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Auschwitz and Birkenau:
Why the World War II Photo Interpreters
Failed to Identify the Extermination Complex
Dino Brugioni
vol. 9, no. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1983): pages 50-55.
During World War II, photographic interpretation was a much used and essential tool of the Allied military intelligence effort. Literally millions of aerial photographs were taken of enemy areas, including heavy coverage of Germany and German-occupied lands. The many thousands of photo interpretation reports based on those photographs have been preserved in the archives, along with the prints and negatives.
I was a member of a bomber crew during World War II, but I have devoted practically all the rest of my professional career to the field of photographic interpretation. In the course of my work, I frequently had occasion to do research in the World War II photographic intelligence files. In 1978, while researching the files with a colleague, Mr. Robert Poirier, we discovered aerial photos of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex that had been overlooked during and after the war period.
As part of my official duties, I frequently lectured on various aspects of photographic interpretation, using photographs to illustrate my subjects. Whenever I have shown the photographs of the extermination complex, the most frequently asked questions have been: Why did not, or why could not, the World War II photo interpreters identify the horrifying activities perpetrated at this complex? How could something so hideous have been overlooked? Why did not the photo interpreters note the unusually large size and unique configuration of Birkenau and know that it was not a conventional ioprison camp?lo Why were the large number of boxcars on the Birkenau sidings never questioned, considering the obvious lack of industrial installations within the camp? Most importantly, why did not the photo interpreters spot the four separately secured extermination areas, each of which contained unique facilities - an undressing room, a gas chamber and a crematorium?
I have gone back and searched the records and reports produced by the concerned reconnaissance units and interpretation organizations. I have also analyzed the interpretation practices and priorities of the time and have concluded that five major factors influenced these shortcomings:
1. Tasking.
This is a military intelligence term meaning requirements imposedSon a photo interpreter, for instance, to procure specific information needed to formulate intelligence about a specific enemy target or targets. During World War II, photo interpreters operated under an elaborate tasking and priority system to produce intelligence from aerial photography. Searching for or doing detailed analysis on concentration camps was not a specific task. Photographs were searched to find any indication of enemy build-up or military movements. This was called first-phase exploitation. Of prime concern were concentrations or movements of troops which posed threats to Allied operations, either current or planned. In addition, the photographs were scanned for evidence of reprisal weapons (V-1 and V-2 rocket sites), flak and searchlights, coastal defenses, material dumps and depots, camps and barracks, fieldwork and defense lines, construction work or demolition activity, and road, rail, port and inland waterway transport activity. As D-day approached, coastal shipping, beach obstacles, mine fields, and strong points were added to the watch list.
Photo interpreters were also tasked to perform detailed analysis on a variety of significant tactical and strategic targets. Concentration and extermination camps were not considered significant targets. A target folder was created for each significant target and was described at the time as being the interpreters' most important aid. The target folder contained the target. The target chart for the Auschwitz area was centered on the I.G. Farben Bunald Synthetic Fuel and Rubber Plant and did not include either the Auschwitz I or Birkenau camps. The specific detailed interpretation tasking was to report on the progress of the construction of the plant. Later, an added requirement was to report on the extent and effect of Allied bombing. A review of all the photo interpretation reports created on the Farben plant reveals the interpreters' principal concern was the bomb damage and production stoppages at the synthetic fuel plant. There is not a single reference to either the Auschwitz or Birkenau camps, which were covered on the same photographic runs. The Monowice camp, next to the Farben Plant, was correctly identified as a concentration camp.
2.. Priority Projects.
The principal units performing interpretation of the photographs taken over Germany and German-occupied territories were the Allied Central Interpretation Unit at the Royal Air Force Station Medmenham in England and the Mediterranean Allied Photo Reconnaissance Wing in Italy. These organizations worked on a 24-hour-a-day basis and in 1943 and 1944 were heavily involved in the planning of the Normandy and Southern France landings. Support to the Normandy landings alone required an estimated half-million photo interpretation man-hours. The stepped-up Allied bombing offensive of German strategic industries in 1944, which included synthetic fuel plants, also involved extensive photographic analysis and assessments. Other high priority projects included the searching for and destruction of V-1 and V-2 rocket sites, jet aircraft plants, and submarine production facilities. Photo interpreters were also employed in the planning and execution of special bombing missions against critical targets. The volume of materials being received for photo interpretation must also be considered. The daily intake for the Allied Central Interpretation Unit averaged 25,000 negatives and 60,000 prints. By V-E Day, over five million prints were in storage. More than 40,000 reports had been prepared from these prints.
3. Training.
Interpreter trainees were normally sent to a four-to-six-week course which explained the identification of military equipmentSairplanes, tanks, artillery, ships, and the like. Senior photo interpreters, organized in sections, worked on more specific subjects such as strike photography, bomb damage assessments, rail and road transportation, ports and shipping, military installations, inland waterway transportation, aircraft plants and airfield, radar and electronics, underground installations, V-1 and V-2 installations, enemy defenses, armor and artillery and petroleum refineries. No photo interpreters were assigned to do detailed interpretation on concentration or extermination camps. As nearly as I can determine, no tasking was ever imposed to conduct aerial reconnaissance of such camps. Photography that was acquired of these camps was a by-product of the reconnaissance of nearby strategic installations.
Since photo interpreters were not directed to locate or interpret such camps, they did not try to determine which camps were unique or different, that is, those which contained gas chambers and crematoriums. Photo interpreters were provided with hundreds of so-called photographic keys to aid them in identification of newly photographed targets. These keys were manuals, each containing photographs of a previously identified target. Annotations and text provided guidance on the unique characteristics (called "indicators" or "signatures") of targets which could be used to identify a newly photographed target. No such keys were prepared about any of the various types of installations involved in what is now known as the Holocaust. For that matter, no photo interpreters experienced in identifying such installations were available to compile such keys.
There was a key prepared on a typical labor or construction camp. The existence of such a camp was often an indication or "signature" of a nearby underground production installation or of nearby construction of coastal defenses along the French coast. Therefore, during the latter part of the war, photo interpreters were tasked to look for such labor and construction camps. No detailed photo intelligence study was ever done on any of the major concentration camps; in truth, no distinctions were ever made among the various types of camps. A variety of descriptive terms were used indiscriminately, although some of the camps were much larger and more complex than others. The following terms were used to describe these camps: slave labor camps, labor camps, construction camps, forced labor camps, prisons, concentration camps and internment camps. The most frequent and descriptive term used, however, was "hutted camp." This term, of British derivation, was originally used to describe a series of prefabricated buildings similar in appearance to British Nissen huts or the later American quonset huts, and was carried over into the interpretation field. The term "extermination camp" was never used in any of this reporting.
In searching the aerial photography, the photo interpreters would have had little difficulty spotting the hundreds of concentration camps in Germany and German-occupied lands. They were usually set in forested areas or valleys, apart from towns and cities. The camps were surrounded with barbed wire and watch towers. The barracks buildings did not conform to known forms of architecture. They were, for the most part, of wooden construction, mostly one story and of several standard sizes. Most were prefabricated. Frequently, the administrative buildings and guards' quarters were in a separate enclosure, often near the main gate of the camp.
The main effort in World War II, with respect to camps, was to locate those which contained Allied prisoners of war. In this effort, the photo interpreters were provided pertinent data and the locations of specific camps. In addition to the barracks and security features, other indicators were provided which the interpreters could use in making identification. No associated industrial plants were near POW camps in most cases. Most of the POW camps had an exercise area. The barracks were usually arranged on both sides of a central street and a cleared area separated the barracks from the enclosure wall. The extensive open area between the barracks and enclosure was intended to prevent escapes.
4. Precedence.
Photo interpreters depend heavily on precedence or existing knowledge about a subject or installation. I did not find a single reference in which interpreters were told to look for the gas chambers and crematoriums that were killing thousands each day. There simply was no historical or intelligence precedence for genocide on such a scale. Most World War II interpreters I have spoken to found the concept unbelievable, unimaginable, and completely incongruous. For that matter, most of the general public of Allied countries were unaware of the genocide activities during the war.
It must be quickly added, however, that during World War II information from human sources and communication intelligence was not available to most interpreters. Photo interpreters, for the most part, worked in a vacuum while interpreting and reported only what they saw on the photography. My research also confirms that the information about Auschwitz provided by two escapees, Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler, was never made available to those interpreting the I.G. Farben Plant photos. It is my professional opinion that had such information been provided to the photo interpreters, they would have quickly located the gas chambers and crematoriums.
5. Photo Interpretation Equipment.
By modern standards, the photo interpretation equipment used in World War II can only be classified as primitive. Photo interpreters used stereoscopes with lenses capable of magnification four times the original imagery (about like that of a magnifying glass). In addition, tube magnifiers with a seven-time magnification capability were also used in scanning the aerial photos. Photo interpreters performed the interpretation from contact paper prints rather than film duplicates. We know today that the negatives from which some of the Auschwitz contract prints were made in World War II could have been enlarged up to 35 times.
Concomitant with the tragic failure of photo interpreters to identify the Auschwitz- Birkenau Extermination Complex was the equally tragic failure of major Allied air commands to be aware that aerial photography of the complex existed. There had been numerous appeals from many sources to bomb the complex, the railyards, the rail bridges and rail lines leading to Auschwitz. Those appeals reached the highest levels, including Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt. When the bombing specialists were ordered to formulate plans for bombing the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex, officials of the Air Ministry, the Royal Air Force Bomber Command and the U.S. 8th Air Force bemoaned the lack of aerial photographic coverage of the complex. In fact, such photos were readily available at the Allied Central Interpretation Unit at Royal Air Force Station Medmenham, 50 miles outside of London and at the Mediterranean Allied Photo Reconnaissance Wing in Italy. The ultimate irony was that no search for the aerial photos was ever instituted by either organization. In retrospect, it is a fact that by the time the Soviet Army reached Auschwitz on January 27, 1945, the Allies had photographed the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex at least 30 times.


