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What makes Colosseum of Rome so famous?
The Colosseum has been a witness of Gladiator fights, speeches, theatre and many more entertaining acts. It is the biggest Amphitheatre ever built and holds a significant historical value. We all enjoy watching matches and theatre, well and this is a legacy we have been carrying on since the start of mankind; the ancient Romans enjoyed watching sports and this is what the Colosseum was meant for. In this article we will get to know the things that make Colosseum of Rome so special.
It is unlike the other ancient amphitheatres
The arena is unlike any other ancient theaters, the oval-shaped, freestanding amphitheater was a Roman invention. The Roman-made architectural specimen holds towering elliptical tiers that rise to 180 ft (55 m) from the heart of the city. The Roman prided themselves on their engineering skills, and the Colosseum served as the magnificent masterpiece that flaunted their craftsmanship. To that end, the entire building was constructed from over a volume of 100,000 cubic m of travertine stones and tufa. These stone blocks were placed without any mortar. Below the Colosseum were numerous rooms and underground passages. Here is where the animals and gladiators were kept, waiting to meet their fate in the arena above.
Famous for Gladiator and deadly history
Colosseum or the Flavian amphitheatre is in the centre of Rome, Italy. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, thus explaining the name of the theatre.
The theatre could hold up to 60,000 people and the audience watched impeccably choreographed mock battles, exotic animal parades and merciless slaughtering, and even the legendary gladiatorial fights. When the Colosseum was officially opened by Emperor Titus there was an exhibition of more than 5,000 wild animals, the variety included animals like rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, giraffes, Barbary lions, Caspian tigers, crocodiles, ostriches, and elephants.
The largest amphitheatre ever built
The Colosseum is the largest amphitheater ever built. It is oval in shape and measures 189m long, 156m wide and 50m high (about the height of a 12 storey building). This ancient sporting arena could easily fit a modern day football pitch inside. The theatre had 80 entrances and could seat approximately 60,000 spectators.
It had a canvas to provide shade to the audience
In 80AD the Romans during the construction of the Colosseum came up with a very clever idea to beat the scorching heat, to protect the spectators from the blistering sun and heat of Ancient Rome, there was the Velarium – a sheet of canvas that could be pulled over the top of the seating area to provide shade to the spectators.
Tourist site
2-3rd of the Colosseum had been destroyed by the natural calamities, its walls have fallen, but the architectural wonder still continues to be a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year entering to view the interior arena. There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. It is used as a site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 2007 it was included in the New Seven Wonders of the World.
Travel Rome
Facts about the Colosseum
Unknown facts about the Colosseum of Rome
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Home / News / The GrooveSpot / 2010 GK Factory Tour...Part 3 of 4!
Thanks for your interest & patience!
Here is the 3rd installment (final one coming soon!) of a full factory tour at Gallien-Krueger. In this episode, Bob Gallien takes us down the production line for a fascinating look at the quality control and process involved in manufacturing their amazing gear.


Physics Puzzle Box10 Click to find more games like this.
Senior and Junior are back and Junior is causing more mischief than ever before! Try to keep Senior awake as he is a lazy block who just wants to sleep all day and we want to have FUN!


Skills and abilities: Skilled fighter, trained by the police force and the X-men.
Powers: She's been identified as a latent mutant but never displayed any powers.
Charlotte was a nurse in Brooklyn, New York who defied all odds and made a happy life for herself with a loving police husband and a wonderful son. Her life changed irrevocably when her husband was killed on his way home with their son. This left her son with Spinal injury and expensive reconstructive surgery and therapy. She chose to change profession to afford her new expenses and moved in with her Mother-In-Law.
Here she met Warren Worthington III/Archangel who was just recovering from the manipulation of Apocalypse. After saving her life twice and fighting off a gang the two started to bond. When the vampiric Ravens tried to recruit Archangel they captured her to be his first meal but she helped him overcome his urges before the Ravens were defeated. Archangel continued to grow close to her and bonded with her son, Timmy. Her partner was later killed as they fought Genoshan Magistrates. Forge gave her added protection by providing her with an X-man costume.
Despite falling in love with Warren their relationship came to an end when he rejoined the X-men. She still remained an ally of the team however. When Gene Nation massacred a whole club worth of people she alerted Warren even though it was against protocol. She ended up in the cross fires of a fight between the X-men and Gene Nation in the Morgue but managed to survive. During Operation Zero Tolerance her son was captured and she almost betrayed Iceman and Cecelia Reyes to them before a change of heart. The team would defeat the leader of OZT and return her son to her. She also briefly joined the Fantastic Four for an adventure on the moon.
When the X-men fought the neo she was merged with a criminal she was pursuing, Delgado, into a two torso demonic creature with his personality dominant. She was freed when Delgado was beheaded by Wolverine. Charlotte then showed up multiple times alongside Bishop after M-day and was injured a fight with the shiar death commandos.
I did not know this place existed. Happy to be here.
Happy to have you Michael!


Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a condition where someone worries to an unhealthy level about the way they look. It is recognised as a mental illness, and affects 1 in every 100 people in the UK, many of them children. Even when sufferers are told that their appearance is perfectly normal, they find this reassurance difficult to accept and rationalise. At its most extreme, Body Dysmorphic Disorder can lead to people hiding themselves away, and a few feel so distraught about the way they look that they resort to suicide.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder in children is particularly worrying and often emerges during the teenage years. Young people in general can struggle with their body image as they grow into adolescence. Changing body shape, acne, hair growth and the mayhem caused by the hormonal upheaval of puberty can cause many young people to start obsessing about the way they look. Body Dysmorphic Disorder begins when this obsession gets out of control, with the mind creating distorted perceptions of real or imagined body imperfections.
There is no single cause of the disorder, although it is known that it runs in families, and there is understood to be a genetic component that is, as yet, unidentified.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder often presents alongside other issues. It can be associated with eating disorders, for example, or may derive from a phobia of some kind, such as social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, where sufferers have an intense fear of social situations. Statistics also show that Body Dysmorphic Disorder often occurs with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, as it provides an outlet for the obsession. Sufferers of bad acne can develop Body Dysmorphic Disorder as a result of their skin condition.
Other casual factors for Body Dysmorphic Disorder may be psychological. A young person who already has low self-esteem can be particularly vulnerable to bullying or teasing in relation to their appearance. It is interesting to note that around 60% of sufferers make mention of regular or intense teasing that they were subjected to in childhood. It is also thought that parents can inadvertently create body confidence issues if they place undue importance on appearance or, at the other extreme, disregard it altogether.
Alternative triggers for the disorder may include physical or sexual abuse, neglect, or rejection in childhood that initiates feelings that "there must be something wrong with me". It can also be argued that the media have a role to play in generating body insecurities in young people. Fashion and beauty publicity promote unattainable body images to sell their products, which can lead to deep feelings of inadequacy in some young people.
Getting treatment for Body Dysmorphic Disorder first requires a diagnosis, and this is generally done through psychiatric evaluation. Thereafter, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is known to be effective as a treatment, supported by a course of anti-depressants. Specialist care is hard to find, but as the condition becomes more widely recognised the number of qualified and experienced practitioners will increase, improving the chances of proper treatment being available.
If you suspect your child may be suffering from the condition, talk first to your GP and explain your concerns. You may need to be persistent in getting a full diagnosis, so don't give up at the first hurdle if you feel your GP is not treating your concerns seriously.
Teenagers smell, it's a fact of life, any parent will tell you, indeed any 20 year old will remember being smelly, even if they don't admit it. There ..
Are you or your child anorexic? Comfort eating, not liking how you look and feeling that life would be that little bit better if only you were 10lbs ..


Low-fares airline easyJet is encouraging Brits to explore the delights of the Dalmatian Coast after it was revealed that less than three per cent of the nine million tourists that visit Croatia each year come from the UK. With summer temperatures ranging from 26 to 30°C, a stunning coastline dotted with hundreds of beautiful islands and the Croatian kuna still providing exceptionally good value for British tourists, the reasons to visit Dalmatia are seemingly never-ending.
This year easyJet has expanded its routes to Croatia and now operates regular flights from Liverpool and Gatwick to Dubrovnik, and flights from Bristol and Gatwick to Split. Both destinations have a flight time from the UK of less than three hours and offer the perfect starting place for island hopping beach holidays, with regular water taxis operating up and down the coastline. Dalmatia has a long rugged coast, backed by high mountains with hundreds of offshore islands, each one with its own character from trendy hotspots to secluded getaways.
Hvar Island is one of Dalmatia's most popular islands with a combination of beautiful sandy and pebbly beaches, olive groves and pine forests, quiet secluded coves and larger bustling beaches littered with bars and cafes. Hvar Town is one of busiest resorts, with some of the best bars and clubs in Dalmatia. Its regular beach parties are infamous, as are its chic bars and restaurants.


