In order to work in Australia you must first obtain a visa with work rights. You may or may not need employer sponsorship. There are many visa categories that allow you to work in Australia that do not require employer sponsorship. For instance, an 820 Spouse visa, 300 Prospective Marriage Visa and 309 Partner visa all provide the visa holder with full work rights. Student visa holders have restricted work rights as do 417 Working Holiday Visa holders and 462 Work and Holiday visa holders. If you are included as a dependent on the family head visa, such as a 457 or 482 Temporary Skills Shortage visa, you will also have work rights. So before you leap into an employer sponsored visa application, get a full visa assessment by a registered migration agent. There may be an easier pathway for you to gain permission to work in Australia.
The 417 Working Holiday Visa and 462 Work and Holiday Visa are the easiest and quickest way to gain work rights in Australia. Applications are usually processed in a matter or days or weeks. As a 417 or 462 holder you will be granted a 12 month Australian visa. You may work for any one employer for up to six months. You do not need a job offer before you apply for this visa although you must have reasonable prospects of gaining employment in Australia. Many 417 and 462 visa holders are offered a further employer sponsored visa from their Australian employer. You can lodge a 482 Temporary Skills Shortage visa, 186 Employer Nomination Scheme or 187 Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme visa whilst in Australia holding a 417 Working Holiday Visa or 462 Work and Holiday Visa. Coming to Australia on a 417 or 462 visa allows you to demonstrate your skills and attributes to Australian employers. It is a very successful method of finding an Australian sponsor and progressing to a longer stay in Australia and may eventually lead to permanent residency.
There are many hurdles both you and your employer must overcome to lodge a successful employer sponsored visa and gain permission to work in Australia. You may choose to research the requirements of every visa subclass yourself. However, we strongly suggest you start the process with a personal visa assessment from a qualified and registered Australian migration agent. Once you know all your options, you can take a targeted approach to reaching your migration goals.
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text:
Вагого (вагого (множина від гого), чігого, кігого) — народ Танзанії, басейну річки Кізіго. На середину XX століття чисельність становила 300 тис. чоловік, за півстоліття зросла до 1 440 000 осіб у 2006 році.

Мова
Розмовляють мовою угого, східна група мов банту. Першою друкованою книгою мовою гого була Біблія в 1962 році (латиниця). Діалекти: н'ямба (західні гого), н'ягого (центральні гого), тумба (східні гого). Лексичний склад на 50 % подібний до хехе та сангу, на 48 % на кімбу.

Вірування
Більшість вагого зберігають традиційні вірування, частина сповідує християнство англіканського толку.

Зайнятість
В районах позбавлених мухи цеце, напівкочовики розводять велику рогату худобу, вівці, кіз. Частина вагого займається землеробством: сорго, кукурудза, маніок. Більшість чоловіків батракує на заробітках на плантаціях сезалю, копальнях та в портах.

Примітки

Література
  Краткая географическая энциклопедия. В 5 томах / Главный редактор А. А. Григорьев. — М.: Советская Энциклопедия, 1960—1966.

Народи Танзанії
Народи банту

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Choose Non-default googlecalendar with google-java-client-api I want to get all the Calendars, which are in my GoogleAccount, using the google java client API.
In my application I want that a user can choose in wich calendar his events will be saved (not only in the default). But therefore I need their CalendarIDs. I don't want that the users have to search their calendar ids to write them by hand into the app.
Would it be possible to create a new Calendar in his account, to write all the events in this new one.
Sorry for my bad English.

A: Yes of course it is possible.You only have to know the calendarId in which you want to save the new event, and use them with the event insert function.
For example :
Event event = new Event();

event.setSummary("This is my Event");
event.setLocation("127.0.0.1 -- Home sweet Home!!");

ArrayList<EventAttendee> participants = new ArrayList<EventAttendee>();
participants .add(new EventAttendee().setEmail("member@domain.com"));
event.setAttendees(participants);

DateTime start = new DateTime(new Date(), TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
event.setStart(new EventDateTime().setDateTime(start));

DateTime end = new DateTime(new Date(startDate.getTime() + 3600000), TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
event.setEnd(new EventDateTime().setDateTime(end));

Event createdEvent = service.events().insert("YourCalendarID", event).execute();

Hope this could help you!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


One suicide. One cold-blooded murder. Are they connected? And who's really pulling the strings in the small Swedish town of Gavrik?
Black Grimberg liquorice coins cover the murdered man's eyes. The hashtag #Ferryman starts to trend as local people stock up on ammunition.
Tuva Moodyson, deaf reporter at the local paper, has a fortnight to investigate the deaths before she starts her new job in the south. A blizzard moves in. Residents, already terrified, feel increasingly cut-off. Tuva must go deep inside the Grimberg factory to stop the killer before she leaves town for good. But who's to say the Ferryman will let her go?
Hello everyone and welcome to my stop on the blog tour today for the second book in Will Dean's fabulous Scandinavian crime series featuring Tuva Moodyson who has now been officially confirmed as one of my new favourite characters in fiction. I was incredibly silly and delayed reading the first in the series, Dark Pines until recently but now I've read both, I'm delighted to count myself as an eager fan. Thank you so much to Anne Cater for inviting me to be part of this blog tour and to Point Blank, One World Publications for sending me a complimentary copy of the novel in exchange for an honest review.
As I mentioned yesterday in my Dark Pines review, there are some series where you feel the benefit from reading them in order and I'm so glad I took the opportunity to do this with the Moodyson Mysteries. Don't get me wrong, this book can absolutely be read as a stand-alone, no big secrets from the first novel are given away but I definitely felt the advantage of having read Dark Pines first. You get to understand not only our female protagonist much more intimately but in addition, the town and the other inhabitants so in my opinion, this proved to be fantastic preparation for entering the town of Gavrik once more in Red Snow.
Will Dean, author of Red Snow, the second novel in the Tuva Moodyson Mysteries.
Plucky journalist Tuva Moodyson is just about to leave town for a brand new job in journalism in a different town when she becomes embroiled in another story. As the synopsis suggests, it encompasses a suicide, a murder, family secrets and drama that surround the Grimberg dynasty, owners of the large liquorice factory in the town. Once more, Will Dean has used the minutiae of everyday life in a small town in Sweden, the bitter, unforgiving weather and a fascinating mystery to produce a compelling narrative which had me hooked from the very first pages. As I've alluded to, I was already pretty enamoured with our female lead so to be perfectly honest, I think I would have enjoyed this novel no matter how fast or slow the pacing of the story was but it was terrific to be presented with a story where the timing of events was as close to perfection as I think it's possible to be!
There are slower, almost gentile moments where the reader gets to crack the hard, outer shell of Tuva's character and discover she is a lot more vulnerable than she makes herself out to be. I'm always a huge fan of character development in novels and with Red Snow, it ticks all the necessary boxes in this respect. From what we know already about Tuva, she is a fighter. She doesn't let the fact she is deaf become an obstacle in her life, she has dealt with hardship, heart-break and grief and come out stronger on the other side and in this novel, we get to see her open up and begin to let people in. Then there is the other side of her personality – the ruthless, determined search for the truth even if she puts herself at risk in the process. I just love her.
Salta katten (salty cat) cat-shaped salty liquorice pastilles. Apparently Scandinavians have loved these sweets since they first came out in 1952! The publishers were kind enough to send me a packet with the book so thank you very much once again to them.
As with all other thrillers I review here, you might know I don't like to go into too much depth about the actual story but I can tell you a few things. It's complex and intricate, involving a range of individuals from the Grimberg family themselves to the people who work with them and as Tuva edges closer and closer towards unravelling both the suicide and the murder, it becomes so gripping, I found it impossible to put down until I had discovered what exactly had happened. I was slightly concerned that I might have figured out the villain of the piece after I worked out the ending of Dark Pines but this time, I was over the moon to realise that this time, I was wrong!
Thank you so much once again to Anne Cater and Point Blank, Oneworld Publications for inviting me to take part in this blog tour, I've had a wonderful time doing it. Red Snow was published on 10th January 2019 and will be available as a hardback and a digital e-book. If you fancy more information don't forget to check out the rest of the stops on this blog tour for some amazing reviews!


text:
Q: Uncommonly used Java syntax (JavaParser)? I'm exploring a Java grammar parser and I came across this strange piece of code that I wouldn't normally use in ordinary code. Taken from
https://code.google.com/p/javaparser/source/browse/branches/mavenized/JavaParser/src/main/java/japa/parser/ASTParser.java#1998
It has many functions that contains code such as
final public NameExpr Name() throws ParseException {
    NameExpr ret;
    jj_consume_token(IDENTIFIER);
    ret = new NameExpr(token.beginLine, token.beginColumn, token.endLine, token.endColumn, token.image);
    label_23: while (true) {
        if (jj_2_17(2)) {
            ;
        } else {
            break label_23;
        }
        jj_consume_token(DOT);
        jj_consume_token(IDENTIFIER);
        ret = new QualifiedNameExpr(ret.getBeginLine(), ret.getBeginColumn(), token.endLine, token.endColumn, ret, token.image);
    }
    {
        if (true) {
            return ret;
        }
    }
    throw new Error("Missing return statement in function");
}

At a glance it appears strange but no doubt it's valid as I can compile it. But can someone explain how it works? I have tried to input invalid Java syntax and it does it's job! I'm baffled. How does the few lines throw exception after the return?

A: This is indeed valid code, without seeing everything, I can see some odditities:

*

*'Incorrect' variable and method naming, using PascalCase sometimes.