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Sun, 14 Apr, 2019 - 18:45
Early goals give Ilen the edge in derby upset over Carbery Rangers
James Fitzpatrick, Carbery Rangers, tackling Tom Bushe, Ilen Rovers, in yesterday's game at Castlehaven. Picture Denis Boyle
Denis Hurley
Ilen Rovers 2-9 Carbery Rangers 1-9
EARLY goals were the key as Ilen Rovers took victory in the county SFC West Cork derby at Castlehaven yesterday.
Playing against the strong wind in the first half, the Baltimore outfit had an excellent start as Dan Mac Eoin's opening point was followed by a goal from Seán O'Donovan and though Carbery Rangers responded, a second green flag from Tom Bushe had the Baltimore/Church Cross outfit in a 2-1 to 0-3 lead.
By half-time, they still retained a four-point advantage, 2-2 to 0-4, and, though Carbery Rangers reduced the deficit to two points during the second half, Ilen were able to settle again and pushed on, with Mac Eoin's points vital for them.
With the elements against them, Ilen were patient from the off and their goal in the fourth minute was excellent. Jack Collins, Dermot Hegarty, Donal Collins and Conor Harrington were all involved as the ball was worked to O'Donovan, who slotted home smartly.
Ross were unable to start either of the Hayes brothers, John or Séamus, or Robbie Kiely due to injury but John O'Rourke was influential as they settled with three consecutive points.
However, on 14, Ilen struck again. This time, O'Donovan was the creator with an excellent pass from the left corner into the path of marauding wing-back Bushe. Though Ronan Milner saved his first effort, Bushe was able to convert the rebound.
Though O'Rourke replied with his third for the Rosscarbery side, Mac Eoin responded in kind and Ross were wasteful otherwise, kicking nine first-half wides. However, Ilen could have punished them further as Bushe's ball behind the defence gave Mac Eoin a chance but he couldn't connect with a soccer-style attempt.
On the resumption, Ilen made use of the wind as they scored the first three points of the second half, Peter O'Driscoll, Mac Eoin and Conor O'Driscoll all on target as they moved seven clear, though Ross did go close as ark Hodnett hit the post with a goal effort.
However, Ross began to enjoy more of the play. After John Hayes sent over a free with his first touch, they had a goal from Darragh Hayes when another John Hayes free broke inside.
The lead was down to two when John Hayes got his second but Ilen didn't panic and gained some breathing space again as Mac Eoin got his fourth, a free, before sub Joseph Hickey also scored.
John O'Rourke's run and point, his fourth, close the gap, but Mac Eoin replied again and Ross's cause wasn't helped as Mark Hodnett was sent off. In injury time, John Hayes got his third to make it a two-point game again but Ross couldn't create a goal chance, Mac Eoin rounding off the win with his sixth.
Scorers for Ilen Rovers: D Mac Eoin 0-6 (0-2 f), S O'Donovan, T Bushe 1-0 each, Peter O'Driscoll, C O'Driscoll, J Hickey 0-1 each.
Carbery Rangers: D Hayes 1-1, J O'Rourke 0-4, J Hayes 0-3 (f), M Hodnett 0-1 (f).
ILEN ROVERS: D O'Sullivan; D O'Driscoll, S Minihane, P Minihane; T Bushe, D O'Donovan, J Collins; Peadar O'Driscoll, C O'Driscoll; Peter O'Driscoll, D Collins, D Hegarty; C Harrington, D Mac Eoin, S O'Donovan.
Subs: J Hickey for C O'Driscoll (39-41 and 48-50, blood), A O'Sullivan for Collins (50), Hickey for Hegarty (51).
CARBERY RANGERS: R Milner; J O'Riordan, T O'Rourke, M O'Donovan; B Shanahan, P Hodnett, C Hennessy; J Fitzpatrick, M Hodnett; B Hodnett, P Hurley, A Jennings; C O'Donovan, J O'Rourke, D Hayes.
Subs: R Kiely for B Hodnett (30), S Hayes for Hurley (half-time), R Hegarty for O'Donovan (40), J Hayes for Jennings (42, black card).
Referee: M Collins (Clonakilty).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home > Nearest Metro > London Tube Station Near Buckingham Palace
London Tube Station Near Buckingham Palace
By Neil Juneja | March 20, 2015
Buckingham Palace is one the most famous tourist attractions in the world. Nearly 90,000 people in groups visit this palace annually, making it the highest tourist attraction for people traveling in groups. It was constructed by Duke of Buckingham in 1703. Currently the Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth II resides here along with the Duke of Edinburgh. The state rooms of Buckingham Palace are meant for official use, but are opened for public every year in August to September.
What is the closest London Tube Station to Buckingham Palace?
Buckingham Palace is located near Spur road and can be reached by the London Tube system. The nearest metro stations are Green Park and St. James's Park, located at a distance of about 650 meters and 800 meters. It takes only 10 minutes by foot and 2 minutes by London Taxi to reach Buckingham Palace from Green Park Tube station. Buckingham palace can also be reached using St. James's Park tube station by foot in 10 minutes or by taxi in 3 minutes.
To reach St. James's Park tube station district and central line of London Tube can be used. It is located between the stations Westminster and Victoria. The Green Park Tube station lies between Bond Street and Westminster can be reached using the Jubilee Tube line.
London Metro Station (s) near Buckingham Palace – > Green Park and St. James's Park
Tags :nearest tube station to buckingham palace, closest metro station to buckingham palace, buckingham palace nearest tube station, tube station near buckingham palace, tube near buckingham palace, st james park near buckingham palace is london, nearest tube to buckingham pakace, nearest tube station buckingham palace, metro station near buckingham balace, london tube buckingham palace station, london metro queen st station, closest tube stop to buckingham palace, closest tube station to buckingham palace, what tube station is vlosr to buckingham palace changing of the guards
Copyright © Metroeasy.com 20/03/15
Category: Nearest Metro
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The code of ethics that is affiliated with traditional marketing can also be applied to social media. However, with social media being so personal and international, there is another list of complications and challenges that come along with being ethical online. With the invention of social media, the marketer no longer has to focus solely on the basic demographics and psychographics given from television and magazines, but now they can see what consumers like to hear from advertisers, how they engage online, and what their needs and wants are.[101] The general concept of being ethical while marking on social network sites is to be honest with the intentions of the campaign, avoid false advertising, be aware of user privacy conditions (which means not using consumers' private information for gain), respect the dignity of persons in the shared online community, and claim responsibility for any mistakes or mishaps that are results of your marketing campaign.[102] Most social network marketers use websites like Facebook and MySpace to try to drive traffic to another website.[103] While it is ethical to use social networking websites to spread a message to people who are genuinely interested, many people game the system with auto-friend adding programs and spam messages and bulletins. Social networking websites are becoming wise to these practices, however, and are effectively weeding out and banning offenders.
Your social media content calendar lists the dates and times at which you will publish types of content on each channel. It's the perfect place to plan all of your social media activities—from images and link sharing to blog posts and videos. It includes both your day-to-day posting and content for social media campaigns. Your calendar ensures your posts are spaced out appropriately and published at the optimal times.
On October 17, 2002, SearchKing filed suit in the United States District Court, Western District of Oklahoma, against the search engine Google. SearchKing's claim was that Google's tactics to prevent spamdexing constituted a tortious interference with contractual relations. On May 27, 2003, the court granted Google's motion to dismiss the complaint because SearchKing "failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted."[68][69]
You may not want certain pages of your site crawled because they might not be useful to users if found in a search engine's search results. If you do want to prevent search engines from crawling your pages, Google Search Console has a friendly robots.txt generator to help you create this file. Note that if your site uses subdomains and you wish to have certain pages not crawled on a particular subdomain, you'll have to create a separate robots.txt file for that subdomain. For more information on robots.txt, we suggest this Webmaster Help Center guide on using robots.txt files13.
However, while bidding $1,000 on every keyword and ranking #1 for every relevant search sounds nice in theory, most businesses have to play a balancing game between ranking higher and paying too much for clicks. After all, if it costs $17.56 to rank in position #1, but you can only afford to pay $5.00 per click, bidding $1,000 on a keyword to guarantee yourself the #1 position would be a great way to bid yourself out of business.
To this end, companies make use of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram to reach audiences much wider than through the use of traditional print/TV/radio advertisements alone at a fraction of the cost, as most social networking sites can be used at little or no cost (however, some websites charge companies for premium services). This has changed the ways that companies approach to interact with customers, as a substantial percentage of consumer interactions are now being carried out over online platforms with much higher visibility. Customers can now post reviews of products and services, rate customer service, and ask questions or voice concerns directly to companies through social media platforms. According to Measuring Success, over 80% of consumers use the web to research products and services.[30] Thus social media marketing is also used by businesses in order to build relationships of trust with consumers.[31] To this aim, companies may also hire personnel to specifically handle these social media interactions, who usually report under the title of Online community managers. Handling these interactions in a satisfactory manner can result in an increase of consumer trust. To both this aim and to fix the public's perception of a company, 3 steps are taken in order to address consumer concerns, identifying the extent of the social chatter, engaging the influencers to help, and developing a proportional response.[32]
Yelp consists of a comprehensive online index of business profiles. Businesses are searchable by location, similar to Yellow Pages. The website is operational in seven different countries, including the United States and Canada. Business account holders are allowed to create, share, and edit business profiles. They may post information such as the business location, contact information, pictures, and service information. The website further allows individuals to write, post reviews about businesses, and rate them on a five-point scale. Messaging and talk features are further made available for general members of the website, serving to guide thoughts and opinions.[49]
AdWords is recognized as a web-based advertising utensil since it adopts keywords which can deliver adverts explicitly to web users looking for information in respect to a certain product or service. It is flexible and provides customizable options like Ad Extensions, access to non-search sites, leveraging the display network to help increase brand awareness. The project hinges on cost per click (CPC) pricing where the maximum cost per day for the campaign can be chosen, thus the payment of the service only applies if the advert has been clicked. SEM companies have embarked on AdWords projects as a way to publicize their SEM and SEO services. One of the most successful approaches to the strategy of this project was to focus on making sure that PPC advertising funds were prudently invested. Moreover, SEM companies have described AdWords as a practical tool for increasing a consumer's investment earnings on Internet advertising. The use of conversion tracking and Google Analytics tools was deemed to be practical for presenting to clients the performance of their canvas from click to conversion. AdWords project has enabled SEM companies to train their clients on the utensil and delivers better performance to the canvass. The assistance of AdWord canvass could contribute to the growth of web traffic for a number of its consumer's websites, by as much as 250% in only nine months.[30]
On April 24, 2012 many started to see that Google has started to penalize companies that are buying links for the purpose of passing off the rank. The Google Update was called Penguin. Since then, there have been several different Penguin/Panda updates rolled out by Google. SEM has, however, nothing to do with link buying and focuses on organic SEO and PPC management. As of October 20, 2014 Google has released three official revisions of their Penguin Update.
SEO is not an appropriate strategy for every website, and other Internet marketing strategies can be more effective, such as paid advertising through pay per click (PPC) campaigns, depending on the site operator's goals. Search engine marketing (SEM) is the practice of designing, running and optimizing search engine ad campaigns.[56] Its difference from SEO is most simply depicted as the difference between paid and unpaid priority ranking in search results. Its purpose regards prominence more so than relevance; website developers should regard SEM with the utmost importance with consideration to visibility as most navigate to the primary listings of their search.[57] A successful Internet marketing campaign may also depend upon building high quality web pages to engage and persuade, setting up analytics programs to enable site owners to measure results, and improving a site's conversion rate.[58] In November 2015, Google released a full 160 page version of its Search Quality Rating Guidelines to the public,[59] which revealed a shift in their focus towards "usefulness" and mobile search. In recent years the mobile market has exploded, overtaking the use of desktops, as shown in by StatCounter in October 2016 where they analyzed 2.5 million websites and found that 51.3% of the pages were loaded by a mobile device [60]. Google has been one of the companies that are utilizing the popularity of mobile usage by encouraging websites to use their Google Search Console, the Mobile-Friendly Test, which allows companies to measure up their website to the search engine results and how user-friendly it is.
Social networking websites are based on building virtual communities that allow consumers to express their needs, wants and values, online. Social media marketing then connects these consumers and audiences to businesses that share the same needs, wants, and values. Through social networking sites, companies can keep in touch with individual followers. This personal interaction can instill a feeling of loyalty into followers and potential customers. Also, by choosing whom to follow on these sites, products can reach a very narrow target audience.[4] Social networking sites also include much information about what products and services prospective clients might be interested in. Through the use of new semantic analysis technologies, marketers can detect buying signals, such as content shared by people and questions posted online. An understanding of buying signals can help sales people target relevant prospects and marketers run micro-targeted campaigns.
Platforms like LinkedIn create an environment for companies and clients to connect online.[65] Companies that recognize the need for information, originality/ and accessibility employ blogs to make their products popular and unique/ and ultimately reach out to consumers who are privy to social media.[66] Studies from 2009 show that consumers view coverage in the media or from bloggers as being more neutral and credible than print advertisements, which are not thought of as free or independent.[67] Blogs allow a product or company to provide longer descriptions of products or services, can include testimonials and can link to and from other social network and blog pages. Blogs can be updated frequently and are promotional techniques for keeping customers, and also for acquiring followers and subscribers who can then be directed to social network pages. Online communities can enable a business to reach the clients of other businesses using the platform. To allow firms to measure their standing in the corporate world, sites enable employees to place evaluations of their companies.[65] Some businesses opt out of integrating social media platforms into their traditional marketing regimen. There are also specific corporate standards that apply when interacting online.[65] To maintain an advantage in a business-consumer relationship, businesses have to be aware of four key assets that consumers maintain: information, involvement, community, and control.[68]
Small businesses also use social networking sites as a promotional technique. Businesses can follow individuals social networking site uses in the local area and advertise specials and deals. These can be exclusive and in the form of "get a free drink with a copy of this tweet". This type of message encourages other locals to follow the business on the sites in order to obtain the promotional deal. In the process, the business is getting seen and promoting itself (brand visibility).
In 2013, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held in Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc. that online contact lens seller Lens.com did not commit trademark infringement when it purchased search advertisements using competitor 1-800 Contacts' federally registered 1800 CONTACTS trademark as a keyword. In August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint against 1-800 Contacts alleging, among other things, that its trademark enforcement practices in the search engine marketing space have unreasonably restrained competition in violation of the FTC Act. 1-800 Contacts has denied all wrongdoing and is scheduled to appear before an FTC administrative law judge in April 2017.[29]
Social media itself is a catch-all term for sites that may provide radically different social actions. For instance, Twitter is a social site designed to let people share short messages or "updates" with others. Facebook, in contrast is a full-blown social networking site that allows for sharing updates, photos, joining events and a variety of other activities.
Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, adding content, modifying HTML, and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines.[citation needed] Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic. By May 2015, mobile search had surpassed desktop search.[3]


