text:
"The best way of exterminating the wicked cells that we may have in our bodies is to encourage the good ones. They will kill the others better than we can."
Samuel Butler (1883)
The Lymphocyte in Graft and Tumour Rejection (Murphy 1926)
While the work of Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and many others had clearly established the existence of humoral (soluble antibody-based) immunity by the beginning of the twentieth century, and while the work of Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) and many others had clearly established the phagocytic role (ingesting and degrading foreign organisms) of many of the cells of lymphoid tissues (lymph-nodes, spleen), the recognition of the role of the "round cell infiltrate" seen around grafts of foreign tissue, or tumours, in actively promoting the rejection of the grafts or tumours, was not established until the studies of James B. Murphy (1884-1950) at the Rockefeller Institute (1911-1926) were reported in the Journal of Experimental Medicine. His discoveries, including what is now known as the "graft-versus-host" reaction (1916), were summarized in a monograph (1926).
The reasons why Murphy's work failed to gain prominence have been explored by Simenson (1990), Lowy (1999) and Silverstein (2001). Here the Table of Contents and Bibliography of the 1926 monograph are displayed to give the reader some feel for the wide range and thoroughness of Murphy's work. Also included here are the Summary and Conclusions presented at the end of the monograph.
Simenson, M. (1990) Scand. J. Immunol. 32, 565-575. Alloreactive T cells.
Lowy, I. (1999) Brit. J. Hist. Med. 63, 356-391. Biomedical research and the constraints of medical practice: James Bumgardner Murphy and the early discovery of the role of lymphocytes in immune reactions.
Silverstein, A. M. (2001) Nature Immunology 2, 569-571. The lymphocyte in immunology: from James B. Murphy to James L. Gowans.
Donald Forsdyke
MONOGRAPHS OF THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH, NO. 21, September 20, 1926.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN RESISTANCE TO TISSUE GRAFTING, MALIGNANT DISEASE, AND TUBERCULOUS INFECTION:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
BY JAMES B. MURPHY, M.D.
(From The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.) PLATES 1 to 20.
(Received for publication January 6 1926.)
[Figures, coloured emphasis and italics by DRF unless otherwise stated]
I. HETEROPLASTIC TISSUE GRAFTING AND THE MECHANISM OF DEFENSE
Heteroplastic Tissue Grafts in the Chick Embryo 7
Heteroplastic Tissue Grafts in the Adult Brain 19
Heteroplastic Grafting in the Adult Animal Deprived of Lymphoid Tissue 24
II. HISTOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS ACCOMPANYING RESISTANCE TO THE INOCULATED TUMOR
Local Reactions about Cancer Grafts in Resistant Animals 31
Changes in the Blood Associated with Resistance to Transplanted Cancer 32
Histological Comparison of the Lymphoid Tissue of Naturally Resistant and Susceptible Mice 34
Lymphoid Tissue in Animals with Induced Resistance to Transplanted Cancer 36
III. EFFECT OF DESTRUCTION OR SUPPRESSION OF THE LYMPHOID TISSUE ACTIVITY ON RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Destructive Action of X-Ray on the Lymphoid Tissue 47
Effect of X-Ray Destruction of the Lymphoid Tissue on Natural and Induced Resistance to Transplanted Tumors 52
Suppressive Effect of Olive Oil on the Lymphoid Tissue and on Induced Resistance to Inoculated Cancer (Nakahara) 57
Results of Olive Oil Injection on the Cellular Reactions Accompanying Resistance 59
IV. EFFECT OF STIMULATION OF LYMPHOID TISSUE ON RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Stimulative Action of X-Ray on the Lymphoid Tissue 63
Effect of X-Ray Stimulation of the Lymphoid System on Resistance to Transplanted Cancer 73
Stimulation of the Lymphoid Tissue by Dry Heat 78
Effect of Dry Heat on Resistance to Transplanted Cancer 82
Stimulation of the Lymphoid Tissue by Olive Oil (Nakahara) 85
Effect of Olive Oil and Fatty Acids on Resistance to Transplanted Cancer 86
V. LOCAL CELLULAR REACTION AND RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Local Reaction of Sensitized Mice to Foreign Blood, and Its Effect on Cancer Grafts 95
Effect of Local Cellular Reaction Induced by X-Ray on the Fate of Cancer Grafts 100
Absence of Local Cellular Reaction and the Growth of Cancer Grafts 110
VI. EFFECT OF GENERAL AND LOCAL LYMPHOID STIMULATION ON RESISTANCE TO SPONTANEOUS TUMORS
Effect of X-Ray on the Rate of Growth of Spontaneous Tumors in Mice 120
Effect of Dry Heat on Resistance to Spontaneous Tumors 122
Resistance to Spontaneous Mouse Tumors Induced by Injections of Oleic Acid 123
Local Resistance to Spontaneous Mouse Cancer Induced by X-Ray (Nakahara) 129
VII. LYMPHOCYTE IN RESISTANCE TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Effect of Destruction of the Lymphocytes on Resistance to the Tubercle Bacillus 139
Resistance of Cancer-Immune Mice to Experimental Tuberculosis 141
Effect of Dry Heat on Resistance to Tuberculosis 144
General Leucocytic Response during the Reaction of Artificial Immunity in Experimental Tuberculous Infection 147
VIII. GENERAL SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 155
BIBLIOGRAPHY 165
[All sections omitted here except VIII and Bibliography]
VIII. GENERAL SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
Investigators in determining the function of an organ or a type of cell have as a rule resorted to indirect methods. Much information has been gained from the study of pathological conditions, where function has been interfered with, or by study of deficiencies after the removal of an organ. Rarely has it been possible to vary experimentally the size or activity of an organ or tissue, conditions which would yield more or less direct evidence of function.
The lymphoid tissue considered as an organ has been particularly difficult to investigate. It not only composes largely the spleen and numerous lymph nodes but small deposits are scattered through most of the organs and tissues of the body and in addition large numbers of the cells are to be found in the circulation. If all this tissue could be brought together in a single mass it would represent an organ of considerable size. It is not surprising that removal of the spleen, the largest single deposit, representing however only a fraction of the total, is so quickly compensated for that no definite deficiencies are detectable.
The development of methods by which the total lymphoid tissue may be varied at will, practically depleted on the one hand with repeated small doses of x-ray or stimulated by single small doses of x-ray, dry heat, and unsaturated fatty acids, has opened up possibilities for the study of the function of this tissue. The methods were developed primarily to determine the importance of the lymphoid reaction in tissue grafting and in resistance to cancer, and the study has been confined, with two exceptions, to these subjects. The two exceptions are the part played by these cells in antibody formation and their role in resistance to certain infections where humoral antibodies are of little moment. One of these studies, namely that dealing with resistance to the tubercle bacillus, has been reviewed here as an example of the application of the methods.
Heteroplastic Tissue Grafting. - The association of the lymphoid type of cell with the mechanism by which an animal prevents the growth of an implanted tissue from another species and which eventually brings about the death of foreign cells is a subject which has long attracted the attention of pathologists. The possibility of utilizing the tissues of related species in human repair surgery and in organ deficiencies has been attempted even on a large scale. In spite of certain reported successful clinical results, the consensus of opinion is that it is impossible to graft tissues from one species to another in the higher animals and that rarely does such grafting succeed from one individual to another even of the same species. The very sensitive mechanism through which an organism rejects the cells of another species even though those cells be capable of supplying a real deficiency in some vital function is as yet little understood.
In Section I we have reviewed several theories which have been brought forward to explain tissue specificity but none of these have stood the test of adequate investigation. While the new evidence presented here is not intended to furnish a basis for a new theory, it does suffice to indicate that the round cell infiltration so characteristic of the reaction to foreign tissue grafts is a purposeful reaction and that these cells are the agent through which the mechanism exerts its force. The evidence on which this conclusion is based is as follows:
The avian embryo and the adult brain have proved to be without defence against heteroplastic grafts and in both there is a notable absence of the round cell reaction. From this it might be supposed, as suggested by a number of investigators, that the round cell reaction only appeared about cells injured by some other agent, but this conception is eliminated by the finding that
the avian embryo and the adult brain are rendered completely resistant when supplied with lymphoid tissue.
Furthermore the adult organism may be rendered non-resistant to heteroplastic tissue by destruction of the major portion of the lymphoid system and
the power to rid itself of the foreign tissue is regained only when the lymphoid tissue has regenerated approximately to the normal amount.
What other interpretation therefore are we to assume, than that these round cells are a necessary factor in this phenomenon and are to be considered at least as the guardians of the species' individuality?
Resistance to Transplantable Neoplasms in Mice. - The extensive experimental study of the relationship of the lymphocyte to resistance against the transplanted malignant tumor has yielded strong evidence that in the 1ymphoid elements we have an important link in the process of so called cancer immunity.
First we have the facts brought out by the study of the natural progress of the inoculated tumor. When the host is resistant this is evidenced by a local round cell reaction about the graft, a condition entirely absent in the susceptible animal. This local reaction of resistance is accompanied by a great increase in the circulating mononuclears and, back of this, in turn, is an increased proliferation in the lymphogenic centers.
On the other hand the lymphoid tissue of a susceptible animal supporting a growing tumor shows marked degenerative changes which progress with the enlargement of the tumor. In other words the response to cancer inoculation is a general one, and the degree of resistance seems to depend on the reactibility of the lymphoid tissue.
So closely is resistance associated with the lymphocyte, that experimentally-produced variation in the amount and activity of the lymphoid tissue is accompanied by a variation in the resistance of the animal to cancer; increased activity resulting in increased resistance, depletion in decreased resistance. This statement is based on the following facts.
Mice rendered potentially immune by the injection of homologous defibrinated blood may be reduced to a susceptible state by destruction of the lymphoid tissue (x-ray) or by the suppression of its activity (olive oil).
On the other hand stimulation of the lymphoid tissue by three types of agents, biological, physical, and chemical, results in enhanced resistance to the transplanted tumor. As far as can be determined by minute study the only biological activity shared in common by these various agents is the stimulative effect on the lymphoid tissue.
A point probably not without significance is the apparent quantitative relationship between the amount of stimulation and the degree of resistance to tumors. This has been brought out not only by comparing the effectiveness of the resistance induced by the various agents but by the results of inoculation at various phases of the stimulation.
The fact that the result of cancer inoculation made soon after the administration of the stimulus, particularly x-ray, indicates no increased resistance on the part of the animal, but results in a neutralization of the stimulative effect of the agent on the lymphoid tissue, suggests an antagonistic action between the cancer and the stimulative agent acting on the lymphoid tissue. Other minor observations of this nature might be mentioned, all of which point in the same direction and strengthen the evidence for our final deductions in regard to the activity of the lymphoid cells.
It is probable that the majority of intact normal animals possess sufficient lymphoid tissue to combat a cancer graft, but in the susceptible animal the mechanism by which these cells are attracted to the locality of the graft is for some reason imperfect. Some of the experiments quoted in Section V show that even in susceptible animals where a sufficient local lymphoid reaction is induced, by processes unrelated to general resistance, a high degree of local resistance results. Precisely what the mechanism is which determines whether or not a local reaction is to take place about a cancer graft and how the lymphocyte exerts its influence on the cancer cell are points on which we have been able to gain no light.
Resistance to Spontanous Neoplasms in Mice.-The general opinion that one is not justified in drawing conclusions in regard to cancer as a disease from the results of the study of the transplanted cancer has some foundation. The host of a transplanted cancer acts only as a supporter of the actively growing cells from another individual and there is no evidence that the cells of the host ever become malignant by contact. It is probable that an animal may react to and destroy the inoculated cancer more readily than it would to one arising in its own body.
Nevertheless the mechanism by which the destruction of cancer cells is brought about seems to be the same regardless of whether the tumor be a transplanted one or has developed spontaneously. The principal methods by which resistance to the transplanted cancer may be enhanced (x-ray, heat, and fatty acids) are shown in Section VI to be equally effective in augmenting the defense of the cancerous animal to its own spontaneous tumor. These observations leave no doubt that the principles and the deductions drawn are not confined to the experimentally transplanted tumors only but apply equally to cancer as a natural disease.
Resistance to Neoplasms in Other Species. - Although the main facts of our investigation have been arrived at through the study of mice, selected because of their great susceptibility, there is considerable evidence from other sources that the relationship between lymphoid reaction and cancer resistance is not confined to this species. Ribbert (1) called attention to the association between the round cell reaction and retrogressing areas in human cancer, and more recently MacCarty (2) has demonstrated the prognostic importance of the amount of lymphoid infiltration, particularly in breast cancer.
The histological study of the fate of grafts of transplantable tumors of rats (3), chickens (4), and rabbits has shown that the local lymphoid reaction is just as constant an accompaniment of resistance as it is in mice. Varying the lymphoid content by means of x-ray has been shown to exert the same influence on the fate of rat tumors as it does with mouse cancer. The recent studies of Ewing (6) and of Alter (7) indicate that the cell reaction induced by x-ray and radium is probably the intermediate agent in bringing about the favorable therapeutic result in human cancer, a conclusion analogous to the one we arrived at from the study of mouse cancer. In view of all these observations it would seem that the association of the cellular reaction with resistance to neoplastic growths is not a peculiarity of the mouse and also that the results could be duplicated in other species than those studied.
The question as to why cancer metastases grow so regularly in the lymph nodes, particularly in man, is a point which has not yet been adequately investigated. The dissemination to the lymph node is probably a mechanical affair. One possible explanation of the growth of the cancer in the presence of antagonistic cells, is that the lymphocyte as it exists in the node is inactive and is capable of functioning only when it migrates into the tissues. There is a somewhat analogous phenomenon in the polymorphonuclear leucocyte, which is unable to perform one of its important functions, i.e. phagocyting, inside the vessels.
Another explanation, more plausible and with some supporting evidence, is that the lymph node only becomes the seat of an active metastasis when it has become exhausted. In addition to this consideration there seems little doubt that the lymphogenic function of an involved node is largely obliterated and the number of lymphoid cells is markedly decreased as the growth progresses. There is at present not sufficient evidence at hand to answer the question inasmuch as it has not been studied from this point of view.
The mechanism by which the various agents bring about stimulation of the lymphoid system and induce resistance to cancer is a point on which we have no direct knowledge. One suggestive fact only is available to indicate a possible explanation, namely that the serum collected from an animal after an exposure to x-ray or dry heat has a definite stimulating action on lymphoid cells in vitro. From this fact it may be assumed that some chemical change has been produced in the body fluids which in turn is capable of acting on the lymphoid cell. The presence of a stimulative substance in the blood of oil-injected animals or those treated with homologous tissue has not been tested, so that there is wanting evidence for a more general conclusion on this point.
In this connection it is of interest to note, a propos of the recent discussion of whether or not x-ray exerts stimulative properties, that our studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that this physical agent under proper conditions may induce a real stimulation of an animal tissue.
Other questions similar to the above which have not been subjected to experimental verification because of their comparative unimportance may be mentioned. One finds occasionally among the mice with spontaneous tumors a disease similar to lymphatic leucemia and a like condition has been described in man. Under these circumstances there seems no more reason to expect the abnormal lymphocyte to perform its normal function than for a cancer cell to produce a normal secretion.
We have also noticed that an animal with an initial high lymphocyte count is no more apt to be resistant than one with a low count. Presumably the normal number of these cells in the circulation is maintained to meet the requirements of the animal. When called on to meet an additional burden, such as an inoculation with cancer, the degree of success seems to depend on the ability of the animal to produce more cells and the animal with a low initial count is just as apt to react as one with a high count. The production of a blood lymphocytosis without stimulation of the lymphogenic tissue, particularly the transitory lymphocytosis following the administration of certain drugs, is without effect on the resistance to cancer. This is not surprising when it is considered that the increase in numbers of the cells is caused by contraction of the spleen with a forcing out of the lymphocytes m the pulp spaces and that these quickly disappear from the circulation.
Bearing of These Studies on the X-Ray Therapy of Cancer.- In the course of our study of the function of the lymphoid tissue, certain points have been developed, incidentally, which seem to have a bearing on x-ray therapy of cancer and may at least offer an explanation of some of the clinical results from this form of treatment.
An occasional observation has been noted of instances where malignant tumors have apparently grown more rapidly and disseminated more freely after x-ray treatment. This fact has led to a controversy as to whether under certain conditions x-ray may not actually stimulate tumor cells rather than destroy them. So far there has been no experimental evidence to support this idea, but in Section III we have shown that doses of x-ray sufficient to deplete the lymphoid system, definitely lower an animal's resistance to implanted tumor. This is true more or less regardless of the type of resistance, whether it be natural, induced, or acquired.
May not some such interference with the defensive mechanism result from the intense x-ray dosage used in man? There is no doubt that the amount of irradiation used in some cases is sufficient to reduce the circulating lymphocytes to a point indicating a very widespread destruction of this tissue and at least comparable to the condition in mice representing a state of reduced resistance to cancer.
If it be true that the human cancer cell is no more susceptible to an x-ray than the mouse cancer cell (8), and there is very good reason to believe that this is true, how is one to account for the high percentage of cures in certain types of skin cancer? If this result depended on an unusual degree of sensitiveness of this group of cancer to the direct action of x-ray, it would be expected that the metastatic cells in a superficial lymph node would be almost as easily influenced by the ray as the cells in their original location, but this is not true. The dose of x-ray utilized in the treatment of skin cancer is given over too small an area to induce any general effect on resistance of the type described in mice.
The experiments described in Sections V and VI offer an explanation which at least has some experimental basis. The x-ray treatment, as shown by these tests, confers a local immunity on the exposed skin and renders it an unsuitable soil for the support of tumor growth. This resultant refractory state was found to be confined to the skin layers and did not extend even to the underlying connective tissue (see Text-fig. 23). The cellular reaction resulting from the treatment was also confined to the skin layers. This result led us to suggest that the therapeutic action of x-ray in cancer depended on the cellular reaction induced in the normal tissues surrounding the growth.
This idea was more exhaustively tested with spontaneous cancers of mice. Cancers growing in the skin disappeared promptly after a mild erythema dose of x-ray, but if after exposure in situ the tumor was removed and replanted in an unexposed area of skin in the same animal, growth progressed as uninterruptedly as if no x-ray had been given. A histological study of the fate of a cancer graft inoculated into an area previously exposed to x-ray, shows a series of degenerative changes identical with those which have been repeatedly described as the result of the direct action of x-ray on the cancer cells. Yet these particular cells had received no x-ray.
While there is not conclusive evidence that the above observations would hold true for man, practically the only study on human material carried out from this point of view supports the idea of the importance of the induced cellular reaction. Ewing based his investigation on a large number of cases treated with both x-ray and radium and concludes that there is little or no evidence of direct destruction of cancer cells, but that the subsequent cellular exudate appears to exert a damaging effect on the neoplasm. He considers the latter as an essential factor in the curative process.
To summarize: there is no evidence that cancer cells are more easily destroyed by x-ray than normal cells; x-ray in a mild erythema dose renders the exposed area highly resistant to a subsequent cancer implant; this resistance seems to depend on the amount of cellular reaction induced; x-ray in large generalized doses definitely lowers an animal's resistance to implanted cancer.
In drawing any general conclusion from the experimental results recorded here, the possibility cannot be absolutely excluded that other organs, physiological processes, or chemical reactions are influenced by the treatments but with present methods common changes other than that induced in the lymphoid tissue have been undetectable. With this possible limitation we have been led to conclude that in resistance to malignant tumors, whether transplanted or spontaneous is closely associated with the lymphoid tissue and there are indications that the same is true of other species including man. The nature and the extent of the evidence is such that we are forced to conclude that this association is not without purpose and that we have in the lymphoid elements an important link in the chain of the process which determines resistance to cancer.
1. Ribbert, H., Das Karzinom des Menschen, Bonn, 1911, 195.
2: MacCarty, W. C., Surg., Gynec. and Obst., 1914, xviii, 284.
3. Mottram, J. C., and Russ, S., Proc. .Roy. Soc. London, Series B, 1917-19, xc, 1; Woglom, W. H., J. Cancer Research, 1925, ix, 171.
4. Rous, P., and Murphy, Jas. B., J. Exp. Med., 1912, xv, 270.
5. Mottram, J. C., and Russ, S., Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Series B, 1917-19, xe,
1; Russ, S., Chambers, H., Scott, G. M., and Mottram, J. C., Lancet, 1919, cxcvi, 692.
6. Ewing, J., J. Am. bred. Assn., 1917, lxviii, 1238; Am. J. Roentgen., 1922, ix, 331.
7. Alter, N. M., J. Med. Research, 1919, xl, 241.
8. Hill, B., Morton, J. J., and Witherbee, W. D., J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix, 89.
I. Heteroplastic Tissue Grafting
Murphy Jas. B., Transplantability of malignant tumors to the embryos of a foreign species, J. Am. Med. Assn., 1912, lix, 874.
Murphy, Jas. B., Transplantability of tissues to the embryo of foreign species. Its bearing on questions of tissue specificity and tumor immunit J. Exp. Med 1913, xvii, 482.
Murphy, Jas. B. A source of defense to heteroplastic tissue e grafting, J. Am. Med. Assn., 1914, lxii,199.
Murphy, Jas. B., Studies in tissue specificity. II. The ultimate fate of mammalian tissue implanted in the chick embryo, J. Exp. Med.,1914, xix,181.
Murphy, Jas. B., The bearing of the growth of foreign tissue in the embryo on the question of heteroplastic grafting, Proc. 17th Internat. Congr. Med., London, 1913, 256.
Murphy, Jas. B., Factors of resistance to heteroplastic tissue-grafting. Studies in tissue specificity. III, J. Exp. Med.,1914, xix, 513.
Murphy, Jas. B., Heteroplastic tissue grafting effected through Roentgen-ray lymphoid destruction, J. Am. Med. Assn., 1914, lxii,1459.
Murphy, Jas. B. The effect of adult chicken organ grafts on the chick embryo, J. Exp. Med., 1916, xxiv,1.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., Homoplastic and heteroplastic tumor grafts in the brain, J. Am. Med. Assn., 1922, lxxix, 2159.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., Conditions determining the transplantability of tissues in the brain, J. Exp. Med.,1923, xxxviii,183.
Maisin, J., and Sturm, E., Contribution a la connaissance de la nature de 1'immunite cancereuse heterologue, Compt. rend. Soc. Mol.,1923, lxxxviii,1216.
II. Manifestations of Resistance to Inoculated Tumor
Murphy, Jas. B., and Morton, J. J., The lymphocyte in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer. II. Studies in lymphoid activity, J. Exp. Med.,1915, xvii, 204,
Murphy, Jas. B., and Morton, J. J., The lymphocyte as a factor in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,1915, i, 435.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Nakahara, W., The lymphocyte in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer. V. Histological study of the lymphoid tissue of mice with induced immunity to transplanted cancer, J. Exp. Med., 1920, xxxi,1.
Nakahara, W., and Murphy, Jas. B., The lymphocyte in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer. VI. Histological comparison of the lymphoid tissue of naturally immune and susceptible mice., J. Exp. Med., 1921, xxxiii 327.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Morton, J. J., The lymphocyte in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer. II. Studies in lymphoid activity, J. Exp. Med 1915, xxii, 204.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Taylor, H. D., The lymphocyte in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer. III. The effect of x-rays on artificially induced immunity, J. Exp. Med., 1918, xxviii, 1.
Taylor, H. D., Witherbee, W. D., and Murphy, Jas. B., Studies on x-ray effects. I. Destructive action on blood cells, J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix, 53.
Hussey, R. G. A modified anaphylactic reaction induced by x-rays, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med.,1921-22, xix, 22.
Nakahara W. Studies on lymphoid activity. VII. Suppression of induced immunity to transplanted cancer by large doses of olive oil, J. Exp. Med.,1923, xxxviii, 315.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., A comparison of the effects of x-ray and dry heat on antibody formation, J. Exp. Med.,1925, xli, 245.
IV. Lymphoid Stimulation and Cancer Resistance
Murphy, Jas. B., and Morton, J. J., The effect of x-ray on the resistance to cancer in mice, Science, 1915, xlii, 842.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., Effect of dry heat on the blood count in animals. III. Studies on lymphoid activity, J. Exp. Med.,1919, xxix,1.
Nakahara W. The source of the 1ymphocytosis induced by means of heat J. Ex p. Med., 1919, xxix, 17.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., The lymphocytes in natural and induced resistance to transplanted cancer. IV. Effect of dry heat on resistance to transplanted cancer in mice, J. Exp. Med.,1919, xxix, 25.
Taylor, H. D., Effect of exposure to the sun on the circulating lymphocytes in man, J. Exp. Med.,1919, xxix, 41.
Thomas, M. M., Taylor, H. D. and Witherbee, W. D., Studies on x-ray effects. II. Stimulative action on the lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix, 75.
Nakahara, W., Studies on x-ray effects. III. Changes in the lymphoid organs after small doses of x-rays [rabbits], J. Exp. Med.,1919, xxix, 83.
Nakahara, W., and Murphy, Jas. B., Studies on x-ray effects. V. Effect of small doses of x-rays of low penetration on the lymphoid tissue of mice, J. Exp. Med., 1920, xxxi, 13.
Murphy, Jas. B., The effect of physical agents on the resistance of mice to cancer. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,1920, vi, 35.
Murphy, Jas. B., Nakahara, W., and Sturm, E., Studies on lymphoid activity. V. Relation between the time and extent of lymphoid stimulation induced by physical agents and the degree of resistance to cancer in mice, J. Exp. Med., 1921 xxxiii, 423 .
Nakahara, W., and Murphy, Jas. B., Studies on x-ray effects. VII. Effect of small doses of x-rays of low penetration on the resistance of mice to transplanted cancer, J. Exp. Med.,1921, xxxiii, 429.
Nakahara, W., and Murphy, Jas. B., Studies on x-ray effects. VIII. Influence of cancer inoculation on the lymphoid stimulation induced by small doses of x-rays, J. Exp. Med., 1921, xxxiii, 433. .
Nakahara, W., and Murphy, Jas. B. On the nature of the so-called germ center in lymphoid tissue, Anat. Rec., 1921, xxii, 107.
Murphy, Jas. B., Liu, J. H., and Sturm, E., Studies on x-ray effects. LX. The action of serum from x-rayed animals on lymphoid cells in vitro, J. Exp. Med, 1922, xxxv, 373.
Nakahara, W., and Murphy, Jas. B., Studies on x-ray effects. X. The biological action of small doses of low frequency x-rays, J. Exp. Med.,1922, xxxv, 475.
Nakahara, W., Studies on lymphoid activity. VI. Immunity to transplanted cancer induced by injection of olive oil, J. Exp. Med., 1922, xxxv, 493.
Hussey, R. G., The influence of x-rays on the properties of blood, J. Gen. Physiol., 1921-22, iv, 511.
Murphy, Jas B., A propos des reactions locales et generales de l�organisme a 1'egard du cancer, Bull. Assn. franc. etude cancer, Congres du cancer, July, 1923.
Nakahara, W., Effect of fatty acids on the resistance of mice to transplanted cancer, J. Exp. Med.,1924, xl, 363.
V. Local Cellular Reaction and Resistance to Transplanted Cancer.
Hill, E., Morton, J. J., and Witherbee, W. D., Studies on x-ray effects. IV. Direct action of x-rays on transplantable cancers of mice, J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix, 89.
Murphy, Jas. B., Hussey, R. G., Nakahara, W., and Sturm, E., Studies on x-ray effects. VI. Effect of the cellular reaction induced by x-rays on cancer grafts, J. Exp. Med.,1921, xxxiii, 299.
Murphy, Jas. B., Hussey, R. G., Sturm, E., and Nakahara, W., Effect of induced cellular reaction on the fate of cancer grafts. IV. Studies on lymphoid activity, J. Exp. Med.,1921, xxxiii, 315.
Liu, J. H., Sturm, E., and Murphy, Jas. B., Studies on x-ray effects. XI. The fate of cancer grafts implanted in subcutaneous tissue previously exposed to x-rays, J. Exp. Med., 1922, xxxv, 487.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., Conditions determining the transplantability of tissues in the brain, J. Exp. Med., 1923, xxxviii,183.
Nakahara, W., Studies on x-ray effects. XIIL Histological study of the fate of cancer grafts inoculated into an x-rayed area, J. Exp. Med., 1923, xxxviii, 309.
Murphy, Jas. B., A propos des reactions locales et generales de 1'organisme a 1'egard cancer, Bull. Assn. Franc. etude cancer, Congres du cancer, July, 1923.
VI. Effect of General and Local Lymphoid Stimulation on Resistance to Spontaneous Cancer
Murphy, Jas. B., and Morton, J. J., The effect of Roentgen rays on the rate of growth of spontaneous tumors in mice, J. Exp. Med., 1915, xxii, 800.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Morton, J. J., The effect of x-rays on the resistance to cancer in mice, Science, 1915, xlii, 842.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., Effect of stimulation [heat] of the lymphocytes on the rate of growth of spontaneous tumors in mice, J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix 31.
Murphy, Jas. B., Maisin, J., and Sturm, E., Local resistance to spontaneous mouse cancer induced by x-rays, J. Exp. Med.,1923, xxxviii, 645.
Murphy, Jas. B., Maisin, J., and Sturm, E., Contribution a la connaissance du mecanisme d'action des rayons X sur le developpement des tumeurs spontanees ches la souris, Compt. rend. Soc. biol., 1924, xc, 972; Bull. Assn. franc. etude cancer, 1924, xiii,120.
Nakahara, W., Resistance to spontaneous mouse cancer induced by injections of oleic acid, J. Exp. Med.,1925, x1i, 347.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Ellis, A. W. M., Experiments on the role of lymphoid tissue in the resistance to experimental tuberculosis in mice, J. Exp. Med., 1914, xx, 397.
Morton, J. J., A rapid method for the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis by the use of the x-rayed guinea pig, J. Exp. Med.,1916, xxiv, 419.
Taylor, H. D., and Murphy, Jas. B., Experiments on the ro1e of lymphoid tissue in the resistance to experimental tuberculosis in mice. II. Effect of cancer immunity on resistance to tuberculosis, J. Exp. Med., 1917, xrv, 609.
Murphy, Jas. B., and Sturm, E., Experiments on the role of lymphoid tissue in the resistance to experimental tuberculosis in mice. III. Effect of heat on resistance to tuberculosis, J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix, 35.
Taylor, H. D., Blood counts in experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey, J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix, 97.
Amoss, H. L., Taylor, H. D., and Witherbee, W. D., Effects of large doses of x-rays on the susceptibility of the monkey to experimental poliomyelitis. J. Exp. Med., 1919, xxix,115.
Hussey, R. G., General leucocytic response of the guinea pig during the reaction of artificial immunity in experimental tuberculous infection, J. Exp. Med.,1921 xxxiii, 337.
Note that many of Murphy's papers are available online; for example, all copies of the Journal of Experimental Medicine from the 19th century onwards became available online in 2004.
Click to go to JEM-Online
Next for: Clonal Selection Theory (1957) Click Here
Click to go to Theoretical Immunology index
Click to go to AIDS page
This page was established circa 2001, and was last edited on 15 March 2008 by Donald Forsdyke


