text:
Effects of Methylprednisolone on Neuroprotective Effects of Delay Hypothermia on Spinal Cord Injury in Rat
Asian Spine J. 2015;9(1):1-6
Asian Spine JJournal ArchiveAsian Spine J. 2015;9(1)
Publication date (electronic) : 2015 February 13
Saeid Karamouzian1,2, Sadegh Akhtarshomar3, Alireza Saied4, Ahmad Gholamhoseinian5
1Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
2Afzal Research Institute (NGO), Kerman, Iran.
3Neurosurgery Department, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
4Department Orthopedics, Dr. Bahonar Hospital, Kerman Neurosceicne Research Center, Kerman, Iran.
5Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Corresponding author: Saeid Karamouzian. Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Somaie Crossroad, PO Box 113-76175, Kerman, Iran. Tel: +98-9133415316, Fax: +98-3412477925, Karamouzian@gmail.com
Received 2014 March 29; Revised 2014 May 05; Accepted 2014 May 25.
A retrospective study.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of delayed hypothermia on spinal cord injuries in rats. In addition, the effect of methylprednisolone on therapeutic window of hypothermia was evaluated.
Several studies have demonstrated that early hypothermia is the most effective neuroprotective modality. However, delayed hypothermia seems to be more practical for patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries. A combination of hypothermia and other neuroprotective methods, such as using methylprednisolone, may help extend the therapeutic window of hypothermia.
One hundred and twenty male rats were categorized into six groups. The rats in five groups were subjected to spinal cord injury using the weight drop method, followed by treatment, consisting of early hypothermia, late hypothermia, late hypothermia plus methylprednisolone, or methylprednisolone only. Biochemical tests including catalase, malondialdehyde, and superoxide level were evaluated in the injured spinal cord. Behavioral functions of the hind limb were evaluated by Basso-Battle-Bresnaham locomotor rating scale and tail-flick tests.
Functional and biochemical evaluation showed both early and late hypothermia had significant neuroprotective effects. The treated groups did not differ significantly from one another in the behavioral tests. Hypothermia had better biochemical results compared to methylprednisolone. Also, methylprednisolone was shown to extend the therapeutic window of delayed hypothermia.
Hypothermia showed a significant neuroprotective effect, which can be improved with further studies optimizing the duration of hypothermia and the rewarming period. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of the delayed hypothermia can be extended by methylprednisolone.
Keywords: Hypothermia; Spinal cord injury; Methylprednisolone; Hypothermia
Today, hypothermia is known as one of the strongest neuroprotective modalities. It is commonly used during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair to protect the spinal cord from intraoperative ischemia [1]. However, it has not been used clinically to treat traumatic spinal cord injuries. Patients with traumatic spinal cord injury often arrive at the hospital too late to be candidated for early hypothermia, so an effective delay hypothermia would be more practical. The neuroprotective effect of late onset hypothemia on traumatic spinal cord injuries has not been well determined yet and needs to be studied. Some studies have demonstrated that late onset hypothermia has a neuroprotective effect on ischemic and traumatic brain insults, but this effect was found to be less than that of early onset hypothermia [2,3]. The other question that arises is whether the simultaneous use of a neuroprotective agent such as high dose methylprednisolone with late onset hypothermia can enhance or extend the therapeutic window of hypothermia. This study was designed and undertaken to determine whether a neuroprotective agent could extend delayed hypothermia's effective therapeutic window.
1. Spinal cord injury
Adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were used for the study. All the rats were anesthetized with Xylazine (10 mg/kg) and Ketamine hydrochloride (60 mg/kg) [4]. Through a dorsal incision, T8-9 laminectomies were performed in the prone position. spinal cord injury (SCI) was induced with the weight drop method. In this method, a stainless steel rod (10 g, 3-mm diameter tip) is dropped through a 2.5 cm guide tube positioned perpendicularly to the center of the spinal cord [5]. After the surgical and traumatic interventions, the wounds were closed in layers with silk sutures. The Animal Ethics Committee of Neuroscience Research Institute approved the protocols used in this study.
1) Hypothermia
Hypothermia was induced with a hypothermia machine to keep the rectal temperature at 33.5±0.5 degrees [6]. Hypothermia was done via two protocols: early hypothermia, in which hypothermia began 30 minutes after spinal cord injury, lasted for 180 minutes, and was followed by a 30 minute rewarming period to slowly bring the temperature back to 37 degrees; late hypothermia, which started 210 minutes after spinal cord injury, lasted for 180 minutes, followed by a rewarming period to slowly bring the temperature back to 37 degrees [7]. The animals were kept under anesthesia during hypothermia in both methods.
2) Experimental groups
One hundred and twenty rats were randomly and blindly allocated into six groups of twenty rats each: (1) Early hypothermia group: thirty minutes after spinal cord trauma, systemic hypothermia was induced through the early hypothermia protocol. (2) Delayed hypothermia group: three hours after spinal cord trauma, systemic hypothermia was induced through the late hypothermia protocol. (3) Delayed hypothermia+methylprednisolone group: immediately after spinal cord injury, methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg [8,9] was administered intravenously and followed by delayed hypothermia. (4) Methylprednisolone group: animals received a single high dose of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (30 mg/kg) intravenously immediately after trauma. (5) Trauma group: animals underwent laminectomy and spinal cord injury. (6) Control group: control animals underwent all surgical procedures except the spinal cord injury.
The animals were allowed access to water and food freely and were kept at the Animal Care Facility at Kerman Medical University Neuroscience Research Center.
2. Biochemical analysis
Ten rats from each group were sacrificed 24 hours after spinal cord injury using a lethal dose of ketamine hydrochloride. The operated area was opened, and a 1.5-2 cm long sample of spinal cord, including the traumatized segment, was obtained. The samples were rinsed with physiologic saline and frozen just after sampling and kept at -70℃; malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels, as an index of lipid peroxidation, were determined by a thiobarbituric acid as detailed by Mihara and Uchiyama [10].
Super oxide dismutase (SOD) level measurements were determined on the basis of SOD's inhibition of the colorimetric reaction due to the superoxide radical [11].
Catalase activity was measured using a colorimetric assay based on the catalase's dismutation of hydrogen peroxide; absorbance was read in a spectrophotometer at 240 nm according to the method described by Aebi [12].
Protein concentrations were determined according to Lowry's method [11].
3. Locomotor function
Behavioral tests were performed using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale by an investigator blinded to the treatment groups [4]. Testing began 1 day after the 12.5 mm spinal cord injury and then continued for six weeks.
4. Nociceptive function
Nociceptive function of the spinal cord was evaluated by performing a standardized tail flick test [13]. Each measurement was repeated three times, with at least four minutes between each test.
All the data collected from the experiment were coded, recorded, and analyzed using SPSS ver. 10.0.1 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software for Windows. Statistical comparisons between the groups were tested with the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for dual comparisons. In each test, the data were expressed as mean±standard deviation, and p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
The MDA level, as an index of lipid peroxidation, was significantly higher (p=0.006) in the trauma group (92.5±22 µM) compared to the other groups. As shown in Table 1, hypothermia significantly inhibits MDA. Early hypothermia kept MDA at a lower level than late hypothermia, a difference which was statically significant (p=0.004). The differences between MDA level in the early hypothermia group and the late hypothermia and methylprednisolone group (LH+MP) was significant (p=0.001); LH+MP controlled MDA better than just early hypothermia alone. The CAT level was lowest in the trauma group (5.54±3.55) and the highest in the LH+HP group (8.95±5.64). Other biochemical findings are shown in Table 1.
Biochemical results in each study group
The animals that received treatment exhibited significantly (p=0.05) higher BBB locomotor function scores compared with the trauma group 2-3 week after SCI. Importantly, while the animals in the trauma group began to plateau in their locomotor abilities three weeks after injury, the treated animals continued to improve their locomotor abilities for six weeks after injury. There was no significant difference (p=0.1) between the locomotor capabilities of the treated groups. None of the groups achieved full recovery (Fig. 1).
Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor function scores results in each study group.
The treated groups all had shorter tail flick latency compared to the trauma group. In the treated groups, the best result was seen in the animals treated with late hypothermia plus methylprednisolone, a difference that was marginally significant (p=0.054).
Many studies have shown the beneficial effect of neuroprotective hypothermia [8,9]. In line with these studies, our present study also revealed that early onset hypothermia had a neuroprotective effect, which was not only pronounced in biochemical tests (p<0.01), but also significant in the tail-flick test (p=0.008). Hypothermia works through several mechanisms, one of which is controlling the injury-induced immune response [14]. In this mechanism, hypothermia reduces vasogenic edema and controls chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) cells [14]. The level of PMN cell activity can be measured using the MPO level, which reaches its maximum 3-24 hours after SCI [6]. Hypothermia also delays the glutathione release and reduces the production of O2 free radicals [15]. Meanwhile, it increases the central nervous system's tolerance to ischemia and reduces the anaerobic metabolites [16].
Currently, the only neuroprotective action which is clinically widespread is methylprednisolone prescription [17]. However, in most of the studies, the hypothermia neuroprotective effect was stronger than that of a high dose of methylprednisolone [4,18]. In our study, early onset hypothermia had a better neuroprotective effect than methylprednisolone alone. Theearly onset hypothermia group performed slightly better than the methylprednisolone group, but the difference was not significant. However, the tail-flick test in the early onset hypothermia group was marginally (p=0.054) better, and MDA level was significantly (p=0.035) better than that of the methylprednisolone group. This finding has been also reported by other studies, and it seems hypothermia can play a major role in spinal cord injury treatment going forward.
Some studies on ischemic and traumatic brain injuries have shown that the sooner the hypothermia starts, the better the effect will be [19,20]. The only study on the effect of delayed onset hypothermia on SCI found that early onset hypothermia has a better result as compared with hypothermia starting three hours after the injury [21]. In the present study, early onset hypothermia clearly had a stronger neuroprotective effect than delayed hypothermia in the biochemical tests (p=0.004). However, there was not a significant difference between the early and the delayed onset hypothermia groups in the functional tests (p=0.384). The lack of a significant difference in the functional tests between the two groups might have several reasons. Using a non-optimal method of hypothermia is probably the most important reason. Duration and depth of hypothermia and speed of rewarming are factors that influence the results of this method. It has been reported that longer hypothermia has a better effect [22], but the optimal period has not yet been determined. In addition, the length of the rewarming period is important, and using short term rewarming may lead to the return of some of the damaging processes [23]. Nanda et al. [24] have suggested that the rewarming speed of 0.25 degrees centigrade per hour is suitable; in our study, we used a rewarming speed of about 6 degrees centigrade per hour. In the current study, we found that applied hypothermia was more effective on the biochemical tests, possibly because they were checked relatively soon after rewarming. If the duration of hypothermia or rewarming period was not ideal, it is possible the secondary damaging processes started again, which in turn negatively affected the functional tests because they were checked a relatively longer time after rewarming.
Trauma intensity is another factor that may influence the effects of any neuroprotective treatment [25]. The differences between early and late onset hypothermia methods may be more apparent in different severities of spinal cord injury. The lack of a significant difference between early and late onset hypothermia in functional tests can also be explained differently; it is possible that early onset mechanisms, like calcium hemostasis which starts minutes after injury [26], have less powerful effects on functional disability after spinal cord trauma. Additionally, mechanisms like inflammation [6] and glutathione release or the production of free radicals, which start about three hours after trauma [15], may have more important roles in functional outcome.
Nevertheless, delayed onset hypothermia is more practical in traumatic patients. The transferring and primary stabilization of the patients takes time and makes it difficult to induce hypothermia in the early hospital hours. Combining hypothermia with other neuroprotective actions may intensify the hypothermia neuroprotective effect while also can increasing its therapeutic window. We could only find one other study on the simultaneous use of methylprednisolone and late onset hypothermia [21]. The study found that methylprednisolone did not increase the therapeutic window of moderate systematic hypothermia in mild SCI in rats. On the contrary, in our study, the delayed onset hypothermia with MP had better results in biochemical tests than those of the early onset hypothermia group. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). In the study undertaken by Karamouzian et al. [21], the researchers only counted the number of white cells in the injury site to determine the effect of hypothermia, but in our study, we used the myeloperoxidase method, a standard method to examine inflammation [18].
It seems that there is high potential in hypothermia's neuroprotective action and the clinical benefits of delayed hypothermia require researchers to carry out more comprehensive studies to optimize this hypothermia method of treatment.
Our study was limited in that the optimal parameters for hypothermia have not been established, so the results from the present study should be interpreted with caution. However, the result of this study should serve as preliminary results to motivate further research.
Hypothermia as a neuroprotective modality is more effective compared to MP, and the simultaneous use of hypothermia and MP can increase the effective therapeutic window of hypothermia. However, optimizing the hypothermia method through further study would likely result in a better neuroprotective effect.
We are grateful to Ehsan Mehrabi Kermani (MA TEFL Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran) for editing the English text.
The study was supported by Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) :
Funded by : Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
EH, early hypothermia; LH, late hypothermia; MP, methylprednisolone; T, trauma; C, control; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; MDA, malondyaldehyde.