*Instance variable token

*Static variable IDENTIFIER
Then:
label_23: while (true) {
    if (jj_2_17(2)) {
        ;
    } else {
        break label_23;
    }
    jj_consume_token(DOT);
    jj_consume_token(IDENTIFIER);
    ret = new QualifiedNameExpr(ret.getBeginLine(), ret.getBeginColumn(), token.endLine, token.endColumn, ret, token.image);
}

This is an infinite loop that keeps running as long as jj_2_17(2) returns true, but appears to do nothing upon that result. It breaks out of label_23 when the expression was false. To confuse future readers even more, it then actually does things only if the expression is true (as it breaks on false), namely the last three lines.
For futher information, the label_23 is simply a label that may only be used on while and for loops. You can then break out of that loop when using break labelName;.
Example that breaks out of an outer loop from within an inner loop:
outerLoop: for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
    innerLoop: for (int j = 0; j < max2 - i; j++) {
        if (something) {
            break outerLoop;
        }
        //...
    }
}

You can actually also use continue in combination with labels.
Then we see a scoped block without guard that always returns ret:
{
    if (true) {
        return ret;
    }
}

So it's all valid. I think we can also conclude with high chance that this code has been machine-generatd.

A: What maybe largely confused here is that if-else block inside the while.

if (jj_2_17(2)) {
    ;
} else {
    break label_23;
}
jj_consume_token(DOT);
jj_consume_token(IDENTIFIER);
ret = new QualifiedNameExpr(ret.getBeginLine(), ret.getBeginColumn(), token.endLine, token.endColumn, ret, token.image);

this is in fact nothing other than a negated if:
if(!jj_2_17(2)) {
    break label_23;
}
jj_consume_token(DOT);
jj_consume_token(IDENTIFIER);
ret = new QualifiedNameExpr(ret.getBeginLine(), ret.getBeginColumn(), token.endLine, token.endColumn, ret, token.image);

So in fact this code just returns the last QualifiedNameExpr(/*...*/); that could be parsed.
Concerning the "unreachable throw" you mention in comments. Just imagine what happens when you create a method (in eclipse or netbeans) and don't add a return statement.
The generated code (assuming this is generated code here) then contains no return statement and suddenly you get to throw the Error. This leads to eclipse/netbeans/[insert IDE here] telling you "Missing return statement in function", which is exactly what this statement is there for...


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2018 and Wiz Training and Development Ltd celebrate a landmark 21st year in business. A big thank you to all our fantastic clients, past, present and future!
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From IJ-plein it is a short walk or bike ride along the Meeuwenlaan to the venue. Follow the Meeuwenlaan to the Dirk van/de Broek grocery store. Cross through the parking lot to the Motorkade, and follow this road towards the FoodMarkt. You'll see the Kromhouthal to the left of the FoodMarkt.
Or alternatively hop on our free shuttle service from here to the venue.
The Oostveer Ferry takes you to Zamenhofstraat.
From Zamenhofstraat, it's a short walk or bike ride to the Kromhouthal. Walk towards the Meeuwenlaan along the Johan van Hasseltweg to Gedempt Hamerkanaal which is the 1st left. Then follow along the Gedempt Hamerkanaal to the Kromhouthal on your left.
The new Metro line will be running when the fair is on!
Take the Noord-Zuid line to stop Noorderpark. Go up the steps to the Johan van Hasseltweg. Turn towards the Ij and at the roundabout take the first road to the right. This is the Meeuwenlan. Take the left turn after PNDNRD and then the first right. This is the Gedempt Hamerkanaal.
Further detailed instructions will follow later this year (and our shuttle will also be stopping nearby).
Take bus 32, 33 or 38 from Amsterdam Central Station, and get off at the Hamerstraat stop.
Cross the Meeuwenlaan and walk towards the roundabout. Turn right at Pand Noord – this is the Hamerstraat. Follow this street to the petrol station on the left. Turn right onto Gedempt Hamerkanaal. The Kromhouthal is on the left across from nr 96.
Take the first exit after the IJ Tunnel, and turn left at the traffic lights. At the roundabout take the second exit (straight). You are on the Johannes van Hasseltweg. Take the first turn on the right – this is the Gedempt Hamerkanaal. Follow this road to the venue on the left hand side before the bend.
Take exit S116 Centrum/Noord Nieuwendam. Follow the directions for Centrum/Noord 100 - 400 and then exit S118/Noord 300 - 349. At the traffic lights turn left. At the roundabout take the second exit (straight). You are on the Johannes van Hasseltweg. Take the first turn on the right – this is the Gedempt Hamerkanaal. Follow this road to the venue on the left hand side before the bend.
Note! Paid parking near the venue will be available from July 1st 2018. There are several parking lots with favourable rates in the neighborhood.


LARIMER COUNTY, Colo. — A Brighton man was arrested after leading a chase that reached speeds of nearly 100 mph down Interstate 25 on Sunday night, the Larimer County Sheriff's Office said.
The incident began just after 6:30 p.m. when a deputy attempted to stop a 1996 Chevrolet sedan for traffic violations at NE Frontage Road and East Mulberry Street in Fort Collins.
The driver, later identified as 28-year-old Anthony Chavez of Brighton, did not stop, and instead ran several stop signs on side streets then traveled south on Interstate 25, reaching speeds of 95 mph, the sheriff's office said.
The chase was stopped about 6:45 p.m. when Chavez got off the interstate at East Eisenhower Boulevard in Loveland.
About 10 minutes later, officers with the Loveland Police Department saw the vehicle traveling eastbound on Eisenhower Boulevard toward Interstate 25. The vehicle had a different license plate that had been reported stolen.
Deputies followed the vehicle as it went eastbound on Highway 34 into Weld County. Chavez then made a U-turn on Highway 34, the sheriff's office said.
Spike strips were successfully deployed by Colorado State Patrol troopers, Larimer County deputies and Loveland officers.
Chavez tried to turn northbound onto Centerra Parkway, but could not make the turn with flat tires, the sheriff's office said.
The vehicle hit a curb and crashed into the median. Chavez was taken into custody without incident.
Chavez was booked into the Larimer County Jail on charges of vehicular eluding, theft of motor vehicle parts and several traffic offenses.
Stolen construction equipment was also found in the vehicle, the sheriff's office said.
A woman passenger in the vehicle was detained and later released, the sheriff's office said.


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text:
GSU splits last two matches
Lucas Baggett
The Georgia Southern University men's tennis team defeated Samford University 4-3 but fell short to the University of Tennessee Chattanooga 6-1 over the weekend.
The first match of the weekend was against Samford, which ended in a victory for the Eagles.
The doubles portion of the match went down to the play of senior Alex Doherty and sophomore Kyle Hoffman who clinched the point for the Eagles after they defeated their opponents 8-6.
Freshman Rayane Djouad beat his opponent in the No.1 singles spot 6-4, 6-2 to open up singles play.
After a win by junior Marco Osorio, sophomore Albert Codina Sala clinched the match for the Eagles after his exciting 3-6, 7-6 (7-2), 6-3 win at the No. 2 singles spot.
"The point that I learned today was that even though you start a bad match, and you don't play your best you got to be fighting until the end. That's a big lesson personally and for the team," Sala said.
Head coach Nick Zieziula was thrilled with his team's play in both singles and doubles.
"Our doubles were outstanding today, even at two where we lost. We controlled the flow of the play through the first five games. Our singles play was outstanding as well. The dog and determination we showed to not back down and give support to our teammates who were getting clinches was great," Zieziula said.
Next for the Eagles was the University of Tennessee Chattanooga, which was the Eagles' last home match and Senior Day.
The Eagles came up short in doubles after dropping two of three matches. The team of Djouad and Osorio gave GSU its only doubles win of the day.
UTC continued its dominance as it took five of six singles points from the Eagles.
After winning in doubles, Djouad ended his first regular season as an Eagle with a 6-2, 0-6, 6-4 win at the No. 1 singles spot.
Seniors Doherty and Verdam did not play a singles match, but had a good experience in the tennis program.
"My overall experience has been very good. It's incredible what experience you can get from playing a sport and being in college at the same time. I'm really happy to be finishing. I've had a great time," Verdam said.
The Eagles finished its regular season 10-8 and 6-4 in the conference. The SoCon tournament will be April 18-21 in Elon, N.C.
Basketball Week in Review (December 27-January 5)
Doug Ruse named offensive coordinator
Georgia Southern closes 2020 with bowl win
Next Man Up
Eagle basketball week in review — December 15-21, 2020
Game Preview: Georgia Southern set to take on Louisiana Tech
LIVE: Early Signing Day Tracker
Georgia Southern Women look to improve in second year under Anita Howard
Eagle men and women's basketball week in review (Dec 6-13, 2020)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Monitor's W 350 TH is a unique and very effective attachment for handling glass, stone, and other non-porous materials. It is ideal for accessing high or difficult to reach locations.
Monitor's W 350 TH lifts up to 350 kgs with ease using vacuum / suction cups to hold the glass secure.
Manufactured in Denmark the W 350 TH is a high quality and high performing glass lifting device.


