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Mueller-Langer, Frank
Prof. Dr. Frank Mueller-Langer
Affiliated Research Fellow
Professor for Digital Transformation, University of the Bundeswehr Munich
Email: frank.mueller-langer(at)ip.mpg.de
Curriculum Vitae:
Download Curriculum Vitae
Areas of Interest:
Digital Economy, Data Economics, Economics of Innovation
Academic Résumé
Since 01/2020
Professorship for Digital Transformation at the Department of Business Administration at the University of the Bundeswehr Munich
Affiliated Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research), Department Prof. Dietmar Harhoff, Ph.D.
Senior Research Fellow at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Seville, Digital Economy Unit
Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research), Department Prof. Dietmar Harhoff, Ph.D.
Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Department Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reto M. Hilty
Academic Coordinator of the International Max Research School for Competition and Innovation
Research Fellow at the Alfred Weber Institute for Social Policy and Political Economy, University of Heidelberg, Department Prof. Dr. Jürgen Eichberger
Visiting Scholar at Columbia University, New York
Visiting Scholar at UC Berkeley, California
Research Associate, Teaching Assistant, and Ph.D. Student at the Institute of Law and Economics, University of Hamburg. Doctoral Thesis: "Creating R&D Incentives for Medicines for Neglected Diseases", Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hans-Bernd Schäfer
Graduate Studies in Business and Management at the University of Hagen. Diplom-Kaufmann (equiv. MSc in Business Studies)
Graduate Studies in Economics at the Universities of Bonn and Lisbon. Diplom-Volkswirt (equiv. MSc in Economics)
Academic Prizes and Honours
Principal Investigator of the Project European Data Watch Extended II, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), together with Professors Dietmar Harhoff, Gert G. Wagner and Klaus Tochtermann (326,000 Euro)
Sloan Economics of Knowledge Contribution and Distribution Grant 2013, with Richard Watt (USD 11,000)
Nomination for the Antitrust Writing Awards 2013 for the article Parallel Trade and its Ambiguous Effects on Global Welfare, Review of International Economics, 20 (1), 177-185
Best Paper Prize for 2011 of the Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, with Marc Scheufen (1,500 Euro)
Tillburg Law and Economics Center "Innovation, Intellectual Property and Competition Policy Grant 2011", with Richard Watt (15,000 Euro)
Ph.D. Scholarship (University of Hamburg, granted by the German Research Foundation (DFG)
DFG Research Scholarship at the University of California, Berkeley
ERASMUS Scholarship (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, granted by the Socrates/Erasmus Programme of the European Union)
DAAD Grant, Universidad de Salamanca (DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service)
American Association of Law and Economics
German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (DHV)
European Association of Law and Economics
European Association of Labour Economists
European Economic Association
European Policy for Intellectual Property Association
Italian Association of Law and Economics
Society for Economic Research on Copyright Issues
Western Economic Association International
Articles in Refereed Journals
Duch-Brown, Nestor; Gomez-Herrera, Estrella; Mueller-Langer, Frank; Tolan, Songül (2022). Market Power and Artificial Intelligence Work on Online Labour Markets, Research Policy, 51 (3). DOI
We investigate three alternative but complementary indicators of market power on one of the largest online labour markets (OLMs) in Europe: (1) the elasticity of labour demand, (2) the elasticity of labour supply, and (3) the concentration of market shares. We explore how these indicators relate
to an exogenous change in platform policy. In the middle of the observation period, the platform made it mandatory for employers to signal the rates they were willing to pay as given by the level of experience required to perform a project, i.e., entry, intermediate or expert level. We find a positive labour supply elasticity ranging between 0.06 and 0.15, which is higher for expert-level projects. We also find that the labour demand elasticity increased while the labour supply elasticity decreased after the policy change. Based on this, we argue that market-designing platform providers can influence the labour demand and supply elasticities on OLMs with the terms and conditions they set for the platform. We also explore the demand for and supply of AI-related labour on the OLM under study. We provide evidence for a significantly higher demand for AI-related labour (ranging from +1.4% to +4.1%) and a significantly lower supply of AI-related labour (ranging from -6.8% to -1.6%) than for other types of labour. We also find that workers on AI projects receive 3.0%-3.2% higher wages than workers on non-AI projects.
Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 22-01
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Gomez-Herrera, Estrella (2021). Mobility Restrictions and the Substitution between On-site and Remote Work: Empirical Evidence from a European Online Labour Market, Information Economics and Policy 2021. DOI
Intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, online labour markets are at the core of the economic and policy debate about the future of work and the conditions under which we work online. We analyse the effects of an increase in the cost of on-site work induced by COVID-19-related mobility restrictions on the substitution between on-site and remote job postings and between on-site and remote hires. We benefit from the fact that the implementation of stay-at-home requirements varies by country, time and level. We use unique company data from a large European online labour market. We provide empirical evidence for a positive effect of stay-at-home restrictions on job postings and hires of remote work relative to on-site work. Overall, our results suggest that employers are substituting remote employment for on-site employment, while there is no substantial change in overall employment.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Watt, Richard (2021). Optimal Pricing and Quality of Academic Journals and the Ambiguous Welfare Effects of Forced Open Access: A Two-Sided Model, Managerial and Decision Economics 2021. DOI
We analyze optimal pricing and quality of a monopolistic journal and the optimality of open access in a two-sided model. The predominant aspect of the model that determines the quality levels at which open access is optimal is the nature of the relationship between readers and authors in a journal. In contrast to the previous literature, we firstly show that there exist scenarios in which open access is a feature of high-quality journals. Second, we find that the removal of copyright (and thus forced open access) will likely increase both readership and authorship, will decrease journal profits, and may increase social welfare.
Also published as: RatSWD Working Paper Series No. 223
Also published as: TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2012-019
Jorzik, Nathalie; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2020). Multilateral Stability and Efficiency of Trade Agreements: A Network Formation Approach, The World Economy, 43 (2), 355-370. DOI
We study the endogenous network formation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements by means of hypergraphs and introduce the equilibrium concept of multilateral stability. We consider multicountry settings with a firm in each country that produces a homogeneous good and competes as a Cournot oligopolist in each market. Under endogenous tariffs, we find that a multilateral trade agreement governing the rules and norms of tariff setting, that is the WTO/GATT regime itself, together with a bilateral preferential trade agreement (PTA) is multilaterally stable. We also find that the existence of the WTO is necessary for the stability of the trading system. We further analyse the impact of PTAs on multilateral tariffs within the WTO. We find that the formation of PTAs increases countries' incentives for multilateral tariff reduction.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Scheufen, Marc; Waelbroeck, Patrick (2020). Does Online Access Promote Research in Developing Countries? Empirical Evidence from Article-Level Data, Research Policy, 49 (2). DOI
Universities in developing countries have rarely been able to subscribe to academic journals in the past. The "Online Access to Research in the Environment" initiative (OARE) provides institutions in developing countries with free online access to more than 11,500 environmental science journals. We analyze the effect of OARE on (1) scientific output and (2) scientific input as a measure of accessibility in five developing countries. We apply difference-in-difference-in-differences estimation using a balanced panel with 249,000 observations derived from 36,202 journal articles published by authors affiliated with 2,490 research institutions. Our approach allows us to explore effects across scientific fields, i.e. OARE vs. non-OARE fields, within institutions and before and after OARE registration. Variation in online access to scientific literature is exogenous at the level of scientific fields. We provide evidence for a positive marginal effect of online access via OARE on publication output by 29.6% with confidence interval (18.5%, 40.6%) using the most conservative specification. This adds up to 2.07 additional articles due to the OARE program for an average institution publishing 7.0 articles over the observation period. Moreover, we find that OARE membership eases the access to scientific content for researchers in developing countries, leading to an increase in the number of references by 8.4% with confidence interval (5.6%, 11.2%) and the number of OARE references by 14.5% with confidence interval (7.5%, 21.5%). Our results suggest that productive institutions benefit more from OARE and that the least productive institutions barely benefit from registration.
Martens, Bertin; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2020). Access to Digital Car Data and Competition in Aftersales Services, Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 16 (1), 116-141. DOI
This study looks at car data markets from an economic perspective. We start from several options for the technical characteristics of data access points that have been discussed among stakeholders in the automotive industry. We examine the structure of data markets that are likely to emerge from these characteristics and the implications for the welfare of manufacturers, aftermarket service providers and drivers. Car manufacturers face competition in car markets and aftersales services. However, they can design the car data architecture to ensure their exclusive access to the data. That would give them a monopoly in the market for car data from their brand. They can use this to increase their leverage on aftersales services markets. Our baseline scenario is the Extended Vehicle proposal that manufacturers prefer. This ensures their data access monopoly and enables them to maximize revenue from data and data-driven aftersales services. It reduces welfare for drivers and aftersales service providers. Two technical variations on the baseline scenario reduce manufacturers' leverage over data server governance and their monopolistic power. That could reduce social welfare losses and transfer more surplus to drivers and service providers, compared to the baseline scenario. Other scenarios examine alternative data access gateways, for instance by keeping the OBD plug open and by applying real time data portability under the GDPR. These scenarios may offer some scope for regulators if they wish to keep alternative data access channels open in order to stimulate competition in aftersales services markets. However, they entail additional hardware and switching costs for consumers, compared to the baseline and are therefore partial and imperfect substitutes. In two final scenarios we examine the market position of B2B data marketplaces and consumer media services platforms. The potential for data aggregation across car brands and other sources creates some possibilities for these platforms to provide a counterweight to monopolistic behaviour by the manufacturers. However, manufacturers' control over the data supply and access to the in-car human interface ensures that they retain substantial leverage over these platforms. Regulators may consider creating the conditions for a more level playing field between OEM services and third-party aftersales service providers.
Also published at SSRN
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Fecher, Benedikt; Harhoff, Dietmar; Wagner, Gert G. (2019). Replication Studies in Economics — How Many and Which Papers Are Chosen for Replication, and Why?, Research Policy, 48 (1), 62-83. DOI
We investigate how often replication studies are published in empirical economics and what types of
journal articles are replicated. We find that between 1974 and 2014 0.1% of publications in the top 50
economics journals were replication studies. We consider the results of published formal replication
studies (whether they are negating or reinforcing) and their extent: Narrow replication studies are
typically devoted to mere replication of prior work, while scientific replication studies provide a
broader analysis. We find evidence that higher-impact articles and articles by authors from leading
institutions are more likely to be replicated, whereas the replication probability is lower for articles that
appeared in top 5 economics journals. Our analysis also suggests that mandatory data disclosure
policies may have a positive effect on the incidence of replication.
Also published as JRC Digital Economy Working Paper 2018-01
Watt, Richard; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2018). Indirect Copyright Infringement Liability for an ISP: An Application of the Theory of the Economics of Contracts under Asymmetric Information, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, 15 (2), 57-79.
http://www.serci.org/rerci_files/2018/wattandmueller.pdf
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Watt, Richard (2018). How Many More Cites is a $3,000 Open Access Fee Buying You? Empirical Evidence from a Natural Experiment, Economic Inquiry, 56 (2), 931-954. DOI
(Gewinner des "Sloan Economics of Knowledge Contribution and Distribution"- Forschungswettbewerbs 2013)
We analyze the effect of open access (OA) status of journal articles on citations. Using cross-sectional and panel data from mathematics and economics, we perform negative binomial, Poisson, and generalized method of moments/instrumental variable methods regressions. We benefit from a natural experiment via hybrid OA pilot agreements. Citations to pre-prints allow us to identify the intrinsic quality of articles prior to journal publication. Overall, our analysis suggests that there is no hybrid OA citation benefit. However, for the subpopulation of articles without OA pre- or post-prints, we find positive hybrid OA effects for the full sample and each discipline separately.
Also published in SSRN under the title: The Hybrid Open Access Citation Advantage: How Many More Cites is a $3,000 Fee Buying You?
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Andreoli-Versbach, Patrick (2018). Open Access to Research Data: Strategic Delay and the Ambiguous Welfare Effects of Mandatory Data Disclosure, Information Economics and Policy, 42, 20-34. DOI
Mandatory data disclosure is an essential feature for credible empirical work but comes at a cost: First, authors might invest less in data generation if they are not the full residual claimants of their data after their first publication. Second, authors might "strategically delay" the time of submission of papers in order to fully exploit their data in subsequent research. We analyze a three-stage model of publication and data disclosure. We derive exact conditions for positive welfare effects of mandatory data disclosure. However, we find that the transition to mandatory data disclosure has negative welfare properties if authors delay strategically.
Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No. 14-09
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Andreoli-Versbach, Patrick (2017). Leading-Effect, Risk-Taking and Sabotage in Two-Stage Tournaments: Evidence from a Natural Experiment, Journal of Economics and Statistics/Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 237 (1), 1-28. DOI