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text:
Q: How to catch data from other model There is a simple question, but it's a problem for me. Admin creates the list of offices, and each office has a cartridge. User creates an order for his office to get the cartridge. He chooses his office from the list which is showed with help of ViewBag (current solution). How this code below can be modified that website could automatically add name of the cartridge depend on selected office?
Models:
Office.cs
public class Office
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; } = "";
        public string Cartridge { get; set; } = "";
    }

Order.cs
public class Order
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public DateTime Created { get; set; }
        public string Office { get; set; } = ""; /* User chooses office from Name in Office.cs */
        public string Cartridge { get; set; } = ""; /* Cartridge from Office.cs is required here depend on choice */
    }

Controller and View for a page of showing the list of orders:
/* Controller.cs */

public IActionResult Orders(int id)
        {
            var orders = _repo.GetAllOrders();
            return View(orders);
        }

/* View */

@model IEnumerable<Order>

        @foreach (var order in Model)
        {

                @order.Created.ToString()
                @order.Office
                @order.Cartridge	 /* How to show the cartridge of the certain office here? */

        }

Controller and View for a page with the form to add new order:
/* OrdersController.cs */

private IRepository _repo;

        public OrdersController(IRepository repo)
        { _repo = repo; }

        [HttpGet]
        public IActionResult EditOrder(int? id)
        {
            var offices = _repo.GetAllOffices();
            ViewBag.Offices = new SelectList(offices, "Name", "Name");
            if (id == null)
                return View(new Order());
            else
            {
                var order = _repo.GetOrder((int)id);
                return View(order);
            }
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public async Task<IActionResult> EditOrder(Order order)
        {
            if (order.Id > 0)
                _repo.UpdateOrder(order);
            else
            { _repo.AddOrder(order); }
            if (await _repo.SaveChangesAsync())
                return RedirectToAction("Index");
            else
                return View(order);
        }

/* View */

@model Order

    <form asp-controller="Orders" asp-action="EditOrder" method="post">
        <input asp-for="Id" type="hidden" />
        <input asp-for="Created" type="hidden" />

            Your office
            <select asp-for="Office" asp-items="ViewBag.Offices"></select>