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Rize Travel Guide
It is a city located in the north-east of Turkey and owned by the Black Sea. Located in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Rize is located in the west of Trabzon, Artvin in the east, Bayburt in the south, and Erzurum in the south. It is the most rainfall area in Turkey. The most important product is tea, Rize, has also started to grow kiwi fruit. But since kiwi production is not much, the city meets its own needs. Summer is warm in Rize. Autumn and winter seasons are rainy. Rize, located in the Eastern Black Sea Region, shows the most characteristic features of the region. It is separated from the other regions of Anatolia by its geographical structure as well as its cultural structure. It is a very special tourism area with steep slope valleys, peaks reachable mountains, glacial lakes, emerald green springs, historical belt bridges and bears, and exhilarating streams. During the Ottoman era, it has maintained its importance as a port, suburb and accident center. Evliya Çelebi who came here in 1640 mentioned Rize: "It is a beautiful place with a garden on the coast of Trabzon." During the Ottoman period, rebellions such as Batum Castle guard Tuzcuoglu Memiş Ağa (1814-1817) and the revolt of the Trabzon Ages (1835) were rebelled and suppressed. Rize is a major accident center in the 19th century. With the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Rize was left to Batum Russia, which is the center of the Lazjan sancağına, and it became the center of the sancağa connected to Trabzon Vilayet. Earth Shapes The Rize lands on the northern slope of the coastal mountain range of the Eastern Black Sea is generally mountainous and rugged. Geological features: The Rize field, which is included in the Eastern Black Sea mountainous system, consists mainly of granodiorite and kertase flysch on the surface of Paleozoic time (I. time) and on the surface with great orogenesis (Mountain formation) beginning in Cretaceous Neogene deposits are also found in places. On the whole coastal surface, the upper Cretaceous series is notable for its abundance of volcanic cover and tuffs. On the slopes close to the shore, Cretaceous sediments are widespread, and these sediments are occasionally covered by Eocene flysch series. In the high mountainous area, more magmatic elements are dominant. Granite, andesite and basaltic masses are dominant in almost every area exceeding 3000 m in height. Alluviums and large river valleys in the region are found in the sections of up to 10 km from the sea. Climate In Rize, the summers are cool, the winters are mild and there is a rainy climate every season. According to the observations made over fifty years, Rize's annual temperature average is slightly over 14 ° C. The lowest temperature recorded during this time is -7 ° C and the highest temperature is 38 ° C. The coldest month of January is the temperature average of 6.7 degrees Celsius and the warmest month of July is 22.2 degrees Celsius. Rize has an annual temperature oscillation of 25.8 ° C, with a minimum of -5.6 ° C in January and a maximum of 32.5 ° C in July. As a result, Rize is characteristic of marine climates. The average monthly temperature curve in Rize is above 5 ° C all year, the temperature average at 4 months is below 10 ° C and Rize is a very humid city. history We have limited information about the history of Rize. Archaeological finds to shed light on the history of Rize due to the forest texture dominated by the locals have not been revealed until this day. The history of Rize can only be handled in connection with the history of neighboring states and regions. Different views have been put forward regarding the name of Rize; Rhisos, which means Greek rice, was used in Rumca as "RIZA" in the sense of mountain hill. In Ottoman, "Rize" means small crumb, rash. It is also stated that Erzincan was used for Rize as a name with the fall of the voice "e" at the beginning of the name of "Erza" in the Sakalar period. Plateau: A type of tourism that does not require much investment in the interior of Rize, which can be done using the existing infrastructure in the spring around the rich forest texture. The potential for this activity is present in all of our springs and is currently being carried out in our springs such as Ayder, Anzer, Chad, Elevit, Handüzü]. The Kaçkar Mountains to the south of Rize and the many beautiful plains connected with each other on the skirts of high mountains. All these bulbs are filled with people in summer. In almost all of these extraordinary beauty, grass mowing festivals are held. As it is possible to participate in these festivals, there are also possibilities of nature walkers with guides on the slopes of the plateau skirts. Transportation: Everywhere in Turkey, there is road connection to Rize. Rize, located on the coast of Eastern Black Sea coast, is transported by road and sea. The weight of transportation is high. Railway network and air port are not available in our province. Transportation by air is provided from Trabzon Airport, which is the closest province to Rize. Trabzon with 76 km in the west, Erzurum with 251 km from the Ikizdere district in the south and 159 km in the east. And Artvin and 109 km. It is also connected to Sarp Border Gate by land. There is easy access to all parts of the country throughout the year. In addition, during the summer months, ferry services connecting Istanbul, Samsun and Trabzon extend to Rize. For tourists coming from the Commonwealth of Independent States, there are bus services between Rize-Batum and Rize-Tbilisi. Rize port is the most suitable topographic location to develop in Eastern Black Sea ports. The port is connected to the highway lines by its location; Trabzon, Hopa, Russia ports and İkizdere-Erzurum with the Iranian connection is the shortest transit road center of the Black Sea Region.
19 Days Highlights Of Turkey & Black Sea Tour
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19 Days highlights of Turkey & Black Sea tour covers most impostant sights of Turkey including Istanbul, Ephesus, Pamukkale, Antalya, Cappadocia, Trabzon and Black Sea region including excursions, hotels, transportations, guiding service and domestic flight tickets.
Private Ayder Tour From Trabzon
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It is a daily departure private tour that takes you from your hotel to Black sea coastline in to the one of the beautiful valley which is famous in the area. You will enjoy with your private tour to natural beauty.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thaicom 8 launch in Cape Canaveral. Image: SpaceX.
Euphoria gripped India's southern city of Hyderabad on Tuesday after SpaceX announced that all 64 satellites on board the Falcon-9 rocket had been successfully placed on orbit. The mission, launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, included a one kilogram CubeSat named ExseedSat1 which was fully conceived, designed and made by Indian start-up Exseed Space without taking any help from the state-owned space agency ISRO.


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But, it was pretty cute. The art style was cool, too.
So much arse. Infact the amount of arse kicked by him is incredibly disproportionate to his him as shown by the defeat of the massive tar mammoth brought upon by him. But I thought that the tar mammoth (god i wish i remembered the name) was meant to kick bigger arse than the " kid. I also think you should have included a cat for fun. Seeing as there was a chainsaw kid and all and that normally involved copious fear of cats. Awsome anim.


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Charity care, community benefit up at Cleveland Clinic, other nonprofits in the area
By Brie Zeltner, The Plain Dealer
NEIGHBORHOODCARECENTER.JPG
Dr. David Lash administers a flu shot to patient Karl Pendleton at Southwest General Health Center's Neighborhood Care Center in Middleburgh Heights in 2012. The Neighborhood Care Center provides medical care to uninsured patients.
(Thomas Ondrey, The Plain Dealer)
CLEVELAND, Ohio-- Charity care and other community benefits at the Cleveland Clinic, Southwest General Health Center and Parma Community General Hospital continued to rise in 2012, up $65 million from the previous year.
According to the latest tax filings, the three nonprofit health systems provided a total of $783 million in community benefits that included financial assistance or free care, as well as money spent on community outreach programs, research and physician training.
The region's largest health system and employer, the Clinic, reported a 9 percent increase in community benefit, to $754.2 million, up from $693 million the year before. The value for 2011 had been reported lower, at $552 million, but was adjusted upward to reflect changes to the guidelines made by the Internal Revenue Service and the Catholic Health Association.
Free or charity care at the Clinic increased by 6 percent to $154.6 million, up from $145.6 million the year before. The number had dipped in 2011 after the closure of Huron Hospital in East Cleveland.
Steven Glass, the Clinic's chief financial officer, said the increase is due in part to a steadily rising number of uninsured or self-pay patients, but also to a growing number of patients with insurance who cannot pay the high deductibles that accompany their plans.
Glass said expenses for both charity care and bad debt are likely to increase across the hospital industry in coming years.
"There's a fine line between what's charity care and what's bad debt," Glass said. "If you look at the products on the exchanges, they are all high-deductible plans. There are going to be a lot of individuals who are simply not going to have the means to meet those deductibles."
At Southwest General, overall community benefit increased 9.7 percent to $16.9 million, up from $15.4 million the year before. Charity care accounted for $5.4 million of that spending.
One of Southwest's programs, Neighborhood Care Center, has provided Lawrence Hansen with a primary care doctor, diabetes management and cancer care since he lost his job and his insurance five years ago. Hansen, 50, of Berea, said the care he's received has saved his life.
"They really helped me out with the medication and the support," he said. "All hospitals should have some kind of program like that. With the way insurance is now — it's expensive."
Sharon Fulton, 46, of East Cleveland, receives free diabetes care and monitoring through the Clinic's Stephanie Tubbs Jones Health Center in that city. She has attended classes there on managing her diabetes and insulin, as well as a nutrition class.
Fulton also uses a tablet for in-home health monitoring.
"I'd like to shake the hand of the person that made that," she said. "They can monitor you at home. I've started to take better care of myself."
Community benefit also includes spending on research and education, which at institutions like the Clinic and University Hospitals, account for roughly half of expenditures.
University Hospitals, which reported its data in October, spent a total of $273 million on community benefit, including $53 million in charity care and $99 million on research and training.
The Clinic's Glass pointed to the looming physician shortage as a reminder of why the Clinic's research and physician education spending, which totaled $430 million in 2012, is critical.
"We have a large cohort of physicians that are going to be retiring over the next five years," he said. "Training new physicians, particularly training them in a new model of care transformation, is particularly important."


