text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
Microquasars in our Galaxy display large flux variability
in X-ray band.
Such luminosity variations are thought to reflect violent phenomena
in accretion disks around black holes.
The dwarf-nova type disk-instability
is responsible for the luminosity changes on the time-scale of months
(e.g., Mineshige \& Wheeler 1989; for a review Kato et al. 1998, \S 5).
In contrast, the mechanism causing the short-term variability
($10-100$ s)
is not well understood yet.
One of the plausible mechanisms for it
is thermal and secular instability
which arises when the radiation pressure becomes dominant over gas pressure
(e.g., Lightman \& Eardley 1974; Shibazaki \& H\=oshi 1975;
Pringle 1976; Shakura \& Sunyaev 1976).
S-shaped sequence on the $\dot{M}_{\rm acc}-\Sigma$
(mass accretion rate vs. surface density) plane
was completed by the finding of a slim-disk branch (Abramowicz et al. 1998),
in which the viscous heating is balanced by the advective cooling.
It was suggested that the disk may undergo limit-cycle oscillations,
like the dwarf nova outbursts
(for a review Kato et al. 1998, \S 10).
This instability is expected to occur when
the mass accretion rate is comparable to or
moderately exceeds the critical value,
$L_{\rm E}/c^2$,
where $L_{\rm E}$ is the Eddington luminosity and
$c$ is the velocity of light.

The limit-cycle oscillations have been investigated
by one-dimensional (1D), vertically-integrated approach.
The quasi-periodic outbursts were
first demonstrated by Honma et al. (1991)
using the time-dependent 1D simulations of the accretion disks
and have then been investigated in detail
(Szuszkiewicz \& Miller 1997, 1998, 2001;
Watarai \& Mineshige 2003).
However,
the 1D model cannot treat the multi-dimensional motion,
i.e., convection, circulation, and outflow,
although they would influence the flow dynamics significantly
via the transport of mass, momentum/angular momentum,
and energy.
The modification of the accretion disk model,
where the mass ejection from the disk surface is taken into account,
was suggested by Nayakshin et al. (2000)
(see also Janiuk et al. 2000; 2002 and Janiuk \& Czerny 2005).
But they still used simplified 1D method without
treating the multi-dimensional flow motion.
We need to perform at least two-dimensional (2D) analysis
in order to understand the accretion flow correctly.

Recently, Teresi et al. (2004a, 2004b) first
reproduced the quasi-periodic luminosity variations
by a 2D smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations.
However, their simulations focused on the time evolution of the disk itself
and do not treat the optically thin regime correctly, i.e.,
the disk surface as well as the atmosphere surrounding the disk.
They assumed the equilibrium between gas and radiation
without treating the energy of gas and radiation separately.
In their simulations,
the transport of the radiation energy was not solved
in the optically thin regime,
though the radiation flux was evaluated by
using the diffusion approximation deep inside the disk.
The thermal energy was extracted
from the SPH particles located near the disk surface.
It should be calculated by solving the interaction
between gas and radiation as well as radiative transfer.
Their assumptions and method are valid only in the optically thick regime,
i.e., deep inside the disk.
As a result, the outflow was not found in their simulations
even though the luminosity exceeded the Eddington luminosity
in the high-luminosity state.
The outflow would have an important role on the evolution of the disk
through the extraction of the mass, momentum/angular momentum,
and energy from the disk.
In addition, the simulations for stable disks were not performed in
their work.
A comparison of their results with those of simulations for
stable disks is essential
in order to understand the physical mechanism of the disk oscillations.
Hence, it is important to confirm the limit-cycle behavior
by the grid-based simulations,
in which the multi-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic (RHD) equations
are properly solved.
It is also important to investigate the time evolution of
not only an unstable disk but also a stable disk.

The photon trapping is also basically a multi-dimensional effect,
by which some or large part of photons generated inside the disk is swallowed
by the black hole
in supercritical accretion regime,
leading to a reduction of the energy conversion efficiency
(Ohsuga et al. 2002, 2003, 2005).
It has been reported by the analysis of the X-ray data of GRS 1915+105
that the disk luminosity is comparable to or exceeds
the Eddington luminosity in the high-luminosity state
(Yamaoka et al. 2001), implying the supercritical accretion.
Thus, the photon trapping is expected to appear
in high-luminosity state of the quasi-periodic oscillations.

Here, by solving full set of 2D RHD
equations including viscosity term,
we report the 2D RHD model
for the quasi-periodic oscillations of the accretion disks
around black holes.
Our numerical simulations carefully treat the 2D effects,
including the outflow motion and the photon trapping.
We also show in our simulations that the disk is unstable
on condition that
the mass accretion rate is moderately larger than the critical value
and the viscous stress tensor is proportional to the total pressure.
It is consistent with the disk theory and
proves that the bursting behavior in our simulations
arises from the disk instability in the radiation-pressure dominant region.
In \S 2, our model and numerical method are described.
We present the numerical results in \S 3.
\S 4 and \S5 are devoted to discussion and conclusions.

\section{MODEL AND NUMERICAL METHOD}
Basic equations and our numerical method are described
in detail in Ohsuga et al. (2005).
Here we briefly summarize the model and the numerical method.
The set of RHD equations including the viscosity term
are solved by
an explicit-implicit finite difference scheme on the Eulerian grids.
We use spherical polar coordinates $(r, \theta, \varphi)$,
where $r$ is the radial distance,
$\theta$ is the polar angle,
and $\varphi$ is the azimuthal angle.
In the present study,
we assume the axisymmetry as well as the reflection symmetry
relative to the equatorial plane.
We also assume that
only $r\varphi$-component of the viscous stress tensor,
$\tau_{r\varphi}$,
is non zero.
This component plays an important role for
the transport of the angular momentum
and heating of the disk plasma.
We describe the gravitational field of the black hole in terms of
pseudo-Newtonian hydrodynamics (Paczynski \& Wiita 1980),
and assume the flow to be non self-gravitating.
The basic equations are the continuity equation,
\begin{equation}
  \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}
  + {\bm \nabla} \cdot (\rho {\bm v}) = 0,
\end{equation}
the equations of motion,
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{\partial (\rho v_r)}{\partial t}
  + {\bm \nabla} \cdot (\rho v_r {\bm v})
  &=& - \frac{\partial p}{\partial r}
  + \rho \left[
    \frac{v_\theta^2}{r} + \frac{v_\varphi^2}{r}
    -\frac{GM}{(r-r_s)^2}
  \right] \nonumber\\
  & &+ \frac {\chi}{c} F_0^r,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{equation}
  \frac{\partial (\rho r v_\theta)}{\partial t}
  + {\bm \nabla} \cdot (\rho r v_\theta {\bm v})
  = - \frac{\partial p}{\partial \theta}
  + \rho v_\varphi^2 \cot\theta
  + \frac {\chi}{c} rF_0^\theta,
\end{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{\partial (\rho r \sin\theta v_\varphi)}{\partial t}
  &+& {\bm \nabla} \cdot (\rho r \sin\theta v_\varphi {\bm v})
  \nonumber\\
  &=& \frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}
  \left( r^3 \sin\theta \tau_{r\varphi} \right),
\end{eqnarray}
the energy equation of the gas,
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{\partial e }{\partial t}
  + {\bm \nabla}\cdot(e {\bm v})
  =& & -p_{\rm gas}{\bm \nabla}\cdot{\bm v} -4\pi \kappa B
  + c\kappa  E_0 \nonumber\\
  & &+\eta
  \left[ r \frac{\partial}{\partial r}
  \left(\frac{v_\varphi}{r}\right)
  \right]^2,
\end{eqnarray}
and the energy equation of the radiation,
\begin{equation}
  \frac{\partial E_0}{\partial t}
  + {\bm \nabla}\cdot(E_0 {\bm v})
  = -{\bm \nabla}\cdot{\bm F_0} -{\bm \nabla}{\bm v}:{\bm {\rm P}_0}
  + 4\pi \kappa B - c\kappa E_0.
  \label{rade}
\end{equation}
Here, $\rho$ is the gas mass density,
$\bm{v}=(v_r, v_\theta, v_\varphi)$ is the velocity,
$p_{\rm gas}$ is the gas pressure,
$e$ is the internal energy density of the gas,
$B$ is the blackbody intensity,
$E_0$ is the radiation energy density,
${\bm F}_0=\left(F_0^r, F_0^\theta \right)$ is the radiation flux,
${\bm {\rm P}}_0$ is the radiation pressure tensor,
$\eta$ is the dynamical viscosity coefficient,
$\kappa$ is the absorption opacity,
and $\chi (= \kappa+\rho \sigma_{\rm T}/m_{\rm p})$
is the total opacity
with $\sigma_{\rm T}$ being the Thomson scattering cross-section
and $m_{\rm p}$ being the proton mass.

For the equation of state we use
$p_{\rm gas}=(\gamma-1)e$,
where $\gamma$ is the specific heat ratio.
The temperature of the gas, $T$, can then be calculated from
$p_{\rm gas}=\rho k_{\rm B} T/\mu m_{\rm p}$,
where $k_{\rm B}$ is the Boltzmann constant and
$\mu$ is the mean molecular weight.
To complete the set of equations, we apply
flux limited diffusion (FLD) approximation
developed by Levermore and Pomraning (1981).
Adopting this approximation, the radiation flux and
the radiation pressure tensor are expressed
in terms of the radiation energy density
(Turner \& Stone 2001, Ohsuga et al. 2005).

In this paper, the dynamical viscosity coefficient is
given by
\begin{equation}
  \eta = \alpha \frac{p_{\rm gas}+\lambda E_0}{\Omega_{\rm K}},
\end{equation}
where
$\alpha$ is the viscosity parameter,
$\Omega_{\rm K}$ is the Keplerian angular speed,
and $\lambda$ is the flux limiter.
In this form,
the $r\varphi$-component of the viscous stress tensor is
\begin{equation}
  \tau_{r\varphi} \propto \left\{
    \begin{array}{ll}
      \alpha p_{\rm total} & \mbox{(optically thick limit)} \\
      \alpha p_{\rm gas} & \mbox{(optically thin limit)}
    \end{array}
  \right.,
\end{equation}
where $p_{\rm total}$ is the total pressure.
This is because
the flux limiter, $\lambda$, becomes $1/3$
in the optically thick limit,
and vanishes in the optically thin limit
in the framework of the FLD approximation.
The flux limiter, $\lambda$, is almost $1/3$ in the disk region.
Thus, our viscosity model is basically
the same as the $\alpha$ prescription of the viscosity
proposed by Shakura \& Sunyaev (1973),
although $\lambda$ is almost null above and below the disk.

