or Section 2.2 to get a list of URI templates for the DoH
servers associated with a resolver.  The following sub-sections
describe the protocols and have notes that are common to both
protocols.
2.1.  DoH Servers by TXT
To find the DoH Servers associated with a resolver, an application
sends that resolver a query for "resolver-associated-doh.arpa" in
class IN with the RRtype of TXT [RFC1035] (that is, the query is
resolver-associated-doh.arpa/IN/TXT).
As described in Section 6, the zone resolver-associated-doh.arpa is
not actually delegated and never will be.  The resolver acts as if it
is delegated, and adds its own TXT records to the answer.  The
resolver replies with its associated DoH servers as URI templates in
the TXT RRset in the Answer section.  The resolver can generate this
reply with special code to capture queries for "resolver-associated-
doh.arpa"; if the resolver can be configured to also be authoritative
for some zones, it can use that configuration to actually be
authoritative for "resolver-associated-doh.arpa".
A resolver that understands this protocol MUST send a TXT RRset in
the Answer section.  Each TXT record contains one URI template.  If a
resolver that understands this protocol has no associated DoH
servers, the TXT RRset contains exactly one record that has an empty
string as the RDATA; that is, the RDLENGTH in that record is 1, and
the RDATA contains just the byte 0x00.
The client uses the TXT records in the response to the resolver-
associated-doh.arpa/IN/TXT query as a list of the URI templates of
the DoH servers associated with the resolver.  Note that TXT records
can contain multiple "character-strings" [RFC1035]; for this
protocol, all characters-strings in a TXT record are concatenated to
form a single URI template.
The URI templates of the DoH servers associated with a resolver might
be hosted on the resolver itself, or a resolver hosted by the same
operator, or even hosted somewhere else.  The latter could be used by
resolver operators who don't want to host DoH servers but trust
another operator to do so.
2.2.  DoH Servers by Addresses
To find the DoH servers associated with a resolver, a browser or web
application uses either an operating system function (if such a
function is available to it) or the process described in Section 3 to
find one or more IP addresses for the resolver.  It uses one or more
of those IP addresses as part of a well-known URI to find out the URI
templates [RFC6570] to use for the DoH server(s) associated with the
resolver.
To find the DoH servers associated with a resolver, the client sends
a query to
https://IPADDRESSGOESHERE/.well-known/doh-servers-associated/
The resolver replies with its associated DoH servers as URI templates
[[ Need to describe the media types; likely JSON ]]
[[ Need to talk about what a response with an empty list means ]]
[[ Need to talk about what happens if authentication fails.  This is
complicated by the fact that the application doesn't know if the OS-
to-resolver communication is authenticated. ]]
[[ Need to talk about HTTP caching ]]
A client MUST try to establish a new list of DoH servers associated
with a resolver every time the configured resolver in the operating
system changes.
The result of sending this query can be an HTTP redirect to a
different server, such as when a resolver operator doesn't want to
run its own DoH server.
2.3.  Issues Common to "DoH Servers by TXT" and "Resolver Addresses by
SUDN"
See Section 8 for warnings about sending the DNS queries over a
transport that does not assure data integrity (such as Do53), and
over a transport that does assure data integrity (such as DoT) but in
circumstances where the browser or web application doesn't know the
type of DNS transport being used.
A client MUST re-issue the queries in {#doh_by_txt} and
{#resolver_by_sudn} every time the configured resolver in the
operating system changes.
[[ What if there is a list of DoH servers?  Pick one (how?) or jump
around? ]]
3.  Finding the Resolver Addresses Without Operating System APIs
Browsers can often, but not always, get the IP address(es) of the
resolver configured by the operating system using APIs.  Browsers
which cannot are still able to use an operating system function such
as gethostbyname() or its equivalents to convert host names into IP
addresses through the stub resolver in the operating system on which
they are running.  Web applications also can convert host names to IP
addresses.  Either can use a new protocol to find the address(es) of
the resolvers configured by the operating system.
In this protocol, the browser or web application uses it normal
interface for getting addresses for a hostname, and uses the SUDN
"resolver-addresses.arpa" as the hostname.  As described in
Section 6, the zone resolver-addresses.arpa is not actually delegated
and never will be.  The resolver acts as if that name is delegated,
and returns its own A or AAAA addresses in the records in the answer.
The resolver can generate this reply with special code to capture