The K'ómoks First Nation harbours some serious concerns about the proposed Raven underground coal mine in Baynes Sound.
In particular, the band believes the project will be harmful to K'omoks aboriginal rights and treaty negotiations.
"This project has the potential to infringe on K'ómoks aboriginal rights and title in the region, and undermine the hard work done at the treaty table in the last year," K'ómoks chief negotiator Mark Stevenson said this week in a news release.
The KFN took a major step this year by ratifying an Agreement In Principle — the fourth and most critical stage of the six-stage treaty process — which gives the band extensive land and resource rights throughout the Comox Valley.
The KFN said it has three concerns with the project related to treaty negotiations.
For starters, proposed mining activities are potentially underneath Crown land K'ómoks is negotiating at the treaty table. The mine would severely restrict the use of any land added to the K'ómoks land deal, the band claimed.
The band, which is continuing to negotiate water rights, is also concerned about the potential impact on the Tsable River and Cowie Creek drainage systems, which are both part of the negotiations. The environmental impact of the mine on these two systems is unknown.
In addition, the project could have a negative environmental impact on Baynes Sound, where the K'ómoks people have significant shellfish aquaculture interests. This includes shellfish aquaculture licences negotiated at the treaty table.
According to the KFN, Raven Coal has shown no interest in discussing or accommodating aboriginal and treaty rights.
The mine proposal met overwhelming opposition at recent public meetings that drew a combined total of about 1,500 people in Courtenay, Port Alberni and Union Bay.
Project proponent Compliance Coal Corporation expects the proposed mine to operate 16 years, and to produce hundreds of construction and spinoff jobs, some paying six-figure salaries.
The public comment period regarding the draft Application Information Requirements and Environmental Impact Statement Guidelines ended Monday.


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Home Lawsuits Lawsuits (Unnecessary)
Plaintiff Who Claims to Have End-Stage Emphysema Is Caught Hiking
Hint: if the answer to the question below was "yes," they would not have videotaped him.
In this report from KABC-Los Angeles (via the LA Observed blog), investigative reporter Marc Brown finally caught up with James Farkus Cohan while he was out for a hike one sunny day. This was interesting in itself because people who really have end-stage emphysema, as Cohen claims to, are generally not too hard to catch up with.
The reason Brown was pursuing Cohan, besides just wanting to see what somebody named "Farkus" looks like, is that Cohan has filed at least 161 lawsuits under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Cohan sues small businesses that allegedly do not provide the required access to the disabled, claiming he has standing to sue because he has "end-stage emphysema." Some doubt had apparently arisen about that, and ultimately Brown headed out with a camera crew to see what he could see. What he saw was Cohan out for a hike in rough terrain.
Experts agree that someone with end-stage emphysema would not be found hiking. "At minimum," said a pulmonologist contacted by KABC, "they need supplemental oxygen because their lungs cannot deliver enough oxygen to the blood to meet their needs." As you know if you watched the video, Cohan did not take oxygen on his hike. (He told the reporter he does have an oxygen tank – he just didn't have it with him.)
Cohan insisted that he does have end-stage emphysema, as he has stated when filing legal documents stating that his condition prevents him from easily doing things like "walking" and/or "breathing," both of which he appears to be doing quite easily in the video. Something else he does quite easily: throw out racial epithets, as he did after Brown asked him whether he makes a living by filing disability lawsuits. Experts agree that racism is not a side-effect of emphysema medication.
It's not clear how much Cohan makes from his lawsuits, but if even half settled for no more than a few thousand dollars, that's still a pretty good living. According to the owners of the businesses he has sued, Cohan typically asks for at least $10,000 to go away. (KABC invited many of these defendants to a local bar – which Cohan is also suing – for a video-watching party.) Whether he has ever actually prevailed in a case is unclear, but seems doubtful.
If Cohan has to make money doing this, maybe his other business is not doing so well. What is that business? Organ procurement. As this Forbes article noted in 2007, Cohan has worked as what he calls a "transplant coordinator," charging hundreds of thousands of dollars to "arrange" organ transplants. The article did not claim he had been doing anything illegal in doing so – he did spend some time in an Italian jail, but lots of innocent people do that – but it is at least ultra-creepy.
In fact, though, while Cohan does not appear to have end-stage emphysema, he does have a long criminal record. Most recently, he pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm, or more accurately 34 firearms, along with 31,000 rounds of ammunition. In fact, according to KABC Cohan is currently on probation and supposedly under "house arrest" at the moment. However, "probation officials would not tell Eyewitness News if the conditions of Cohan's house arrest allow occasional hiking trips."
Emu Tased
Latest Bad Disguise(s): Drawing on Your Face With a Sharpie
How Many Times Do I Have to Say It? Skulls Go in Checked Baggage
Note to Self: No Grocery-Store Carjackings This Holiday Season
Frozen Guru Update
Man Wins 22-Year Fight Over 25-Cent Dispute


This warranty is extended to the original purchaser. Security Roll Shutters must be professionally installed by Classic and cannot be altered in any way by the end user. Warranty is void once original purchaser transfers title of commercial property.
Classic Improvement Products (Classic) warrants for our Security Roll Shutters to be free from defective materials and workmanship, when properly maintained and under normal use and service, for a period of 1 year following installation. This warranty period of 1 year does not include the motor upgrade or electronics.
The Purchaser shall give written notice to Classic, of any alleged failure of the Security Roll Shutter system within this limited warranty period, no later than 15 days after the Purchaser learns of such failure.


This entry was posted in Insurance on December 7, 2017 by blue.
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Is there much else important than our youngsters' future and security? The state funded educational system conveys an overwhelming duty that is two-overlap in significance: teaching our adolescents appropriately and guaranteeing their security while under its locale.
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– Property scope that protects substitution costs, hardware breakdown, business wage, tremor and surge harms, and statute misfortunes.
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Among the significant concerns when shopping the system for sufficient protection if claims administrations. It is prudent for Public schools looking for suitable security need to consider an organization's notoriety with respect to cases' reactions.
This entry was posted in Insurance on November 14, 2017 by blue.


Oral history interview conducted by Paul A. Bator. Covers early childhood interest in natural history through post-retirement research ca. 1930-1978. Focusses on his undergraduate and graduate work in the Dept. of Biology, curricula, academic staff, the Royal Ontario Museum and its relations with University of Toronto and his ongoing research on the Monarch butterfly.


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text:
La Coupe d'Asie de l'Est de football 2017 est la  de la compétition de football opposant les équipes des pays et territoires situés en Asie de l'Est. Elle est organisée par la Fédération de football d'Asie de l'Est (EAFF).
Comme pour les éditions précédentes, les équipes nationales de Chine, de Corée du Sud et du Japon sont automatiquement qualifiées pour la phase finale.

Le premier tour voit s'affronter Macao, Taïwan, la Mongolie et les Îles Mariannes du Nord, tournoi joué à Guam. Le vainqueur de ce premier tour rejoint Hong Kong, Guam et la Corée du Nord au deuxième tour, disputé à Taïwan, dont le vainqueur obtient son billet pour la phase finale à 4, organisée cette année au Japon. La phase finale est disputée dans un championnat à quatre, chaque équipe affrontant une seule fois les trois autres. L'équipe qui a le plus de points au classement remporte le trophée.