            /* code for adding cartridges or automatical adding in controllers/models */

        <input type="submit" value="Send" />
    </form>

I will really appreciate for ideas.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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First, all arguments against actual infinities commit the fallacy of applying rules of finite arithmetic (which are only logically valid for finite quantities) to transfinite quantities. All professional mathematicians agree there is nothing illogical or impossible about an actual infinity, and in fact all logic and mathematics depend on the fundamental axiom of infinite extension being true. For example, there must be a set that contains all numbers simultaneously, and that is an actually infinite quantity; and in the case of theism, all numbers must exist in the mind of God, therefore, either way, an actual infinity exists, and if it can exist of numbers, it can exist of anything, like seconds--to which one could assign every number, so if an infinite quantity of seconds can't exist, then neither can all numbers exist, yet obviously it is absurd to say some numbers exist and some don't; since all numbers exist, there can be as many seconds as numbers, one for each number, therefore time can be infinite.
Second, all arguments against a past infinity of time commit the fallacy of circular reasoning, e.g. "if the timeline began infinitely long ago, we would have reached this point in time infinitely long ago" presumes that the timeline "began" which is exactly what isn't the case if time is past-infinite. If time is past-infinite, then all points in time exist, which means our point in time exists, too. So there is no difficulty in our being here. Just as there is no difficulty in seeing that the number "minus five" exists even when there are infinitely many numbers before it on the numberline, so there is no difficulty in seeing that the time "now" exists even when there are infinitely many seconds before it on the timeline.
Third, the argument that the Big Bang had to have been the beginning of time has no scientific basis. Just because the presently observable universe began 14 billion years ago (with our Big Bang) does not entail there was no time before that moment. In fact, as Stephen Hawking himself conceded, the Hawking-Penrose theorem that once proved time began with the Big Bang, is false. Modern physics entails that singularities are impossible, therefore there could well have been a time before ours, which we just can't see because our Big Bang erased all evidence of what preceded it. In fact, there could have been an infinitely many Big Bangs in the universe's past, ours just being one in the chain, one of the few that generated states of the universe that could produce life, which is why we are here instead of elsewhere in the chain. In fact if there have been infinitely many past Big Bangs, even after subtracting all the ones that couldn't produce life, there still would have been infinitely many past universes with other people in them much like us. We're just one of those.
In fact, according to quantum mechanics (one of the most confirmed theories in all of science), any Big Bang, of any initial size and entropy, has some probability of occurring, anywhere, at any time. But that probability is extremely small--so small that we can expect this universe to decay entirely into a black amorphous haze of nearly flat radio waves, a maximum entropy heat death, after millions of billions of trillions of years, long before another Big Bang will occur from a random fluctuation in that haze. But since this universe will continue forever, eventually any improbable event will become inevitable (since anything that has a nonzero frequency in an infinite set necessarily occurs in that set, no matter how small that frequency is--it's just a matter of how long it takes), therefore it is 100% certain that another Big Bang will occur, when our universe has almost completely decayed away, and if there come to exist any people on the other side of that Big Bang, they will have no idea our universe preceded it, because what little evidence there was left will have been erased by that Bang. We might be those people, looking back at a Big Bang that occurred at the long end of someone else's prior decayed universe. And this may extend back through all infinite time, one Big Bang after another, without end, just as will be the case in the future (since there is nothing that will stop this endless cycle of decaying universes and inevitable Big Bangs).
Even if (as some physicists now conclude) the accelerating expansion of our universe causes it to tear apart, the energy released from that universal Big Rip will in fact cause a massive, universe-wide Big Bang (or possibly countless many Big Bangs, which would rapidly separate from each other and thus create many universes simultaneously that can't see each other). And even if the universe unexpectedly slowed down and collapsed in on itself, that, too, would re-ignite yet another Big Bang. Therefore there is no way to stop an infinite future series of Big Bangs. And if there will be an infinite future series of Big Bangs, there could be an infinite past series of Big Bangs, and very well may have been.
And since this follows necessarily from known physics, we require no additional assumptions (like a marvelously complex and convenient super-god) to explain why we are here: since there are infinitely many Big Bangs (and this follows necessarily from the confirmed facts of quantum mechanics), that one of them would generate a universe tuned to produce life by accident, is statistically inevitable, and thus guaranteed. Thus if there was an infinite past time, we would necessarily exist (in fact, this still follows even if there wasn't an infinite past time: even if it all started with a single random Big Bang, we could still be at the end of a long ensuing sequence of inevitable Big Bangs, the first one to randomly get the mix right to produce life). Therefore we do not require any design hypothesis to explain how we came to exist.
One might still ask of course why there is an infinite timeline, but that is no more cogent than asking why there is an infinite god. "Time" we at least can prove conclusively exists. God, not so much. And if an infinite god can exist for no reason, so can infinite time. Yet infinite time (or even a very long but finite time preceding our Big Bang) is a vastly simpler cause than a god, having only two attributes: temporality and extension (i.e. a single, simple dimension). God has many more attributes than that, and therefore it violates Occham's Razor to prefer God to "very long timeline" when the latter fully explains all we observe.
unfortunately there are several issues with this article but limited space to address them all in depth.
First the second paragraph is in fact not true at all and therefore a strawman. Arguments against infinite past do NOT all hinge on there being a beginning but rather on the passage/progression through an infinite amount of time sans reference to beginnings.
Paragraph five and onward also is just rampant speculation without any tested science to back it up (while pretending otherwise). We have not even located dark matter. Inflation is on dubious grounds so we cannot yet make the claims that we know how the universe will end much less result in a another big bang.
Perhaps the biggest flaw is that the article missed the point entirely that whether through big bangs, quantum vents or any other theory a no beginning reality leaves us with cause and effect irrevocably broken and as such drives a nail through the heart of naturalism.
That we know Time exists isn't even an equal comparison but a sleight of hand . The writer is appealing to an infinite amount of quantum events, universes beyond our own and causeless laws and processes and claiming that is simpler than one entity named God. Its an argument from personal preference not Occam's Razor.
"Arguments against infinite past do NOT all hinge on there being a beginning but rather on the passage/progression through an infinite amount of time sans reference to beginnings"
And those passage/progression arguments are all question begging for a beginning too. Those arguments are promoted by people who don't understand basic mathematics and the concept of infinity.
It's based on theories that are supported by evidence. So it's not really a brain fart completely unrelated to previous knowledge. Yes, science is speculative to some extent, nothing wrong about that, question is, should we ditch all the models that involve an infinite past just because Craig and the likes think they've disproved it? Of course not.
"writer is appealing to an infinite amount of quantum events[...]claiming that is simpler than one entity named God. Its an argument from personal preference not Occam's Razor"
Occam's Razor, is not about simplicity in terms of the number of events, but in terms of the number of assumptions involved in a hypothesis.
And of course, if one somehow accepts actual infinity is an impossibility there's no way around the fact that God must either not be infinite, therefore, must have a beginning, or must not be actual, hence doesn't exist.
"I'm curious. While I most certainly agree with you, what is the main objection to 'if time were infinite, we would never have reached the present?'"
The objection is in the ellipsis. Notice that "reach the present" is not defined unless you specify "from when" to reach the present.
Reach the present from infinity? Infinity is not a point in time.
From the beginning of infinity? That's an oxymoron.
If an infinite past is postulated, there's no time in the past from which you can't reach the present. So you can always reach the present because you have, by definition, an eternity to do so.
"And of course, if one somehow accepts actual infinity is an impossibility there's no way around the fact that God must either not be infinite, therefore, must have a beginning, or must not be actual, hence doesn't exist."
God is believed to be supernatural therefore you cannot apply the same natural laws to God as our natural universe therefore God can be infinite.
"If an infinite past is postulated, there's no time in the past from which you can't reach the present. So you can always reach the present because you have, by definition, an eternity to do so."
To state that you can infinitely progress through time towards the present is a logical fallacy.
If an eternity exists before the present it is impossible to progress for an eternity to reach the present. You need a starting point to reach a destination.
"But since this universe will continue forever, eventually any improbable event will become inevitable." What you're saying here is that if the probability of something happening is nonzero, it is guaranteed to happen over infinite time. While this might seem to be true, in reality it is false.
If you pick any number from the real line, the probability of picking the number 2 is obviously nonzero. But if you repeat this experiment an infinite number of times, it does not follow that the number 2 is guaranteed to be picked after a sufficiently long time. In fact, it's probable that the number 2 will never be picked. This is so because the probability of picking the number 2 is not finite, but infinitesimal.
"all arguments against actual infinities commit the fallacy of applying rules of finite arithmetic.." No, they make a distinction between mathematical concepts and the real world. You should have presented an actual infinite (in the real world is the definition of 'actual') Good luck with that.
Your repeated use of the word 'all' is not supported. This article should be about two line long and the answer is no. If there is an actual infinite past it would take (actually) forever to get to today. It has nothing to do with a "starting point." You are confusing mathematical concepts with the real world.
You don't seem to understand the concept of space time. They are connected and both began at the Big Bang. Time and space are intimately connected (see General Relativity). There was no "before." God probably existed in a different way we don't understand.


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Marky Mark celebrates 48th birthday
Published: Jun. 5, 2019 at 7:22 AM CDT
He began his career at the age of 18 in 1990 under the name 'Marky Mark' and was accompanied by a group simply known as the Funky Bunch.
Thirty years later, the former underwear model for Calvin Klein is now a very successful actor and tv/film producer.
The younger brother of former New Kids on the Block band member, Donnie Wahlberg, Mark Wahlberg started out as a rapper and released one successful album called "Music for the People" and enjoyed one memorable hit, 'Good Vibrations' which we are listening to now.
After failing to repeat this achievement, he began acting and earned praise for his role in the film, 'Boogie Nights.'
Since then, he's starred in multiple blockbuster films such as Ted, The Lovely Bones, The Other Guys, and Transformers.
His greatest acclaim came in 2006 when he earned an Academy Award nomination for the film, "The Departed.'
He has been the executive producer for four HBO series: Entourage, Boardwalk Empire, How to make it in America and Ballers.
In 2010, he was nominated for a second Oscar, as a producer for the movie, "The Fighter."
On top of all that, he is the co-owner of the Wahlburgers restaurant chain and co-stars in the reality tv series about it.
Today Wahlberg turns 48.
At least three hip-hop artists have walked away with Academy Awards all in the best original song category: Three 6 Mafia, Eminem, and the rapper known as Common.
County Judge gives update on Webb County Fairgrounds Construction
Border Patrol arrests alleged member of Paisa gang
Pop. Off the Clock episode 15
Cool Gray Combo Friday, Briefly Warmer Sunday
Thursday 7 Day Forecast

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Many thanks to the singers, ringers, ushers, worship slide preparers and office staff who put in many extra hours to prepare for Easter worship. Your time, talent and creativity are so appreciated.
Growing up, we sang a favorite hymn each Easter. I still remember the opening stanza: "Let us sing of Easter gladness, that rejoices every day. Sing of hope and faith uplifted, Love has rolled the stone away." Your help in preparing for Easter, made Love visible on Easter morning.
May our celebration of Resurrection continue to fill our hearts with hope and faith. God is here!


When would you like to stay in Serenity Amadores?
Apartments Serenity Amadores is available. . Click on book if you want to make a reservation.
Fantastic accommodation, where you can relax. Enjoy the peace and quietness... away from home and work. The spacious apartments have a stunning view overlooking the beautiful beach of Amadores, the terraces of the apartments have sunbeds. The luxury suites have a garden. For a small fee you can use the shuttle bus to the beach, the golf course is just a few minutes away.