An announcement relating to the next five days, accompanied by some photographs.
I found this map in a post by Mike Sivier at Vox Political, and he found it on twitter.
Lot 497 at yesterday's auction – a bargain at £10 – splendid pics of trains.
Close up extracted from the foregoing image showing the insect and the centre of the flower.
After my last post was pure text I suppose you c ould describes this one as compensating for the photographic deficit!
As well as items that feature in James and Sons July Auction I have some pictures taken in my own time to share.
These snails were brought out by early monring rain yesterday.
These three pictures all come from the same original shot, edited differently. Swallows like flying low over the Nar outfall, although they still fly very fast, hence this being my first successful shot of one.
The first of five pictures from the Five Greatest Warriors (Matthew Reilly) to appear here – this is Genghis Khan's shield, depiciting the six temple shrines wherein a pillar has to be placed – by the time West gains possession of this item two of the pillars have been successfully placed.
The first of two decorative plates in the window of the Salvation Army shop.
A bee – we need more of these!
An introduction the novels of Matthew Reilly.
There is no possibility of a direct sequel to this book, which recounts the story of a badly tainted chess tournament that took place in 1546, and also features a series of grisly murders. The story is narrated by Elizabeth I, and before we get to her narration we are told of her death. It is unique among Reilly's output in being set solely in medieval times, although the action is every bit as thick and as fast as in his other books.
This was Matthew Reilly's first novel, and the original edition was self-published. The story, built around an intergalactic contest that takes place every thousand years and is this time happening on Earth for the first time features a great range of creatures. Although the possibility of a sequel is not so completely ruled out as in the first named book, there are obvious limitations, and certainly a sequel involving the contest that gives the novel its title could feature none of the same characters (possibly an Earth representative descended from the daughter of the guy who was Earth's representative in this book).
This one features two story-lines separated by just over four centuries. Common to both stories is an idol made of an extra-terrestrial substance (i.e. carved out of a meteorite) and also some super-giant cats called rapas. In the modern-era of the story the idol is wanted by various people of varying degrees of unpleasantness to serve as power-source for what would be the ultimate in WMDs. While a direct sequel is again unlikely, I can see one of the main characters from this book reappearing (see later in this post).
The action in this book is triggered by the discovery of a metal object deep beneath the surface, initially believed to be an alien spacecraft (the truth proves rather more mundane). In addition to Scarecrow's squad of marines there is a French group trying to seize control, a more dangerous British SAS group and most dangerous to Scarecrow, a rogue US grouping, the Intelligence Convergence Group, who have two men in Schofield's own unit. A casualty whose importance becomes more obvious in a later scarecrow book is the french scientist Luc Champion.
This story is set in the US, and features an attempted coup by the commander of a top-secret base ultimately foiled by Scarecrow. It also features apartheid supporting South Africans with an agenda of their own who further complicate matters.
Scarecrow is one of the targets of the biggest bounty hunt in history and ifr the bounty hunt is successful the world will be plunged into complete chaos (even more chaos than the people behind the hunt intend since one of their number has gone rogue and added elements to the plan). Although he has a personal guardian angel (courtesy of someone who is determined to thwart the bounty hunt and has paid huge money to secure the services of Aloysius Knight who would otherwise be one Scarecrow's most dangerous foes), Scarecrow sees his girlfriend (another marine, Elizabeth Gant, call sign Fox) brutally murdered, which nearly has the intended effect of destroying his spirit.
Scarecrow's task in his fourth and to date last adventure is to prevent the deployment of a weapon that will ignite the earth's atmosphere, reducing most of the northern hemisphere to ashes. In his way is the mysterious army of thieves, commanded by the man who intends to unleash the weapon. It turns out that the uber-villain is a CIA man named Marius Calderon who has worked out that using the weapon will annhiliate China while doing comparatively minor damage to the USA. In the course of this story Scarecrow meets Veronique Champion, sister of Luc Champion who featured in Ice Station, call sign Renard. She is initially intent on killing him as she believes that he killed her brother, but gradually comes to realise the truth. The reasons why I see a fifth Scarecrow book in the future are that Calderon is still alive at the end of this one, and also that the Scarecrow/ Renard relationship has much developing to do.
This continues the story from the Six Sacred Stones, ending up with the placing of the final pillar at its vertex beneath Easter Island. In the course of these two books Jack West Sr has emerged as his son's greatest adversary, and at the end West Sr dies, trying to secure the power of the sixth pillar, which his son has deliberately kicked into the abyss beneath the vertex, convinced that humanity cannot be trusted with this power. It would be foolhardy to attempt to guess in any detail how this series will pan out, but I will venture one prediction – the final clash at the end of the volume whose title begisn with One will be between West, seeking to the very end to keep the world turning, and the Japanese aiming for the reverse.
An account of a vote, a bus journey anbd a day at work.
The polling station, with a couple of voters on their way in.
The bus arrived in good time, and the journey went without a hitch, helped along from my perspective by the non-stop action taking place in "The Great Zoo of China" (I borrowed the hardback earlier, see here for more details).
Just over two full pages which give an idea as to just how things are going to go horrifically wrong!
Official posters for three important NAS West Norfolk events, with some accompanying text.
This is a 'pure autism' post, prompted by me receiving an email containing official posters for three of NAS West Norfolk's upcoming events.
An account of the dramatic finish to yesterday's ODI between England and Sri Lanka, some links and some photographs.
This post is about the closing stages of yesterday's ODI between England and Sri Lanka, which I listened to once I had got home from work.
At the start of this final over 14 were needed for England to win. Good bowling restricted England to seven off the first five, meaning that unless a wide or a no-ball was bowled England could no longer win. Neither was forthcoming, but Liam Plunkett did hit that final ball for six to level the scores and earn England a tie after a come-back of epic proportions.
My first link, just to tie up the loose ends from the first part of this post is to an official account of yesterday's ODI, courtesy of cricinfo.
My remaining links are all on the subject of referendums and one referendum in particular. I start with David Hencke's post about why he will be voting for remain.
2. This Act can only be repealed by a unanimous vote in the house (for the purposes of this Act abstentions and absences count as votes against).
Although the day rider plus that is my standard bus ticket specifically excludes the coasthopper whose route map is pictured here, coasthopper buses sometimes run other routes, notably the X8 between King's Lynn and Fakenham.
An account of today's imaging, largely told by way of pictures.
James and Sons' July auction is progressing rapidly. A wide variety of items came my way for imaging.
Aftewr today there are only a couple of coin lots l;eft top be filled in this auction. This by the way is lot 1.
Two suitcases full of masonic regalia.
…the driver and fireman cannot be seen when it is on.


Ever seen this in your server console?
I've tried just about everything I could think of to fix it. Updall, Fixup, Compact, nUpdall, nFixup, nCompact.
In the end, I killed the server and deleted the domlog.nsf.
Restarting the Domino service will create a new one. I'll just never get back what I lost... Oh well.


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Submitted by Loni Kao Stark We arrived at the Farmers Market in Loreto, BCS around ten o'clock this morning and while I was buying up all the handsome papayas at the market (we came home with six beautiful, large papayas) and other produce, a lady who was selling tamales and pies caught my mother's eye….
Sunday found the sun out again and the temperatures rising fast. This was a welcome change from the streets of Loreto yeterday (photo). It was 92 by the time we managed to get ourselves in to town and the Farmer's Market. Unfortunately we could have saved ourselves the trip as there was not much available….


text:
Quickfit 30
Maingate Fitness
Newest CrossFit Gym in Corpus Christi, located less than 1 mile from the Navy Base! We are here to support our local community become better versions of themselves!
Outfitted with 30 pull-up station (indoor and outdoor rigs), includes 4-15 foot uprights for rope climbs, 6 gymnastics ring stations, assault bikes, concept 2 rowers, Xebex Runner, GHDs, jerk blocks and everything you need to complete the days work out. We have 3,000 square feet of training space making us the premier fitness facility. Never have to shop for your fitness gear, because we have a all you need PRO SHOP which we carry top brands in the industry. Your one stop shop! We offer a kids room, 50' inch TV connected to Netflex, a comfy couch, and work table incase they have homework to do, while you enjoy your 1 hour of doing you! Afterwards if you have to shower or just want to hang out/ roll out we have a designated area for before or after classes to mobility and stretching. We'd love to see you at one of our classes. Pop in and see us before any class for a quick tour.
Come In And See Us
MEET OUR INCREDIBLE TRAINERS
Jared Astle
Jared has 8 years' experience in the fitness industry and over 16 years of experience in the fitness world. Jared was a collegiate gymnast before enlisting into the U.S. Navy to begin a rigorous career as an Aviation Rescue Swimmer. During his time in the Navy he oversaw physical training as a Search and Rescue program manager, ensuring the fitness level of other Search and Rescue swimmers. Following his time in the Navy he pursued the sport of Functional Fitness where he had a successful career.
Owner/Coach
Logan Barton
Logan has 7 years experience as a CrossFit trainer with a background as US NAVY police officer for 14 years. Also Founder of fitness brands and equipment manufacture MadFitter LLC and ReadyMade Gear LLC. His passion and mission is help people through all things fitness!
Jenn has been an athlete her entire life, she participated in gymnastics at the collegiate level and from there transitioned into CrossFit as a workout method. She competed in the CrossFit regionals and the CrossFit Games 2011,2012, 2013, 2014 as an individual and then as a team member in 2016. Throughout this time she has been an avid coach. She is also a nurse by training and has a passion for helping athletes understand how to move better to give them the best quality of life they can have in the long game. Seeing people in the gym is such a blessing because she can help prevent people from seeing her in the hospital.
Bria Barton
Bella Canchola
She is the wife to Duke, and mother to Toe! She started CrossFit in Laredo, TX in 2010. She has her Level 1, Olympic Lifting, & Power Lifting Certifications and has recently followed her passion to become a Certified Recovery Specialist for Airrosti Rehab Centers. She's been a competitive CrossFit athlete in the South Regional 2013-2014-2015-2017. She loves being a coach for MainGate CrossFit, and has been a primary coach with us since opening day at MainGate!! She is passionate about helping our members and showing them that we are there for them in and out of the box. "I am a happy go lucky person and I love to make everyone I meet feel welcomed and encouraged"
Terrance Gomez
Assistant Coach
Madison Barclay
Madison has been involved in multiple sports just about ever since she could walk. She joined Crossfit in 2015 during her junior year of high school so that she could maintain her competitive athleticism after high school. While doing Crossfit, she has found there is nothing like the community that you are surrounded by! Being around like minded people helps her strive to achieve her goals each and everyday! The passion she has for improving people's nutrition, fitness, and overall health drives her to be the best coach she can be!
Maingate is located in Flour Bluff outside of NAS Corpus Christi (Navy Base).
805 Waldron Rd. Corpus Christi, TX 78418. Contact us today. Or better yet, come in for a Free Trial Class and join in on a beginners class fit for all fitness levels.
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text:
Еймітівілл () — селище () в США, в окрузі Саффолк штату Нью-Йорк. Населення —  особи (2010).

Географія
Еймітівілл розташований за координатами  (40.669844, -73.415787).  За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році селище мало площу 6,41 км², з яких 5,47 км² — суходіл та 0,94 км² — водойми.

Демографія

Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкали  особи в  домогосподарствах у складі  родин. Густота населення становила 1485 осіб/км².  Було 3997 помешкань (623/км²).

Расовий склад населення:

До двох чи більше рас належало 2,5 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 13,1 % від усіх жителів.

За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 17,7 % — особи молодші 18 років, 62,4 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 19,9 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 46,4 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 91,5 чоловіків;  на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 89,0 чоловіків також старших 18 років.

Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство  становив  доларів США (медіана — ), а середній дохід на одну сім'ю —  долар (медіана — ). Медіана доходів становила  долари для чоловіків та  долари для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 10,9 % осіб, у тому числі 16,7 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 8,6 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.

Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило  особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 27,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 12,9 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 10,8 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 8,9 %.

Примітки

Джерела

Селища Нью-Йорку
Населені пункти округу Саффолк (Нью-Йорк)


text:
52,947 views | Matthew Shifrin • TEDxSuffolkUniversity
Like (1.5K)
How I helped make Lego accessible to the blind
As a child, entrepreneur Matthew Shifrin received a gift that changed his life -- a Lego set with instructions hand-written in Braille. In this charming and personal talk, he tells the story of his years-long mission to share the sensory experience he remembers with the larger blind community. "If there's something you're passionate about and you want to spread that passion," he says. "Give it to those who would otherwise be unable to access it."
This talk was presented to a local audience at TEDxSuffolkUniversity, an independent event.
Matthew Shifrin
Lego for the Blind
Matthew Shifrin is the founder of Lego for the Blind.


text:
Hubert Paweł Skowronek (Gliwice, 1941. december 3. – 1979. január 6.) válogatott lengyel labdarúgó, csatár, középpályás, edző.

Pályafutása

Klubcsapatban
1959 és 1962 között a Piast Gliwice, 1962 és 1967 között a Śląsk Wrocław, 1967 és 1973 között a Górnik Zabrze labdarúgója volt. A Górnikkal két lengyel bajnoki címet és öt kupagyőzelmet ért el. Tagja volt az 1969–70-es idényben KEK-döntős csapatnak. 1973-ban az osztrák Alpine Donawitz, 1973 és 1975 között a Walka Makoszowy játékosa volt.

A válogatottban
1966. december 3-án egy Izrael ellen barátságos mérkőzésen szerepelt a lengyel válogatottban. A 0–0-s döntetlennel véget ért Tel-Aviv-i mérkőzésnek a 46. percében állt be Andrzej Jarosik helyére.

Edzőként
1975–76-ban a Stal Stalowa Wola, 1977-ben a Piast Gliwice vezetőedzője volt.

Halála
1979. január 6-án autóbusszal utazott. Lubin és Polkowice között hófúvásba kerültek és elakadtak. Több utassal együtt megpróbálták a buszt az útra visszatolni. Eközben egy teherautó beléjük rohant és halálra gázolta.

Sikerei, díjai
 Górnik Zabrze
 Lengyel bajnokság
 bajnok (2): 1970–71, 1971–72
 Lengyel kupa
 győztes (5): 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972
 Kupagyőztesek Európa-kupája (KEK)
 döntős: 1969–70

Statisztika

Mérkőzése a lengyel válogatottban

Jegyzetek

Források

1941-ben született személyek
1979-ben elhunyt személyek
Lengyel labdarúgók
Labdarúgócsatárok
Labdarúgó-középpályások
A Śląsk Wrocław labdarúgói
A Górnik Zabrze labdarúgói
Lengyel labdarúgóedzők
Közúti balesetben elhunyt személyek


text:
Paxton finds another way to be in trouble
Like fleas to a dog, trouble just follows this guy around.
Best mugshot ever
Remember that historic Supreme Court ruling last year? The one that ended decades of discrimination against same-sex couples who wanted to get married?
Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton surely does because it's probably still causing him headaches, in addition to his legal woes. The Lone Star State's top lawman is accused of securities fraud.
We just learned that on January 29, the Board of Disciplinary Appeals, appointed by Texas' Supreme Court, decided not to dismiss a grievance against Paxton filed with the State Bar Chief Disciplinary Counsel for an alleged violation of the Texas Disciplinary Rule of Professional Conduct, which means the Texas State Bar has been ordered to continue a disciplinary investigation into the alleged violation.
That whole defying the Supreme Court thing is good for television spots, but, not so good in reality.
You can see a copy of the complaint embedded in the story. Amazing, right? I looked in my archives and found that somehow, this had fallen entirely below my radar – I have no posts that mention this, as far as I can tell. So off to Google we go, and our first stop to get up to speed is this Trib story from July 3.
Roughly 150 Texas attorneys have signed on to a letter threatening to file a complaint with the State Bar of Texas against Attorney General Ken Paxton for his response to the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on same-sex marriage.
"It seems to us that your edict to encourage Texas clerks to violate a direct ruling of the United States Supreme Court violates" the State Bar's rules requiring attorneys to uphold the U.S. Constitution, the letter states.
After the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationwide, Paxton issued an opinion telling Texas clerks they did not have to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples if it violated their religious beliefs — though he suggested that they could face litigation.
On Friday, Paxton spokeswoman Cynthia Meyer said the attorney general's legal opinion was "a nonbinding interpretation of the law," one that "emphasizes the importance of protecting religious liberty while enforcing the Supreme Court's expanded definition of marriage."
If Paxton doesn't change his direction to county clerks in the coming weeks, Steve Fischer, a former director of the State Bar of Texas, said he plans to file a complaint he anticipates hundreds of other lawyers will sign onto.
"I think he could very easily be disbarred," said Fischer, who wrote the letter sent to Paxton's office Friday. "He violated his oath to specifically uphold the United States Constitution."
Note the reference at the end of this story to a complaint that had already been filed by then by former State Rep. Glen Maxey. This Courthouse News story covers that.
Glen Maxey, a member of the Texas Democratic Party executive committee and the state's first openly gay legislator, filed a grievance with the State Bar of Texas on June 30.
It came two days after Paxton issued a nonbinding advisory opinion urging county officials not to issue the licenses if they have personal religious objections, but warned that if they did so they would probably be sued.
Paxton's letter came after the Supreme Court's landmark ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26 that struck down several states' same-sex marriage bans.
Maxey said it is "irresponsible" for an elected official and attorney to tell other elected officials to break the law.
"He's misleading county and state officials based on a false premise that they can discriminate against same-sex couples," Maxey said in a July 3 statement. "This past Friday, the Supreme Court was clear with their decision to let same-sex couples marry. Paxton took an oath to defend and protect the Constitution. He must comply with the court's decision."
You can find a copy of Maxey's complaint here. The grievance for which all those attorneys' signatures were collected, which is the one referenced in the first link above, was eventually filed later in July. (The Trib, my usual source for this kind of political esoterica, oddly had the story about the complaint being filed in their subscription-only Texas Weekly section.) Why the wait? Steve Fischer, the former State Bar director, explains his reasoning.
Maxey, however, is not a lawyer and didn't allow Paxton the 25-day implementation period, as provided by U.S. Supreme Court Rule 45 and in the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals mandate, which specified a July 17 compliance deadline.
Attempting to steer clear of politics, Fort Worth lawyer Brian Bouffard and I sent a warning to the attorney general that he must comply with the law. We posted on Facebook that we would collect attorney signatures, but quit after receiving about 300 in two days. If a grievance becomes necessary, we will have many more.
We allege the Texas attorney general has violated several of the State Bar Disciplinary Rules, most of which are found in Section 8.04 a (4) obstruction of justice, and 8.04 (a) 12 that he has violated his attorney oath to uphold the law of the United States. As the state's top legal officer, he can't be offering county clerks any legal ammunition to circumvent the law when it's clear, to most legal analysts, they would be "shooting blanks."
The State Bar of Texas, the licensing authority for all Texas lawyers, is 100 percent nonpartisan. When a complaint is filed it goes to State Bar disciplinary counsel and if they find grounds, Paxton would be required to file an answer. If his answer is insufficient, he would be given the choice of appearing before a grievance panel of a few lawyers and perhaps one nonlawyer or having his case heard in district court.
The penalties range from a reprimand to license suspension, and in the most egregious cases, disbarment. Usually, these cases are private and confidential; however, the bar has made an exception for public interest cases.
Many believe the State Bar does not go after its own, and it is accurate to say most complaints against lawyers are dismissed. The reason, however, is that the vast majority of filings are rancorous, rambling rants that do not allege a specific violation.
We hoped Paxton would take a deep breath and proclaim that although the Supreme Court decision violated his personal and religious beliefs, he would follow the law.
We know how that turned out. Which brings us back to today. Towleroad has an excerpt from the Board of Disciplinary Appeals' ruling.
On January 29, 2016, the Board of Disciplinary Appeals appointed by the Supreme Court of Texas considered the appeal from the dismissal from the above grievance by the Office of the Chief Disciplinary counsel of the State Bar of Texas. After reviewing the grievance as filed with the sState Bar Chief Disciplinary Counsel's office and no other information, the Board grants the appeal, finding that the grievance alleges a possible violation of Texas Disciplinary Rule of Professional Conduct 1.02(c).
The Board of Disciplinary Appeals will now return the case to the Office of the Chief Disciplinary Counsel for investigation and a determination whether there is just cause to believe that the attorney has committed professional misconduct. The Office of the Chief Disciplinary Counsel will notify both parties of each step of the process, including asking the attorney to respond to the complaint. For information concerning the handling of the case from this point forward, please contact the Austin Office of Chief Disciplinary Counsel.
And here's the Trib story, and the Chron story, which recap everything we've discussed here in a much more concise fashion. The one bit of information mentioned in the Trib piece that I haven't covered here is that the complaint was initially dismissed by the Chief Disciplinary Counsel's office; it was the appeal to the Board of Disciplinary Appeals that brought us to this point. I can hardly wait to see what comes next. Trail Blazers and Daily Kos have more.
One State Bar complaint against Paxton dismissed
Paxton takes the culture-warrior lead
Anti-gay Waco JP sues for the right to be an anti-gay JP
Posted in: Legal matters.
Tagged: Attorney General · gay marriage · Glen Maxey · Ken Paxton · SCOTUS · State Bar of Texas · Steve Fischer · Texas
← Overview of two Bexar County legislative primaries Interview with Dakota Carter →
PDiddie says:
What happens next is that we will soon have a disbarred attorney for an attorney general, and even that apparently won't stop him from continuing to "serve".
voter_worker on Interview with Desiree Broadnax