The computational domain consists of spherical shells of
$3r_g \leq r \leq 500r_g$ and $0 \leq \theta \leq 0.5\pi$,
and is divided into $96\times 96$ grid cells,
where $r_g$ is the Schwarzschild radius.
We start the calculations with a hot, rarefied, and
optically-thin atmosphere.
There is no cold dense disk initially,
and we assume that matter
is continuously injected into the computational domain
through the outer-disk boundary
($r=500r_g$, $0.45\pi \leq \theta \leq 0.5\pi$).
Therefore,
we can avoid the influence of the initial configuration on the final result,
although a long integration time is required.
The injected matter is supposed to
have a specific angular momentum corresponding to the
Keplerian angular momentum at $r=100r_g$,
and we set the injected mass-accretion rate (mass input rate)
so as to be constant at the boundary.

Throughout the present study,
we assume the black-hole mass to be $M=10M_\sun$,
$\alpha=0.1$, $\gamma=5/3$, and $\mu=0.5$.
For the absorption opacity,
we consider the free-free absorption
and the bound-free absorption for solar metallicity
(Hayashi, Hoshi, \& Sugimito 1962, Rybicki \& Lightman 1979).

\section{RESULTS}
Figure 1 represents the time evolution
of the mass accretion rate onto the black hole, $\dot{M}_{\rm acc}$ (blue),
the outflow rate, $\dot{M}_{\rm out}$ (magenta),
the luminosity, $L$ (red),
and the trapped luminosity, $L_{\rm trap}$ (green).
Here,
the outflow rate means the ejected mass per unit time at the
outer boundary of the computational domain.
The luminosity is evaluated by integrating the radiation flux
at the outer boundary.
On the other hand, the trapped luminosity is the integration
of the radiation flux at the inner boundary,
which means the radiation energy swallowed by the black hole per unit time.
The luminosity, $L$, almost equals to the luminosity of the disk,
since the emission of the less dense atmosphere surrounding the disk
does not contribute very much to the luminosity.
The mass input rate is set to be $\dot{M}_{\rm input}=100 L_{\rm E}/c^2$.

\begin{figure}[b]
\epsscale{1.18}
\plotone{fig1.eps}
\caption{
The time evolution of the mass accretion rate (blue), outflow rate (magenta),
the luminosity (red), and trapped luminosity (green),
for $\dot{M}_{\rm input}=100 L_{\rm E}/c^2$.
Here, we employ the viscosity model, which gives
the simple $\alpha$ prescription
proposed by Shakura \& Sunyaev (1973),
$t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm total}$, inside the disk.
}
\end{figure}

The injected matter accumulates within the computational domain
and the accretion disk forms around the black hole ($t<100$ s).
Subsequently, the limit-cycle oscillation starts.
At $t>100$s,
the mass accretion rate onto the black hole ($\dot{M}_{\rm acc}$)
drastically varies,
although the mass is continuously injected into the computational domain
at constant rate.
It suddenly rises, retains high value for about 40 s,
and then decays.
Such time variation of the mass accretion rate
causes the quasi-periodic luminosity changes
between high- and low-luminosity states.
Whereas the luminosity ($L$) is not more than $0.3L_{\rm E}$
in the low-luminosity state,
it reaches around $2L_{\rm E}$ in the high-luminosity state.
The burst duration is also about 40 s, which is
roughly correspond to the viscous timescale,
$ t_{\rm vis}\sim 35.8 (M/10M_\odot)
(r/100r_g)^{3/2} (\alpha/0.1)^{-1} (H/0.2r)^{-2}$ s.
The physical mechanism of such limit-cycle oscillations
is the thermal instability
in the radiation-pressure dominant region
(discussed later).

Moreover,
we can see in this figure that
our simulations reveal two important phenomena.
One of them is that the outburst is accompanied
by the strong outflow.
As shown in the top panel, while the outflow rate ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$)
is very small in the low-luminosity state,
it suddenly rises together with mass accretion rate
and retains the high value during the outburst.
Since the luminosity is larger than the Eddington luminosity,
the outflow is driven by the strong radiation force.
Another one is that the photon-trapping effects appear during the burst.
It is found that the trapped luminosity ($L_{\rm trap}$)
is comparable to the luminosity
in the high-luminosity state.
Thus,
considerable number of photons falls onto the black hole,
reducing the apparent luminosity,
although the disk is very luminous in this state.
In contrast,
the photon trapping does not work effectively in the low-luminosity state.
The multi-dimensional effects are significant
in the high-luminosity state.

To understand the difference of the disk structure between two states,
we display the cross-sectional view
of the density distribution in the low-(left panel) and high-luminosity
states (right panel) in Figure 2.
The velocity vectors are overlaid in the right panel.
It is clear that the disk becomes geometrically thick
and is accompanied by the outflow
in the high-luminosity state, whereas the thin disk forms
in the low-luminosity state.
Further, the patchy structure as well as the circular motion
appears within the disk in the high-luminosity state.
They would be caused by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
around the disk surface and by probably convection
(see Ohsuga et al. 2005).
It is stressed again that
the multi-dimensional effects are significant
in the high-luminosity state.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\epsscale{1.17}
\plotone{fig2s.eps}
\caption{
The 2D density distributions in the low-(left)
and high-luminosity states (right).
The elapsed times are 166 s and 215 s, respectively.
The arrows in the right panel indicate the velocity vectors.
The adopted mass input rate and viscosity model are same as
those in Figure 1.
}
\end{figure*}

In Figure 3, we plot the radiation temperature profiles
at the equatorial plane (top panel)
and the effective temperature profiles (bottom panel)
in the high- and low-luminosity states.
Here, the radiation temperature is evaluated as
$T_{\rm r}\equiv (E_0/a)^{1/4}$, where $a$ is the radiation constant,
and it is roughly equivalent to the gas temperature
around the equatorial plane.
As shown in the top panel,
the temperature of the disk is a few times larger
in the high-luminosity state than in the low-luminosity state.
We calculate the effective temperature by solving
the radiation transfer equation in the face-on view.
We find that the effective temperature is roughly proportional
to $r^{-3/4}$ in the low state and $r^{-1/2}$ in the high state
except for the very vicinity of the black hole
(see bottom panel).
They are consistent with the relations for
the standard and slim disks.
\begin{figure}[b]
\epsscale{1.18}
\plotone{fig3.eps}
\caption{
The radiation temperature profiles
at the equatorial plane (top)
and the effective temperature profiles (bottom)
in the high- and low-luminosity states.
The adopted mass input rate and the viscosity model are
the same as those in Figure 1.
}
\end{figure}

Here, we need to remark that the sum of the mass accretion rate
and outflow rate is about half of the mass input rate on average.
It means that the total mass within the computational domain
monotonically increases with time.
However, the increase of the mass mainly occurs in
the outer part of the disk ($r\gg 100r_g$),
and it does not influence the time evolution of the inner part of the disk
($r\raisebox{0.3mm}{\em $\, <$} \hspace{-2.8mm 100r_g$) so much.
Thus, we conclude that our simulations can reproduce
the quasi-periodic oscillations of an unstable disk
around the black hole.
Much longer computation time is required,
compared with the present simulations,
for reproducing $\dot{M}_{\rm input}=\dot{M}_{\rm acc}+\dot{M}_{\rm out}$
on average.

Finally, we prove that the limit-cycle behavior in our simulations
is triggered by the thermal instability
in the radiation-pressure dominant region.
According to the accretion disk theory,
the limit-cycle oscillations occur
when two conditions are satisfied.
One of them is that the
mass accretion rate is moderately high,
$\dot{M}_{\rm acc} \raisebox{0.3mm}{\em $\, >$} \hspace{-2.8mm L_{\rm E}/c^2$.
Another one is that the viscous stress tensor is
proportional to the total pressure.
To investigate the physical mechanism of the oscillations
in our simulations,
we study whether or not the limit-cycle oscillations occur
by assuming $\dot{M}_{\rm input}=10^3 L_{\rm E}/c^2$
(comparison model A) and
$t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm gas}$ (comparison model B).
The top panel in Figure 4 shows
the time evolution of the mass accretion rate
as well as the luminosity of the comparison model A.
The viscosity prescription is the same as that of the original model,
that is, $t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm total}$ in the disk.
As shown in the panel,
it is found that the disk becomes a quasi-steady
($\dot{M}_{\rm acc}\sim 100 L_{\rm E}/c^2$ and $L\sim 3 L_{\rm E}$).
This represents that the disk is stabilized
when the mass accretion rate highly exceeds the critical value.
On the other hand, the disk with the viscosity model
of $t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm gas}$
does also not exhibit the limit-cycle oscillations.
We plot the evolution of $\dot{M}_{\rm acc}$ and $L$
of the comparison model B in the bottom panel.
In this model, although the disk is not quasi-steady yet
($\dot{M}_{\rm input} \gg \dot{M}_{\rm acc}+\dot{M}_{\rm out}$),
the mass accretion rate is high enough to give rise to the instability
in the case of $t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm total}$
(Chen and Taam 1993, see also Kato et al. 1998),
and the elapse time exceeds the viscous timescale
in the inner region,
$ t_{\rm vis}\sim 160 (M/10M_\odot)
(r/5r_g)^{3/2} (\alpha/0.1)^{-1} (H/0.01r)^{-2}$ s.
It means that the viscosity model of $t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm gas}$
does not cause the disk instability.
Since we succeed in reproducing
the prediction of the disk theory,
we can conclude that recurrent outbursts
in our simulations are caused by the disk instability
in the radiation-pressure dominant region.
\begin{figure}[t]
\epsscale{1.18}
\plotone{fig4.eps}
\caption{
The time evolution of the mass accretion rate (blue) and
the luminosity (red).
In the top panel, the viscosity model is the same as that in Figure 1.
But for high mass input rate, we adopt
$\dot{M}_{\rm input}=10^3 L_{\rm E}/c^2$ (comparison model A).
On the other hand, the mass input rate is the same as that in Figure 1.
But for different viscosity law,
we adopt $t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm gas}$
(comparison model B).
}
\end{figure}

\section{DISCUSSION}
Resulting light curve in our simulations gives a nice fit to
the time variation of the luminosity of GRS 1915+105.
Based on the analysis of the data of GRS 1915+105
taken by RXTE and ASCA, Yamaoka et al. (2001) have produced the light curve
(see also Watarai \& Mineshige 2003).
The luminosity is several times higher in the high-luminosity state
than in the low-luminosity state.
The duration of the high-luminosity state is about $30-50$ s,
and there is sharp edges between the high
and low states.
Our numerical results succeed in reproducing these observed features
as shown in Figure 1.