Équipes participantes

 Engagées au premier tour :

 Entrent au deuxième tour :

 Entrent directement en phase finale :

  - Pays organisateur

Premier tour
Les 4 sélections participant au premier tour de qualification sont regroupées au sein d'un groupe où chacun joue une fois contre tous ses adversaires. Le premier tour est disputé au GFA National Training Center à Dededo, sur l'île de Guam.

Deuxième tour
Taïwan rejoint les 3 équipes qualifiées d'office pour le deuxième tour, Guam, Hong Kong et la Corée du Nord. Les 4 sélections sont regroupées au sein d'un groupe où chacun joue une fois contre tous ses adversaires. Le second tour se jouera au Mong Kok Stadium à Hong Kong, entre le 6 et le 12 novembre 2016.

Phase finale
La compétition va se dérouler au stade Ajinomoto à Tokyo au Japon, du 9 au 16 décembre 2017.

Corée du Nord rejoint les 3 équipes qualifiées d'office pour la phase finale, le Japon, la Chine et la Corée du Sud, tenante du titre. Les 4 sélections sont regroupées au sein d'un groupe où chacun joue une fois contre tous ses adversaires. La phase finale est disputée à Tokyo, au Japon.

Références

2017
Événement sportif international au Japon
Compétition de football au Japon
Sport au Japon en 2017
Asie de l'Est

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Learn whilst playing with the Educational Musical Lobster which can help develop Fine Motor Skills, Gross Motor Skill, Good Habits and Sensory Development through each of the different play modes.
In Bump and Go Mode children can improve crawling, standing and walking by trying to catch the lobster as it moves around playing a fun tune.
Each leg of the Toy Musical Lobster features a different animal or object that make different sounds and play different songs. These can be pressed at any time for added fun and also are used during learning mode where the correct button needs to be pressed.
Designed with children in mind, the Musical Lobster Toy is made from safe, strong ABS Plastic and everything needed to start playing with the toy is provided including the required batteries.
Fuel your child's imagination with one of the best interactive musical toys for toddlers you can buy. This fun Interactive Musical Lobster toy will keep curious minds engaged time after time. Each of the parts has been made to make this toy a perfect fit for small hands.
In Bump and Go Mode children can improve crawling, standing and walking by trying to catch the lobster as it moves around playing a fun tune. Each leg of the Toy Musical Lobster features a different animal or object that make different sounds and play different songs. These can be pressed at any time for added fun and also are used during learning mode where the correct button needs to be pressed.
This musical toddler toy provides hours of entertainment that will also improve any child?s concentration and fine hand skills. It's also manufactured to the highest safety standards and is made from non-toxic recyclable ABS plastic.
This Lobster toy contains small parts and It's advised children, especially those under the age of three, are closely supervised when within reach of this toy. The perfect choice if you are looking for a toy as a Christmas gift or Birthday present for any toddler boy or girl aged over 6 months (Ideal for 1 2 3 4 5 year olds).
It comes packaged in a box with user manuals in the following languages; English, Spanish, German, French and Italian. This fun Interactive Musical Lobster is recommended for children aged over 12 months and is a ThinkGizmos branded product.
This superb interactive musical toy comes with everything required in the box (including batteries), making it the perfect gift for any boy or girl. They can just open the box and let the fun begin.
Learn whilst playing with the Educational Musical Lobster which can help develop Fine Motor Skills, Gross Motor Skill, Good Habits and Sensory Development through each of the different play modes. In Bump and Go Mode children can improve crawling, standing and walking by trying to catch the lobster as it moves around playing a fun tune. Each leg of the Toy Musical Lobster features a different animal or object that make different sounds and play different songs. These can be pressed at any time for added fun and also are used during learning mode where the correct button needs to be pressed. Designed with children in mind, the Musical Lobster Toy is made from safe, strong ABS Plastic and everything needed to start playing with the toy is provided including the required batteries.


One of the most difficult concepts to understand is that of abundance.While most of us are focused on what we YET need to acquire, what we should be doing is focusing on what we already have. By doing that more will come your way. We hear these words and read them all the time only to continue doing the same things over and over again.
To effectively attract more into your existence it is important to appreciate where you are now. With the things and people who occupy your space. Now you mat be looking around your place thinking "I have nothing to appreciate". But just remember this, what you take for granted would be heaven on earth for someone else.
Seven years ago when I was newly divorced and recuperating from breast cancer surgery,I began walking outside when the weather got warmer. Although I enjoy going to the gym, there is nothing that can compare to the scent of spring and summer in the fresh air. I took a look around and realized that i should really be walking with my four year old golden retriever. Our first attempts at walking down by the beach were fairly disastrous. Dutchess, loved people and they loved her, that was until she tried to climb up into their laps. At seventy five pounds, no one wants that much puppy love.
It took us a couple of months and one Gentle Leader,but when that time had gone by we became a walking team.On one of our daily walks we met an elderly woman who was restricted to a wheelchair after her stroke. I wish I could take credit for Ducthess's gentle demeanor with this woman. She gently went over to the wheelchair placed her head on the woman's lap so she could be petted. The woman's companion suggested that Dutchess and I(actually no one cared if I showed up or not) visit the local nursing home. Before I knew it we were visiting that nursing home at least once a week. Some of the people just wanted to look at Dutchess while others did not want to stop petting her.
I met more people and made some long lasting friendships.Most importantly I realized how lucky I was to have shared a moment of brightness in those people's day. My own recuperation took a lot less time because of all the exercise we were getting. My abundance came in a rich rewarding feeling I had from those visits. As for Dutchess, she was always ready with a wagging tail and some would say you could see her smiling. I realized that receiving comes from giving from the heart!


There's nothing like the feeling of knowing you just ruined your last pair of tights or pantyhose running out the door. While clear nail polish is great for stopping runs, you can also prevent a run from happening in the first place with hairspray. Just give them a quick spray before heading out the door. And be sure to pay extra attention to the areas that are prone to runs.
Another morning obstacle to getting out the door? Discovering deodorant marks on your clothes. The next time you spot deodorant marks on your clothing, try removing it with a baby wipe. Just pat the deodorant spots firmly with the baby wipes until they're gone. Be sure to only try this one on dark clothes.
When you're a a professional performer, cleaning delicate costumes can be quite tricky. And so can removing odors from those beloved yoga pants. But if you have a bottle of vodka near by, you're in luck. Make sure to use vodka only, so you don't dilute the alcohol's odor removing power. Just aim for a light misting. As you spray your clothing, the vodka absorbs the odorants clinging to the fabrics. Just try not to wet the fabric thoroughly.
If you don't have a bottle of vodka within reach, you can also use vinegar. Add a ½ cup of white vinegar with the detergent when you wash your clothes to neutralize any odors. This will do wonders for gym or yoga clothes. For extra tough odors, you can also presoak your fabrics in 1 cup of white vinegar and cold water before laundering as usual.
In show business, we have an expression, "Make it work." Sometimes you're just in a rush and don't have time to fiddle with accessories. If you're getting ready for a wedding or red carpet event only to discover your necklace isn't hanging right, just string a couple of safety pins to the fastener of your necklace, and you've got an instant necklace extension! This also works great in a pinch if the clasp of your necklace happens to break.
Try these tips the next time you're getting ready for a big event - or even on your way to work in the morning. If you found any of the tips helpful, or have any to add, be sure to let us know in the comments below! You may also like: Special Thanks to Our Poshmark Tribe, 2016 Small Boutique Fashion Week, or Solstice | 2016 Fall/Winter Sneak Peak.