1.To enable people to use reiki as effective complement to conventional medical care.
2.To introduce the effectiveness of reiki to doctors,nurses and other medical professionals so that it can be used in conjunction with western medicine.
3.To publish illustrations of the effectiveness and documents experiences of reiki.
4.To introduce the use of reiki for medical care in the household hence to improve overall health of individuals and to break the dependence on everyday allopathic medicines.
5.To reduce environmental wastes hence improving global environmental issues.


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FRIDE
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(47 Rue de Confédérés, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium)
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Reform without Ownership? Dilemmas in Supporting Security and Justice Sector Reform in Honduras
Honduras' security and justice sector suffers from severe deficiencies. It remains largely inefficient and unable to safeguard security and the rule of law for its citizens. Criminal investigative units are plagued with serious problems of incompetence, corruption and progressive penetration by organised crime. The judiciary lacks independence and is subject to systematic political interference. Inter-institutional coordination is poor and flawed by a climate of mutual mistrust and rivalry over competencies.
This report describes and analyses the EU's contribution to strengthening security and the rule of law in Honduras through a major security sector reform (SSR) programme earmarked with a budget of €44 million. The report underlines the crucial need for increased local ownership as a sine qua non condition if the EU's endeavours are to trigger sustainable institutional change and thus further human security in Honduras. The report also examines prospects for the creation of an international commission against impunity, following the example of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG).
Addressing state fragility in Guinea-Conakry: A European success story?
Consolidating the transitional process and improving resource exploitation in Guinea-Conakry would help to create stability and prosperity in the West Africa region. For the European Union (EU), this would mean enhanced conditions for trade and less incentive for illegal immigration into its member states. It would also enable the EU to gain broader security cooperation in the Sahel. So, redressing state fragility is a priority for external donors. In the aftermath of Guinea's disputed 2010 elections, development partners hoped a successful democratic transition would improve resource management and secure peace and economic development. Democracy index Polity IV changed Guinea's rating from
1 in 2009 to 6 in 2010, suggesting that the country would become a success story of a speedy and effective transition. This policy brief challenges this optimistic view and examines European policies in
Guinea, a country that ranks 156th out of 169 in the UN Human Development Index. The EU is Guinea's most important development partner – it spent €155 million on aid to the country in 2008. But it
could improve its diplomatic influence. To counter state fragility, the EU must support institutions and not just rely on withholding aid. In this way, it can help to shape Guinea's economic and security environment as the country takes its first steps towards a functioning democracy.
Security Sector Reform in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: what Role for Europe?
The security sectors of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are to different extents corrupt, lack democratic control and can even be a threat to the population. They differ in terms of both size and quality, as well as with respect to their willingness to reform. Security Sector Reform (SSR) based on democratic principles is urgently needed but not always welcome. The Western concept of SSR is not very well-known in Central Asia. States are mainly interested in military training and equipment, and less so in long-term measures to democratise and strengthen their security agencies and institutions. European actors hesitantly support Security Sector Reform in Central Asia. Is Europe on track? Should it do more, or less?
To view this article, please follow this link.