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US orders more Iran sanctions, confronts doubts about threat
By ROB GILLIES , TIM SULLIVAN , NASSER KARIMI , JOSEPH KRAUSS Associated Press |
Posted: Fri 4:30 AM, Jan 10, 2020 |
Updated: Fri 5:18 PM, Jan 10, 2020
WASHINGTON (AP) - President Donald Trump ordered new economic sanctions against Iran Friday, even as officials faced persistent questions over the killing of an Iranian general that helped ignite the latest crisis with the Islamic Republic.
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin brief reporters about additional sanctions placed on Iran, at the White House, Friday, Jan. 10, 2019, in Washington. (AP Photo/ Evan Vucci)
U.S. officials also say the U.S. military tried, but failed, to take out another senior Iranian commander on the same day that an American airstrike killed the Revolutionary Guard's top general.
The officials say a military airstrike targeted Abdul Reza Shahla'i, a high-ranking commander in Iran's Islamic Republican Guard Corps but the mission was not successful.
The new sanctions target senior Iranian officials and important sectors of the economy as Iran is already straining from U.S. economic pressure.
Administration officials say the action will deprive Iran of revenue it could use to further destabilize the Middle East.
The administration, however, is itself accused of destabilizing the region as it gives shifting explanations for killing Gen. Qassem Soleimani in a drone strike.
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said Friday the new sanctions will target eight senior Iranian officials as well as companies in the steel and other sectors.
Iran this week launched the strikes in retaliation for the U.S. drone strike that killed Revolutionary Guard Gen. Qassem Soleiman, the country's most powerful commander, in Baghdad last week.
Trump and his top officials are offering a string of fresh explanations for this week's U.S. military action in the Middle East.
Confronted by persistent questions about justifications, Trump said that Soleimani and others were planning major attacks on four U.S. embassies.
But Trump and Pompeo continued to rebuff questions about what they mean when they say those attacks were "imminent."
The U.S. is also promising to take "appropriate action" in response to its assessment that an Iranian missile was responsible for downing a Ukrainian jetliner that crashed outside Tehran.
Iran denies that one of its missiles hit a Ukrainian airplane that crashed near Tehran this week, killing all 176 aboard.
Western leaders say the plane appeared to have been unintentionally hit by an Iranian surface-to-air missile.
The crash came after Iran launched ballistic missiles on two American bases in Iraq in retaliation for the U.S. killing of its top general in a drone strike. Pompeo said Friday the U.S. believes the plane was likely shot down by an Iranian missile.
Vadym Prystaiko, Ukraine's foreign minister, says his country's investigators have been given access to the flight data recorders that were recovered from the wreckage of a Ukrainian plane that went down in Iran.
Canada grieves
Canadians are struggling to come to terms with how the killing of an Iranian general last week in a U.S. drone strike may have led to the deaths of dozens of their citizens in a plane crash.
The Ukrainian International Airlines jet that crashed just after taking off from Tehran's main airport Wednesday. Among the 176 people it was carrying 176 people, 138 passengers were on their way to Canada and at least 63 Canadians. All were killed.
By late Thursday, Western leaders said Iran had most likely shot down the plane with a missile amid the tension. They said it was probably an accident.
Iran is calling on the U.S. and Canada to release data backing their allegations.
Western leaders say the plane appeared to have been unintentionally hit by an Iranian missile, just hours after Iran launched a series of ballistic missiles on two American bases in Iraq, in retaliation for the killing of its top general in a U.S. airstrike.
If the U.S. and Canada provide proof that a missile downed the Ukrainian plane, it could inflame public opinion in Iran after many rallied around authorities following the U.S. strike that killed Iran's top general last week.
The Western allegation that Iran shot down a Ukrainian jetliner and offers a grim echo for the Islamic Republic, which found itself the victim of an accidental shootdown by American forces over 30 years ago.
The July 3, 1988 downing of Iran Air flight 655 by the U.S. Navy remains one of the moments the Iranian government points to in its decades-long distrust of America.
They rank it alongside the 1953 CIA-backed coup that toppled its elected prime minister and secured Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's absolute power until he abdicated the throne before the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
Verified videos show plane in Iran struck before fiery crash
In the pitch black, pre-dawn sky on the outskirts of the Iranian capital Tehran, a tiny fast-moving light can be seen racing up through the trees, as someone films from the ground. Then there is a flash of light as it seems to collide with something in the air.
It is the ill-fated Ukrainian International airliner which had taken off Wednesday just hours after Iran had fired missiles at U.S. bases in Iraq in retaliation for the slaying of its top military man, Gen. Qassem Soleimani.
Western leaders have said the plane seemed to have been unintentionally brought down by a surface-to-air missile near Tehran. Iran denies that a missile was to blame for the crash.
Videos verified by The Associated Press show the final seconds of the jet and what likely brought it down, killing all 176 people on board.
One video seems to show the impact. Buildings can be seen from ground level below the darkened sky as the tiny light arches upward, then the flash. The scene is silent, except for a dog barking nearby.
Then 10 seconds later, there is a frightening boom, like loud thunder.
A second video appears to show the plane on fire and crashing. A white blaze plummets downward across the black sky, sometimes letting off sparks. Then it disappears behind trees, and a huge fireball lights up the sky as it hits the earth.
Someone off-camera says in Farsi "The plane has caught fire. Shahriar. Ferdosieh. In the name of God the compassionate, the merciful. God please help us. Call the fire department!" The names are two suburbs of Tehran near the airport.
Another clip, filmed from inside a traveling car at distance, shows a pinpoint fiery light moving at speed. This footage then shows the plane exploding far on the horizon, illuminating the darkened sky.
As part of the verification process, the AP compared buildings in view with map locations and in the precise context of where the jet went off the radar.
U.S. and Canadian accident investigators are uncertain how much access they will get to evidence that could prove whether Iran shot down a Ukrainian passenger jet, and there are fears that the probe might already be compromised by the removal of wreckage from the crash site.
Evidence that the Boeing 737 was brought down by an Iranian anti-aircraft missile, as the U.S. and its allies allege, could be extracted from its black box recorders, which could capture the sound of an explosion, and from an examination of its pieces for such things as shrapnel holes, burn marks or explosive residue.
Ukraine president in bind
As allegations and denials swirl over what caused the fatal crash of a Ukrainian airliner in Iran, Ukraine's president is caught in the middle.
Volodymyr Zelenskiy on Friday appealed to Western countries to present evidence for their claims a day earlier that an Iranian anti-aircraft missile downed the plane, killing all 176 people on board.
Zelenskiy appears to be following an astute strategy for damage control.
Ukraine knows all too well how an air catastrophe can stir up a maelstrom of disinformation. The crash Wednesday is the third time in 20 years that Ukraine has had links to the violent destruction of a civilian plane.
Associated Press journalist Nadia Ahmed in London contributed to this report.
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6 Types of Rat Snakes in Louisiana (Pictures)
There are many types of rat snakes in the United States, and some of those are found in the wild in Louisiana. Rat snakes in Louisiana have a lush place to live that's full of wildlife to eat. Some rat snakes are in one specific part of the state, and others have a habitat that includes the entire state. In this article we're going to learn more about Louisiana's rat snake species.
What are rat snakes?
Rat snakes are non-venomous snakes that feed mostly on rats, hence the name. However, they can also eat a number of other small animals that are found in abundance in the wild. These snakes are not a danger to people, and they are commonly owned as pets and raised in captivity. All rat snakes can swim, and all have round pupils.
6 Types of rat snakes in Louisiana
The 6 types of rat snakes found in Louisiana are the corn snake, black rat snake, gray rat snake, Texas rat snake, great plains rat snake, and eastern rat snake.
1. Corn snake
Scientific name: Pantherophis guttatus
The corn snake, sometimes referred to as the red rat snake, is common in many areas of Louisiana. This variety is a climbing species. The average snake can grow up to 30″ to 48″ long, but there are some that reach 72″. The ones that grow in the Keys tend to be smaller than average. This variety of rat snake comes in various colors, but the average is a yellow-tan color to orange. It often has blotches of red on its back, dark marks on the belly and the top of the head has a V.
This snake breeds from April through June. It lays anywhere from three to 40 eggs in the summer. They certainly eat rats, but they can also eat mice, birds, lizards and eggs. Corn snakes have no fangs or venom and have to kill their prey with constriction. They can often be found in rocky areas, in the mangrove forests and a number of other habitats, but are often found in urban areas as well.
Their numbers have been threatened recently, but not from habitat loss. They are often harvested from the wild and get hit by cars. The rainy climate of Louisiana can also harm them by filling their habitat with water and making it harder to find prey.
2. Gray rat snake
source: Alabama Extension via Flickr
Scientific name: Pantherophis spiloides
The gray rat snake is found in areas of eastern Louisiana. They may bite in self-defense if cornered, but they are generally not harmful to humans or to pets. They are not aggressive animals and try to avoid both people and pets.
This variety grows to be about 42″ to 72″ long, though the largest of them was found to be 84″. They are pale gray in color and have blotches of darker gray on their backs. Their bellies are a softer tan-gray with darker blotches. They can often be found in cypress strands, pine forests, marshes, swamps and fields of crops.
They eat a number of different rodents, lizards, birds, frogs and eggs. When they eat larger prey, they are killed through constriction. However, when the prey is small, these snakes will simply swallow the animal alive.
3. Eastern rat snake
Eastern rat snake | image by Andy Reago & Chrissy McClarren via Flickr | CC BY 2.0
Scientific name: Pantherophis alleghaniensis
Sometimes called the black rat snake, the eastern rat snake is a larger snake that averages between 3.5′ and 7′ long. Its head is wider than the rest of its body. The black color is glassy and may have tiny splotches of white in between the scales.
The belly is light-colored, and the chin and throat are white. They swim and climb well, and they will generally run from danger instead of striking at it. Eastern rat snakes eat small animals like amphibians, birds and rodents. Larger rat snakes may take larger prey.
When this snake is threatened, it releases a strong, foul odor. This odor is similar to the taste of poison, so many animals will avoid it. They live in many suburban areas as well as in forests and farm fields. In the wild, they are vulnerable to birds of prey and large snakes. Males fight for mating rights. When they lay eggs in July, there can be as many as 24 eggs.
4. Black Rat Snake
black rat snake on a porch | source: Cape Hatteras National Seashore via Flickr
Scientific name: Pantherophis obsoletus
The black rat snake in Louisiana is also called the western rat snake or pilot black snake. Pantherophis obsoletus is found throughout the state of Louisiana. They prefer woodlands but also live in rocky hillsides, farmlands, mountain ledges, river floodplains, open fields, and more developed areas with houses or farm buildings. As skilled climbers, you can find them climbing rafters in buildings when hunting for prey.
These snakes have similar underbelly markings as the gray rat snake. However, their bodies are black with traces of white between their scales. They average between 40 to 70 inches in length. They are also one of the largest snakes in North America and can reach up to 96 inches or more.
5. Great plains rat snake
great plains rat snake | image by Peter Paplanus via Flickr | CC BY 2.0
Scientific name: Pantherophis emoryi
The great plains rat snake may be in extreme western areas of Louisiana, though they aren't common in the state. This species of rat snake is mostly gray in color with many brown blotches on their bodies.
Great plains rat snakes are also commonly known as Emory's rat snakes or simply house snakes. They only reach 2-3 feet length as adults and are sometimes kept as pets, like other rat snakes.
6. Texas rat snake
Texas rat snake | image by Patrick Feller via Flickr | CC BY 2.0
Scientific name: Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri
The Texas rat snake, a subspecies of the black rat snakes, is common in only a few states including the majority of Texas, parts of Oklahoma and Arkansas, and the southern two thirds of Louisiana. Specimens from the southern part of their range tend to be a more yellow color, while those from the north tend to be a darker gray.
They are among the larger rat snakes in Louisiana and can easily reach 4-5 feet in length as adults. These snakes adapt to a variety of habitats and feed on many types of prey including rats, birds, and small invertebrates. They are docile snakes and do well in captivity.
5 Kinds of Rat Snakes in Georgia (Pictures & Facts)
3 Species of Rat Snakes in North Carolina (Pictures)
5 Rat Snakes in South Carolina (Pictures)
4 Species of Rat Snakes in Virginia (Pictures)
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Ball Python Care Sheet (Important Tips)


