text:
Nigeria's Boko Haram Threat: How The EU Should Act – Analysis
April 2, 2012 September 4, 2017 FRIDE 2 Comments
By FRIDE
By Ola Bello
Insurgent activity carried out by terrorist group Boko Haram (BH) in northern Nigeria continues to escalate. This has prompted many international actors – including the European Union (EU) – to consider urgent measures towards the country. Significant gaps exist in the knowledge and analysis of the evolving situation, both on the part of international actors and the Nigerian government itself. This represents a key short-term challenge which must be addressed. In addition, proposals for upgraded EU counter-insurgency assistance to Nigeria are currently being examined. However, the EU's long-standing approach of using development aid to foster more transparent and effective use of Nigerian resources remains fundamentally sound. A shift to hard counter-insurgency support beyond the necessary tasks of strengthening intelligence-gathering and law-enforcement capacities must be avoided. Such an approach risks alienating the EU from its core comparative advantages in 'soft' social and development
The new EU Sahel Strategy (ESS) – focused primarily on security risks in adjoining states – did not foresee BH's potential regional reach as a central concern. Following BH's has recent growth – both in reach and capacity – it is crucial that the EU response is based on a clearer understanding of Nigeria's evolving security situation. The EU must arrive at an accurate assessment, before tailoring its approach to influence micro-level dynamics in Nigeria's north. At the same time, it must offer an enhanced strategic outreach to the country, transcending immediate counter-insurgency contingencies.
A DARKENING OUTLOOK
Once a picture of controlled chaos, the situation developing in northern Nigeria appears to be spinning out of the government's grasp. Incompetence in the security services is exacerbated by the many competing narratives of BH's motives and support systems. The official line – that there exists a formal alliance between BH and international jihadists (Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Somalia's Al Shabaab) – is entirely at odds with one view held by certain sections of the populace: that part of the state security apparatus is complicit in terror attacks for self-serving ends. Some sceptical analysts see the federal government's incompetent response to BH as linked to desires within the security establishment for increased national security spending. Some even allude to plots to secure a second presidential term for incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan by exacerbating national security threats.
Regardless of these differences, many recent EU policy discussions have focused on potential forms of assistance to the Nigerian security sector. Yet the West African country does not neatly lend itself to generalised insights, as proven by the existing knowledge on Security Sector Reform (SSR) as a counter-insurgency strategy. Elsewhere, SSR support has focused on active or retired military personnel and their prospective roles in counter-insurgency as a possible entry point for international action. Policy interventions based on this approach are clearly unsuitable in Nigeria: a whole generation of top Nigerian security officials have long viewed early retirement as an opportunity to expand private business interests by utilising government contacts and connections. Part of the EU's challenge is to re-examine the role of security players in causing insecurity, and to consider this alongside other drivers of conflict emerging in the changing Nigerian environment.
POLITICAL RUPTURE
A number of factors have clearly caused the deteriorating security situation in Nigeria. It is vital to distil their lessons for the next round of EU and international interventions. First, the response of Nigerian law-enforcement authorities to BH's activities has been heavy-handed. The 2009 military crackdown in which Muhammed Yusuf, then head of BH, and his followers were brutally confronted by the police and army Joint Task Forces (JTF) marked a watershed in the group's already-escalating violence. Initially detained, then extra-judicially executed in police custody, Yusuf's demise fuelled local sympathy towards his sect. Other extreme tactics in the pursuit of BH have also alienated segments of Nigeria's northern elites.
A key part of the current picture relates to how a fringe of northern political and security actors have begun supporting BH's terrorism. They have creatively co-opted it to exert pressure on the federal administration, which is led by an inexperienced southern president. These groups, composed of opportunistic coalitions of politicians, serving and retired security officials, and a clutch of similarly disaffected elites, claim to act to defend the economically dispossessed masses in the north.
That a significant section of the mainstream northern business and political elites, former soldiers and security operatives are so dissatisfied that they would subvert state security represents a sea-change. Nigeria's once solid patronage network – structured around influential businesspeople, political fixers, bureaucratic elites and retired security officials – has flailed amidst the north-south tussle over the 'rotational presidency' which ended with President Jonathan's ascension to power. Jonathan's rise after the death of former President Yar'Adua during his first term is regarded by many northerners as a violation of an elite agreement on rotating the presidency. This has fed the sense of political dispossession now prevalent in sections of the north.
Meanwhile, the spectre of widespread breakdown of law and order has grown amidst incoherent and ineffective responses from the federal government. BH terrorist violence has combined with criminal activities of the unemployed youth, with both being actively co-opted by senior security operatives to sabotage public security. The President acknowledged such difficulties when publicly affirming that the Nigerian Police had been infiltrated by BH. Shortly after, the President dismissed a senior northern police officer from service following accusations that he assisted BH's second- in-command and alleged mastermind of the 2011 Christmas Day church bombing to escape from police custody.
CONTAINING THE IDEOLOGICAL BH
Even though the official opinion of BH is widely disbelieved, the truth behind the group's hierarchy, motivation and support systems remains open to interpretation. Founded as 'Jamatu Ahlussunnah Liddawati wal Jihad', the group grew out of revivalist Islamist projects in northern Nigeria dating back to the Sokoto Jihad at the turn of the nineteenth century. BH was also inspired by movements such as the 'Yan Izala' (Salafist Renewalist), led by figures like Abubakar Gumi and his Jamaat Izalat al-Bidaa wa Iqamat as Sunna.
There is some consensus that BH formally emerged in Nigeria's Borno state around 2002 as a sect led by Muhammed
Yusuf, a charismatic Islamist preacher. The group clearly drew inspiration from puritanical islamist ideas, but was also nurtured in its early days by Modu Sheriff, the former Borno state governor. An opposition governor from the All Nigerian Peoples' Party (ANPP), Sheriff partly relied on Yusuf and his nascent BH militant wing – drawn from the large urban poor – to provide a buffer against the political forays of rival politicians from the People's Democratic Party (PDP), which ruled at the federal level.
Yusuf later parted ways with his mentor, and the federal military cracked down hard on the group in 2009, culminating in the death of the BH leader. This inadvertently strengthened the sect's extreme ideological wing, on which Yusuf had exerted a moderating influence. Highlighting the counter-productive outcome of the military response, BH went on to benefit from the support and sympathy of the poor in north- eastern Nigeria, partly due to widespread resentment of the JTF's tactics.
Can BH's Islamist-tinged insurgency be contained? The keys to doing so lie in a clear understanding of the threat it poses, responsible national leadership to defuse it sufficiently to allow for dialogue with radicals, and the allocation of resources to an amnesty programme for militants. Conflict resolution efforts must focus on isolating the ideological core of BH, while simultaneously diluting the toxic mix that has pushed once mainstream elite figures into supporting a terrorist organisation. BH primarily acts against the Nigerian state and increasingly militant Christian groups in Nigeria's 'middle belt', who it perceives as allies of the southern president. Aside from BH's bombing of the UN headquarters in 2011 and the group's alleged involvement in the kidnap and subsequent killing of a British and an Italian national in March 2012, almost all of its targets have been local.
Diminishing economic opportunities and unresolved social tensions provide the context within which religious and inter-ethnic strife in Nigeria feed on popular discontent. Addressing these issues is therefore vital. However, terrorist violence in Nigeria cannot be exclusively attributed to BH. Social rehabilitation programmes must also target unemployed youths formerly deployed by politicians on campaigns of electoral violence and intimidation, as these individuals are now involved in bombings and indiscriminate shootings for criminal ends.
BH's immediate threat also has indirect sub-regional links. Concerns are growing that similarities exist between the destitution which feeds BH in north-eastern Nigeria and extreme poverty in the adjacent Sahel states. Nigerian intelligence assessments already allege the involvement of itinerant youths from neighbouring countries including Chad, Niger and Cameroon in recent suicide attacks. In addition, the current BH leader, Imam Abubakar Shekau, is reported to have escaped to Qoundere in Cameroon from where he allegedly directs an 'emirate' structure with branches in Nigeria and neighbouring countries. The fact remains that the key actors in Nigeria's current insecure environment are exclusively local, but regional links may be on the rise.
DYSFUNCTION AT THE CENTRE
Divisions and inexperience at the federal level are constraining an effective government response to the BH threat. President Jonathan's status as a newcomer unfamiliar with the country's rough-and-tumble politics is increasingly obvious. Both his badly-judged timing of an announcement on fuel subsidy removal and his advisors' contradictory views on BH attest to his inexperience. While the president mostly canvasses for a political solution to BH, some aides threaten a crushing military response. Other officials, including Deputy Inspector General of Police Audu Abubakar, publicly contradict Jonathan's claims on BH's infiltration of the police.
Observers were stunned by revelations that the senior Police Commissioner blamed for the escape of the Christmas Day bomber is also head of the national anti-terror unit. He was dismissed by a previous administration for involvement in torture and other atrocities by the military government from 1993–1999. However, in January 2010 he was secretly reinstated to the force, presumably at the behest of other BH sympathisers in the security hierarchy. This demonstrates the extent of divisions at the heart of the federal government.