Existing theory suggests that three "order effects" may emerge in multi-stage tournaments with information feedback. First, participants adjust effort across stages, which could advantage the leading participant who faces a larger "effective prize" after an initial victory (leading-effect). Second, leading participants might engage in sabotage activities to protect their lead thereby decreasing the rivals' output. Finally, participants lagging behind may increase risk at the final stage as they have "nothing to lose" (risk-taking). The expected order effects based on existing theory cannot be supported empirically in a natural experiment setting, where professional teams compete in a two-stage tournament with asymmetric initial conditions and clear incentives.
Replication data to the article
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Andreoli-Versbach, Patrick (2017). Replication data for "Leading-Effect, Risk-Taking and Sabotage in Two-Stage Tournaments". Version: 1, Journal of Economics and Statistics. Dataset 2017. DOI
Journal article "Leading-Effect, Risk-Taking and Sabotage in Two-Stage Tournaments"
Andreoli-Versbach, Patrick; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2014). Open Access to Data: An Ideal Professed but Not Practised, Research Policy, 43 (9), 1621-1633. DOI
Data-sharing is an essential tool for replication, validation and extension of empirical results. Usinga hand-collected data set describing the data-sharing behaviour of 488 randomly selected empiricalresearchers, we provide evidence that most researchers in economics and management do not sharetheir data voluntarily. We derive testable hypotheses based on the theoretical literature on information-sharing and relate data-sharing to observable characteristics of researchers. We find empirical supportfor the hypotheses that voluntary data-sharing significantly increases with (a) academic tenure, (b) thequality of researchers, (c) the share of published articles subject to a mandatory data-disclosure policyof journals, and (d) personal attitudes towards "open science" principles. On the basis of our empiricalevidence, we discuss a set of policy recommendations.
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2013). Neglected Infectious Diseases: Are Push and Pull Incentive Mechanisms Suitable for Promoting Drug Development Research?, Health Economics, Policy and Law, 8 (2), 185-208. DOI
Tag Cambridge DOI
Infectious diseases are among the main causes of death and disability
in developing countries, and they are a major reason for the health disparity
between rich and poor countries. One of the reasons for this public health
tragedy is a lack of lifesaving essential medicines, which either do not exist or
badly need improvements. In this article, we analyse which of the push and pull
mechanisms proposed in the recent literature may serve to promote research into
neglected infectious diseases. A combination of push programmes that subsidise
research inputs through direct funding and pull programmes that reward
research output rather than research input may be the appropriate strategy to
stimulate research into neglected diseases. On the one hand, early-stage (basic)
research should be supported through push mechanisms, such as research grants
or publicly financed research institutions. On the other hand, pull mechanisms,
such as prize funds that link reward payments to the health impacts of effective
medicines, have the potential to stimulate research into neglected diseases.
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2012). Parallel Trade and Its Ambiguous Effects on Global Welfare, Review of International Economics, 20 (1), 177-185.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Scheufen, Marc (2011). The Google Book Search Settlement: A Law and Economics Analysis, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, 8 (1), 7-50.
Auch erschienen als: Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property & Competition Law Research Paper No. 11-06
Beginning in December 2004 Google has pursued a new project to create a book search engine (Google Book Search). The project has released a storm of controversy around the globe. While the supporters of Google Book Search conceive the project as a first reasonable step towards unlimited access to knowledge in the information age, its opponents fear profound negative effects due to an erosion of copyright law. Our law and economics analysis of the Book Search Project suggests that – from a copyright perspective – the proposed settlement may be beneficial to right holders, consumers, and Google. For instance, it may provide a solution to the still unsolved dilemma of orphan works. From a competition policy perspective, we stress the important aspect that Google's pricing algorithm for orphan and unclaimed works effectively replicates a competitive Nash-Bertrand market outcome under post-settlement, third-party oversight.
Available at SSRN
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Watt, Richard (2010). Copyright and Open Access for Academic Works, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, 7 (1), 45-65.
Auch erschienen als: Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition & Tax Law Research Paper No. 10-09
In a recent paper, Prof. Steven Shavell (see Shavell, 2009) has argued strongly in favor of eliminating copyright from academic works. Based upon solid economic arguments, Shavell analyses the pros and cons of removal of copyright and in its place to have a pure open access system, in which authors (or more likely their employers) would provide the funds that keep journals in business. In this paper we explore some of the arguments in Shavell's paper, above all the way in which the distribution of the sources of journal revenue would be altered, and the feasible effects upon the quality of journal content. We propose a slight modification to a pure open access system which may provide for the best of both the copyright and open access worlds.
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2009). Does Parallel Trade Freedom Harm Consumers in Small Markets?, Croatian Economic Survey, 11 (1), 11-41.
Contributions to Collected Editions
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2014). Copyright and Parallel Trade, in: Richard Watt (ed.), Handbook Economics of Copyright - A Guide for Students and Teachers, 287-310. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Scheufen, Marc (2013). Academic Publishing and Open Access, in: Christian Handke, Ruth Towse (eds.), Handbook of Digital Creative Economy, 365-377. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property & Competition Law Research Paper No. 13-03
With the spread of the internet and new opportunities for publishing academic works digitally at virtually no costs, the traditional copyright model has recently been put under critical review which is for at least two reasons: First and foremost, a vast increase in subscription prices for academic journals has forced (university) libraries to significantly cut their journal portfolios. Second, copyright seems negligible in academia as researchers are motivated by reputation gains and CV effects rather than direct financial returns from publishing their works. As a consequence, the promotion of Open Access (OA) to scientific research is claimed as the perceived future of academic publishing in the information age. This paper critically reviews the OA debate by discussing theoretical and empirical arguments on the role of copyright in publishing scientific outcomes. A brief historical perspective introduces to the changed environmental conditions for scholarly publishing, pointing to a new trade-off in the digital age. By framing the debate in a broader literature stream and related issues, we provide with caveat for further research and a glimpse of possible future scenarios. It is shown that copyright may be both a blessing and a curse in establishing an effective framework for scientific progress.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Schäfer, Hans-Bernd (2009). Strict liability versus negligence, in: Michael Faure (ed.), Tort Law and Economics, Chapter 1 (Encyclopedia of Law and Economics), 3-45. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham; Northampton, Mass. 2009.
The purpose of this chapter is to compare negligence rules and strict liability rules and to examine the allocative effects resulting from the application of different liability regimes. It first discusses unilateral accidents, while the more complicated bilateral cases follow afterwards. Each section starts with a discussion of the rule of no liability before moving on to various forms of negligence and ending with various strict liability rules. At the end of each section, there is a discussion on how results change when relaxing specific assumptions. The various aspects are summarised focusing on the question of whether the outcome under a specific liability regime is efficient or not. We also discuss several more specific topics of interest, for example, the information generating consequence of negligence, the allocative effects of various liability rules when agents enter into a contractual relationship, product liability, cases of 'joint liability', the impact of uncertain legal standards, and the interaction between liability law and insurance.
Gomez-Herrera, Estrella; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2020). Gibt es geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede auf Online-Arbeitsmärkten?, Ökonomenstimme 2020.
https://www.oekonomenstimme.org/artikel/2020/04/gibt-es-geschlechtsspezifische-lohnunterschiede-auf-online-arbeitsmaerkten/
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Scheufen, Marc (2011). Die ökonomische Analyse geistiger Eigentumsrechte (Economic Analysis of Intellectual Property Rights), Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium: Zeitschrift für Ausbildung und Hochschulkontakt, 40 (3), 137-142.
Mueller-Langer, Frank Review of: Götting, Horst-Peter/ Lunze, Anja (Hrsg.): Überprotektion durch Geistiges Eigentum? (Does Intellectual Property Rights Cause Overprotection?) Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2009, 235 S., ISBN 978-3-8329-4289-2, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht Internationaler Teil, 59 (8/9), 771-772.
Mueller-Langer, Frank Review of: Axel Gosseries, Alain Marciano & Alain Strowel (eds.): Intellectual Property and Theories of Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, 277 S., IIC - international review of intellectual property and competition law, 41 (2), 247-250.
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2009). Creating R&D Incentives for Medicines for Neglected Diseases. An Economic Analysis of Parallel Imports, Patents, and Alternative Mechanisms to Stimulate Pharmaceutical Research (Gabler Research: Ökonomische Analyse des Rechts). Wiesbaden: Gabler.
Duch-Brown, Nestor; Gomez-Herrera, Estrella; Mueller-Langer, Frank; Tolan, Songül (2021). Market Power and Artificial Intelligence Work on Online Labour Markets, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper Series, No. 22-01.
Forthcoming in Research Policy Volume 51, Issue 3, April 2022, 104446
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Gomez-Herrera, Estrella (2021). Mobility Restrictions and the Substitution between On-Site and Remote Work: Empirical Evidence from a European Online Labour Market, Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 21-26.
Forthcoming in: Information Economics and Policy
Gomez Herrera, Estrella; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2019). Is There a Gender Wage Gap in Online Labor Markets? Evidence from Over 250,000 Projects and 2.5 Million Wage Bill Proposals, Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 19-07 2019.
We explore whether there is a gender wage gap in one of the largest EU online labor markets, PeoplePerHour. Our unique dataset consists of 257,111 digitally tradeable tasks of 55,824 hiring employers from 188 countries and 65,010 workers from 173 countries that made more than 2.5 million wage bill proposals in the competition for contracts. Our data allows us to track the complete hiring process from the employers' design of proposed contracts to the competition among workers and the final agreement between employers and successful candidates. Using Heckman and OLS estimation methods we provide empirical evidence for a statistically significant 4% gender wage gap among workers, at the project level. We also find that female workers propose lower wage bills and are more likely to win the competition for contracts. Once we include workers' wage bill proposals in the regressions, the gender wage gap virtually disappears, i.e., it is statistically insignificant and very small in magnitude (0.3%). Our results also suggest that female workers' higher winning probabilities associated with lower wage bill proposals lead to higher expected revenues overall. We provide empirical evidence for heterogeneity of the gender wage gap in some of the job categories, all job difficulty levels and some of the worker countries. Finally, for some subsamples we find a statistically significant but very small "reverse" gender wage gap.
McCabe, Mark J.; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2019). Does Data Disclosure Increase Citations? Empirical Evidence from A Natural Experiment in Leading Economics Journals, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper-02.
Does data disclosure have an impact on citations? Four leading economics journals introduced a data disclosure policy between 2004 and 2006. We use panel data consisting of 17,135 article citing-year observations from 1996 to 2015 for articles published in these journals. Empirical articles that did not disclose data (46% of the sample) serve as a control group. Evidence for a positive open data citation effect is weak (6% and not statistically significant). On the other hand, the citation impacts of publication are substantial and precisely estimated. Pure theory, hybrid and purely empirical articles enjoy citations benefits of 22%, 32% and 44%, respectively. Our pre- and post-publication citation data allow us to identify the citation effects of data disclosure and publication, while controlling for intrinsic article quality.
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc115801.pdf
Martens, Bertin; Aguiar, Luis; Gomez-Herrera, Estrella; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2018). The Digital Transformation of News Media and the Rise of Fake News: An Economic Perspective, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper-02.
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/communities/sites/jrccties/files/dewp_201802_digital_transformation_of_news_media_and_the_rise_of_fake_news_final_180418.pdf
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Fecher, Benedikt; Harhoff, Dietmar; Wagner, Gert (2018). Replication Studies in Economics: How Many and Which Papers Are Chosen for Replication, and Why?, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper-01.
We investigate how often replication studies are published in empirical economics and what types of journal articles are eventually replicated. We find that from 1974 to 2014 0.10% of publications in the Top 50 economics journals were replications. We take into account the results of replication (negating or reinforcing) and the extent of replication: narrow replication studies are typically devoted to mere replication of prior work while scientific replication studies provide a broader analysis. We find evidence that higher-impact articles and articles by authors from leading institutions are more likely to be subject to published replication studies whereas the probability of published replications is lower for articles that appeared in higher-ranked journals. Our analysis also suggests that mandatory data disclosure policies may have a positive effect on the incidence of replication.
https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/decwpa/2018-01.html
Also published in Research Policy, 48(1), 62-83
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Scheufen, Marc; Waelbroeck, Patrick (2018). Does Online Access Promote Research in Developing Countries? Empirical Evidence from Article-Level Data, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper, No. 2018-05.
Universities in developing countries have rarely been able to subscribe to academic journals in the past. The "Online Access to Research in the Environment" initiative (OARE) provides institutions in developing countries with free online access to more than 5,700 environmental science journals. Here we analyze the effect of OARE registration on scientific output by research institutions in five developing countries. We apply a difference-in-difference estimation method using panel data for 18,955 journal articles from 798 research institutions. We find that online access via OARE increases publication output by at least 43% while lower-ranked institutions located in remote areas benefit less. These results are robust when we apply instrumental variables to account for the information diffusion process and a Bayesian estimation method to control for self-selection into the initiative.
Also published as Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 16-14