God speaks through ideas from the Holy Spirit. He gives you thoughts. He gives you suggestions. He puts impressions or notions in your mind. When the devil talks to you, that is temptation. But when God talks to you in your mind, we call that inspiration.
Jesus says in John 14:26, "The Holy Spirit … will be your teacher and will bring to your minds all that I have said to you" (Phillips).
The Holy Spirit is our teacher and counsellor. He's like a personal coach! I know people who spend tens of thousands on a life coach.
Notice it says, "bring to your minds." The Holy Spirit speaks directly to your mind. He doesn't speak in an audible voice. I have never in my life heard God speak in an audible voice. Why would he need to? He doesn't need to go through my ears. He goes directly to my mind. "His Holy Spirit speaks to us deep in our hearts and tells us that we really are God's children" (Romans 8:16).
If the Holy Spirit brings God's truth to mind, that means there's got to be something in there to bring out. That's why you need to get into the Bible. When you read, study, and fill your mind with God's Work, you are storing the truth in your mind, and then the Holy Spirit can bring it to mind at just the right time.
Sometimes you may read the Bible and say, "I didn't get anything out of it today." You don't have to get something out of the Bible every time you read it. What you're doing is storing the truth in your mind. Your mind's filled with everything else you've seen — every billboard, every commercial, every bad joke, every movie. It's all in there. You need to balance it with the truth. Then the Holy Spirit can bring God's truth to mind and show you the way you should go.