queries for "resolver-addresses.arpa"; if the resolver can be
configured to also be authoritative for some zones, it can use that
configuration to actually be authoritative for "resolver-
addresses.arpa".
4.  User Interface
For this protocol to be useful in a browser, the browser needs to
have an entry in its configuration interface where the allowed DoH
servers are listed that indicates that a DoH server from the
configured Do53 or DoT resolver is allowed.  That wording might say
something like "DoH server associated with my current resolver" (or
"servidor DoH asociado con mi resolucion actual" or "serveur DoH
associe a mon resolveur actuel").
5.  Design Choices
The primary use case for this protocol is a browser or web
application that is getting name resolution through the stub resolver
on the computer on which it is running wanting to switch its name
resolution to DoH.  A secondary use case is an operating system that
wants to make a similar switch.
An earlier design suggestion was to use a new RRtype with a query to
./IN/NEWRRTYPE.  However, it was pointed out that this would not work
going through stub resolvers that validate DNSSEC.
An earlier design suggestion was to use DHCP to tell the operating
system the DoH servers that the stub resolver might use.  That
protocol is orthogonal to the one in this document in that it
addresses a different use case.  If both the protocol in this
document and a DHCP-based protocol are standardized, they could co-
exist.  However, there is no current mechanism for a stub resolver to
tell a browser, or a web application, what DoH server the stub
resolver is using, so DoH configuration in the stub resolver would
not prevent the browser from trying to find a DoH server on its own.
An earlier design suggestion was to use an EDNS0 [RFC6891] extension.
The design chosen in this document meets the use case better because
applications cannot communicate EDNS0 extensions to the stub
IANA will record the domain name "resolver-associated-doh.arpa" in
the "Special-Use Domain Names" registry [SUDN].  IANA MUST NOT
delegate resolver-associated-doh.arpa in the .arpa zone.
IANA will record the domain name "resolver-addresses.arpa" in the
"Special-Use Domain Names" registry [SUDN].  IANA MUST NOT delegate
resolver-addresses.arpa in the .arpa zone.
Before this draft is complete, mail will be sent to wellknown-uri-
review@ietf.org in order to be registered in the "Well-Known URIs"
registry at IANA.  The mail will contain the following:
URI suffix:  doh-servers-associated
Change controller:  IETF
Specification document(s):  draft-hoffman-resolver-associated-doh
(or its successor, if it is adopted in a WG)
Status:  permanent
7.  Privacy Considerations
Allowing a user to use DoH instead of Do53 increases communication
privacy because of the TLS protection.
When a Do53 or DoT server indicates that a particular DoH server is
associated with it, the client might assume that the DoH server has
the same information privacy policies as the Do53 or DoT server.
Therefore, a Do53 or DoT server SHOULD NOT recommend a DoH server
unless that DoH server has the same (or better) information privacy
policy as the Do53 or DoT server.
A browser that has both a stub resolver stack and a TLS stack that is
independent of HTTP could make a DOT connection to the resolver being
used by the operating system.
There is currently no way for an application to know whether the
operating system's stub resolver is using a transport that assures
data integrity such as DoT.
Even is an application could determine the use of a transport like
DoT, the application would also need to know whether the transport
was authenticated or was simply chosen opportunistically.
[I-D.nottingham-rfc5785bis]
Nottingham, M., "Well-Known Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URIs)", draft-nottingham-rfc5785bis-09 (work in
progress), February 2019.
[RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
[RFC6570]  Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570,
[RFC7858]  Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
[RFC8484]  Hoffman, P. and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS
(DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, October 2018,
[SUDN]     "Special-Use Domain Names", n.d.,
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/
special-use-domain-names/>.
[RFC6761]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Special-Use Domain Names",
RFC 6761, DOI 10.17487/RFC6761, February 2013,
[RFC6891]  Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
The use case in this document was inspired by discussions and the
DRIU BoF at IETF 102 and later in the DNSOP Working Group.  Vladimir
Cunat, Philip Homburg, Shumon Huque, Martin Thomson, Eric Rescorla,
and Tony Finch offered useful advice to improve versions of the
protocol before it came to the DOH Working Group.
Email: paul.hoffman@icann.org
Hoffman                 Expires September 7, 2019              [Page 10]


