The expedient of 'prescribed assets' again looms.
and poach from long-term savings.
SA retirement funds face a quandary. It's implicit in Regulation 28 of the Pension Funds Act that sets out their prudential requirements for making and remaining in an investment.
There lies the rub. The sovereign-debt downgrades turn Regulation 28 into a Catch-22. If funds comply, they stand to be damned in one way. If they don't, they stand to be damned in another.
A fund's entire portfolio can comprise investment in fixed-interest bonds issued or backed by the SA government. Funds aren't obliged to invest in them, but unexceptionally they do as part and parcel of asset diversification. Where the bonds have been downgraded to junk, which reflects a heightened risk of default, Regulation 28 only matters in so far as funds "may" take credit ratings into account in performing their stipulated due-diligence assessments.
Critically, however, Regulation 28 goes further. Its requirements for "adequate risk-adjusted returns", which are the bedrock of prudence, threaten a conflict with requirements of the fiscus, which is running short of revenue-raising options.
On the one hand, compliance with the regulation obliges fund trustees to "consider any factor which may materially affect the sustainable long-term performance of the asset including, but not limited to, those of an environmental, social and governance (ESG) character". In its preamble, the regulation also emphasises that this concept of "responsible investment" applies "across all assets and categories of assets and should promote the interests of a fund in a stable and transparent environment".
On the other hand, should the trustees' consideration of such due-diligence factors lead them to steer clear of bonds on which government entities rely, the funds invite the reintroduction government-prescribed assets; in other words, being compelled to invest in specified bonds notwithstanding their price and risk relative to more attractive alternatives or to the disregarded ESG criteria for which many state-owned enterprises are notorious.
Eskom represents an outstanding example. Were it still to find a way for pushing its nuclear-build ambition, institutional investors will still need to be convinced that their support of it won't contravene Regulation 28 in terms of sustainable long-term performance as defined. Either this or, as with other SOEs that veer from the crippled to the crippling, the present regulation will have to be rewritten.
Heads and the SOEs win, tails and the funds lose. Prescription, used by the National Party government in the apartheid days of foreign disinvestment, is the blunt instrument for when bonds lack buyers.
It means a compulsion to invest in assets at uncompetitive returns, thus smacking savers, and simultaneously allowing government to evade market disciplines in bond issues. A perpetuation of the policy turmoil following the cabinet changes, which provoked the credit downgrades, will similarly smack savers anyway.
All that's required for prescription is amendment to Regulation 28. In the past, National Treasury was meticulous in its consultation processes that preceded amendment. In the present, anything can happen. New finance minister Malusi Gigaba, who must foot the expenditures that evoke the policy enthusiasms of President Jacob Zuma, blows hot and cold.
What are retirement funds to do? Stand up to be counted, quite simply by compliance with the letter and spirit of Regulation 28. If it leads to prudential discretion being replaced by administrative fiat, so be it. At least the funds won't then be complicit in the overturn of their regulatory duty, as demarcated, and the villain who's ignored warning after warning of the extraordinarily high stakes will have no place to hide for accountability.
Nobody in government dares tell the 17m recipients of social grants that the real value of amounts they receive are in jeopardy. Coming atop the turmoil over the SA State Security Agency, it's politically too explosive. The 17m recipients comprise a lot of voters.
Lower economic growth unavoidably accompanies lower tax revenues to fund social expenditure, simultaneously swelling the ranks of grant dependents.
Add to these 17m the many millions of savers in retirement funds and other collective schemes, including stokvels, as well as frustrated job seekers and workers facing retrenchment in the event of recession. Everyman will be hit, and certainly not "business" or the more privileged classes alone.
Rarely has the need for a mass financial-education programme been as urgent. The essential antidote for an electorate too easily duped, time isn't on its side.
This is no occasion to dither. Rather, it's occasion to strengthen the arm of financial institutions – fiduciaries for savers – that were previously instrumental in the reversal of Nenegate. A tax revolt is illegal. The shaping of bond portfolios, consistent with Regulation 28, is the opposite.
Last year fixed-interest asset manager Futuregrowth tried to show the way, temporarily as it turned out, by suspending additional loans to certain badly-run state enterprises. A valid precedent was modified when parent Old Mutual Emerging Markets persuaded Futuregrowth to pursue bilateral discussions on their governance.
Times, and circumstances, have subsequently changed for the worse. Attitudes must change with them, as exemplified in the forthright stance from Business Leadership SA whose members include custodians of the nation's savings. It might or might not be significant that the new OMEM chief executive is Peter Moyo, a BLSA director.
To date, SA enjoys a bit of a respite. Compared with Nenegate, bond yields and the rand exchange rate have been hit relatively little. Whereas it's probable that the downgrades to junk status had already have been priced in, it possibly also reflects an anticipation of positive outcomes from shifts in the governing party's tectonic plates.
Less fanciful, but like waiting for the other shoe to drop, is that not all the major rating agencies have so far (at time of writing) downgraded the rand to junk. Most SA bonds are still held in the local currency. But were there to be further downgrade, an immediate impact would be forced selling by foreign funds (holding almost 40% of SA bonds) whose mandates disallow sub-grade investments.
For its part, the JSE Top 40 index is largely sustained by rand hedges. Come prescription, however, and retirement funds could have little choice than partly to deflect from their rand-hedge shares into junk-rated bonds.
job creation and ultimately on social stability.
None of this is sanguine for so long as talk from people in power, laden with populist clichés, has sinister rings. That's all the more reason for a counter-thrust from the people expected to pay these pipers. They too have power, and a regulatory obligation as well.