This 30min HIIT session focuses on exercises that boosts metabolism and reduces stress in the most effective way. Expect to burn on average 250kcal per 30min workout. The workouts are unique, fun, and interactive! With every session packed full of exercises that mimic real-life movements.


text:
Sysmex-Funded Research Laboratory to Launch at the Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation
WEBWIRE – Thursday, March 1, 2007
Sysmex Corporation (HQ: Kobe, Japan; President: Hisashi Ietsugu) has made a commitment to fund a cell therapy research laboratory at the Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation (FBRI). Under the direction of Dr. Shigetaka Asano (Professor, Waseda University; Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo; President, Japanese Society of Hematology; Technical Advisor, FBRI), Sysmex will commence joint research at the Sysmex-Asano Laboratory, to commercialize new diagnostic technologies for effective cell therapy.
Through the fruits of this joint research, Sysmex hopes to contribute to advanced medical treatment and accelerate the progress of the Kobe Medical Industry Development Project.
Sysmex is directing its R&D efforts towards creating highly valuable diagnostic testing aiming at disease management. Working closely with research and medical institutions both in and outside of Japan, Sysmex is currently engaged in studies on various diseases as hematological disorders, cancers, infectious diseases, and metabolic syndromes.
A core organization of the Kobe Medical Industry Development Project, FBRI is accerelating technological development and clinical research for next-generation medical systems, and forming a large cluster of medical industries.
Approving of the proposal of FBRI, Sysmex has decided to fund the establishment of the Sysmex-Asano Laboratory for cell therapy research.
Under the direction of Dr. Shigetaka Asano, this new laboratory will elucidate the mechanisms of immune reactions associated with cell therapy (bone marrow transplantation*2 and cord blood transplantation*3), such as graft-versus-host disease*4 (GVHD). It aims at creating new diagnostic techniques to improve the efficacy and safety of cell therapy.
The Sysmex-Asano Laboratory will be established in January 2007 at the approximately 300m2-wide space on the fourth floor of the Translational Research Informatics Center (TRI), with five visiting researchers from Sysmex.
[ About the Laboratory ]
1. Host organization: Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation (FBRI)
2. Name: Sysmex-Asano Laboratory
3. Joint research themes
(a) Development of diagnostic and treatment techniques that improve the efficacy and safety of cell therapy
(b) Development of testing technology for an accurate understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases
4. Project period: January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011
*1 Kobe Medical Industry Development Project
Under the initiative of the Kobe City Government, a cluster of medical-related industries is being formed through an industry-government-academic alliance within an advanced medical technology R&D hub developed at the Port Island Phase II site.
*2 Bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
Bone marrow contains bone hematopoietic stem cells which generate leukocyte, erythrocytes, and platelets. As radical therapy, BMT is applied into several hematological disorders such as leukemia and aplastic anemia. Transplanted bone marrow is effective to rescue the patients under myelosuppression after massive chemotherapy and radiation. But the treatment may result in adverse effects, such as GVHD.
*3 Cord blood transplantation
Cord blood is human blood from the umbilical cord and placenta that connects a fetus to his/her mother. Containing a rich concentration of hematopoietic stem cells, cord blood is collected after the delivery and utilized as a source of stem cells transplantation in place of bone marrow.
*4 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
This is a symptom where transplanted leukocytes, after engraftment in the patient (host), attack the patient's organs immunologically recognizing them as "non-self".


text:
Q: Как исключить gradle зависимость из другого модуля? Есть модуль data, подключенный в presentation. Data модуль в gradle содержит зависимость на зависимость retrofit. Данная зависимость требуется только ему, но так же подтягивается в presentation. Есть способ исключить ее? Пробовал как api, так и implementation вариант.
Вообще архитектура состоит из 3 модулей. data, domain и presentation. В Presentation подключены Data и Domain. В Data подключен Domain. Domain сам по себе.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The booths at trade shows that attract the people are the ones that catch the eye, look the most professional and stand out from the crowd. Metro Printing is your one-stop shop for everything you need to make your next trade show event your most successful one to date. We use state-of-the-art equipment to produce beautiful and engaging custom trade show graphics and displays that will grab the attention of those potential customers and turn them into leads. We have all types of trade show displays and graphics to fit any size booth, budget, and event. Running last minute and need your order rushed? We've got you covered. Contact one of our expert team members today to get started.


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With 63 golf holes to play at the Sporting Club Berlin Scharmützelsee (now known as Bad Saarow Golf Club), you need to relax and stay a while. The A-ROSA resort is situated in Bad Saarow next to the beautiful Lake Scharmützel and Arnold Palmer laid out the first course here back in 1995 and it's a cracker and probably the course you'll want to limber up on first.
Palmer has done little in the way of American styling. You can open your shoulders on front nine where the fairways are wide open and the holes meander pleasantly through the Brandenburg countryside. The front nine really is only a warm up, it's the back nine that excites the senses. The inward nine has received numerous accolades, including "the most beautiful back nine in Germany." And who can argue? With fairways carved through the forest, Bad Saarow's Arnold Palmer course is surely the Woburn of Germany?
There are some great holes but none can better the delightful par three 11th which measures 171 metres from the back tees. A creek cuts diagonally across the hole in a confrontational manner and three bunkers guard the tricky green. It's comes as no surprise to us that this hole has been awarded the honour of "the most beautiful par three in Germany".
Totally empty and quiet when I played on a Sunday afternoon back in July. You need to hit hard to reach the fairway. Some extraordinary holes in the forest, definitely a beauty to be recommended.
Very good, I prefer this to the Faldo course.


text:
Zum, zum, zum lilla sommarbi, text av Fritz-Gustaf Sundelöf och musik av Sam Samson, var Ann-Louise Hansons bidrag i Melodifestivalen 1963. Den kom på sämre plats än tredje och anges därför som oplacerad.

Ann-Louise Hansons inspelning låg på Svensktoppen i två veckor under perioden 17-24 mars 1963, och låg då på femte respektive sjunde plats. Hon spelade också in den på en EP, och så gjorde även Lilly Berglund samma år.