Amidst the tension over power rotation, the president and his advisers have displayed very little knowledge of the north – its problems, fears and the extent of disconnect between the street and its traditional power structures. Nigeria has no lack of skilled, culturally sensitive mediators who could reach out across ethno-religious divides. However, neutral external parties could help to promote a much-needed national dialogue. Furthermore, the federal authorities will require a coherent media strategy to counter BH's so far astute messaging, with its carefully calibrated and timed violence and use of the internet.
NIGERIA–EU COOPERATION
The EU must maintain its traditional role of development 'enabler' in Nigeria, especially since domestic policy there has begun to deviate from its previous forward-looking scope. There are indications that the security response to BH will dominate the government's policy outlook in the coming years. This could pose an existential threat to the country's recent economic dynamism. A strong preoccupation with security is evident in the government's latest budget, in which it received an allocation of nearly 20 per cent ($6 billion of a total $30.64 billion).
Most worryingly, the recent shift in spending priorities has failed to inspire strong opposition from Nigeria's external partners. For the EU in particular, the shift in national priorities towards security spending could impair perspectives for development cooperation. Given the US's better-established security cooperation with Nigeria, for example in training and equipment supply, development rather than hard security offers the brightest prospects for EU policy success in Nigeria.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EU ENGAGEMENT WITH NIGERIA
1) European engagement must prioritize a national dialogue on reconciliation, social inclusion, effective representation and power sharing. Current proposals on EU assistance include support to energy reform, educational improvement in the north, strengthening intelligence gathering, justice sector reform and arms control. However, all of these proposals address the symptoms of political dysfunction rather than the root causes. The EU could show real ambition by supporting reinstatement of the rotational presidency to cement stability. It seems clear that the accession of the current southern president has dangerously polarized the country along regional lines. The rotational arrangement offers the shortest route to preserving stability at this sensitive stage in the country's transition. Though it limits the range of democratic choice, Nigeria would not be unique in embracing such expediency. The collegiate system in the United States, for example, has sometimes produced presidents – including George W. Bush in 2000 – that lost the popular vote while demonstrating a wider spread of support across the federal states. Nigeria's rotational system may limit the choice of president to one geopolitical zone at a time, but it will help to dilute the worst excesses of electoral competition in a democracy that is only twelve years old.
2) More specific initiatives must be explored within existing bilateral cooperation to promote social regeneration in the north and break the vicious cycle of poverty, inequality and industrial stagnation that blights the region. The EU should clearly reflect this priority in its next development programming cycle. For national actors in Nigeria and their international partners to best tackle the BH insurgency, it must be viewed within the context of wider political, economic and security challenges facing Nigeria. An approach must be devised to help Nigeria address macro-level issues that breed recurrent national instability beyond BH itself.
3) The EU should also support and seek a role in an amnesty programme for BH militants who are open to dialogue. After all, the country has implemented a similar, highly generous amnesty programme for militants in the Niger Delta, with yearly individual stipends of $4920 (nearly double the country's gross per capita income). Whilst buying out insurgents raises concerns about long-term sustainability, this may be needed to peel away more pragmatic adherents from the violent ideological core of BH. The EU should also follow this up with targeted development interventions for the worst affected north-east region, using a similar approach to that taken in the Niger Delta. This will go some way towards rebalancing the excessive focus on the Niger Delta region in the 10th European Development Fund allocation to Nigeria, which totals €677 million.
4) Given Nigeria's weak capacity to deal with large-scale ideologically inspired insurgency, intelligence cooperation and capacity development may be a priority area for EU assistance. The longer-term usefulness of such cooperation is, however, questionable given Nigeria's growing reluctance to deploy counter-insurgency units recently trained by the US for fear of losing control over national security. Also, as northern Nigeria borders vast ungoverned spaces in the Sahel – areas long feared by the EU as potential havens for Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb terrorists – integration of Nigeria into EU dialogues on Sahelian security must proceed apace.
5) A more imaginative use of sub-regional body ECOWAS is required, given the implications of challenges in Nigeria and other West African countries for the Sahel region and vice-versa. Clearly, Nigeria's regional weight dictates that it will play a major role in the implementation of the ESS, alongside other smaller but important states in the southern fringes of the Sahel including Senegal, Burkina Faso and Chad. An expanded strategy should take account of inter-linked insecurity drivers including BH, drug- trafficking and chronic state weakness in the region, and more systematically link them to addressing insecurity in the wider Sahel. A broader regional approach also has the potential to prevent BH from establishing its presence in Cameroon, Chad and Niger, where close ethnic affinities with northern Nigeria portend heightened risks. This could also mitigate the destabilising effects of arms and militants dispersed southwards from Libya, a development already fuelling a secessionist war in Mali.
External partners require clearer insights into the nature of Nigeria's unravelling elite bargain, and its connections to growing incoherence in the national political and security establishments. Without this, counter-insurgency support, SSR initiatives and other prospective interventions will fail to address root causes. In a broader perspective, the EU should fully pursue ongoing discussions on an overarching strategic framework of engagement with Nigeria, to more coherently shape internal developments as well as shared regional concerns.
As a first step, concluding a Nigeria-EU bilateral strategic partnership could breathe new life into global governance engagements and other shared interests, including expanding prosperity and safeguarding stability across West Africa and the southern Sahel. Conversely, too narrow a focus on concerns around BH and emerging contingencies risks crowding out the worth-while vision of a bold strategic outreach to an indispensable regional player.
Ola Bello is a researcher at FRIDE.
This article was published by FRIDE as Policy Brief No 123 – APRIL 2012, which may be accessed here (PDF).
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FRIDE is a think tank based in Madrid that aims to provide the best and most innovative thinking on Europe's role in the international arena. It strives to break new ground in its core research interests of peace and security, human rights, democracy promotion, and development and humanitarian aid, and mould debate in governmental and non-governmental bodies through rigorous analysis, rooted in the values of justice, equality and democracy.
2 thoughts on "Nigeria's Boko Haram Threat: How The EU Should Act – Analysis"
s.ducain
The best thing for Nigeria would be if the EU
would keep its octopus hands off Nigeria's money.
We don't need a Rothschild front organization milking us like they do in Europe and America.
There are already enough crooks in Nigeria, thank you.
Is this the best you can come up with, an article that repeats itself continually? The information
could be contained in one short paragraph.Nothing
new has been said. The EU is an irrelevancy to
the terrorist activity in Northern Nigeria,keep your noses out of it.


JR. JUNKANOO PARTICIPANTS GLITTER – The City of Freeport Council's 20th Annual Junior Junkanoo Parade was a success, as scores of students took to the streets of downtown Freeport to show off their dancing and creativity with various themes. Thirty schools from Grand Bahama and Sweeting's Cay participated in the event, where the youth of the nation shined, as they showcased Bahamian culture at its best.
The Junkanoo element on Saturday was extraordinary as juniors presented their artistic styles and dances for observers.
Despite the postponement of The City of Freeport District Council's 20th Annual Junior Junkanoo Parade two weeks ago, due to inclement weather, this past Saturday February 9, West Pioneer's Way, Downtown Freeport was transformed to celebrate Bahamian culture at its best, with the nation's future indeed beaming bright as they displayed their creativity and passion for Junkanoo in grand style.
Opened in prayer by Father Curtis Robinson, Rector of St. Mary Magdalene Anglican Church, followed by an outstanding rendition of the National Anthem by Jasmine Thompson, a student of Tabernacle Baptist Christian Academy, the parade was exciting from the outset.
"Twenty years of celebrating our youth, in terms of Junkanoo was no easy task. What you see here was put together by a group of planners and individuals who worked day and night to give you a beautiful parade. The senior parade was fantastic, and the junior parade will be just as exciting," he said.
Turnquest emphasized the significance of culture.
"As I stand here and I am looking at the sun shining right in my face, I recognize that the culture of our country and the future of our culture is extremely bright.
"Remember that this was postponed because the weather was inclement, as they call it, so let us give the Lord a round of applause for giving us good weather today.
"It is my honour to be here, on behalf of my Minister, the Hon. Lanisha Rolle, to bring greetings and also to have the opportunity to declare this parade officially open but to tell you that our culture is in the hands of some wonderful people, that is each and every one of you who are seated here, to make certain that this more formidable expression, that is called Junkanoo, is forever living, not only in our hearts, but in the main streets of every single island in our country.
From the tiny tots to the senior schools throughout the island, attendees of the event appeared to thoroughly enjoy the performances by the youth, who also were noticeably engaged, wooing the crowd in turn.
A number of local government officials were present and shared their thoughts on the parade throughout the event.
Minister of State within the Office of the Prime Minister, Senator Kwasi Thompson, shared his thoughts on the event.
Former Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Perry Christie was also in attendance.
"Truly this is a wonderful occasion and we must encourage our young people to stay engaged because some of them may become accomplished dancers, accomplished musicians. Some have become professors at universities in music and dance. This is something very important for our future to continue," said Christie.
Member of Parliament for Central Grand Bahama, Hon. Iram Lewis was also in attendance.
"The parade appears to be well attended, the crowd is having fun and, in fact it is pleasantly larger than that of the senior Junkanoo (Parade). It is so good to see the crowd's support here tonight," he said.