Gomez-Herrera, Estrella; Martens, Bertin; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2017). Trade, Competition and Welfare in Global Online Labour Markets: A 'Gig Economy' Case Study, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper-05. DOI
This study focuses on collaborative economy platforms that specialize in purely digital tasks that require no physical delivery or proximity between workers and their clients, which we call Online Labour Markets (OLMs). They have a global reach. There is a debate on job fragmentation and deteriorating working conditions in OLMs. This study emphasizes the economic opportunities and explores (a) the drivers of global trade in digital tasks, (b) the determinants of online wages and (c) the welfare impact of OLMs on workers and employers. This is a case study based on data obtained from a single UK-based OLM. Our findings cannot necessarily be generalised to other OLMs with different characteristics. Using panel data we find that the vast majority of employers are located in high-income countries while many workers are located in low-income countries. Workers in low-income countries are motivated to participate mostly by labour productivity gains and the corresponding higher wages. Workers in high income countries combine opportunities for additional work and income with the benefits of flexible time use and other non-wage benefits. Employers are motivated by wage savings and task unbundling. Despite the global nature of digital OLMs, there is an impression of home bias in hiring. OLMs are heterogeneous markets where about half of all transactions are settled above the lowest price bid. Workers' skills and experience as well as their countries of residence have an impact on the agreed wage and the probability of being hired. Worker quality signaling induces superstar effects and a very uneven distribution of work. Taking into account only the difference between online and offline wages in the countries of residence of workers and employers we estimate that this particular OLM has positive monetized welfare effects, both for workers (17%) and even more so for employers (70%). Unobservable non-monetized benefits such as increased flexibility and savings in transport or migration costs for workers and task unbundling for employers give a further boost to welfare. The extent of unbundling is demonstrated by the very short duration of the average task in this OLM: slightly less than 8 hours. Workers in this case study platform are self-employed and responsible for compliance with regulations in their country of residence.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Fecher, Benedikt; Harhoff, Dietmar; Wagner, Gert G. (2017). The Economics of Replication, Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 17-03.
Revise-and-Resubmit, Research Policy
Replication studies are considered a hallmark of good scientific practice. Yet they are treated among researchers as an ideal to be professed but not practiced. To provide incentives and favorable boundary conditions for replication practice, the main stakeholders need to be aware of what drives replication. Here we investigate how often replication studies are published in empirical economics and what types of journal articles are replicated. We find that from 1974 to 2014 less than 0.1% of publications in the top-50 economics journals were replications. We do not find empirical support that mandatory data disclosure policies or the availability of data or code have a significant effect on the incidence of replication. The mere provision of data repositories may be ineffective, unless accompanied by appropriate incentives. However, we find that higher-impact articles and articles by authors from leading institutions are more likely to be subject of published replication studies whereas the replication probability is lower for articles published in higher-ranked journals.
Duch-Brown, Nestor; Martens, Bertin; Mueller-Langer, Frank (2017). The Economics of Ownership, Access and Trade in Digital Data, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper-01.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Scheufen, Marc; Waelbroeck, Patrick (2016). Does Online Access Promote Research in Developing Countries? Empirical Evidence from Article-Level Data, Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 16-14.
Under review (sent to referees), Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Gerstenberger, Michael; Hackinger, Julian; Heisig, Benjamin (2013). A Brief Guide for the Creation of Author-specific Citation Metrics and Publication Data Using the Thomson Reuters Web of Science and Scopus Databases, RatSWD Working Paper Series, No. 228/2013.
The objective of this guide is twofold. First, it shall enable interested readers to understand and reproduce the process of collecting author-specific citation metrics and publication data from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science and Scopus databases that is adopted in Andreoli-Versbach and Mueller-Langer (2013). Second, it presents the problems faced during the data collection process and the refined method of data collection we adopt to address related concerns. Thereby, it may serve interested readers as a guideline to accurately and efficiently retrieve citation metrics and publication information from Thomson Reuters Web of Science and Scopus in similar endeavors.
http://www.ratswd.de/dl/RatSWD_WP_228.pdf
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Watt, Richard (2013). Optimal Pricing and Quality of Academic Journals and the Ambiguous Welfare Effects of Forced Open Access: A Two-sided Model, RatSWD Working Paper, No. 223.
We analyse optimal pricing and quality of a monopolistic journal and the optimality of open access in a two-sided model. The predominant aspect of the model that determines the quality levels at which open access is optimal is the nature of the (non-linear) externalities between readers and authors in a journal. We show that there exist scenarios in which open access is a feature of highquality journals. Besides, we find that the removal of copyright (and thus forced open access) will likely increase both readership and authorship, will decrease
journal profits, and may increase social welfare.
Forthcoming in: Managerial and Decision Economics
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Andreoli-Versbach, Patrick (2013). Leading-effect vs. Risk-taking in Dynamic Tournaments - Evidence from a Real-life Randomized Experiment, Munich Discussion Paper, No. 2013-6.
Two "order effects" may emerge in dynamic tournaments with information feedback. First, participants adjust effort across stages, which could advantage the leading participant who faces a larger "effective prize" after an initial victory (leading-effect). Second, participants lagging behind may increase risk at the final stage as they have "nothing to lose" (risk-taking). We use a randomized natural experiment in professional two-game soccer tournaments where the treatment (order of a stage-specific advantage) and team characteristics, e.g. ability, are independent. We develop an identification strategy to test for leading-effects controlling for risk-taking. We find no evidence of leading-effects and negligible risk-taking effects.
http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15452/
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Andreoli-Versbach, Patrick (2013). Open Access to Data: An Ideal Professed but Not Practised, Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property & Competition Law Research Paper, No. 13-07.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Jorzik, Nathalie (2013). Multilateral Stability and Efficiency of Trade Agreements: A Network Formation Approach, Munich Discussion Paper, No. 2013-3.
We study the endogenous network formation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements by means of hypergraphs and introduce the equilibrium concept of multilateral stability. We consider multi-country settings with a firm in each country that produces a homogeneous good and competes as a Cournot oligopolist in each market. Under endogenous tariffs, we find that the existence of a multilateral trade agreement is always necessary for the stability of the trading system and that the formation of preferential trade agreements is always necessary for achieving global free trade. We also find that global free trade is efficient but not necessarily the only multilaterally stable trade equilibrium when countries are symmetric (heterogeneous) in terms of market size. We derive conditions under which such a conflict between overall welfare efficiency and stability occurs.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Eichberger, Jürgen (2012). On the Welfare Effects of Exclusive Distribution Arrangements, Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law Research Paper, No. 12-07.
The regulation of vertical relationships between firms is the subject of persistent legal and academic controversy. The literature studying vertical trade relationships seems to assume that an upstream monopolist prefers downstream competition over exclusive distribution arrangements. We derive precise conditions for when an upstream monopolist prefers competing distribution systems over exclusive distribution in the downstream market. We also show that the welfare effects of downstream competition are ambiguous. A downstream oligopoly may have negative welfare properties compared to a downstream monopoly.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Watt, Richard (2012). Optimal Pricing and Quality of Academic Journals and the Ambiguous Welfare Effects of Forced Open Access: A Two-Sided Model, TILEC Discussion Paper, DP 2012-019.
We analyze optimal pricing and quality of a monopolistic journal and the optimality of open access in a two-sided model. The predominant aspect of the model that determines the quality levels at which open access is optimal is the nature of the relationship between readers and authors in a journal. In contrast to previous literature, we firstly show that there exist scenarios in which open access is a feature of high-quality journals. Second, we find that removal of copyright (and thus forced open access) decreases journal profits but has ambiguous social welfare effects.
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2011). Neglected Infectious Diseases: Are Push and Pull Incentive Mechanisms Suitable for Promoting Research?, Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law Research Paper, No. 11-10.
Mueller-Langer, Frank; Andreoli-Versbach, Patrick (2011). The Absence of 'Order Effects' in Dynamic Tournaments: Evidence from a Real-Life Randomized Experiment, Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law Research Paper, No. 11-08.
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2010). An Analysis of the Ambiguous Welfare Effects of Parallel Trade Freedom (Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition & Tax Law Research Paper, No. 10-03 ).
The regulation of parallel trade has become a critical issue in the global trading system, as the welfare effects of parallel trade freedom are generally ambiguous. In this paper we investigate the welfare effects of parallel trade freedom for low, intermediate, and high trade costs and different levels of market size. By analyzing a game played between a domestic monopolistic manufacturer of pharmaceuticals and a foreign exclusive distributor we, first, show that parallel trade reduces the profit of the manufacturer and his incentives to invest in R&D. In addition to this first finding, we show, secondly, that the question as to whether parallel trade freedom has positive or negative welfare properties depends on the level of trade cost and the heterogeneity of countries in terms of market size. In particular, we find that parallel trade freedom has a positive effect on global welfare if countries are sufficiently heterogeneous in terms of market size and if trade costs are intermediate and low, respectively. Surprisingly, this result even holds in a situation where parallel trade freedom implies the closure of the smaller market. If, however, countries are virtually homogenous in terms of market size, parallel trade freedom may be detrimental to global welfare for specific levels of trade costs.
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2008). An Analysis of the Welfare Effects of Parallel Trade Freedom, German Working Papers in Law and Economics,9. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Electronic Press.
In a double marginalization model which is played between a domestic monopolistic manufacturer of pharmaceuticals and a foreign exclusive distributor, I examine the impact of parallel trade freedom on the manufacturer's profit. I also analyze its impact on global welfare for low, intermediate, and high trade costs and different levels of heterogeneity of the two countries where the manufacturer and the distributor are located. The model suggests that parallel trade – provided that it is a credible threat – reduces the profit of the manufacturer and thus reduces his incentives to invest in R&D. If, however, trade costs are high, parallel trade is a non-credible threat as it is not a worthwhile business activity for the foreign distributor and thus does not have any impact on the profit of the manufacturer. The model shows that parallel trade has positive welfare properties if the two countries are sufficiently heterogeneous in terms of market size and if trade costs are intermediate and low, respectively. If, however, the countries are virtually homogenous in terms of market size, parallel trade may be detrimental to global welfare for specific levels of trade costs.
http://www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2008/iss1/art9/
Mueller-Langer, Frank (2007). A Game Theoretic Analysis of Parallel Trade and the Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products, German Working Papers in Law and Economics,6. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Electronic Press.
We develop a simple double marginalization model with complete information, in which an original manufacturer of a pharmaceutical product faces potential competition from parallel imports by a foreign exclusive distributor. The model suggests that parallel imports will never occur in the sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium, as it will always be beneficial for the manufacturer to monopolize the home country by undercutting the price of the reimported pharmaceutical product. However, the question as to whether it is optimal for the manufacturer to charge the monopoly price in the home country depends on the level of trade costs and the level of heterogeneity of the two countries, in terms of market size and price elasticity of demand. For the purpose of further research, this paper suggests the introduction of asymmetric information with regard to local demand functions, in order to explain why parallel trade may actually occur in equilibrium.
Is There A Gender Wage Gap in Online Labor Markets?
Does Data Disclosure Increase Citations?
Trade, Competition and Welfare in Global Online Labour Markets: A "Gig Economy" Case Study
Munich Summer Institute 2018, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition
Location: Munich
Replication Studies in Economics - How Many and Which Papers Are Chosen for Replication, and Why?
Joint Research Centre, Digital Economy Unit, Research Seminar
09/05/2014/04/09 – 05/09
The Hybrid Open Access Citation Advantage: How Many More Cites is a $3,000 Fee Buying You?
9th Annual Conference of the European Policy for Intellectual Property Association, European Commission
2014/06/23 – 06/25
2014 Munich Conference on Innovation and Competition
Location: Schloss Ringberg, Germany
Parallel Trade and its Ambiguous Effects on Global Welfare
MPI Doctor Seminar
Quantitative und Qualitative Methods
Location: University of the Bundeswehr, Munich, Germany
Location: FOM, Munich, Germany
International Economic Policy
Intellectual Property and Economic Theory
Location: EIPIN European Joint Doctorate Program, Munich, Germany
Advanced Contributions to Innovation and Copyright Economics Research
Location: LMU Munich, Germany
Law and Economics of IP
Master Programme in Law and Economics, Integration Seminar
Location: University St. Gallen, Switzerland
Introduction to Microeconomics
Location: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center (MIPLC), Munich, Germany
Cross-Border Trade and Intellectual Property
Economics of Parallel Trade
Location: International Max Planck Research School for Competition and Innovation, Munich, Germany
Basic Concepts of Law and Economics
Paradoxa in der Entscheidungstheorie
Location: University Heidelberg, Germany
Location: University Hamburg, Germany
Does Open Access to Data Increase Citations?
Does Online Access Promote Research in Developing Countries? Empirical Evidence from Article-Level Data


