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OC Blood & Cancer Care > Blog > 2018 > June
Posted by Jack Jacoub on June 8, 2018 with 0 Comment
If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and are embarking on treatment, it's likely you've heard about stem cell transplants at some point. These transplants can be an important part of treatment for some patients, but they're not appropriate for everyone who has lymphoma. Let's take a look at the facts you should know.
These transplants work by improving function in the bone marrow
Stem cells are blood cells in their earliest stage of development, and they're made in the body's bone marrow. Think of bone marrow — the spongy substance inside our bones — as the immune system's factory, churning out additional fighters every day.
The stem cells develop into mature blood cells within the bone marrow and then go into the bloodstream, where they serve a number of functions, including carrying oxygen to cells, helping blood to clot, and fighting infection. Normally, the bone marrow makes millions of new blood cells daily, to replenish the cells that are dying off naturally. For example, red blood cells live for only about four months.
In a stem cell transplant, bone marrow that's been damaged — for those with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, that trauma comes from chemo — and unable to keep producing stem cells on its own gets a fresh infusion, so the factory can get back up and running.
Stem cell transplants are usually only used for recurring lymphoma
There are many forms of lymphoma, so when and how stem cell transplants are used will depend on what type of lymphoma is present, says Robert Dean, M.D., in the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology at Cleveland Clinic. But, that said, these transplants are primarily used only when first-line treatments aren't working, or if lymphoma has gone into remission and then recurred.
"When that happens, it tells us that some of the cancer cells were strong enough to resist the initial chemo, or that they managed to bypass the chemo in some way," he says. "In that case, going back to using the same chemo as we did the first time wouldn't be the best treatment, because it's likely those cancer cells would be resistant. So, we need to consider adding a stem cell transplant into the mix for those patients."
Stem cell transplants are not a treatment option on their own
Although they're sometimes called "stem cell treatments," this form of intervention is not a treatment by itself, the way that chemotherapy or radiation would be. Instead, it's used as a way to help the immune system recover from stronger chemotherapy, says Jack F. Jacoub, M.D., medical oncologist and medical director of California-based MemorialCare Cancer Institute at Orange Coast Medical Center.
When lymphoma patients see their cancer come back, high-intensity chemo is the best option, Dr. Jacoub adds. But the major side effect of that is significantly reduced or even destroyed capability within the bone marrow.
"When you wipe out the bone marrow, essentially you no longer have immune system function," he says. "You may have eliminated the cancer, but you can't operate without an immune system."
Stem cell treatments help the body start growing blood cells normally again, so that your immune system can get back to its normal functioning. "Think of a stem cell transplant as a parachute," Dr. Dean says. "It's a valuable safety mechanism, but chemo is the jump out of the airplane."
Ideally, this combination provides a powerful way to treat recurrent lymphoma, because the stronger chemotherapy potentially clears the system of cancer cells, and the stem cell treatment helps the body get back to normal immune system function more quickly.
Dr. Dean adds that for many patients, higher dose chemo without a stem cell treatment isn't recommended, because the body may not be able to get "back online" without one. After all, he adds, who would risk skydiving without a parachute?
You may get your own stem cells or donor cells
In some cancers, like leukemia, donor cells are preferred because they tend to be better at finding and attacking leftover cancer cells, Dr. Dean notes. But for lymphoma, using a patient's own cells can often be just as effective. If that's the approach an oncologist chooses, some of your stem cells will be harvested and stored before the stronger-chemo rounds, and then re-introduced to the body after the chemo has cleared from the system.
There are some cases where donor cells are more commonly used, mainly with certain forms of particularly aggressive lymphoma. For example, there's a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma called mantle cell lymphoma where the body makes abnormal B-cells (the white blood cells that fight infection). Dr. Dean notes that this type of cancer tends to be treated more effectively with high-dose chemo and donor stem cells.
But no matter where your stem cells might originate, the goal is the same. "Stem cell therapy is added on to treatment with the expectation of a longer remission," he says.
Elizabeth Millard is a freelance journalist specializing in health, wellness, fitness, and nutrition. Her articles have appeared in SELF, Men's Health, CNN, MyFitnessPal, and WebMD, and she has worked on patient education materials for Mayo Clinic and UnitedHealth Group. Find her on Instagram at @bossykind and on Twitter at @EMillard_Writer. Her online portfolio is at elizabethmillard.pressfolios.com. When not writing, she's also a yoga teacher and organic farmer.
Article & Image Source: Stem Cell Treatment for Lymphoma: What You Should Know
Unlike cancers related to an organ or a specific part of the body — such as lung cancer or breast cancer — lymphoma can develop at any point within the lymphatic system, and involve one of numerous types of cancers under the larger definitions of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. To understand how this cancer can develop, let's first take a look at the lymph system, how it works, and what happens when it can't.
What is the lymph system?
Your lymphatic system is an important part of your immune system, and is represented by an extensive network of vessels passing through almost all of the body's tissues, shuttling a clear liquid called lymph throughout the body.
On this network are around 500 to 700 "lymph nodes" that essentially act as manufacturing stations for lymph — a fluid that contains white blood cells used to defend the body against invaders like viruses and bacteria. One of the main types of these cells is called a lymphocyte, which include T cells and B cells, two of the strongest fighters in your immune system's army of cells.
Lymph nodes also serve as filtering mechanisms; the lymph system regularly drains excess fluid from body tissues and then routes it though the lymph nodes for assessment by immune system cells.
"Think of it as a whole branching network that runs through your body and works to keep everything well regulated, and as part of that effort, to identify invaders," says Catherine Diefenbach, M.D., clinical director of lymphoma at NYU Langone Perlumtter Cancer Center, New York.
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are grouped into clusters, particularly in the neck, armpits, groin, chest, and abdomen. Also considered part of the lymph system are bone marrow, the spleen, tonsils, and the thymus.
How does the lymph system work, and how does it fail?
When the lymph system shuttles fluid out of the tissues for examination and finds bacteria or viruses, it traps them and enlists immune cells to attack. This often creates an inflammatory response, causing the nodes in that area to swell, and if it's in a part of the body where it can be felt externally, you might feel pain or tenderness there, Dr. Diefenbach says. The effect of "swollen glands" is actually enlarged lymph nodes.
You may also experience more aggressive symptoms like night sweats, fever, weight loss, adds Jack F. Jacoub, M.D., medical oncologist and medical director of MemorialCare Cancer Institute at Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, California.
When the system gets out of balance in some way, the process of keeping your body fluids in balance can get out of whack. That can lead to fluid building up in your tissues instead of being shuttled out by the lymph vessels. When that happens, you will likely have swelling — called lymphedema — that can cause issues like infections and blockages. Because your immune system won't be operating efficiently, it can also leave you more susceptible to illness.
Cancer of the lymph system can arise either because of cells in the system that have turned malignant, or because a lowered immune system allowed cancer cells to go unchecked. In both cases, those cancer cells can spread throughout the body along the lymph system and then grow in lymph node clusters.