In our simulations, the observed bursting behavior
is reproduced using the simple $\alpha$ prescription of the viscosity
proposed by Shakura \& Sunyaev (1973).
[Note that our viscosity model
gives $t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm total}$ inside the disk
as we have already mentioned.]
This also might be purely 2D effect,
since the modification of the viscosity model
is required by the 1D simulations.
Watarai \& Mineshige (2003) explained
the X-ray observations of GRS 1915+105
using
$t_{r\varphi} \propto p_{\rm total} (p_{\rm gas}/p_{\rm total})^{0.1}$.
Some authors have proposed the phenomenological viscosity model,
in which the effects of the dissipation of the energy
in disk corona or in jets are simply taken into consideration
(Nayakshin et al. 2000; Janiuk et al. 2000, 2002, 2005),
to match the observed burst duration and luminosity.

The multi-dimensional motion, which is treated in our simulations,
would affect the time evolution of the disk. The mass, momentum/angular
momentum, and energy are extracted from the disk by the outflow and
transported by the convective motion and circulation.
Through these multi-dimensional effects,
the viscosity law might practically change and
affect the limit-cycle behavior of the disk.
To investigate the role of the multi-dimensional motion
for the time evolution of the disk in detail is left as a future work.

The radial profiles of the temperature and pressure of the disk
in our (grid-based) simulations look similar to
those of the SPH simulations (case 2 in Teresi et al. 2004b).
The temperature of the disk is a few times larger
in the high-luminosity state than in the low-luminosity state
(see top panel in Figure 3),
and the radiation pressure exceeds the gas pressure
by more than two orders of magnitude in the high state.
However,
the duration time of the low-luminosity state
in their SPH simulations is quite differ from our results.
In their simulations, the disk stays in the low state for a few second
and it does not agree with observations of GRS 1915+105
(e.g. Janiuk \& Czerny 2005).
Our simulations indicate that the duration time
of the low state is roughly comparable to that of the high state.
Also, the luminosity is a few times larger in their simulations
than in our study, although
the relatively small mass-input rate, $\sim 30 L_{\rm E}/c^2$,
is employed
in their simulations (we set $\dot{M}_{\rm input} = 100 L_{\rm E}/c^2$
in the present work).
These discrepancies may arise from the difference of the method of the
numerical calculations.
Also, the treatment of the multi-dimensional effects might lead to
the difference of the time evolution of the disk.
As we have already mentioned,
the outflow motion as well as the photon trapping
are carefully treated in our simulations,
although the SPH simulations by Teresi et al (2004b)
focused on the time evolution of the disk only.

Although we investigate the disk instability
in the framework of the $\alpha$ prescription of the viscosity,
the realistic formalism about the viscosity should be investigated
from the magneto-hydrodynamical point of view
(e.g., Machida et al. 2000; Stone \& Pringle 2001).
We need radiation MHD simulations as future work.

\section{CONCLUSIONS}
By performing the 2D RHD simulations,
we investigate the time evolution of the accretion disks
around the black holes and find the limit-cycle oscillations.
In this study,
we carefully treat the 2D effects including the outflow and
the photon trapping.
We summarize our results as follows:

(1)
The luminosity sharply rises
from $\sim 0.3L_{\rm E}$ to $\sim 2L_{\rm E}$ in our simulations.
Duration of the high-luminosity state is about $30-50$ s.
The resulting variation amplitude and duration
nicely fit to the observations of microquasar, GRS 1915+105.

(2)
It is also found that the 2D effects are significant
in the high-luminosity state.
In this state,
the trapped luminosity is comparable to the luminosity
due to the effective photon trapping.
The outflow, circular motion, and patchy structure
appear in this state.
The outflow is driven by the strong radiation force.

(3)
The physical mechanism,
which causes the limit-cycle oscillations,
is the thermal instability
in the radiation-pressure dominant region.
In our simulations, the disk is stabilized
when the mass accretion rate highly exceeds the critical value.
The disk does not exhibit the oscillations
if the viscous stress tensor is proportional to the gas pressure only.

\acknowledgments

We would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for many helpful suggestions.
We especially thank K. Watarai, M. Mori, H. Susa, and N. Shibazaki
for useful comments and discussions.
The calculations were carried out
by a parallel computer at Rikkyo University
and Institute of Natural Science, Senshu University.
We acknowledge Research Grant from Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science (17740111).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Scientists often use their own blood to study mosquitoes and the disea…
reporter August 23, 2020 Science
The colony was picky — it wouldn't feed on anesthetized mice or drink from a container covered with a membrane. These mosquitoes retained their behavior from the wild: They wanted blood straight from a human, and only in darkness. So Rund would feed them for about 15 minutes at a time. He's a pro at it now; after the first two months of feeding mosquitoes, his body got used to it.
"Once you've blood-fed enough mosquitoes for a long enough period, you become tolerized, so your immune system, kind of, stops overreacting," Rund said. "You definitely can still feel them when they're biting, but the next day you wouldn't be able to tell where I was bitten, unless you looked really carefully."
For researchers investigating how mosquitoes spread deadly diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and chikungunya, laboratory protocols sometimes involve "donating" blood to the cause. And the cause is urgent — mosquito-borne pathogens kill millions of people annually all over the world. The World Health Organization has called the mosquito "the greatest menace" of all disease-transmitting insects.
Laboratories are generally moving away from feeding mosquitoes with researchers' own blood — and special approvals from ethics boards are required, in any case, to do that. In general, researchers cannot subject themselves to feedings from mosquitoes infected with disease. But some researchers continue to allow healthy mosquitoes to bite the hands — or arms — that feed them in the name of science.
Perran Ross, a research fellow at the University of Melbourne in Australia, had a viral Twitter moment when he posted photos and videos of mosquito feeding on his arm. He told followers he had achieved a daily record of feeding 5,000 female mosquitoes, and lost 16 milliliters of his own blood — about half an ounce — to them. Fielding questions from gawking followers, he called the feeding activity "relaxing."
Ross participates in a line of research that may help eliminate the dengue virus — which causes fever, vomiting and even death — in humans. He and other scientists have injected a bacteria called Wolbachia into the eggs of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Wolbachia decreases this kind of mosquito's ability to transmit deadly viruses, since the viruses cannot reproduce as well inside the insect's cells. The researchers then attempt to breed new colonies of mosquitoes that have the bacteria embedded in them. This method has been showing promising results in reducing the spread of dengue in several areas.
Scientists focus on female mosquitoes because the males don't bite humans. Females need the nutrients in human blood, such as iron, to produce eggs. Aedes aegypti females lay about 100 to 200 eggs at a time, or roughly 300 in a lifetime (adult females live up to a month; males only a week). This particular species deposits the eggs on the sides of shallow puddles, pools or artificial containers; other species may lay their eggs on other surfaces.
Ross's cages have about 500 mosquitoes each, so he ends up feeding a few thousand per month with his own limbs. With the Wolbachia research, he uses his own blood because he needs to keep the mosquitoes under as natural conditions as possible. The colonies tend not to reproduce as well if they're given alternative feeding sources, and getting the Wolbachia to proliferate is already challenging.
At first, when Ross began feeding mosquitoes while working toward a master's degree in 2012, the itching was brutal; he couldn't stop scratching for weeks. But like Rund, his body grew accustomed to it. Since then, Ross estimated, he has fed mosquitoes on the order of eight liters of his own blood.
"I'd be dead if they all fed on me at once," he said jokingly.
Not everyone who works with mosquitoes uses the human feeding method. Chelsea Smartt, associate professor of molecular biology and biochemistry at the University of Florida, has not fed lab mosquitoes off her own arms since graduate school in the early 1990s — and that was in only special populations that didn't adapt to other methods. She said she never got used to it.
"It was amazing to watch but uncomfortable and itchy," she said in an email.
Smartt became interested in mosquito disease transmission because when she was 7 her family moved to Tanzania and her brother contracted malaria. Smartt's lab looks at why certain mosquitoes can propagate viruses and transmit them to people, and some cannot.
While females need blood to reproduce, mosquitoes generally also feed on nectar. Bait stations that people can put in their yards contain sugar laced with fungi or insecticide that kill mosquitoes. Smartt's ultimate goal is to find a molecule that attaches to sugar that would instead block a virus from replicating. That way, a mosquito bite might cause an itchy welt, but not dengue or some other disease.
"I'm trying to do a reverse vaccine," she said. "I'd like to try to vaccinate the mosquito instead."
Instead of human blood, Smartt's lab uses anesthetized chickens or commercially available blood so that the mosquitoes can reproduce for research. Other labs may use mice, guinea pigs or other animals.
Other researchers tinker with various components in artificial blood to see which chemicals most attract female mosquitoes. The key to making synthetic bloodlike solution look delicious to mosquitoes is to warm it up first, says Veronica Jové, a doctoral student at Rockefeller University in New York. She puts a heated simulated bloodlike solution in a container covered with a thin piece of plastic to emulate skin. Mosquitoes then pierce this plastic with their needlelike proboscis called a stylet. The stylet is akin to a tiny syringe evolved to penetrate skin and suck up blood from beneath. Jové works in a lab that studies how the mosquito brain responds when the insect eats.
So what does human blood taste like to mosquitoes?
Jové and her colleagues have found that there are four essential ingredients in blood that mosquitoes go after: sodium chloride; adenosine triphosphate, which is the molecule of energy produced by cellular mitochondria; sodium bicarbonate, which is a major buffer in blood; and blood glucose. Based on the activity of sensory neurons in that sharp stylet, it appears they are more interested in the salty component of blood than the sweet, but all of these flavors combine to create the taste that female mosquitoes go after.
Specialized neurons in the mosquito's stylet distinguish between blood and nectar, according to a preliminary study, led by Jové, which has not yet been peer-reviewed. Another study from the laboratory of Leslie Vosshall, a Rockefeller University Robin Chemers Neustein professor, shows that by giving mosquitoes the minimal components of the blood meal and adding a special drug, the insects will eat and later stop biting. The study was published in the journal Cell.
For Rund, who began mosquito research because of an interest in preventing diseases, feeding mosquitoes his own blood is worth it for the good cause. In addition to providing them nourishment, he is fastidious about making sure the water where they lay their eggs is clean so that new generations will hatch and thrive.
"For something that is such a scourge in the wild, sometimes they can be very difficult to keep in the lab," he says. "While I jokingly call them my 'babies,' you definitely have to baby some of them."
The Hydroxychloroquine Saga Is Just How ...
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OSIRIS-REx snaps first images of asteroid ...
The myth of STEM: How UW's ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.mindinformatics.gwt.domeo.client.ui.annotation.search;

import org.mindinformatics.gwt.domeo.client.IDomeo;
import org.mindinformatics.gwt.domeo.model.MAnnotation;
import org.mindinformatics.gwt.domeo.model.selectors.MTextSelector;
import org.mindinformatics.gwt.domeo.model.selectors.SelectorUtils;
import org.mindinformatics.gwt.domeo.plugins.annotation.spls.model.MSPLsAnnotation;

import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Composite;