text:
Illywhacker - Laurence in Alaska
Author Peter Aston
Date Sept-2001
Map Ref Prince William Sound
Cruising Prince William Sound with Laurence, one of our grandsons and his Dad
Laurence relaxes in the cockpit
"Mum, you promised me I could stay with Grandma and Grandpa"…. A reasonable demand from a 7 year-old you might think if it involves packing his pyjamas and toothbrush and a short drive through the suburbs. Young Laurence however was determined to make this a holiday to remember. We, his grandparents live aboard our yacht Illywhacker in a remote region of Alaska and of course were delighted to hear of his … according to his parents … relentless resolve. One of the downsides of long-distance cruising is having the younger generation grow up without regular contact with us and our compromise has been to leave the yacht in a foreign port and fly home for a few months when we do our best to spoil them rotten. Our dream is for the older children to crew on a leg or two so when Laurence was finally allowed to come if he brought his father James, we were more than happy.
We sailed Illywhacker to Cordova, a small fishing village in the SE corner of Prince William Sound. At 60N, 145W it is about as far as you can be in the Pacific Ocean from Australia and presents a seriously different climate to Townsville, Laurence's home in North Queensland. Most cruisers to Alaska travel north from Seattle and Vancouver via the Inside Passage to visit Sitka, Juneau and maybe Skagway and Glacier Bay on the Alaskan "Panhandle". Only a handful of hardy souls cross the Gulf of Alaska each year from there to Prince William Sound, even less take Illywhacker 's route from Japan and Kamchatka via the Aleutians. After our long journey that way we were in no hurry to press on towards the busy US west coast and the rewards for "holing up" in this remote area have been unparalleled in all our cruising so far.
Prince William Sound offers a myriad of exclusive, magnificent anchorages. Visited and named by Captain Cook in 1778 it has since shaken off fur traders, gold seekers and copper miners and has formed an uneasy truce with oil developers and fishermen to remain a largely pristine environment. The local people have a rich heritage of Chugach, Tlingit, Eyak, Yupik, Athabascan and Inupiaq Alaskan Natives seasoned by the early hunters, fishermen and miners from Russia and Scandinavia. There are 3 major towns in the Sound, Valdez, Whittier and Cordova and a small number of remote villages and aquaculture ventures. For Laurence, this could be quite an adventure … the task for us grandparents was to manage the experience to make it exciting, educational and a happy memory.
Alaska has only 4 months each year of good summer weather for comfortable cruising. Storms are less frequent in June, July, August and early September; when they occur it is wise to take shelter, comfortable in the knowledge that a period of calm will follow. Fortunately the Sound has many very protected anchorages in close proximity, the ideal place for a cruise with family or friends. The long summer days (up to 19 hours of daylight) make it easy to see and do a lot in a day but getting a small boy in bed by 8pm proved to be difficult when the sun was still high.
By the time we met James and Laurence at Cordova airport, the forward cabin of Illywhacker was no longer a workshop, supplies for 10 days stowed and a set of "cool" Alaskan-style clothes purchased from the local Thrift shop for Laurence. An empty "daybook" was ready on the saloon table with all the coloured pencils and cutouts the local drugstore could furnish. This was to form the holiday record to which we would all contribute. Laurence was to write the story and draw the pictures, Grandma would take and print the digital photos of the day, Grandpa would provide the day's passage data and James would supervise the minimal schoolwork brought from Townsville. Figuring the travellers would be tired and jet-lagged after 3 days of air travel, we tucked them into their bunks and motored away over calm seas to our first anchorage.
"What's that noise Grandma?" An enquiry from Laurence had us all concentrating on our surroundings. Was it the coughing sound of a distant bear, the screech of a bald eagle, the splash of leaping salmon or the howl of a coyote? Looking around had us craning our necks upwards to the top of the steep mountains of the fiord or scanning the volcanic shoreline crammed with conifers and dense undergrowth. The view is so overwhelming it takes some time to complete the 360 degrees. It is only then that we realise that we are so alone that the sounds we hear in Two Moon Bay are the sounds of silence. Welcome to our first anchorage of Prince William Sound. Although it was 7pm, we launched the dinghy and took an hour's run around the bay in subdued sunlight before a quiet dinner in the cockpit. It's cool enough to have the cockpit clears zipped-up which keeps the pesky no-see-em's at bay; these little biteys unfortunately are especially prevalent in Summer in a windless anchorage. Still, we count our blessings as "wind" around here usually means more than we need and besides we'll be away early tomorrow to a really special place.
As we motored on Day 2 toward the magnificent Columbia Glacier, the battle between industry and the environment took on a new reality for us. The day before we had passed Bligh Reef, the site of the unfortunate grounding of the Exxon Valdez in 1989 when 11 million gallons of crude oil were spilled into this pristine waterway. There appeared little evidence of the disaster to our untrained eyes but later conversations with experts working in the Science Centre in Cordova told us a different story. Today, there are many safeguards in place for any subsequent spills as we were soon to find out.
VHF traffic that morning as usual at that time of the year related to the movement of fishing boats as well as to those of the oil tankers and the associated tugs and pilots as they transit the Sound to and from the Valdez Aleyska pipeline terminal. On such a beautiful morning we were alarmed to hear a "Mayday" call from a fishing boat just 5nm ahead of us. One of the few remaining wooden seiners, she had struck a small iceberg - a growler, at speed and was sinking very fast. The skipper was only able to indicate a rough location to the US Coastguard Marine Safety Office in Valdez before communications were lost. Other craft rushed to the scene and we all spent an anxious 20 minutes listening to the search traffic before a life raft was spotted. The water temperature at 60N even in summer makes a full immersion suit a necessity and all craft are required to carry one for each crewmember. The penalty for not wearing one is rapid hypothermia so we were much relieved to hear the skipper radio from the rescue fishing boat that all hands were safe.
End of story? Well not really, the elation in the voice of that skipper abruptly sunk when the Coastguard requested details of his plans to remove the oil slick for which he was responsible. "…Well no plans really" he said. "Then do you agree to accept all costs associated with the cleanup which will be instigated by the Coastguard?"… a pause then, "..I suppose so". Later we learned that companies on standby for this purpose think $$millions are petty cash. Indemnity insurance in the USA is a real good idea; it might stop a bad day getting VERY BAD.
Writing up the day's log In the snow at Beartrap Bay
There is nothing we find more delightful than slowly motoring amongst the bergy bits and growlers, the fallout from a tidewater glacier, on a sunny afternoon. Laurence was able to pick out the shapes of moon rockets, goblins and galloping horses as the melting forms twinkled and tinkled and cracked as we glided past. Columbia Glacier is melting and retreating so fast that the floating ice prevents visiting craft from reaching a point no closer than 8nm from the face. We would have to visit a different glacier to get really close… and we had a special one in mind for that, a day's sail away. Later that afternoon we anchored in Emerald Cove; true to it's name it is one of the most beautiful places we've ever been in. A small, crystal clear keyhole anchorage it is surrounded by a high bluff to one side and a low hill to the other covered in a colourful muskeg meadow. We walked over this hill for a stunning view of the glacier. To see a living river of blue ice stretching back the length of Sydney harbour knowing it predates us by thousands of years is enough to silence even a 7 year-old in awe.
A day later we approached Meares, a remote glacier situated at the head of the 20nm deep Unaqwik Fiord. It offers a good example of the processes and immense geological pressures that over the eons have formed Prince William Sound. High in the mountains, the weight of snow falling since the last Ice Age compressed the ice below, turning it blue in the process, (as a result, this dense glacier ice lasts 3 or more times longer in the freezer - as if you need one!). The weight of ice builds up until it exceeds the ability of the volcanic rock below to support it and an immense solid river of ice forms, moving very slowly down the mountain, grinding away at the geology beneath. A wall of rock is pushed ahead of the glacier and is known as the moraine. Huge fiords are formed this way and when glaciers retreat, the magnificent anchorages of Prince William Sound are the result.
Meares Glacier has been advancing and retreating for many years and at the maximum point of it's last advance, about 10nm out from the location of the present tidewater face, the rocky moraine remains as a dam wall across the fiord. Fortunately the continuous outflow of melted ice has eroded the moraine sufficiently to allow our transit across it towards the head of the fiord with a metre to spare under the keel. From afar, floating ice appeared to block our approach but a path through these bergy bits always seemed to emerge. It was slow going, weaving between them as barging through just wasn't an option, the varying densities of the floating ice meant there might easily be more weight below that we couldn't see, more than Illywhacker's tonnage and the glacial silt made visibility underwater very poor.
The journey along the fiord seemed endless and the glacier we had come to see was nowhere to be seen. It wasn't until we made a sharp turn to the right that the sight before us took our breath away. Gleaming in the low sunlight, the face of Meares Glacier with a river of blue ice climbing upwards to the clouds behind seemed like the biggest hidden treasure in the world. About ½ mile from the face we turned off the engine and listened to the sounds of the giant who lives inside. The groans and cracking noises made by so much mass trying to escape are awesome, our 42' home so insignificant beside the towering face. Glacier watching is about being enveloped in the sounds and ambience of something live and VERY BIG while you wait for the face to calve. If you're lucky you will be watching the right spot and see a city-building size chunk slide majestically into the water before a loud CRACK is heard. Minutes later the yacht rolls to the swell and we are back to hoping for a bigger calving next time. It was hard to tear ourselves away, but alone and a day's sail from any help we felt vulnerable - and besides Laurence wanted to go fishing.
Laurence on the foredeck at Meare's Glacier At Columbia Glacier
We knew of 2 wonderful anchorages, one offering a taste of history and bottom fishing for sole and halibut and the other, great exploration possibilities and fantastic salmon fishing a few easy days of sailing away. The first was Landlocked Bay, very protected with good holding and an old gold and copper mining area. With such steep sides to the harbour and dense foliage it was hard to conceive of the place as a mining site let alone imagine the sounds of industry and the thriving community that existed here when we saw only trees and heard only the nature's silence. Closer to the shore in the dinghy we found the remains of 100 year-old equipment and jetties and by following some more recent tailings up into the undergrowth, came across a small cabin still in occasional use. As is the practice in Alaska, it was open with a welcoming sign and stocked with some emergency supplies. "Let's stay here," said Laurence, never had he seen a better cubby house - or us a get-away-from-it-all retreat for that matter.
The approach to Beartrap Bay our next anchorage, took us from the long outer harbour through a narrow pass into a wide lagoon, which shallowed at the head where 2 streams entered. With bulletproof protection, we anchored in sticky blue mud and took a look around. The surroundings are spectacularly Alaskan; snow-covered peaks, steep and heavily forested mountains and the sounds of many cascading waterfalls to lull you to sleep - in complete isolation. We sat quietly for only a few minutes when a black bear appeared at the waters' edge foraging on a patch of cranberries. Bald eagles could be seen fishing, pairs of Canada Geese, ducks and a variety of migratory waders were feeding on the flats at the head of the bay. Quite an incredible place which was made to really come alive by the dense schools of salmon. This was the season when mature salmon return to the stream of their birth after 3 years in the Pacific Ocean. The fish arrive in thousands, their bodies charged with enough oil to sustain them on the journey upstream which in the case of the Yukon or the Copper Rivers, can be in excess of 1000 miles. The freshwater immediately begins the process of deterioration and one can sense the urgency to get going and to start spawning before it is too late.
Throwing a line in the dense shoaling fish was hardly sport fishing but Laurence enjoyed the thrill of a 10lb fish on the line and learned to distinguish between the fresh, new entrants to the bay and those still waiting their turn to enter the packed streams. He was to later experience fishing the Eyak River near Cordova for Coho salmon, which is a sport fisherman's dream, and greatly different from rock fishing the tropical waters near his home in Australia.
We were pleasantly surprised when ANOTHER YACHT sailed into Beartrap Bay, and even more so when we learnt there were 3 children on board. Local sailors from Seward, they were making the best of the short summer on their once-a-year sailing holiday. We enjoyed their company for a few days, climbing the mountains to sit on remnant snow drifts and following the freshwater streams to watch struggling salmon, fins in the air and 5 abreast making their way upwards. Ever watchful for bears, we saw many signs of feeding, tracks and scat but managed to make enough noise to scare them away. Laurence was mightily impressed when the American children invited us to a campfire ashore one night to roast "smores" - marshmallows squeezed between chocolate biscuits - "can I have s'more?"
With so much light, there was time for us all to contribute to Laurence's "holiday book". Our routine of a few evening beers and a great feed of fresh fish followed by American ice-cream was to help Laurence enter the day's activities into his ever-growing tome. It was either that or playing Monopoly, so with some reluctance Dad and Grandpa were dragged from "sunset-watching" in the cockpit to the saloon below. Our labours were well rewarded since as usual, Grandma was right and Laurence went home feeling very special armed with proof of a holiday he wouldn't forget.
Canoeing the Alaganik River with Dad and friend John It's hard to sleep in the midnight sun