text:
February 27, 2015 by Heather Augustyn
Granville Williams
Granville Williams was leader of his own orchestra which he founded in the late 1950s. Granville was a keyboard player who performed on numerous recordings on piano and organ. He was also a musical arranger. There are advertisements for Granville's orchestra performing in December, 1959 at the Mimosa Lodge.
From the Daily Gleaner, December 18, 1959
Granville also performed with Byron Lee & the Dragonaires as guitarist and arranger during the early 1960s. In late 1964 Granville teamed up with Ernest Ranglin to "produce a band whose brassy big-band sound is tempered with imaginative arrangements and some first class solo work," according to the Star Newspaper, November 19, 1964. They made their debut on October 30, 1964 at the St. Andrew Club and it was a big success. Granville's brother, Audley Williams, performed on bass guitar, recruited from his position with the Carlos Malcolm Orchestra along with drummer Freddie Campbell. Granville brought Sammy Ismay to play tenor guitar [sic. should be tenor saxophone] from Byron Lee & the Dragonaires, as well as Roland Alphonso from the Skatalites. Vocalist Lloyd Williams came from his own small combo. It was a 14-piece group. Ernest Ranglin had just returned from England.
From the Star Newspaper, November 10, 1964
From the Star Newspaper, October 30, 1964
Granville recorded with other musicians and vocalists such as Baba Brooks, Ernest Ranglin, Derrick Harriott, Lascelles Perkins, Roy Shirley, Ken Boothe, and many others. He had his own album, Hi-Life, released in Jamaica 1966 on his own label, G.W.O., and in the U.K. on the Island label in 1967. The back of the album tells the story of the orchestra:
From the moment in 1964 the Granville Williams Orchestra was first heard, it was obvious that this was a band destined to be among the select top five in the country. For although the band itself had just been born, it consisted of some of the most talented and respected musical giants in Jamaica.
Although still in his twenties, Granville has had many years of musical study and experience behind him. In fact, he relates, he had been playing piano since the tender age of five. Of course in those days, under the watchful eye of his mother and school music teacher, his taste leaned towards the classics, but as he grew older, Granville was quick to realise that in Jamaica a musician was more likely to make a living if he jazzed it up a little.
So it was then that Granville, having come to a compromise with himself and between Bop and Bach, made his professional debut at the Shaw Park Hotel–as a cocktail pianist. It was round about here that the second of young Mr. Williams' two great loves–acting, which also had been with him since childhood, began to have an effect on the first–music. For it was from the filmed life story of another pianist, the immortal Eddie Duchin, that Granville drew a great deal of his inspiration.
At about this time Granville turned his attention to the organ which had become a more popular instrument than the piano for band work, but in 1963 Granville decided to devote himself to drama and to this end he left the Island and went to the United States to study. It wasn't very many months however, before news of the great Ska boom reached him and the potential of this new Jamaican music caught his imagination. He came home and in partnership with the great guitarist Ernest Ranglin, formed the Granville Williams Orchestra–a big, brassy, hard-punching 15-piece band that had an immediate impact on the Jamaican public.
In the short time of its existence a lot of things happened to the band and to its personnel, but it never left the headlines of the entertainment world. Now a nine-piece band, with three vocalists, the orchestra is still noted for its punchy big-band sound, but more important, it has matured into one of the most versatile groups in the Island.
To demonstrate this versatility, many of the currently popular beats have been included in this first album by the Granville Williams band. On 'Sloopy' and 'Loving Feeling' we hear the latest Motown beat. A little bit of Soul is in there on 'More' and a Latin beat on 'La Engandora.' With 'My Pussin' we switch to calypso and this is coupled with 'Come Le We Go.' 'Tear Up' and 'High Life' are among the examples of our Ska beat. One of the highlights of this record is a really driving arrangement of the old Glenn Miller favourite 'String of Pearls.' The popular singer and recording star Derrick Harriott is featured on some of the cuts along with resident vocalist Lloyd Williams.
Granville Williams is a young man who has come a long way in a short time and judging from this first L.P. he and his orchestra are destined for even greater heights."
Album scan courtesy of Charlie Chalk from 45worlds.com
Granville's younger brother Audley Williams was a musician in his own right. He was born in Kingston in 1953 and was discovered by Byron Lee and asked to perform on bass guitar whenever Byron went abroad on business. Audley was a tall man who went to St. Jago High School and he started out performing piano when he was six years old. He went on to master the vibraphone, violin, harmonica, accordion, organ, steel guitar, percussion instruments, and the bass guitar. He left Byron Lee to perform with the Kenny Williams Orchestra, the Caribs, and Kes Chin & the Souvenirs for two years. He also performed for Carlos Malcolm and his Afro-Jamaican Rhythms for two years, traveling to Miami, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Martinique, Montserrat, and Venezuela. He composed music, radio commercials, and he recorded for RCA before joining his brother's band. He moved to Canada in later years along with his other brother, Clinton.
From the Star Newspaper, June 12, 1964
I am looking to find Granville Williams to interview him and so if you know his whereabouts, please let me know. I have heard that Audley pass away in recent years, but Granville is still alive and living in Jamaica perhaps. In the 1980s, Granville entered politics and he served as Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Labour and Public Service. In the meantime, enjoy a few of Granville Williams' popular tunes!
Honky Tonk Ska
Popeye Ska
Wailin'
Santa Claus is Ska-Ing to Town
From the Daily Gleaner, September 5, 1965
Sparrow Martin–Drummer, Bandleader, Alpha Legend
Star Newspaper, November 29, 1964
I came across this article on Sparrow Martin while combing through the Star Newspaper archives and was reminded of yet another Jamaican musician who has never quit and continues to leave a legacy to the next generation of musicians. I have had the pleasure of meeting him a number of times and he is always full of love and smiles. He has coined nickname for me–Scary Bird. I'm a tenacious American, what can I say?! In 2011 he told me how he got his nickname while a student at Alpha Boys School. "We were told in school we are not to go out in the rain 'cause of the cold that you would catch, and we liked to play in the rain. But Sister (Ignatius) always come down when the rain starting. She would come down with her umbrella and she walk and look to see who is in the rain. So one day, I was in junior home, and I didn't see the Sister was coming up. I was playing in the rain. So I climb up in a tree and when I climb up, it start to rain some more. And she come under the tree and said, 'Come out of the tree, you naughty little sparrow. What would your mother do if you stayed here and drown?' The boys now heard her so they start singing, 'Sparrow treetop, la la la la la.' From that come my name. When I left Alpha, I wanted a name as a musician, so I used the name because my name is Winston Martin, so the name is Sparrow Martin, and I became world famous."
Winston "Sparrow" Martin channels Don Drummond playing the trombone where the Monkey Tambourine Tree once stood. Photo by Heather Augustyn, 2011
The following is the text of the Star Newspaper article from November 29, 1964:
Top Drummer 'Sparrow' is a Man of Many Parts
"Meet Winston 'Sparrow' Martin, the new top drummer with Carlos Malcolm and the Afro-Jamaican Rhythms. Tall, quiet and with an easy smile, 23-year-old 'Sparrow' has stacked up a great many successes in a few short years of professional musicianship. He has mastered five instruments.
During his school days at Alpha, 'Sparrow' began on the E-flat horn, then he learned trumpet, then drums. The last, now his favourite instrument, he learned about from Lennie Hibbert. In his 'spare time' he learned to play the euphonium and it became 'Sparrow's' specialty, with the trumpet as his second instrument for the three years he was in the Jamaica's Constabulary Force Band. This was from 1958 when the band was formed at a time when its members were not required to be in the force.
Came 1961, and 'Sparrow' moved to the Jamaica Military Band and alternated the euphonium this time with the French horn, which he learned to play by the 'do-it-yourself' method. His 'spare-time' also stretched at this point to allow him to branch out into the popular music field, and his first recording he proudly states, was when he drummed for the Joe Williams group in the accompaniment for Lord Creator's 'Independence Calypso.' On a more solid footing, he joined the Sonny Bradshaw Quartet and was with them for a year.
Red-letter days for 'Sparrow' are too numerous to list. Remember the drummer of the LTN pantomime production 'Jamaica Way;' the ballet production 'Footnotes in Jazz,' the 1963 Independence Anniversary Jazz Festival, and the all star band for the Sammy Davis Show? Then you've remembered 'Sparrow' Martin. He recalled his three-month tour with the Vagabonds to England early this year, cut short because he had to return home to go with the Jamaica Military Band to St. Kitts to represent Jamaica at the West Indies Arts Festival. For with all this 'sideline' activity, 'Sparrow' has still all along been a permanent member of the Military band.
To prospective drummers, 'Sparrow' advises dedication as the keynote to success. Of all the instruments he plays, he finds the drums allow him to express himself most. 'You have to listen keenly to the other instruments, know the other members of the band, be with them, 'read' them. At the same time, you enjoy going with all you've got–your hands, your feet, your mind . . . '
There's the greatest possible scope in jazz drumming 'Sparrow' avows as he rhapsodies about Sammy Payne, Sam Woodyard, Rufus Jones, Max Roach, and Elvin Jones.
Above all, though, as he beats it out with the Afro-Jamaican Rhythms, he has a feeling of being the closest he's been so far to his fans. 'They're with it,' he says, 'and of course it works both ways.' He leaves the Jamaica Military Band this month to join the Afro-Jamaican Rhythms on a permanent basis." –Joy Gordon
Sparrow came to Alpha Boys School because he was a bit unruly. He told me, "My father couldn't mind me. I was a guy who was very rude, didn't want to go to school." After he left Alpha and performed with the Constabulary and Military bands, and Carlos Malcolm's group, he event formed a group of his own, as seen here in this advertisement from the Daily Gleaner, December 3, 1980.
From the Daily Gleaner, December 3, 1980.
Sparrow Martin had a successful career in music before bringing his knowledge to the youth as band master at the Alpha Boys School. "I used to do recordings and I left all of my musical life and it feels good," he told me about taking on the role as band master in 1989. He still leads the boys band today even though Alpha Boys School is now known as Alpha Institute and is a day school only, no boarding after over a century of housing and schooling the students. When I drove by the school on South Camp Road last week, even the sign had changed to proclaim the new name, Alpha Institute. And Sparrow continues to school his boys in music and today leads his own band of musicians, a group that in 2011 he was just starting to put together in his creative mind. He told me in 2011, "I am very excited about the New Skatalites, the Young Skatalites, because I think it is going to be very big. These guys are young. I was with them, there are five of them who are ages 23 to 25. When they founded the Skatalites band, these guys were over 30 years old and you guys have more of an advantage because you are young," he said. That band is not called the Young Skatalites but instead is Ska Rebirth. They were formed in 2011 and I had the pleasure of seeing them perform in 2013 during a rehearsal. They performed Skatalites tunes classics like Guns of Navarone and Rockfort Rock.
Sparrow Martin brings the rhythm with two drumsticks and a metal chair during rehearsal of his group, Ska Rebirth, in February, 2013. Photo by Heather Augustyn
Just last week, another group that Sparrow leads, the Alpha All Stars, performed for Reggae Month with Travis Wedderburn on trombone, a young graduate of Alpha who promises to be the next Don Drummond, and Alpha Old Boy and Skatalites' Lester Sterling on sax. Who is that on drums? Yes, Sparrow himself!
The Alpha All Stars perform in Kingston on February 13th with Lester Sterling for Reggae Month.
The Alpha All Stars perform with guest performer Lester Sterling. Sparrow Martin leads the band and performs on drums.