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Evil & Technology by ¡MAYDAY!
"I'm a slave to evil"... and technology.
Posted by Zechmann in Hip-HopJul 11th, 2010
Mayday's latest EP's, Technology & The Thinnest Line, came out over a year ago, just a couple of months apart from each other. Although they may not stack up to their first album, each has at least one catchy single.
The Thinnest Line features a single titled "Evil" – although, I don't have much to say about it, its lyrics are too true… no offense, ladies ;). "Technology", on the other hand, reminds me of my past years in college. My roommates and I senior year had a running joke about how obsessed I was with technology. It reminded me of just a few of the stupid things we did back then. Good times. "Technology" may have some corny lines, "USB, you and me connect so desperately", but the rest of it isn't half bad. I mean how bad could it be, it's about technology.
I still can't decide which sound I like better of the two. What do y'all think? I'm leaning more towards "Evil", right now.
[audio:Evil.mp3,Technology.mp3|titles=Evil,Technology]
Download: Evil | Technology
¡MAYDAY! Information:
Genre: Hip-Hop
Location: Miami Beach, Florida
BernBiz: Vocals
Wrekonize: Vocals
Plex Luthor: Keys, Producer
Gianna Cash: Percussion, DJ
L. T. Hopkins: Drums
Label: SouthBeat Records
Albums: ¡Mayday! | On 2 Someth'n | The Thinnest Line | Technology
Similar Artists: Doomtree | Cancer Rising | Solillaquists of Sound
Links: Mayday Online | Myspace | Wikipedia | YouTube | Facebook | Last.fm | AllMusic
Evil Information:
Produced by: Plex Luthor
Vocals by: Wrekonize
Addtional Vocals by: Snave Nayr
Keys & Guitar Played by: Plex Luthor
Scratches by: Gianni Cash
Mixed by: Matt Harris & Ryan Evans
Download Link: Bandcamp
Technology Information:
Produced by: Plex Luthor & Wrekonize
Vocals by: Wrekonize & Bernbiz
Additional Vocals by: Snave Nayr
Keys Played by: Plex Luthor
Percussion by: Gianni Cash
Live Drums Played by: Lt Hopkins
Mixed by: Plex Luthor, Matt Harris, Gianni Cash & Wrekonize
¡Mayday! by ¡MAYDAY!
Mission Statement by ¡MAYDAY!
Stuck on an Island by ¡MAYDAY! (Preview)
One Foot in the Grave by Wrekonize (feat. Bernz)