text:
Euler characteristic
Topology is an important branch of mathematics that studies all the "qualitative" or "discrete" properties of continuous objects such as manifolds, i.e. all the properties that aren't changed by any continuous transformations except for the singular (infinitely extreme) ones.
In this sense, topology is a vital arbiter in the "discrete vs continuous" wars. The very existence of topology as a discipline shows that "discrete properties" always exist even if you only work with continuous objects. On the other hand, topology always assumes that these features are "derived" – they're some of the properties of objects and these objects are deeper and that may have many other, continuous properties, too. The topological, discrete properties of these objects are just projections or caricatures of the "whole truth".
The sphere – the surface of a ball – can't be continuously deformed to a torus – the idealized two-dimensional inner tube inside a tire. The torus has a hole in the middle. So they're topologically distinct two-dimensional manifolds. We may prove that they're topologically different if we find a "topological invariant" – a number or a more complicated quantity that doesn't change by any continuous deformations – that has different values for both manifolds. Of course, the "number of holes" (known as genus) is a way to distinguish a sphere from a torus.
If a topological invariant coincides for two manifolds, they may still be topologically different because there may exist other kinds of topological invariants that differ. (And if we're unlucky, their difference may even boil down to invariants that are unknown right now; in that case, it may be hard to distinguish them.) So "the number of holes" is just one possible invariant. But we will talk about "the number of holes" in this article and generalize it to a more natural quantity, the Euler characteristic (or "Euler number" if you're among topologists or topologians – let's hope that they differ less than physicists differ from physicians: otherwise "Euler number" is being used for other things which still differ from the Euler constant and many other things named after this emperor of mathematicians).
I instinctively use the term "Euler character" but I have carefully corrected the term to "Euler characteristic" throughout this text, a term which is probably more accurate. ;-)
A torus is topologically equivalent to a (blue) sphere with a (yellow) handle. Just cut two small disks into the sphere and connect them with a tube. The resulting surface is topologically equivalent (diffeomorphic) to a torus, as you may see by gradually deflating the (blue) balloon. Of course, you may also create more complicated shapes by adding \(h\) handles instead of one handle. Just to be sure, only the surfaces are counted, not the "bulk". The surface with \(h\) handles is known as the genus \(h\) Riemann surface.
A genus-2 Riemann surface
Instead of the number of holes \(h\), we will describe the same information in terms of the Euler characteristic \(\chi\) – the Greek letter is pronounced by English speakers as "chi" i.e. "kchaj" in the Czech transliteration even though it should be pronounced as the Czechs do, namely as "khee" i.e. "chí":\[
\chi=2-2h.
\] If you determine \(h\), you know \(\chi\), and vice versa. You might think that \(\chi\) is more artificial but we will see many formulae for \(\chi\) that show that it is actually more natural a label distinguishing manifolds than \(h\) itself. The first such formula is one for polyhedra:\[
\chi = V - E + F.
\] We just sum (or subtract) the number of vertices \(V\), the number of edges \(E\), and the number of faces \(F\) with alternating signs. If we had a manifold whose dimension would exceed two (recall that we're talking about the surface of the polyhedron only), the formula would continue to hold:\[
\chi = \sum_{n=0}^d (-1)^n E_n
\] where \(E_n\) generalizes the number of \(n\)-dimensional "edges" which may be vertices, edges, faces, hyperfaces, or user-friendly interfaces as the dimensions increase from zero. ;-)
I forgot to tell you that the formula \(\chi=2-2h\) is equal to \(2\) for a sphere, \(h=0\). So if our new vertices-edges-faces formula is any good, you should get \(2\) for any polyhedron that has no hole, whether it is regular or not. In particular, Platonic polyhedra have no holes so they should give you \(\chi=2\). Let's check it.
Tetrahedron:
\(\chi = 4 - 6 + 4 = 2\)
Hexahedron (cube):
\(\chi = 8 -12 + 6 = 2\)
Octahedron:
Dodecahedron:
\(\chi = 20 - 30 + 12 = 2\)
Icosahedron:
If the names of the objects sound Greek to you, then it is correct because the names come from Greek. More importantly, the result is equal to two in all cases.
If you've never noticed that, pairs of the Platonic polyhedra are related: the dual partner has the same number of edges but the numbers of vertices and faces are interchanged. The icosahedron is dual to the dodecahedron; the cube is dual to the octahedron; the tetrahedron is dual to itself. The duality goes beyond this numerology: you may obtain the dual polyhedron by replacing the faces of the original one with vertices and connecting them. The new edges will then just intersect the old ones so their numbers will match.
Off-topic but somewhat cool. Pilsner Catholic bishop Mr František Radkovský (*1939) recorded this song (the narrator is himself) in order to collect some money for the bells at the Pilsner Tower, the St Bartholomew Cathedral. Mr Radkovský is a graduate of my Alma Mater, the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the Charles University in Prague, specialization mathematical statistics.
It is not a coincidence that the alternating sum yielded \(2\) in all cases. You may rather easily prove that the alternating sum is invariant under all combinatorial changes of the polyhedron that emulate the continuous deformations. For example, \(\chi\) doesn't change if you add a new vertex inside a face and connect it with all the \(k\) vertices of the original face, a polygon or \(k\)-gon, by \(k\) new edges. By this procedure, you increase the number of faces by \(k-1\), from \(1\) to \(k\), the number of vertices by one, so the positive terms increase by \(k\), but you also added \(k\) edges which are subtracted so the alternating sum is unchanged. In the same way, you may divide an edge, or you may do these procedures backwards. It just works.
You are also invited to check that \(\chi=0\) for a cubist, Picasso version of a torus.
Yup, because of the white background of these pictures, the mobile template prettifies this article a bit.
If we divide the faces to the smaller ones as indicated on the picture (and we should because the alternating formula shouldn't include any faces with holes: the separation of the surface should be fine enough to obey this condition), we find out that this "cuboid torus" has \(32\) faces (8 upper, 8 lower, 4 inside, 12 outside), \(32\) vertices (an upper grid and a lower grid with \(4\times 4\) vertices), and \( 64 \) edges (96 edges from 8 little cubes per 12 edges, but 32 have been double-counted on the 8 interfaces of the little cubes per 4). In total,\[
\chi = 32+32-64 = 0.
\] That agrees with \(\chi=2-2h\) for \(h=1\) hole. If you think about it, it must always agree, for arbitrary polyhedra of arbitrary topology, because we have proved that the alternating sum formula is topologically invariant and correctly decreases by two if we add a handle.
Adding boundaries and crosscaps
A sphere with \(h\) handles is the most general closed (boundary-less) orientable manifold. But you can also have manifolds with boundaries and unorientable manifolds. Much like the genus \(h\) surface could have been obtained by adding handles to the sphere, the most general Riemann surface is obtained by adding \(b\) circular boundaries to the sphere (with handles etc.) and \(c\) circular crosscaps.
A circular boundary is simply created by cutting a disk: the newborn boundary is circular. A crosscap is the same thing except that we identify the opposite points of the newly created circular boundary. This is indicated by an "X" (therefore "cross" in the name) in the circle (the two lines in the "X" indicate two such identifications of points but we must identify them in all directions). And the impact of such an identification is that the resulting manifold remains closed (boundary-less) because the boundaries were turned into teleportation gates into a new portion of the manifold; however, as you can check by sending a letter to the gate, the orientation is flipped so whenever \(c\) is positive, the resulting manifold is unorientable.
The disk itself may be thought of as a sphere with one hole/boundary (cut the Northern Hemisphere from the surface of the globe, a disk-shaped hole, and another disk, the Southern Hemisphere, will remain there), i.e. \[
(h,b,c) = (0,1,0)
\] and its Euler characteristic must be \(1\) because two disks may be interpreted as hemispheres and connected into a \(\chi=2\) sphere via their shared \(\chi=0\) circular equator. Relatively to the sphere, the Euler characteristic decreased by one so the formula must be\[
\chi = 2 - 2h -b \dots
\] if \(c=0\). Similarly, the manifold with \[
\] is the so-called projective sphere, \(S^2/\ZZ_2\), which may be obtained by identifying the opposite points on a two-sphere. Imagine that the antipodeans are actually identical to you and your kin. This identification changes the maps of countries to their "mirrors" (the longitude is just shifted by 180 degrees, a rotation, but the latitude is turned upside-down which is the source of the mirroring) so the resulting quotient of the sphere is unorientable. Again, the manifold looks like one-half of a sphere, up to possible subtleties at an equator which has \(\chi=0\) anyway, so the full formula for the Euler characteristic has to be\[
\chi = 2 - 2h - b - c.
\] From the Euler characteristic of the sphere, \(\chi=2\), we subtract twice the number of handles, once the number of boundaries, once the number of crosscaps, and that's it. (The fact that the coefficient in front of \(h\) is twice as large as the coefficient in front of \(b\) is related to the fact that the closed string coupling constant in string theory is the square of the open string coupling constant.) Let me mention some simple and well-known surfaces. (All these surfaces appear as "Feynman diagrams" i.e. histories of merging and splitting strings in string theory. Closed strings are always there; if they're unorientable, we must also sum over unorientable surfaces. If we also include open strings, we must add open surfaces.)
Examples of unorientable surfaces
The kids' most favorite unorientable surface is the Möbius strip. You take a strip and glue it to itself after you rotate a short interval at the end by 180 degrees. If a letter "p" swims around such a (transparent) Möbius strip, it becomes a "q", its mirror image. The Möbius strip has a single circular boundary because the potential two original boundaries are twisted into one another. So it must be that \(b=1\). However, it is unoriented so \(c\) is positive, too. Well, we have \(c=1\). There are no handles. We have \[
\chi = 2 - 1 - 1 = 0.
\] Much like the torus, the Möbius strip has a vanishing Euler characteristic. Surfaces with a vanishing Euler characteristic may be visualized as pieces of a flat space with simple identifications. For a torus, it boils down to torus' being a rectangle with the identification of opposite edges. A cylinder is a torus divided by a \(\ZZ_2\) which acts as a simple left-right reflection with respect to the vertical axis. On the torus, this action has two lines of fixed points which become the cylinder's boundaries. A Klein bottle is another \(\ZZ_2\) "orbifold" of the torus in which the \(\ZZ_2\) transformation combines the same left-right reflection we had for the cylinder and a translation by one-half of the torus periodicity in the vertical direction so that there are no fixed points.
As the previous sentence leaked, there exists a simple boundary-less, closed unorientable surface i.e. closed cousin of the Möbius strip called the Klein bottle with \((h,b,c)=(0,0,2)\). Melt a bottle of Pilsner Urquell so that it may be easily deformed. Cut a small disk at the bottom. Now drag the neck at the top, bend it down, and attach it to the hole at the bottom. (You must send the neck along a small detour in a fourth dimension of space to avoid a collision i.e. to deal with the tiny technical problem that glass [the travelling neck] can't penetrate another piece of glass [the body of the bottle].)