"This is absolutely fantastic. The support of all of the people who are out here, the primary schools, they killed it and I am going to make sure to select a couple of those individuals to try and put them on the frontline of 'One Family' the noted senior Junkanoo group based in the capital island of New Providence.
"If we can get more young people participating in Junkanoo in the most formidable expression of our Bahamian culture, then it promises that the senior parades will continue and we can learn from these young people in the senior Junkanoo.
"I think they (youth) can teach us a lot about Junkanoo and what it means to do it in style. I think the infrastructure here is absolutely amazing and I want to commend the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture in Grand Bahama, for a job well done, as well as the Grand Bahama Junkanoo Committee," said added Turnquest.
The five primary groups judged were: Preschool, Primary, Junior, All Age, and Secondary. Thirty schools participated in the 20th Annual Junior Junkanoo Parade. Of the participants, there were eight in the Preschool Division; eight in Primary; nine entrants for the All Age Division and four within the Secondary Class. The Bahamas Technical and Vocational Institute participated in the secondary division as a Fun group while Sister Mary Patricia Russell Junior High was the sole entrant in the Junior Division of this year's Junior Parade.
28981.jpg UNDER THE SEA—The Little Mermaid from Growing Years Preschool danced her way down the street during the City of Freeport Council Junior Junkanoo Parade.


text:
Q: How to switch sprites when a collision occurs? First: I´m totally new with programming and this must be an easy task so I hope you can help me to fix this while I learn from your approximation to this so maybe I can solve future problems in my beginner project.
So I´m trying to make a gameobject to change its sprite when it collides with another one. In the code you can see that I made the CandleLit and CandleUnlit with public properties so I dragged the corresponding sprites to their respective slot in the Inspector in Unity... the idea is that when the CandleUnlit collider touches the collider of my object with tag "Smallfire" it switch the sprite of CandleUnlit to the sprite of CandleLit... I don´t have errors in console but nothing is happening when the collision occurs so I know it must be a very stupid problem whit the way I understand the scripting flow... so I hope someone can help me to find what i´m missing or what did I do wrong. Thanks in advance I will check my tutorials while waiting for someone´s help because I can´t figure it out after many hours by my self :(
public class CandleSpriteSwitch : MonoBehaviour
{
    public Sprite CandleLit;
    public Sprite CandleUnlit;

    void OnCollisionEnter2D(Collision2D collision)
    {
        if (collision.gameObject.tag == "SmallFire")
        {
            gameObject.GetComponent<SpriteRenderer>().sprite = CandleLit;
        }
        else
        {
            gameObject.GetComponent<SpriteRenderer>().sprite = CandleUnlit;
        }
    }
}

A: One of your GameObject needs to have a BoxCollider2D and a Rigidbody2D. Collisions do not take place until and unless a rigidbody2d is present. So in your case just make sure the 2 GameObjects that are colliding have a Rigidbody2D and a Collider2D

A: As @Zohaib Zaidi mentioned in collisions there must be at least 1 Rigidbody in order to work properly. If you have rigidbody and sizes of 2 colliders are adjusted correctly and are not set to "is Trigger". Then the only reason could be in Layer Collision Matrix, if that's fine, then there is no reason for it to not work!
public class CandleSpriteSwitch : MonoBehaviour
{
    public Sprite candleLit;
    public Sprite candleUnlit;
    public SpriteRenderer render;

    private void OnCollisionEnter2D(Collision2D collision)
    {
        if (collision.transform.CompareTag("SmallFire"))
        {
            render.sprite = candleLit;
        }
        else
        {
            render.sprite = candleUnlit;
        }
    }
}

Btw.. when declaring a name variable always use a lowercase for the first word. In general this shouldn't be a problem but it will for sure create difficulties later on. Plus, you could actually declare Sprite Renderer on the beginning and not when collision occurs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
THE CHURCH CONSTITUTION
Revised October 12, 2014
Ratified Nov. 9, 2014
CONSTITUTION OF ST. JOHN'S EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH
WALHALLA, SOUTH CAROLINA
We, baptized members of the Church of Christ, responding in faith to the call of the Holy Spirit through the Gospel, desiring to unite together to preach the Word, administer the sacraments, and carry out God's mission, do hereby adopt this constitution and solemnly pledge ourselves to be governed by its provisions. In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
NAME AND INCORPORATION
C1.01. The name of this congregation shall be St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church.
C1.02. For the purpose of this constitution and the accompanying bylaws, the congregation of St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church congregation, established 1852 in Walhalla, South Carolina, is hereinafter designated as "this congregation."
C1.11. This congregation shall be incorporated under the laws of the State of South Carolina.
C2.01. This congregation confesses the Triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
C2.02. This congregation confesses Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior and the Gospel as the power of God for the salvation of all who believe.
a. Jesus Christ is the Word of God incarnate, through whom everything was made and through whose life, death, and resurrection God fashions a new creation.
b. The proclamation of God's message to us as both Law and Gospel is the Word of God, revealing judgment and mercy through word and deed, beginning with the Word in creation, continuing in the history of Israel, and centering in all its fullness in the person and work of Jesus Christ.
c. The canonical Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are the written Word of God. Inspired by God's Spirit speaking through their authors, they record and announce God's revelation centering in Jesus Christ. Through them God's Spirit speaks to us to create and sustain Christian faith and fellowship for service in the world.
C2.03. This congregation accepts the canonical Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the inspired Word of God and the authoritative source and norm of its proclamation, faith, and life.
C2.04. This congregation accepts the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds as true declarations of the faith of this congregation.
C2.05. This congregation accepts the Unaltered Augsburg Confession as a true witness to the Gospel, acknowledging as one with it in faith and doctrine all churches that likewise accept the teachings of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession.
C2.06. This congregation accepts the other confessional writings in the Book of Concord, namely, the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, the Smalcald Articles and the Treatise, the Small Catechism, the Large Catechism, and the Formula of Concord, as further valid interpretations of the faith of the Church.
C2.07. This congregation confesses the Gospel, recorded in the Holy Scriptures and confessed in the ecumenical creeds and Lutheran confessional writings, as the power of God to create and sustain the Church for God's mission in the world.
NATURE OF THE CHURCH
C3.01. All power in the Church belongs to our Lord Jesus Christ, its head. All actions of this congregation are to be carried out under his rule and authority.
C3.02. The Church exists both as an inclusive fellowship and as local congregations gathered for worship and Christian service. Congregations find their fulfillment in the universal community of the Church, and the universal Church exists in and through congregations. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, therefore, derives its character and powers both from the sanction and representation of its congregations and from its inherent nature as an expression of the broader fellowship of the faithful. In length, it acknowledges itself to be in the historic continuity of the communion of saints; in breadth, it expresses the fellowship of believers and congregations in our day.
C4.01. The Church is a people created by God in Christ, empowered by the Holy Spirit, called and sent to bear witness to God's creative, redeeming, and sanctifying activity in the world.
C4.02. To participate in God's mission, this congregation as a part of the Church shall:
a. Worship God in proclamation of the Word and administration of the sacraments and through lives of prayer, praise, thanksgiving, witness, and service.
b. Proclaim God's saving Gospel of justification by grace for Christ's sake through faith alone, according to the apostolic witness in the Holy Scripture, preserving and transmitting the Gospel faithfully to future generations.
c. Carry out Christ's Great Commission by reaching out to all people to bring them to faith in Christ and by doing all ministry with a global awareness consistent with the understanding of God as Creator, Redeemer, and Sanctifier of all.
d. Serve in response to God's love to meet human needs, caring for the sick and the aged, advocating dignity and justice for all people, working for peace and reconciliation among the nations, and standing with the poor and powerless, and committing itself to their needs.
e. Nurture its members in the Word of God so as to grow in faith and hope and love, to see daily life as the primary setting for the exercise of their Christian calling, and to use the gifts of the Spirit for their life together and for their calling in the world.
f. Manifest the unity given to the people of God by living together in the love of Christ and by joining with other Christians in prayer and action to express and preserve the unity which the Spirit gives.
C4.03. To fulfill these purposes, this congregation shall:
a. Provide services of worship at which the Word of God is preached and the sacraments are administered.
b. Provide pastoral care and assist all members to participate in this ministry.
c. Challenge, equip, and support all members in carrying out their calling in their daily lives and in their congregation.
d. Teach the Word of God
e. Witness to the reconciling Word of God in Christ, reaching out to all people.
f. Respond to human need, work for justice and peace, care for the sick and the suffering, and participate responsibly in society.
g. Motivate its members to provide financial support for the congregation's ministry and the ministry of other parts of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
h. Foster and participate in interdependent relationships with other congregations, the synod, and the churchwide organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
i. Foster and participate in ecumenical relationships consistent with churchwide policy.
C4.04. This congregation shall develop an organizational structure to be described in the bylaws. The Congregation Council shall prepare descriptions of the responsibilities of each committee, task force, or other organizational group and shall review their actions. [Such descriptions shall be contained in continuing resolutions in the section on the Congregation Council.]
C4.05. This congregation shall, from time to time, adopt a mission statement which will provide specific direction for its programs.
POWERS OF THE CONGREGATION
C5.01. The powers of this congregation are those necessary to fulfill its purpose.
C5.02. The powers of this congregation are vested in the Congregation Meeting called and conducted as provided in this constitution and bylaws.