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Media Dec 14, 2016 at 4:00 am
The Original Portland Challenger
The Life of William A. Hilliard, Portland's Pioneering Black Newspaperman
Santi Elijah Holley
In 1938, 11-year-old William A. Hilliard applied for a paper route job at the Oregonian. A smart, motivated African American boy with an early love for newspapers and journalism, Hilliard was turned down for the paper route because the truck driver, who did the hiring, thought subscribers wouldn't take well to having their papers delivered by a black paperboy.
Fourteen years later, in 1952, Bill Hilliard would return to the Oregonian armed with a BA in journalism from Pacific University, and become the newsroom's first African American employee—as a copy boy. Over the course of more than 40 years, Bill Hilliard would doggedly work his way up the ranks, from copy boy to sports clerk; from sports reporter to general assignment reporter; from assistant city editor to executive editor; and finally, in 1986, as the first African American editor of Oregon's largest daily newspaper. Hilliard's career as a newspaperman reached its zenith in 1993, when he was elected the first black president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE). He was subsequently honored with a Distinguished Service Award from the University of Oregon and inducted into the Oregon Newspaper Hall of Fame.
But before that—well before the milestones and honors and awards—Bill Hilliard was founder, publisher, and editor of his own newspaper: the Portland Challenger, dedicated exclusively to Portland's underrepresented black community.
Hilliard with Gov. Holmes and his assistant Harry Swanson at City Desk, April 18, 1958. Allan DeLay
I meet Hilliard at his home next to Forest Park, where he lives with Dian, his wife of 13 years. Hilliard is seated near a large window overlooking Swan Island and the Willamette River. He is 89 years old, and the well-maintained afro he'd worn for much of his adult life is now just a few tufts of black and gray. Diagnosed with Parkinson's, Hilliard's voice is soft, his speech halted, and each word he utters comes with palpable strain. But he doesn't let it quiet him. For nearly two hours, Hilliard shares stories about his childhood in Southeast Portland, his game-changing tenure at the Oregonian, flying all over the world on various assignments, and more. What I'm most curious about is his time with the Portland Challenger. After more than half a century since its brief existence, little documentation or information remains of the newspaper. I want to know what motivated Hilliard—an African American man and a then-recent college graduate—to publish his own newspaper in Portland.
Gabriel Green
"I never saw blacks in the regular daily paper, and I figured we needed a paper that highlighted the good things we did," Hilliard says. "Because most of what you saw in the [mainstream] paper was crime."
Portland in the 1950s was very much a segregated city. After the flooding of Vanport in 1948, black families were relocated to the Albina district in Northeast Portland. Owing to discriminatory real estate and lending practices, African Americans were essentially confined to this narrow area, while white families moved to whites-only suburbs. Segregation in Portland at that time was sanctioned and enforced.
"There was a theater on what is now Martin Luther King Jr. [Blvd.]—used to be Union Ave—called the Egyptian," Hilliard says. "Blacks had to go upstairs in the balcony, they couldn't sit on the main floor. I never went in the theater. Never went in there at all. I refused to patronize segregated places."
Though the rest of the city discriminated against African Americans, for a brief stint Albina—especially along North Williams—was home to a thriving black community, with jazz clubs, record stores, clothing boutiques, pharmacies, and restaurants. And it was on the corner of North Williams and Cook that the Portland Challenger printed its first issue on May 6, 1952.
"It is the hope of the Challenger," Hilliard wrote in his inaugural editor's note, "through its news and editorial columns, to hasten the day of integration and to foster the principles of true American democracy."
The first issue arrived on an election year, and the Challenger examined who was running for various offices and their opposing positions. African Americans, according to a national poll published by the Challenger, favored incumbent president Harry S. Truman, who ultimately lost in the primaries against Adlai Stevenson.
Hilliard enlisted people he knew to contribute to the paper, many of them childhood friends and other recent college grads. Hilliard assumed the role of editor and publisher, with Lonnie Harris as sports editor, Louis Fuller Jr. as staff artist, Joy Brock as staff writer, and Ted Wesley Burger as managing editor. Hilliard also brought on board Richard "Dick" Bogle, who grew up on the same street as him and attended the same grade school: Southeast Portland's Hosford Elementary. Bogle would go on to become an officer with the Portland Police Bureau from 1959 to 1968, and then became the first black television news anchor on the west coast, at KATU, where he stayed for 15 years. In 1984, Bogle was elected to Portland City Council. In his final years before passing away in 2010, Bogle was a contributor to Down Beat magazine and hosted a weekly jazz show on KMHD. But the 22-year-old Bogle hadn't yet received his journalism degree from Portland State when Hilliard tapped him to become associate editor of the Challenger.
The inaugural Portland Challenger inside Hilliard's personal scrapbook. Gabriel Green
Though several of the newspaper's contributors would go on to become formidable leaders in their own right, many of the bylines were at the time unknown names—just folks from down the way. Dr. DeNorval Unthank—the only black physician in Portland in the 1930s, and the first black member of the City Club of Portland—lived with his family in the same Southeast neighborhood as Hilliard. Dr. Clarence Pruitt—the first African American to graduate from and teach at the University of Oregon Dental School, now OHSU School of Dentistry—was Hilliard's dentist. Each of them lent a hand in supporting Hilliard's fledgling newspaper.
At Hilliard's house, original copies of the Challenger are preserved in a large, black folder, which Dian retrieves from their basement. As I flip slowly through the pages, she points out an article in the sports section, accompanied by a black-and-white photo of a smiling, handsome, young black man in a football jersey.
"Oh, there's Emery," she says to Hilliard, with a laugh. "Oh, you just wrote about all your friends!"
Emery Barnes was Hilliard's roommate at the University of Oregon. After a brief stint with the NFL, Barnes moved to Canada to escape racial discrimination in the US. He entered Canadian politics, focusing on social welfare and human rights, and became the first African American elected to a legislative office in British Columbia. Barnes then went on to become the first African American elected to Speaker of the Legislature in 1994. The city of Vancouver, BC, named a park after him.
Dian notes how all of these old friends became the "first" African Americans in their fields. Hilliard attributes it to the fact that his grade school, unlike many other schools in Portland, had been integrated. He believes that attending an integrated school gave him and his friends opportunities other kids missed out on. But even with opportunities, support, and intelligence, Hilliard, as a black man, had to have twice as much drive as his white peers, and put in three or four times as much work.
His life as a newspaperman was determined almost from the beginning.
Allan DeLay
After being turned away by the Oregonian for a paper route, 11-year-old Hilliard went door-to-door, selling the Saturday Evening Post and other magazines. He worked on his school newspaper at Benson Polytechnic High School, and at 18 was drafted into the US Navy, where he served one year before being discharged Seaman First Class. He went on to study journalism at Vanport Extension Center college (now Portland State University), then transferred to the University of Oregon. When a white professor took Hilliard aside to let him know that a black could never hope to find work at a major newspaper, Hilliard left U of O and transferred to Forest Grove's Pacific University, where he became managing editor of the campus newspaper, The Pacific Index, and was elected editor for the 1951–52 school year. After graduating from Pacific, he was offered an internship at the Hillsboro Argus—and shortly after, he launched the Portland Challenger.
The Challenger covered the NAACP and Urban League meetings when other newspapers wouldn't. They offered political candidates' positions on civil rights. They published stories on local sports, dances, and other social gatherings within Portland's black community. When Charles Gragg and his wife Joyce moved to Parkrose Heights, then an all-white neighborhood, the couple awoke one morning to find a burning cross on their lawn. Hilliard put this story on the front page of the May 20, 1953 edition. "I am determined to stay," Gragg was quoted as saying. "This is a challenge."
Oregon passed its civil rights bill on April 13, 1953—the 21st state in the union to pass such legislation—and the Challenger marked this historic occasion with a celebratory front page story, printing the three sections of the new law word-for-word.
Publishing a newspaper wasn't easy, however, and it wasn't cheap. Like most periodicals, the Challenger depended on advertisements, mostly from other Albina businesses, like Benny's, Wilson's shirt shop, Hooson's Hardware, and Phil Jones Food Market. Hilliard had to hustle for every one of these small ads, and even then the paper—which Hilliard estimates to have had a circulation of 4,000 to 5,000, at 10 cents a copy, or $2.50 for a yearly subscription—struggled for revenue. To help support himself and the paper, Hilliard worked at Union Station as a railroad porter, known back in the day as a "redcap." There were about 50 redcaps at Union Station, almost exclusively African American men. Each redcap was assigned a number, which would identify him and connect the passenger to his or her luggage. Hilliard was number 28.
"You had a great big cart full of bags, and you'd go out front to deliver them," Hilliard explains. "People would pick them up, and that's when they'd tip you. But you didn't get much in tips. If you had two bags, they'd give you a quarter."
Hilliard faced resentment from his white bosses at Union Station. They couldn't figure out why a young black man with a college education would want to work part-time as a redcap. But to Hilliard, it was a necessity to keep the Challenger afloat.
"Being a redcap gave me the opportunity to work on this sort of paper, which was very independent of the big papers," Hilliard says. .."And the white guys, they didn't understand that."
To further supplement his income, Hilliard also worked as a copy boy at the Oregonian. He didn't harbor any resentment against the paper for their snub 14 years prior—or, if he did, he didn't let it deter him. Even so, he didn't get the job on his first attempt.
"They said they wouldn't hire college graduates to do copy boy work," Hilliard says. "They wanted someone with experience. I said I can't get the experience unless you give me the opportunity."
Hilliard was hired by the Oregonian on his second try. He was 25 years old, the first black employee in the newsroom. He didn't remain a copy boy for long, however, and within a year he was given his first writing assignment. Hilliard smiles as he remembers his debut as an Oregonian reporter.
"The first story I had was about an old black man who was a hundred-and-something years old," he says. "I thought everybody around Portland would see my name and pay attention."
Meanwhile, the difficulties in maintaining the Challenger proved too great to continue. Hilliard had been publishing the paper, writing most of the copy, and drumming up advertisers, and even with his supplementary work at the Oregonian and Union Station, the paper's funds soon dried up. The Portland Challenger printed its final issue in the spring of 1953, only a year and a half after its debut. Though Portland's black community lost a promising new voice, Hilliard was now free to commit himself fully to the Oregonian.
He worked myriad beats, earning promotions to sports reporter, religion reporter, and general assignment reporter. In 1965, he became assistant city editor, and in 1971 he was named city editor—an event that was noteworthy enough to be covered by Time magazine. Under his management, the Oregonian became the west coast's first newspaper to cover the national meetings of the NAACP and the National Urban League. Hilliard prohibited writers from the use of racial identification unless it was critical to the story, because it reinforced negative stereotypes.
"After the Watts riots, a lot of white-owned papers began to look for black writers," Hilliard says. "And I was a prize for most of them, because I'd been working at the Oregonian for years as a reporter, covering all kinds of stories, all around the country. And when they began to see me, they thought that I'd be a good one to start with, but I never left the Oregonian. I wouldn't leave. The Oregonian was good to me, gave me an opportunity, so I decided I owed it to them to stay. So I did stay, and it's a good thing I did."
Hilliard was named executive editor in 1982, and one of his first responsibilities was the impending merger of the Oregon Journal with the Oregonian, which gave the paper even greater leverage and boosted circulation. Five years later, in 1987, Hilliard was offered the paper's top job, becoming the first black editor of the Oregonian. As head boss of the newspaper, Hilliard increased the hiring of non-whites, broadened coverage of minority and LGBT issues, and delivered lectures throughout the country on the importance of diversity in the newsroom.
In 1992, following protests by Native American communities across the nation, the Oregonian became the first major newspaper to bar sports teams with names that were derogatory to Native Americans. Not everyone at the paper was on board.
Bill Hilliard at his desk, July 22, 1959. Many Oregonian reporters grew beards in honor of the Oregon Centennial. Allan DeLay
"The sports editors were nasty about it," Hilliard says. "And I threatened to remove them if they didn't go along with the policy. They said, 'You can't say Washington unless you say Redskins.' I said, 'The hell you can't. I'll sit down at the typewriter and show you what to do.' And all I did was just use 'Washington' or 'Atlanta,' and that was it."
The Oregonian has since rescinded this policy. [CORRECTION: The Oregonian's director of news, Therese Bottomly, has told the Mercury that this policy, in fact, still stands. Former sports editor Jeff Wohler also takes issue with this description, saying that neither he, or his editorial assistants, were "nasty about it" and they implemented the new policy when asked to do so.]
Also in 1992, the Oregonian endorsed a Democratic candidate for president for the first time in its history.
"Clinton called one day, and wanted to come in to meet the editorial board," Hilliard says. The publisher, Fred Stickel, wasn't a fan of Clinton, so Hilliard invited Stickel to sit in on the meeting. Stickel walked away impressed with what he'd heard from Clinton, and gave Hilliard the go-ahead for the endorsement. Bill Clinton won Oregon with 42.5 percent of the vote (over George H.W. Bush's 32.5 percent and Ross Perot's 24 percent).
The following year, the 65-year-old Hilliard was named the first black president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. In an interview with the New York Times marking the occasion, Hilliard said, "The thing that bothers me more than anything else, is what I see as more and more racial divisions in the country today. And I think newspapers are the ideal educational tool to correct it."
At the end of his one-year term as president of the ASNE, and after 42 years at the paper, Hilliard retired as editor of the Oregonian.
"When I retired, Bill Clinton gave us a party inside the White House," Hilliard says. "We had a ball."
Hilliard in recent times, with wife Dian. Gabriel Green
As Hilliard tells me these stories, it's November 7, one day before the 2016 presidential election. I want to know, after everything he's seen, what he makes of the Republican candidate.
"Trump was telling people that he's going to arrest the liars at newspapers when he gets to be president," Hilliard says. "It's a bunch of crap he's giving people. But eventually, if we're not careful, we could be like [Nazi Germany]. It scares the hell out of me that one of these days we'll end up with a dictator."
For one who has spent his entire adult life in the newspaper business, and as a lifelong advocate for diversity in the newsroom, a Trump presidency is a serious concern—not only to Hilliard, but to journalists across the nation. Journalism has been under threat for years, but it faces an even greater menace under a Trump administration. What opportunities Hilliard had been given were not available to everyone—nor are they guaranteed to anyone today. His success didn't only come about through hard work and perseverance, but from hard-won civil rights, desegregation, and the commitment to diversity in schools and the workplace. For any American committed to freedom and equality, a free and open press is an indispensable tool in ensuring equal opportunity and fairness. As Hilliard wrote 64 years ago, in the first edition of the Portland Challenger, a newspaper's main objective is to "foster the principles of true American democracy."
Like the country itself, Portland has seen numerous changes since Hilliard was a young, ambitious, black reporter working the beat. Though we've still got a long way to go, Portland has become a more welcome and diverse city, thanks in large part to Bill Hilliard's long and dedicated life as a newspaperman.
"I want to believe," Hilliard said at an ASNE meeting in 1994, "that over the years, scores of young people of color have looked at me and said, 'It can happen.'"
Hilliard and Johnny Cash. Photo Provided by the Oregonian
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The biggest city in Sugarbranch. It is home to a diverse mix of Canudies of many flavors. Cocoa city is where a number of great festivals occur. All of the skyscrapers here are made of marshmallow, with colorful little shops made of colored sugar blocks packed in between.
A large tourist attraction to the Canudies of Sugarbranch. Canudies from all over, besides those who might melt in the hot sun, come here to play in water, run along the sands, and ride the boardwalk attractions. Seaside City is most known for its sea salt taffy, which many shops produce and sell. The taffy is procured from the taffy reefs where it is created naturally.
This village is in a constant state of Winter. Next to a grand candycane forest, the Canudies here are often celebrating and playing in the sugary snows. Their houses are made from graham crackers and decorated year round with gumdrops and other colorful sweets. Canudies that live here are usually made of icy treats like ice cream, sherbert, and icy pops. When the season of joy comes around in December, the Canudies throw a large festival were they decorate everything in glowing lights and sing songs that tell of great joyous times.
While the Chocolate Railroad runs through these mountains, and even stops at a very nice ski resort, no Canudi is sure if anybody lives here. It can be very dangerous if one grows lost within these mountains. Mallowolves and Creamyetis roam these parts and are very interested in getting their jaws on a poor innocent Canudi.
Molten Village is on the outskirts of the Chocolate Lava Lands. The Canudies here can only be described as hot, usually made from chocolate sauce, hot brownies, and other warm treats. While one may believe they may be hot headed, this isn't true at all. The Canudies of Molten Village have warm hearts and kind dispositions. They enjoy swimming in the chocolate lava that comes from the volcano and have made their homes from its hardened form. Many of them say that there is a Drassert(a dragon made of sweets) that lives in the volcano, but none have come forward with proof. These Canudies still give offerings to the creature however, by throwing toys, candy, and other items into the top.
These lands are very hot, at least for normal or colder Canudies. The lands are named after their large volcano which constantly leaks hot chocolate lava into streams across the region, which is made of brownie. Creatures made from hotter treats live here and can be dangerous to travelling Canudies.
This village sits in between the Neapolitan Mountans and the Sugarsands. The village is a friendly place with only a thousand or so Canudies living there. It is known for its great Candy Egg celebration in the Spring. There is a farm there that raises chocochickens for their eggs, and they are a very large part of the diets of many Canudies here.
Sugarleaf Village is another little village, this time situated between Joy Village and Beachside City. To most it may seem unspectacular at first, when in reality, it supplies one of the most crucial staples to many a Canudi's diet- the Sugarleaf. Sugarleaves only grow on trees around this village and are harvested to be shipped around the entire continent. Because of this, the village has gained enough profit to become quite beautiful.
The Sugarsands is a large desert made up of sugary sands. In the middle of the sands, there is an oasis protected by magic. The Sugarsands is very dangerous, as large gummy worms burrow under the sands and burst out to eat unwary Canudies. There used to be a small village near the train station, but it was destroyed, most likely by these worms. Since then, the train never stops here and goes right through.
There are more species than just Canudies that inhabit Sugarbranch. Many interesting creatures share the world with these slugs, many with their own societies and cultures. Here are some of the magnificent beings you may come upon whilst exploring.
Jelly Rabbits are bunny-like creatures made from chocolate and filled with various jellies and jams. These little critters resemble the chocolate bunnies one might purchase around Easter, except alive. Jelly Rabbits usually live in small villages underground which are dispersed throughout Sugarbranch but are mainly present in the Jelly Fields, where they live peacefully tending to their farms. A select few Jelly Rabbits are chosen to be warriors, and are trained to defend their people against their natural predators, the Mallowolves.
Jelly Rabbits can me made from just about any kind of chocolate, and can have various toppings. Their jelly can be seen through translucent skin upon their bellies, and also through their, tails, eyes, and inner ears.
Mallowolves are the natural predators of Jelly Rabbits. They are intelligent and skillful hunters that move in packs, tracking prey for miles before surrounding it and taking it down. Mallowolves prefer to pick off lone travelers, but will occasionally attack Jelly Rabbit villages if their pack is large enough. These wolves can be made of most any candy, but always have a mane of marshmallow around their necks. While they often move on all fours, they can in fact switch to bipedal movement. Many of them live near the Jelly Fields or in the mountains.
Cakerats are a numerous species that live almost everywhere around Sugarbranch. While they tend to be small and frail, they make up for this with their speed and intellect. Cakerats can sometimes live in cities and towns, where they have become a welcome sight by Canudies whom they work alongside. They are skilled at business, and it is not uncommon to see one or more of these rats selling trinkets and foods they've scavenged from lands far away. Cakerats love exploration, and will gladly accompany any Canudi who wishes to scout out the new and mysterious.
Cakerats are usually made from different forms of cake, and as such can come in a large variety of colors and flavors! A smaller subspecies of Cakerat are known as Muffimice, which are mice made from muffins.
Serpastries are snake-like in appearance. They are feared for their fatal toxic bites and are the predators to many smaller beings, especially Cakerats. Serpastries rely on trickery and stealth to hunt. They have great wits and a high intellect, which has made more peaceful individuals into accomplished scientists, mathematicians, physicians, detectives, and more. Unlike the snakes we know, these creatures do in fact have arms, but remain legless. They can slither very quickly however, and dig out burrows in but a snap of a finger. Some Serpastries will hide underground, bursting out to capture their prey unaware. Serpastries can be made from gummies, cakes, and many other sorts of sweets.
Drasserts are so rare that they are thought to be mythical by the people of Sugarbranch. Elusive and masters at hiding, they are almost impossible to come by. If one does manage to discover one of these dragons, they'd best use caution. Drasserts can be unpredictable, and tales often tell of the beasts choosing aggression over understanding. Drasserts are said to be anywhere from serpent-like in appearance, to having the body shape of a large lizard with massive wings. Like many of Sugarbranch's inhabitants, they can be born an assortment of sweets. Each one is said to have a different ability.