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A look at three different perspectives from within the family of someone with a disability.
Graham has Sotos syndrome; similar to autism. He was diagnosed at the age of 3 and he has just celebrated his 29th birthday.
The film explores the social, cultural and personal aspects of the relationships people share with those who have a disability. It does so from the perspectives of three individuals. The mother, drafted into the role of full time carer for 29 years. The younger sister, coming to terms with her brother's disability and learning to communicate with him. And her boyfriend, the outsider who has no prior experience with special needs.


text:
Home Health Cells derived from burn victims may be useful for tissue engineering
Cells derived from burn victims may be useful for tissue engineering
A research team in the Netherlands has found that cells from burn eschar, the non-viable tissue remaining after burn injury and normally removed to prevent infection, can be a source of mesenchymal cells that may be used for tissue engineering. Their study compared the efficacy of those cells to adipose (fat)-derived stem cells and dermal fibroblasts in conforming to multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) criteria.
Their study is published in the current issue of Cell Transplantation (21:5), now freely available on-line at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/ct/.
"In this study we used mouse models to investigate whether eschar-derived cells fulfill all the criteria for multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells as formulated by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT)," said study co-author Dr. Magda M.W. Ulrich of the Association of Dutch Burn Centres, The Netherlands. "The study also assessed the differentiation potential of MSCs isolated from normal skin tissue and adipose tissue and compared them to cells derived from burn eschar."
According to the researchers, advances in burn treatment have meant that the percentage of patients surviving severe burn injuries is increasing. This escalating survival rate has also increased the number of people who are left with burn scars, which lead to functional problems with the skin, such as contracture, and the social and psychological aspects of disfigurement.
Tissue engineering to rebuild the skin is the most promising approach to solving these problems. However, two problems arise with tissue engineering – the source of the cells and the design of the scaffold aimed at creating a microenvironment to guide cells toward tissue regeneration.
"The choice of cells for skin tissue engineering is vital to the outcome of the healing process," said Dr. Ulrich. "This study used mouse models and eschar tissues excised between 11 and 26 days after burn injury. The delay allowed time for partial thickness burns to heal, a process that is a regular treatment option in the Netherlands and rest of Europe."
The researchers speculated that during this time the severely damaged tissues could attract stem cells from the surrounding tissues, as elevated levels of MSCs have been detected in the blood of burn victims.
"MSCs can only be beneficial to tissue regeneration if they differentiate into types locally required in the wound environment," noted Dr. Ulrich. "We concluded that eschar-derived MSCs represent a population of multipotent stem cells. The origin of the cells remains unclear, but their resemblance to adipose-derived stem cells could be cause for speculation that in deep burns the subcutaneous adipose tissue might be an important stem cell source for wound healing."
The researchers concluded that more research is needed to identify the origins of the stem cells they found in burn eschar, their possible link to myofibroblasts, and how their function is influenced by the wound environment.
"This study demonstrates that the body's attempts to heal itself frequently require additional help to maximize the impact of these efforts," said Dr. Amit N. Patel, director of cardiovascular regenerative medicine at the University of Utah and section editor for Cell Transplantation. "Enhancing the endogenous production of MSCs, or transplantation of exogenous cells following burn injury, could prove useful in the remodeling of burnt tissue. Determining the original source of the cells is likely to be an important factor in developing an autologous (or otherwise) therapy."
Link found between gut bacteria, successful joint replacement