Click the picture to learn how to buy this eine kleine Kleinsche Flasche for $35. In the middle of the product, they probably cheated and made the glass self-intersect so you should get a $35 refund.
As emerging (and adult) string theorists know, the Möbius strip with \((h,b,c)=(0,1,1)\) is really the geometric average between the Klein bottle and the cylinder (the latter is just a non-Möbius strip, i.e. just a sphere with two boundaries, \((h,b,c)=(0,2,0)\)). This fact is behind the fact that \(SO(32)\) type I string theory is free of anomalies.
Aside from the sphere, the torus, the disk, the cylinder, the projective sphere, the Klein bottle, and the Möbius strip, all the other Riemann surfaces are just "some other more complicated manifolds" with various values of \((h,b,c)\).
Euler characteristic as an integral of Euler density
The Euler characteritic may also be calculated as an integral of the Euler density which is a function of curvature.\[
E_{2n} = \frac{1}{2^n} R_{i_1 j_1 k_1 l_1} \dots R_{i_n j_n k_n l_n} \epsilon^{i_1 j_1 \dots i_n j_n} \epsilon^{k_1 l_1 \dots k_n l_n}.
\] I suspect some powers of \(1/\pi\) should be added as well but roughly speaking,\[
\chi = \int \dd^n x\sqrt{\abs{g}} \, E_{2n}.
\] Note that the formula for the Euler density contains \(2n\) indices in the epsilon symbols; \(n\) is the dimension of the manifold. These \(2n\) indices are contracted against those in the Riemann tensor which has \(4\) indices per piece, and thus we have to include \(n/2\) copies of the Riemann tensor. The formula only works in the even dimensions. I will later explain what's simple or boring about the Euler characteristic in odd dimensions.
The equivalence of the Euler-density-based formula with the vertices-edges-faces formula may be established by noticing that the Euler-density formula is topologically invariant, too. That's because it's locally a "total derivative". And then one may verify that they produce the same thing if we add handles etc. Well, there are probably better ways to derive the equivalence of the formulae.
For \(n=4\), the Euler density coincides with the Gauss-Bonnet term and – much like other topological invariants – it doesn't affect the equations of motion (because the equations of motion are derived from infinitesimal variations of the fields but the topological invariant terms in the action don't vary in such a situation). In higher dimensions, however, the same quadratic formula in the curvature tensor is no longer topologically invariant and matters.
An even greater simplification occurs for \(n=2\) dimensions. We have said that the Riemann surfaces are specified by \((h,b,c)\). For boundaries, we would have to add an integral of an extrinsic curvature-based term over the boundary to get the right topologically invariant Euler characteristic (otherwise the integral is not even topologically invariant). In two dimensions, all the components of the Riemann tensor are proportional to the Ricci scalar so the Euler characteristic of closed surfaces is just proportional to the integral of \(R\) over the manifold (with the proper volume measure).
That's great because we see that it vanishes for a torus which may be given a flat metric: a torus is a flat rectangle with the identification of upper-and-lower edges and the left-and-right edges. Also, for a sphere, \(R=2/a^2\) where \(a\) is the radius of the sphere, so the integral over the \(4\pi a^2\) surface of the sphere nicely cancels \(a^2\) and yields \(8\pi\) which gives the right \(\chi=2\) after we divide it by \(4\pi\) again which is the right normalization.
A cone may be made from a piece of flat paper in which the angular wedge with the internal angle \(\delta\), the deficit angle, is cut off.
How \(\chi\) may be computed just from vertices' deficit angles
The Euler density formula for the Euler characteristic may also be applied to polyhedra or polytopes. Let's focus on ordinary two-dimensional surfaces of three-dimensional bodies in the space we know, such as the Platonic polyhedra, although the method is easily generalized to any dimension. If we make all the polyhedra's faces flat and all their edges straight, and we often do, it's clear that the curvature tensor vanishes in the interior of all the faces – and even for the edges because the two adjacent faces of a paper polyhedron may be obtained from ordinary flat paper (remember how you glued them when you were a kid) so the intrinsic curvature has to vanish in the edges, too.
However, the vicinity of a vertex can't be obtained from flat paper by innocent bending (without cutting and gluing). So the curvature tensor is actually nonzero at the vertices – it's proportional to the Dirac \(\delta\)-function. Now, we said that the Euler density in \(n=2\) can be written as \(R/4\pi\), a multiple of the Ricci scalar. By "regulating" a vertex and thinking about directions in three dimensions and solid angles, it's easily seen that \(R/2\pi\) is \(\Delta\phi/2\pi\) where \(\Delta \phi\) is the deficit angle (taken positive if it is a deficit angle and negative if it is an excess angle).
What is the deficit angle? That's another thing that schoolkids know. For example, if they want to build a cube out of paper, they need three adjacent squares around a vertex and the missing wedge will be filled after bending and gluing. You may see that even though there was a hole, a wedge around each vertex, one with the internal angle equal to \(360 - 270 = 90\) degrees – three \(90\)-degree angles of a "solid paper" which were cut from \(360\) degrees of the planar paper you could have fully used but you didn't – we could connect it to a compact close body.
So for a cube, the total deficit angle is 8 (number of vertices) times \(\pi/2\) which is \(4\pi\), and after dividing by \(2\pi\), we indeed get \(\chi=2\) again. You may check that the same thing works for all other polyhedra. For example, the tetrahedron has the total deficit angle \(4\times \pi\), the octahedron has \(6\times 2\pi/3\), the dodecahedron has \(20\times \pi/5 \), and the icosahedron has \(12\times \pi/3\). It's \(4\pi\) giving \(\chi=2\) in all cases.
We see a cute thing here: there are different ways to imagine "where the Euler characteristic is localized" on the manifold. For a polyhedron, we may imagine that the faces, vertices, and edges contribute something. But we may also rearrange the formula so that only the vertices give us their contributions proportional to the deficit angles. For ordinary integrals and path integrals, different ways of "localization" may also be used to prove various "index theorems" but I won't go into this stuff.
The Euler characteristic of a union; and a Cartesian product
Disconnected manifolds may be obtained as a union of their components. What is the Euler characteristic of a disconnected manifold? Well, it's simple. Whether you calculate \(\chi\) from vertices, edges, and faces or from integrals, all the terms are just additive. So we have\[
\chi_{A \cup B} = \chi_A + \chi_B.
\] That was simple. While the "union" may be viewed as an addition of points, there's another way to construct a manifold out of two manifolds \(A,B\), the Cartesian product. The addition (union) of two equally dimensional manifolds doesn't change their dimension. However, the Cartesian product just multiplies them. For example, if \(A\) is 5-dimensional and \(B\) is 7-dimensional, \(A\times B\) is 35-dimensional.
The formula for the number of \(n\)-dimensional edges of \(A\times B\) is simply\[
\eq{
E_n^{A\times B} &= E_0^A E_n^B + E_1^A E_{n-1}^B + \dots E_n^A E_0^B \\
&=\sum_{p,q}^{p+q=n} E_p^A E_q^B
\] because the \(n\)-dimensional edges of \(A\times B\) are simply the Cartesian products of some edges of \(A\) and some edges of \(B\) whose dimensions add up to \(n\). Sorry, here \(E_n\) no longer means the Euler density, it is a different thing and I have some clashes in the notation. ;-)
If you sum \(E^{A\times B}_n(-1)^n\) to obtain the Euler character, you will easily see that with \(E^{A\times B}_n\) being a sum itself, this Euler characteristic of the Cartesian product factorizes as well and we have\[
\chi_{A\times B} = \chi_A\cdot \chi_B.
\] The Euler characteristic is simply multiplicative under the Cartesian product of manifolds. It looks simple and natural. We could also derive this property from the integrals of the Euler densities. The Riemann tensor would be "block-diagonal" and the Euler density of the Cartesian product also factorizes into a product of simpler Euler densities of the two factors. So it would work, too.
Why \(\chi\) is the naturally regulated "number of points in a manifold"
We have seen that \(\chi\) of the union/sum of two manifolds is simply the sum of pieces; and \(\chi\) of the Cartesian product is the product of \(\chi\)'s of the factors. Is there another quantity that has the same properties? Yes, it's the number of points. If all our manifolds are just finite sets of points, the same conditions will hold. The union just adds the points and the Cartesian products of finite sets have the numbers of elements which are products, too.
For continuous manifolds, it's a more subtle thing to say because the number of points is always "infinite". However, if you know that the actual physical value of the number of points is finite because it appears in a finite formula, you may always get the "finite part" of the number of points. And it's nothing else than the Euler character.
Because it has the right properties, you may simply define \(\chi\) to be the "regulated number of points" in a manifold. It's a regularization in the same sense that allows you to calculate identities such as\[
1+2+3+4+5+\dots = -\frac{1}{12}.
\] The knowledge that \(\chi\) is the number of points has nice interpretations. For example, consider the path integral over all scalar functions \(L(x)\) where \(x\) is a point on the manifold \(A\) and the ordinary integral \(\int \dd L\) would have some units, e.g. the units of length. What are the units of the path integral \[
\int_{x\in A} {\mathcal D}L(x)
\] over all length-valued functions defined on the manifold \(A\)? The comments we made a minute ago answer the question: the natural units of this path integral are \({\rm Length}^{\chi(A)}\). Well, be careful about this simplified result: there may be other, quantum i.e. "anomalous" contributions to the dimensions of various things in quantum field theories.
The Euler characteristic in terms of Betti and Hodge numbers: homology and cohomology
When we were discussing the calculation of \(\chi\) using the vertices, edges, and faces, you may have wanted to simplify the calculation by covering the surface (or manifold) by the minimal possible number of faces. If you complete this program "really completely", you get another formula for \(\chi\),\[
\chi = \sum_{k=0}^n (-1)^k b_k.
\] It's the same alternating-sum formula that depended on the number of \(n\)-dimensional edges \(E_n\) but now we have another number instead of \(E_n\), namely the "Betti numbers" \(b_k\). They may be interpreted as the "truly minimized" number of the edges when you try to make the covering as simple as possible. But you can't take this definition literally although it does explain why the alternating-sum formula has the same form as the formula for the edges.
Instead, it is better to give an independent definition here. The Betti numbers are the dimensions (well, ranks) of homologies\[
b_k = {\rm dim} \, H_k(A)
\] where homologies count all topologically inequivalent and independent closed (boundary-less) submanifolds of \(A\) that are not boundaries of another manifold. This sounds complicated and the idea is something we're not trained to understand in the kindergarten. However, it's an idea that is omnipresent in mathematics and very beautiful.
We may say that the "homology" of a manifold is the "cohomology of the boundary operator". The boundary operator \(\partial\) is something that maps a submanifold to its boundary. And "cohomology" is a quotient,\[
{\rm cohomology} (\partial) = \frac{{\rm closed}(\partial)}{{\rm exact}(\partial)}