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Tag Archives: Gordon Au's Grand Street Stompers
AT THE BALL, THAT'S ALL (Part One): GORDON AU'S GRAND STREET STOMPERS at SWING REMIX (April 13, 2019)
Dance off both your shoes! Who could do otherwise when Gordon Au's Grand Street Stompers play for dancers? This took place at Swing Remix on April 13, 2019. That's Gordon, trumpet, compositions and arrangements; Joe McDonough, trombone; Ricky Alexander and Matt Koza, reeds; Nick Russo, guitar; Rob Adkins, string bass; Rob Garcia, drums; Molly Ryan, vocals. R1 was there, too, which meant that the universe was properly aligned.
The usual caveats apply (not at all to the music!): I can't shoot videos from the dance floor because of the eager traffic, people who have a right to be there and swing out. So these videos were recorded from an upstairs balcony, and as a result the sound is somewhat distant . . . but it is what you would have heard if you weren't fortunate enough to be dancing close to the wonderful band. I also confess to some technical difficulties (a recalcitrant camera) so the sound is stronger in one channel than the other: no need for you to get a hearing test. But it's there. . . .
Here are seven bursts of instrumental pleasure from early in the evening:
Gordon's own JUMP OUT AND GETCHA (perhaps because he is a connoisseur of things that go bump in the night?):
BLUE ROOM, with verse and clever arrangement:
Half of a new pair, PST (PACIFIC SWING TIME):
And a Grand Street Stompers' classic, SWANG THANG:
The second half, EST (for EASTERN SWING TIME), a composition John Kirby would admire:
Gordon's swinging and surprising take on early bebop, GROOVIN' HIGH:
and the attractive original NADINE:
There are more videos to come from this delightful evening. But even better . . . see, hear, and dance to the Grand Street Stompers in person: follow them here. See you on the dance floor (vertically, not horizontally).
Tagged Gordon Au, Gordon Au's Grand Street Stompers, Grand Street Stompers, Jazz Lives, Joe McDonough, Matt Koza, Michael Steinman, Molly Ryan, Nick Russo, Ricky Alexander, Rob Adkins, Rob Garcia, swing dance, Swing Remix
"HOTTER THAN THAT"! (on January 15 – 16, 2016)
It's getting colder, which is both appropriate and reassuring because it is January. But if the descending temperatures oppress you, here's a wonderful chance to become HOTTER THAN THAT in the New York winter. I don't refer to new down parkas or thermoses full of the preferred hot dram . . . but to the New York Hot Jazz Festival. . . . the continuing creation of the indefatigable Michael Katsobashvili:
Art by Cecile MLorin Salvant
Here's the Facebook event page. And the Festival's website.
Details? How about a schedule of artists and times. (And there are seats — first come, first served, as well as room to dance.)
FRIDAY (doors at 5:45 pm)
6:20 – Tom McDermott (New Orleans piano explorer)
7:20 – Bumper Jacksons
8:40 – Evan Christopher's Clarinet Road with Hilary Gardner
10:00 – Jon-Erik Kellso and the EarRegulars with Kat Edmonson
11:20 – Mike Davis' New Wonders
SATURDAY (doors at 5:45 pm)
6:20 – Christian Sands (solo stride)
7:20 – Michael Mwenso & Brianna Thomas: Ella and Louis Duets – 60 Years
8:40 – Rhythm Future Quartet
10:00 – Tatiana Eva-Marie & The Avalon Jazz Band
with special guest Oran Etkin
11:20 – Gordon Au's Grand Street Stompers
with Molly Ryan & Tamar Korn
That's a wonderful mix of music — solo piano, small band, gypsy jazz, singers — all of the highest caliber. And although some New Yorkers might note local favorites, consider what it would cost to see them all in one evening, even if you could work out the transportation and timing. New Orleanians McDermott and Evan Christopher will bring their own special rhythmic tang to the New York winter.
If you need more evidence, here are videos of the artists above.
Here's the way to buy tickets. It's an absolute bargain, and New Yorkers love nothing better.
The place? The Ballroom at Greenwich House Music School, 46 Barrow Street (West of 7th Ave South), New York, New York.
And for inspiration, here's a 1949 version of HOTTER THAN THAT, performed live on the Eddie Condon Floor Show — Eddie was the first jazz musician to have his own television show — featuring Wild Bill Davison, Cutty Cutshall, Peanuts Hucko, Ernie Caceres, Gene Schroeder, Eddie, Jack Lesberg, and Sidney Catlett.
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Bliss!, Generosities, Hotter Than That, Ideal Places, Irreplaceable, It's All True, Jazz Titans, Pay Attention!, Swing You Cats!, The Heroes Among Us, The Real Thing, The Things We Love
Tagged Big Sid Catlett, Brianna Thomas, Bumper Jacksons, Cecile McLorin Salvant, Christian Sands, Cutty Cutshall, Eddie Condon, Eddie Condon Floor Show, Ella and Louis, Ernie Caceres, Evan Christopher's Clarinet Road, gene Schroeder, Gordon Au's Grand Street Stompers, Hilary Gardner, Jack Lesberg, Jazz Lives, Jon-Erik Kellso and the EarRegulars, Michael Katsobashvili, Michael Mwenso, Michael Steinman, Mike Davis' New Wonders, Molly Ryan, New York Hot Jazz Festival, Oran Etkin, Peanuts Hucko, Rhythm Future Quartet, Sidney Catlett, Tamar Korn, Tatiana Eva-Marie & The Avalon Jazz Band, Tom McDermott, Wild Bill Davison
EXPANSIVE, EXUBERANT: "THE VERY NEXT THING," THE HOT JAZZ JUMPERS
Let me begin with a public service announcement. If you prefer your jazz safe, timid, predictable; if you like it to be categorizable, neatly cut into half-inch dice, please read no farther. The CD/DVD package I am about to announce and praise, THE VERY NEXT THING, is anything but formulaic. It is, as leader Nick Russo says in the video below, an "eclectic mix of music."
The beautiful art is by Roy Kinzer.
Here's some footage of the band — and a few pointed words from some of the musicians:
and here's another view of Nick — with great insights from the musicians:
Now, I first met Nick a number of years ago as a member of Gordon Au's Grand Street Stompers, Emily Asher's Garden Party, and other groups. I knew, when I came in the door and saw Nick that there were going to be engaging — sometimes surprising — melodies created, that the rhythm would be bountiful and imaginative. I could relax and anticipate great things. But I'd never heard Nick's Hot Jazz Jumpers until now, when they are celebrating the pre-release of their new CD/DVD, and they make fine unfettered spacious music.
Most compact discs by one musical organization that come my way — and this is not surprising — offer similar musical experiences all the way through, sometimes seventy-five minutes' worth. And for many listeners, this is consoling, rather like buying a chunk of Manchego at the cheese counter. But the HJJ (if I may be so informal) are too large, energetic, and unruly to be confined to one stylistic box. So the new disc — with seventeen performances — offers the beautifully idiomatic "traditional jazz" of WHEN THE RED, RED ROBIN COMES BOB, BOB, BOBBIN' ALONG featuring trusted New York swing stars Gordon Au and Dennis Lichtman among others . . . three tracks later, one hears a free improvisation for Nick, guitar, and Miles Griffith, voice. The range of repertoire is delightful broad, brave, and the results are compelling: CARAVAN, YOU ARE MY SUNSHINE, NOBODY BUT MY BABY IS GETTING MY LOVE (when was the last time you heard that Clarence Williams song performed?), IN A MELLOTONE, SWEET GEORGIA BROWN, MANHA DE CARNAVAL, AIN'T MISBEHAVIN', I'VE GOT MY MOJO WORKING, and THIS LITTLE LIGHT OF MINE. Then there are originals and less familiar numbers: two versions of the New Orleans JOCK-A-MO, the bluegrass FREIGHT TRAIN, JAM FOR LENNY, DIRTY40.
Listening to the CD, I was delighted by its expansive conceptions: the Hot Jazz Jumpers offered what their name promised, but I also heard more contemporary New Orleans music, echoes of Motown, of classic rhythm 'n' blues, and less familiar forms that I learned were Gullah Geechee rhythms, North Indian classical music, and world music. I heard subtle and bold percussion and rhythms, and two powerful voices: Bettina Hershey's, vibrant, folk-inflected, eloquent, and the quite remarkable Miles Griffith, who — singing or scatting — roams freely in his own universe, whose monarchs are Leo Watson and Leon Thomas.
On the CD, you'll hear Nick, guitar, tenor banjo, resonator, baritone resonator; Bettina Hershey, voice, guitar; Miles Griffith, voice / scats; David Pleasant, drums, harmonica, voice; Essiet Essiet, bass; Mamadou Ba, bass; Gordon Au. trumpet; Josh Holcomb, trombone; Dennis Lichtman, clarinet; Mike Russo, guitar. The accompanying DVD has Eleven more songs, including video presentations of CARAVAN (with a delightful impromptu beginning), INDIANA, NOBODY BUT MY BABY, RED RED ROBIN, FIVE FOOT TWO, and some other surprises.
Now, I hope I've enticed the bold and tantalized the lively. The best way to experience Nick Russo's music is in person, although the two videos give strong evidence.
On Friday, July 24, 2015, you can hear and see the Nick Russo Trio featuring: Nick Russo, guitar/banjo; Nathan Peck, string bass; Harvey Wirht, drums; with special guests Miles Griffith & Betina Hershey — at Bar Next Door (http://lalanternacaffe.com/) 129 MacDougal St, New York, NY 10012 (212) 529-5945 — three sets, at 7:30, 9:30, and 11:30. Here is the Facebook event page.
On Saturday, July 25, 2015, Hot Jazz Jumpers New York City CD/DVD Release at WhyNot Jazz Room, 14 Christopher St. @ Gay St. NYC. Tickets – $12
Doors 10:30pm // Showtime 11pm: Miles Griffith, voice/scats; Betina Hershey, voice/guitar; Nick Russo, guitar/banjo/voice; David Pleasant, drums/harmonica/voice. Here is the Facebook event page for the 25th.
Photo by Lynn Redmille
At these gigs, the CD/DVD will be available for sale — but the official national release of it is not until later in the year, so you will be well ahead of the pack. (Eventually, it will be available on CDBaby and iTunes, but right now you can have the delightful experience of purchasing it from the musicians who made it.)
Want to know more? Here is the band's website. Nick is so versatile that he has two Facebook pages: here and here.
And for those who might be visiting Massachusetts in August, the HJJ have a mini-concert tour there in Woods Hole, August 3 – 5: DVD/CD pre-release concerts at Quicks Hole Tavern in Woods Hole, 29 Railroad Ave, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Each concert goes from 9-11:30. Details here. At any of these concerts or gigs, I know you will hear honest, lively, stirring music. And purchasing the CD/DVD will enable you to take the Hot Jazz Jumpers home with you as well. They've assured me they won't mind.
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Bliss!, Generosities, It's All True, Pay Attention!, Swing You Cats!, The Real Thing, Wow!
Tagged Bar Next Door, Bettina Hershey, bluegrass, David Pleasant, Dennis Lichtman, Emily Asher's Garden Party, Essiet Essiet, Gordon Au, Gordon Au's Grand Street Stompers, Harvey Wirht, Hot Jazz Jumpers, Indian classical music, Jazz Lives, Josh Holcomb, Leo Watson, Leon Thomas, Lynn Redmille, Mamadou Ba, Michael Steinman, Mike Russo, Miles Griffith, Motown, Nathan Peck, Nick Russo, Roy Kinzer, world music