Traveling abroad? Wondering about vaccines?
As with other vaccines, travel vaccines also have associated risks and side effects that, often, doctors fail to mention. See below for studies and news reports linking travel vaccines to autoimmune issues, neurological issues and even death.
Despite what travel vaccine clinics tell you, most countries never check tourist vaccine records. Are they really going to turn away tourists? We also have to consider that travel vaccines are a business, just like all pharmaceutical products — and a BIG business if you consider how many tourists travel abroad every year. As with any medical purchase you make, it's important to weigh benefits and risks.
A report on Yellow fever vaccination and increased relapse rates in travelers with multiple sclerosis (MS).
This study suggests that boosters are NOT needed despite recommendations that traveller should get boosters.
This study suggests that the vaccine does not provide complete protection as many outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated populations. A real risk-to-benefit analysis needs to be done.
We present a 14-year-old girl who suffered from fever and cervical lymph node swelling following simultaneous administration of human papilloma virus vaccine and Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine.
A review is made of data suggesting that HBV is remarkable by the frequency, the severity and the variety of its complications, some of them related to a mechanism of molecular mimicry leading to demyelinating diseases.
The odds of receiving EIS (early intervention or special education services) were approximately nine times as great for vaccinated boys as for unvaccinated boys. This study found statistically significant evidence to suggest that boys in United States who were vaccinated with the triple series Hepatitis B vaccine, were more susceptible to developmental disability than were unvaccinated boys.
Vaccines can have adverse side-effects, and these are predominantly associated with the inclusion of chemical additives such as aluminum hydroxide adjuvant… We conclude that exposure of cells to a low dose of adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine leads to loss of mitochondrial integrity, apoptosis induction, and cell death.
Immunization [vaccination] with the hepatitis B vaccine is associated with an increased risk of MS [multiple sclerosis], and challenge the idea that the relation between hepatitis B vaccination and risk of MS is well understood.
Hepatitis B vaccine might be followed by various rheumatic conditions and might trigger the onset of underlying inflammatory or autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
These three cases show that arthritis after hepatitis B vaccination probably is more common than reported so far.
A one year follow up of chronic arthritis following rubella and hepatitis B vaccination based upon analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) database.
This study revealed that adult rubella and adult hepatitis B vaccines were statistically associated with chronic arthritis which persisted for at least one year. The etiology for these adverse reactions may involve autoimmune mechanisms.
Risk factors such as autoimmune diseases and the appearance of adverse event(s) during immunization [vaccination] may serve to predict the risk of post-immunization [vaccination] diseases.
Evolution of multiple sclerosis in France since the beginning of hepatitis B vaccination.
A significant correlation between the number of hepatitis B vaccinations performed and the declaration to the pharmacovigilance of multiple sclerosis occurring between 1 and 2 years later…The correlation between hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis may be causal.
Neonatal deaths following HepB vaccination have been reported.
Chinese state-run media and Internet users demanded action after the deaths of at least seven babies since November following their vaccinations against hepatitis B.
An elderly priest who died after he was given a yellow fever vaccine was aware of the higher risk it posed to his age group before he consented to it, an inquest heard.
A woman from Oregon had a fatal reaction to the vaccine for yellow fever, a report about the case confirmed.