text:
By: gabbibjournal December 14, 2020 January 14, 2021
Holidays, Thoughts to get you thinking
Mary, the mother of Jesus, the Immanuel. Part One
Sunday night was our Christmas program. It was called 'The Birthday of a King'. And well, that pretty much describes the play. It was about the birth of Jesus, the King of Kings.
One of the songs performed was Mary, Did You Know? And that got me thinking about Mary. We don't have an abundant amount of detail about Mary; she probably was in her teens from what research tells us. Everything we can learn from Mary comes from the passage in Luke.
It begins in verse 26 where we meet Mary for the first time in such a detailed account. The passage in Matthew is told from Joseph's perspective, and Mark and John don't have accounts of the Christmas story.
Luke gives us the most detailed account possible, and we find Mary, a young virgin who was betrothed to Joseph.
26 Now in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth, 27 to a virgin betrothed to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin's name was Mary.
At the beginning of verse 26, two key words help us understand the timeline of Jesus' birth. First, the words 'sixth month' and 'Gabriel.'
Six months earlier, the angel Gabriel appeared to Zacharias. Zacharias was a priest in the temple, his wife was Elizabeth, and they were righteous before God.
And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless.
They had a problem though, as it states in verse 7
But they had no children, because Elizabeth was barren, and they were both well advanced in years.
Being childless carried a reproach in Bible times, in that culture, blessings were tied to birthrights and family lines. Barrenness could occasionally carry a social stigma that could be humiliating.
So, while they were righteous before God, not being able to have children, I'm sure, was a heavyweight on their shoulders, especially Elizabeth's. But it was all a part of God's plan for making them that way.
One day while Zacharias was doing his service in the temple, an angel appeared to him.
11 Then an angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing on the right side of the altar of incense.
12 And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him.
Over and over in the Bible, when an angel appears to someone, they all have the same reaction…fear!
But then the angel spoke to Zacharias.
But the angel said to him, "Do not be afraid, Zacharias, for your prayer is heard; and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John.
The angel continues in verses 14-17 telling Zacharias how John would live and the wonders he would do. And what was Zacharias' reaction? Joy? Wonder? Surprise and delight? Nope! Doubt mixed with a little arguing.
And Zacharias said to the angel, "How shall I know this? For I am an old man, and my wife is well advanced in years."
Then Gabriel said
19 And the angel answered and said to him, "I am Gabriel, who stands in the presence of God, and was sent to speak to you and bring you these glad tidings.
20 But behold, you will be mute and not able to speak until the day these things take place, because you did not believe my words which will be fulfilled in their own time."
Zacharias was punished for his doubt, and true to Gabriel's word, Elizabeth became with child. So, the sixth month is where verse 26 starts. It is the sixth month of pregnancy for Elizabeth. John's birth was preparing the way for the birth of Jesus. John the Baptist would have key roles in Jesus' later life.
And now Gabriel was going to appear to Mary.
And having come in, the angel said to her, "Rejoice, highly favored one, the Lord is with you; blessed are you among women!"
And Mary's reaction was typical in verse 29
But when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and considered what manner of greeting this was.
Gabriel then spoke in a very similar manner to Mary as he had done to Zacharias; first, he calmed her…
30 Then the angel said to her, "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.
And then he told her something that changed her life forever.
31 And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bring forth a Son, and shall call His name Jesus.
32 He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David.
33 And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end."
Mary's reaction and response are much different than the doubt portrayed in Zacharias' response.
34 Then Mary said to the angel, "How can this be, since I do not know a man?"
Mary understood that the angel was speaking of immediate conception, he didn't say in a year this will happen, or in six months, it was going to happen soon.
But Mary and Joseph were still in the middle of a long betrothal. So, her question was not in disbelief or doubt. And because she didn't doubt, the angel did not rebuke her as he had done to Zacharias. Instead, her question was in wonder.
Mary knew she was standing before an angel of the Lord, so she didn't doubt she could bear a child, she was just in the wonder of how it would be done.
35 And the angel answered and said to her, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Highest will overshadow you; therefore, also, that Holy One who is to be born will be called the Son of God. Now indeed,
36 Elizabeth your relative has also conceived a son in her old age; and this is now the sixth month for her who was called barren.
37 For with God nothing will be impossible."
Gabriel says a lot here; he first tells Mary how she will conceive a child while still a virgin. And then Elizabeth comes into play. Mary was a relative of Elizabeth's, so this news may have been a surprise to her as they lived miles apart.
Then Gabriel said something that can sum up everything.
For with God nothing will be impossible
After Gabriel told Mary these things, Mary's reply was simple yet very profound.
38 Then Mary said, "Behold the maidservant of the Lord! Let it be to me according to your word." And the angel departed from her.
Mary's reply to everything should cause a bit of awe and wonder. Here was a simple teenage girl, preparing to get married, her life planned out in her eyes, and suddenly an angel appears and says that she will carry the Son of God. The Son of the Highest.
But not only that, but Mary was not married yet, and she was about to get pregnant. Joseph would know the child was not his, so Mary could get accused of adultery; an offense punishable by stoning.
Despite all that, and the "risk," Mary still was willing and submitted to the will of God.
After the appearance of Gabriel and the shocking news, Mary fled to Elizabeth's. Luke 1:39-40
39 Now Mary arose in those days and went into the hill country with haste, to a city of Judah, 40 and entered the house of Zacharias and greeted Elizabeth.
It is there we see something extraordinary and shows that the mighty hand of God was on these two women. Luke 1:41, 43-44
And it happened, when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, that the babe leaped in her womb; and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit.
43 But why is this granted to me [Elizabeth], that the mother of my Lord should come to me?
44 For indeed, as soon as the voice of your greeting sounded in my ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy.
Elizabeth's understanding of Mary's situation was amazing. Because there was still quite a bit of mystery that overshadowed these events. Mary was a virgin, Elizabeth was old and barren, and yet they were carrying children.
And the only details they had is what Gabriel told them. But Elizabeth seemed to understand and comprehend the immense importance of the child that Mary was carrying.
Her understanding must be attributed to the illuminating work of the Spirit. Mary stayed with Elizabeth for three months, and after she left Elizabeth gave birth to John. Zacharias' tongue was loosened, and soon it was time for the savior of the world to be born.
A Little Heaven on Earth
Where are you Christmas?