If you're experiencing swelling that doesn't go away, or having some of the more aggressive symptoms like fever, that should prompt a check with your doctor for possible lymphoma or other conditions that might be affecting the lymph system, advises Dr. Jacoub.
How is lymphoma diagnosed and treated?
Because the lymph system runs throughout the entire body, lymphoma is detected through whole-body imaging like a PET scan or a CAT scan, Dr. Jacoub says. It may also be diagnosed through a bone marrow biopsy. He adds that staging is still evolving, but in general, stage 1 involves a cancer that is in one lymph node region, such as contained in the neck or the groin. Stage 2 is in two or more lymph node regions and may involve one organ as well. Stages 3 and 4 represent a spread beyond the lymph node areas to organs like the liver or lungs.
Both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involve the lymphocytes, but the former has the presence of a certain type of B cell — called a Reed-Sternberg type — that has become malignant. If you don't have this abnormal cell, you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Unlike some forms of cancer that benefit from tumor removal by surgery, it's rare for lymphoma to be addressed that way, Dr. Jacoub notes. That's because it's considered a "total body illness" due to the way the lymphatic system operates. There are more than 30 types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, so specific treatment will be based on what type is present. But in general, says Dr. Jacoub, chemotherapy and targeted radiation are considered the first-line treatments for most lymphomas.
With both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, there are numerous clinical trials in progress designed to test new protocols, different medication regimens, or pre-market drugs.
For those who have been diagnosed and are curious about whether a trial is a good fit, it's worth doing some research and talking with your physician about the possibility. Here are some basics as a solid starting point.
What the 'phases' of a clinical trial mean
There are four phases of clinical trials. Phase one assesses the safety of a drug, device, or other intervention. It usually includes a small number of participants — often fewer than 100.
"Phase one trials used to have a negative connotation, because patients sometimes believed you would be ramping up dosage of a drug until they saw bad side effects," says Jack F. Jacoub, M.D., medical oncologist and medical director of MemorialCare Cancer Institute at Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, California. "That's simply not the case. You're not seen as a lab rat in these trials, you're viewed as a vital participant in a very important process toward improving medicine. That's true at every phase."
In phase two, with safety in place, the drug or device is evaluated for efficacy. This involves more participants, and may use a "control" group that receives a placebo or standard treatment. Most often, though, there is no placebo — simply different levels of medication dosages or the same dose applied to multiple types of conditions.
"There's a common misconception that some people in the trial will get a placebo and therefore not be treated for their condition," says Dr. Jacoub. "But there will always be a standard of care in place."
Phase three brings in several hundred to several thousand participants and uses randomized and blind testing to determine whether the treatment works for a larger number of people. Phase three also looks more closely at potential adverse reactions, such as significant side effects.
At that point, the drug, device, or intervention can then be approved for use among a wider patient population, and may enter phase four, which looks at long-term effectiveness.
For every phase, there is an initial process called "informed consent." During that period, you'll have the chance to ask the researchers questions — although you can certainly do that during the trial as well. Informed consent is required by federal law for research institutions, to ensure that patients understand the requirements, risks, and benefits of participating in a specific trial.
No matter what phase you join, keep in mind that you can drop out anytime. Joining a trial doesn't mean you're automatically "locked in" until the end. Participation is always voluntary.
What to consider before joining a trial
Even if you've qualified for a trial based on the specific research criteria of that trial, there are still several factors to keep in mind before joining. For example, a major aspect is what type of support you have from caregivers, says Marlon Saria, Ph.D., R.N., advanced practice nurse researcher at the John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California.
Dr. Saria has been involved with clinical trials for eight years, with usually around 20 trials open simultaneously. Those who seem to do the best with trials, he notes, are people who have engaged and organized caregivers.
"If you have a diagnosis like cancer, you already have a complex medical issue," he says. "You're dealing with pain management, treatment, possible medication schedules, testing, and appointments. Adding a clinical trial into that gives you more to track and remember. It's best to have support for that."
Also, an active caregiver can be observant about potential side effects. Dr. Saria has seen patients leave clinical trials because they haven't noticed problems until their side effects were quite advanced. But if those effects are caught early, they can be addressed and allow you to stay in the trial.
For those with lymphoma who don't have an involved caregiver, help is available through the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS), says Alissa Gentile, R.N., director of the organization's Clinical Trial Support Center. The LLS service has nurses who follow patients through clinical trials and help them through the process. Also useful, LLS maintains an online database of lymphoma-related trials on its website.
Keep financial aspects in mind
Another consideration when thinking about whether to join a trial may be the financial impact. In some cases, participants receive payment, but more often, the pharmaceutical or device company involved in the treatment only pays for the treatment used in the clinical trial.
That doesn't cover expenses like hospital stays, doctor and nurse time, and other costs, including some drugs costs, according to Gentile.
"There is a large misconception that clinical trials will cover all expenses, and unfortunately, that's rarely true," she says. "That's why it's important to look at potential costs and insurance coverage when evaluating whether to join a trial. Otherwise, you may have an unpleasant surprise when you find that you have to cover costs that you didn't expect."
Knowing the aspects of a trial — how long the trial will be conducted, how current treatment will be affected, which out-of-pocket expenses will be involved, and what factors would cause you to be dropped from the trial — is a crucial part of making the decision about whether a trial seems like a good fit for you.
Abby Lee Miller Continues To Fight Rare Cancer
The Dance Moms star is starting her third round of chemo.
'Dance Moms' star Abby Lee Miller has begun her third round of chemotherapy for her Burkitt lymphoma.
Abby Lee was first diagnosed with the rare form of cancer following a hospitalization in April for what doctors thought was a spinal infection.
Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of cancer that starts in the white blood cells, and can be lethal within weeks without treatment.
Dance Moms star Abby Lee Miller has had an intense past few months in the health department. First, she was hospitalized with severe neck pain and had to have emergency spinal surgery. Then, she learned she had a rare form of cancer known as Burkitt lymphoma (a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), according to ET Online. Now, she's undergoing her third round of chemo to try to treat her cancer.
Abby (who has been in the hospital since mid-April, per Page Six) shared a closeup of her face bathed in sunlight on Instagram Sunday. "Going outside to feel the sun on my face was wonderful!!!" she wrote. "Kids, never take anything in this world for granted! It can all change so suddenly! The Brilliant Dr. B cleared me for sunning this afternoon! Woo Hoo! Thank you sir!"
Her sweet sunning shot comes just days after she revealed that she was about to start her third round of chemotherapy. "I should be planning a weekend of fun in the sun at the pool!," she captioned a throwback photo on Instagram. "There's nothing I enjoy more than swimming and a good tan! Instead, I start round 3 of chemo……… another battle that I must win!!!"
With Burkitt lymphoma, the cancer usually starts in a person's abdomen, where it forms a large tumor. It can spread rapidly to the brain and spinal fluid. It is very rare, according to the ACS-making up just 1 to 2 percent of all lymphomas.
Why did Abby have to avoid sun exposure during treatment?