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RESTRAINING ORDER ISSUED AGAINST STAN LEE ASSOCIATE
'Guardian Ad Litem' Appointed for Lee
Posted by Milton Griepp on June 14, 2018 @ 3:56 am CT
In a series of developments this week, Stan Lee has reconnected with his former attorney, who was fired in February, and obtained a restraining order against a former associate who just days earlier Lee had described as "my only partner and business manager," according to The Hollywood Reporter. In perhaps the most telling sign of Lee's condition, former Lee attorney Tom Lallas was named guardian ad litem by the court, which means that Lallas is to represent Lee's interests in the restraining order motion because Lee is incompetent to manage his own affairs.
Under the temporary order, Lee associate Keya Morgan is prevented from contacting Lee or getting within 100 yards of the Marvel icon. A hearing will be held July 6.
The most recent series of events began on Monday, when Morgan was arrested for filing a false police report. He was released from jail on $20,000 bail. Morgan had called police to Lee's residence twice in May, once to report three intruders, who turned out to be two police officers and an adult protective services social worker there to check on Lee's well-being, and again the following day, alleging assault with a deadly weapon by a security guard.
The motion for a temporary restraining order against Morgan was filed by Lallas, arguing that Lee was "denied contact with family members and other individuals that he has known and trusted over the years. Mr. Morgan relocated Mr. Lee from his family home into an unfamiliar environment without notifying relatives of his whereabouts," the motion continued, according to Variety.
Back in February, Lallas had prepared a statement signed by Lee stating that he did not want Morgan, associate Jerry Olivarez (who Lee is now suing, alleging elder abuse, see "Stan Lee Sues Former Manager"), or his daughter J.C. or her attorney to be involved in managing his affairs. Morgan became ascendant shortly thereafter, and was spotted reminding Lee how to sign his own name at a convention in April (see "More on the Feuding Factions Around Stan Lee"). Lee is also suing POW Entertainment, alleging he was duped into a deal for his name and likeness (see "Stan Lee Files $1 Billion Lawsuit").
From Marvel Comics
Check out the Marvel Comics' artists honoring historical figures in new Women's History Month variant covers.