text:
All Mira Data collected on the ORNL Large Specimen
Hoegh, K., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2015
Public-Use Data from the Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy (OPT) Study, a Randomized Trial of Periodontal Therapy to Prevent Pre-term Birth
Hodges, J. S. & Michalowicz, B. S., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2009
DOI: 10.13020/D6KW2D, http://dx.doi.org/10.13020/D6KW2D
Regions of High Confidence in Chinese Hamster and CHO-K1 Genome Assemblies
Bandyopadhyay, A., Hu, W., Jacob, N. M., Johnson, K., Karypis, G., Le, H., Mudge, J., Onsongo, I. G., Ramaraj, T., Sharma, M., Silverstein, K., Vishwanathan, N. & Fu, H., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2016
DOI: 10.13020/D6Z304, http://dx.doi.org/10.13020/D6Z304
Data supporting 'Subdiffusion of loci and cytoplasmic particles are different in compressed E. coli cells'
Cicuta, P., Cosentino Lagomarsino, M., Dorfman, K., Sclavi, B., Sheats, J. T. & Yu, S., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2018
DOI: 10.13020/D6QM4N, https://doi.org/10.13020/D6QM4N
Air travel data during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Stern, R., Pham, J., Vrabac, D., Butler, B., Paré, P. E. & Stern, R., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2020
Managing nitrogen from manure with a winter rye cover crop: Research dataset
Wilson, M. L., Everett, L. A., Pepin, R. J. & Coulter, J. A., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2020
DOI: 10.13020/8xx8-qs36, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/211639
Pilgrim 2020.1
Ramos, A., Ferro-Costas, D. & Truhlar, D. G., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2020
DOI: 10.13020/hhzs-3z47, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/212115
Plant wood and reproductive anatomy collected from 2014 to 2016 on wood plants growing at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, MA
Savage, J. A., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2019
DOI: 10.13020/02y1-yz02, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/204547
SONG 2 - Simulator of Network Growth version 2
Levinson, D. M. & Xie, F., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2016
DOI: 10.13020/D6V306, http://doi.org/10.13020/D6V306
Survivorship and Fecundity Data Collected in Long-Term Study of Demography of Clarkia xantiana ssp. xantiana at 20 Populations in the Kern River Valley, California, USA from 2006 to 2017
Eckhart, V. M., Geber, M. A. & Moeller, D., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2017
DOI: 10.13020/D6637Z, https://doi.org/10.13020/D6637Z
Small UAV Position and Attitude, Raw Sensor, and Aerial Imagery Data Collected over Farm Field with Surveyed Markers
Colten, T. & Mokhtarzadeh, H., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2015
DOI: 10.13020/D6BC7Z, http://dx.doi.org/10.13020/D6BC7Z
Supporting Data for "Engineering of a Highly Efficient Escherichia coli Strain for Mevalonate Fermentation through Chromosomal Integration"
Gao, T., Mahida, P., Niyompanich, S., Tai, Y., Wang, J., Wang, J. & Zhang, K., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2017
DOI: 10.13020/D6W89N, https://doi.org/10.13020/D6W89N
Relationships between cecum, ileum and litter bacterial microbiomes in a commercial turkey flock, and the impact of penicillin treatment on early bacterial community establishment
Clayton, J., Danzeisen, J., Hayer, S. S., Johnson, T., Knights, D., McComb, B. & Huang, H., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2015
DOI: 10.13020/D67G6P, http://dx.doi.org/10.13020/D67G6P
Topography and flow model files for the Platte River, Nebraska, 2016-2017
Limaye, A. B., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2017
DOI: 10.13020/D6Z39J, https://doi.org/10.13020/D6Z39J
Global isoprene measurements from CrIS
Millet, D. B. & Wells, K. C., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2020
DOI: 10.13020/v959-dr15, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/213808
Transcriptome Meta Data Compilation for Chinese hamster tissues and CHO cell lines
Bandyopadhyay, A., Jacob, N. M., Johnson, K. C., Le, H., Vishwanathan, N., Yongky, A. & Fu, H., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2016
DOI: 10.13020/D6JS3F, http://dx.doi.org/10.13020/D6JS3F
Variants from "The role of deleterious substitutions in crop genomes"
Fay, J. C., Fu, F., Hoffman, P. J., Kono, T. J. Y., Liu, C., Mohammadi, M., Morrell, P. L., Smith, K. P., Stupar, R. M. & Tiffin, P. L., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2016
DOI: 10.13020/D65C7D, http://doi.org/10.13020/D65C7D
Term Coverage of Dietary Supplements in Product Labels
Wang, Y., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2016
DOI: 10.13020/D6GW2G, http://doi.org/10.13020/D6GW2G
Database of publications on swine diseases, 1966-2016
VanderWaal, K., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2018
DOI: 10.13020/D61963, https://doi.org/10.13020/D61963
Access Across America: Auto 2018 Data
Murphy, B. A. & Owen, A., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2020
DOI: 10.13020/qyh7-qy92, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/211408
Supporting data for The Fate of Deleterious Variants in a Barley Genomic Prediction Population
Vonderharr, E., Morrell, P. L., Smith, K. P., Kono, T., Fay, J. C. & Koenig, D., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2018
DOI: 10.13020/d6w990, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/208553
Supplemental Materials to Bayesian Adaptive Methods for Clinical Trials, 1st Edition
Hunt, S., Berry, S. M., Carlin, B. P., Lee, J. J. & Müller, P., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2018
DOI: 10.13020/D6WD78, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/200501
Plant phenology collected from 2014 to 2016 on wood plants growing at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, MA
DOI: 10.13020/5dyn-m363, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/204194
Supplemental Materials to Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data, 2nd Edition
Hunt, S., Banerjee, S., Carlin, B. P. & Gelfand, A. E., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, 2018
DOI: 10.13020/D6RQ5C, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/200500
Acceptability of Neuroscientific Interventions in Education
Dubinsky, J. M., Schmied, A. & Varma, S., Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, Mar 22 2021
DOI: 10.13020/vn7a-m891, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/219157