Nikon updated its popular 18-200mm zoom lens in July of 2009, responding to feedback from its customer base. The lens doesn't appear to have been redesigned, but rather tweaked in small ways. In particular, the new lens uses rounded diaphragm blades to make up the aperture, includes a 'Super Integrated Coating' to reduce flare and ghosting, and adds a zoom lock switch to address persistent issues with zoom creep.
The lens takes 72mm filters, ships with a petal-shaped lens hood, and is available now for around $800.
One of the areas of improvement in the new lens is sharpness, producing slightly better results than the previous version of the lens.
Wide open at 18mm, the lens produces images with a generous sweet spot of sharpness, around 1.5 blur units through the middle of the frame. The sharpness degrades slightly towards the corners, where we note around 2 blur units. Stopping down offers only marginal improvement, both in the corners and the center of the image, until we note maximum sharpness at this focal length at ƒ/8. At this point central sharpness is still sitting at around 1.5 blur units, but the corners are just a hair under 2 blur units.
Mid-range performance is much improved over the previous version of the lens. Between 24 and 70mm, at the widest aperture settings, central sharpness rests at between 1.5 and just under 2 blur units, while corner sharpness (similarly to the previous version of the lens) varies between focal length setting. At 35mm it is particularly noteworthy, showing upwards of 5-6 blur units, but at other focal lengths between 24 and 70mm it's relatively innocuous - around 2-3 blur units. Stopping down to ƒ/8 offers great improvement, taming the corners dramatically, and producing average performance of between 1 and 1.5 blur units. For maximum sharpness I would set this lens to 50mm and ƒ/8.
Telephoto performance at 135mm and 200mm is still the weak point for this lens, but again, it is somewhat improved over the previous version. By these focal lengths the maximum aperture setting is ƒ/5.6, which makes the vibration reduction setting all the more useful. In terms of results, at 135mm we note a small sweet spot of sharpness in the center of the image at around 1.5 blur units, which softens quickly to around 3-4 blur units at the corners. At 200mm this effect is similar but the sweet spot is smaller. Stopping down in both cases produces marginal gains, more so at 135mm than 200mm, but not much.
Fully stopped-down performance isn't bad, producing images with around 2-3 blur units. At 200mm however, we note results in the range of 4 blur units.
Performance for chromatic aberration is virtually unchanged from the previous version of the lens. On a body with automatic chromatic aberration reduction CA would probably be dramatically reduced, but on our D200 test body, we note fairly high CA results at the wide (18mm) and telephoto (200mm) extremes. At other focal lengths, CA is well-controlled. There isn't much difference between aperture settings at the wide angle, but at 200mm, smaller apertures produce slightly more CA, with the worst results at ƒ/36.
Results for light falloff appear to be virtually identical between the previous and current versions of the 18-200mm ƒ/3.5-5.6. Corner shading is present but not overly problematic, with the worst results showing at 18mm and ƒ/3.5. Images produced with these settings show corners that are over 3/4 EV darker than the center. To get images with only marginal corner shading, you'll have to stop down to at least ƒ/8, or (interestingly) shoot at 24mm or 35mm, where light falloff doesn't appear to be an issue.
The complex array of lens elements that allows such a vast range of focal lengths in one lens leads to some dramatic results for distortion. When used in the wide angle configuration, the lens provides uniform barrel (''bloat'') distortion up to around 21mm, with noteable distortion in the corners at 18mm (+1.2%). After 21mm, distortion across the frame remains consistently barrel-distorted, but at a moderately low level (around 0.25%, on average) and the extreme corner distortion turns into the pincushion (''squeeze'') style. The worst results are seen between 24mm and 50mm, where the corners show -0.75% pincushion distortion.
As an AF-S lens, autofocus operation is quick and virtually silent. The 18-200mm will work on all Nikon camera bodies that support SWM (silent wave motor) lenses. Autofocus results can be overridden at any time by simply turning the focus ring.
The lens isn't rated for macro, but that said it's not bad either: a magnification of 0.22x (1:4.5 reproduction), and a minimum close-focusing distance of 50cm (just over 18 inches).
The Nikon 18-200mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 is a built with a durable plastic construction, finished with a matte black texture. The lens mount is metal and the 72mm filter threads are plastic. The lens comes with a petal-shaped hood.
The lens features a switch to disable autofocus (''M/A - M'') and a distance scale marked in feet and meters, located under a clear plastic window. There are no depth of field markings, or an infrared index mark. As a G-series lens, there is no aperture ring. The lens also features seven rounded aperture blades. Two other switches are present, one to enable or disable vibration reduction, and one to select the style of vibration reduction required: active (4-axis) or normal (2-axis, on the horizontal plane).
The zoom ring is the larger of the two, mounted towards the end of the lens. The ring is 3/4-inch wide, made of a tactile rubber, and surfaced with raised ribs. The zoom ring is nicely cammed: it takes two fingers to move the ring. At 200mm, there is significant lens extension, as the lens doubles its length from around 3 1/4'' to just under 6 1/2''. Zoom creep was a widely-reported problem for this lens, more so as the lens aged. Accordingly, Nikon has included a zoom lock switch, which when selected locks the lens to its 18mm position.
The focus ring is plastic, just 3/8'' wide and textured with raised ribs. The ring is mounted closer to the lens mount. The ring takes about ninety degrees to run through the focusing range, but there are no hard stops at infinity or close-focus; rather, there is a slight increase of resistance to let you know you're at the end. There is some additional room at infinity to allow for focusing at different temperatures. The front element does not rotate during focus or zoom operations.
While I can't give you definitive numbers for the VR performance of the 18-200mm (Nikon claims up to four stops of improvement), I can tell you it does offer improved performance in controlling camera shake. The VR employed in the 18-200mm hasn't changed from its predecessor design, offering only one setting for VR (on and off). When set to ''normal'', the system allows for panning shots which compensate for vertical shake only; in ''active'' mode, the system compensates for movement in all four directions.
The petal-shaped lens hood reverses onto the end of the lens for storage; the interior of the hood is a smooth, matte finish.
Nikon 18-200mm ƒ/3.5-5.6G IF-ED AF-S DX VR Nikkor ~$?
Now discontinued, the original 18-200mm is still a capable lens, and perhaps one unintended advantage inherent in the release of version 2 is that used copies of version 1 will now hit the market, and dealers will be selling off copies of their old stock. While technically not as sharp as the newer version, the differences are minor, and in terms of performance in the categories of chromatic aberration, light falloff and distortion, the two lenses are virtually identical.
Sigma's offering in this category is comparable in the wide and mid-range of its focal lengths, but after 80mm, the Sigma isn't nearly as capable as the Nikon. Stopped-down though, it's not bad. To its credit, the Sigma offers much less corner shading, though chromatic aberration is more problematic. Results for distortion are almost identical. Sigma also produces an 18-200mm OS lens.
Tamron's 18-270mm lens holds the crown (at time of writing) as the travel zoom with the widest range of focal lengths. The Nikon is slightly sharper wide open, but stopped down, the Tamron is just as capable. Results for chromatic aberration are impressively low at wide-angle and in the mid-range, but at telephoto, CA is significantly high. Light falloff is better than the Nikon, but distortion is slightly worse.