C5.03. Only such authority as is delegated to the Congregation Council or other organizational units in this congregation's governing documents is recognized. All remaining authority is retained by the congregation. The congregation is authorized to:
a. call a pastor as provided in Chapter 9;
b. terminate the call of a pastor as provided in Chapter 9;
c. call or terminate the call of associates in ministry, deaconesses, and diaconal ministers in conformity with the applicable policy of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America;
d. adopt amendments to the constitution, as provided in Chapter 17, and amendments to the bylaws, as specified in Chapter 16;
e. approve the annual budget;
f. acquire real and personal property by gift, devise, purchase, or other lawful means;
g. hold title to and use its property for any and all activities consistent with its purpose;
h. sell, mortgage, lease, transfer, or otherwise dispose of its property by any lawful means;
i. elect its Congregation Council and require the members of the council to carry out their duties in accordance with the constitution, and bylaws and;
j. terminate its relationship with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as provided in Chapter 6.
C5.04. This congregation shall choose from among its voting members laypersons to serve as voting members of the Synod Assembly as well as persons to represent it at meetings of any conference, cluster, coalition, or other area subdivision of which it is a member. The number of persons to be elected by the congregation and other qualifications shall be as prescribed in guidelines established by the South Carolina Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
C5.05. This congregation shall have a mission endowment fund that will operate as specified in this congregation's [bylaws][continuing resolutions]. The purpose of the mission endowment fund is to provide for mission work beyond the operational budget of this congregation.
C6.01. This congregation shall be an interdependent part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America or its successor, and of the South Carolina Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. This congregation is subject to the discipline of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
C6.02. This congregation accepts the Confession of Faith and agrees to the Purposes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and shall act in accordance with them.
C6.03. This congregation acknowledges its relationship with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in which:
a. This congregation agrees to be responsible for its life as a Christian community.
b. This congregation pledges its financial support and participation in the life and mission of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
c. This congregation agrees to call pastoral leadership from the clergy roster of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in accordance with its call procedures except in special circumstances and with the approval of the bishop of the synod.
d. This congregation agrees to consider associates in ministry, deaconesses, and diaconal ministers for call to other staff positions in the congregation according to the procedures of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
e. This congregation agrees to file this constitution and any subsequent changes to this constitution with the synod for review to ascertain that all of its provisions are in agreement with the constitution and bylaws of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and with the constitution of the synod.
C6.04. Affiliation with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America may be terminated as follows:
a. This congregation takes action to dissolve.
b. This congregation ceases to exist.
c. This congregation is removed from membership in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America according to the procedures for discipline of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
d. This congregation follows the procedures outlined in *C6.05.
C6.05. This congregation may terminate its relationship with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by the following procedure:
a. A resolution indicating the desire of this congregation to terminate its relationship must be adopted at a legally called and conducted special meeting of this congregation by a two-thirds majority of the voting members present.
b. The secretary of this congregation shall submit a copy of the resolution to the synodical bishop and shall mail a copy of the resolution to voting members of this congregation. This notice shall be submitted within 10 days after the resolution has been adopted.
c. The bishop of the synod shall consult with this congregation during a period of at least 90 days.
d. If this congregation, after consultation, still desires to terminate its relationship, such action may be taken at a legally called and conducted special meeting by a two-thirds majority of the voting members present, at which meeting the bishop of the synod or an authorized representative shall be present. Notice of the meeting shall be mailed to all voting members at least 10 days in advance of the meeting.
e. A certified copy of the resolution to terminate its relationship shall be sent to the synodical bishop, at which time the relationship between this congregation and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America shall be terminated.
f. Notice of termination shall be forwarded by the synodical bishop to the secretary of this church and published in the periodical of this church.
g. Since this congregation was a member of the Lutheran Church in America, it
shall be required, in addition to the foregoing provisions in *C6.05., to
receive synodical approval before terminating its membership in the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
h. Since this congregation was established by the Evangelical Lutheran Church
in America, it shall be required, in addition to the foregoing provisions in
*C6.05., to receive synodical approval before terminating its membership in
the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
C6.06. If this congregation considers relocation, it shall confer with the bishop of the synod in which it is territorially located before any steps are taken leading to such action. The approval of the Synod Council shall be received before any such action is effected.
C7.01. If this congregation ceases to exist, title to undisposed property shall pass to the South Carolina Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
C7.02. If this congregation is removed from membership in the Evangelical Lutheran
Church in America according to its procedure for discipline, title to property
shall continue to reside in this congregation.
C7.03. If a two-thirds majority of the voting members of this congregation present at a legally called and conducted special meeting of this congregation vote to transfer to another Lutheran church body, title to property shall continue to reside in this congregation. Before this congregation takes action to transfer to another Lutheran church body, it shall consult with representatives of the South Carolina Synod.
C7.04. If a two-thirds majority of the voting members of this congregation present at a legally called and conducted special meeting of this congregation vote to become independent or relate to a non-Lutheran church body, title to property of this congregation shall continue to reside in this congregation only with the consent of the Synod Council. The Synod Council, after consultation with this congregation by the established synodical process, may give approval to the request to become independent or to relate to a non-Lutheran church body, in which case title shall remain with the majority of this congregation. If the Synod Council fails to give such approval, title shall remain with those members who desire to continue as a congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
C7.05. Notwithstanding the provisions of *C7.02. and *C.7.03. above, where this congregation has received property from the synod pursuant to a deed or other instrument containing restrictions under provision 9.71.a. of the Constitution, Bylaws, and Continuing Resolutions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, this congregation accepts such restrictions and:
a. Shall not transfer, encumber, mortgage, or in any way burden or impair any right, title, or interest in the property without prior approval of the Synod Council.
b. Shall—upon written demand by the Synod Council, pursuant to †S13.23. of the constitution of the South Carolina Synod re-convey and transfer all right, title, and interest in the property to the synod.
C8.01. Members of this congregation shall be those baptized persons on the roll of this congregation at the time that this constitution is adopted and those who are admitted thereafter and who have declared and maintain their membership in accordance with the provisions of this constitution and its bylaws.
C8.02. Members shall be classified as follows:
a. Baptized members are those persons who have been received by the Sacrament of Holy Baptism in this congregation, or, having been previously baptized in the name of the Triune God, have been received by certificate of transfer from other Lutheran congregations or by affirmation of faith.
b. Confirmed members are baptized persons who have been confirmed in this congregation, those who have been received by adult baptism or by transfer as confirmed members from other Lutheran congregations, or baptized persons received by affirmation of faith.
c. Voting members are confirmed members. Such confirmed members, during the current or preceding calendar year, shall have communed in this congregation and shall have made a contribution of record to this congregation.
d. Associate members are persons holding membership in other Lutheran [Christian] congregations who wish to retain such membership but desire to participate in the life and mission of this congregation, or persons who wish to retain a relationship with this congregation while being members of other congregations. They have all the privileges and duties of membership except voting rights and eligibility for elected offices or membership on the Congregation Council of this congregation.
C8.03. All applications for confirmed membership shall be submitted to and shall require the approval of the Congregation Council.
C8.04. It shall be the privilege and duty of members of this congregation to:
a. avail themselves faithfully to make regular use of the means of grace, both Word and sacraments;
b. live a Christian life in accordance with the Word of God and the teachings of the Lutheran church; and
c. support the work of this congregation, the synod, and the churchwide organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America through contributions of their time, abilities, and financial support as biblical stewards.
C8.05. Membership in this congregation shall be terminated by any of the following:
a. death;
b. resignation;
c. transfer or release;
d. disciplinary action by the Congregation Council; or
e. removal from the roll due to inactivity as defined in the bylaws.
Such persons who have been removed from the roll of members shall remain persons for whom the Church has a continuing pastoral concern.
THE PASTOR
C9.01. Authority to call a pastor shall be in this congregation by at least a two-thirds majority ballot vote of members present and voting at a meeting legally called for that purpose. Before a call is issued, the officers, or a committee elected by [this congregation][the Congregation Council] to recommend the call, shall seek the advice and help of the bishop of the synod.
C9.02. Only a member of the clergy roster of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America or a candidate for the roster of ordained ministers who has been recommended for the congregation by the synodical bishop may be called as a pastor of this congregation.
C9.03. Consistent with the faith and practice of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,
a. Every ordained minister shall:
1) preach the Word;
2) administer the sacraments;
3) conduct public worship;
4) provide pastoral care; and
5) speak publicly to the world in solidarity with the poor and oppressed, calling for justice and proclaiming God's love for the world.
b. Each ordained minister with a congregational call shall, within the congregation:
1) offer instruction, confirm, marry, visit the sick and distressed, and bury the dead;
2) supervise all schools and organizations of this congregation;
3) install regularly elected members of the Congregation Council; and
4) with the council, administer discipline.
c. Every pastor shall:
1) strive to extend the Kingdom of God in the community, in the nation, and abroad;
2) seek out and encourage qualified persons to prepare for the ministry of the Gospel
3) impart knowledge of this church and its wider ministry through distribution of its periodicals and other publications; and
4) endeavor to increase the support given by the congregation to the work of the churchwide organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and of the South Carolina Synod of the ELCA.