DNS Security is an on-demand cloud subscription service designed to protect your organization from advanced threats using DNS. By applying advanced machine learning and predictive analytics to a diverse range of threat intelligence sources, DNS Security generates an enhanced DNS signature set and provides real-time analysis of DNS requests to effectively defend your network against newly generated malicious domains. Because the DNS signatures and protections generated through this service are distributed by the cloud without the hardcoded limitations of the downloadable DNS signature sets, you can access newly added content without downloading and installing updates. To access the DNS security service, you must have a valid Threat Prevention and DNS Security license.
For information about using and configuring DNS Security for your deployment, see DNS Security.


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In a recent post, I observed that a message by C.H. Spurgeon had some striking similarities to a course on NT theology that I am working through with a few men in our church. Tuesday morning, while preparing for my Sunday sermon, I came across another parallel, this time in good old Matthew Henry.
One of Dr. Beale's specialties is the subject of idolatry among the people of God. A few weeks ago, Dr. Beale made the charge that the Jewish leaders of Jesus' day had made an idol of their commitment to the traditions of their heritage. They were proud of the fact that they did not profane themselves with the idols of their fathers, but they fell into a new idolatry nonetheless. This connection made sense and it left an impression.
This was fulfilled in the rooted aversion which the Jews had, after the captivity, to idols and idolatry, and still retain to this day; it was fulfilled also in the ready conversion of many to the faith of Christ, by which they were taken off from making an idol of the ceremonial law, as the unbelieving Jews did; and it is still in the fulfilling when souls are brought off from the world and the flesh, those two great idols, that they may cleave to God only.
Dr. Beale has no reason to feel "busted," of course, but it is neat to see themes emerge across the centuries. Evangelical Biblical Theology has been around for a very long time, no matter what names it has worn. The first to make these connections were the writers of Scripture themselves, as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.
I am happily married to Juanita and we have been blessed with four precious children. Our daughter Emily has gone ahead of us to meet Jesus face to face. We are a homeschool family. I am an Albertan, but I spent 14 years in British Columbia, including my time in Bible College (NBTC, Vancouver 83-88) and Seminary (ACTS at Trinity Western University 95-97).


Stranded Deep open world survival game finally has a Linux build on Steam Early Access. Well according to the recent update on SteamDB.
So now that the Linux icon is here on Steam, this prompted some investigation on SteamDB. Definitely some good news for the singleplayer survival and crafting game.
Players begin the game in a role of a plane crash survivor stranded somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. While facing terrifying encounters both above and below an endless environment.
Since you will come face to face with some of the most life threatening scenarios. These will also crop up in a different experience each time you play.
Generate an Infinite Number of Procedural Worlds – Explore Pacific islands, reefs, and bottomless ocean trenches filled with biomes. Since no two worlds are the same. You can generate a completely new and randomized world at any time. You can mix your own maps created with the map editor in with the procedurally created maps in the world. Since this creates a more customized experience. If you feel like sharing, you can even share your world seed with other Linux players.
Stranded Deep the open world survival is now on Steam priced at $14.99 USD. Which of course also means support for Linux, Mac and Windows.