text:
The Best Toaster Ovens For Your Kitchen
Jennifer Allen @jenjeahaly
June 5, 2018, 12:00pm EDT June 5, 2018, 10:26am EDT
Toaster ovens are great as a replacement or accompaniment to a conventional oven. Smaller, more energy efficient, and flexible, there's a lot of good reasons for purchasing one. But, which toaster oven is the best one to purchase? We've tracked down some of the best of the bunch.
Before diving into a purchase, think about why you want one. Size is a big thing to consider. All toaster ovens are smaller than a conventional oven which makes them great if you have a tiny apartment or kitchen, but some are bigger than others. Similarly, some are more powerful than others which can be a good thing, depending on what you're planning on cooking.
Remember, toaster ovens consume far less electricity than a standard oven which is why they're great for more modest means and incomes. They also emit less heat while still baking and cooking effectively. Some toaster ovens are still big enough to handle cooking a chicken, while others are more adept at the smaller, lighter meals of the day.
We've rounded up a wide variety of toaster ovens that cover every need from "I want to make a bunch of toaster waffles for my kids" to "I want to roast some Cornish hens" and everything in between. Here's our pick of the bunch.
Best High-End Toaster Oven: Breville Smart Oven Pro Convection Toaster Oven ($270)
If money is no object, you can't go wrong with the Breville Smart Oven Pro Convection Toaster Oven. It's the kind of toaster oven that will easily replace your conventional oven and make you wonder how you lived without it all this time.
It has the capacity to toast 6 slices at once or bake a 13″ pizza. It's good for baking pork loins, cakes, potatoes, and pretty much everything else you can think of. That's all while still being small enough that you can squeeze it into your apartment kitchen without much hassle. Speaking of apartments, it's particularly popular among renters because, as many of us can attest, the ovens in rentals are often old, poorly calibrated, and difficult to work with. While you may not be able to convince your landlord to upgrade your oven, you can always pop the Smart Oven on the counter and skip the rickety old apartment oven altogether.
A built-in fan circulates hot air so you're guaranteed an even bake, while 10 pre-set cooking functions mean you don't have to be an expert in the kitchen to succeed here. Settings include toasting, baking, roasting, broiling, baking cookies, reheating, and slow cooking. So, yes, it replaces your slow cooker in certain cases too, with settings ranging from 2 to 10 hours, depending on what you're cooking.
Several staff members have one and say it's the most useful (and most used) item in their kitchens. We're pretty confident the Breville Smart Oven Pro Convection Toaster Oven will quickly become the heart of your kitchen.
Best Mid Range Toaster Oven: Breville Mini Smart Oven ($149)
Gazed at the Breville Smart Oven Pro Convection Toaster Oven and had a wee bit of sticker shock? Try the Breville Mini Smart Oven instead. Over $100 less means it's not quite as amazing, but it's still very useful and competent.
Its element is just as powerful at 1800 watt, but it has fewer pre-set cooking functions—8 to be exact. It's also smaller. A 4 toast slice capacity means it'll still cater for most people's needs, with space for an 11″ pizza, and the choice of 3 rack positions. There's a pull-out crumb tray for convenience too.
It's not a convection oven which is an issue if you're an avid cake maker, but for the average household it'll work just great as an accompaniment to your regular conventional oven.
Best Budget Toaster Oven: Hamilton Beach Toaster Oven ($50)
A bargain price, you can't expect the Hamilton Beach Toaster Oven to be as feature rich as some of the options here, but it still packs a punch where it counts.
The toaster oven has baking, broiling, and toasting functions with a convection fan ensuring you get an even bake throughout. The timer is restricted to a 30 minute option, but that should still cover you for most basic tasks. It's not small either, easily fitting a 12″ pizza or 6 slices of toast. Also, while this toaster oven might lack a few finer features, there's still space for a removable crumb tray.
If you're on a tight budget or aren't sure how often you'd use a toaster oven, this is the one to buy.
Best For Rotisserie Features: VonShef Convection Countertop Toaster Mini Oven ($60)
The VonShef Convection Countertop Toaster Mini Oven is a pretty useful toaster oven, covering all the basics plus a little bit more in the form of a rotisserie spit roast function.
The rotisserie spit roast is a great addition to an otherwise fairly well rounded package. Sure, you won't be fitting a turkey in here but for the average chicken or smaller poultry, it's perfect. Elsewhere, the toaster oven has 5 other cooking functions encompassing your usual bunch of broiling, baking, grilling, and roasting options. There's a 60 minute timer function with temperatures adjustable between 150-450F too, so you can work on baking things just right.
The only downside is that, inexplicably, there's no crumb tray so things can get messy.
Best for Speedy Cooking: Panasonic Flash Xpress Toaster Oven ($108)
Panasonic's Flash Xpress Toaster Oven utilizes some fancy exclusive technology known as FlashXPress. The idea is that its double infrared light cooks up to 40% faster than a conventional toaster oven. For those short on time, it's the perfect way to prepare food fast.
It's smart too, with algorithms automatically calculating the best cooking time depending on what you're baking or cooking. There's still the option for presets though, with a 6-menu list for popular requests like toast, pizza, frozen foods, or simply quickly reheating something. A digital timer of up to 25 minutes reinforces the speediness.
It's a little on the small side but there's room for up to 4 slices of bread or a 9″ pizza. If speed is of the essence rather than flexibility, this is the toaster oven for you.
Best For Many Presets: Cuisinart Chef's Convection Toaster Oven ($206)
If you want a toaster oven that just does what you tell it to, without really getting into the finer minutiae of things, then the Cuisinart Chef's Convection Toaster Oven is the one to get. It offers an impressive 15 different cooking functions, including a dual cook mode, and speed convection heating.
With its simple to use controls, you can easily cook and bake toast, bagels, waffles, sandwiches, leftovers, pizza, cuts of meat, and mostly everything else that needs to be heated. It's hefty in size too so you can toast up to 9 slices of bread, or a 13″ pizza without issue. It's possible to optimize toasting time, depending on what you place in there too.
The dual cook function allows you to run two different functions at two different temperature levels consecutively, which is perfect for browning meat before slow cooking it. For the hands-off chef, this is the toaster oven for you.
Jennifer is a freelance writer for ReviewGeek. In the past decade, she's also written for Wareable, TechRadar, Mashable, Eurogamer, Gamasutra, Playboy, and PCWorld. Read Full Bio »
Chrome OS May Get Steam Support, and That's Got Us Hot and Bothered
If there's one thing I don't have on my Chromebook I wished I had, it's a working version of Steam. I know I can get around that by installing the Linux version of the popular PC gaming client, but let's just say performance wasn't the best in my experience. It looks like Google read my mind, because the company is working to bring official Steam support to Chrome OS.
Stadia Will Soon Have More of the Stuff it Should've Had at Launch
Subjectively, Google Stadia is a promising cloud gaming service that hasn't made a proper case for its existence yet. It didn't help that Stadia had a limited number of exclusive games and missing features at launch. However, Google hopes to rectify matters by rolling out several new Stadia features over the next few months.
Best Accent Lighting for Dorm Rooms
Caroline Stewart | September 12th
Adding personality to a sterile dorm room is tricky, but good lighting can go a long way towards making your space personal and fun to relax in. Here are our top picks for awesome dorm accent lighting.
The Jabra Elite 75t Are the Best Sounding True Wireless Earbuds You Can Buy
Cameron Summerson | January 17th
Back in August of last year, I reviewed the Jabra Elite Active 65t and loved them. At the time, they were some of the best true wireless earbuds I'd used. Fast-forward to now, and I've been using the Elite 75t for several weeks, and I love them even more. They improve on the 65t in basically every way.
OnePlus Shows Off Its Upcoming Buttery-Smooth 120 Hz Display
If you care about having a smooth and buttery scrolling experience, Pete Lau (the CEO of OnePlus) has a tweet for you. It shows off the company's upcoming 120 Hz displays, comparing it to an older phone with a 60 Hz display. The difference is remarkable—if the company can follow through, that is.
Everything You Need to Convert Your VHS Tapes to Digital
Andrew Heinzman | July 30th
Lots of people have stacks of old VHS tapes they want to convert to digital. The process is less overwhelming than you might expect. You just need your VHS tapes, a VCR, a computer, and a capture card.

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Home > Big Story > Law panel to moot changes making bail easy
Law panel to moot changes making bail easy
Agencies22 May 2017 6:54 PM GMT
Undertrials accused of crimes carrying a punishment of seven years in jail should be released on bail if have spent one-third of that time, or two-and-half years, behind bars facing trial, the Law Commission will recommend to the government.
As part of sweeping changes to make bail easy, the law panel will recommend tweaking Section 436 A of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) so that those who are accused of crimes which attract a term of over seven years be released on bail if they have spent half of the term behind bars while facing trial.
According to a senior official who is part of the panel, the Commission will also recommend that undertrials who cannot produce a non-monetary surety -- an undertaking by an individual that the undertrial will appear before authorities when required -- be allowed to instead deposit government identity documents such as Aadhar, voter I card or PAN card to get bail.
"But what happens if a person fails to turn up even after depositing the identity document? We are still working on it," the official said.
The new provision, he said, would help those who find it difficult to get a person stand surety for them in an alien city.
As of now, Section 436 A of the CrPC deals with the maximum period for which an undertrial prisoner can be detained.
As per law, if a person is accused of a crime which is not an offence where the punishment is death, he should be released on bail if he has been in jail for half the period "extending up to one-half of the maximum period of imprisonment specified for that offence under that law". There are no separate cut-offs as is being recommended by the law panel now. But the reality is that two-thirds of prison inmates in India are undertrials, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has said.
In 2016, the government had asked the Law Commission to recommend a new Bail Act. Earlier this year, it revised its plan saying there was no need for a stand-alone law. The law panel should only recommend changes in the CrPC to make getting bail easy and uniform.
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Monolítico puede referirse a:

En informática:
 Sistemas monolíticos;
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 Arquitectura monolítica.

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Algo relativo a un monolito.