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To infinity and beyond! Rather than flying to outer space like Buzz Lightyear, we're taking a quick trip to the '90s with this quiz. With all the major cult classics released during this decade, how many of them can you identify from a picture?
While cult classics became a prominent thing of the '80s, the list would go on to grow tremendously with the release of many '90s films. For those with a need for a few laughs, they'd be watching Dazed and Confused or Friday. The fantasy world was being pumped with films like Edward Scissorhands and The Addams Family. Moviegoers were turning to Clueless for a bit of comedy and romance while Pulp Fiction and Fight Club were the perfect drama pieces. For those waiting to bust a quick move, you were probably watching House Party. These are just a few films in the long line of '90s cult classics. Can you remember them all?
One thing that made these movies memorable was the actors. They starred big name celebrities like Johnny Depp, John Travolta and Brad Pitt. These actors helped make the movies so memorable and they're probably what will help you identify the film! Brad Pitt starred in the 1995 film Seven with Morgan Freeman, but can you identify him in a scene from Fight Club?
Calling all '90s fans! Are you ready to join our cult and ace this quiz? Let's find out!


A group of astronomers who run a network of telescopes encircling the planet have for the first time ever captured images of the darkest entity in space – a black hole.
Despite recurring appearances in pop culture hits, like "Star Trek" and Christopher's Nolan's space flick "Interstellar," nobody had actually seen a black hole until now. Scientists with the Event Horizon Telescope project and the National Scientists Foundation during a press conference on Wednesday unveiled mankind's first look at one of the most bewildering occurrences in the cosmos.
"I am delighted to report that we have for the first time seen what we thought was unseeable. We have taken the first picture of a black hole," said Shep Doeleman, Event Horizon Telescope project director.
To capture this first image, scientists needed a telescope with the same level of detail as seeing a date on a quarter from in Los Angeles from Washington D.C. — so Event Horizon Telescope project scientists organized and linked radio disc telescopes on five different continents to create "an Earth-sized" camera. In April 2017, "they all swiveled" to observe the same portion of the sky at the exact same time.
Astronomers set out to capture the depths – or the so-called "point of no return" – of a behemoth at the center of Messier 87, a huge giant elliptical galaxy in the Virgo constellation with a jet energy more than 5,000 light years long emitting from it.
It lies about 53.5 million light years from earth with a mass about 6 billion times that of the sun.
"Anything that passes too close, from a wandering star to a proton of light, gets captured," according to the National Science Foundation.
Black holes, defined by being mostly invisible, have proven tricky to study – despite their size and power, "it's hard to see something that does not emit enough photons, let alone traps any light that passes by," according NSF astronomers.