C9.04. The specific duties of the pastor, compensation, and other matters pertaining to the service of the pastor shall be included in a letter of call, which shall be attested by the bishop of the synod.
C9.05. a. The call of a congregation, when accepted by a pastor, shall constitute a continuing mutual relationship and commitment, which, except in the case of the death of the pastor, shall be terminated only following consultation with the synodical bishop and for the following reasons:
1) mutual agreement to terminate the call or the completion of a call for a specific term;
2) resignation of the pastor; which shall become effective, unless otherwise agreed, 30 days after the date on which it was submitted;
3) inability to conduct the pastoral office effectively in the congregation in view of local conditions, without reflection on the competence or the moral and spiritual character of the pastor;
4) the physical or mental incapacity of the pastor;
5) disqualification of the pastor through discipline on grounds of doctrine, morality, or continued neglect of duty;
6) the dissolution of the congregation; or
7) suspension of the congregation as a result of discipline proceedings.
b. When allegations of physical or mental incapacity of the pastor or ineffective conduct of the pastoral office have come to the attention of the bishop of the synod, the bishop in his or her sole discretion may, or when such allegations have been brought to the synod's attention by an official recital of allegations by the Congregation Council or by a petition signed by at least one-third of the voting members of the congregation, the bishop shall, investigate such conditions personally in company with a committee of two ordained ministers and one layperson.
c. In case of alleged physical or mental incapacity, competent medical testimony shall be obtained. When such disability is evident, the bishop of the synod with the advice of the committee shall declare the pastorate vacant. Upon the restoration of a disabled pastor to health, the bishop of the synod shall take steps to enable the pastor to resume the ministry, either in the congregation last served or in another field of labor.
d. In the case of alleged local difficulties that imperil the effective functioning of the congregation, all concerned persons shall be heard, after which the bishop of the synod together with the committee described in *C9.05.b. shall decide on the course of action to be recommended to the pastor and the congregation. If they agree to carry out such recommendations, no further action shall be taken by the synod. If either party fails to assent, the congregation may dismiss the pastor at a legally called meeting after consultation with the bishop, either (a) by a two-thirds majority vote of the voting members present and voting where the bishop and the committee did not recommend termination of the call, or (b) by a simple majority vote of the voting members present and voting where the bishop and the committee recommended termination of the call.
e. If, in the course of proceedings described in *C9.05.d., the committee concludes that there may be grounds for disciplinary action, the committee shall make recommendations concerning disciplinary action to the synodical bishop who may bring charges, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and bylaws of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the constitution of this synod.
f. If, following the appointment of the committee described in *C9.05.b. or d., it should become apparent that the pastoral office cannot be conducted effectively in the congregation(s) being served by the ordained minister due to local conditions, the bishop of the synod may temporarily suspend the pastor from service in the congregation(s) without prejudice and with pay provided through a joint synodical and churchwide fund and with housing provided by the congregation(s).
C9.06. At a time of pastoral vacancy, an interim pastor shall be appointed by the bishop of the synod with the consent of this congregation or the Congregation Council.
C9.07. During the period of service, an interim pastor shall have the rights and duties in the congregation of a regularly called pastor and may delegate the same in part to a supply pastor with the consent of the bishop of the synod and this congregation or Congregation Council. The interim pastor and any ordained pastor providing assistance shall refrain from exerting influence in the selection of a pastor.
C9.08. This congregation shall make satisfactory settlement of all financial obligations to a former pastor before calling a successor. A pastor shall make satisfactory settlement of all financial obligations to this congregation before beginning service in a call to another congregation or employment in another ministry setting related to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
C9.09. When a pastor is called to serve in company with another pastor or pastors, the privileges and responsibilities of each pastor shall be specified in documents to accompany the call and to be drafted in consultation involving the pastors, the Congregation Council, and the bishop of the synod. As occasion requires, the documents may be revised through a similar consultation.
C9.11. With the approval of the bishop of the synod, the congregation may depart from *C9.05.a., and call a pastor for a specific term. of years Details of such calls shall be in writing setting forth the purpose and conditions involved. Prior to the completion of a term, the bishop or a designated representative of the bishop shall meet with the pastor and representatives of the congregation for a review of the call. Such a call may also be terminated before its expiration in accordance with the provisions of *C9.05.a.
C9.12. The pastor of this congregation:
a. shall keep accurate parochial records of all baptisms, confirmations, marriages, burials, communicants, members received, members dismissed, or members excluded from the congregation;
b. shall submit a summary of such statistics annually to the synod; and
c. shall become a member of this congregation upon receipt and acceptance of the letter of call. In a parish of multiple congregations, the pastor shall hold membership in one of the congregations.
C9.13. The pastor(s) shall submit a report of his or her ministry to the bishop of the synod at least 90 days prior to each regular meeting of the Synod Assembly.
C9.20. Ecumenical pastoral ministry
C9.21. Under special circumstances, subject to the approval of the synodical bishop and the concurrence of this congregation, an ordained minister of a church body with which the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America officially has established a relationship of full communion may serve temporarily as pastor of this congregation under a contract between the congregation and the ordained minister in a form proposed by the synodical bishop and approved by the congregation.
Chapter 10.
CONGREGATION MEETING
C10.01. The annual meeting of this congregation shall be held on the second Sunday of each November as specified in the bylaws.
C10.02. A special Congregation Meeting may be called by the pastor, the Congregation Council, or the president of this congregation, and shall be called by the president of the congregation upon the written request of one-tenth percent of voting members. The call for each special meeting shall specify the purpose for which it is to be held and no other business shall be transacted.
C10.03. Notice of all meetings of this congregation shall be given at the services of worship on the preceding two consecutive Sundays and by mail to all [voting] members at least 10 days in advance of the date of the meeting. The posting of such notice in the regular mail, with the regular postage affixed or paid, sent to the last known address of such members shall be sufficient.
C10.04. Twenty-five percent of voting member or 60 voting members, whichever is less, shall constitute a quorum.
C10.05. Voting by proxy or by absentee ballot shall not be permitted.
C10.06. All actions approved by the congregation shall be by majority vote of those members present and voting, except as otherwise provided in this constitution or by state law.
C10.07. Robert's Rules of Order, latest edition, shall govern parliamentary procedure of all meetings of this congregation. except as otherwise provided in the constitution or by-laws of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, in the constitution of the South Carolina Synod or in this constitution or in the by-laws of this congregation.
C11.01. The officers of this congregation shall be a president, vice president, secretary, and treasurer and a financial secretary, if desired, who will serve both the council and the congregation in their several capacities in that next year.
a. Duties of the officers shall be specified in the bylaws.
b. The officers shall be voting confirmed members of the congregation.
c. Officers of this congregation shall serve similar offices of the Congregation Council and with the exception of the Treasurer and financial secretary and shall be voting members of the Congregation Council. however, the Treasurer and Financial Secretary, if duly elected to the council by the congregation, shall be permitted to serve and vote on Congregational Council.
d. The Pastor, interim Pastor and/or associate Pastor shall not be permitted to serve as president of congregation and/or Congregation Council.
e. Treasurer and Financial Secretary may be permitted to serve on Congregation Council.
C11.02. The Congregation Council shall elect its officers and they shall be the officers of the congregation. The officers shall be elected by written ballot and shall serve for one year or until their successors are elected. Their terms shall begin at the close of the annual meeting at which they are elected. The final regular meeting of the Congregational Council shall be a joint meeting with the incoming council members and the seated members with unexpired terms electing officers.
C11.03. No officer shall hold more than one office at a time. No elected officer shall be eligible to serve more than two consecutive terms in the same office.
C11.04. If an officer shall cease to be such, then that office shall at once be declared
vacant by the Congregational Council which shall fill the vacancy for
the unexpired term.
C11.05. The president shall preside at meeting of the congregation and the church
council. In the event of the president's inability to serve, the vice-president shall
preside. The secretary shall keep accurate minutes of all meetings of the
congregation, and of the church council in a volume provided by the
congregation, which shall be preserved permanently in its archives.
The financial secretary, if such an office is activated, shall receive and keep
records of all income from contributing members and other sources.
The treasurer(s) shall keep the books of account of the congregation and shall
receive from the financial secretary all funds and disperse such on proper orders,
making monthly remittance of benevolence receipts to the treasurer of the synod.
The treasurer(s) shall make written report of all financial transactions to the
church council monthly and to the congregation at the annual meetings. All
financial officers shall be given a corporate surety, in amounts determined by the
C12.01. The voting membership of the Congregation Council shall consist of the pastor(s), and not more than twelve members of the congregation. Any voting member of the congregation may be elected, subject only to the limitation on the length of continuous service permitted in that office. A member's place on the Congregation Council shall be declared vacant if the member a) ceases to be a voting member of this congregation or b) is absent from four successive regular meetings of the Congregation Council without cause. Consistent with the laws of the state in which this congregation is incorporated, the congregation may adopt procedures for the removal of a member of the Congregation Council in other circumstances.
C12.02. The members of the Congregation Council except the pastor(s) shall be elected by written ballot to serve for three years or until their successors are elected. Such members shall be eligible to serve no more than two full terms consecutively. Their terms shall begin at the close of the annual meeting at which they are elected. Newly elected Congregation Council members shall be installed by the pastor according to the prescribed order of the congregation the Sunday prior to the date they assume office, or as soon thereafter as convenient.