Below is an article ran in the Jamaica Gleaner on April 30, 2012:
From the Jamaica Gleaner, April 30, 2012
Winston 'Sparrow' Martin, OD, has had a highly distinguished musical career and is now celebrating 50 years in the music industry.
Since 1989, he has been the musical director of the Alpha Boys' School Band. In 2007, he was awarded a Bronze Musgrave Medal for his eminence in music, and was only just awarded at the Caribbean Community of Retired Persons Limited's Jamaica 50 Living Legacy Award for contributing invaluable service to Jamaica since Independence. It is indeed noteworthy that Sparrow was one out of two musicians so awarded.
Ska Rebirth
Now focussed on his brainchild, Ska Rebirth, a band formed in June 2011, the band is said to be Jamaica's only existing ska band.
Sparrow leads the charge as its band master, and is also on drums, and has a complement of nine persons. The other band members are: Odane Stephens (keyboards), Kemroy Bonfield (saxophone), Rayon Thompson (saxophone), Camal Bloomfield (saxophone) Lance Smith (trumpet), Kemar Miller (trombone), Rohan Meredith (bass guitar) and George Hewitt (lead guitar).
More than half of the band members are graduates of Alpha Boys' School, the home of ska music. The band is deeply committed to keeping the indigenous music form, ska, alive in Jamaica and the rest of the world; following in the tradition of their mentor, the legendary Skatalites.
"What we are doing here is not just starting a band!", says Sparrow, in between one of his signature off beat, on beat, snare drum slaps, during a Ska Rebirth rehearsal session, "We are starting a movement, one which will bring back the original sound of ska from its roots and home, Alpha Boys' School in Kingston, Jamaica, and spread it once again across the entire world, this is the real SKA Rebirth!!"
Since inception, Ska Rebirth has performed four times: On the talent stage at the 16th Annual Jazz Festival in January 2012, where they thrilled the audience who danced to the memorable ska sounds.
Flexibility with music
They also entertained at the Jamaica Cricket Association Annual Awards Dinner held at The Jamaica Pegasus on February 18, 2012, displaying their flexibility with background music during dinner and a lively entertainment segment. Among the distinguished guests there were the prime minister and governor general.
They again graced the stage during a joint venture that was held with Vinyl Record Collectors Association, Jamaica Chapter, on February 25, at Heather's Garden Restaurant on Haining Road. Here the band showcased its versatility in a live show, doing a number of jazz and blues cover pieces, tantalising ska beats and backing the renowned 'Stranger Cole'.
The band's most recent event was a lunch-hour concert hosted by the Institute of Jamaica on March 29, targeting school children at the primary level. The children were thrilled with the novel sounds of ska and were eager to show their moves in the dance competition.
Winston "Sparrow" Martin at the Alpha Boys School, February, 2013. Photo by Heather Augustyn
Here is an interview with Sparrow Martin in 2007 on YouTube.
Here is a rehearsal of Ska Rebirth performing in 2013 on YouTube.
Here Ska Rebirth performs live on Jamaicansmusic.com
Margarita and Domestic Violence
American news has been finally focusing on the epidemic of domestic abuse, particularly in professional sports like football. It always brings to mind, for me, the abuse that Margarita, Anita Mahfood, suffered at the hand of her professional boxer husband Rudolph Bent before leaving him to enter a relationship much worse, the one with Don Drummond that would end in her death at his hand. This past week I traveled to Kingston where I combed through the Star Newspaper archives which are still in original form, never digitized or put on microfilm, and with white-gloved hands, turning the pages of the yellowed and crumbling bound editions of the newspaper, I came across the following article. I picture it here and have transcribed the text below and ask the following question for those who have claimed that Margarita liked the violence, and yes, there are those men who have even spoken publicly about this theory of theirs–tell me how a woman likes this? That is all I will say for fear of letting my anger toward such claims run away with me.
From The Star, Saturday, November 21, 1964
Chopped, hit, kicked by her boxer husband
Repeated beatings by Jamaican and British Honduran middleweight champion, Rudolph Adolphus Bent (now in America), of his dancer wife, led her to seek her freedom from him in the Divorce Court yesterday. The court heard her story, of a number of violent assaults in which the boxer's fists were brought into play, in her undefended petition.
Petitioner was Anita Bent (nee Mahfood), who is Jamaica's premier rhumba and interpretive dancer with the stage name of "Margarita."
Mr. Justice Shelley granted her a decree nisi with costs against her husband. Custody of the two children of the marriage is to be decided in Chambers. Petitioner was represented by Mrs. Margaret Forde, Legal Clerk.
Mrs. Bent wept as she told the Court that her husband had forcibly taken away the children and transported them to his homeland, British Honduras where they now reside with his mother. Mrs. Forde said that respondent entered an appearance only with regard to their custody.
Petitioner said that they were married in St. Andrew on March 15, 1961, but were never happy as he gave her no monetary support and had too many girl friends. She gave her present address as 32 Coral Way, Harbour View.
She recounted some of the many assaults made on her by respondent. She said in June, 1961, he came home about 3 a.m. and when she spoke to him he told her, "Why don't you take your pickney and go and leave me in peace?" Then he hit her with his fist in the right eye and on the mouth, which was cut and started bleeding. He grabbed her by the hair, opened the door and threw her outside. Next he threw their little daughter, Susie, after her.
She ran up Slipdock Road to a friend in her nightgown and found shelter. In July, 1961, they quarrelled over money and he said, "You want money. Well, you're not getting any from me." He twisted her arm and choked her.
In September, 1961, there was another row over money and a girl and he tore off her dress and punched her down on the bed. He put a pillow over her face and tried to suffocate her. Another boxer in the house came in and rescued her, she said. A further assault was committed in November, 1961, when he choked her and tore off her clothes. She then left him to live apart as she was afraid of him.
In February, 1962, he asked her to return to him and hen she said she would not, he dug his two fingers into her eyes, hit her on the chin with his elbow, chopped her on the side of the neck with his open right hand and kicked her down. This took place while she was alone in her father's home.
After they returned living, in July, 1963, he dragged her by the hair, thumped her with his fist in the face and tore off her clothes. Her sister came to her rescue.
Fay Roberts, dressmaker of 2 Glasspole Avenue, gave evidence of the assault committed in June, 1961. She said she was at the Slipdock Road address when Mrs. Bent came screaming into the home with blood flowing from her mouth and her eye swollen. She was in her nightgown and was carrying her baby.
February 7, 2015 by Heather Augustyn
Jive Talking and Toasting part two
Last week I wrote about the connection between toasting and jive talking from Cab Calloway and Albert Lavada Hurst, which writer and historian Beth Lesser brought my attention to through her work. This week I continue this connection between the jive talking DJs in America and toasters like Count Matchuki, Sir Lord Comic, and King Stitt and I focus on a few of the key DJs during the 1950s.
Dr. Daddy O
One of these jive-talking DJs was Vernon Winslow who broadcast his show, "Jam, Jive, 'n' Gumbo," from New Orleans with his character, "Dr. Daddy O," and partner DJ Duke Thiele who portrayed the character of "Poppa Stoppa." Winslow explains, "Poppa Stoppa was the name I came up with. It came from the rhyme and rap that folks in the street were using in New Orleans. Poppa Stoppa's language was for insiders."
Vernon Winslow, also known as Dr. Daddy O, was the first African-American disc jockey.
Tommy Smalls was a DJ in New York known as "Dr. Jive," though he got his start in Savannah, Georgia. His catch phrase was, "Sit back and relax and enjoy the wax. From three-oh-five to five-three-oh, it's the Dr. Jive show." He was known as the "Mayor of Harlem" and unfortunately, in 1960 he was one of the DJs arrested, along with Alan Freed, in the payola scandal.
Tommy Smalls plants a kiss on Dinah Washington.
Dr. Jive
And Douglas Henderson, known as "Jocko" broadcast from a number of cities with his show, "Rocket Ship." Henderson was also known as the "Ace from Outta Space."Author Bill Brewster writes of Henderson: "Using a rocket ship blast-off to open proceedings, and introducing records with more rocket engines and 'Higher, higher, higher…' Jocko conducted his whole show as if he was a good-rocking rhythmonaut. 'Great gugga mugga shooga booga' he'd exclaim, along with plenty of 'Daddios.' 'From way up here in the stratosphere, we gonna holler mighty loud and clear ee-tiddy-o and a bo, and I'm back on the scene with the record machine, saying oo-pappa-do and how do you do?"
The Ace from Outta Space, Douglas Henderson
Notice any similarity between the jive talking of these DJs and the toasts of Lord Comic and Count Matchuki? Some of Matchuki's toasts have the same language as the jive of these DJs. Matchuki's toast include "When I dig, I dig for mommy, I dig for daddy, I dig for everybody," and "It's you I love and not another, you may change but I will never," as well as, "If you dig my jive / you're cool and very much alive / Everybody all round town / Matchuki's the reason why I shake it down / When it comes to jive / You can't whip him with no stick."
Count Matchuki, born Winston Cooper in 1934, is widely considered the first toaster. He was raised in a family that had more money than others so he grew up with two gramophones in the home and was exposed to swing, jazz, bebop, and rhythm & blues. He says that he got the idea to begin toasting over records after hearing American radio. He told this to Mark Gorney and Michael Turner as they recount in a 1996 issue of Beat Magazine. "I was walking late one night about a quarter to three. Somewhere in Denham Town. And I hear this guy on the radio, some American guy advertising Royal Crown Hair Dressing. 'You see you're drying up with this one, Johnny, try Royal Crown. When you're downtown you're the smartest guy in town, when you use Royal Crown and Royal Crown make you the smartest guy in town.' That deliverance! This guy sound like a machine! A tongue-twister! I heard that in 1949. On one of them States stations that was really strong. I hear this guy sing out 'pon the radio and I just like the sound. And I say, I think I can do better. I'd like to play some recordings and just jive talk like this guy."
Count Matchuki
Sir Lord Comic, whose real name was Percival Wauchope, began as a dancer, a "legs man." He began toasting for Admiral Deans' sound system on Maxwell Avenue in 1959 and his first song was a Len Hope tune called "Hop, Skip, and Jump." In Howard Johnson and Jim Pines' book, Reggae: Deep Roots Music, Sir Lord Comic recalls, "When the tune started into about the fourth groove I says, 'Breaks!' and when I say 'Breaks' I have all eyes at the amplifier, y'know. And I says, 'You love the life you live, you live the life you love. This is Lord Comic.' The night was exciting, very exciting" (Johnson Pines 72). Lord Comic's first toast, he says, was, "Now we'll give you the scene, you got to be real keen. And me no jelly bean. Sir Lord Comic answer his spinning wheel appeal, from his record machine. Stick around, be no clown. See what the boss is puttin' down."
Sir Lord Comic
One article in the Daily Gleaner on May 1, 1964 advertised Sir Lord Comic's performance at the Glass Bucket Club, an upscale establishment. "Sir Lord Comic will be at the controls with his authentic sound system calls," it stated. Some of his recorded songs include "Ska-ing West," "The Great Wuga Wuga," "Rhythm Rebellion," "Jack of My Trade," and "Four Seasons of the Year," among a few others. Sir Lord Comic's "The Great Wuga Wuga" was likely inspired by the jive talk of Douglas "Jocko" Henderson who spoke of the "great gugga mugga." Additionally, Henderson's show, "Rocket Ship," became a song recorded by the Skatalites with Sir Lord Comic toasting over the instrumentals, calling out the title of the song to begin the instrumentals and continuing with his percussive techniques.
Last week, a reader made me aware of a connection between Canadian jive-talking DJs as well and they cited this article here. His name was Charlie Babcock and he came to Kingston in 1959. He was the "cool fool with the live jive."
DJ Charlie Babcock with legendary female Jamaican DJ Marie Garth, the woman who gave the classic Derrick & Patsy tune, "Housewives Choice" its name.
Share the connections you see, or hear, between jive-talking American DJs and Jamaican toasters!