Nikon hasn't re-invented the 18-200mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 VR2 (II), but they've made some useful tweaks, addressing some complaints that have dogged this lens since it was first introduced. For its size and price point, it makes an excellent all-in-one lens.
Just picked one up and I don't know why I'm even surprised about the lens creep. Seriously?! Haven't they had at least 7 years to fix this? Not feeling it from Nikon lately.
quite a bit tighter barrel than my vr I and sharper.
have had a VRI for some years on D80-90-7000 cameras. decided to have a backup setup and purchased the VRII from 42nd. This VRII is sharper and tighter than the old model.
Actually, my sample VRII is very sharp, and using the in camera D7000 distortion control you can clean up the only weak area of the lens.
i traded in a 16-85 which was sharper than VRI and equal to VRII. There are sharper lenses but not really more convenient ones. I have an 80-400 which if you can hold it still shoots better, but you get one good shot out of 5. The VRII nails it every time.
the lens also is a lot less sloppy in the barrel when zoomed to the 200 mm position.
i looked at tamron and sigma, the nikon has a bigger 72 mm objective and the others are smaller. i thought the tamron 18-270 might be as good, but the focus is nowhere near the nikon system.
the lens is not quite sharp enough at the edges to reach d7000 limits. but on the other hand i have 4 meg pix photos that still look great. it's about color, not always about sharp pixel peeping details..
Definitely not a successful replacement for Vr I edition.
Zoom lock doesn't help much at 18mm, eitherway the lens doesn't have any creep there.
I was very pleased with my Vr I edition and i regret for it;s sale....maybe it was softer but it was decent at all frame.
What bothers me here is the old lens gets over an 8 in image quality and this lens gets over a 7, but the new lens is said to be better in image quality. also the old lens gets a better overall rating.
To the question about why this lens is rated lower than the original, that's for several reasons...when this lens first came out there wasn't much competition, the Tamron 18-270VC wasn't available, the only choices were the Tamron 18-250 *without* IS and the Sigma 18-200 for Nikon-mount (which also is a dog away from F8 and uses really-poor glass in my opinion). There also wasn't a Nikon fullframe so there wasnt a Nikon match for the Tamron 28-300 (which doesn't have IS but is a nice, decently-sharp superzoom). So there weren't any real options other than to get this lens if you wanted a superzoom for a Nikon camera and thus it was rated against nothing for quite a while. The only real competition for the combination itself was the Tamron 18-250 on the Sony subframe, either an A100 or A700, and Sony really screwed the pooch there for a while with cooked-raw (but that combination is what exposed the weaknesses of this lens for me). I think that people were happy to get a decent Nikon superzoom for subframes (and remember that was their entire market back then), as they were at least able to get shots with it over a wide focal-length range (which you have to admit does count for a lot, especially with a DSLR), and then over time as they shot the lens and compared the results to what they got with other lenses on the same cameras and other lenses on different cameras (like, the Tamron 18-250 on any Sony with body IS, the Canon 18-200 EF-S IS on a Canon, etc, shorter-throw zooms that are sharper) they realized just how bad a lens it is. And of course some did not expect much out of it compared to say a $1500 zoom or a prime, and some did not really know to expect more, and some didn't care to update their review.
So the early lens was rated against the absence of any real competition, this new lens is definitely rated in the face of stiff competition.
I still say that the new one may be great for you, so you should at least buy it and try it if you are at all interested in this lens. Get it and the Tamron 18-270VC and have a shoot-off. I got a lot of good shots out of my 18-200 when I had one, but I got sick of the blurry fine-detail and feeling that I had to shoot it at F11, tried the Tamron 18-250 on my D300 and never looked back. I have not bought a non-Tamron lens since. You want an extreme comparison, try shooting a landscape scene of decent complexity and fine-detail with a Tamron 18-250 on a Sony A700 at low ISO and compare it to any Nikon subframe with this lens. Shoot 'em both raw, using the same lens settings & the same focus-point, even use the old V3 bios on the A700 and your favorite raw-converter. Just for fun try using a tripod. The Nikon combo will give you better color and maybe a touch-better focus, but the Sony/Tamron combo will give you 50x more fine-detail even using the old v3 cooked-raw bios with a lot less geometric distortion. Below ISO800 it won't even be close, at ISO800 and above I'd prefer the Nikon combination simply because at high ISO fine-detail is already lost to noise anyway, especially in a subframe and I'm probably shooting wide-angle wide-open anyway & neither lens is going to be sharp across the frame then.
But with the Tamron 18-250 I can get decently sharp shots at F5.6 not to mention F8 and it never sees F11 in my hands. The Nikon 18-200 pretty much starts to be "ok" at F8 and needs to be shot at F11 to get it to be flat-sharp across the frame away from say 50mm on the lens. Even then it just does not get "sharp" in my opinion. Sure I could ue DxO or Bibble lens-correction which definitely helps, but still the Tamrons are *way* easier to shoot in my opinion, but to be fair, you really have to try these things for yourself to know for sure. As long as it's a plausible candidate for your bag. Everyone has an opinion.
Nice travel zoom lens. Light and compact (when collapsed). Very impressive image quality for a superzoom, exellent VR performance.


–The Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed quarterback Blaine Gabbert to a one-year contract, the team announced Wednesday. He is expected to compete with Ryan Griffin to back up Jameis Winston. Financial terms were not announced.
–Free agent wide receiver Demaryius Thomas pleaded guilty to a charge of careless driving resulting in injury.
–Wide receiver Jordy Nelson is retiring from the NFL, his former team, the Green Bay Packers, confirmed.
–They've yet to play a down for him, but the Arizona Cardinals probably are ready to vote Kliff Kingsbury the coach of the year. Speaking at the league meetings in Phoenix, Kingsbury said he will give players a timeout to check their phones during team meetings.
–Should HBO come knocking at the door, Oakland Raiders owner Mark Davis hopes not to have to answer it. The Raiders are one of five teams that meet the parameters for appearing on HBO's "Hard Knocks," the popular training camp reality series. And Davis said he doesn't want his team to take part.
–Jerod Mayo, who spent his entire NFL career as a linebacker with the New England Patriots, is returning to the team as an assistant coach.


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Donte McGill (Filadelfia, Pensilvania, ) es un baloncestista estadounidense que actualmente se encuentra sin equipo. Con 1,91 metros de estatura, juega en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó su primera temporada en el Goldey–Beacom College en Pike Creek Valley, Delaware, perteneciente a la División II de la NCAA, donde promedió 15,1 puntos, 3,7 rebtes y 1,5 asistencias, por lo que fue elegido Rookie del Año de la Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference. Al año siguiente jugó en la Universidad Vincennes de la NJCAA, donde acreditó unos promedios de 11,6 puntos y 3,6 rebotes por partido.