C12.03. Should a member's place on the Congregation Council be declared vacant, the Congregation Council shall elect, by majority vote, a successor until the next annual meeting. Individuals who have served less than one-half of a regular term shall be eligible for nomination and possible election to a full term.
C12.04. The Congregation Council shall have general oversight of the life and activities of this congregation, and in particular its worship life, to the end that everything be done in accordance with the Word of God and the faith and practice of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The duties of the Congregation Council shall include the following:
a. To lead this congregation in stating its mission, to do long-range planning, to set goals and priorities, and to evaluate its activities in light of its mission and goals.
b. To seek to involve all members of this congregation in worship, learning, witness, service, and support.
c. To oversee and provide for the administration of this congregation to enable it to fulfill its functions and perform its mission.
d. To maintain supportive relationships with the pastor(s) and professional leaders and staff and help them annually to evaluate the fulfillment of their calling appointment or employment and report evaluations at the annual congregational meeting or refer to 12.09.
e. To be examples individually and corporately of the style of life and ministry expected of all baptized persons.
f. To promote a congregational climate of peace and goodwill, and, as differences and conflicts arise, to endeavor to foster mutual understanding.
g. To arrange for pastoral service during the sickness or absence of the pastor.
h. To emphasize partnership with the synod and churchwide organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as well as cooperation with other congregations, both Lutheran and non-Lutheran, subject to established policies of the synod and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
i. To recommend and encourage the use of program resources produced or approved by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
j. To seek out and encourage qualified persons to prepare for the ministry of the Gospel.
k. To accept responsibility for reviewing and acting upon recommendations of each committee or task group and to prepare descriptions, including appropriate relationships with synodical structures.
C12.05. The Congregation Council shall be responsible for the financial and property matters of this congregation.
a. The Congregation Council shall be the board of directors of this congregation, and as such shall be responsible for maintaining and protecting its property and the management of its business and fiscal affairs. It shall have the powers and be subject to the obligations that pertain to such boards under the laws of the State of South Carolina except as otherwise provided herein.
b. The Congregation Council shall not have the authority to buy, sell, or encumber real property unless specifically authorized to do so by a meeting of the congregation.
c. The Congregation Council may enter into contracts of up to $6,500 for items not included in the budget.
d. The Congregation Council shall prepare an annual budget for adoption by this congregation, shall supervise the expenditure of funds in accordance therewith following its adoption, and may incur obligations of more than $6,500 in excess of the anticipated receipts only after approval by a Congregation Meeting. The budget shall include this congregation's full indicated share in support of the wider ministry being carried on in partnership with the synod and churchwide organization.
e. The Congregation Council shall ascertain that the financial affairs of this congregation are being conducted efficiently, giving particular attention to the prompt payment of all obligations and to the regular forwarding of benevolence monies to the synodical treasurer.
f. The Congregation Council shall be responsible for this congregation's investments and its total insurance program.
C12.06. The Congregation Council shall see that the provisions of this constitution, its bylaws, the standing procedures and policies of this congregation are carried out.
C12.07. The Congregation Council shall provide for an annual review of the membership roster.
C12.08. The Congregation Council shall be responsible for the employment and supervision of the salaried lay workers of this congregation.
C12.09. The Congregation Council shall submit a comprehensive report to this congregation.
C12.11. The Congregation Council shall normally meet once a month. Special meetings may be called by the pastor or the president, and shall be called by the president at the request of at least one-half of its members. Notice of each special meeting shall be given to all who are entitled to be present.
C12.12. A quorum for the transaction of business shall consist of a majority of the members of the Congregation Council, including the pastor or interim pastor, except when the pastor or interim pastor requests or consents to be absent and has given prior approval to the agenda for a particular regular or special meeting, which shall be the only business considered at that meeting. Chronic or repeated absence of the pastor or interim pastor who has refused approval of the agenda of a subsequent regular or special meeting shall not preclude action by the Congregation Council, following consultation with the synodical bishop.
CONGREGATION COMMITTEES
C13.01. The officers of this congregation and the pastor shall constitute the Executive Committee.
C13.02. A Nominating Committee of six voting members of this congregation, two of whom, if possible, shall be outgoing members of the Congregation Council, shall be appointed by council at the first meeting of each calendar year and shall serve for a term of one year. Members of the Nominating Committee are not eligible for consecutive reelection.
C13.03. An Audit Committee of three voting members shall be elected by the Congregation Council. Audit Committee members shall not be members of the Congregation Council. Term of office shall be three years, with one member elected each year. Members shall be eligible for reelection.
C13.04. Mutual Ministry Committee (in the absence of a mutual ministry committee, the duties shall be fulfilled by the executive committee) shall be appointed jointly by the president and the pastor. Term of office shall be two years, with three members to be appointed each successive year.
C13.05. When a pastoral vacancy occurs, a Call Committee of six voting members shall be elected by this congregation Term of office will terminate upon installation of the newly called pastor.
C13.06. Other committees of this congregation may be formed, as the need arises, by decision of the Congregation Council.
a. Worship - Worship and Music Committee
b. Learning - Christian Education Committee
Vacation Church School Committee
c. Witness - Evangelism Committee
Youth Ministry Committee
c. Service - Outreach Ministry Committee
Church Property Committee
C13.07. Duties of committees of this congregation shall be specified in the bylaws.
ORGANIZATIONS WITHIN THE CONGREGATION
C14.01. All organizations within this congregation shall exist to aid it in ministering to the members of this congregation and to all persons who can be reached with the Gospel of Christ. As outgrowths and expressions of this congregation's life, the organizations are subject to its oversight and direction. This congregation at its meeting shall determine their policies, guide their activities, and receive reports concerning their membership, work, and finances.
C14.02. Special interest groups, other than those of the official organizations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, may be organized only after authorization has been given by the Congregation Council and specified in a continuing resolution.
DISCIPLINE OF MEMBERS AND ADJUDICATION
C15.01. Denial of the Christian faith as described in this constitution, conduct grossly unbecoming a member of the Church of Christ, or persistent trouble-making in this congregation are sufficient cause for discipline of a member. Prior to disciplinary action, reconciliation will be attempted following Matthew 18:15-17, proceeding through these successive steps: a) private admonition by the pastor, b) admonition by the pastor in the presence of two or three witnesses, and c) citation to appear before the Congregation Council. If for any reason, the pastor is unable to administer the admonitions required by a. and b. hereof, the president (if not the pastor) or vice president shall administer such admonitions.
C15.02. The process for discipline of a member of the congregation shall be governed as prescribed by the chapter on discipline in the Constitution, Bylaws, and Continuing Resolutions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. If discipline against a member proceeds beyond counseling and admonition by the pastor, charges against the accused member(s) that are specific and in writing shall be prepared by member(s) of the congregation who shall sign the charges as the accuser(s). The written charges shall be filed with the pastor, who shall advise the Congregation Council of the need to issue a written citation to the accused and the accusers that specifies the time and place of the hearing before the Congregation Council. The written charges shall accompany the written citation to the accused. A member charged with the offense shall appear before the Congregation Council after having received a written citation, at least ten days prior to the meeting. If the member charged with the offense fails to appear at the scheduled hearing, the Congregation Council may proceed with the hearing and may pass judgment in the member's absence.
C15.03. Members of the Congregation Council who participate in the preparation of the written charges or who present evidence or testimony in the hearing before the Congregation Council are disqualified from voting upon the question of the guilt of the accused member. Should the allegations be sustained by a two-thirds majority vote of the members of the Congregation Council who are not disqualified but who are present and voting, and renewed admonition prove ineffectual, the council shall impose one of the following disciplinary actions:
a. censure before the council or congregation;
b. suspension from membership for a definite period of time; or
c. exclusion from membership in this congregation.
Disciplinary actions b. and c. shall be delivered to the member in writing.
C15.04. The member against whom disciplinary action has been taken by the Congregation Council shall have the right to appeal the decision to the Synod Council. Such right may not be abridged and the decision of the Synod Council shall be final.
C15.05. Disciplinary actions may be reconsidered and revoked by the Congregation Council upon receipt of a) evidence that injustice has been done or b) evidence of repentance and amendment.
C15.06. For disciplinary actions in this congregation, "due process" shall be observed as specified in 20.41.04. in the Constitution, Bylaws, and Continuing Resolutions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
C15.07. No member of a congregation shall be subject to discipline for offenses that the Congregation Council has previously heard and decided, unless so ordered by the Synod Council after an appeal.
C15.10. Adjudication
C15.11.When there is disagreement among factions within this congregation on a substantive issue that cannot be resolved by the parties, members of this congregation shall have access to the synodical bishop for consultation after informing the chair of the Congregation Council of their intent. If the consultation fails to resolve the issue(s), the Consultation Committee of the synod shall consider the matter. If the Consultation Committee of the synod shall fail to resolve the issue(s), the matter shall be referred to the Synod Council, whose decision shall be final.
C16.01. This congregation may adopt bylaws. No bylaw may conflict with this constitution.
C16.02. Bylaws may be adopted or amended at any legally called meeting of this congregation with a quorum present by a majority vote of those voting members present and voting.