Källor

Melodifestivalbidrag 1963
Svensktoppsmelodier 1963
Svenskspråkiga sånger


text:
Systematic IUPAC name
Phosphate[1]
Orthophosphate
Tetraoxophosphate(V)
Tetraoxidophosphate(V)
14265-44-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Beilstein Reference
CHEBI:18367 Y
1032 Y
Gmelin Reference
MeSH Phosphates
UNII
NK08V8K8HR Y
InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3 Y
Key: NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K Y
[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O
[O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-]
O=P([O-])([O-])[O-]
[O-] [P+]([O-])([O-])[O-]
PO3−
Molar mass 94.9714 g mol−1
Conjugate acid Monohydrogen phosphate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y N ?)
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid (aka. Phosphoric acid) H
3PO
The phosphate or orthophosphate ion [PO
4]3−
is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons H+
. Removal of one or two protons gives the dihydrogen phosphate ion [H
4]−
and the hydrogen phosphate ion [HPO
ion, respectively. These names are also used for salts of those anions, such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate.
[H
Dihydrogen
[HPO
[PO
In organic chemistry, phosphate or orthophosphate is an organophosphate, an ester of orthophosphoric acid of the form PO
4RR′R″ where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. An example is trimethyl phosphate, (CH
4. The term also refers to the trivalent functional group OP(O-)
3 in such esters.
Orthophosphates are especially important among the various phosphates because of their key roles in biochemistry, biogeochemistry, and ecology, and their economic importance for agriculture and industry.[2] The addition and removal of phosphate groups (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation) are key steps in cell metabolism.
Orthophosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates.
The phosphate ion has a molar mass of 94.97 g/mol, and consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogen phosphate ion H(PO
4)2−
, which in turn is the conjugate base of the dihydrogen phosphate ion H
2(PO
4)−
, which in turn is the conjugate base of orthophosphoric acid, H
Many phosphates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure. The sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and ammonium phosphates are all water-soluble. Most other phosphates are only slightly soluble or are insoluble in water. As a rule, the hydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates are slightly more soluble than the corresponding phosphates.
Equilibria in solution
Phosphoric acid speciation
In water solution, orthophosphoric acid and its three derived anions coexist according to the dissociation and recombination equilibria below[3]
Dissociation constant Ka[4]
H3PO4 ⇌ H
2PO−
4 + H+
Ka1 = [ H+
] [ H
4 ] / [ H
4 ] ≈ 7.5 × 10−3 pKa1 = 2.14
4 ⇌ HPO2−
] [ HPO2−
HPO2−
4 ⇌ PO3−
] [ PO3−
4 ] / [ HPO2−
4 ] ≈ 2.14 × 10−13 pKa3 = 12.37
Values are at 25 °C and 0 ionic strength.
The pKa values are the pH values where the concentration of each species is equal to that of its conjugate bases. At pH 1 or lower, the phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. Around pH 4.7 (mid-way between the first two pKa values) the dihydrogen phosphate ion, [H
, is practically the only species present. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third pKa values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO
, is the only species present. At pH 13 or higher, the acid is completely dissociated as the phosphate ion, (PO
This means that salts of the mono- and di-phosphate ions can be selectively crystallised from aqueous solution by setting the pH value to either 4.7 or 9.8.
In effect, H
4, H
and H(PO
behave as separate weak acids because the successive pKa differ by more than 4.
Phosphate can form many polymeric ions such as pyrophosphate, (P
, and triphosphate, (P
10)5−
. The various metaphosphate ions (which are usually long linear polymers) have an empirical formula of (PO
and are found in many compounds.
Biochemistry of phosphates
In biological systems, phosphorus can be found as free phosphate anions in solution (inorganic phosphate) or bound to organic molecules as various organophosphates.
Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (homeostatic) pH primarily consists of a mixture of [HPO
and [H
ions. At a neutral pH, as in the cytosol (pH = 7.0), the concentrations of the orthophoshoric acid and its three anions have the ratios
[ H
4 ] ≈ 7.5 × 104
[ HPO2−
4 ] ≈ 0.62
[ PO3−
4 ] ≈ 2.14 × 10−6
Thus, only [H
and [HPO
ions are present in significant amounts in the cytosol (62% [H
, 38% [HPO
). In extracellular fluid (pH = 7.4), this proportion is inverted (61% [HPO
, 39% [H
Inorganic phosphate can be present also as of pyrophosphate anions [P
, which can give orthophosphate by hydrolysis:
[P
+ H2O ⇌ 2 [HPO
Organic phosphates are commonly found in the form of esters as nucleotides (e.g. AMP, ADP, and ATP) and in DNA and RNA. Free orthophosphate anions can be released by the hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP or ADP. These phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions are the immediate storage and source of energy for many metabolic processes. ATP and ADP are often referred to as high-energy phosphates, as are the phosphagens in muscle tissue. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates.
Bones and teeth
An important occurrence of phosphates in biological systems is as the structural material of bone and teeth. These structures are made of crystalline calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite. The hard dense enamel of mammalian teeth may contain fluoroapatite, a hydroxy calcium phosphate where some of the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by fluoride ions.
Medical and biological research uses
Phosphates are medicinal salts of phosphorus. Some phosphates, which help cure many urinary tract infections, are used to make urine more acidic. To avoid the development of calcium stones in the urinary tract, some phosphates are used.[5] For patients who are unable to get enough phosphorus in their daily diet, phosphates are used as dietary supplements, usually because of certain disorders or diseases.[5] Injectable phosphates can only be handled by qualified health care providers.[5]
Plant metabolism
Plants take up phosphorus through several pathways: the arbuscular mycorrhizal pathway and the direct uptake pathway.
Adverse health effects
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Phosphate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hyperphosphatemia, or a high blood level of phosphates, is associated with elevated mortality in the general population. Hyperphosphatemia is generally caused by phosphate food additives, as phosphates that are naturally present in food are not completely absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Phosphates induce vascular calcification, and a high concentration of phosphates in blood was found to be a predictor of cardiovascular events.[6]
Phosphates are commonly used as additives in industrially processed food and fast food. Fast food and ready-to-eat processed foods are the main contributors of the rising consumption of phosphate among the population. Phosphates additives are also commonly found in flavoured soft drinks as well as certain dairy products.[6]
Geological occurrence
Phosphate mine near Flaming Gorge, Utah, US, 2008
Train loaded with phosphate rock, Métlaoui, Tunisia, 2012
Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus, found in many phosphate minerals. In mineralogy and geology, phosphate refers to a rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.[2]
The largest global producer and exporter of phosphates is Morocco. Within North America, the largest deposits lie in the Bone Valley region of central Florida, the Soda Springs region of southeastern Idaho, and the coast of North Carolina. Smaller deposits are located in Montana, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina. The small island nation of Nauru and its neighbor Banaba Island, which used to have massive phosphate deposits of the best quality, have been mined excessively. Rock phosphate can also be found in Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Western Sahara, Navassa Island, Tunisia, Togo, and Jordan, countries that have large phosphate-mining industries.
Phosphorite mines are primarily found in:
Main article: Phosphate mining in the United States
United States, especially Florida, with lesser deposits in North Carolina, Idaho, and Tennessee
Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia, Mauritania
Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iran and Iraq, at the town of Akashat, near the Jordanian border.
Central Asia: Kazakhstan
Oceania: Australia, Makatea, Nauru, and Banaba Island
In 2007, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of phosphorus was estimated to run out in 345 years.[7] However, some scientists thought that a "peak phosphorus" would occur in 30 years and Dana Cordell from Institute for Sustainable Futures said that at "current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years".[8] Reserves refer to the amount assumed recoverable at current market prices. In 2012 the USGS estimated world reserves at 71 billion tons, while 0.19 billion tons were mined globally in 2011.[9] Phosphorus comprises 0.1% by mass of the average rock[10] (while, for perspective, its typical concentration in vegetation is 0.03% to 0.2%),[11] and consequently there are quadrillions of tons of phosphorus in Earth's 3×1019-ton crust,[12] albeit at predominantly lower concentration than the deposits counted as reserves, which are inventoried and cheaper to extract. If it is assumed that the phosphate minerals in phosphate rock are mainly hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, phosphate minerals contain roughly 18.5% phosphorus by weight. If phosphate rock contains around 20% of these minerals, the average phosphate rock has roughly 3.7% phosphorus by weight.
Some phosphate rock deposits, such as Mulberry in Florida,[13] are notable for their inclusion of significant quantities of radioactive uranium isotopes. This is a concern because radioactivity can be released into surface waters[14] from application of the resulting phosphate fertilizer.
In December 2012, Cominco Resources announced an updated JORC compliant resource of their Hinda project in Congo-Brazzaville of 531 million tons, making it the largest measured and indicated phosphate deposit in the world.[15]
In July 2022 China announced quotas on phosphate exportation.[16]
The largest importers in millions of metric tons of phosphate are Brazil 3.2, India 2.9 and the USA 1.6.[17]
The three principal phosphate producer countries (China, Morocco and the United States) account for about 70% of world production.
Production and global reserves of natural phosphate by country in 2019
(USGS, 2021)[18]
(millions kg)
Share of
production (%)
Algeria 1,300 0.54 2,200,000
Australia 2,700 1.17 1,100,000
Brazil 4,700 3.00 1,600,000
China 95,000 44.83 3,200,000
Egypt 5,000 2.47 2,800,000
Finland 995 - 1,000,000
India 1,480 0.49 46,000
Iraq 200 0.09 430,000
Israel 2,810 1.48 57,000
Jordan 9,220 3.36 800,000
Kazakhstan 1,500 0.72 260,000
Mexico 558 0.76 30,000
Morocco and Western Sahara 35,500 13.45 50,000,000
Peru 4,000 1.79 210,000
Russia 13,100 5.60 600,000
Saudi Arabia 6,500 1.48 1,400,000
Senegal 3,420 0.45 50,000
South Africa 2,100 0.99 1,400,000
Syria 2,000 0.34 1,800,000
Togo 800 0.45 30,000
Tunisia 4,110 1.79 100,000
Uzbekistan 900 - 100,000
United States 23,300 12.37 1,000,000
Vietnam 4,650 1.21 30,000
Other countries 1,140 1.17 840,000
Total 227,000 100 71,000,000
Sea surface phosphate from the World Ocean Atlas
Relationship of phosphate to nitrate uptake for photosynthesis in various regions of the ocean. Note that nitrate is more often limiting than phosphate. See the Redfield ratio.
In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in environments, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. This is generally true of freshwater environments, whereas nitrogen is more often the limiting nutrient in marine (seawater) environments. Addition of high levels of phosphate to environments and to micro-environments in which it is typically rare can have significant ecological consequences. For example, blooms in the populations of some organisms at the expense of others, and the collapse of populations deprived of resources such as oxygen (see eutrophication) can occur. In the context of pollution, phosphates are one component of total dissolved solids, a major indicator of water quality, but not all phosphorus is in a molecular form that algae can break down and consume.[19]
Calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates can be found around bacteria in alluvial topsoil.[20] As clay minerals promote biomineralization, the presence of bacteria and clay minerals resulted in calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates.[20]
Phosphate deposits can contain significant amounts of naturally occurring heavy metals. Mining operations processing phosphate rock can leave tailings piles containing elevated levels of cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, chromium, and uranium. Unless carefully managed, these waste products can leach heavy metals into groundwater or nearby estuaries. Uptake of these substances by plants and marine life can lead to concentration of toxic heavy metals in food products.[21]
Diammonium phosphate - (NH4)2HPO4
Disodium phosphate – Na2HPO4
Hypophosphite – H
Metaphosphate – (POn
Monosodium phosphate – NaH2PO4
Ouled Abdoun Basin
Phosphate – OP(OR)3, such as triphenyl phosphate
Phosphate conversion coating
Phosphate soda, a soda fountain beverage
Phosphinate – OP(OR)R2
Phosphine – PR3
Phosphine oxide – OPR3
Phosphinite – P(OR)R2
Phosphite – P(OR)3
Phosphogypsum
Phosphonate – OP(OR)2R
Phosphonite – P(OR)2R
Polyphosphate – (HPO
Pyrophosphate – (P
Sodium tripolyphosphate – Na5P3O10
^ "Phosphates – PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center of Biotechnology Information.
^ a b "Phosphate Primer". Florida Industrial and Phosphate Research Institute. Florida Polytechnic University. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005). Biology (Seventh ed.). San Francisco, California: Benjamin Cummings. p. 65. ISBN 0-8053-7171-0.
^ Kipton J. Powell, Paul L. Brown, Robert H. Byrne, Tamás Gajda, Glenn Hefter, Staffan Sjöberg, Hans Wanner (2005): "Chemical speciation of environmentally significant heavy metals with inorganic ligands. Part 1: The Hg2+
, Cl−, OH−, CO2−
3, SO2−
4, and PO3−
4 aqueous systems". Pure and Applied Chemistry, volume 77, issue 4, pages 739–800. doi:10.1351/pac200577040739
^ a b c "Phosphate Supplement (Oral Route, Parenteral Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
^ a b Ritz, Eberhard; Hahn, Kai; Ketteler, Markus; Kuhlmann, Martin K.; Mann, Johannes (January 2012). "Phosphate additives in food--a health risk". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 109 (4): 49–55. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0049. ISSN 1866-0452. PMC 3278747. PMID 22334826.
^ Reilly, Michael (May 26, 2007). "How Long Will it Last?". New Scientist. 194 (2605): 38–9. Bibcode:2007NewSc.194...38R. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61508-5.
^ Leo Lewis (2008-06-23). "Scientists warn of lack of vital phosphorus as biofuels raise demand". The Times.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Phosphate Rock
^ U.S. Geological Survey "Phosphorus Soil Samples" (PDF).
^ Floor Anthoni. "Abundance of Elements". Seafriends.org.nz. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
^ American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract #V33A-1161. Mass and Composition of the Continental Crust
^ Central Florida Phosphate Industry: Environmental Impact Statement. Vol. 2. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979.
^ C. Michael Hogan (2010). "Water pollution". In Mark McGinley and C. Cleveland (Washington, DC.: National Council for Science and the Environment) (ed.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived from the original on 2010-09-16.
^ "Updated Hinda Resource Announcement: Now world's largest phosphate deposit (04/12/2012)". Cominco Resources. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
^ "China issues phosphate quotas to rein in fertiliser exports - analysts". Reuters. 15 July 2022.
^ "Top countries for Phosphate Fertilizer Imports".
^ "PHOSPHATE ROCK, usgs" (PDF).
^ Hochanadel, Dave (December 10, 2010). "Limited amount of total phosphorus actually feeds algae, study finds". Lake Scientist. Retrieved June 10, 2012. [B]ioavailable phosphorus – phosphorus that can be utilized by plants and bacteria – is only a fraction of the total, according to Michael Brett, a UW engineering professor ...
^ a b Schmittner KE, Giresse P (1999). "Micro-environmental controls on biomineralization: superficial processes of apatite and calcite precipitation in Quaternary soils, Roussillon, France". Sedimentology. 46 (3): 463–76. Bibcode:1999Sedim..46..463S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00224.x. S2CID 140680495.
^ Gnandi, K.; Tchangbedjil, G.; Killil, K.; Babal, G.; Abbel, E. (March 2006). "The Impact of Phosphate Mine Tailings on the Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Marine Fish and Crustaceans from the Coastal Zone of Togo". Mine Water and the Environment. 25 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1007/s10230-006-0108-4. S2CID 129497587.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phosphates.
US Minerals Databrowser provides data graphics covering consumption, production, imports, exports and price for phosphate and 86 other minerals
Phosphate: analyte monograph – The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
H3PO4 He
Li3PO4 Be BPO4
+BO3 C (NH4)3PO4 O +F Ne
Na3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 AlPO4 Si P +SO4 Cl Ar
K3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 ScPO4 Ti V Cr Mn3(PO4)2 Fe3(PO4)2
FePO4 Co3(PO4)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Cu3(PO4)2 Zn3(PO4)2 GaPO4 Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb3PO4 Sr3(PO4)2 YPO4 Zr3(PO4)4 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag3PO4 Cd3(PO4)2 InPO4 Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 * Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl3PO4 Pb3(PO4)2 BiPO4 Po At Rn
Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
* LaPO4 CePO4 PrPO4 NdPO4 PmPO4 Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho ErPO4 TmPO4 Yb
** Ac Th3(PO4)4 Pa U(PO4)2 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Phosphate minerals
Allanpringite
Beraunite
Brazilianite
Eosphorite
Fluorapatite
Hydroxyapatite
Lithiophilite
Metatorbernite
Monazite
Struvite
Taranakite
Xenotime
Cryptocrystalline
Whitlockite
Santabarbaraite
Scorodite
Minerals portal
Functional groups
Phosphorus oxyanions
Phosphorus(V) compounds