Finalmente en 2016 llegó a la División I de la NCAA al comprometerse con los Panthers de la Universidad Internacional de Florida, donde en su primera temporada fue el máximo anotador del equipo, al promediar 16,1 puntos por partido, a los que añadió 4,6 rebotes y 1,3 asistencias, mejorando en el aspecto anotador al año siguiente, al anotar 18,3 puntos por encuentro.

Profesional
Tras no ser elegido en el Draft de la NBA de 2017, sí lo fue en el Draft de la NBA G League, siendo escogido por los Lakeland Magic en la tercera posición de la cuarta ronda. Pero fue cortado antes del comienzo de la competición, no siendo reclamado por otro equipo hasta enero de 2018, cuando los Delaware 87ers se hicieron con sus servicios. Solo disputó cuatro partidos, en los que promedió 4,7 puntos y 2,2 asistencias.

En enero de 2019 fichó por el equipo kazajo del Barsy Atyrau de la Liga Internacional de Baloncesto de los Balcanes, con los que disputó cinco partidos, promediando 18,8 puntos y 5,2 rebotes, mientras que en la Liga de Kazajistán promedió 21,6 puntos y 4,4 asistencias en once encuentros.

Tras comenzar la temporada siguiente en el equipo kazajo, en el mes de octubre de 2019 dejó el equipo para fichar por el Stal Ostrów Wielkopolski de la liga polaca, donde solo jugó cinco encuentros, promediando 5,0 puntos y 1,6 rebotes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Bio en nusports.com
 Ficha en Realgm.com
 Estadísticas en la NCAA
 Ficha en eurobasket.com

Baloncestistas de Pensilvania
Baloncestistas de los Goldey-Beacom Lightning
Baloncestistas de los Vincennes Trailblazers
Baloncestistas de los Delaware 87ers
Baloncestistas de los Florida International Golden Panthers
Baloncestistas del Stal Ostrów Wielkopolski

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What do Russians Like to Do in the Summer?
Every foreigner visiting Russia is probably interested in what Russians like to do in the summer. Russians like any other people like to relax in a variety of ways. If they have some free time during the summer they prefer to go to the seaside. If not, they will try hard to find the reason to spend a lot of time in the open air, to go out, to attend new places, to make new friends, and to take a lot of photos.
To visit their relatives, parents, and grandparents. To enjoy home-made food.
To put up tents by the river, to bake potatoes, to make barbeque, and to play the guitar and sing.
To play various outdoor games, for example, football, basketball, volleyball, badminton, etc.
To go to the beach, to sunbathe, or to swim in the lake or river.
To go on vacation: to travel, to go to spa resorts, to spend their time on the beach during the day, and to go to local bars, restaurants, and night clubs at night.
What about you? What do you like doing in the summer when you have free time? Leave your comments below.


text:
2nd Annual Telethon In Honor of College Student Killed in Car Accident
Conor Published: March 14, 2022
Kyle Robinson Memorial Foundation
Back in July of 2020, my college community lost a great student, an incredible musician, and an irreplaceable friend. Kyle Robinson was a grade below me at The College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York. He, too, was a Music Industry Major. I remember collaborating with him in ensembles and working sound for concerts that he was performing in. He had an incredible mind and ear for music, had a terrific voice, and had an overall star-power about him. Most of all, he had the ability to make anyone feel important.
There are very few people that I have ever met that have been described by so many as their best friend. His passing was a difficult one for the music department and the college as a whole. Shortly after his passing, I put together an episode of Saint Rose Rocks, a music-based web series I used to run for the school, up in his honor.
Not long after his passing, many of his closest friends banded together to create the Kyle Robinson Memorial Foundation. The foundation has done a lot of good already in Kyle's name, and this weekend, they will be holding their second annual telethon. In a press release, the foundation said:
The KRMF was founded by friends and family of talented and skillful musician Kyle Robinson (1999- 2020), who tragically passed away in a car accident in the summer of 2020. Ever since, his loved ones have vouched to commemorate his spirit by raising funds to provide scholarships for college students pursuing careers in the music industry, in the likeness of Kyle's kind spirit of collaboration and support.
The Kyle Robinson Memorial Foundation 2nd Annual KRMF Telethon is a 12+ hour fundraising online concert meant to celebrate the life of Kyle Robinson on his birthday with a full day of online performances and music. The event will run from 10AM-10PM ET, March 20th, 2022.
Audiences from home can stream the event live on the KRMF YouTube Channel, and they can donate to the foundation's cause while enjoying performances from entertainers all across the nation.
I remember watching last year's telethon and being absolutely blown away. Not just by the talent, but the outpouring of love for Kyle. The release continued saying:
After last year's successful telethon, the foundation also launched their first $5,000 Kyle Robinson Memorial Scholarship, which will be awarded to an outstanding student in higher education who is pursuing a music industry career. Applications are currently being accepted on the KRMF Website, until April 15th, 2022.
Victoria Christie, the Creative Director of KRMF, had this to say about the event:
"Our expectations were topped as we reached and surpassed our fundraising goal at last year's telethon and we can't wait to showcase the artists in this year's line up."
Before Kyle passed away, he blessed us with a fantastic music video cover of a song that we all know and love here on WRRV. The description on the YouTube channel reads:
Kyle Robinson was a freshman in high school when he first did a cover of "Yellow". For Father's Day, of 2020, Kyle did another cover of "Yellow" for his dad, who had been asking Kyle to record the song again. Kyle released this video of "Yellow" on June 21st, just in time for Father's Day.
On July 6, 2020, Kyle passed away in a tragic car accident with no fault of his own. This video has taken on a life of its own since it was released.
Kyle would have been a senior at The College of Saint Rose, majoring in Music Industry with a minor in Business. He will be remembered as a son, brother, cousin, nephew, grandson, and friend to all who knew him. He was also a songwriter, performer, producer, band mate, drummer, and guitarist. He will always be remembered for his unforgettable performances on the melodica, keyboard, and tambourine.
"Yellow" will always have a special place in our hearts and will always be remembered.
You can watch his cover of "Yellow" by Coldplay here:
The list of musical artists expected to play this year's telethon includes:
Julia Gargano
Ben Kessler
HUNNY
Laveda
Joe P
Keithian
Cassandra Kubinski
Candy Ambulance
Pink Nois
The Bots
Justin Matthews
Rain Johannes
Ayla Flockton
Nor'easters
Range Life
Andrew Lee & Richard
Catalina Cara
Cynthia Brando
Josh Morris
Treblemakers
Ian McConnell
Somdatta
The Classical
The Beau Burnette Show
Maca y Gero
joetaurone
No Coincidence
Ellard Devane
PNHS A Cappella Groups
Pencildive
Pacer Test
Amy Powers
Bread Boy
Sean McClowry
Late Guest at the Party
Zane Agnew
Marcus Manderson
Coyfish & Wuski Atuk
HUIHUI
Prize Fighter
Cape Harmony
Medical Board
L I L Y
Space Mountain Sickness
Grampfather
Sydney Palmer
Stella and the Reptilians
Taylor Johnson
toriendofstory
El Modernist
Cheesy Snacks
Lemon of Choice
Maya & Ben
You can visit the website to learn more information and donate, or contact telethon@krmemorialfoundation.org for any inquiries.