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text:
Increased cerebral vasomotor reactivity in migraine with aura: An autoregulation disorder? A transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy study
F. Vernieri, F. Tibuzzi, P. Pasqualetti, C. Altamura, P. Palazzo, P. M. Rossini, M. Silvestrini
Migraine with aura (MA) is associated with changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), whereas the role of cerebral autoregulation is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate basal CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV) and vasomotor reactivity (VMR) in MA patients. Twenty-one controls and 16 MA patients (eight with side predominance) underwent simultaneous examination of flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler (TCD) and of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) parameters [oxygen haemoglobin saturation: oxygen%, and total haemoglobin content (THC)] at rest and after hypercapnia. Cerebral VMR, THC and oxygen% increases were significantly greater on the predominant compared with the non-predominant migraine side, with both sides of patients without side predominance and with controls. These findings suggest altered autoregulation in MA patients, possibly secondary to impaired cerebrovascular autonomic control. Simultaneous TCD and NIRS investigation could represent a non-invasive approach to evaluate cerebral haemodynamics at the cortical and subcortical level.
Cephalalgia
Cerebral autoregulation
Cerebral vasomotor reactivity
Migraine with aura
Near infrared spectroscopy
Transcranial Doppler
Dive into the research topics of 'Increased cerebral vasomotor reactivity in migraine with aura: An autoregulation disorder? A transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy study'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Migraine with Aura Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Medicine & Life Sciences 90%
Homeostasis Medicine & Life Sciences 55%
Cerebrovascular Circulation Medicine & Life Sciences 36%
Cerebral Blood Volume Medicine & Life Sciences 25%
Hypercapnia Medicine & Life Sciences 22%
Vernieri, F., Tibuzzi, F., Pasqualetti, P., Altamura, C., Palazzo, P., Rossini, P. M., & Silvestrini, M. (2008). Increased cerebral vasomotor reactivity in migraine with aura: An autoregulation disorder? A transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy study. Cephalalgia, 28(7), 689-695. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01579.x
Increased cerebral vasomotor reactivity in migraine with aura : An autoregulation disorder? A transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy study. / Vernieri, F.; Tibuzzi, F.; Pasqualetti, P. et al.
In: Cephalalgia, Vol. 28, No. 7, 07.2008, p. 689-695.
Vernieri, F, Tibuzzi, F, Pasqualetti, P, Altamura, C, Palazzo, P, Rossini, PM & Silvestrini, M 2008, 'Increased cerebral vasomotor reactivity in migraine with aura: An autoregulation disorder? A transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy study', Cephalalgia, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 689-695. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01579.x
Vernieri F, Tibuzzi F, Pasqualetti P, Altamura C, Palazzo P, Rossini PM et al. Increased cerebral vasomotor reactivity in migraine with aura: An autoregulation disorder? A transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy study. Cephalalgia. 2008 Jul;28(7):689-695. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01579.x
Vernieri, F. ; Tibuzzi, F. ; Pasqualetti, P. et al. / Increased cerebral vasomotor reactivity in migraine with aura : An autoregulation disorder? A transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy study. In: Cephalalgia. 2008 ; Vol. 28, No. 7. pp. 689-695.
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abstract = "Migraine with aura (MA) is associated with changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), whereas the role of cerebral autoregulation is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate basal CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV) and vasomotor reactivity (VMR) in MA patients. Twenty-one controls and 16 MA patients (eight with side predominance) underwent simultaneous examination of flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler (TCD) and of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) parameters [oxygen haemoglobin saturation: oxygen%, and total haemoglobin content (THC)] at rest and after hypercapnia. Cerebral VMR, THC and oxygen% increases were significantly greater on the predominant compared with the non-predominant migraine side, with both sides of patients without side predominance and with controls. These findings suggest altered autoregulation in MA patients, possibly secondary to impaired cerebrovascular autonomic control. Simultaneous TCD and NIRS investigation could represent a non-invasive approach to evaluate cerebral haemodynamics at the cortical and subcortical level.",
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AB - Migraine with aura (MA) is associated with changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), whereas the role of cerebral autoregulation is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate basal CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV) and vasomotor reactivity (VMR) in MA patients. Twenty-one controls and 16 MA patients (eight with side predominance) underwent simultaneous examination of flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler (TCD) and of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) parameters [oxygen haemoglobin saturation: oxygen%, and total haemoglobin content (THC)] at rest and after hypercapnia. Cerebral VMR, THC and oxygen% increases were significantly greater on the predominant compared with the non-predominant migraine side, with both sides of patients without side predominance and with controls. These findings suggest altered autoregulation in MA patients, possibly secondary to impaired cerebrovascular autonomic control. Simultaneous TCD and NIRS investigation could represent a non-invasive approach to evaluate cerebral haemodynamics at the cortical and subcortical level.
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KW - Near infrared spectroscopy
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JF - Cephalalgia


text:
You are Watching Equilibrium (2002)
In a dystopian future, a totalitarian regime maintains peace by subduing the populace with a drug, and displays of emotion are punishable by death. A man in charge of enforcing the law rises to overthrow the system.
Genre: Science Fiction, Thriller
Director: Kurt Wimmer, Mark Taylor, Pamela Alch, Stella D'Onofrio, Tess Malone
Actors: Angus Macfadyen, Christian Bale, Dominic Purcell, Emily Siewert, Emily Watson, Maria Pia Calzone, Matthew Harbour, Sean Bean, Sean Pertwee, Taye Diggs
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Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
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Wing Commander (1999)
The Hollywood version of the popular video game series "Wing Commander". Unlike other video games to feature film transitions, series creator Chris Roberts was heavily involved in the film's creation….
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Voices of a Distant Star (2002)
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Blade Runner: Black Out 2022 (2017)
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Country: Spain, Bulgaria
The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses (2005)
While trying to obtain "Tree Sweets", Littlefoot into the tree and knocks down all the blossoms, attracting the Tinysauruses. They devour the plants and disappear. But Littlefoot isn't blamed for…
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Bound for a remote planet on the far side of the galaxy, the crew of the colony ship 'Covenant' discovers what is thought to be an uncharted paradise, but is…
In a future where a failed global-warming experiment kills off most life on the planet, a class system evolves aboard the Snowpiercer, a train that travels around the globe via…
Country: Czech Republic, South Korea
Trailer: Equilibrium (2002)


text:
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A review of Tough Customer: Chasing a better deal for battlers
This article was originally published in the Summer Edition of the GRC Professional Magazine
"I'd had plenty of tough times as head of Australia's competition regulator for twelve years, including being called a Nazi and being relentlessly attacked by big business. This was much tougher," writes ex-regulator Allan Fels in the first chapter in his book, Tough Customer: Chasing a better deal for battlers.
Post-Royal Commission—and other issues aside—it's hard to believe a banking CEO could make it through a 24-hour media cycle unscathed following a comment like that. And indeed, Fels' book feels almost too short to truly encompass the range of issues and organisations of which he has been a part.
Fels' book differs from most of the others reviewed by this magazine—not so much because it is a book that looks at the systemic challenges inherent in an industry, but more so because of the personal insight into Fels' perspectives. Instead of offering up a long, investigative exploration, Tough Customer reads more like Marcus Arelius' Meditations—the musings of an old philosopher looking back on his own achievements and wondering if he made the right decisions.
Fels not only reflects on his time as a regulator but also on advocacy for better policies on mental health, a topic on which he takes a personal stance because of his daughter's condition.
On this, he writes:
Mental health is still a fairly low priority for governments. From time to time, politicians talk about taking a big initiative and, momentarily, mental health is at the top of the policy pile. Then other matters intervene, and it falls back down. I've seen this happen time and again. Mental health is the poor cousin of health and social welfare and doesn't get priority when budgets are drawn up.
With Victoria's recent Royal Commission into Mental Health, and the Australian Royal Commission into Aged Care, both of which have some overlap with the issues identified by Fels, his book seems to have been published at exactly the right time. In fact, at the time of this review's publication, the Morrison Government has just announced a $537 million commitment to address systemic failures highlighted in the Aged Care interim report.
Fels narrative shifts constantly through time, from being a competition regulator to being fired from the 7-Eleven independent committee as a result of the payout they would have to make to their employees because of a deliberate policy of systemic underpayments.
The book's structure feels intentional, however, since issues of wage theft and worker exploitation form the basis of a recurring issue—one the Fair Work Ombudsman has already said they would be paying close attention to:
My job was to help clean up the mess as chair of an independent panel assessing compensation claims from thousands of 7-Eleven workers—mostly foreign students—who'd been paid around $10 an hour less than half the award rate. The chairman and co-owner of 7-Eleven in Australia, Russ Withers, rang me the day after a scathing Four Corners/Fairfax report aired on ABC television, asking me to chair the new panel 'without fear or favour'. Nine months later, as the claims escalated, and 7-Eleven executives pressured us to change our approach, I was sacked by phone, and 7-Eleven set up its own panel.
According to Fels, this, clearly, was not a good look:
But what the Four Corners/Fairfax investigation made clear—supported by a head-office whistleblower; evidence gathered over several years by a tenacious consumer advocate, Michael Fraser; and several investigations by the FWO—was that underpaying wages and doctoring payroll records and timesheets were commonplace across much of 7-Eleven's franchisee network. And the head office of Australia's biggest convenience store chain didn't just turn a blind eye: systemic wage fraud was part of the business model.
Fels' book also touches on the deregulation of the financial system, as well as the changing character of the financial sector and the impact it had on consumers. This launches the book's direction forward to his commentary on the banking Royal Commission:
Royal commissions are a once-in-a-generation opportunity to make fundamental structural changes. The fact is that there is a conflict between financial institutions offering products and services to the market and providing purportedly impartial and independent advice to customers on the best products and services in the market.
Outside the scope of Fels' book, the question still remains as to whether this 'once-in-a-generation opportunity' has been properly utilised or whether instead the whole inquiry has been a superficial exercise.
That aside, Tough Customer: Chasing a better deal for battlers provides a 'once-in-a-generation opportunity' to see into the mind of someone who has dedicated himself to Improving the lives of those around him on a national scale.
A Cautionary Tale: review of Banking Bad by Adele Ferguson
©2018-2019 by The GRC Institute - Governance, Risk & Compliance. ABN: 42862119377