C16.03. Changes to the bylaws may be proposed by any voting member provided, however, that such additions or amendments be submitted in writing to the Congregation Council at least 60 days before a regular or special Congregation Meeting called for that purpose and that the Congregation Council notify the congregation's members by mail of the proposal with the council's recommendations at least 30 days in advance of the Congregation Meeting.
C16.04. Approved changes to the bylaws shall be sent by the secretary of this congregation to the synod.
C17.01. Those sections of this constitution that are not required, in accord with the Model Constitution for Congregations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, may be amended in the following manner. Amendments may be proposed by at least fifteen (15 voting members or by the Congregation Council. Proposals must be filed in writing with the Congregation Council 60 days before formal consideration by this congregation at a regular or special Congregation Meeting called for that purpose. The Congregation Council shall notify the congregation's members by mail of the proposal together with the council's recommendations at least 30 days in advance of the meeting.
C17.02. An amendment to this constitution, proposed under *C17.01., shall:
a. be approved at a legally called Congregation Meeting according to this constitution by a majority vote of those present and voting;
b. be ratified without change at the next annual meeting by a two-thirds majority vote of those present and voting; and
c. have the effective date included in the resolution and noted in the constitution.
C17.03. Any amendments to this constitution that result from the processes provided in *C17.01. and *C17.02. shall be sent by the secretary of this congregation to the synod. The amendment shall become effective within 120 days from the date of the receipt of the notice by the synod unless the synod informs this congregation that the amendment is in conflict with the constitution and bylaws of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America or the constitution of the South Carolina Synod of the ELCA.
C17.04. Whenever the Model Constitution for Congregations is amended by the Churchwide Assembly, this constitution may be amended to incorporate any such amendment by a simple majority vote of those voting members present and voting at any subsequent meeting of the congregation without presentation at a prior meeting of the congregation, provided that the Congregation Council has submitted by mail notice to the congregation of such an amendment or amendments, together with the council's recommendations, at least 30 days prior to the meeting. Following the adoption of an amendment, the secretary of the congregation shall submit a copy thereof to the synod. Such provisions shall become effective immediately following a vote of approval.
CONTINUING RESOLUTIONS
C18.01. The Congregation Council may enact continuing resolutions. Such continuing resolutions may not conflict with the constitution or bylaws of this congregation.
C18.02. Continuing resolutions shall be enacted or amended by a two-thirds vote of all voting members of the Congregation Council.
C19.01. Consistent with the provisions of the laws under which this congregation is incorporated, this congregation may adopt provisions providing indemnification for each person who, by reason of the fact that such person is or was a Congregation Council member, officer, employee, agent, or other member of any committee of this congregation, was or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending, or completed civil, criminal, administrative, arbitration, or investigative proceeding.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today we spent the day celebrating my dad's 65th birthday at the ballpark! The day was full of hot dogs and cake, and by the time dinner rolled around, I really didn't feel like cooking. I knew what had to be done….breakfast for dinner day!! Even flipping pancakes sounded like too much work though, so I decided to break out this gem. German Oven Pancakes are easy to make, deliciously buttery, and uniquely satisfying.
Put the butter in a 9 x 13 glass pan. Place the pan into the oven to melt the butter. Keep an eye on it to avoid browning or burning.
In a large bowl, whisk together the milk, eggs, vanilla, sugar, and salt until frothy.
Bake for 25 – 35 minutes or until puffy and the center is set.
Cool for 5 minutes, and sprinkle with confectioners sugar. These German Oven Pancakes are sure to put a smile on your face!
Carefully pour the batter into the prepared pan. NOTE: Do not mix the butter in.
Bake for 25 - 35 minutes or until puffy and the center is set.
Cool for 5 minutes, and sprinkle with confectioners sugar.


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Mount St. Helens erupts
At 8:32 a.m. PDT, Mount St. Helens, a volcanic peak in southwestern Washington, suffers a massive eruption, killing 57 people and devastating some 210 square miles of wilderness.
Called Louwala-Clough, or "the Smoking Mountain," by Native Americans, Mount St. Helens is located in the Cascade Range and stood 9,680 feet before its eruption. The volcano has erupted periodically during the last 4,500 years, and the last active period was between 1831 and 1857. On March 20, 1980, noticeable volcanic activity began again with a series of earth tremors centered on the ground just beneath the north flank of the mountain. These earthquakes escalated, and on March 27 a minor eruption occurred, and Mount St. Helens began emitting steam and ash through its crater and vents.
Small eruptions continued daily, and in April people familiar with the mountain noticed changes to the structure of its north face. A scientific study confirmed that a bulge more than a mile in diameter was moving upward and outward over the high north slope by as much as six feet per day. The bulge was caused by an intrusion of magma below the surface, and authorities began evacuating hundreds of people from the sparsely settled area near the mountain. A few people refused to leave.
On the morning of May 18, Mount St. Helens was shaken by an earthquake of about 5.0 magnitude, and the entire north side of the summit began to slide down the mountain. The giant landslide of rock and ice, one of the largest recorded in history, was followed and overtaken by an enormous explosion of steam and volcanic gases, which surged northward along the ground at high speed. The lateral blast stripped trees from most hill slopes within six miles of the volcano and leveled nearly all vegetation for as far as 12 miles away. Approximately 10 million trees were felled by the blast.
The landslide debris, liquefied by the violent explosion, surged down the mountain at speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour. The avalanche flooded Spirit Lake and roared down the valley of the Toutle River for a distance of 13 miles, burying the river to an average depth of 150 feet. Mudflows, pyroclastic flows, and floods added to the destruction, destroying roads, bridges, parks, and thousands more acres of forest. Simultaneous with the avalanche, a vertical eruption of gas and ash formed a mushrooming column over the volcano more than 12 miles high. Ash from the eruption fell on Northwest cities and towns like snow and drifted around the globe within two weeks. Fifty-seven people, thousands of animals, and millions of fish were killed by the eruption of Mount St. Helens.
By late in the afternoon of May 18, the eruption subsided, and by early the next day it had essentially ceased. Mount St. Helens' volcanic cone was completely blasted away and replaced by a horseshoe-shaped crater–the mountain lost 1,700 feet from the eruption. The volcano produced five smaller explosive eruptions during the summer and fall of 1980 and remains active today. In 1982, Congress made Mount St. Helens a protected research area.
Mount St. Helens became active again in 2004. On March 8, 2005, a 36,000-foot plume of steam and ash was expelled from the mountain, accompanied by a minor earthquake. Though a new dome has been growing steadily near the top of the peak and small earthquakes are frequent, scientists do not expect a repeat of the 1980 catastrophe anytime soon.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mount-st-helens-erupts-2
Facebook raises $16 billion in largest tech IPO in U.S. history
Facebook, the world's largest social network, holds its initial public offering (IPO) and raises $16 billion. It was the largest technology IPO in American history to that date, and the third-largest IPO ever in the United States, after those of Visa and General Motors. At the ...read more
Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson
In a major victory for supporters of racial segregation, the U.S. Supreme Court rules seven to one that a Louisiana law providing for "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races" on its railroad cars is constitutional. The high court held that as long as ...read more
Abraham Lincoln nominated for presidency at Republican Convention
Abraham Lincoln, a one-time U.S. representative from Illinois, is nominated for the U.S. presidency by the Republican National Convention meeting in Chicago, Illinois. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated for the vice presidency. Lincoln, a Kentucky-born lawyer and former Whig ...read more
India joins the nuclear club
In the Rajasthan Desert in the municipality of Pokhran, India successfully detonates its first nuclear weapon, a fission bomb similar in explosive power to the U.S. atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. The test fell on the traditional anniversary of the Buddha's ...read more
Pope John Paul II born
On May 18, 1920, Karol Jozef Wojtyla is born in the Polish town of Wadowice, 35 miles southwest of Krakow. Wojtyla went on to become Pope John Paul II, history's most well-traveled pope and the first non-Italian to hold the position since the 16th century. After high school, the ...read more
Adolf Hitler gives the order for Operation Alaric
On this day in 1943, Adolf Hitler launches Operation Alaric, the German occupation of Italy in the event its Axis partner either surrendered or switched its allegiance. This operation was considered so top secret that Hitler refused to issue a written order. Instead, he ...read more
Newspaper prints scathing report about First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln
An obscure California newspaper casts first lady Mary Todd Lincoln in an unflattering light on May 18, 1861. Quoting a report in the Sacramento Union, the Humboldt Times recounted a tale of how Mrs. Lincoln had usurped her husband's presidential duty of appointing federal ...read more
Chief Satanta attacks wagon trains, killing teamsters
The Kiowa Chief Satanta joins with other Indians to massacre a wagon train near the Red River in northeastern Texas. One of the leading chiefs of the Kiowa in the 1860s and 1870s, Satanta was a fearsome warrior but also a skilled orator and diplomat. He helped negotiate and ...read more
Ian Curtis of Joy Division dies by suicide
On the evening of May 18, 1980, Ian Curtis, lead singer and lyricist of the British group Joy Division, hangs himself in his Cheshire kitchen. He was only 23 years old. Joy Division was one of four hugely important British post-punk bands that could trace its origins to a ...read more
Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe
Scholars believe an arrest warrant was issued on May 18, 1593 for Christopher Marlowe, after fellow writer Thomas Kyd accused Marlowe of heresy. Playwright Thomas Kyd, whose Spanish Tragedie (also called Hieronomo) was influential in the development of the revenge tragedy, was ...read more
Popular evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears
Aimee Semple McPherson, a nationally known evangelist, disappears from Venice Beach in Los Angeles, California. Police dispatched planes and ships in an effort to find her, but she was nowhere to be found. Authorities later discovered that radio announcer Kenneth Ormiston, a ...read more
One million protesters take to the streets in Beijing
A crowd of protesters, estimated to number more than one million, marches through the streets of Beijing calling for a more democratic political system. Just a few weeks later, the Chinese government moved to crush the protests. Protests in China had been brewing since the ...read more
The siege of Vicksburg commences
On May 18, Union General Ulysses S. Grant surrounds Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, in one of the most brilliant campaigns of the war. Beginning in the winter of 1862-63, Grant made several attempts to capture Vicksburg. In March, he marched ...read more
United Empire Loyalists reach Canada
On May 18, 1783, the first United Empire Loyalists, known to American Patriots as Tories, arrive in Canada to take refuge under the British crown in Parrtown, Saint John, Nova Scotia (now New Brunswick), Canada. The town was located on the Bay of Fundy just north of the border ...read more
U.S. Congress passes Selective Service Act
Some six weeks after the United States formally entered the First World War, the U.S Congress passes the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917, giving the U.S. president the power to draft soldiers. When he went before Congress on April 2, 1917, to deliver his war message, ...read more


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Our New Campus
Experience UA
UA Uniforms
This UA Life
Transport Plan
Learning at UA
Innovative Learning
Visit UA
Support UA
Parent Auxiliary
Donate to UA
Advancement Plan
Volunteering at UA
UA Gala
Urban Academy Admissions FAQ
We encourage even our future students to ask questions. You can find answers below to some of the most common questions our Admissions Team encounters. Please don't hesitate to reach out if you require further clarification.