The Lincolnshire Chicks is run by the Lincolnshire Women's Golf Association and provides opportunities for learner girl golfers from around the area to meet one another, participate in adapted playing opportunities, skill challenges and importantly to socialise. The Chicks Activity Days are aimed at girls who are beginners, those with a high or no handicap, ages 6-16 years of age.
February 2nd, 23rd, March 16th & 6th April.
For full details and booking form, please download below.
Chicks Activity Days with Stuart Brewer at Holme Hall are on March 30th, 27th April, June 10th & August 10th at 2pm.


If your church is not accepting donations online, you are missing out on an opportunity to fund more ministries to reach the mission field. You are also missing out on opportunities to introduce a new generation to the joy of giving. New generations of church-goers live in a world where cash and checks have been replaced by debit and credit cards. Many church members want to give, but with no cash or checks in their pockets, they feel disconnected from the process.
Read Pastor Will's Blog - "Can we talk about online giving?"
Getting start with online giving can feel a bit overwhelming. We hope these resources will help you get started.


They say curiosity killed the cat…well if I were one at least I would be allowed nine lives. And for the record, my trip to Maine did not kill the cat, it drained my bank account.
So there I sat at Red Lobster eating snow crab legs & lobster tail, wondering how it ended up on my plate, the work it would require, and where it came from. Grabbed the menu, Maine.
The night life in Portland is on its A-game and I wasn't even looking for trouble. Just like tall and handsome, there sat the outdoor bar with a 90's pop playlist, just the way I like it. At the bottom of the fourth Red Bull and vodka glass lied my excuse for not waking up at the 7am alarm for a kayaking trip to the ocean.
But by noon there I was with three friends on "The Lucky Catch" (the boat), feeding my curiosity on the lobster catching process. In short, dressed up like Dexter's Laboratory, pony tail on fleek, smelly fish to lure the pinching red seafood and a box dropped to the bottom like Rose's necklace. Quite simple, but makes perfect sense now why it's $15 to get to your plate, when you consider the value of time.
The guilty truth…I gained to what felt like at least 10 pounds searching for the best seafood in town. I swear I ate so much seafood I could probably breathe underwater now. No luck, I'll stick to Red Lobster, or better yet Joe's Crab Shack.
In a small town with little to do, it is a good idea to do a little research before leaving. CAUTION: Not having plans with four people wanting to do something may cause loss of appetite and fatigue/ aka PMS (yes, men get it too, this trip was proof). Everything outdoorsy (paddle boarding, kayaking, boating, etc.) were already booked for the weekend by inquisitive tourists like ourselves.
Maine Itinerary: Friday (6/17) Fly into Portland, bar hop to local bars/clubs along Commercial Street, arrive at Air B&B house in Freeport. Saturday (6/18) Breakfast at the Sunrise Cafe (expect slow service and everyone staring, must all be regulars wondering what 4 mid-twenty somethings are doing in Maine), drive to Portland to tour/walk the city and boutiques along the water, "The Lucky Catch" lobster tour, cook and eat the lobsters caught at Portland Lobster, walk through the town to East End Cupcakes, slice of pizza at Old Port Slice Bar & Ice Bar, candy from the Gorgeous Gelato, Fort Williams at Cape Elizabeth, Circus Maine, Eventide Oysters, and to Air B&B. Sunday (6/19) Frosty's Donuts (Lemon Filled, NUMMM), Jewel Falls (I forgot by June water dries up in more shallow areas LOL), some beach in Portland & airport home.


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Founded by Jerry Lorenzo in 2013, Fear of God quickly becoming a streetwear status symbol through his of-the-moment executions of current ready-to-wear. Smoothly blending '90s grunge with contemporary hip-hop styles, the L.A.-based brand emphasizes layers and soft fabrics to create a comfortable, lived-in look. Lorenzo's highly-anticipated Military Sneaker adds to the designer's repertoire of instant classics, offering a premium leather high-top design with neoprene paneling and hand-stitched reinforcements.


text:
Strandelhjørn (tysk: Strandelhjörn) er en landsby i Sønderjylland med 78 indbyggere, beliggende 16 km øst for Toftlund, 20 km nordvest for Aabenraa, 13 km syd for Vojens og 21 km sydvest for Haderslev. Den hører til Haderslev Kommune og ligger i Region Syddanmark. I 1970-2006 hørte Strandelhjørn til Nørre-Rangstrup Kommune.

Strandelhjørn hører til Bevtoft Sogn. Bevtoft Kirke ligger i Bevtoft, 7 km nordvest for Strandelhjørn.

Faciliteter
Landsbyen har legeplads, sportsplads, bålhytte og en kombineret borger- og idrætsforening, der arrangerer flere årlige fester. Børnehave, skole, idrætsfaciliteter og købmand findes i Bevtoft.

Historie

Navnet
Byen benævnes "Strandelhorn" (1500) eller "Strandelhornn" (jordebog fra 1535). Det fortolkes således: "stran" betyder "snæver" - "del" betyder "dal" - "hjørn" betyder "horn". "Strandelhjørn" sigter altså til den nærliggende Nipsådal, nemlig "fremspringet ved den snævre dal".