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The head for Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Isfahan province, Fereydoon Allah Yari, officially stated: 320 thousand foreigners visited Isfahan province over the past Iranian year, 1395.
Quoting from the public relations bureau of Isfahan cultural heritage organization, IMNA reports from Fereydoon Allah Yari: According to the analytical statistics available for the provincial deputy of tourism, it is concluded that 320 thousand tourists visited monuments and tourist attractions of the whole province during the last Iranian year; he remarked the speech on the sidelines of the inauguration of the cultural heritage organization in Lenjan provincial city.
He then added that increasing the number of ecotourism resorts and tourist accommodation, enjoying the vast variety of tourist attractions in Isfahan province along with the conflict-free policy of Islamic Republic of Iran have played an important role in booming tourism industry throughout the country.
He further pointed to effective factors in attracting tourists such as: constructing two 5-star hotels in the past year, enhancing the accommodation capacity of the province to 18000 beds, boosting the quality services and creating a great harmony among executive staff of Isfahan travel services organs.
"Most of the foreign tourists, over the last year, were from Germany, France, Spain, Italy, England, China, Southeast Asian countries, and finally Islamic countries of Southwest Asia", Allah Yari confirmed.
Comparing the number of arrivals of tourists, he announced that Isfahan province has witnessed a 30% boost in foreign tourism industry.
He then unveiled plans for the current year's tourism industry, saying: We are going to attract more Asian tourists especially from China with having over 200 billion cultural tourists per year.


text:
Atkinsdieten är en diet för viktminskning lanserad av den amerikanske läkaren Robert Atkins på 1960-talet. Dieten bygger på en kolhydratfattig kost vilket medför att fet mat och kött är tillåtet så länge inte kolhydratintaget är för stort.
Kolhydrater, protein samt fett är de huvudsakliga näringsämnena i vår föda som ger bränsle/energi till kroppen.
Tanken är att ca 50–75 % av kroppens behov av energi, ska komma från protein och fett – resten av energibehovet från intag av kolhydrater.

Atkins teser
Atkins menade att det finns två huvudsakliga fel i dagens västerländska diet: dels att man äter för mycket raffinerade kolhydrater (särskilt socker, mjöl och sirap), dels att man generellt är för rädd för mättat fett. Enligt Atkins är det transfetter som ska undvikas snarare än mättat fett. Tyngdpunkten i dieten ligger på kosten, men i kostplanen lägger man även vikt vid näringstillskott och daglig motion.

Dietplanen
Atkinsdieten begränsar intaget av kolhydrater i syfte att få kroppen att ställa om från förbränning av främst glukos till förmån för förbränning av kroppsfetter. Denna process (lipolys) tar vid när kroppen går ner i ketos efter det att den gjort slut på överskott av kolhydrater att bränna.
Enligt Atkins innebär detta att kroppen gör av med mer energi för att tillgodose kroppens näringsbehov. Atkinsdieten fokuserar på att minimera intaget av kolhydrater som har effekt på blodsockret. Atkins förordar att man äter livsmedel som bearbetats så lite som möjligt och som har lågt glykemiskt index.

Atkinsdieten har fyra faser:
Induktionsfas, viktminskningsfas, fas mellan viktminskning och underhållsfas, och underhållsfasen.

I induktionsfasen (som Atkinsdieten mest är känd för) så syftar dieten till att försätta kroppen i ketos. Kolhydratintaget begränsas till 20 gram per dag (12–15 gram av dessa 20 gram kolhydrater, bör komma i form av bladgrönsaker).
Tillåten mat är obegränsad mängd kött, fisk, skaldjur, ägg, olivolja, majonnäs, ost och vissa grönsaker; t.ex. gurka och sallad. Enbart grönsaker som är gröna och växer ovan mark får ätas i denna fas.
Det som ska väljas bort i kosten är socker, mjölk, frukt, pasta, ris, flingor, bönor, potatis och andra rotfrukter.
Upp till 110 gram hårdost får ätas per dag. Alkohol ska inte intas i denna fas. Koffein begränsas. Dagligt intag av multivitamintabletter rekommenderas. Motion förordas. Fasen pågår i två veckor eller tills bantaren tappat 10 % av sin övervikt.