WRRV Sessions with the Regrettes
The Regrettes stopped by Newburgh Brewing Company for an intimate acoustic set
Which McDonald's Location is the Best in the Mid-Hudson Valley?
Which Burger King Location is the Best in the Mid-Hudson Valley?
Filed Under: accident, Car Crash, Concert, live stream, music, Telethon
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Billing himself only as "a gentleman from Texas," Shakey Graves' monumental rise into the spotlight has always been shrouded in mystery.
With the release of his recent album "And The War Came" on Dualtone Records, Shakey Graves has become something much bigger. Now joined on stage by a backing band, Shakey Graves is selling out major venues around the country, has appeared on Conan, Letterman and Seth Myers, taped an episode of Austin City Limits, and recently won the Americana Music Association's "Emerging Artist of the Year" award.


Today, Kellett is a full through-train school, educating over 1300 students from 4 to 18 years. Following the English National Curriculum, Kellett offers a truly 'outstanding' education, as confirmed during a recent whole school BSO (British Schools Overseas) Inspection as well as exceptional public examination results. A broad curriculum, coupled with a wide variety of extra-curricular activities, ensures that all Kellett students from Reception through to I/GCSEs and A-levels achieve their own personal bests.
Our Careers and University Guidance Team provides all of the information, support and guidance that our students need to make the right decision about what they want to do after Sixth Form.
The vast majority of our Year13 students go straight on to university education, attending institutes from around the world, whilst others choose to take a gap year or go straight into their chosen career path. To see our full list of universities attended, click here.
How early can I submit an application for my child?
We accept applications from birth, for Prep school and two years in advance for Senior school.
How long has Kellett been in operation?
Kellett was founded in Hong Kong in 1976, making it the oldest British independent school in Hong Kong.
What is the difference between the campuses?
Kellett is one school across two campuses, with two Preparatory Schools and one Senior School.
A debenture is a long-term contribution to the school. The majority of children at Kellett must be covered by a debenture.
What percentage of students continue from Prep to Senior School?
On average 80% of our students have continued from Year 6 to Year 7.
What ECAs (Extra Curricular Activities) are available?
We strongly encourage our students to participate in an array of ECAs. Information can be found in either the Prep or Senior School sections.
Am I too late to apply for my child?
We do not have application deadlines but would recommend that you check with the Admissions Office if there is already an extensive waiting list.
What are Kellett School's academic results?
Kellett School has a proven track record of fantastic public examination results.
Are the students mostly from the UK?
Over 50% of our students are of British nationality and have studied in a school in the UK or at an English medium international school.


Our Caramel Pecan bar has a big personality. It'll draw you in with its sweet exterior, and keep you coming back with its powerful and lasting energy. This is a bar for your bad days, as well as your good ones, for your fearless mountain adventures and your daily commutes.
Local organic pecans drizzled in honey, mixed with almonds, cranberries, chia seeds, blackstrap molasses, and finished with a hint of sea salt create a bar that is nutritious, delicious and maybe just a little bit dangerous.
Rising 1,580 feet above the New Mexico desert is Ship Rock, an iconic peak with mythological and religious significance to native peoples. The peak was formed through millions of years of erosion, geologic forces working steadily away at an ancient volcanic shaft, eventually leaving only the center exposed. The name "Shiprock" comes from the feature's resemblance to a 19th-century clipper ship.


Select a location to browse homes for sale by area.
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Are you looking for Lions Head Real Estate to buy? You came to the right place as we can help you find a home to call your own. All you have to do is browse these listings for sale to get started.
These listings for sale include waterfront real estate, cottages, condos, farms and single family homes – when you find a property you like send an email or call 519 534-5757.
We are here to help in your Real Estate search.
For more information and active listings in your home town, visit our local neighbourhood listings.
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Watch Around Water is an education and awareness raising campaign run throughout public aquatic facilities in Western Australia. The campaign was developed to address growing industry concern regarding the supervision of children whilst visiting aquatic facilities. Watch around Water takes a comprehensive approach to promoting and encouraging adequate supervision of children by parents and appropriate centre policies and practices.
Watch Around Water is a joint initiative between Royal Life Saving Australia's Western Australian branch (RLSSWA) and the Leisure Institute of Western Australia Aquatics (LIWA).
Children under 5 years must be accompanied into the centre by a responsible adult over 16 years of age and supervised at arm's reach at all times.


text:
Partition and the Idea of Pakistan : Venkat Dhulipala
The road to new Medina.
THE YEAR 2017 will mark the 70th anniversary of the birth of India and Pakistan. While official Independence celebrations will no doubt be organised on both sides of the Radcliffe Line to mark the event along with a host of patriotic observances and festivities, Partition itself is certain to receive a sustained bout of attention. A slew of public events involving not just denizens of the divided Subcontinent but also its far-flung diaspora are already afoot to commemorate it in a grand way. In Amritsar, a Partition Museum is fast coming up. A small initiative at University of California at Berkeley to collect stories from Partition survivors living in the US has expanded into a much larger operation involving scores of citizen-historians reaching out to these survivors living in over 157 cities across the world, racing to collect 10,000 stories by August 15th, 2017. The British Arts Council plans to commemorate Partition in the UK, perhaps belatedly acknowledging this slice of history as an important part of the history of modern Britain, while the BBC is producing a series that will 'embark on an epic adventure to tell the story of the Partition'. Gurinder Chadha's Viceroy will be released around the same time and one should not be surprised if Bollywood comes up with a film or two on the theme as well.
The last time I witnessed such interest in Partition was in 1997, the fiftieth year of Independence and also the year I left India to go to the US to start graduate school at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. At the time I was thinking of working on a comparative study of the regional and English language press in India. That I ended up writing a book on Partition can only be described in terms of a series of serendipitous encounters. To begin with, I was hardly the likely candidate for the task. Most Subcontinental historians who have written on the subject have generally come from families which were in some way impacted by that momentous event. I had no such background, being born in the small coastal Andhra town of Narsapur, unknown in the annals of modern India, but better known in early modern history as a centre for cotton textiles and ship-building for the Dutch trade on the Coromandel Coast in the 17th century. I however grew up speaking not just Telugu but Hindi, as I spent most of my childhood in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. Growing up in Jhansi in the 70s and 80s, Pakistan was on my mind only due to the cricket matches between the two countries which we as kids followed through live commentary on shortwave radio. It was also not uncommon to bump into people who had fled from the other side of the Radcliffe Line. Our neighbour, my father's colleague and good friend, was a refugee from Lahore. Otherwise, Babina Cantonment in Jhansi had a large Army presence, and captured Pakistani tanks from the 1971 War were put up on display in a few places and I remember climbing into them and playing games with friends.