text:
Meredith Gartin
Dr. Meredith Gartin served as Board Member and Chair of the ALIRP Advocacy Committee (2020-2022) and was elected to serve as Board President (2022-2024). She has a PhD in Global Health from Arizona State University as well as a BA in Anthropology and an MA in Sociology, from the University of Georgia and Auburn University, respectively. Meredith is an Assistant Professor of Global Health in the Department of Health Policy and Organization and School of Public Health at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). Much of Meredith's professional work has focused on ways to build capacity for immigrants and refugees in the US and abroad. In more recent years, with the pressures of more climate refugees worldwide, Meredith's interest in advocacy for people who has been displaced has come to the forefront of her career. Meredith has worked with Lantinx migrants in Arizona, West Africa, and South East Asian refugees in Ohio.


text:
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Крем защищает кожу от ультрафиолета, предотвращает фотостарение, появление пигментации и обгорание. Коллаген в составе делает кожу упругой и эластичной. Натуральные экстракты увлажняют, осветляют пигментные пятна, защищают от действия свободных радикалов.
Water, Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, Ethylhexyl Salicylate , Cyclopentasiloxane, Titanium Dioxide, Butyloctyl Salicylate, Butylene Glycol, Cyclohexasiloxane, Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene , Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer, Niacinamide , Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, Triethylhexanoin, Cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 Dimethicone, Sorbitan Sesquioleate, Ceresin, Magnesium sulfate, Triethanolamine, Betaine, Sodium Hyaluronate, Silica, Sorbitan Olivate, Disteardimonium Hectorite, Caprylyl Glycol, Dimethicone/Vinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer , Allantoin, Panthenol, Phenoxyethanol, Hydrolyzed Collagen , Dimethicone, Fragrance, PEG/PPG-19/19 Dimethicone , Glycerin, Talc, Althaea Rosea Root Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Caprylhydroxamic acid, Adenosine , Disodium EDTA, Propylene Carbonate, Psidium Guajava Leaf Extract, Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Extract, Monarda didyma leaf extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Freesia refracta extract, Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract , Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract , CI 77491, Artemisia Princeps Extract, Morus Alba Leaf Extract, Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract.


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Q: Сортировка элементов в массиве Основная задача - необходимо, чтобы при нажатие по колонке, происходила сортировка элементов массива в упорядоченном виде. Не пойму как сделать правильную сортировку колонки КОЛ. ТОВАРА
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<meta charset="windows-1251">
<title>Документ без названия</title>

ТОВАР	КОЛ. ТОВАРА

КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ТЕХНИКА	34

АУДИО-ВИДЕО	23

ОРГТЕХНИКА	100

СВЯЗЬ	12

ВСЕ ДЛЯ ДОМА	62

ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЕ ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ	56

МУЛЬТИМЕДИА, ИГРЫ, КНИГИ	55

ИНТЕРЬЕР	83

A: avp прав. Для чисел нужно отдельное сравнение. Например вот этот код подойдет:
function sortTR0 (tr1, tr2) {
         if (tr1.childNodes[num].innerHTML > tr2.childNodes[num].innerHTML)
                return 1;
         else if(tr1.childNodes[num].innerHTML ==
                                         tr2.childNodes[num].innerHTML) return 0;
         else return -1;
    }

    function sortTR1 (tr1, tr2) {
         if ((tr1.childNodes[num].innerHTML - tr2.childNodes[num].innerHTML) > 0)
                return -1;
         else if((tr1.childNodes[num].innerHTML - tr2.childNodes[num].innerHTML) == 0) return 0;
         else return 1;
    }

//сортируем массив
if (num == 0)
    arrayForSort.sort(sortTR0);
else
    arrayForSort.sort(sortTR1);

Так же стоит обратить внимание на то что условия в сортировке чисел и строк отличаются, и с разными условиями обе колонки сортируются по убыванию, это странно, но это работает :D
A: Насколько я понимаю проблема в том, что сравниваются строки (лексикографически ?), а не числа. Мне кажется надо написать
function sortTR (tr1, tr2) {
    return tr1.childNodes[num].innerHTML - tr2.childNodes[num].innerHTML;
}

или что-то подобное. Я предполагаю, что операция '-' заставит интерпретатор понять, что операнды это числа.

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