Under viktminskningsfasen ökas kolhydratintaget med 2 gram per vecka. Nu minskar restriktionerna och man får då äta alla sorters grönsaker och små mängder spannmål, men socker av alla de slag är fortfarande förbjudet. I den här fasen ska bantaren försöka hitta vilken nivå på kolhydratintag som är kritisk för viktminskning och bedöma vilka livsmedel som förorsakar personliga ätbegär.
Nu bromsas viktminskningen genom att intaget av nettokolhydrater gradvis ökar. Nettokolhydrater är kolhydrater som påverkar blodsockret och därmed produktionen av det fettlagrande hormonet insulin.
Denna fas pågår till dess att bantaren är cirka 4 kilo ifrån sin målvikt.

Nästa fas går ut på att hitta en balansnivå för kolhydratintag. Bantaren ökar kolhydratintaget med 10 gram per vecka och följer upp var gränsen går innan bantaren börjar att öka i vikt igen. Nu anses det inte längre viktigt att kroppen är i ketos. När du närmar dig din målvikt kan du börja äta andra kolhydrater från t.ex. frukt och fullkornsprodukter. Även grönsaker med stärkelse, till exempel morötter, majs eller squash.

Underhållsfasen är avsedd att vara livslång. Bantaren ska fortsätta äta enligt de vanor han eller hon skaffat sig under de tidigare faserna. Huvudprincipen för dieten är fortfarande att graden av bearbetning av de livsmedel man förtär ska vara så låg som möjligt. Om vikten börjar öka igen kan bantaren börja om från början med induktionsfasen.

Tillåtna födoämnen
 Kött
 Fisk
 Grönsaker
 Ägg
 Mjölkprodukter

Ej tillåtna livsmedel
 Potatis
 Bröd
 Ris
 Pasta
 Socker/Sockrade livsmedel

Studier
Flera ettårstudier har visat att de som äter enligt Atkinsdieten har gått ner i vikt i samma utsträckning eller mer än bantare som äter enligt andra dietplaner. I ettårsperspektivet har inga negativa hälsokonsekvenser påfunnits. Den kortsiktiga viktminskningen tros, snarare än förändring av metabolismen, bero på att dieten dämpar hungerkänslorna och att den genom sitt låga innehåll av socker och stärkelse reducerar den vattenbindande glukosreserven och därigenom minskar mängden vatten i kroppen.. Senare studier har visat att högt proteinintag har just denna hungerdämpande effekt, medan fettrik mat inte alls är verksam på detta plan.. Positiva resultat med Atkinsmetoden beror således i huvudsak på att en proteinrik födas hungerdämpande effekt ger ett lägre kaloriintag än på förändringar i metabolismen

En större studie publicerades i JAMA i mars 2007 av Gardner vid Stanforduniversitetet och visade att överviktiga men i övrigt friska kvinnor i åldrarna 25–50 år tappat mer vikt med Atkinsdieten än med bantningsmetoder som tillåter ett högre kolhydratintag. Viktminskningen med Atkins hade varit 4,7 kilo i genomsnitt, att jämföra med 2,6 kilo för dem som ätit enligt "LEARN", 2,2 kilo för "Ornish" och 1,6 kilo för "the Zone". När värden för HDL (det så kallade goda kolesterolet), triglycerider och blodtryck jämfördes fanns en klar fördel för Atkinsdieten. Studien omfattade två månader med uppföljning under ytterligare 10 månader.

En forskningsrapport stödjer att mättat fett under vissa förutsättningar kan skydda hjärtat hos kvinnor som genomgått klimakteriet, vilket ifrågasätter men dock inte omkullkastar, den allmänt vedertagna uppfattning och sambandet mellan mättat fett och hjärt- och kärlsjukdom.

Se även
 Glykemiskt index
 Annika Dahlqvist

Noter

Bantning

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


51st celebration of Canal Town Days!
The Canaltown Days Parade will take place on Saturday, September 14, 2019. This parade will begin promptly at 4:00PM. You should plan to be at the staging site at the Fairgrounds/Stafford St. at least one hour prior to step off. The parade travels a one and one half mile route through the village of Palmyra.
In order to verify that your group will be attending our parade, and for us to accurately introduce your group as it passes the reviewing stand, we ask that you fill out the Announcement Form. Please return this form either through email attachment or regular mail. We cannot accept forms the day of the parade, so please return the form as soon as possible.
When we have received confirmation and the announcement form, we will send parade instructions by email. In an effort to cut down on the cost of postage, we will appreciate maintaining electronic communication as much as possible.
If you would like to enter a float into the parade to publicize your organization, please see the Float Information, and follow the instructions there.
Again, please return your Canaltown Days announcement form as soon as possible to ensure your spot in our parade.


text:
RPC Staff is working with the State Office of Energy and Planning (OEP), other New Hampshire regional planning commissions, and RLS Demographics to create an updated set of 2040 county and municipal population projections for all of New Hampshire. The projections utilize the cohort-component projection method to develop a picture of the population in the future based on OEP and US Census estimates of current population, assumptions about fertility and mortality rates, as well as recent migration patterns.
In the last few decades New Hampshire has seen slowly
declining fertility rates and increasing mortality rates that has led to a slowdown in natural population growth (births – deaths= natural population change), and that meant that much of the population growth has resulted from people migrating into the state. Migration rates (total net migrants divided by the beginning period population) are much more volatile than fertility and mortality rates however, and vary geographically as well, leading to substantial differences in impacts over time and in different parts of the state. Looking back to the 1990s, New Hampshire enjoyed the highest net migration rate (5.3%) during the 1995-2000 period and saw substantial population growth at that time. By the 2005-2010 period the rate had slowed to 0.2% as the impacts of the economic downturn at that time were in full effect, and population growth slowed substantially as well. The most recent five-year period shows an increased rate of migration (0.8% for 2010-2015) for the state however, as in the past, there is substantial variation between counties. Rockingham County has the highest current net migration rate at 2.4% while the more rural southwestern corner of the state and Coos County continue to see declining population and a current negative migration rates.
The RPC utilizes population projections for a wide variety of planning purposes but in general, they are used to estimate future needs for infrastructure and services. Most recently, population projections were utilized in the update of the Regional Master Plan to conduct a scenario planning analysis of the impacts of different magnitudes and distributions of growth on the transportation system of the region and to help identify the need for capacity improvements on the roadway network. That analysis can be read in the Scenario Planning chapter of that document as well as in the recommendations of the Transportation Chapter. For the most recent set of official projections, visit the Office of Energy and Planning webpage on Population Projections in the State Data Center.
The New Hampshire Office of Energy and Planning (NHOEP) has released new population projections up to the year 2040 for the state, its counties, and its municipalities. The total New Hampshire state population is projected to be 1,432,730 in 2040, an increase of 116,260 or 8.8 percent from the population at the 2010 census. Data can be found here: http://www.nh.gov/oep/data-center/population-projections.htm


CAMERON HIGHLANDS: Pakatan Harapan has slammed the Pahang Barisan Nasional government for interfering with its plan to hold a fundraising dinner at the Tringkap Village Development and Security Committee (JKKK) multipurpose hall here.
Tanah Rata assemblyman Chiong Yoke Kong claims the state government had pressured the JKKK committee into revoking its booking for the premises for a dinner event meant for Saturday (Jan 19).
"We booked the hall a week ago.
"I was informed last night that the hall cannot be rented to us," Chiong told a press conference at the premises on Friday (Jan 18).
"The reason given was that the hall cannot be used for political purposes.
"I feel this is unreasonable because we have had many events here previously, even as the opposition," he added.
Chiong said the dinner was meant to raise funds for the election campaign.
He said DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng and DAP vice-chairman M. Kulasegaran were expected to attend, along with Pakatan's by-election candidate M. Manogaran.
"We have sold 55 tables and are still selling the tickets.
"I just hope the state will remain professional during this campaign and allow us to use the hall," he said.


Ajit Nair has been appointed by Manchester's five-star Lowry Hotel as its Director of Operations.
Nair will oversee day-to-day running of the hotel across the food and beverage, conference and banqueting, housekeeping, spa and front of house departments.
With over 12 years' experience, Nair brings a wealth of knowledge from his background in luxury hospitality across the globe and joins an elite team of hoteliers at The Lowry Hotel.
Beginning his career in 2004, his first major role was at the luxury five-star Oberoi Hotels and Resorts, India, as Food and Beverage Supervisor across twin locations – The Oberoi Udaivilas and Trident Hilton Hotel.
Nair was then hired as Food and Beverage Supervisor and Manager, respectively at The Washington Mayfair Hotel and the Thistle Euston Hotel, London in 2011.
Moving on to Cardiff, Nair took on the role of Operations Manager at central The Parc Thistle Hotel.
General Manager, Adrian Ellis, said: "We welcome Ajit as he joins the team, he has a solid knowledge of both international and regional markets and will be a fantastic asset to the hotel.
In 2006, Nair's top-level skillset was displayed when he received a scholarship to pursue an MBA in International Hotel and Tourism Management at Schiller International University, London.
The combination of his career and training led to Nair becoming a finalist for the Savoy Gastronomes' Olive Barnett Award in 2012.
For more information, contact Jessica Macdonald and Holly Casswell at SKV Communications (0161) 838 7770.