/**
 * Abstract class to be extended for creating contextualized search components.
 * Every annotation item/type might have a different search component that
 * knows better the structure of the artifact.
 *
 * @author Paolo Ciccarese <paolo.ciccarese@gmail.com>
 */
public class ASearchComponent extends Composite implements ISearchComponent {

	public static final String ANYBODY = "Anybody's Annotation";
	public static final String ONLY_MINE = "My Annotation";
	public static final String ONLY_OTHERS = "Annotation of Others";

	// By contract
	protected IDomeo _domeo;

	public ASearchComponent(IDomeo domeo) {
		_domeo = domeo;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean filterBySet(MAnnotation annotation, Long setFilter) {
		if(setFilter == -1l) return true;
		return _domeo.getAnnotationPersistenceManager().isAnnotationInSet(annotation, setFilter);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean filterByAccess(MAnnotation annotation, String creatorFilter) {
		if(creatorFilter.equals(ANYBODY)) {
			return true;
		} else if(creatorFilter.equals(ONLY_MINE) && annotation.getCreator().getUri()
			.equals(_domeo.getAgentManager().getUserPerson().getUri())) {
				return true;
		} else if(creatorFilter.equals(ONLY_OTHERS) && !annotation.getCreator().getUri()
				.equals(_domeo.getAgentManager().getUserPerson().getUri())) {
			return true;
		}
		return false;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean filterByType(MAnnotation annotation, String typeFilter) {
		if(typeFilter.equals("All types")) return true;
		return annotation.getClass().getName().equals(typeFilter);
	}

	/**
	 * The abstract search on the text match is case sensitive.
	 */
	@Override
	public boolean filterByText(MAnnotation annotation, String textSearch) {
		// TODO take into account multiple selectors

		//System.out.println("super filterByText");

		if(SelectorUtils.isOnTextFragment(annotation.getSelectors()) &&
			annotation.getSelector() instanceof MTextSelector) {
				return (((MTextSelector)annotation.getSelector())
						.getExact().contains(textSearch));
		}

		return false;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Westwood residents hope that the recently received City of Edmonton revitalization grant will push the refresh button on their community league. Many of the more than 40 attendees met for the first time at a mingle that was part social event and part idea workshop in March.
A second social event is now planned for April 27 at Westwood Community League Hall.
"The area has seen big changes over the years," says Kim Ellis, league president. A recent infrastructure grant funded a new roof for the league hall. But the biggest change will come through community involvement.
Damien and Margaret Hawkswell have lived in the area for over 50 years, most recently in Westwood.
"We walk a lot and feel safe here," Damien says.
Donna Goulard, a social worker, and husband Pablo Hernandez, an oil field worker, moved to the area last October from northern Alberta. They like the tree-lined streets and proximity to public transit. "Something told me that it would be a good neighbourhood," Goulard recalls.
Since then, the couple hasn't met many neighbours. They learned about the community league from a postcard inviting residents to sign up for the eNewsletter, then were invited to the event.
Carmen Pinto and her young daughter moved to Westwood five years ago. Nearby daycare attracted her initially. This was her first community event. "We can learn from each other," she says with a warm smile.
Carol McLeod and John Lang are Westwood residents and avid Alberta Avenue community gardeners. Lang, an area resident for over eight years, would like it if Westwood had a community garden.
McLeod has lived in Westwood for 21 years. For safety reasons, she would like local businesses to trim bushes and overhanging tree branches where people can hide.
Not all issues are easily solved. Like some local residents, Alexis Harrogate doesn't email or text, finding it difficult to learn about community events as a result. The sign board outside the hall is broken and would cost thousands to fix. Infrastructure grants are heavy on paperwork, and take over a year to work through the City system.
Still, Ellis hopes for a positive snowball effect with the second mingle on April 27.
Even her daughter, teenager Lily, has caught the neighbourhood spirit. "A lot of my friends live around here. We meet up and hang out, ride our bikes and skateboard, and go to the parks. It's a lot of fun," she says.


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text:
Home Industry why Nordstrom Inc. is a Good Choice for Investors After New...
why Nordstrom Inc. [JWN] is a Good Choice for Investors After New Price Target of $20.75
Nordstrom Inc. [NYSE: JWN] plunged by -$0.19 during the normal trading session on Wednesday and reaching a high of $18.35 during the day while it closed the day at $17.58. The company report on January 13, 2023 that Teri Bariquit to Retire as Nordstrom Chief Merchandising Officer.
After 37 years with the company, Teri Bariquit will be retiring from her role as chief merchandising officer.
Nordstrom, Inc. (NYSE: JWN) today announced that Chief Merchandising Officer Teri Bariquit is retiring. To ensure a smooth transition, Teri will remain in her role until the company identifies her successor.
Nordstrom Inc. stock has also gained 4.52% of its value over the past 7 days. However, JWN stock has declined by -8.58% in the 3 months of the year. Over the past six months meanwhile, it has lost -19.73% and gained 8.92% year-on date.
The market cap for JWN stock reached $2.78 billion, with 159.50 million shares outstanding and 97.30 million shares in the current float. Compared to the average trading volume of 5.09M shares, JWN reached a trading volume of 4625902 in the most recent trading day, which is why market watchdogs consider the stock to be active.
Here's what leading stock market gurus have to say about Nordstrom Inc. [JWN]:
Based on careful and fact-backed analyses by Wall Street experts, the current consensus on the target price for JWN shares is $20.75 per share. Analysis on target price and performance of stocks is usually carefully studied by market experts, and the current Wall Street consensus on JWN stock is a recommendation set at 3.10. This rating represents a strong Buy recommendation, on the scale from 1 to 5, where 5 would mean strong sell, 4 represents Sell, 3 is Hold, and 2 indicates Buy.
Piper Sandler have made an estimate for Nordstrom Inc. shares, keeping their opinion on the stock as Neutral, with their previous recommendation back on January 05, 2023. While these analysts kept the previous recommendation, Jefferies raised their target price from $21 to $24. The new note on the price target was released on September 15, 2022, representing the official price target for Nordstrom Inc. stock. Previously, the target price had yet another raise to $28, while Piper Sandler analysts kept a Overweight rating on JWN stock.
The Average True Range (ATR) for Nordstrom Inc. is set at 0.74, with the Price to Sales ratio for JWN stock in the period of the last 12 months amounting to 0.18. The Price to Book ratio for the last quarter was 4.63, with the Price to Cash per share for the same quarter was set at 1.85. Price to Free Cash Flow for JWN in the course of the last twelve months was 25.73 with Quick ratio for the last quarter at 0.20.
JWN stock trade performance evaluation
Nordstrom Inc. [JWN] gain into the green zone at the end of the last week, gaining into a positive trend and gaining by 4.52. With this latest performance, JWN shares gained by 4.77% in over the last four-week period, additionally sinking by -19.73% over the last 6 months – not to mention a drop of -21.02% in the past year of trading.
Overbought and oversold stocks can be easily traced with the Relative Strength Index (RSI), where an RSI result of over 70 would be overbought, and any rate below 30 would indicate oversold conditions. An RSI rate of 50 would represent a neutral market momentum. The current RSI for JWN stock in for the last two-week period is set at 52.12, with the RSI for the last a single of trading hit 58.69, and the three-weeks RSI is set at 49.05 for Nordstrom Inc. [JWN]. The present Moving Average for the last 50 days of trading for this stock 18.54, while it was recorded at 17.59 for the last single week of trading, and 21.57 for the last 200 days.
Nordstrom Inc. [JWN]: An insightful look at the core fundamentals
Nordstrom Inc.'s liquidity data is similarly interesting compelling, with a Quick Ratio of 0.20 and a Current Ratio set at 1.00.
Earnings per share (EPS) analysis for Nordstrom Inc. [JWN] stock
The progress of the company may be observed through the prism of EPS growth rate, while Wall Street analysts are focusing on predicting the 5-year EPS growth rate for JWN. When it comes to the mentioned value, analysts are expecting to see the 5-year EPS growth rate for Nordstrom Inc. go to 22.39%.
Nordstrom Inc. [JWN]: Insider Ownership positions
There are presently around $1,596 million, or 58.90% of JWN stock, in the hands of institutional investors. The top three institutional holders of JWN stocks are: VANGUARD GROUP INC with ownership of 10,459,699, which is approximately 1.269% of the company's market cap and around 0.40% of the total institutional ownership; BLACKROCK INC., holding 9,498,982 shares of the stock with an approximate value of $166.99 million in JWN stocks shares; and FMR LLC, currently with $98.08 million in JWN stock with ownership of nearly -18.798% of the company's market capitalization.
Positions in Nordstrom Inc. stocks held by institutional investors increased at the end of November and at the time of the November reporting period, where 161 institutional holders increased their position in Nordstrom Inc. [NYSE:JWN] by around 16,892,013 shares. Additionally, 190 investors decreased positions by around 21,407,450 shares, while 63 investors held positions by with 52,485,390 shares. The mentioned changes placed institutional holdings at 90,784,853 shares, according to the latest SEC report filing. JWN stock had 36 new institutional investments in for a total of 7,273,554 shares, while 72 institutional investors sold positions of 2,948,722 shares during the same period.
JWN stock
Nordstrom Inc.
NYSE:JWN
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text:
Beyoncé Drops Ethereal New Lion King Track, "Spirit"
Finally, Hear Beyoncé and Donald Glover Sing Lion King Duet "Can You Feel the Love Tonight?"
Cats: Honestly, What Is Happening in This Bonkers Featurette?
George R.R. Martin Shares Fresh Details on Game of Thrones Prequel: More Starks, No Lannisters
Layin' Down The J. Law
Jennifer Lawrence Is Now Conquering the Pop Charts
by Kevin Winter/Getty Images
One of the most stirring scenes in the latest installment of the Hunger Games movie franchise, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1 (just rolls off the, erm, keypad, don't it?), occurs about midway through the film, when Katniss (played by Jennifer Lawrence) is asked by one of her fellow rebels to sing. She promptly croons—with raspy, appealing verve—a song called "The Hanging Tree," which is eventually echoed by a marching gang of District 13-ers as they head to battle. Lawrence—who has made something of a bit out of refusing to sing during the press tour for the film—acquits herself quite well. (When we saw the film, our 13-year-old cousin assessed, afterwards, "Of course she can sing well, Josh—she's Jennifer Lawrence.")
And it would appear most of the world agrees with our cousin's assessment, as the song—the music for which was written by the Lumineers (the lyrics were crafted by Hunger Games author Suzanne Collins)—is currently perched at No. 2 on the U.S. iTunes charts. Billboard reports the song is expected to sell "upwards of 150,000 downloads in the U.S." in the week that ended yesterday, which could land it a spot on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart, which will be revealed on Wednesday. The tune is resonating elsewhere, as well, as it has reached No. 14 on the U.K. Singles chart and No. 12 in Australia.
The question is not whether or not Lawrence will EGOT, it would seem, it's whether or not she'll do it by age 30.
Walking Dead: First Look at Season 10's "Whisperer War" and Rick Grimes Movie
Brandon Routh Will Return as Superman in Five-Part Arrow "Crisis" Special
Avengers: Endgame Filmmakers Reveal Dark, Trippy Original Version at Comic-Con
Joanna Robinson
How a Stint at The Bachelorette Turned Me Into a Novelist
J. Ryan Stradal