At Madison, I learnt the rudiments of the script from a fellow graduate student for the simple reason that I have had an abiding interest in poetry and felt that by learning the Urdu script I could read its rich poetry in the original. A dissertation on Partition was not even in the horizon yet. Velcheru Narayana Rao, the eminent and ebullient Telugu scholar and historian, was my supervisor. Madison offered a wide range of opportunities in terms of the sheer variety of courses and Rao encouraged me to explore them to my heart's content. A serendipitous encounter with Muhammad Umar Memon, a professor of Urdu and Islamic Studies, took me into the world of Urdu literature. Electrified by his lecture on the writer Naiyer Masud that I chanced to attend, I was soon in his Readings in Advanced Urdu class. The number of students in this class never topped three and I often found myself in one-on-one sessions with him. Over the next few semesters, twice a week, we read among other things, selections from the poetry of Mir and Ghalib, Urdu short stories, and a didactic novel by the 19th century writer Dipti Nazeer Ahmed. These sessions often spilled beyond Urdu literature into discussions of history, contemporary politics and culture in India and Pakistan, or just about life in general. I came to know about his childhood in Aligarh, his family's migration to Pakistan in the 50s, his journey to America and life onwards. A man of impeccable literary taste and great sensitivity, Memon sahib had just compiled a volume of Urdu short stories on Partition, and it is these that sparked my initial interest in the subject. A deeper exploration of Partition historiography followed my move to the University of Minnesota and led to my PhD dissertation. It finally became my 2015 book, Creating a New Medina, that looked at how the idea of Pakistan was discussed and debated in the public sphere and how popular mobilisation happened in successful achievement of that goal, especially in the UP whose Muslims gave the idea of Pakistan its earliest, most sustained and overwhelming support.
In historiography as well as in the popular media, the story of Partition follows a particular trajectory. It is supposed to have happened in those mad months of 1947 due to the final breakdown of constitutional negotiations at the very top between the Congress party leadership, the ML supremo MA Jinnah, and the British Government. There is an intense focus on personalities—Gandhi, Nehru, Jinnah, Mountbatten—as well as their tactics, strategies, motivations, to find out who was responsible for this catastrophe. Of the many narratives at whose centre sits the Qaid-i-Azam Jinnah, the one that has attracted considerable following over the last three decades claims that the founding father of Pakistan never wanted a separate sovereign country to come into existence. Rather, he was using Pakistan as a 'bargaining counter' to gain for Indian Muslims parity with the numerically preponderant Hindus in an undivided India, as envisaged in the Cabinet Mission Plan. Moreover, Partition was forced upon him by a bitter Congress leadership, especially Jawaharlal Nehru, who rejected the Plan as he sought to create a centralised state in India and was unwilling to generously share power with Muslims.
A prop for this storyline is the image of a secular Jinnah, a lawyer educated in London where he allegedly aspired to become a Shakespearean stage actor, the cosmopolitan Bombay figure once married to a Parsi woman several years younger, and the early 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity'. This is a man who wore Western suits, smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, reportedly ate ham sandwiches, raised dogs, never went on Hajj or sported a beard, and spoke in English even in his public speeches. Such a figure, it is argued, could never have conceivably wanted Pakistan. And even if he was eventually forced to go for it, he did so by leading a secular nationalist movement for the creation of a modern Muslim- majority state a la Turkey, and not an Islamic state. The corollary to this argument is that his tragic early death robbed Pakistan of its modernising founding father and that the 'ideological state' that eventually emerged was very much a legacy of General Zia that had nothing to with Jinnah's own vision of Pakistan. It is this view of Jinnah as a secular figure publicly upheld by LK Advani that landed him in hot water and irretrievably damaged his standing within his own party.
But how does this narrative of Pakistan as a state that accidentally came into existence, led by a secular Jinnah, along with its various assumptions stand up to close scrutiny? At the outset, Jinnah himself repudiated the 'bargaining counter' theory, publicly stating that "it would be a great mistake to be carried away by the Congress propaganda that the Pakistan demand was put forward as a counter for bargaining. The vital contest in which the Muslims were engaged not only for material gain but for the very soul of the Muslim nation. It was a matter of life and death for the Muslims and not a counter for bargaining." More importantly, at the heart of this view that Jinnah was using Pakistan as a 'bargaining counter' is the fundamental assumption that as the Qaid-i-Azam of all of Indian Muslims, Jinnah would never have considered abandoning Muslims from Muslim-minority provinces such as UP, Bihar, Central Provinces, Madras to the tender mercies of a Hindu India. But this view totally ignores the fact that Jinnah made his position on the matter very clear at the very outset. For Jinnah, Muslims in the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab, Sind, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan and Bengal, were a nation with concomitant rights to self- determination and statehood since they constituted a numerical majority in a contiguous piece of territory. On the other hand, Sikhs, though distinct enough to be a nation, did not fulfill either of these criteria and hence were a sub-national group with no option but to seek minority safeguards in Pakistan. Jinnah specifically compared the position of Sikhs to that of UP Muslims. He argued that UP Muslims, though constituting 14 per cent of the province's population, could not be granted a separate state because "Muslims in the United Provinces are not a national group; they are scattered. Therefore, in constitutional language, they are characterised as a sub-national group who cannot expect anything more than what is due from any civilised government to a minority. I hope I have made the position clear."
JINNAH WENT FURTHER in a speech that he delivered at a meeting organised by the Muslim Students Federation at Kanpur in March 1941. He declared that in order to liberate 70 million Muslims of the majority provinces, he was "willing to perform the last ceremony of martyrdom if necessary, and let two crore Muslims of the minority provinces be smashed." In simple terms, Jinnah was asking Muslims of the minority provinces to make a personal sacrifice for the creation of Pakistan. This speech, found in the earlier editions of Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah edited by Jamiluddin Ahmed, disappears in the post- 1947 editions printed in Pakistan. It caused quite a furore and was discussed at some length in UP as the nationalist Muslims aligned with the Congress raised a ruckus and demanded to know what possible right Jinnah possessed to sacrifice the lives of 20 million minority-province Muslims.
Jinnah however tried to soften the blow for these Muslims by arguing that Pakistan's creation would entail a reciprocal treaty with Hindu India to safeguard the rights and interests of minorities in both states. He then articulated two ideas that became popular Muslim League planks. The first idea was that if "Muslim minorities in [India] were ill-treated, Pakistan would not remain a passive spectator". As Jinnah elaborated, "If Britain in Gladstone's time could intervene in Armenia in the name of protection of minorities, why should it not be right for us to do so in the case of our minorities in Hindustan—if they are oppressed?"Jinnah and his colleagues also drew startling parallels with the situation of Sudetan Germans under Czechoslovakia and admiringly referred to Hitler's actions to liberate them.
A second palliative came in the form of the 'hostage population' theory. The Muslim League argued that in case Muslim minorities in Hindu India were oppressed, retributive violence would be inflicted upon Hindu and Sikh minorities in Pakistan. A balance of terror, as it were, would guarantee the security of minorities on both sides. The pervasive influence of this theory on the ground is underlined by a contemporary account by PW Radice, a serving ICS officer. While visiting Muslim weavers at Tanda in Faizabad district, Radice asked them what they hoped to gain from Pakistan. Their blunt reply was that 'if the Hindus annoyed them, their brethren in Pakistan would be able to take revenge on the Hindus there.'