text:
China's Goldwind plans USD-59.2m share issue
Sep 3, 2014 - Chinese wind turbine maker Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology (HKG:2208) said Tuesday it plans to raise some CNY 363.3 million (USD 59.2m/EUR 45m) in gross proceeds from a proposed issue of new A shares.
The company explained that the planned placement will provide it with capital needed for its future business development and, at the same time, increase its solvency ratio and broaden its shareholder base. This, in turn, will further enhance the firm's competitiveness in the wind energy market. The proceeds from the transaction will be used to supplement the firm's working capital, it noted.
The company has entered into separate subscription agreements for eight of its directors or senior management members to each buy no more than 550,000 new shares. Goldwind also signed two other subscription agreements, both with Shanghai Haitong Securities Asset Management Co Ltd, for 17.1 million and 19.6 million new shares, accordingly.
In total, Goldwind will offer about 40.95 million new shares, which will represent approximately 1.50% of the company's total shares outstanding pursuant to the issue. It will sell them on the Shenzhen Stock exchange at CNY 8.87 apiece.
The transactions are pending approval from the company's shareholders and the China Securities Regulatory Commission. Completion of the placement is expected within six months after all conditions precedent are met.
Currently, China Three Gorges New Energy Corp and its holding company China Three Gorges Corp each have a 24.67% stake in Goldwind. Following the transaction, their stakes will fall to 24.3% each.
(CNY 1.0 = USD 0.163/EUR 0.124)
Topsoe to equip dynamic green ammonia plant in China
Mingyang unveils 18-MW-plus offshore wind turbine
War in Ukraine increases demand for renewables, BP says
Energy transition investment leaps to USD 1.1tn in 2022
McKinsey forecasts 4.7 TWh of Li-ion battery demand in 2030
Demand for key energy transition metals could grow fivefold by 2050
Author Militsa Mancheva
Share Issue
Turbines/Power Equipment Wind Power
Militsa Mancheva
Militsa is mainly focused on the Chinese market and the rest of Asia with solar energy and offshore wind as her mantras.


text:
Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Michael J. Silverberg, Poul Thorsen, Henning Lindeberg, Linda A. Grant, Keerti V. Shah
OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis conferred by a maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy, and to identify additional cofactors such as the method of delivery (cesarean versus vaginal) and procedures or complications during pregnancy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was used to evaluate maternal and infant characteristics associated with respiratory papillomatosis among Danish births between 1974 and 1993. Using data from Danish registries, we identified 3033 births with a maternal history of genital warts during pregnancy. Fifty-seven respiratory papillomatosis cases were identified by review of medical records from ear, nose, and throat departments. RESULTS: Seven of every 1000 births with a maternal history of genital warts resulted in disease in the offspring, corresponding to a 231.4 (95% confidence interval 135.3, 395.9) times higher risk of disease relative to births without a maternal history of genital warts. In women with genital warts, delivery times of more than 10 hours were associated with a two-fold greater risk of disease. Cesarean delivery was not found to be protective against respiratory papillomatosis, and no other procedures or complications during pregnancy were observed to increase the risk of respiratory papillomatosis. CONCLUSION: A maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy is the strongest risk factor for respiratory papillomatosis in the child. Future studies should examine the efficacy of genital wart treatment for the prevention of disease.
Dive into the research topics of 'Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Condylomata Acuminata Medicine & Life Sciences 84%
Pregnancy Medicine & Life Sciences 38%
Mothers Medicine & Life Sciences 35%
Parturition Medicine & Life Sciences 25%
Pregnancy Complications Medicine & Life Sciences 20%
Pharynx Medicine & Life Sciences 9%
Ear Medicine & Life Sciences 8%
Silverberg, M. J., Thorsen, P., Lindeberg, H., Grant, L. A., & Shah, K. V. (2003). Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, 101(4), 645-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(02)03081-8
Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. / Silverberg, Michael J.; Thorsen, Poul; Lindeberg, Henning et al.
In: Obstetrics and gynecology, Vol. 101, No. 4, 01.04.2003, p. 645-652.
Silverberg, MJ, Thorsen, P, Lindeberg, H, Grant, LA & Shah, KV 2003, 'Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis', Obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 645-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(02)03081-8
Silverberg MJ, Thorsen P, Lindeberg H, Grant LA, Shah KV. Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2003 Apr 1;101(4):645-652. doi: 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)03081-8
Silverberg, Michael J. ; Thorsen, Poul ; Lindeberg, Henning et al. / Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. In: Obstetrics and gynecology. 2003 ; Vol. 101, No. 4. pp. 645-652.
@article{6224531d04284b06bf4c108dd975f9e4,
title = "Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis",
abstract = "OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis conferred by a maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy, and to identify additional cofactors such as the method of delivery (cesarean versus vaginal) and procedures or complications during pregnancy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was used to evaluate maternal and infant characteristics associated with respiratory papillomatosis among Danish births between 1974 and 1993. Using data from Danish registries, we identified 3033 births with a maternal history of genital warts during pregnancy. Fifty-seven respiratory papillomatosis cases were identified by review of medical records from ear, nose, and throat departments. RESULTS: Seven of every 1000 births with a maternal history of genital warts resulted in disease in the offspring, corresponding to a 231.4 (95% confidence interval 135.3, 395.9) times higher risk of disease relative to births without a maternal history of genital warts. In women with genital warts, delivery times of more than 10 hours were associated with a two-fold greater risk of disease. Cesarean delivery was not found to be protective against respiratory papillomatosis, and no other procedures or complications during pregnancy were observed to increase the risk of respiratory papillomatosis. CONCLUSION: A maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy is the strongest risk factor for respiratory papillomatosis in the child. Future studies should examine the efficacy of genital wart treatment for the prevention of disease.",
author = "Silverberg, {Michael J.} and Poul Thorsen and Henning Lindeberg and Grant, {Linda A.} and Shah, {Keerti V.}",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported in part by a National Cancer Institute grant (RO3 CA86170-01). ",
T1 - Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
AU - Silverberg, Michael J.
AU - Thorsen, Poul
AU - Lindeberg, Henning
AU - Grant, Linda A.
AU - Shah, Keerti V.
N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported in part by a National Cancer Institute grant (RO3 CA86170-01).
N2 - OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis conferred by a maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy, and to identify additional cofactors such as the method of delivery (cesarean versus vaginal) and procedures or complications during pregnancy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was used to evaluate maternal and infant characteristics associated with respiratory papillomatosis among Danish births between 1974 and 1993. Using data from Danish registries, we identified 3033 births with a maternal history of genital warts during pregnancy. Fifty-seven respiratory papillomatosis cases were identified by review of medical records from ear, nose, and throat departments. RESULTS: Seven of every 1000 births with a maternal history of genital warts resulted in disease in the offspring, corresponding to a 231.4 (95% confidence interval 135.3, 395.9) times higher risk of disease relative to births without a maternal history of genital warts. In women with genital warts, delivery times of more than 10 hours were associated with a two-fold greater risk of disease. Cesarean delivery was not found to be protective against respiratory papillomatosis, and no other procedures or complications during pregnancy were observed to increase the risk of respiratory papillomatosis. CONCLUSION: A maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy is the strongest risk factor for respiratory papillomatosis in the child. Future studies should examine the efficacy of genital wart treatment for the prevention of disease.
AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis conferred by a maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy, and to identify additional cofactors such as the method of delivery (cesarean versus vaginal) and procedures or complications during pregnancy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was used to evaluate maternal and infant characteristics associated with respiratory papillomatosis among Danish births between 1974 and 1993. Using data from Danish registries, we identified 3033 births with a maternal history of genital warts during pregnancy. Fifty-seven respiratory papillomatosis cases were identified by review of medical records from ear, nose, and throat departments. RESULTS: Seven of every 1000 births with a maternal history of genital warts resulted in disease in the offspring, corresponding to a 231.4 (95% confidence interval 135.3, 395.9) times higher risk of disease relative to births without a maternal history of genital warts. In women with genital warts, delivery times of more than 10 hours were associated with a two-fold greater risk of disease. Cesarean delivery was not found to be protective against respiratory papillomatosis, and no other procedures or complications during pregnancy were observed to increase the risk of respiratory papillomatosis. CONCLUSION: A maternal history of genital warts in pregnancy is the strongest risk factor for respiratory papillomatosis in the child. Future studies should examine the efficacy of genital wart treatment for the prevention of disease.