text:
Leadership Women As Leaders
History Get The Story
News Archive Access Older Articles
Hall Of Heroines
Analysts' Corner
Home / Featured Women
Deborah Determan
Ms. Determan manages Research & Development Partnership for the Science & Technology Directorate at DHS. The Director of Research and Development Partnerships (RDP) conducts effective outreach and engagement through close partnerships with Department operating components and science and technology groups across the national laboratories, interagency and intelligence communities, academic institutions and the private sector, both domestic and abroad. The RDP Group includes the Interagency Office, International Cooperative Programs Office, Office of National Laboratories, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), and many more.
Ms. Deborah Determan joined the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate in September 2011. She serves as Director of the Research and Development Partnerships Group (RDP), which leads the Directorate's efforts to partner across the Homeland Security Enterprise to develop solutions that increase the community's ability to protect the homeland. Ms. Determan comes to DHS after a 24-year Air Force career where she has broad experience in multiple disciplines including program management, scientific analysis, sustainment logistics, international affairs, personnel, intelligence, congressional affairs, and policy.
Prior to her appointment, Ms. Determan was Chief of International Armaments Cooperation, where she led the Air Force in partnering with other nations to develop solutions for common defense, and was responsible for development of defense acquisition, technology, and logistics programs with over 40 countries. During her time in this position, her team developed and led a Strategic Airlift Capability program with 11 nations to procure, operate and maintain a fleet of C-17 aircraft in Hungary in response to a Presidential initiative. Additionally, a cooperative program was put in place with Australia for their purchase of the sixth satellite in the U.S. Wideband Global SATCOM constellation, which gave them ten percent of the entire constellation capacity and provided the United States significant increased capability.
Other assignments during her military career include Chief of the Aircrew Performance Division, where she was responsible for providing the Air Force advanced aircrew performance equipment through development, production and sustainment of aircrew life support, egress and survival systems. In this position, she led her team to national recognition with a Team Achievement Award from the SAFE Association, an organization that has been dedicated to solving safety and survival problems since 1956. She has also worked congressional affairs for the Air Force Director of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) where she coordinated Air Force policy and positions on congressional issues and actions affecting over $7 billion in Air Force ISR resources and defended the Air Force ISR budget to six oversight committees.
Ms. Determan has a bachelor's degree in Physics from Mississippi State University and a master's degree in Engineering Physics from the Air Force Institute of Technology. She also has master's degrees from the Air Command and Staff College in Military Operational Art and Science, and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in National Resource Strategy.
Highlighted on Same Shield is women's role in traditionally closed professions. These include law enforcement, the military, diplomacy, intelligence, and private industry.
Copyright © 2017 SameShield.com, All Right Reserved


text:
Ma Mingxin (1719–1781) () was a Chinese Sufi master, the founder of the Jahriyya menhuan (Naqshbandi Sufi order).

Names
Ma Mingxin's Arabic given name was Ibrāhīm. After returning to China from Arabia he started calling himself 'Azīz.

He was also called Muhammad Emin (). Followers of the Jahriyyah sometimes refer to him by the title of Wiqāyatullāh (Arabic: وقاية الله)

Life
A Chinese-speaking Muslim from Gansu,
Ma Mingxin spent 16 years studying in Mecca and Yemen. He was a disciple of a Naqshbandi Sufi teacher named 'Abd al-Khāliq, who was a son of az-Zayn b. Muhammad 'Abd al-Baqī al-Mizjaji  (1643/44-1725), originally of Mizjaja near Zabīd, Yemen. Az-Zayn, in his turn, had studied in Medina under the famous Kurdish mystic Ibrahīm ibn Hasan al-Kūrānī (1616–1690), who was known for advocating the vocal (rather than silent) dhikr (invocation of the name of God).

After returning to China in 1761, Ma Mingxin founded the Jahriyya menhuan (order) () - the second Naqshbandi order in China after Ma Laichi's Khufiyya. In opposition to the "silent" Khufiyya Sufis, and following al-Kurani's teaching, Jahriyya adherents advocated vocal dhikr, which is reflected in the name of their school (from Arabic jahr, "aloud"). Ma Mingxin also opposed the emphasis that the Khufiyya members placed of the veneration of the saints, construction of grandiose elaborately decorated mosques, and the enrichment of religious leaders at the expense of their adherents.

By the early 1780s, Ma Mingxin's Jahriyya had spread over much of the then province of Gansu (which at the time also included today's Qinghai and Ningxia), as had the late Ma Laichi's Khufiyya menhuan.  Theological arguments between members of the two menhuans, as well as the orders' claim on members' contributions, against the background of government mismanagement of the provincial revenue, often resulted in both violent conflicts and lawsuits.

The escalating conflict between the adherents of the two movements eventually attracted attention of the Qing government in 1781. The apparent center of the conflict at the time was in the ethnic Salar community of Xunhua County (in today's Qinghai Province, just west of today's Gansu's Linxia Prefecture). Considering the Jahriyya (dubbed by the government The New Teaching, in opposition to the "Old Teaching", i.e. the Khfiyya and the non-Sufi (gedimu) Muslims) subversive, the authorities had Ma Mingxin arrested, even though he wasn't personally anywhere around Xunhua at the moment.

While Ma Mingxin was kept in Lanzhou during the Jahriyya revolt, a government expedition sent to Xunhua to take care of the Jahriyya business was destroyed by the Jahriyya Salars, who then rushed across the today's Linxia Prefecture and to the walls of Lanzhou. When the besieged officials brought Ma Mingxin, wearing chains, to the city wall, to show him to the rebels, the Salars at once showed respect and devotion to their imprisoned leaders. Scared officials took Ma down from the wall, and beheaded him right away.

Ma Mingxin's widow, whose surname was Zhang (originally, from Gansu's Tongwei County), and his daughters were exiled to Xinjiang.

Legacy
Ma Mingxin's death did not stop conflicts with China's Muslim community, or those between the Muslims and the government. Three years after the death of Ma Mingxin, his follower Tian Wu started a rebellion against the imperial government; after its defeat, the authorities remained on lookout against the spread of the "subversive" Jahriyya teachings.

Ma Mingxin's fifth generation descendant and the then leader of Jahriyya, Ma Hualong, was one of the chief leaders of the Great Northwest Hui Rebellion in Ningxia, Shaanxi, and Gansu in the 1860s.

The Jahriyya order continues to this day, even if in more covert forms. In remembrance of Ma Mingxin, whose beard was shorn by government  soldiers before his execution, many Jahriyya members shave the sides of their beards.

In 1985, over 20,000 Chinese Muslims  assembled at the site of Ma Mingxin's original (destroyed) tomb near Lanzhou for a commemoration ceremony. The tomb has since been rebuilt.

Ma Mingxin's descendant was Ma Yuanzhang.

Ma Shaowu was a fourth generation descendant of Ma Mingxin, and Ma Shaowu's uncle Ma Yuanzhang was also a descendant, as was Ma Shaowu's great uncle Ma Shenglin . Ma Shaowu's son Ma Cho-ya is a fifth generation descendant and he currently lives in Urumqi.