\] where the set (linear space, in fact!) of "closed objects" in the numerator is the set of all objects obeying \(\partial T=0\) while the "exact objects" in the denominator obey \(\exists L:\,T=\partial L\). Because \(\partial^2=0\) i.e. \(\forall L:\,\partial(\partial(L))=0\) – for example, the boundary of a boundary is nothing because the first boundary of anything is automatically boundary-less (we say that the boundary operator is "nilpotent") – the denominator is a subset of the numerator and if they're linear spaces, we may define the quotient. Even though both the numerator and the denominator are typically infinite-dimensional spaces, the quotient tends to be finite-dimensional because when we choose an appropriate basis, "almost all" closed basis vectors are exact at the same moment and there are only finitely many exceptions (the exceptions are linked to various "global obstructions" caused by the nontrivial topology of the manifold).
While "homology" counts topologically inequivalent noncontractible submanifolds of a sort (for example, the torus has 2 independent loops that may be wound around, namely the two red circles from the picture above whose Cartesian product the torus is, and therefore \(b_1=2\)), there is an equivalent method to obtain the Betti numbers \(b_i\), namely as the dimensions of the cohomology. Cohomology's elements are not submanifolds. Instead, the elements are differential \(k\)-forms, i.e. completely antisymmetric tensors with \(k\) indices.
Because \(k\)-forms are "linear forms" acting on \(k\)-cycles (\(k\)-dimensional submanifolds) where the action of the linear form is given by a simple \(k\)-dimensional integral with the natural measure, cohomology and homology are "dual" to each other in the sense of linear algebra (vectors and linear forms on vectors). That's why their dimensions ultimately coincide.
Also, one may Hodge-dualize the differential forms (and choose the by-Laplacian-annihilated representatives of the cohomologies, and this condition is unaffected by the Hodge dualization) which is why for well-behaved manifolds, we also have\[
b_k = b_{n-k}.
\] The list of Betti numbers is left-right-symmetric! For example, the K3 manifold has \[
(b_0,b_1,b_2,b_3,b_4) = (1,0,22,0,1).
\] Because it's even-dimensional, the alternating sum is nonzero, namely \(\chi=24\) in the case of the K3 surface. But if you had an odd-dimensional manifold, the Betti numbers would look like \((3,17,17,3)\) and \(\chi\) would cancel because each positive term would have a compensating negative term. That's why the Euler characteristic of any odd-dimensional closed manifold is actually zero. This fact also explains why we were only able to write down densities for even dimensions: in odd dimensions, the densities make no sense because the required integral should ultimately vanish, anyway. So you may just define the odd-dimensional Euler densities to vanish by themselves.
Examples of higher-dimensional manifolds and their \(\chi\)
A point, the only connected zero-dimensional manifold, has \(\chi=1\) as I implicitly said when I described \(\chi\) as the "regulated number of points". We discussed the Euler characteristic of two-dimensional manifolds in detail (holes, boundaries, crosscaps, and all this stuff). Odd-dimensional closed manifolds have \(\chi=0\), we just said. So the next interesting case are the 4-real-dimensional manifolds. I have already mentioned that the K3 surface has \(\chi=24\). The four-torus, much like all tori, has \(\chi=0\) because it admits a flat metric.
Complex manifolds allow us to split the \(k\)-forms discussed above to \((p,q)\)-forms that distinguish \(p\) holomorphic indices and \(q\) complex conjugate, antiholomorphic indices. We have \(k=p+q\). Consequently, the cohomologies may be divided to several pieces much like their dimensions, the Betti numbers, which may be written as alternating sums of Hodge numbers:\[
b_k = \sum_{p,q}^{p+q=k} h_{p,q}.
\] For the most interesting six-real-dimensional manifolds, the Calabi-Yau three-folds, the formula for the Euler characteristic reduces to\[
\chi=\sum_{p,q}(-1)^{p+q} h_{p,q} = 2(h_{1,1}-h_{1,2}).
\] All other Hodge numbers except for \(h_{1,1}\) and \(h_{1,2}\) are universal, either one or zero, for any Calabi-Yau three-fold. Incidentally, the K3 surface discussed above is also a "complex manifold" and the only decomposition of a Betti number to Hodge numbers that needs an explanation is\[
22 = b_2 = h_{0,2}+h_{1,1}+h_{2,0} = 1+20+1.
\]A recent article discussed the Hodge charts, i.e. the Hodge numbers \(h_{1,1}\) and \(h_{1,2}\) of (almost?) all the known Calabi-Yau manifolds. The Euler characteristic goes up to \(\pm 960\) or so. And the mirror symmetry exchanges \(h_{1,1}\) with \(h_{1,2}\) (the numbers of two-dimensional and three-dimensional "cycles" get interchanged) which implies that it relates manifolds whose \(\chi\) are equal to each other up to a sign. In my heuristic terminology above, the mirror symmetry therefore relates members of pairs of manifolds whose number of points are opposite to each other. ;-)
I have already written enough stuff and even the most patient readers have grown bored so let me stop.
That's not the memo, just an expression of a relative exhaustion. :-)
George Christodoulides Jul 25, 2012, 10:08:00 PM
from what i know topology is the hardest area in mathematics.
generally talking if someone had to compare the most difficult and mathematical string theory research with topology research which of the two areas would be considered more difficult?
Diego Floor Jul 26, 2012, 2:38:00 AM
Until about half the article I thought I was reading Gowers' blog.. lol
I was talking with a friend of mine the other day and I came up with an interesting question. Is chirality a property that prevents the universe from having a non orientable topology? I'm not from this field (particles or relativity)
Luboš Motl Jul 26, 2012, 5:58:00 AM
Yes, absolutely, chirality i.e. left-right asymmetry (P symmetry breaking, especially if CP is broken as well) prevents the Universe from having an unorientable topology.
The P-symmetry is what would otherwise guarantee that a left shoe in Boston obeys the same law as a right shoe that made a trip from New York around the world and became another left shoe in Boston. But this symmetry is broken.
So for example, if you send a left-handed neutrino around the world, it becomes a right-handed neutrino, but the latter object doesn't exist (isn't allowed to exist) according to the known laws of physics. Even if you conjectured that it becomes an antiparticle, it won't work because the CP-symmetry is also broken, although by weaker terms than the C-symmetry and P-symmetry themselves.
I don't know how to compare it. Both string theory and topology have lots of layers and subfields - and they also have a significant overlap.
Topology as studied by mathematicians is more rigor-oriented so it's not just about cute schoolkid ways to count topological invariants etc. Its mathematical basis always starts from "topology" in the sense of the rule that says which subsets of a given set (e.g. manifold) are called "open". With this starting point, mathematicians also study lots of pathological, highly discontinuous "topologies" which wouldn't be even considered by physicists because their non-smooth character prevents one from defining a field theory on them, at least so far it looks like that.
At the end, I think that general string theory is more about the creative research while mathematicians' topology is more about a mechanical work, discipline, and avoidance of even the tiniest errors.
lukelea Jul 26, 2012, 6:43:00 AM
Do genus and gender have the same root? Just kidding!
I guess this reasoning came from some sin-based intuition that is as dirty so that only Christians may afford it. ;-) But your conclusion is of course 100% right.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus
The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender",[2] cognate with Greek: γένος – genos, "race, stock, kin".
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321921&redirect=true
Gordon Wilson Jul 26, 2012, 8:18:00 AM
Nice didactic post---even easily comprehensible :)
George Christodoulides Jul 26, 2012, 8:34:00 AM
Dilaton Jul 26, 2012, 3:30:00 PM
Ah, I´ll enjoy this tutorial later at home, where I dont have to fear my nice office mate popping up behind my back and peeking and chuckling at what stuff I`m reading here again ... :-D
What I always like best when reading more mathematical TRF articles is that Lumo alway directly writes in for what cool physics all these things are important and needed :-)
anna v Jul 26, 2012, 4:35:00 PM
tsk tsk . They were not really taught! just not persecuted. Something similar to California mores. The the ionian greek culture which gave us Pythagoras, Thales of Militos , Aristarchos of Samos, and others had an fair respect for women, at least again as in california culture :). See my compilation of women mathematicians in ancient greece http://users.otenet.gr/~avayaki/math.htm .
Luboš Motl Jul 26, 2012, 4:45:00 PM
Dear Anna,
this may be hard for you to convince me otherwise - I learned it at a basic school at my important history teacher. She was also a rather brave anti-communist.
She would repeat that during Olympics, the men would run naked, so that their swinging organs would highlight the beauty of the human body :-), and ... OK, maybe I know this extra information from someone else but he or she had to be comparably trustworthy as my history teacher. :-)
lukelea Jul 26, 2012, 5:22:00 PM
Did you prepare this post just now all by yourself? Remarkable.
Thanks, Luke, but it's just some rudimentary topology – much of it is the kind of stuff I've been curious about since the (basic) school days. It just seemed appropriate to try to reduce the gap in the understanding of topology after I posted about the Candelas et al. preprint on the Calabi-Yaus - which is obviously above my natural abilities at this point and I would have to work hard to understand everything. So I spent an hour or two last night and decided to postpone the completion to the morning, another hour or two...
Dilaton Jul 27, 2012, 12:51:00 AM
This article is really great, it nailed me down in front of my screen the whole evening, LOL :-D.
The last two paragraphs I'll have to reconsider later today(...!). I lost my concentration a bit there and maybe because of that I do not see at present what T means in the definition of the cohomology as a quotient of two boundary operators (?) ...
But dear Lumo, you should NEVER think that there is anything boring about such amazingly powerful and nice articles!
I at least was not bored at all at the end, just a little bit exhausted as you were from writing ;-)
Good night now
thejollygreenman Jul 29, 2012, 4:37:00 PM
Hi Lubos,
We also use topology in mine planning. These days, if you want to calculate the optimal size of an open pit, you would use a programme that is based on the Lerch-Grossman algorithm, described in a paper presented in the 1970s by these two IBM mathematicians. The method is referred to as the LG algorithm. It was only the advent of the more powerful - in the sense of doing lots of boring calculations over and over again at a very fast rate - computers that allowed the method to be widely adopted. These days, even humble mining engineers know the basics of topology. It is indeed a very useful branch of mathematics.
On that note, I can remember reading that all the work of Euler is still to be published and that every decade or so a new volume containing new insights from this great man is released. Is this true?
Cool how this fancy science penetrates to useful applications. ;-)
I don't know the extra work waiting to be published. But he was amazing. On the other hand, there are always exaggerated legends in such cases, too. You must ask some genuine Euler-life expert... He lived such a long time ago that it's a bit hard for me to imagine that some of his discoveries still haven't made it to the usual cannon of some math discipline.
According to this website, there are four more volumes of Euler's work that are going to be published. He is a truly remarkable man!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_Commission
I know that Euler used Venn diagrams before Venn, who popularized the use of these diagrams in a singular publication.
By the way, pit optimization is based on Graph Theory, one of the departure points of Topology.
Even a guy like Richard Dawkins refers to topology in that lovely readable book, The Ancestor's Tale to explain evolution. We are all doughnuts as our stomachs are not part of our bodies!