Niet tevreden over Tomtop? Probeer dan eens Tinydeal.
Top China wholesaler Tomtop offers a variety of high quality products, including RC Models, Electronics, LED Lights, Car Accessories, Clothing and Home gadgets.


text:
module Korimako
  module Errors
    # Generally thrown when Korimako::Searcher did not match
    # a file given a specified path
    class NotFound < ActionController::RoutingError
      attr_reader :path

      def initialize(path = '')
        @path = path
        super
      end

      def message
        "Could not find a file that matches the path /#{@path}"
      end

      def message_production
        'Page not found'
      end
    end

    # Thrown when no file matched because there are no configured
    # directories in which to search
    class NoContentDirs < NotFound
      def message
        'There are no content directories configured'
      end
    end

    # Thrown when no file matched because there are no configured
    # file extensions to match when performing a search
    class NoFileExtensions < NotFound
      def message
        'There are no file extensions configured'
      end
    end

    # Thrown when no file matched and there are no configured
    # default documents
    class NoDefaultDocuments < NotFound
      def message
        'There are no default documents configured'
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
More Lawsuits Allege Boy Scouts Covered Up Decades of Child Sex Abuse
By Daniel Avery On 8/26/19 at 6:31 AM EDT
News Boy Scouts of America Boy scouts Lawsuits Child sex abuse
The already embattled Boy Scouts of America has been hit with a new slate of lawsuits claiming the youth organization hid or mishandled child sexual abuse claims for years.
Last week, nine plaintiffs filed suit against the BSA in New York and Long Island, all claiming the Scouts failed to protect them from abuse, some in incidents going as far back as the 1950s.
One alleged victim, now 61, told The Washington Post the Scouts allowed his abuser to keep working with other boys—despite, he alleges, the organization knowing of the man's behavior. "It's bad enough what one individual human being does, that's between him and God," the alleged victim, identified as David, told the Post. "What an organization does to thousands of people, that's between society and those people."
"I felt honestly more incensed by their concealment than my abuse when I was a child," David added.
Nine new lawsuits alleging the Boy Scouts mishandled or covered up the sexual abuse of young scouts join the hundreds filed since the revelation of an internal BSA database on thousand of alleged abusers. Getty Images
The cases come after a statewide measure, the Child Victims Act, took effect on August 14. Signed into law by New York Governor Cuomo in February, it temporarily lifts the statute of limitations on child sex-abuse cases, no matter how old. More than 400 lawsuits were filed the first day it took effect, including against the Catholic Church and the Governing Body of the Jehovah's Witnesses.
"New York is a hub for a lot of heinous activity because so many organizations are centered here," the bill's author, New York State Senator Brad Hoylman, told Newsweek. "Youth organizations, religious groups, public and private schools." Hoylman says religious organizations, insurance companies and lobbyists for the Boy Scouts, "spent millions trying to keep the act from going to vote."
Jeff Anderson, who is representing some of the New York litigants against the Scouts, told the AP that until the Child Victims Act, "there was no hope that action could be taken."
At the beginning of August, the BSA was hit with a similar suit in Philadelphia, alleging the organization knew of some 350 previously unreported scoutmasters or members who molested young scouts. Filing in Philadelphia County Common Pleas Court, the group Abused in Scouting claims the BSA facilitated "a continuing and serious conspiracy to conceal and cover up" sexual assaults against children.
"It is apparent that the Boy Scout defendants continue to hide the true nature of their coverup and the extent of the pedophilia epidemic within their organizations," the complaint reads.
Lawyers for Abused in Scouting says nearly 800 men between the ages of 14 and 88 contacted the group to say they were abused by Scout leaders. "We know that when a pedophile abuses a victim, it's not just one," said attorney Stewart Eisenberg. "So each of the 350 abusers have dozens of other victims who have not come forward."
According to USA Today, those suspects include police officers, teachers, members of the armed forces, doctors, a mayor and a child psychologist. The men purportedly preyed on young scouts on camping trips, in church halls and, sometimes, even in the boys' homes.
Boy Scouts march in an undated July 4th parade in Huntington Beach. Getty Images
In recent months the BSA has also faced legal action in New Hampshire, New Jersey, Washington State and elsewhere. Hundreds more have been filed since 2012, when the existence of an internal BSA database, known as the "ineligible volunteers" files, was made public. Those files reportedly detail more than 7,800 sex offenders and 12,254 victims between 1944 and 2016.
The Scouts maintain the database was part of its efforts to root out sex abusers: "The child-safety policies and procedures we utilize are among the most advanced and comprehensive of any youth-serving organization today," said Michael Johnson, a former police detective and the BSA's National Youth Protection Director, in a statement dated August 14.
But many plaintiffs argue the files are evidence of a decades-long cover-up that, in according to one litigant, "put scouting's image and financial interests—its 'brand'—ahead of the safety of the scouts."
Only 28 of the suspects named in the Philadelphia cases were listed in the Boy Scouts' files.
Earlier this month, Scouts said in a statement that the organization believed and supported victims of abuse. "We recognize, however, that there were instances in our organization's history when cases were not addressed or handled in a manner consistent with our commitment to protect Scouts, the values of our organization, and the procedures we have in place today."
The BSA, which has reportedly paid more than $11 million to its legal team to handle recent abuse claims, is even contemplating filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Chief Scout Executive Michael Surbaugh acknowledged in a December 2018 statement that the Scouts were "exploring all options available" to ensure scouting continues.
"We have a social and moral responsibility to fairly compensate victims who suffered abuse during their time in Scouting" Surbaugh said, "and we also have an obligation to carry out our mission to serve youth, families and local communities through our programs."
Faced with plummeting membership, the Boy Scouts began allowing young girls and transgender boys join its ranks in 2017. In February 2019, it formally changed the name of its program for 11 to 17 year-olds to Scouts BSA.