Amtsbanen
Strandelhjørn havde station på Haderslev Amts Jernbaners strækning Ustrup-Toftlund (1904-1939). Stationsbygningen lå på Strandelhjørn Bygade 22. På amtsbanens tracé mellem Strandelhjørn og Galsted 2 km mod vest er der anlagt cykelsti med nye broer.

På det preussiske målebordsblad er Strandelhjørn en ren landsby med en halv snes gårde. På det danske målebordsblad, der er tegnet efter nedlæggelsen af jernbanen, havde Strandelhjørn skole, smedje, mejeri og missionshus. Det gamle mejeri på Strandelhjørn Bygade 11 blev nedlagt i 1939.

Genforeningssten
På en "genforeningsplads" over for Strandelhjørn Bygade 16 står en sten, der blev rejst i 1920 til minde om Genforeningen i 1920.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Velkommen til Strandelhjørn
 Danmarks genforeningssten: Strandelhjørn
 arkiv.dk: Strandelhjørn – med billeder af stationen, missionshuset og det gamle mejeri.
 SDFE kortviser: Målebordsblade, preussiske 1877-1920, danske 1920-71

Lokaliteter i Haderslev Kommune
Lokaliteter i Sønderjylland (under den danske stat)
Byer og bydele med genforeningssten

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
With Only One Side Listening, Dialogue on Charter Was Never an Option
AA Occupies Tactical Base, Holds 11 Tatmadaw Troops in N. Rakhine
Czech Republic Vows to Strengthen Relations, Economic Support
Lawmakers Debate Report on Charter Amendment Proposal
Tanintharyi Chief Minister Arrested on Bribery, Corruption Charges
'Shoe Thein Maung' Fought to Stop Colonists Trampling on Buddhist Customs
Wedlocked: Tangled Webs Trap Cambodian 'Brides' in China
China Orders its Airlines to Suspend Use of Boeing 737 MAX Aircraft
Italy Wants to Sign Belt and Road Deal to Help Exports: Deputy PM
Fresh Arakan Army Attack Kills Nine Police in Rakhine
Unity Needed for Effective Constitutional Reform
This Week in Parliament
Colonial Burma's Only Local Governor Dies
Bus Company Owned by Ex-Dictator Ne Win's Grandsons at Risk of Lawsuit Over Unpaid Loan
New Yangon City Chief Grilled Over Chinese Contractor's Reputation
More than a Dozen Soldiers, Including Captain, Killed in Clash with AA in Chin State
Infographic: China's Plantation Greed
Govt Promises More Female Participation on Women's Day
Landmine Kills War Vet in Northern Rakhine
Ten Missing Ta'ang Villagers Held by RCSS, Rights Groups Say
Charter Amendment Committee Starts Work
Key Players in Peace Process Steering Team Step Down
An Open Letter to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi on Women's Day
The Fall of Rangoon
Regulation Can Hinder Not Help Asia's Social Enterprises, Analysts Say
"Buddhism Under Threat": Thai Election Gives Platform to Radicals
Women Underrepresented in Formal Peace Process, Study Finds
Union Lawmaker Calls For Checks on Civil Service Board After Scandal
Ukrainian Firm Will Reportedly Help Tatmadaw Build Plant for Military Equipment
Yangon Timeout
Thai Court Bans Party for Nominating Princess for PM
Myanmar Govt, Military Use U.N. Opium Report to Slur Enemies, Shield Allies
Local Food Businesses Victorious at Awards Night
Rohingya Trading Identity for Partial Citizenship, More Rights in Rakhine State
French Man Jailed for Drone Flight Awaiting Deportation
Another Village Official Slain in Northern Rakhine
Italy Mulls Preliminary Belt and Road Deal With China
INSIGHT—Long Before Trump's Trade War with China, Huawei's Activities Were Secretly Tracked
Nowhere to Call Home: Yangon Slum Dwellers Face Eviction Threat
Gandhi Preaches Non-Violent Revolution in Myanmar
Gov't Losing Its Way on National Reconciliation
A Taste of Vietnam on Offer at Sedona Hotel Yangon
Chinese Officials Again Pressure Kachin Leaders to Back Myitsone Dam
New Dive Center Opens in Mergui Archipelago
Public Needs Reassuring Over BRI-Related New Yangon City Project
Objection Filed Against New Military-Linked Political Party
More Than 300 Species in Myanmar Endangered: Report
Body Language: The Russian Science Keeping N. Korea's Dead Leaders Looking Fresh
Since 1988, meetings between Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and military leaders have rarely yielded concrete results. / Reuters
By Kyaw Zwa Moe 11 March 2019
Many people cling to the notion that dialogue, or some other form of negotiation, holds out the only hope of bridging Myanmar's decades-long divide between the military and civilian political forces. The idea took root—domestically and internationally—even before the military staged its bloody coup in 1988, and it has remained fashionable ever since. But while top leaders on both sides have met many times, to date we can't say these meetings have contained any genuine political dialogue.
In August 1988, shortly before her entrance into politics during the nationwide pro-democracy uprising that year, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi attempted to initiate a dialogue with the Ne Win government in order to find a peaceful solution to the ongoing student protests at the time. Her personal request never received a reply.
Over the past three decades, scores of meetings have occurred between Daw Aung San Suu Kyi—whether she has been acting in her capacity as pro-democracy leader, opposition leader, or her current role as incumbent de facto head of government—and a small group of top ruling generals representing either the military or its various regimes: Senior-General Than Shwe, his deputy Vice Senior-General Maung Aye, General Khin Nyunt, and later retired general-turned President U Thein Sein and the current military chief, Senior-General Min Aung Hlaing (see chart below).
These many meetings failed to produce any concrete political results whatsoever, or even any indication that serious dialogue aimed at resolving the country's main political problems took place. They were widely dismissed as photo-ops for the ex-regimes aimed at creating the impression, domestically and internationally, that political dialogue exists in Myanmar.
Looking back, it all seems to have been little more than a charade.
In late January when the ruling National League for Democracy led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi initiated its move to form a joint committee to amend the 2008 Constitution drafted by the former military regime, the military representatives in the Union Parliament appointed by the commander-in-chief, who account for 25 percent of lawmakers, joined the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) formed by ex-generals in unanimously objecting to it.
Some analysts have expressed the view that the NLD on one side and the military and USDP on the other should discuss the issue instead of confronting each other in Parliament. This is a fine view in principle, but in practical terms it is hard to support, because no such negotiation has occurred in Myanmar's history.
Some people think dialogue doesn't happen in Myanmar because the country doesn't have a "culture of dialogue". In fact, such dialogue doesn't require a "culture". All it requires is political will. If genuine political will to resolve problems existed on both sides, holding a dialogue would be easy. That is to say, the lack of dialogue so far points to a lack of political will among the leaders on one or both sides. Why? Because they don't want to change the political status quo. Who? History shows that the ex-generals, despite meeting with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi many times, have never seriously been open to dialogue.
After Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a landslide victory in the 1990 general election, the international community, including the UN, urged the ruling generals to enter a dialogue with her. That's what she and many political groups demanded in order to resolve the country's political problems together. But nothing serious happened.
Recalling his meetings with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the ruling generals, Razali Ismail, who served as UN Special Envoy from 2000 to 2005, once quoted Daw Aung San Suu Kyi as saying: "The dinner with the generals was in fact a monologue with the senior general doing all the talking," referring to the then military supremo Than Shwe.
Many years after the events recalled by Razali, we have yet to see any significant change in the military leadership's attitude toward "dialogue." Even the presence of a so-called "reformist" ex-general, U Thein Sein, as president between 2011 and early 2016 failed to deliver any serious dialogue, though meetings were held. (Yes, there was a meeting between U Thein Sein and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in August 2011 that led the NLD to take part in the 2012 by-election and enter Parliament. But a series of meetings on national reconciliation later bore no fruit.)
Later, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and military commander-in-chief Snr-Gen. Min Aung Hlaing met several times before and after her party took power in early 2016. Again, the meetings failed to evolve into dialogue.
So it would be unreasonable to expect dialogue or negotiation between the civilian and military to emerge from the constitutional reform initiated by the NLD to fulfill the promise it made during the 2015 election campaign.
Against this background, it seems, the NLD had no choice but to initiate the formation of the joint committee to reform the Constitution in January. The move has gained support from the public and ethnic parties, while the military and the USDP have strongly rejected it. Forming the joint committee in the Union Parliament was a way of forcing the military to engage with the topic of constitutional reform.
Some analysts doubt that this political push by the NLD will have any significant results. True, we shouldn't expect too much from it because the current Constitution protects the military's interests. On the other hand, given the popular support for reform, we shouldn't be too quick to predict total failure. The NLD is taking the only political option available to it. History shows that Myanmar's former and current military leaders have never been genuinely interested in negotiation, especially when its own interests are likely to be on the table.
Topics: Constitution, Democracy, dialogue, Military, NLD, Parliament, Politics, Reform
Kyaw Zwa Moe The Irrawaddy Kyaw Zwa Moe is the Editor of the English edition of The Irrawaddy.