For bicyclists, the rewards from improved physical fitness and stress release to the minimal commuting costs are obvious. So are the risks.
Former Gov. Bill Ritter, an avid cyclist, suffered broken ribs after colliding with another bicyclist on one of his regular morning rides in 2010. Then-President George W. Bush attended his daughters engagement party sporting cuts, scrapes and a bandage on his chin after crashing on his mountain bike on his Texas ranch in 2004. Author Stephen Covey died last year at the age of 79 of complications from injuries incurred in a bike wreck in Utah.
Countless other cyclists have been injured in pursuit of their passion, and high-profile cases of motorists harassing cyclists in Colorado some causing serious injuries or even death have grabbed public attention.
Still, promotion of the sport as a healthy, environmentally friendly, fun form of transportation is at a fever pitch with urban bike-sharing programs including Denvers B-cycle program now operating in 29 cities and being planned to open soon in 33 more, and Colorados ski resorts marketing themselves internationally as meccas for extreme mountain biking.
Rick Petersen grew up in the Santa Clara Valley riding his bike to school like any ordinary California kid. But it wasnt until 2009, when he was 48, that he started taking cycling seriously.
Rick Petersen on the podium Aug. 3 after winning his age group in the Lookout Mountain Hill Climb.
He became friends with a couple of neighbors who were enthusiasts Scot Harris, founder of the Elephant Rock century ride, and Brad Tucker, a bicycle racer and an attorney specializing in bicycle-related litigation and he began cycling and training more intensely.
Tucker watched him ride and persuaded him to start racing and by July 2009 Petersen already had won three races. He was tapering his training sessions five days before the ultimate challenge the Mount Evans Hill Climb when he was nearly killed in a collision with a drunk driver.
He and a friend were riding at Chatfield State Park. Petersen said he was tucked behind the other rider and didnt see the car coming when the driver suddenly swerved. The cyclist in front was able to bail out off the road at the last second, but Petersen was hit hard.
I was back on the bike when I still needed the cane to get around, he said. Even when I was in the wheelchair, I was spinning at the rec center. I would maneuver myself off the wheelchair and onto the spinning bike because I wanted to keep some basic level of fitness.
Four years later, Petersen commutes to work by bike between his home in Bow Mar and the downtown offices of OZ Architecture, where he is a principal at the firm. He still races, doing long training rides on weekends and interval training where you wreck your body for a half an hour a couple times a week.
Half of the reason I do it is the social aspect, he said. The other half is fitness.
And then theres what Petersen calls the freedom part. Thats really fantastic.
I choose to commute on my bike to work every morning because its the only part of my life where theres a one-to-one correspondence between my will and the outcome. Its the only time Im in complete control of my actions and my day.
Thirty-eight-year-old Andy Carlson has been cycling competitively since he was 12, commutes to work by bicycle and rides for pleasure every chance he gets, but he never had a serious crash until this summer. Ive been super lucky, he said.
Andy Carlson commutes to work year-round.
He was riding with a friend on the Fraser to Granby trail, coming down a single track section where there are water bars crossing the trail. I saw one up ahead and thought I could ride through it, but obviously I couldnt.
His body was launched over his handlebars and, though he didnt lose consciousness, it took him a while to realize that hed hit his ribs hard. He rode about a mile and then walked to a road, where a friend picked him up and drove him to his condo to recover.
Seven weeks later, Carlson said, Im finally feeling like myself, but the crash has affected his relationship with the sport.
I still want to love mountain biking, he said, but Im super tentative now.
I like being physically fit, he said. Thats a big thing for me. And, frankly, at this point in my life, riding is something I do by myself. Its me time, a chance for a lot of reflection.
Data are elusive on bicycle accidents. The Denver Police Department only keeps records of automobile/bicycle collisions not bicycle/bicycle collisions or garden-variety bike wrecks but the numbers appear to be increasing.
B-cycle managers say only two accidents and one injury have been reported since the program launched in 2010. Parry Burnap, executive director of Denver Bike Sharing, said the program provides 720 bicycles but no helmets at 84 B-cycle stations across the city.
Dr. Ernest E. Gene Moore is a legend in the field of trauma. The head of trauma surgery at Denver Health for 35 years, professor of surgery at the CU School of Medicine and editor of the Journal of Trauma also is an avid cyclist. He commutes to work and between jobs at Denver Health and the Anschutz Medical Campus year-round, through ice, snow, rain and punishing mid-summer heat.
The beauty of bicycle commuting is that it makes exercise part of your daily routine, Moore said. I think the more people talk about health, the more they emphasize exercise, but we get busy. We think were going to exercise, but we dont.
Im biased in this arena. I do it for my mental health as well as physical health. I think we should make physical exercise a priority every day.
At 67, Moore describes himself as reasonably fit, though thats clearly an understatement. He did the grueling Triple Bypass bike ride again this summer and is a nationally-ranked triathlete.
Still, he doesnt minimize the risk. Hes been called upon to treat seriously injured cyclists who arrive at the trauma center.
Ive seen many people die on a bicycle and Ive seen very serious injuries, he said. Theres no question, if youre in the wrong place at the wrong time, youll get killed on a bike. I dont think people realize how unprotected you are and how fast youre going.
I always assume someones coming after me, he said. You have to assume the people are distracted and cant see you. You have to be a careful rider on your bike.
I just discovered Emerson Street, Moore said. Its right in the middle of Denver and often its totally vacant. I ride that in the winter and theres rarely a car on it.
Ive had some close calls where people have not stopped at stoplights or stop signs, he said. And there are always those lunatics who try to run you over because they think bicyclists dont belong on the streets.
Moore said a driver in a pickup swerved to hit him with his side mirror and, fortunately, only delivered a glancing blow. Other motorists have run him off the roads into bushes, and a driver on a cell phone hit him hard enough to break his bike in two, though he wasnt seriously hurt.
Still, he said, 95 percent of the motorists in Denver are incredibly bike-friendly. They go out of their way to accommodate you.
A lot of times we think of bikes like cars if you put more and more cars on the road, the number of crashes goes up, Grunig said. But if there are more bicyclists, the rate of crashes goes down.
The need for those is most important in high-conflict areas, such as intersections where the potential for crashes is great. Its a great way to invest in safety. The improvements are very cheap.
Going east and west in Denver is OK. The city has some beautiful biking trails. But going north and south is a disaster, he said.
The citys bike trails, especially the Cherry Creek Trail, are so crowded in the summer, they present dangers all their own.
The mismatch is outrageous, he said. You have people stumbling around, talking on their cell phones, and a sprinter going 30 mph on a bike. I train all the time, but if you want to train, go to Lookout Mountain or Chatfield. You shouldnt be doing that coming into downtown Denver on the Cherry Creek path.
Portland, Ore., and Vancouver, B.C., are among a handful of cities that have pioneered the development of bicycle boulevards with great success, Grunig said. A bicycle boulevard is usually a neighborhood street with low traffic volume that runs parallel to a heavily-traveled arterial. Medians are installed every few blocks to drive motorists to other streets; sharrows (shared-lane markings) are painted on the pavement; and signage is prominent to clearly designate the street for cyclists.
Carlson has biked in Portland and other cities and said one big problem with Denvers bike routes is that they havent been completely thought-through.
In Portland and Minneapolis, they get why its important. They design bike routes a little more holistically, putting them in places where people are going to use them and doing things that discourage cars from being on those roads.
The Cherry Creek Trail gets heavy use, especially near downtown.After all, there wasnt a stop sign invented until there was a car, he said.
Theres a mentality that roads are designed exclusively for cars, but in reality, public roads are for all people to use to get around. Theres a real building awareness of the wave of change thats coming as the car culture is in decline, Grunig said. The number of vehicle miles traveled has been down for eight or 10 years in a row.
Some motorists will tell cyclists to get off the street and get on the sidewalk, he said. Others ignore cyclists at intersections, run them off the streets and onto the shoulders, and harass them verbally.
We need to educate drivers on how to respect cyclists, Sauaia said.
Petersen said he frequently encounters problems with motorists who dont understand the law.
Recently he was riding through a tunnel at the underpass at 38th and Brighton Boulevard, and a motorist behind him began honking furiously. As they emerged from the tunnel, the driver yelled, Use the – sidewalk, you – idiot.
I yelled back at him, Its illegal, said Petersen, who admits that he wanted to say a whole lot more to the guy. Theres a common misperception that bicycles shouldnt be on the road.
Still, Petersen said that cyclists are our own worst enemies. I always stop at stoplights and its really rare that bicyclists do that in the city. Its one of the most hypocritical things. Its ridiculous when cyclists complain that they dont have the respect of motorists on the road when theyre not abiding by the rules.
Bicycle commuting can be an important part of a companys wellness program. He said that studies have shown cyclists take fewer sick days, are more productive and cost a company less for health insurance.
It also has a real economic benefit for the business community. Cyclists spend more money along their commuting routes than drivers do, he said.
Theyre more likely to stop at a business along the way to pick up groceries or meet a friend for a drink or a meal.
If youre driving, youre just passing through, he said.


text:
Gustave Bouvet dit Juvenis, né le  à Angers, mort le  à Lagny-sur-Marne, est un anarchiste français.

Biographie
Il fait un an de séminaire en Belgique avant de rejoindre ses parents à Paris à l'âge de treize ans. Il devient apprenti graveur puis retourne à Angers où il travaille comme ouvrier peintre en usine.