References

18th-century Chinese people
Hui people
Naqshbandi order
Chinese Sufis
1719 births
1781 deaths

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Repackaging the Twelth of July
admin on July 20, 2005, 12:00 am66 Comments | Readers 16
John Laird makes a pitch for changing the way the Twelth of July Orange demonstrations are seen, by participants and non-participants alike.
He notes that history suggests that the ancestors of modern Orangemen found themselves on either side in the 1798 rebellion for instance:
….members of my own lodge, and our American guests, recreated the Battle of King's Mountain, where Ulster-Scots settlers from the Carolinas and East Tennessee inflicted a crushing defeat on the British, in October 1780; and the Battle of Saintfield, where the United Irish routed the York Fencibles, in June 1798. Men called James, David and John Laird fought in the Battle of King's Mountain in the ranks of the Ulster-Scots rebels. Interestingly, my brother James, my son David, and I, John, were in attendance at this year's Twelfth. Although I wore the uniform of an officer of the York Fencibles on the Twelfth, in 1798 there were Lairds on both sides. Such matters are not simply interesting; they highlight the astonishing complexity of the past. We ought to be very wary of brutal simplicities.
And from this he concludes:
This invaluable work – harnessing the experience of the Maiden City Festival and extending the benefits of that experience to the rest of Northern Ireland – was largely the product of the voluntary effort and enthusiasm of Ulster-Scots cultural activists with comparatively meagre resources at their disposal, because our culture is not as generously funded as other cultures. As yet, we do not enjoy parity of esteem or funding which is our right. That must change.
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66 thoughts on "Repackaging the Twelth of July"
la Dolorosa
Isn't it time (on both sides) to come up with a new festival that unites both parts of the community. I don't think that a festival which commemorates victory over another part of the community can ever unite a people.
Maybe one that's based on peace and tolerance would be a starter.
I can never understand why the Loyal Orders don't abandon every single contentious patrade so that they can concentrate on projecting the type of image that Laird talks about.
The contentious ones are a magnet for the UDA/UVF hordes because they are an opportunity to showboat.
Abandon them and these people will stop comming along. Take the moral high ground. Stop anagonising your neighbours. Win Win.
Yes mr lard oh sorry laird,whatever you say.until the orange order removes its anti catholic ethos and admits responability for all the violence its been linked to in the past i will remain sceptical
Biffo
Yes, a celebration exclusively for protestants here is hardly comparable to a celebration for all French people in France.
It would be if the French decided that only Catholics are allowed to take part in Bastille Day parades.
These events are called demonstrations. Could someone clarify what they are demontsrating against?
With regard to making it inclusive, I think we are going mad on political correctness. Protestant culture should be celebrated in Ireland as distinct to add to diversity. However its the manner in which this is done and parading past your neighbours in a deliberate attempt of provocation is not an expression of culture but of naked sectarianism and triumphalism. I don't believe this is true Protestant culture so let the transformation begin. Beirígí bua.
Roman catholicism, presumably.
Oilbhéar Chromaill
In trying to 'repackage' theTwelfth, Laird lets the cat out of the bag regarding Ulster Scots. According to this article the Orange and Ulster Scots are intertwined, thus leaving no room for a cross community aspect to Ulster Scots.
As for his focus on America, I'd stay quite if I were him. The evidence suggests that it was the Ulster Scots who brought notions such as white supermacism and the KKK to America.
oops…..
Olibhear Chromaill – "As for his focus on America, I'd stay quite if I were him. The evidence suggests that it was the Ulster Scots who brought notions such as white supermacism and the KKK to America. "
……. as well as Stan Mallon – think he's still in some US pentientiary for trying to engage (covertly via a chatroom) with under age girls just before the St Pats Day celebrations a few years ago while he was there on Ulster Scots business and was sidekick to the jovial Lord Laird…….
lib2016
…so to the Orange celebrations of their 'culture' – rape, murder, paramilitary organisations et al we can add the Appalachian and Scots-Irish interest in poverty and incest? Some people, some culture!
Could it not be repackaged so that the Catholics win the battle in odd years and Protestant in even ones?
There could also be a sort of qualifying cultural battle for all the minority religions and atheists in NI with the winner then going on to win the main cultural event in every seventh year.
Then it really would be a festival for all cultures.
Ginfizz
Yet again we witness the kind-hearted and generous nature of modern Irish nationalism – sneering, deriding and maligning any culture that isn't Celtic and Catholic in nature.
FYI Oliver, U-Scots in America brought us the Declaration of Independence, opened up the frontiers of the USA and enshrined the notion of religous moderation and tolerance, long before the Irish arrived in Boston.
That particular demographic group has produced at least 13 Presidents and made a significant contribution to the formulation of American society today. I'd be interested to see what "evidence" you can present to substaniate your ridiculous claims.
Such is the fascistic nature of nationalism that any culture/language/difference must be stamped upon until all conform to the national "norm". This is reflected in some of the comments made on this thread.
So much for parity of esteem.
In actual fact, not everyone in France participates in Bastille Day.
The Vendee was a heartland of Royalism at the time of the Revolution and to this day the celebrations are not observed.
Ginfizz,
you criticise one jaundiced view and then replace it with an equally jaundiced one of your own.
one man's "opened up frontiers" is another man's mass genocide of native population.
One man's "13 presidents" is another man's century of slave trading and human bondage.
One man's "Declaration of Independence" is another man's violent act of anti-British nationalism.
What was that you were saying about parity of esteem and fascist nature?
As Ginfizz says, the sneering bigotry of Oilbhéar Cromaill, la dolorosa and lib2016 demonstrates a deeply unpleasant, abusive, supremacist strain of nationalism.
I also await Oilbhéar's 'evidence' with interest.
Presidents with U-S lineage after the abolition of slavery:
Ulysses Simpson Grant –
(Republican – 18th President 1869-77). Born April 27, 1822, Ulysses Grant was the man who commanded the Union Army in the American Civil War. His mother Hannah Simpson was descended from the Simpson family of Dergenagh near Dungannon, County Tyrone. His great-grandfather John Simpson left Ulster for America in 1760. Ulysses was a Methodist.
Chester Alan Arthur –
(Republican – 21st President 1881-85). Born on October 5, 1830 in Fairfield, Vermont, his grandfather and father, Baptist pastor William Arthur, emigrated to the United States from Dreen near Cullybackey in County Antrim in 1801. President Arthur was an Episcopalian.
Grover Cleveland –
(Democrat – 22 and 24th President 1885-89 and 1893-97). Born on March 8, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey, his maternal grandfather Abner Neal left County Antrim in the late 18th century. Grover was the son of a Presbyterian minister and he belonged to that denomination.
Benjamin Harrison –
(Republican – 23rd President 1889-93). Born on August 20, 1833 at North Bend, Ohio. Two of his great grandfathers James Irwin and William McDowell were Ulster immigrants. Benjamin was a Presbyterian.
William McKinley –
(Republican – 25th President 1897-1901). Born on January 29, 1843 in Niles, Ohio, he was the great-grandson of James McKinley, who emigrated to America from Conagher, near Ballymoney in County Antrim about 1743. William McKinley, a Methodist, was assassinated at Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901.
Theodore Roosevelt –
(Republican – 26th President 1901-09). Born 1885 in New York City, Is believed to have Presbyterian ancestors on his maternal side from Larne, Co Antrim, either the Irvines or the Bullochs.
Woodrow Wilson –
(Democrat – 28th President 1913-21). Born on December 28, 1856 in Staunton, Virginia, Woodrow was the grandson of James Wilson, who emigrated to North Carolina from Dergalt, County Tyrone about 1807. Woodrow's father, Dr. Joseph Ruggles Wilson, was a Presbyterian minister and he belonged to that denomination.
Harry Truman –
(Democrat – 33rd President 1945-53). Born 1884 Lamar, Missouri. His maternal grandfather, Solomon Young was of Scots-Irish settler stock and moved from Kentucky to Kansas City, Missouri in 1840.
Richard Millhouse Nixon –
(Republican – 37th President 1969-74). Born on January 13, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, Richard Nixon has Ulster connections on two sides of his family. His Nixon ancestors left County Antrim for America around 1753, while the Millhouses came from Carrickfergus and Ballymoney, also in County Antrim. He died in 1994. President Nixon was a Quaker.
James Earl Carter –
(Democrat – 39th President 1976-81). Born on October 1, 1924 in Plains, Georgia. Scots-Irish settler Andrew Cowan, the great grandfather of President Jimmy Carter's great grandmother of his father's side, was one of the first residents of Boonesborough in South Carolina in 1772. Andrew Cowan was a Presbyterian, Jimmy Carter is a Baptist.
William Jefferson Clinton –
(Democrat – 42nd President 1993-2001). Born on August 19th, 1946 in Hope, Hempstead County, Arkansas, Bill Clinton claims to be five times removed from Lucas Cassidy who left County Fermanagh for America around 1750. Lucas Cassidy was of Presbyterian stock, President Clinton is a Baptist. He is the only serving U.S. President to have visited Northern Ireland.
George W. Bush –
(Republican – 43rd President 2001-) Born in Texas 1946, son of President George Walker Bush, is descended on his father's maternal side from the late 18th Century East Tennessee settler William Gault, who was born in the north of Ireland (Probably Co. Antrim).
So much for a century of slavery!
As for the Declaration of Indepenednce, what part of "we hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal", don't you agree with?
The difference between some posters and I is that I haven't openly atacked anyone's culture or identity, nor have I questioned the contribution that the Irish made to the world. They on the other hand have sought to diminish and belittle U-Scots heritage and culture. One dleightful poster sought to imply that the only contribution which the Ulster-Scots made was the doctrine of white supremacy and the practice of incestous bastardy.
If those comments were made against any other group the people making the would be called RACISTS.
Mike – I don't know how you think having a celebration that unites both cultures is bigoted……. and I am not a nationalist – not that it matters anyway…..
It would appear that you haven't read many of the threads about Paddy's Day. Maybe unionists shouldn't dish it out so generously if they don't want to be on the receiving end? Here endth the lesson! 😉
I understand your anger at some of the comments but as I said you are replying in an equally jaundiced manner and might I add you are being a little slippery here.
So you are now saying there were, in fact, 20 Ulster-Scot U.S. Presidents, not 13 as you previously stated, of which we can now say 7 were involved in the centry-long maintenance of slavery and human bondage.
The invisible bit that meant this wasn't enacted until a man of courage, Robert Kennedy, brother of the only Catholic Irish-American President, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, introduced the Civil Rights Bill in the 1960s so African-Americans wouldn't have to travel on the back of the bus anymore.
Call me old fashioned but equality means more than words to me.
la dolorosa,
Apologies, mistaken inclusion of your name in that comment.
On the other hand, in addition to the honourable role played by Bobby Kennedy during, there were Irish Ameriicans such as Eugene "Bull" Connor and Mayor Daley playing a not quite so laudable role. (And to go off on a bit of a tangent for a moment, many historians would say it was the Johnson Administration which implemeted most of the effective measures that lived up to the Kennedy Administration's rhetoric). I'd imagone Scots-Irish and Irish Americans have been invovled on both sides of most arguments, good and bad, in US history.
I think you'll find it was Lyndon B Johnson who introduced the Civil Rights Act in 1964 – piloting the bill through congress in the face of fierce opposition from southern dixiecrats.
JFK was never too keen on the civil rights movement (pace Robert Dalek: JFK – An Unfinished Life) and it was only after much argumentation and persuasion from Martin Luther King that RFK was finally won round to the cause of Civil Rights.
Interestingly Dalek's book has a very good chapter on how the Kennedys (re) discovered their Irishness prior to JFK's first congressional run in 1946!
"The difference between some posters and I is that I haven't openly atacked anyone's culture or identity"
I was doing to do a spiel about hypocracy and double standards, but I don't need to. You are obviously as full of sh*t as the posters you condemn.
Frank_Black
Ginfizz – I think you'll find Clinton isn't the only serving US president to have visited the province. You've forgotten all about Dubya's trip to Hillsborough to meet with Blair back in 2003. That was the time he coined the term "Northern Irelanders."
At any rate it looks like all the really crap US Presidents has Ulster Scots lineage. Lincoln, Washington, Eisenhower, JFK and FDR being notably absent from that list. Besides which it was the Ulster Scots who introduced Calvinism to the US thereby laying the groundwork for the Fundamentalist Christian Taliban hellbent on dismantling Roe vs Wade and other hard won American liberties.
I have to say I get a bit sickened when either 'side' tries to lay claim to the glory of their descendants in the US. To the extent that the Scots-Irish played a progressive role in the US, they were the early exiles from the failed Rebellion of 1798 that had the most positive impact. They wer eof the generation of Tom Paine and the Enlightenment, and the best of them embraced the most forward thinking on offer. Most of those who came afterward (and especially the Presidents, you might say) were/are crusty old bigots, much like many of their countrymen. To some extent the Presbyterians were stuck in a tough situation to begin with. The high-and-mighty Anglicans had the best land along the eastern coast and comprised the cream of the slaveholding gentry. The Presbyterians/Scots-Irish were flung into the interior, where they worked smaller plots of less fertile land, usually but not always with few or no slaves. Their location also placed them on the front lines of the Euro-American 'frontier', where they clashed with Native Americans frequently.
The taigs were no better, to be honest, except that they came later, got locked into competition for work with free blacks and slaves, and were subject to sectarian prejudice as well. (Thus the crap about laying down the groundwork for religious tolerance is laughable: have a look at the press for Boston during famine time and tell me how much 'tolerance' was in the air). The Kennedy boys were at best reluctant converts to civil rights. Mostly they found it a nuisance and wished those uppity negroes would stop their whinging.
Last shot: I wouldn't call Orange marches celebrations of 'Protestant' culture. They may be celebrations of loyalist pathology, or of unonist tradition, but as someone who has spent a good deal of time around Protestants from many parts of the world, black and white, and who would probably have found himself on the radical end of the Reformation if I'd been alive a few centuries back, these marches don't seem to me to have anything to do with Protestantism per se. Outside of a colonial-settler context they are impossible to make any sense of.
free2016
spartacus – I agree with everything you say except that we may be judging them all rather too much on the basis of hindsight. They (both sides) did what what they thought was right, as they still do.
"you criticise one jaundiced view…."
Jaundiced? Unless there's been a radical change in the rules rules recently I think you'll find that Catholics are excluded from the Orange Order.
I once had a brilliant idea to revitalise the Orange Order by infiltrating it. Changing my name to Harry Flash and renouncing my already massively lapsed Papist ways I'd become a valued member of a local lodge.