text:
The First Day of School and the Unclaimed Tooth.
August 27, 2020 A Day in the Life, Alabama History, Homeschooling: Not just for the socially awkward anymore., Weird Strange and TrueRachel Callahan
Monday was our first day of school. Except that it wasn't actually our first day of school because Friday was our first day of school. But we started school with a field trip day, as one does, therefore making Monday the first day we sat down with textbooks.
So we'll go with Monday.
As with every beginning of semester, there was confusion over who was responsible for what.
As well as general forgetfulness about how to do things correctly.
But we're getting things worked out, and fourth graders are remembering how to be diligent and neat. Maybe. By the end of the school year.
But first.
Before we could get to any of that actual school stuff, I stumbled out of bed, a little before 8 and after Chris left for work (because why homeschool if you're going to set an alarm), and as I was brushing my teeth, I was vacantly staring at a small white object next to my sink.
I had no idea what it was, but my sluggish mind was slightly confused and curious.
So I rinsed my toothbrush and then looked closer.
The white object was a tooth. Left for me(?) on a piece of memo paper.
As a First Day of School gift?
Well that's special.
Who left me such a precious gift?
Ali's lost all of her teeth…and Noah didn't have any loose teeth that I had been made aware of. He's in that in-between tooth drought where he lost the first eight but the rest haven't begun their descent from his mouth yet.
I guess he pulled a tooth in the middle of the night and gave it to Chris?
Nothing else accounted for a tooth by my sink.
But it still seemed slightly disturbing.
So when I went downstairs and greeted my children on their first day of school, I led out with, "Who lost a tooth last night?"
"I don't have any teeth left to lose."
So you're saying that no one lost a tooth last night?
In a slightly more creeped out tone I asked, "Then why is there a tooth on my bathroom counter?!"
"Why would there be a tooth on your counter?"
Breakfast could wait.
I needed to understand this before my stomach could digest food.
I sent Chris a picture of his children's faces when I read them this text.
Still. This has to be Chris' fault. He's the keeper of all their teeth…and various other family body parts.
I mean…I love a good mystery, but only when it can be solved. And I wasn't quite willing to do DNA testing on this tooth to properly credit its owner. So if one of you can come claim this tooth or explain its origins post-haste, I would greatly appreciate it.
But after we got over the horror movie soundtrack playing in our minds about the teeth that were definitely stalking us, it was time to actually start school.
Noah is in fourth grade this year, which means it's time for a repeat of our Alabama History project. When Ali was in fourth grade (which is the typical year to teach state history in Alabama), I decided I didn't want to use the textbook that hasn't been changed since I was in school (and was frightfully dull and not exactly two-sided), but instead I wanted to walk through the history of our state chronologically through weekly field trips. And in so doing, let her take pictures, write reports, read books and biographies that fleshed out our trip, and create her own Alabama History book that ended up being quite thick and thorough.
It was a great success and we all learned – and retained – much. Noah, however, mostly remembers that Ali was gifted with a camera for this project, and he said he's been waiting four years to get his own.
Needless to say, he was thrilled when he received such a device last week.
I reworked my timeline spreadsheet for a new year, deleting our least favorite field trips and adding some new ones, and we took our first field trip last Friday – to Natural Bridge Park in Natural Bridge, Alabama (population 37.)
Although it's more geologically extraordinary than historically so, it's a great example of overhang caves that early people groups used for shelter.
And it just so happens to be in The Free State of Winston, also known as Winston County, which is the only county in Alabama to be a "Union County" during the Civil War, and so it seceded from Alabama when Alabama seceded from the Union. The county was also a safe harbor for draft dodgers and the anti-confederate residents of Alabama. So all kinds of history! And a good excuse to get outside.
Noah began writing his report on his first field trip (and captions for his first photos) on his first day of school – the first entry in his future Alabama History book.
But what the kids were most excited about was a First Day of School present from their dad and granddad – Chris had been to visit his parents over the weekend, and in an effort to curb the coin shortage and thrill his grandkids, his dad gave Chris all his coins to give to the children – which we made them split completely evenly with each other (penny for you, penny for me, nickel for you, nickel for me…), and then count and roll it before they could use any of it. It's the gift that keeps on giving.
But they'll really be surprised when they get to the bottom of that bucket and find the tooth that I planted for them there.
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3 thoughts on "The First Day of School and the Unclaimed Tooth."
Kate Jaco says:
Mystery tooth!! That's so wild! It had to come from Chris' collection…right? Your kids' reactions were hilarious. Im excited for Noah to experience Alabama like Ali did. That's such a cool project.
Kitty engle says:
Does Buddy have teeth?
Stacey J says:
First, ewww creepy unknown tooth but love they way you hid it for the kids to find.
I remember reading about that Alabama History project and I loved seeing Ali's posts and pictures. Such a great way to learn state history


Zachary: "Henry, do you see that?"
Henry: "Yup... it's The Thing Under The Sofa that nobody believes is there but me."
FWIW: I took the pictures above today, and EVERYTHING else in the page (regardless of the day label) yesterday, as I've been trying to finish up Zachary's blue brocade outfit (finished yesterday).
Daily Dog Challenge 2015. "Over There"
Our Daily Challenge - May 8, 2017 - "Emerge or Emerging"
(singing): "It's Five O'Clock somewhere..."
(more singing) : "... in Margaritaville..."
Zachary: "We haven't even gotten to Jose Cuervo."
Our Daily Challenge - May 7, 2017 - "Lyrics"
"Wastin' away again in Margaritaville"
-- "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere"
There's always "Ten Rounds with Jose Cuervo".
Daily Dog Challenge 2014. "Tourist"
Zachary, in a blue brocade outfit, lined in black flannel, that I finished just this afternoon. He's standing next to the very first "costume" I made for him, back in summer of 2011 (see comments), made from felt, buttons, and double-stick tape.
Our Daily Challenge - May 6, 2017 - "What??? This Old Thing?"
His Blue Brocade outfit is the latest in a rather long line of recent efforts to create something "nice" and fits.
It follows the general plan of the Zebra outfit, but the pattern was completely recut so I could add a seam behind the shoulders as well as the one in front. So I now have a back, two shoulders, two fronts, and the collar.
I think I have discovered the true origin of that classic tale: The Emperors New Clothes.
Here's wikipedia's synopsis (link at bottom): "two weavers promise an emperor a new suit of clothes that they say is invisible to those who are unfit for their positions, stupid, or incompetent. When the Emperor parades before his subjects in his new clothes, no one dares to say that they don't see any suit of clothes on him for fear that they will be seen as "unfit for their positions, stupid, or incompetent". Finally, a child cries out, "But he isn't wearing anything at all!"
I think the REAL story is that the weavers made the clothes out of Brocade. And while I bet the emperor was wearing a lovely suit when he first left his castle, by the time he got to town it had frayed away to nothingness. His subjects were just trying to save the weaver's jobs when the kid just had to blurt the truth out.
Brocade seems to disintegrate simply sitting on the table.
All pieces had to have their edges done in a (very slow) overcast stitch, and then I edge stitched all seams but the collar seam, as they refused to lay flat.
While I'm completely smitten by the fabric, it is certainly not something to choose if you want to make something in a hurry.
Daily Dog Challenge 2013. "Old and New (Together)"
I raided Son's room again.
This is the sombrero he and his fellow scouts (crew members?) wore during their week hiking at Philmont Boy Scout Ranch - a great idea of one of the adults in the group.
The hat was branded with the Philmont brand (visible on the brim on a different shot), shot (intentionally! and also visible on a different shot) and has seen many, many miles of hiking.
Son discovered that wearing a broad-brimed hat eliminated the need for sunscreen on your face, and he hasn't gone hiking without one ever since.
Alas, his current hat isn't nearly as dashing as this one.
Daily Dog Challenge 2012. "Cinco de Mayo"
Zachary looks a bit sloshed at 5pm ... in Margaritaville.
Poor Henry - too much partying for him!
I like the blue brocade. It's a nice contrast to their gold fur.


The library of the University of Jerusalem «Aqba Rasas» in partnership with the Association of Burj Al-Laqlaq Community and in cooperation with the group Pulse Youth «Nadwah» Hosted the presence of the writer Abdul Qader Sattal to discuss his book «Jaffa messages in the shadow of the Nakba» and in the presence of a young people form Jerusalem.
The seminar was held at 5:00 pm at the university library. It was welcomed by the coordinator of the Program for Activating Cultural and Youth Activities Nasser Abu Ermila, who in turn welcomed the writer Abdul Qader Sattal. He stressed that the seminar was organized to raise awareness of the Jerusalemite youth about the daily life of Jaffa and especially after The Palestinian Nakba.
The writer described the book as the first experiment to describe the reality of the Palestinian society after 48 years in the city of Jaffa, the fruit of a local experience and activity that lasted for more than three decades. The symposium discussed the reality of Jaffa today of its Palestinian identity.
Abdelkader is one of the first people who worked on Arab awareness in Jaffa and published many articles in local newspapers and websites in Jaffa.


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Martina will be streaming live from the Nova Gorica City Gallery in Slovenia and Annie from Villa Waldberta in Feldafing, Germany.
besides, smaller than a single pixel is a real-time composition in which daily objects interrelate in an interface that usually frames the heads of humans. Annie Abrahams and Martina Ruhsam communicate by juxtaposing and restituating objects and by reading a text that is recomposed during the course of the performance. Unexpected links between thing and thing, object and text, image and sound appear. Sometimes the inorganic performers hijack the discussion. Scissors meet a knife which coincides with the word capitalism before being replaced by a little white box that is temporarily allied with anonymity. While matches and a paperbag are juxtaposed, a discussion about being post-image takes place that is followed by inorganic pulsations. The conversation meanders through unpredictable territories and is disseminated among various human and nonhuman agents.
– log of tchat during the performance.
Before the performance at 5PM Martina gave a lecture The It As Actant in the Nova Gorica City Gallery. Here is the .pdf of this lecture.