text:
Facts About Urea in Blood, Urine, Skin Creams, and Fertilizer
Linda Crampton
Linda Crampton is a writer and former teacher with a first-class honors degree in biology. She writes about the scientific basis of disease.
Urea is produced from amino acid breakdown. It's removed from the blood by the kidneys and then sent through the ureters to the urinary bladder to be excreted.
BruceBlaus, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 License
An Important and Useful Compound
Urea is a small but important compound in the living world. It's found naturally in our body and can also be made artificially. Though it's a waste substance as far as our body is concerned, it has some useful functions outside the body.
The liver produces urea when it breaks down amino acids from the proteins that we ingest. The urea then travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys. These remove the chemical from the blood and send it to the urinary bladder to be excreted. Doctors measure the concentration of urea in the blood to help them determine how well someone's kidneys are working.
Urea is added to skin creams to remove thickened or scaly areas and to moisturize the skin. It's helpful in the treatment of certain skin disorders. It's also a useful soil fertilizer because it's a good source of nitrogen, an important nutrient for plants. Since human urine contains urea, some people fertilize soil with urine to improve plant growth.
This is a structural diagram of a urea molecule.
Ben Mills, via Wikimedia Commons, public domain license
Urea contains only four elements—carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The lines in the diagram above represent chemical bonds. A double line represents a double bond.
Urea (Carbamide) Facts
In its solid form, urea exists as white or colorless crystals that have no odor and are highly soluble in water. The chemical is also known as carbamide when it's made in laboratories and is said to have very low toxicity.
Some people may be familiar with carbamide peroxide, which is a mixture of artificially-made urea and hydrogen peroxide. In the correct concentration, carbamide peroxide is used to whiten teeth, to disinfect, and to remove earwax. In each of these cases, the chemical breaks down to release hydrogen peroxide, which is the active ingredient.
The use of carbamide peroxide has a historical basis. It's formulated as a solid, while hydrogen peroxide on its own is formulated as a liquid. The solid was once preferred because it could be packed into wounds. People shouldn't try this process today. It's important that any substance that is used medicinally (even one that appears to be safe) has the correct concentration and is formulated correctly for a specific function.
Urea was the first organic chemical made from inorganic ones. The reaction was carried out by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. The discovery impressed scientists because it was thought that a mysterious "vital force" was needed to make the substances found in the human body.
A ball-and-stick model of urea or carbamide
Jynto, via Wikimedia Commons, public domain license
In the illustration above, the carbon atom is black, the oxygen atom is red, the nitrogen atoms are blue, and the hydrogen atoms are grey.
Urea Production and Excretion
Urea production is related to the proteins that we ingest. A protein consists of chains of amino acids. The amino acids are separated from each other when protein from food is digested in the gastrointestinal tract. They are then absorbed through the lining of the digestive tract and are used to build the specific proteins needed by our body.
Excess amino acids are broken down in a process called deamination. In this process, the amino group of an amino acid (NH2) is removed and converted to an ammonia molecule (NH3). Deamination takes place mainly in the liver.
Ammonia is very toxic to cells. Ammonia molecules react with carbon dioxide in the body to make urea, which is a much safer chemical. The conversion of ammonia to urea takes place in the liver in a process known as the urea cycle. Blood vessels transport the urea to the kidneys, which remove it from the blood and send it into the urine. The urine is stored in the urinary bladder and released into the environment when we urinate. The overall process is known as excretion. A small amount of urea is released from our body in perspiration.
The information in this article is intended for general interest. Anyone who has questions or concerns about urea in or on their body should consult a doctor.
Concentration in the Blood
A BUN test (or Blood Urea Nitrogen test) detects the concentration of urea in the blood. If the kidneys aren't doing their job of removing the chemical from the body, the amount of urea in the blood will increase. A BUN test can show how well the kidneys are functioning.
There are other possible reasons for an increase in the blood urea level besides kidney problems. Eating a lot of foods that are rich in protein will cause the liver to produce a large amount of urea. Dehydration will also increase the blood's urea concentration, since this depends on the amount of water in the blood. If there is less water than normal in the blood but the same amount of urea, the urea concentration will be higher than usual.
It's also possible to have a lower than normal urea concentration in the blood. This can be caused by drinking too much water and diluting the blood, not eating much protein, or being unable to absorb enough amino acids through the wall of the small intestine due to a health problem.
One health problem that can produce a low urea concentration is celiac disease. Villi are tiny projections on the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested food. In celiac disease, the ingestion of gluten causes damage to the villi. This greatly reduces the absorption of nutrients, including protein. Gluten is a protein complex found in certain grains, including wheat, rye, and barley. While most people eat gluten with no problem, some people are gluten intolerant.
A corn is a spherical callus that forms due to pressure. A urea cream may help to remove corns.
Marionette, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 license
Medicinal Creams and Skin Conditions
In the body, urea is a waste substance that needs to removed. Outside the body, it's often a useful substance. For example, urea is added to some medicinal skin creams, where it often has health benefits. Urea creams can be useful in the treatment of conditions such as corns, calluses, eczema, psoriasis, and ichthyosis, which are described below. Depending on its concentration, urea either removes thickened or scaly areas of skin or makes the skin soft and supple.
A corn is a thick and hardened area on the skin that may be painful. It often has a central core that looks different from the surroundings. It forms as a result of pressure or friction and is thought to be a protective structure. Corns often form on toes.
A callus is also a thickened area that is formed in response to pressure. It's larger than a corn and looks the same throughout instead of having a central core. It's generally painless.
In eczema, the skin is dry and has inflamed and itchy patches. In severe cases, the patches may also be scaly or crusty and may weep. Eczema is also known as atopic dermatitis. The skin barrier is believed to be defective in people with the disorder, making the skin susceptible to irritation. Someone with eczema may experiences flare-ups when the symptoms are present or worse than normal.
In the most common form of psoriasis (plaque psoriasis), the skin has red patches that are itchy and develop white scales. The skin is generally thicker than in eczema. As in eczema, however, there are often flare-ups. Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition.
In ichthyosis, the skin is dry, thickened, scaly, and sometimes flaky. In this condition, either old skin cells are shed too slowly or new ones are made too slowly. In addition, the skin barrier is defective.
Though urea can be helpful for some skin conditions, anyone with a major skin disorder should consult their doctor about the advisability of using a cream containing the chemical.
Potential Benefits of Urea for Skin Problems
Someone who suspects that they have eczema, psoriasis, or ichthyosis should visit a doctor. In addition, anyone with a corn or callus that causes serious problems or becomes infected should consult their physician. The following information may be of interest, however.
With respect to eczema, DermNet New Zealand (a website run by dermatologists) says that a urea cream is "very helpful for dryness but may sting active eczema". The National Psoriasis Foundation says that a urea product can be used as a scale lifter in psoriasis. The Royal Melbourne Children's Hospital says that a urea cream can be used to loosen scales in ichthyosis. They also say that if a cream causes irritation, one with a lower concentration of urea should be tried.