I'd stick at it until I'd finally made my way to the exalted position of Grand Master at which point I'd make a point of appearing in the media as possible explaining the Order's position using nothing but direct quotations from my hip-hop pioneering name-sake.
"It's like a jungle out there. It makes me wonder. Home I keep from going under." And so on.
fair_deal
Lyndon Baines Johnson delivered the Civil Rights Act. Kennedy may have intitiated it but then he just let it sit in Congress making no serious attempt to get it passed. LBJ's political skills (gained as an aide, Congressman and Senator) and willingness to take the political damage in the south was why it succeeded against the strongest opposition seen in the Senate in the 20th century.
LBJ could have done this for Kennedy but he was always treated with contempt by both the Kennedy brothers and they were happy for it to sit in Congress not moving rather than ask him.
Kennedy was fine at making promises and looking good when he made them but poor on delivery. It was LBJ delivered on social programs too not Kennedy.
" it was the Ulster Scots who introduced Calvinism to the US thereby laying the groundwork for the Fundamentalist Christian Taliban hellbent on dismantling Roe vs Wade and other hard won American liberties."
Could you explain what Calvinism in particular has to do with the pro-life movement? Murder is a sin regardless of where you hang your theological hat.
George (apologies, I didn't mean to assume your identity there)
BTW – the vast majority of American fundamentalists are Arminian in their theology
The English Puritans weren't exactly rushing to establish abortion clinics. The Roman catholic church plays a very active part in the American pro-life movement too.
There is little point in making relevant comments like that. Ulster prods are the source of all evil wherever they go. If you fail to comply with this notion then this simply demonstrates your own inherent sectarianism.
fairdeal
Whatever you post don't mention the twelfth! (Or the eleventh night!)
There are a number of issues that need sorted out on the eleventh night.
belvoir
You'll need to add the mob attack on a young pregnant woman to the long list.
" it was the Ulster Scots who introduced Calvinism to the US"
Let's not mention the English, Scottish, Dutch and German settlers who brought their Calvinism to America eh.
Calvinism arrived in America before the Ulster Scots.
Oilbbear Chromaill
Just off the bat, links between the KKK and Ulster Scot-ism:
From Wikpedia:
"Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a term used to refer to a number of past and present fraternal organizations in the United States that have advocated white supremacy, and historically promoted Protestantism to the exclusion of other religions. It was founded by veterans of the Confederate Army in 1866.
In its original incarnation, the Ku Klux Klan sought to reestablish Democratic power in the South, and opposed the reforms enforced on the South by federal troops regarding the treatment of former slaves, often using violence to achieve its goals. The first Klan was destroyed by President Ulysses S. Grant's vigorous action under the 1871 Klan Act and Enforcement Act.
William Joseph Simmons founded the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915.A second distinct group using the same name was started atop Stone Mountain near Atlanta in 1915 by William J. Simmons. This second group existed as a money-making fraternal organization and fought to maintain the dominance of white Protestants over blacks, as well as Roman Catholics, Jews, Asians, and other immigrants. This group, although preaching racism and known for lynching and other violent activities, operated openly, and had 4 million members at its peak in the 1920s; many politicians at all levels of government were members. Its popularity fell during the Great Depression, and membership fell again during World War II, due to scandals resulting from prominent members' crimes and support of the Nazis.
The name Ku Klux Klan has since been used by many different unrelated groups, including many who opposed the Civil Rights Act and desegregation in the 1960s. Today, dozens of organizations with chapters across the United States and other countries use all or part of the name in their titles."
Notice any similarities with organisations known and loved here in the north….? See the above bold type (my emphasis)
The fiery cross symbol is of Scottish origin and is mentioned in Walter Scott's poem "The Lady of The Lake".
Among the leading lights of the KKK were Nathan Bedford Forrest (Ulster Scots links never publicised by Lord Laird and Co? Why not?) and William J Simmons (not an uncommon name in 'Ulster')
The links are there – I don't need to join the dots for you.
I resent the accusation that I have a jaundiced view of the Ulster Scots tradition. I also resent its usurpation as a Protestant/Unionist/Orange and very exclusive sect by the likes of Laird, a man who set back genuine Ulster Scots enthusiasts more than anybody else with his zeal to hijack the Ulster Scots language as part of a project to create a culture equivalent to the Irish language culture in the North.
The Kennedys were so tolerant and do determined to achieve equality that they banned Smmy Davis Junior from the Democratic Convention that selected JFK because of the colour of his skin. Lets not also forget the role that your great champion of freedom and liberty Bobby Kennedy played in the Second Red Scare, for a period acting as a right-hand man to that other great Irish American Joe McCarthy.
The Kennedys are a despicable bunch.
beano; EverythingUlster.com
Interesting use of bold type there OC.
I would possibly have highlighted the following:
The first Klan was destroyed by President Ulysses S. Grant's vigorous action under the 1871 Klan Act and Enforcement Act.
before referring the reader back to earlier comments on President Grant's Ulster lineage.
"as part of a project to create a culture equivalent to the Irish language culture in the North."
Of course because there's only room for one culture – why don't those selfish Unionist bastards just realise that and accept their place?
Oilbhear –
So, you're not producing evdeince of any Ulster Scots links then, depsite your lengthy post?
Your comment on beano's excellent point on Ulysses Grant would also be of interest.
Kevin and Ginfizz,
Speech by John F. Kennedy in 1963 on his decision to enact a Civil Rights Bill, which also covers the American Declaration of Independence quote which started all this:
"We are confronted primarily with a moral issue. It is as old as the scriptures and is as clear as the American Constitution. The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights and equal opportunities … One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice. They are not yet freed from social and economic oppression. And this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free … Now the time has come for this Nation to fulfill its promise … The fires of frustration and discord are burning in every city, North and South, where legal remedies are not at hand … A great change is at hand, and our task, our obligation, is to make that revolution, that change, peaceful and constructive for all … Next week I shall ask the Congress of the United States to act, to make a commitment it has not fully made in this century to the proposition that race has no place in American life or law."
I mentioned Robert Kennedy as he was the only member of the JFK's Cabinet to push for the passage of an omnibus Civil Rights Act, which provided the foundation for the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964.
I don't find the Kennedys to be any more despicable than anyone else Ginfizz.
True RFK began as a moral zealot and worked in the 50s with McCarthy but he also changed his view on invading Cuba during the Missile crisis, saying the U.S. hadn't the moral right to preemptively invade a foreign country even if it had nuclear weapons. Bit of a move on from the morality we see today in Iraq.
He was also one of the first U.S. senators to show the moral courage to speak out against the butchery of the Vietnam war, which left millions dead.
As I said, you are terribly jaundiced if the only word you can find to describe the Kennedys and what they did in their lives is "despicable".
Also, all those Ulster Scots you listed so proudly were ardent believers in the Republican ideal.
If 20 U.S. Presidents qualify as Ulster Scots then many of the United Irishmen, the Republicans who stayed at home, were Ulster Scots.
Why have they been airbrushed out of Ulster Scots cultural history?
What was that you were saying about only room for one culture?
George, I agree, they should not be brushed out of Ulster Scots history. I cannot say if they have been or not but will simply say that I don't see that there is anything contradictory to being an Ulster-Scot Republican (in the true sense of the word Republican of course).
George –
I sugggest you scroll up and read the original article again, it contains this length quote from Lord Laird:
I've never seen the contribution of Ulster Scots to the United Irish rising 'airbrushed', far from it. I'm curious as to why you think it is.
The UI is part of my history. My family turned out in 1798.
The advocacy of an independent Ireland by the Ulster-scots section of the United Irishmen was basically a means to an end, to have their rights satisfied, not an end in itself. For the vast majority of the Ulster-scots community the Act of Union showed itself to provide this. Their politics then moved on and they by and large embraced British Liberalism.
The failure to introduce Catholic Emancipation at the same time enabled Defenderism to begin its transformation into Irish nationalism.
In order to see off the persistent challenges of Irish nationalism, Ulster conservatives and liberals established an alliance that created Ulster Unionism.
Some republicans may like to harken back to over two hundred years ago when an independent Ireland had some protestant support but much better they deal with the present reality and accept our politics moved on.
Mike – apology accepted. Thank you!
Except they would have called themselves Irish Republicans not Ulster Scot Republicans Beano.
This part of the history of the Scottish settlers who came to Ireland has been airbrushed out by the modern British unionist ideology simply by the use of the term Ulster Scot rather than Scots-Irish.
Irish is such a dirty word for so many unionists today, so dirty there are no more Irish Unionists, simply British ones. Ain't no green in the Union Jack and all that.
The fiery cross was an invention for the 1915 film "The Birth of a Nation" as a visual device. There is no record of it being used by the Klan during the Reconstruction period.
Simmons copy-cat organisation lifted it from the film. The original Klan had no religious basis only a racial one (for example of the treasurer of the first Klan group was jewish).
"Among the leading lights of the KKK were Nathan Bedford Forrest (Ulster Scots links never publicised by Lord Laird and Co? Why not?)"
If Forrest does have Ulster-Scots lineage, are you seriously advocating Ulster-Scots groups should go around promoting him? I can just imagine the squealing if we had.
The original term was Scotch-Irish not Scots-Irish. Scots-irish is a recent development. It was not a label the original settlers applied to themselves but had applied to them by others in America. It was adopted about 100 years later by their ancestors when the Scotch-Irish Society was founded and the term became synonmous solely with those in America.
The term is goegraphically inaccurate. The emigration was almost entirely from the Ulster Counties (the nine county defintion I know you are so fond of) therefore, it is a more accurate term.
The first use of the term Ulster-Scots is over 170 years old so it is not a modern invention. Although there is the famous description of an emigre in the 1700's which comes close. He described his group of arrivals as "Scots who had bided for a time in Ulster".
Reg Empey, Michael McGimpsey, Martin Smyth all describe themselves as irish unionists. Paisley also once said "I do not deny my irishness".
I would remind you all cultural groups have the right to define themselves and what they call themselves.
However, accuracy, false claims and rights why let them get in the way of more pointless stereotyping.
Ukko
Words come cheap. I think when people rush to claim kinship with the great builders of America, they are ignoring the harsh reality.
Try reading "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee" by Dee Alexander Brown.
davidbrew
Re:Ulster Scots and 1798.
My maternal family links are to Henry Joy McCracken, and relatives were in the turnout as well. They were a radical, anti-clerical movement, alienated from an administration which discriminated against non-conformists as well as Roman Catholics-definitely nothing like the fascists of SF-IRA.
There are numerous examples of tension between the Defenders and the United Irishmen, with the former having a sectarian agenda, and the latter a radical one. Wolfe Tone ridiculed "poor Pat and his priests". Within a generation these families were in the vanguard of Ulster Unionism for two reasons- the Union gave them the potential of equal citizenship ( though not immediately the experience) , and nationalism did not abandon its sectarian baggage, as exemplified by that buffoon O'Connell, whose posturing was exposed by his damp squib appearances in Belfast .
And the most recent Ulster Scots Agency publication is on Betsy Gray, a supporter of the United Irishmen killed in 1798, following on from one written on William Drennan, leading UI who died an advocate of the Union. Hardly airbrushing
Incidentally, in 1898 there was a riot at the supposed scene of Betsy's killing when the Home Rule Party sought to erect a monument to her, and the local presbyterians- descendants of rebels almost to a man- were having none of this attempt to steal their heritage, as they perceived it.
Concerned Loyalist
I was a member of one of the 39 bands accompanying the Orangemen in Londonderry on the Twelfth. I can honestly say that every band and Orangeman that I had the honour of coming across acted in a dignified and respectful manner. We were not the people shouting sectarian abuse and waving tricolours at the Diamond, when band members had actually stopped playing because they had reached the War Memorial, as a respect to the men and women of the local area who died to keep every creed and colour of the United Kingdom free from fascism, not just "us Hun bastards".
I make no apology for being proud of my Protestant faith. I make no apology for being committed to the age-old cause of Ulster Loyalism. I am not sectarian though and am sick, sore and tired of my co-religionists, who are labelled with this slur for walking the streets that their fathers walked, and their fathers before them walked, and so on and so forth…LOYALTY IS NOT A CRIME!
It should read "sick, sore and tired of my co-religionists being labelled with this slur".
trug
You haven't marched with the Old boyne Island lodge from the Shankill Road, i take it.
This orange order lodge commemorates some of worst mass murderers this country has ever seen.
Shankill butchers & uvf commanders
"..and nationalism did not abandon its sectarian baggage, as exemplified by that buffoon O'Connell, whose posturing was exposed by his damp squib appearances in Belfast ."
Anyone who thought of O'Connell as a "damp squib" would be advised to invest in a history book.
He was by far the most prominent political personality Ireland produced in the first half of the 19th century.
There is no doubt that he was a hate figure for orangeism.
Though his great achievement is always referred to as "Catholic Emancipation" he emancipated not just Catholics but Presbyterians and all faiths other than the established Church of Ireland.
Interesting to note that in August 1864 when the foundations for the O'Connell monument were laid in Dublin, the orange faction in Belfast commemorated the event by burning an effigy of O'Connell at the Boyne Bridge, Sandy Row.
Belfast also lost quite a few of it citizens to sectarian violence in August 1864.
I have loads of history books, which tell me that the Duke of Wellington- a rather more important figure in world politics you might agree- was Irish. Oh, sorry, he was a British-Irish Protestant, and therefore -naturally- not really an Irishman. My mistake.
And I don't recall O'Connell achieving Presbyterian emancipation- which might have commended itself to Dr Henry Cooke,and other opponents. The last discrimination against Presbyterians-particularly the staus of their marriage services- persisted into the 1850s-well after his death in 1847. I'm not saying he was a damp suib, merely that his attempt to appeal to non-Roman Catholics was a failure, just like his campaign for Repeal.
Next you'll be telling us that Parnell wasn't a bicycle thief
"..the Duke of Wellington- a rather more important figure in world politics you might agree- was Irish. Oh, sorry.."
Yes, quite. If he had been born in a stable it wouldn't have made him a horse.