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San Diego, CA – Motorcycle Crash at I-805 & Home Ave
San Diego Legal News2020-02-10T12:35:08-07:00
Articles/Blog biker rider collision injury in california at jacob dekema fwy freeway and home, CA - Motorcycle Crash at I-805 & Home Ave, motorcyclist car accident injury in California at interstate 805 and home avenue, San Diego
San Diego, CA (February 8, 2020) – A crash involving a motorcycle was reported in the San Diego area on Friday evening, February 7th. The accident took place on I-805 NB near Home Avenue. Authorities arrived at the scene to render aid to those injured in the accident.
The accident was reported at around 5:27 p.m. Local sources revealed that the right lane on I-805 was reportedly blocked following the crash. The severity of the resulting injuries wasn't reported.
An ongoing investigation into the collision is being handled by local authorities.
Our thoughts are with the injured victims and their families at this time. We hope for their full recovery.
San Diego Motorcycle Crashes
Motorcycle riders are vulnerable to a host of risks not faced by those traveling in motor vehicles. Slight annoyances to other drivers, such as uneven pavement, can prove deadly to a motorcyclist. For that reason, the road is a dangerous place for motorcyclists.
Unfortunately, motorcyclists are much more likely to suffer fatal injuries in a crash. 15.1 percent of the state's roadway fatalities involved motorcycle crashes in 2016. In some cases, an injured victim can obtain lost compensation with the help of a San Diego motorcycle crash attorney.
You shouldn't ever doubt the severity of your injuries. The Coastal Legal Center will fight for your legal rights after a serious accident. Contact our offices at (619) 231- 0724 to see what we can do for you.
Notes: Outside news sources were used to create this post. Subsequently, the details of the accident have not been independently verified by our own staff. If you find any false information in the story or would like the post to be removed, please inform us and we will correct the information or remove the post.
Disclaimer: As a member of the local community, Coastal Legal Center strives to improve the overall safety and quality of life for everyone who lives in San Diego. We are extremely saddened by these accidents but hope that through an awareness of these dangers, those in our community will take precautions to avoid these accidents. This is not a solicitation for business, and this information should not be misconstrued as medical or legal advice. The photos depicted in this post are not representative of the actual accident scene.
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text:
Fulin ist mehrdeutig. Es steht:

 für eine paläolithische Kultur Chinas, siehe Fulin-Kultur;
 für die Großgemeinde Fulin (富林镇) im Kreis Hanyuan der Stadt Ya'an in der chinesischen Provinz Sichuan, siehe Fulin (Hanyuan);
 für die Gemeinde Fulin (富林乡) im Kreis Tonghe der Stadt Harbin in der chinesischen Provinz Heilongjiang, siehe Fulin (Tonghe);
 für das Dorf Fulin (伏林村) der Großgemeinde Shuangqiao im Kreis Wuming der Stadt Nanning im Autonomen Gebiet Guangxi der Zhuang, siehe Fulin (Shuangqiao).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Pass nested JSON data into Html table format I am trying to create an HTML report which contains the field and its value over tabular Html format using python.
data.json
[
    {
      "count": 0,
      "company": "abc",
      "state": {
        "city": {}
      },
      "name": "Techno",
      "age": 17,
      "file": "cubix.so"
    },
    {
        "count": 12,
        "company": "def",
        "state": {
          "city": {}
        },
        "name": "Uni",
        "age": 8,
        "file": "cyp.so"
      }
]

The requirement is to read JSON and fetch the file, name, and age values to pass in the Html report file.
def all_details():
    company=0
    age=0
    with open("data.json") as file:
        data = json.loads(file.read())
        for obj in data:
            print(obj['company'], obj['age'])
            message+="""
File Name	Company	Age	"""
            for name in obj[file]:
                message += """
""" + name + "	"
                message += """""" + company + "	"
                message += """""" + age + "	"
                message += "
"
            message+="
"
            f = open('file.html','w')
            f.write(message)
            f.close()

need the expected Output in file.html:

A: Approach 1:
You can convert JSON to pandas data frames and from DF to html
import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_json('data.json')   # convert JSON to dataframe
df = df[["file","company","age"]] # select only required columns

html = df.to_html() # convert DF to html

print(html)

Approach 2 : your method - just corrected few errors
def all_details():
    with open("data.json") as file:
        data = json.loads(file.read())
        message ="
"
        message +="""
File Name	Company	Age	"""
        for obj in data:
            print(obj)
            print(obj['company'], obj['age'])

            if "name" in obj:
                message += """
""" +  str(obj['name']) + "	"
                message += """""" + str(obj['company']) + "	"
                message += """""" + str( obj['age']) + "	"
                message += "
"
        message+="
"
        f = open('file.html','w')
        f.write(message)
        f.close()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Datastax Solr nodes: Nodetool repair stuck We have two data centers (DC1 in europe, DC2 in north america) of DatastaxEnterprise Solr cluster (version 4.5) on CentOs:
DC1: 2 nodes with rf set to 2
DC2: 1 nodes with rf set to 1

Every node has 2 cores and 4gb of RAM.
We created only one keyspace, the 2 nodes of DC1 have 400MB each of data while the node in DC2 is empty.
if I start a nodetool repair on the node in DC2, the command works well for about 20/30 minutes and then it stops working remaining stuck.
In the logs of the node in DC2 i can read this:
WARN [NonPeriodicTasks:1] 2014-10-01 05:57:44,188 WorkPool.java (line 398) Timeout while waiting for workers when flushing pool {}. IndexCurrent timeout is Failure to flush may cause excessive growth of Cassandra commit log.
 millis, consider increasing it, or reducing load on the node.
ERROR [NonPeriodicTasks:1] 2014-10-01 05:57:44,190 CassandraDaemon.java (line 199) Exception in thread Thread[NonPeriodicTasks:1,5,main]
org.apache.solr.common.SolrException: java.lang.RuntimeException: Timeout while waiting for workers when flushing pool {}. IndexCurrent timeout is Failure to flush may cause excessive growth of Cassandra commit log.
 millis, consider increasing it, or reducing load on the node.
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.handler.update.CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.commit(CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.java:351)
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.doCommit(AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.java:994)
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.forceBlockingFlush(AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.java:139)
    at org.apache.cassandra.db.index.SecondaryIndexManager.flushIndexesBlocking(SecondaryIndexManager.java:338)
    at org.apache.cassandra.db.index.SecondaryIndexManager.maybeBuildSecondaryIndexes(SecondaryIndexManager.java:144)
    at org.apache.cassandra.streaming.StreamReceiveTask$OnCompletionRunnable.run(StreamReceiveTask.java:113)
    at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.access$201(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Timeout while waiting for workers when flushing pool {}. IndexCurrent timeout is Failure to flush may cause excessive growth of Cassandra commit log.
 millis, consider increasing it, or reducing load on the node.
    at com.datastax.bdp.concurrent.WorkPool.doFlush(WorkPool.java:399)
    at com.datastax.bdp.concurrent.WorkPool.flush(WorkPool.java:339)
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.flushIndexUpdates(AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.java:484)
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.handler.update.CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.commit(CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.java:278)
    ... 12 more
 WARN [commitScheduler-3-thread-1] 2014-10-01 05:58:47,351 WorkPool.java (line 398) Timeout while waiting for workers when flushing pool {}. IndexCurrent timeout is Failure to flush may cause excessive growth of Cassandra commit log.
 millis, consider increasing it, or reducing load on the node.
ERROR [commitScheduler-3-thread-1] 2014-10-01 05:58:47,352 SolrException.java (line 136) auto commit error...:org.apache.solr.common.SolrException: java.lang.RuntimeException: Timeout while waiting for workers when flushing pool {}. IndexCurrent timeout is Failure to flush may cause excessive growth of Cassandra commit log.
 millis, consider increasing it, or reducing load on the node.
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.handler.update.CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.commit(CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.java:351)
    at org.apache.solr.update.CommitTracker.run(CommitTracker.java:216)
    at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.access$201(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Timeout while waiting for workers when flushing pool {}. IndexCurrent timeout is Failure to flush may cause excessive growth of Cassandra commit log.
 millis, consider increasing it, or reducing load on the node.
    at com.datastax.bdp.concurrent.WorkPool.doFlush(WorkPool.java:399)
    at com.datastax.bdp.concurrent.WorkPool.flush(WorkPool.java:339)
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.flushIndexUpdates(AbstractSolrSecondaryIndex.java:484)
    at com.datastax.bdp.search.solr.handler.update.CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.commit(CassandraDirectUpdateHandler.java:278)
    ... 8 more

I tried increasing some timeouts in cassandra.yaml file, without luck.
Thanks

A: Your nodes are fairly under specified for a DSE solr installation.
I would normally recommend at least 8 cores and at least 64 Gb of memory.
Allocate the heap up to 12-14 Gb.
The following troubleshooting guide is pretty good:
https://support.datastax.com/entries/38367716-Solr-Configuration-Best-Practices-and-Troubleshooting-Tips
Your current data load is small so you probably don't need the full whack for memory - I'd guess the bottleneck here is the cpus.
If you're not running 4.0.4 or 4.5.2 I'd get up to one of those versions.

A: Two items that might be helpful:

*

*The RuntimeException you are seeing in the log is along the Lucene code path that commits index changes to disk, so I would certainly determine whether or not writing to disk is your bottleneck. (Are you using different physical disks for your data and commit log?)

*The parameter that you probably want to tweak in the mean time is the one that controls WorkPool flush timeouts in dse.yaml is called flush_max_time_per_core.

A: One way to reduce contention from solr indexing is to increase autoSoftCommit maxTime in your solrconfig.xml
<autoSoftCommit>
   <maxTime>1000000</maxTime>
</autoSoftCommit>