text:
https://acpinternist.org/archives/2019/10/uptake-of-herpes-zoster-vaccine-linked-to-supply.htm
Infectious Disease | October 2019
Uptake of herpes zoster vaccine linked to supply
Strong uptake led to short supply for the shingles vaccine. Learn how to educate patients and integrate best practices into your clinical routine.
By Patrick McGee
Shingrix, a newly approved subunit vaccine for herpes zoster manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), received the stamp of approval in rapid succession from both the FDA and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in fall 2017. In clinical trials, Shingrix had an overall efficacy against shingles of 97.2% in adults ages 50 years and older and maintained protection rates of 84.7% or higher for the following three years in adults ages 70 years and older.
The previously available live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine, Zostavax, which is manufactured by Merck and was approved in 2006, had 51% efficacy against shingles and 66.5% efficacy against postherpetic neuralgia over a 3.12-year period. Studies of Zostavax found that effectiveness decreased substantially after the first year and was below 35% by six years after vaccination.
"There's greater awareness of shingles. Everybody knows what that looks like and how debilitating it can be," said Carolyn Bridges, MD, FACP. Photo by Mumemories
Favorable buzz regarding Shingrix's efficacy and quick coverage by most types of insurance have led to an enthusiastic reception by patients, said Jack Ende, MD, MACP, a general internist at Penn Medicine in Philadelphia. "I have a lot of patients asking me for it, asking me about it," said Dr. Ende. Due in part to that enthusiasm, the vaccine has been in short supply.
"I think it caught the manufacturer by surprise, what a strong uptake there was," Dr. Ende said. "They just can't keep up with the demand."
ACIP approval
Soon after Shingrix's FDA approval, on Oct. 25, 2017, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended the new vaccine over Zostavax for the prevention of herpes zoster and related complications in immunocompetent adults ages 50 years and older. The ACIP also recommended Shingrix for immunocompetent adults who had previously received Zostavax.
The ACIP's recommendations, which were published Jan. 26, 2018, in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), added an additional 62 million people to the pool of potential Shingrix recipients, for a total of 115 million, according to GSK.
"Once it got the ACIP seal of approval, which does not usually happen so quickly for a vaccine, that really got people's attention," said John O'Neill Jr., DO, MACP, an internist in Middletown, Del., and former Chair of ACP's Immunization Technical Advisory Committee.
Under the Affordable Care Act, all Health Insurance Marketplace plans and most private health insurance plans were required to cover Shingrix within a year of publication of the ACIP recommendations in MMWR. According to GSK, by October 2018, the vaccine was covered for more than 95% of U.S. commercial medical benefit enrollees and 100% of Medicare Part D enrollees.
The quick action by the ACIP and the ensuing embrace by insurers compressed what is typically a nine- to 12-month cycle for the uptake of new vaccines into four months, said Len Friedland, MD, vice president and director of scientific affairs and public health vaccines at GSK. "This has never been seen before for an adult vaccine."
That demand and interest are also due in part to the public's increased knowledge of shingles, said Carolyn Bridges, MD, FACP, a consultant for the Immunization Action Coalition who served as past director of adult immunization at the CDC until retiring two years ago.
"There's greater awareness of shingles. Everybody knows what that looks like and how debilitating it can be," said Dr. Bridges, who is the current Chair of ACP's Immunization Committee. Regarding insurance, she noted that although Medicare Part D plans cover the new vaccine, the out-of-pocket costs to patients may be substantial.
The efficiency and longevity of the new vaccine come with some tradeoffs. In phase III clinical trials, about 85% of patients who received Shingrix reported injection-site and systemic reactions, and 17% experienced grade 3 reactions. Those rates are considerably higher than those seen with Zostavax. According to data presented by ACIP in February based on 8.59 million doses administered between October 2017 and December 2018, reports of adverse events were "generally consistent with the safety profile observed in prelicensure clinical trials."
Dr. Ende said he has been called about side effects for a few patients, for example, a fever for a day or two after getting the vaccine. David Reuben, MD, FACP, chief of geriatrics at the University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, said that in his experience with a geriatric population, the side effects of the new vaccine are considerable.
"A fairly substantial number of people who take it get very sore arms. Then there are some people who have a myalgia and flu-like kind of feeling … for a few days." He added that some of his patients who had previously gotten Zostavax are holding off on Shingrix because of what they have heard about side effects.
Dr. Bridges said that because of the known side effects of Shingrix, educating patients beforehand is key. Just the simple act of scheduling can make a difference to a patient's experience. "Make sure they don't plan it for the same weekend that their grandchild is getting married or they have a graduation," she said. When she got the vaccine, Dr. Bridges said, she did it on a Friday so she'd have the weekend to deal with any side effects that might arise.
It's also important to remind patients of the relatively short-lived side effects of the vaccine versus risking a case of shingles—two or three days of discomfort, fatigue, or fever versus several weeks or months of pain, Dr. Bridges said. She added that the general ACIP recommendations allow for giving inactivated vaccines together, so she does not see a problem with physicians administering Shingrix with other inactivated vaccines if scheduling is a concern.
Dr. O'Neill believes, however, that although some patients do prefer getting more than one vaccine at a time, the best approach is to administer Shingrix solo. "That way, the patients are just dealing with the side effects from the Shingrix vaccine alone, and that makes it easier to keep track of where the side effects are coming from," he said.
Dual doses
Unlike Zostavax, which required only one dose, Shingrix is given in two doses, the second two to six months after the first. According to data presented in February by the ACIP, approximately 1.5 million Medicare beneficiaries in six states received the vaccine between October 2017 and December 2018. Approximately 77% of the beneficiaries received their second dose within six months of the first, and by nine months, approximately 85% had received the second dose.
GSK's Dr. Friedland said their internal numbers are similar. As of June, their data showed that 75% of patients who received the first dose had gotten the second dose within six months. He added that GSK did not have data out to nine months because that is not part of its dosing regimen.
In guidance published Jan. 26, 2018, in MMWR, the CDC stated that if more than six months have elapsed since the first Shingrix dose, there is no need to restart the vaccine series. "However, the efficacy of alternative dosing regimens has not been evaluated, data regarding the safety of alternative regimens are limited, and individuals might remain at risk for herpes zoster" until they get the second dose of vaccine, the report said.
Where's the vaccine?
Due to the demand for Shingrix, supply has been spotty. At a session at ACP's Internal Medicine Meeting 2019 in New Orleans in April, for which Dr. O'Neill served as faculty, physicians reported problems getting the vaccine. For example, Dr. O'Neill said, one physician stated that one of his patients got a first dose at a pharmacy but couldn't get the second dose six months later because it was on back order, and another physician reported simply being unable to obtain the vaccine for the office.
In Los Angeles, Dr. Reuben said, the situation has been particularly challenging. "It just disappears from the entire city, that's what we've found, and then it reappears two or three months later," he said.
As of March, GSK had distributed up to 12 million doses of the vaccine, Dr. Friedland said, and in April it announced a $100 million investment to expand production capacity at an existing plant in Montana where components for Shingrix and other vaccines are manufactured. GSK also recently got approval from the FDA to bring a vaccine plant in France online.
"There was no precedent in the past to predict how this would play out," Dr. Friedland said. "So, we're working hard to solve the good situation that we're in, but we recognize that it's challenging, and it's frustrating."
Patrick McGee is a freelance writer based in Philadelphia.
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Simone Vincenzi takes us behind the scenes of his successful speaking business
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