How Do You Engage Students In Their Academics?
We use technology, field study, the arts, and outdoor learning to create engaging and meaningful learning experiences. Through this approach, students understand not only what they are learning, but also why they are learning it. We bridge the gap between high-level academics and tangible applications, developing students who are excited to answer the question "What did you learn at school today?"
How Many Students Are In Each Class?
Class sizes are optimized for students of different ages, with Junior Kindergarten at eight students per teacher, Kindergarten have no more than seventeen students per teacher, and Grade One and up with less than 20 students per teacher.
Do You Have Combined Classes?
Not in our junior and middle grades, however we do have some combined classes in Grades 9-12. Multi-age classes are based on the most educationally sound groupings among students of the same educational and developmental range. We encourage collaborative learning and combine classes when it makes sense to do so.
How Are Applicants Assessed?
For the 2020/2021 school year, please note the following application deadlines. The application deadline for our K applicants is November 15th 2019. The application deadline for Grade 1-12 is January 31st 2020. The application deadline for Junior Kindergarten is February 15th 2020.
Once we receive your application form and fee, Kindergarten applicants will be invited in for a half day assessment with their peers set for Saturday November 30th 2019. Junior Kindergarten Applicants will be invited for their half day morning assessment on Saturday February 29th 2020. JK and K applicants who successfully move through their assessment will be invited in with their parents for an interview with the Head of School.
Students applying for Grades 1 – 12, have an early admissions deadline of January 31st 2020. All applicants are invited for their assessment morning. Applicants who have successfully passed the assessments are invited in for an interview with the Head of School (parents are included in this interview).
Candidates applying for Grades 3-12 may then invited in for their full day visit day at Urban Academy.
All students applying to Grade 1 and above will need to submit their most recent report card. We also request a current teacher complete their reference form that will be provided by admissions.
We pride ourselves in evaluating evenly and fairly, and admissions each year are based on students that represent the best fit for our learning philosophies, academic rigour and culture.
How Do Your Students Do In Their Academics?
Urban Academy has very high academic expectations, and our students never cease to impress us. The results speak for themselves: our graduates have a 100% acceptance rate, being accepted in every post secondary institution that they apply to. Our internal and external assessment results in reading, writing and numeracy also show that the vast majority of all Urban Academy Students are either fully meeting or exceeding expectations for their grade level.
How Is The School Financed?
We are financed by tuition fees, the BC Ministry of Education's per capita operating grant to independent schools, and the Parent Equity program. Urban Academy also has an active advancement team made up of staff and members of the community, focused on raising funds for various initiatives and expanding school programming.
What Are Your Fees Per Year?
A detailed outline of tuition and registration fees can be in the Tuition / Fees section of our website.
Are There Any Tuition Assistance Programs Available?
Yes. Families may apply yearly for Tuition Assistance and based on the qualifying criteria and number of applicants, may receive assistance. Applications are due in January every year, are completed online, and all applicants are kept confidential. Please visit the Tuition Assistance section of our website for more detailed information.
What Is a Parent Equity Program?
The Board of Directors at Urban Academy has instituted a Parent Equity Program that has enabled the School to purchase Robson Manor in Queen's Park as its as its current site, and the new location in Sapperton is to be its long-term permanent site. It is a financial instrument by which the Securities Act provides a means for non-profit societies to raise funds. In short, each family is required to pay $20,000 per child in Kindergarten to Grade 12 (to a maximum of 2 children) for the time that the child is enrolled in Urban Academy. For Junior Kindergarten, each family is asked to pay $5,000 per child (up to 2 children). The sum (without interest) will then be returned to the family after the child is no longer enrolled as a student. We have set up an interest-only loan program at prime + 1% through our partners, Envision Financial for this program.
What Organizations Does Urban Academy Belong To?
Urban Academy is a member of the Independent School Association of BC (ISABC) the Federation of Independent Schools (FISA), the Greater Vancouver Independent Schools Athletic Association of BC (GVISAA), the Greater Vancouver Independent School Athletic Association, and the Network of Performance Based schools.
Who Runs The School?
Urban Academy is operated by a non-profit society (The Urban Academy Society) that was established by the founding members and governed by an appointed Board Of Directors to govern the school. The school's Board of Directors is made up of members of the school community who are responsible for the strategic direction and financial health of the school. The Board operates at arms length from the daily affairs of the school, which are managed by Urban Academy's Head of School.
How Are Parents Involved In Urban Academy?
Involved parents make for more successful students. Urban Academy is committed to being an environment where parents feel welcomed and included. As part of their commitment to the school, Urban Academy families are required to provide a minimum of 25 hours of volunteer time per family per year. These hours can be made up from a wide variety of options during and outside of school hours from setting up chairs for a special event, to lunch supervision one day a week. This is based on an honour system, with families using a school app to learn about opportunities available, and to log their hours. Parents are encouraged to spend time in their child's classroom, participate in special events and share their talents with the school environment.
What is The Basic Foundation of The School?
Urban Academy is a non-denominational, co-educational independent school that provides students with challenging academic, co-curricular and extracurricular programs. The school offers an enriched academic program that meets or exceeds BC Ministry of Education requirements. Urban Academy and its staff help students become future leaders and responsible citizens by fostering high standards of personal integrity and character. Urban Academy provides a safe and nurturing learning environment that embraces diversity and prepares students for continuing study at university.
Is There a School Bus?
Urban Academy runs a centralized morning pick-up bus route coming in from North West Burnaby. The first stop is around Willingdon/Hastings beginning at 7:30am, with stops running south of the highway along Deer Lake and at the Burnaby Village Museum before carrying on to our Uptown and Robson campuses in New Westminster. As the bus route and interest grows, we will be able to add additional routes. All of our locations are accessible via Skytrain and/or city transit bus routes.
Do The Students Wear Uniforms?
Yes. Parents can expect to spend about $450 depending on the amount of extras purchased for scattered laundry days etc.
What About Physical and Outdoor Education?
Our campus boasts a full-size gymnasium, large multi-purpose room and integrated outdoor spaces to facilitate physical learning. We also have 10,000 square feed of play deck spaces throughout the school. We are a 7 minute walk from Hume Park which has soccer fields, tennis courts a playground and water park.
We also take advantage of the beautiful amenities available throughout British Columbia. As we are situated in New Westminster, we are in close proximity to Canada Games Pool, ice arenas, golf courses, ski hills and track and field facilities.
Is There Homework at Urban Academy?
Homework levels for students vary on a per grade level and sometimes individually and increase with the age of the student and with the complexity of the curriculum.
The right education takes your child from remembering and reciting to knowing and understanding.
Stop imagining. Start achieving.
Better doesn't always have to cost more.
We're developing the leaders of tomorrow and we're thrilled to have you on board.
We encourage you to learn about us the same way we help our students learn - through a hands-on, real-world experience.
The Urban Academy learning experience is an engaging, integrated, finely tuned set of programs, curriculum and curated encounters.
When you're ready to find out more, we'll be excited to answer every one of your questions.
As we grow, donations are crucial to uphold everything we stand for.
JK- GRADE 12 CAMPUS
466 Rousseau Street
BC, Canada,
V3L 3R3
admissions@urbanacademy.ca
admin@urbanacademy.ca