Urea creams have different effects, depending on the concentration of the chemical. It's important that the right concentration is chosen for a skin problem. A doctor or pharmacist should be consulted for help.
A Keratolytic Substance and a Humectant
The tough outermost layer of the skin is called the stratum corneum. This layer is made of dead cells and contains a fibrous protein called keratin. When a cream containing a high concentration of urea is applied to a thickened area on the skin, the urea weakens the attachment between the cells of the stratum corneum and dissolves keratin, allowing the area to be shed. Under these conditions, urea is said to be a "keratolytic" substance—one that causes the stratum corneum to soften and peel. The removal of the thickened skin surface is called debridement.
Urea is also hygroscopic, which means that it absorbs water from the air. Skin creams containing low concentrations of urea act as emollients. The softened skin can absorb substances better, which helps medications such as corticosteroids enter the skin. At concentrations of 2% to under 20%, urea is used as a humectant, which is a substance that retains moisture in the skin. At a concentration of 20% or higher, urea is keratolytic. Anyone who is prescribed a concentrated urea product should read the pamphlet accompanying the product carefully.
Fertilizing Soil With Urine
Useful Fertilizers
Urea contains forty-six percent nitrogen by weight and can be an excellent fertilizer. It's cheaper and safer to transport and store than other nitrogen-containing products. Bacteria in soil produce an enzyme called urease. This enzyme causes urea that is added to the soil to react with water. This reaction produces ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia then reacts with water to make ammonium ions, which are absorbed by plant roots.
Urine contains urea, so it could be used as a natural fertilizer. In fact, some scientists in Finland have found that urine is a very good fertilizer for soil in which beets (or beetroot) and other vegetables are planted. In a controlled experiment, they found that the beets grown in urine-fertilized soil grew significantly bigger than the beets grown in soil treated with a mineral fertilizer while still looking attractive and tasting good.
Other scientists evaluated the growth of sweet peppers in soil fertilized by urine, urea, and compost. They found that the combination of urine and compost resulted in the best growth. Other chemicals in urine besides urea might be useful for crops or might be helpful when combined with compost. It's also possible that urea is beneficial for some plants but not so helpful for others. Another factor that may affect experimental results is the concentration of a urea fertilizer and its application method.
Unlike feces, which may contain dangerous bacteria, urine is virtually sterile (unless someone has an infection of the urinary tract). It's rich in nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, which are elements that plants need.
Beets grow well in soil fertilized by urine.
JillWellington, via pixabay, CC0 public domain license
Urine Fertilizers and Antibiotic Resistance
Recently, a concern about the spread of antibiotic resistance has been raised with respect to urine fertilizers. If a person donating urine has a bacterial infection somewhere in their urinary tract, bacteria that caused the infection will enter their urine. According to researchers at the University of Michigan, the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections are often resistant to certain antibiotics.
The resistant organisms would enter the soil when a urine fertilizer is used. They may come into contact with the plants that we eat. Even if the microorganisms die in the soil, their genes for antibiotic resistance may be absorbed by other bacteria in the soil. Genes are transferred between bacteria by multiple methods.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a serious problem today. As a result, some diseases are becoming hard to treat. Any process that might promote the spread of resistance should be avoided. The scientists found that storing urine for twelve to sixteen months before using it as a fertilizer solved the potential problem of spreading resistance.
The scientists haven't completely deciphered the processes occurring in the stored urine but have discovered some important information. During storage, the ammonia level in the stored urine increased, acidity decreased, and most of the bacteria released by the donors died. In addition, pieces of DNA containing genes for antibiotic resistance disintegrated during storage.
Using a Urine Fertilizer
Recycling Urine
Practitioners of urine fertilization say that the liquid must be diluted before use. The chemicals in undiluted urine are far too concentrated for the health of most plants and may injure them. Anywhere from a 1:3 to a 1:10 mixture of urine and water is suggested. In addition, the urine should be applied to the soil and not placed directly on plants. If these precautions are followed, the liquid might be a very helpful fertilizer.
Instead of diluting urine, some commercial fertilizer companies collect the liquid, sterilize it, and then extract useful components from it. Urine is reportedly a good compost activator as well as a good fertilizer.
Although it may sound strange and even repulsive, I think that the idea of recycling urine is an excellent one. The liquid contains important chemicals. It seems a shame to waste them. One of these beneficial chemicals is urea. Although it's a relatively simple molecule, urea is a very useful substance.
Urea production in the body from the Encyclopedia Britannica
Tooth whitening and the historical use of carbamide peroxide from the American Chemical Society
BUN test information from the Mayo Clinic
Treating corns and calluses from the American Academy of Dermatology.
Treatment for eczema (atopic dermatitis) from DermNet New Zealand
Over-the-counter topical medicines for psoriasis from the National Psoriasis Association
Facts about ichthyosis from the Royal Melbourne Children's Hospital.
A discussion about urine-fertilized soil from Scientific American
Urea fertilizer information from the University of Minnesota Extension
Aging urine fertilizers protects against the transfer of antibiotic resistance from the University of Michigan
Question: Can urea from skin creams get into the blood system and raise BUN levels?
Answer: Diet, some medications, some diseases, and life stages (pregnancy and aging) can affect BUN levels, but I've never heard of urea in skin creams doing this. Based on what I've read, urea is absorbed to only a small extent through healthy skin. I've read research reports giving amounts of 7.5% and 9.5%. It would probably be a good idea to ask your doctor this question if you are concerned about your BUN level.
Question: Are there different types of urea or is the same type used in skin preparations and as fertilizer?
Answer: Urea is the same substance and has the same chemical formula wherever it's found. The different substances mixed with the urea in a product may react with it, modifying its structure and affecting its behaviour, however.
© 2012 Linda Crampton
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on January 30, 2019:
Thank you for the visit and the comment, Annalexis.
Annalexis on January 30, 2019:
Fantastic article, and fascinating also. It gave me all the information I needed.
Thank you very much, teaches12345. Urea is a versatile chemical! I'm sorry that you lost your cat. I have three cats right now, but I have had two cats pass on. It is a sad experience.
Dianna Mendez on January 26, 2012:
Such interesting facts about urea! I didn't realize how it was used to help skin ailments in humans. I haven't heard of it being used as a fertilizer but then I never look at the chemical content listed on the bag. I love cats and miss my own dear little friend that passed on a couple of years ago. Loved your hub.
Thank you so much for the comment and the vote, kashmir56! I appreciate your visit.
Thomas Silvia from Massachusetts on January 09, 2012:
Hi Alicia my friend, this was a very interesting hub on a subject i did not know about before, thanks i enjoyed reading and learning from your well written hub .
Vote Up !!!
Thank you for the comment, mathira. It's very nice to meet you!
mathira from chennai on January 08, 2012:
AliciaC, thank you for useful hub.
Thank you for the comment and the information, CMHypno! Urea is sometimes added to animal feed. If the right enzyme is present the urea can react with water to make ammonia.
CMHypno from Other Side of the Sun on January 04, 2012:
You always find some interesting topics to write about Alicia. I also saw a programme where they were feeding urea to livestock when the grazing was poor, but only if it wasn't going to rain, as the water would cause a chemical reaction that would make the urea poisonous to the animals.