For his second adaptation of a Kobo Abe novel, Hiroshi Teshigahara overcomes the tough task of translating the existential, monologue driven writing of The Face of Another to the screen. The story centers on a chemist whose face becomes disfigured as the result of an explosive accident in his laboratory. In a very different vein than the B-horror premise would suggest, The Face of Another focuses exclusively on philosophical explorations on the meaning of faces, the prison of facelessness, and the freedom of anonymity. Teshigahara employs surreal imagery and set design to capture, in truly cinematic terms, Kobo Abe's subjective writing style. The Face of Another is as much a masterpiece as its literary source, posing questions and revealing images that will stir your thoughts on humanity.


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ARMS is on the docket this week as Ryan took part in the Global Test Punch last weekend. After the flurry of Joy-Cons, Joce talks about her further adventures in Elder Scrolls Online and the Morrowind expansion. Finally we wrap up what we're playing with an update on Fire Emblem, both Echoes and Heroes. In our topic we focus on E3 and the many, many company presentations that we get to watch in just a few weeks.


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Axis Innovation Team | April 7, 2020
Axis Webinars brings Italian innovation to the fore
During tough times, we always search for a glimmer of hope. That's why Axis Innovation decided to shine some light on Covid-19-stricken Italy, as the 4th part of Axis Webinars highlighted some of the most interesting Italian startups through an engaging online pitching session to worldwide investors. Watch the recording here! With the help of the Italian embassy in Israel, just as Italy starts to return to life, we wanted to direct the conversation towards something positive and assist Italian companies to grow. We virtually gathered a strong and diverse team of investors:
Fabio Lancellotti — Partner @ Aster Capital (France)
Sergey Gribov — Partner @ Flint Capital (USA)
Melissa Guzy — Founder & Managing Partner @ Arbor Ventures (Hong Kong)
David Fogel — Co-founder @ ADV, Alma Angels, and the Israeli Tech Parliament (UK)
Peter Lasinger — Managing Partner @ Capital300 (Austria)
Almudena Trigo — Chairwoman and General Partner @ BeAble Capital (Spain)
We also had a variety of interesting startups who are all making Italy proud with their innovative solutions:
The Data Appeal — human experience intelligence tech which removes the complexity from data-driven decisions.
Djungle — enabling strong customer engagement by bringing together technology and creativity, data and gamification, processes and know-how.
DayBreak Hotels — hotel room bookings for day-time use, transforming any hotel into a temporary office or a daycation destination.
Elemize — the Italian leader in residential energy aggregation, by creating smart energy communities.
FindMyLost — the first digital lost property platform for businesses and consumers.
What became clear, as the investors introduced themselves and described their funds, was their interest in Italian innovation and the excitement that they have about what could come from the country.
Mirko Lalli, of The Data Appeal, kicked us off with the startup presentations. While pitching the startup, he discussed the company's recent significant pivot, from focusing on the travel sector to a broadened scope including financial institutions and real estate — showing the type of adaptability which successful companies might need during the current times. Giulietta Testa, of Djungle, continued after some investor questions, pointing out the issues that companies face when it comes to customer engagement, and showing that their approach and their end-to-end solution is worth investing in at a time of major digitalization. Simon Botto, of DayBreakHotels, discussed the very low average occupancy rates of hotel rooms and under-use of hotel services, and the lost revenue caused by these — showing how valuable their solution could be in redefining hotel usage. Niccolo Teodori, of Elemize, spoke of the low adoption rate of solar energy and discussed how the startup's smart energy community solution could speed up such adoption, and enables customers to virtually eliminate energy bills, even without a technical understanding of how their energy works. Elena Belacicca, of FindMyLost, noted the huge amount of lost goods worldwide each day and the costly and old-fashioned methods of recovering them, explaining how their customizable platform for various industries can greatly enhance the efficiency and decrease costs of companies returning goods to their owners.
The panel of investors had very specific questions for each startup, trying to get a clear picture of what makes each one unique in how it adds value. Adapting to the new reality of the coronavirus-hit world was also a key interest of the investors, with the startups having differing levels of ability to take advantage of the current situation.
As it has in previous Axis Webinars, the question of making deals without in-person meetings came up because of the inability to travel now, with the investors asked to give advice on how entrepreneurs can get through that present challenge. Although some of the panel had closed deals in this fashion before, it is certainly an unusual hurdle. The general feeling was that both investors and entrepreneurs need to find a way to get to know the opposite parties as well as possible over the virtual channels which are available, to get a sense of their values and whether they are a good investment match. Melissa Guzy recommended that startups reach out to VCs who they think could be relevant well in advance — in order to get the ball rolling at a time when deals could take significantly longer than normal.
The webinar showcased five excellent startups, and certainly fulfilled its purpose of generating excitement in Italian innovation. We hope that Italian startups will thrive in the near future, and that our pitching session played its role in pushing that growth. This webinar was another example of one of the things which Axis Innovation does best — bring together the global community of startups and investors to help the innovation world come alive. More Axis Webinars are coming soon!