Synonyms: Explosive Bust Mother and Daughter, Anyone You Can Do… I Can Do Better!
Yusuke has a problem – the kind of problem any guy would love to have. You see, there's this girl named Reina, who wants him to be her "private tutor"… oh, and she just happens to have gigantic breasts. Huge, massive, watermelon-sized gazongas that taste sweet and are as soft as marshmallows.
So, what could Yusuke's problem possibly be? Well, when he goes to Reina's house to give her "lessons", he has a run-in with Reina's mom. And boy, is her mom ever stacked. Those triple-F-cup beauties are even bigger than Reina's! Plus, she's got the whole "sexual mid-life crisis" going on… she pours it on hot and heavy, and really wants Yusuke to take her for a ride.


text:
layout: page
title: Barber Trade Trade Fair
date: 2016-05-24
author: Jerry Meza
tags: weekly links, java
status: published
summary: Pellentesque posuere facilisis dictum. Cras imperdiet.
banner: images/banner/office-01.jpg
booking:
  startDate: 01/19/2016
  endDate: 01/20/2016
  ctyhocn: MHMPAHX
  groupCode: BTTF
published: true
---
Nam hendrerit nulla erat. Nunc interdum mi libero, sit amet venenatis ipsum ultrices in. Donec convallis tellus nisi, nec bibendum magna efficitur ac. Donec ut diam vel tortor dapibus suscipit. Aliquam erat volutpat. Phasellus euismod tincidunt magna, interdum luctus lacus elementum eu. Vivamus nunc elit, tristique non ex eu, ullamcorper placerat lorem. Praesent sollicitudin magna eget ligula tincidunt, fringilla lobortis mi ullamcorper. Phasellus varius metus sem, eget volutpat tortor tincidunt ut. Vestibulum id mollis neque. Nulla rutrum euismod nisl. Vivamus in interdum magna. Quisque justo arcu, vulputate et venenatis sed, placerat ac nibh. Praesent ut molestie ipsum.
Integer arcu felis, ultricies vitae odio in, tristique condimentum metus. Morbi convallis augue ac ullamcorper sollicitudin. Praesent sit amet laoreet tortor, at finibus ligula. Aliquam ante nisl, pellentesque at ultrices volutpat, mattis in est. Suspendisse vestibulum semper ipsum eu hendrerit. Nam dui augue, aliquet in consectetur ut, congue ac risus. Sed ornare sit amet tellus in laoreet. Aenean sodales urna et sapien iaculis pharetra. Morbi ut vestibulum leo. Suspendisse dictum, orci id tempus vehicula, magna nisi sollicitudin sapien, ut rhoncus massa metus et felis. Nullam volutpat eget felis et condimentum. Phasellus at sollicitudin massa. Donec enim diam, placerat et scelerisque eu, volutpat a arcu.

1 Donec vel odio vel sapien facilisis malesuada sit amet ut nisl
1 Sed porta lorem sed elementum pharetra
1 Phasellus vitae sapien ac enim accumsan feugiat.

Ut vulputate ante magna, sit amet sodales massa convallis quis. Etiam in augue quam. Maecenas dignissim arcu sit amet est gravida accumsan. Maecenas non vestibulum lectus. Nunc sollicitudin eros vitae libero pellentesque sagittis. Vivamus hendrerit viverra sapien a sodales. Nullam nunc eros, pellentesque porttitor tincidunt id, facilisis rutrum nibh.