Ajourné de service militaire en 1917, 1919 et 1920, pour abcès facial, il travaille comme ouvrier vannier.

Dès leur formation en , il participe aux réunions de la Fédération des jeunesses anarchistes.

Le  il est désigné secrétaire du groupe « Ni Dieu ni maître » des Jeunesses anarchistes. Il collabore à la même époque au Libertaire sous le pseudonyme de « Juvenis ».

Condamné le  à quatre mois de prison, il est incarcéré pour avoir reproduit un tract antimilitariste intitulé Aux jeunes soldats. Il est condamné le , à six mois supplémentaires, pour avoir apposé ce tract sur les murs de Paris.

Le , il tire deux coups de feu en direction de la voiture du président Millerand tandis que défile, avenue des Champs-Élysées, le cortège présidentiel de retour de la revue militaire. Condamné le  à cinq ans de travaux forcés et dix ans d'interdiction de séjour, peine qu'il accueille aux cris de « À bas la guerre ! Vive l'anarchie ! », il est libéré en .

Il est alors dans un état déplorable, paralysé d'un côté, et Le Libertaire ouvre une souscription en sa faveur.

Œuvres
 Poésies diverses, éditeur inconnu, 1953.

Bibliographie
 Robert Cassagnau, Vive l'anarchie !, France-Empire, 1973, page 326.
  Anarchist Tries to Kill Millerand, The New York Times, , lire en ligne.

Notices
 Dictionnaire des anarchistes, « Le Maitron » : notice biographique, texte intégral.
 L'Éphéméride anarchiste : notice biographique.
 Dictionnaire international des militants anarchistes : notice biographique.
 René Bianco, 100 ans de presse anarchiste : notice.

Articles connexes
 Libertaire
 Histoire de l'anarchisme

Notes et références

Anarchiste français
Antimilitariste français
Collaborateur du Libertaire
Naissance en décembre 1898
Naissance à Angers
Décès en octobre 1984
Décès à Lagny-sur-Marne
Décès à 85 ans
Poète libertaire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Doris Day's Untold Story: Her Amazing Life At 92!
Those are the words that sum up beloved Hollywood legend Doris Day's life at 92 — as relayed to her fans by one of her closest confidantes.
That source is opening up to RadarOnline.com about Doris' health after an investigation published in our Jan. 23 issue.
The previous story, based on insiders close to Doris, reported on the 92-year-old star's life today in Carmel-by-the-Sea, Calif.
But after the article was published, word reached us that Doris herself — the top female box-office star of all time — was anxious to set the record straight.
The talented singer/actress — famed for her Oscar-winning signature song, "Que Sera, Sera," and devotion to animals — wanted to assure fans she was still vital and feeling fine.
We are giving Doris that opportunity, courtesty of a trusted member of her inner circle.
Shortly after turning 92 last April, Doris said in a rare interview, "You have to stay positive. Whatever will happen, will happen.
But her confidante explained how the lingering effects of a devastating injury Doris sustained years ago still affect her.
Doris suffered that injury after winning $500 in a local talent contest at the age of 14 for a dance act with a male partner.
The two were preparing to leave Doris' hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio, to pursue a career in Hollywood when a train slammed into a car she was riding in.
Doris' right leg was badly injured in the accident, dashing her dream of a dancing career.
"Ms. Day, like a lot of folks in their 90s, requires walking assistance," the insider tells Radar.
After the accident, Doris started singing lessons, and at 17, she began touring with the Les Brown band — leading to "Sentimental Journey," the 1945 breakout hit song that launched her career.
Today, the blue-eyed beauty still boasts vision that her movie character Calamity Jane would envy, adds the source.
"Ms. Day's eyesight is remarkable. She doesn't even wear reading glasses when reading the newspaper," the source tells Radar.
What's more, many of Doris' most loyal advisers and employees — who have worked for her for 20-plus years — remain staunchly by her side, adds the source.
Doris founded that organization in 1978, and in 2004 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for both her achievements in the entertainment industry, and for her work on behalf of animals.
She also received a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2008, and has three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards.
She earned an Oscar nod for the 1959 rom-com, "Pillow Talk," and in 1989, she received the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures.
Today, Doris remains devoted to the memories of the men she loved and lost — including her "Pillow Talk" co-star, Rock Hudson, and her late son, Terry Melcher.
She now lives quietly in Carmel after selling the Beverly Hills mansion she once shared with late hubby-manager Marty Melcher.
"That home was occupied by Doris' son, Terry, at the time of his death in 2004," says the source.


Owning and operating a bus can be the most profitable or costly endeavor for your company. It can take you into the next decade, or put you out of business. I don't want to scare you…well actually, I do. I want you to think about everything you will read in this article before you decide to jump into this vehicle segment.


. (TMZ) Multiple cast members on "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" were involved in a bar fight at a Hard Rock Hotel in the Dominican Republic this week ... TMZ has learned.
Sources involved in the situation tell us ... a couple of castmembers were hanging out at a bar inside the Hard Rock around 1:00 AM Wednesday morning when they got into a heated argument with a male patron.


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Mexico Conservative Opposition Leads 2018 Presidential Poll
Mexico's opposition conservatives would take back the presidency from the ruling PRI, if the next election, scheduled for 2018, were held now
Mexico's President Peña Nieto delivers a toast during the recent Tres Amigos meeting. His PRI party is down in 2018 election polls, , photo: Reuters/Chris Wattie
MEXICO CITY – Mexico's opposition conservatives would take back the presidency from the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) if the next election, scheduled for 2018, were held now, according to a poll published on Wednesday.
The survey, conducted by Buendía & Laredo, found 24 percent of respondents would vote for the center-right National Action Party (PAN) versus 20 percent who would opt for the PRI, led by President Enrique Peña Nieto. He is constitutionally barred from re-election.
The ruling party has been tarnished by a series of conflict-of-interest scandals embroiling Peña Nieto, his wife and finance minister, slower-than-expected economic growth, grisly drug violence and criticism he has failed to crack down on corruption.
The opinion poll comes about a month after the PAN and leftist allies routed the PRI in regional elections.
In third place in the poll was the National Regeneration Movement (Morena), the left-leaning party of two-time presidential runner-up Andrés Manuel López Obrador, which had the support of 17 percent of respondents. López Obrador's former party, the Democratic Revolution Party (PRD) traditionally the main leftist force in Mexican politics, had just 6 percent support.
"The question is … if PAN will manage to consolidate this support," said Jorge Buendía, head of the polling firm.
The PRI, which ruled Mexico for 71 consecutive years, was defeated by the PAN in 2000 and regained power when Peña Nieto was elected president in 2012.
The poll, based on 1,438 interviews, was conducted from June 24 to 28 and had a margin of error of 2.95 percentage points.
NATALIE SCHACHAR


This studio course explores editing, alteration and the construction of photographic imagery. Students learn digital methods and techniques for the alteration and construction of imagery that range from basic retouching to complex compositing. Concepts concerning the construction of photographic pictorial space, visual language and photographic iconography are explored as a dimension of working with imagery.
PHT 116 or permission of instructor.


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Reuse of Contaminated Groundwater- Is It Time To Be More Innovative?
Posted on April 10, 2013 by Charles Efflandt
According to the recent U.S. Drought Monitor, approximately 65% of the contiguous United States is currently experiencing "abnormally dry" to "exceptional drought" conditions. In my part of the country, a recent projection indicates that a reservoir supplying a significant portion of our municipal water supply could dry up within 3-4 years if severe drought conditions persist. Although an "Aquifer Storage and Recovery" program was previously developed to enhance the available supply of groundwater, it is only designed to replenish the drinking water aquifer from excess river flow during flood conditions—a rare occurrence during a severe drought.
I am not capable of allocating percentages of fault for this persistent drought between anthropic climate change and extreme climatic occurrences that are "normal" in the context of geologic time. However, I am persuaded by the argument that "climate change," by whatever definition you choose to give it, is a problem not only of causation and prevention, but also of adaptation. A previous posting on the need to prioritize adaptation to climate change states the argument well. Is it time we give more thought to groundwater replenishment as an adaptation tool?
My practice includes representing clients at various hazardous substance release sites, under both state and federal law. The default remedy for contaminated groundwater at many of these sites remains extraction and treatment (commonly using air stripping technology) to both contain and clean up the extracted groundwater to "unrestricted use" quality. At most of these sites, however, treated groundwater is discharged to a ditch, creek or similar conveyance where the value of the groundwater as a critical natural resource is largely lost.
An environmental consultant at one such site recently calculated that, over the period of two years, the pump and treat system had removed and discharged to a nearby ditch approximately 110 million gallons of treated groundwater. During a period of severe drought, the system was depleting a drinking water aquifer by over two feet annually. In addition, it was estimated that the quantity of groundwater being treated, and largely wasted, was equivalent to the water used by 1,850 residents (27% of the population) of the city in which the site is located.
Beneficial reuse of "contaminated" water resources is obviously not a new concept, particularly the reuse of nonpotable water. Examples include the reuse of treated nonpotable water for industrial, municipal and agricultural purposes. Potable water reuse is less common for reasons related to water quality requirements, technical issues, cost and community and regulatory acceptance.
Notwithstanding the obstacles and additional costs, it may now be time for environmental professionals, regulators and attorneys to more systematically and creatively consider potable reuse options at contaminated groundwater sites. This would include an evaluation of discharging treated groundwater through infiltration basins, infiltration galleries and injection wells to replenish the drinking water aquifer from which it was extracted. Consideration should be given to partnering site regulators and responsible parties with nearby municipalities to revitalize drinking water aquifers or supplement other potable water resources. Another issue worthy of discussion is community acceptance, which may be more likely when treated contaminated groundwater is beneficially reused indirectly through aquifer replenishment, rather directly through discharge into water supply pipes.
I submit that all too often we accept without much thought the default option of permitted surface discharge of groundwater that has been treated to "non-detect". Potable reuse through groundwater recharge and restoration involves significant cost and technical issues. But in our effort to add weapons to the climate change adaptation arsenal, all interested parties should more carefully consider such options notwithstanding the challenges.
Tags: climate change, groundwater, groundwater
CERCLA | Climate | Natural Resources | Water
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