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Profile of new F1 champion Rosberg
November 27, 2016 MotorsportAlaia, Australia, Auto racing, Bahrain, BRACKLEY, China, Damon Hill, Finland, Formula One, Germany, Graham, Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry, Keke Rosberg, Lewis Hamilton, Mercedes F1 W05 Hybrid, Mercedes-Benz in Formula One, Michael Schumacher, Monaco, Motorsport, Nico Rosberg, Open wheel racing, Rosberg, SINA, Sports, Team Rosberg, United Kingdom, Vivian, Wiesbaden, Williamssmbale
Profile of Nico Rosberg after he clinches his first Formula One drivers' title.
BRACKLEY, ENGLAND, UK (OCTOBER 14, 2014) (MERCEDES F1 VNR) – Germany's Nico Rosberg won his first Formula One world championship on Sunday (November 27) after finishing second in a tense Abu Dhabi Grand Prix won by Mercedes team mate Lewis Hamilton.
Factbox on Formula One world champion Nico Rosberg:
Born: Wiesbaden, Germany on June 27, 1985 (31 years old)
*Rosberg is the son of Finland's 1982 world champion Keke Rosberg, who won his title with Williams, and German mother Sina. He was born four days after Keke won the 1985 USA-East Grand Prix in Detroit.
*Rosberg grew up in Monaco and still lives there with his wife Vivian and daughter Alaia. He speaks five languages but not Finnish.
*He and Mercedes team mate Lewis Hamilton, a triple world champion, were team mates in go-karts in 2000. Rosberg tested for Williams in 2004, aged 17 and before he had his driving licence. He declined a place to study aeronautical engineering at London University's Imperial College.
*Rosberg made his Formula One race debut with Williams in Bahrain in 2006, scoring points with seventh place and setting the fastest lap, after becoming the first GP2 champion the previous season. He ended 2006 in 17th place overall.
*In 2007 he was ninth overall. The following year he stood on the podium for the first time, a third place in Australia, but ended up 13th at the end of the season. In 2009, his last year with Williams, he finished seventh overall.
*Rosberg joined Mercedes — who had bought champions Brawn GP — for the 2010 season and partnered seven-times world champion Michael Schumacher. The younger German scored 142 points to Schumacher's 72.
*Rosberg also outscored Schumacher in the following two seasons, taking his first pole and grand prix victory in China in 2012. In 2013, Lewis Hamilton replaced Schumacher and finished the season fourth overall to Rosberg's sixth.
*In 2013, Rosberg won the Monaco Grand Prix exactly 20 years after his father had triumphed there. In 2014, he had five wins — the same number that Keke had in his entire career — from 11 pole positions and finished overall runner-up to Hamilton.
*Rosberg was again championship runner-up to Hamilton in 2015 but ended the year strongly with three straight wins. He picked up where he left off in 2016 by taking the first four races, the first driver since Schumacher in 2004 to do that, while Hamilton suffered various problems.
*He is only the second son of a Formula One champion to win the title, after Damon Hill. Hill took his 1996 title 34 years after father Graham first became champion in 1962. Rosberg's comes 34 years after Keke's success.
Mercedes-Benz in Formula One
Team Rosberg
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Written both books. Life versus death is
Ethics Wm Adams
Written a century apart the two books, "Moby Dick", by Herman Melville in 1851, and "The old man and the sea", by Ernest Hemingway in 1952, create worlds that are based on similar themes, which share motifs and teach lessons of life. "Moby Dick" is a novel that places its action on the sea and involves the work of whale hunters. The author creates a macrocosm- the sea and a microcosm the ship "Pequod" where the crew formed of men from different races and social classes are gathered with one purpose to find and kill The White Whale. In the novella "The old man and the sea" the action also takes place on the sea, it centers upon a Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream, it has fewer characters that don't intertwine, but we have an accentuated relationship between man and nature, between ethics and pride. Some of these oppositions create themes shared by both books.
Life versus death is a major theme because the characters value life and struggle to stay alive and at the same time be victorious. In Ernest Hemingway's narrative Santiago wants to regain his honor in front of the villagers and in front of himself; he is proud because he used to be respected and valued but as his luck faded so did his good name. Captain Ahab, a major character in Melville's novel, was also drowned by greatness and determination into revenge, because of his injury he thinks that he has less control upon the crew and wants to regain his title by creating an obsessive revengeful plan to kill the "evil White Whale".
There victory or defeat depends on there judgment and so we find that Captain Ahab wanted just revenge and didn't think of the consequences; he is defeated by his own obsession. Santiago, the prime character in the novella, only wants to prove himself to himself and fights a battle with his moral issues knowing that he hasn't the right to kill a being. He also finds in the fish a friend which he calls "brother", a worthy.
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Outlander Recap: We're 'Not in Scotland Anymore.' No Kidding
Author: Roxane GayRoxane Gay
The second season of Outlander is still settling into its makeover, reinventing itself in France. The new setting offers up plenty of potential, and even more gorgeous scenery for the actors to chew, but the show is taking its sweet time setting up Claire, Jamie, and Murtagh's plan to change history.
My prediction for last night's episode, "Not in Scotland Anymore" (as if we needed the reminder), was that there would be harpsichord, and a great deal of it. Well, consider me psychic—and I don't think it's going too far out on this particular limb to guess that the instrument will haunt us for as long as Murtagh and the Frasers remain in France.
The thing is, no matter how long that proves to be might be too long. For a nation that prides itself on its sensuality, France has managed to destroy whatever sexiness the show once had. Although the episode ostensibly begins with Jamie and Claire making love—Claire panting and breathless as Jamie does the damn thing, his broad shoulders especially, deliciously broad—suddenly it's Randall's creepy countenance saying, "Don't stop," which compels Jamie to stab his tormentor approximately 33 times, drenching them both in blood. 'Twas a bad dream.
Meanwhile, the way the show is handling the aftermath of Jamie's rape continues to impress. It's refreshing to see that Jamie isn't able to simply shrug off what he endured—which would be a disservice to the brutal storyline and the realities of sexual violence. That the show is allowing Jamie his trauma is exactly why Outlander is such great television: Even when we're not enjoying hot actors having hot sex, the show's sexual politics are leagues beyond most others'.
That the show is allowing Jamie his trauma is exactly why Outlander is such great television.
The morning after Jamie's nightmare, Claire is forced to explain to her maid why she made her own bed (while sporting a flawless dress). "I'll endeavor to be sloppier in my personal habits," Claire huffs. The struggle is so, so real. Being the lady of a great house in Paris and having a devoted staff cater to her every needs? No one's lot in life is more burdensome. Still, no matter the century, and no matter a woman's social standing, there's rigid protocol to consider.
Then, more droning voice-over from Claire as she rides along cobblestone streets in a fine carriage. In reflecting on Paris, however, she remembers the Second World War, while outside her window it's nearly two centuries before Iwo Jima. It's a deft example of what makes the show work, reminding us that Claire—and we along with her—know a great deal that her contemporaries don't. It's like period drama Jeopardy, allowing us to believe we are smarter than we are. (We'll take Smugness Born of Perspective for $800, please.)
The plot does begin to inch forward when Claire and Jamie receive a note from cousin Jared, stating that Charles Stuart is willing to meet with Jamie at Maison de Madame Elise. It's a brothel, of course; no matter the century, men are gonna men. It's as Starz a brothel as you might imagine: rich and powerful men debauching themselves; ladies of the night wooing those rich and powerful men; and wine and very large dildos available for rent or sale. Stuart waxes rhapsodic about the vulgarity of the French and how they never allow their excellent manners to get in the way of a good time. (He's exactly what you would expect from someone who believes he is divinely meant to rule England and Scotland: an idiotic asshole.)
Stuart's mission, beyond finishing his Yelp Elite tour of France's bordellos, mostly wants Jamie to affirm his right to the throne—and when Jamie refuses to kiss the prince's ass, His Assness gets pouty, going on and on about how he will unite the clans as a beacon of light because it is God's will. He also asks Jamie to pay a visit to the French court to woo the finance minister to their cause, and then he's off to cavort with a woman or three.
Because a woman's work is never done, Claire determines to get an invitation to court via her new friend, Louise de Rohan. Claire visits Louise in the middle of—well, getting waxed. (Le plus ca change..... Apparently, women have always brutalized their bodies to please men.) Louise gets a Brazilian while Claire gets an idea. History is laid bare. Second-wave feminists weep.
That night, Claire removes her robe and crawls into bed next to Jamie, inviting him to feel the results of her new depilation and clearly trying to help him back in the saddle by any means necessary. Jamie is stunned: "Your honeypot ... is bare." A spark sparks, the heavy breathing and wet kissing begins, but then Jamie once again has flashbacks to being raped by Black Jack Randall and the moment is, understandably, gone. We have to wait yet a bit longer for the joyous physical reunion of their bodies, it seems.
Two weeks later, Claire, Jamie, and Murtagh pull out their finest royal-friendly apparel to visit the French court. (The costuming for this show continues to be absolutely on point.) As Claire descends the stairs, men gape for reasons that are unclear for those of us from the 21st century. Turns out it's décolletage-induced gawp. "We can see every inch of you, right down to your third rib," Jamie says, stuck in ye olde 18th-century ways, but then they flirt a bit and all is right in the world. One small victory for feminism, one giant step for a woman's right to wear barely revealing finery.
At the court, harpsichords swell riotously, and bewigged French people in seemingly infinite layers of clothing engage in social pleasantries. A young woman, Annalise, runs up to Jamie, cooing, "mon petit sauvage." It's clear Jamie and Annalise have some kind of past, but the scene heads nowhere—at least nowhere beyond forcing Claire and Annalise into being Rivals for a Man's Affection. Annalise pulls Jamie away to meet the king, who is trying to relieve his bowels in front of an audience. (Apres moi, le deluge.) You never know where a revolution begins or ends.
Finally, Claire gets an audience with Duverney, the minister of finance, while she's getting some fresh air. Horndog Duverney misreads the moment and immediately begins pawing at Claire. Happening upon the unfortunate incident, Jamie proceeds to toss Duverney into a river. Still in need of a solid feminist education, he blames the dress; Claire, for whatever reason, lets him.
Still in need of a solid feminist education, Jamie blames the dress; Claire, for whatever reason, lets him.
Old enemies are always lurking in this show, and toward the end of the episode, the Duke of Sandringham makes an appearance, loathsome and unctuous as ever. Murtagh readies to draw his sword before Jamie stops him. Apparently, drawing a weapon in the presence of the king means death. Sandringham tries to apologize for his betrayal in the fakest way possible, but he is clearly not interested in redemption, nor does he believe redemption is necessary.
The episode reaches its climax when Claire is alone with Sandringham. It's an intriguing scene with Claire's rage seething beneath her skin, wanting to avenge her husband and giving not one damn about propriety or a woman's place. Before she can really eviscerate the duke, however, they are interrupted by a young man, the duke's secretary, Alexander Randall—who is, it turns out, Black Jack's younger brother. Claire, realizing Black Jack is still alive, blanches. The episode ends with Claire in turmoil, wondering how to (or if to) break the news to her husband that their tormentor is alive and well. A beautiful fireworks display explodes over the gardens, and we're left wondering just how far this show is going to take this rivalry between Randall and the Frasers.
Certainly, there is no limit to suffering, and Outlander seems more than willing to bear that out. Given how the last episode began, we know how the season ends; the question remains as to how we're going to get there, when we'll finally get to enjoy Jamie's brawn in unfettered glory, and—more important—if the show will continue to honor the realities of what Jamie suffered at Randall's hands.
#recap
#Starz
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