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Tom Lynch of the Tigers at training.
10 fallen AFL SuperCoach stars who could return to top
by Al Paton
2nd Feb 2020 4:58 PM
Finding the next big thing occupies a large part of our pre-season KFC SuperCoach planning.
But sometimes the next big thing was the last big thing.
Or a big thing a few years ago.
Players are often overlooked or written off after one poor season, when there may be a good reason for a drop in form.
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So-called "fallen premiums" - one-time elite SuperCoach scorers who have fallen out of favour - are a proven source of top-end SuperCoach scores - if you pick the right one.
Todd Goldstein is one of many case studies.
He was the dominant SuperCoach ruckman in 2015, averaging 128 points a game, but by 2017 his average had dropped to 95.
Last year he showed his full range of SuperCoach talents, rivalling Brodie Grundy and Max Gawn in the second half of the season.
Which players could return to the top in 2020?
The 10 listed below are all underpriced based on previous form. Even if you don't have the guts to pick them in your SuperCoach Classic team, they could be fantastic under-the-radar selections in SuperCoach Draft.
Rory Laird (Adel) $525,800 DEF
The attacking Crows defender has been a reliable SuperCoach scorer for the past five seasons, but he produced his best numbers in 2018 when he averaged 108 points a game. Last year he couldn't back it up, shedding more than 11 points from his average as his numbers dropped across the board.
Laird won four fewer disposals per game than in 2018 and recorded the lowest contested possession and intercept possession rates of his career. As a result he posted only four scores above 110 - down from 11 the year before.
Can he bounce back in 2020? A lot will depend on how the Crows play under new coach Matthew Nicks and after a player exodus that means Laird will have even more responsibility down back. But he has never had any problems finding the ball and it would be a shock if he went backwards again. Track his pre-season.
Sam Docherty (Carl) $436,100 DEF
The Blues co-captain falls into the category of premiums returning from injury - you can add Devon Smith, Dylan Roberton, Jack Steven and Tom Mitchell to the list (although he hasn't fallen too far in terms of his SuperCoach price).
Docherty was the topscoring SuperCoach defender in 2017 when he averaged almost 115 points a game. It might be wishful thinking to hope he can score like that again after two years out of the game but he's going to be in a lot of teams if he lines up in Round 1.
Jeremy Howe's average of 84 last year was his lowest in five seasons.
Jeremy Howe (Coll) $431,900 DEF
The high-flying Magpie's 2019 SuperCoach average of 84 was his lowest since 2015. His disposal numbers, contested marks and intercept marks were all down, but the blame could lie with Collingwood's shocking run with injuries in defence.
They meant Howe was forced to play on opposition key forwards 48 per cent of the time, leaving more defensive spoils and fewer spectacular leaps over the pack. If the Pies get a better run, he should be freed up to return to the 90-plus averages he recorded from 2016-19.
One unknown is the impact of Darcy Moore - is he stealing Howe's points?
Chad Wingard (Haw) $412,300 FWD/MID
The former Port Adelaide star featured in SuperCoach discussions this time last year but he missed the start of the season, was scratched from SuperCoach sides and has seemingly been forgotten about since. That's a mistake.
Wingard posted premium numbers in 2017 (average 93), 2015 (98) and 2013 (99 in just his second season in the AFL), so we know he's capable. He's had a year to find his feet at the Hawks and is set to enter 2020 injury-free (touch wood).
Hopes of a midfield role might be misplaced - last year he played further up the ground and the resulting drop in scoreboard impact (fewest goals and score assist since his debut season) impacted his SuperCoach return.
Can Chad Wingard return to premium forward status in his second year as a Hawk?
Sam Jacobs (GWS) $348,400 RUCK
Remember the glory days when the new Giants ruckman averaged 115.4 and was one of the premier ruckman in the league? That was back in 2014 and even we have to admit a return to a 115-point average is unlikely.
But Jacobs should see a spike in scoring after switching to GWS where he will be the No. 1 man in the ruck, having been overtaken in that role at Adelaide by upstart Reilly O'Brien.
One thing you can say about "Sauce", he's ultra reliable. Taking out last season, he played at least 20 matches every year since 2012. He's also incredibly cheap compared to big name rucks Brodie Grundy and Max Gawn. But are you brave enough to start without one of them?
Tom Lynch (Rich) $388,800 FWD
Lynch would be pretty happy with his move to Punt Rd after claiming a premiership in his first season as a Tiger. But his SuperCoach numbers took a hit - his average of 71.6 was his lowest since 2013.
After virtually no pre-season, Lynch took a while to warm up but came home with a wet sail, averaging 99 from Round 17 to the Grand Final. That run included scores of 132, 149 and 47 - par for the course with key forwards. But this year there should be a lot more of the bigger numbers. Expect Lynch to challenge his personal-best season average of 93 in 2016, which would equate to a big price rise.
Tom Lynch finished last season with a flourish to spearhead Richmond's premiership.
Dan Hannebery (StK) $417,000 MID
It would take guts to pick Hannebery after his injury-cursed start at St Kilda that restricted him to just five senior games. And he broke his foot falling down a set of stairs just after the season finished.
But if we set that aside for a moment to look at Hannebery's SuperCoach history, you only have to go back to 2017 to find premium numbers (97). From 2014-16 he was one of the topscoring midfielders in the game. And when he did play last year his numbers weren't shabby at all, topping 90 in four of those five matches with a high of 122.
You would want to be VERY confident about his body to take the punt, but it could pay off.
Michael Hurley (Ess) $432,900 DEF
Hurley averaged 90-plus from 2015-18 but his average fell to 79.7 last season. What made him a great SuperCoach pick was his ability to collect big disposal numbers while playing as a key backman, but that dried up as he averaged just 19 touches a game. His 6.8 intercept possessions were also his fewest as a defender.
Confidence in a bounce-back year isn't high after his finish to 2019 when he averaged just 62 from Round 14, collecting 20-plus disposals in just one of his last seven games.
Was a poor 2019 just an aberration for the otherwise reliable Sam Menegola?
Sam Menegola (Geel) $441,700 MID
One stat illustrates Menegola's struggles in 2019. After averaging a goal a game the previous year, he kicked just two for the entire season. A career-low scoring accuracy of 33 per cent didn't help, but the former SuperCoach gun also recorded career-lows for disposals (19), contested possessions (eight), clearances (two), tackles (2), and SuperCoach points (82).
It's easy to forget he was the second-most expensive forward last season after averaging 100 SuperCoach points the previous two seasons. Was 2019 just one bad year?
Bryce Gibbs (Adel) $375,100 MID
Remember when Gibbs was a must-have SuperCoach pick? He has averaged at least 100 in six seasons and over 90 as recently as 2018, but dropped off a cliff last season to finish with an average of 69.1 in 12 matches.
That has resulted in what looks like a crazy bargain, but his demotion to the SANFL came after recording his lowest disposal numbers since 2007, and the second-lowest contested possession rate of his career (28.3 per cent).
He will enter the season aged 31, and with an uncertain role under Matthew Nicks. You would have to be braver than me. If you are - good luck!
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