If these assurances were not enough, Jinnah held out further hope for the Muslim minority that would be left behind in Hindu India by declaring that they could yet belong to Pakistan since they had the option of migrating to the new nation state. As he noted soon after the Lahore resolution, "exchange of population, on the physical division of India as far as practicable, would have to be considered". It was a theme that he repeated over the next few years. In a later interview, he spelt out three courses available to Muslim minorities in Hindu India. "They may accept the citizenship in the state in which they are. They can remain there as foreigners; or they can come to Pakistan. I will welcome them. There is plenty of room. But it is for them to decide."
FAR FROM BEING vague, Jinnah's unequivocal stance on Pakistan's sovereignty was famously brought out in his exchange with Gandhi in 1942. When asked whether he saw Andhra's bid for separation from Madras province in the same light as the Pakistan demand, Gandhi wrote 'there can be no comparison between Pakistan and Andhra separation. The Andhra separation is a redistribution on a linguistic basis. The Andhras do not claim to be a separate nation claiming nothing in common with the rest of India. Pakistan on the other hand is a demand for carving out of India a portion to be treated as a wholly independent state. Thus, there seems to be nothing in common between the two.' Jinnah in response declared that Gandhi 'has himself put the Muslim demand in a nutshell'. Gandhi rather mournfully but prophetically responded: 'I have read Quaid-i-Azam's reply to my article in the Harijan. Pakistan according to him in a nutshell is a demand for carving out of India a portion to be wholly treated as an independent and sovereign state. This sovereign state can conceivably go to war against the one of which it was but yesterday a part. It can also equally conceivably make treaties with other States. All this can certainly be had, but surely not by the willing consent of the rest. But it seems he does not want it by consent. For he says: Pakistan is an article of faith with Muslim India and we depend on nobody except ourselves for the achievement of our goal. How is one to offer one's services in these circumstances?'
Jinnah was not vague about Pakistan's territoriality either. During the 1945-46 elections, he made his clearest statement on the matter. "Geographically, Pakistan will embrace all of NWFP, Baluchistan, Sind, and Punjab provinces in northwest India. On the eastern side would be the other portion of Pakistan comprised of Bengal and Assam… The provinces would have all the autonomy that you will find in the constitutions of USA, Canada, and Australia. But certain vital powers will remain vested in the Central government such as monetary system, national defence, and other federal responsibilities." Jinnah also repeatedly quelled any talk of a Federation or Confederation between Hindu India and Pakistan. "Federation in whatever terms it is described, and in whatever terms it is put, must ultimately deprive the federating units of authority in all vital matters. The units despite themselves would be compelled to grant more and more powers to the central authority." He therefore exhorted his followers to "remove from your mind any idea of some form of such loose federation". He also defended Pakistan's viability in public in response to criticism that the new state would either be still-born or collapse soon after its creation given its economic fragility, military vulnerability, financial bankruptcy, administrative weakness, political and social instability. Under him, Muslim League propaganda hailed the nation's geo-body, listing its natural resources, infrastructural assets, strategic location and the boundless energy and drive of its population once free from both Hindu and British domination. Pakistan would not only be Hindu India's equal but possibly be a far more powerful state. He therefore instituted a Planning Committee with technical experts to survey the mineral and natural resources of Pakistan and create a plan for developing Pakistan's economic and industrial life. In private, Jinnah told an American diplomat that he wanted Pakistan to be developed with the help of foreign capital as had happened in the case of Turkey and the US.
Jinnah also defended Pakistan's military viability, saying that it would be able to defend itself like "any other sovereign state". Moreover, since 55 per cent of the British Indian Army was comprised of Muslim soldiers, who would presumably constitute the core of Pakistan's army, he expressed confidence in Pakistan's defence capability. In a later interview, he held out other possibilities. "Naturally, no nation stands by itself. There will be other nations whose interests will be common with those of Pakistan." On being asked what nations, Jinnah smiled as he replied: "I will tell you when I get the government in my charge." This brings us to Jinnah's views regarding Pakistan's foreign policy and it is clear that he saw Pakistan as the primary actor for bringing about Pan-Islamic unity. As he told associates during a visit to Iqbal's grave in 1942, "Pakistan holds the key to the liberation of the entire Islamic world." During his tour of the Middle East in 1946 where he sought to play the international figure and statesman and also build relationships with the Islamic world, Jinnah warned that if Pakistan was not established, "there will be a menace of Hindu imperialist Raj spreading its tentacles right across the Middle East." This Hindu Empire "would be as great a menace for the future if not greater as the British imperialistic power had been in the past…. It would mean the end of Islam in India and even other Muslim countries." Jinnah also saw Pakistan as the potential leader of the Islamic world and the base from where Muslim scientists, doctors, engineers and economists would be trained and then spread throughout the entire Middle East "to serve their co-religionists and create an awakening among them". He also showed keen interest in the affairs of the Islamic world, particularly commenting on the issue of Palestine. During the 1945-46 elections, he publicly asked "why Palestine should become the dumping ground for such a large number of Jews." In a subsequent meeting with Lord Ismay after independence, he averred that he would not be averse to Pakistanis fighting in their 'individual capacity' alongside their Arab brethren for the sake of liberation of Palestine. The use of non-state actors therefore goes back to the very beginnings of Pakistan.
Jinnah's 11th August speech in which he reportedly stated that "you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques…you may belong to any religion or caste or creed, that has nothing to do with the business of the state", has often been touted as burnishing his secularist credentials. Yet, a few months later, he refused to open the Muslim League's membership to all of Pakistan's communities, saying that "time [had] not yet come for a national organisation of that kind". During the Pakistan movement, Jinnah maintained a crafty ambivalence and could often describe Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state. A Jamaat-e-Islami functionary who met Jinnah in the days following the Lahore Resolution narrates a fascinating incident in this regard. When pressed by him to clarify the nature of Pakistan, the Qaid used a telling metaphor to articulate his position. He told his visitor, "I seek to secure the land for the mosque; once that land belongs to us, then we can decide on how to build the mosque." Jinnah on different occasions reiterated that the Muslim League flag was given to them by their Prophet, that Sharia would be a source of law in Pakistan, that its economy would be developed not along capitalist or socialist lines, but Islamic lines. After Partition, when the American photographer Margaret Bourke White met him, Jinnah proudly referred to Pakistan as the largest Islamic state in the world. The UP Congressman Sri Prakasa noted that during Pakistan's early days when he was India's first High Commissioner to Pakistan, he was taken to public meetings large and small where Muslim League leaders would ask the audience: "Do you want to be ruled by the Indian Penal Code or the Qur'an? And they would reply, the Qur'an."
MORE IMPORTANTLY, Jinnah allied with a significant section of the ulema, especially from Deoband, to first build up the Muslim League as the 'sole authoritative representative organisation of the Indian Muslims' and later to gain theological support for the two-nation theory. Thus, the legendary Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanawi attacked the theory of muttahidaqaumiyat (composite nationalism) of all Indians propagated by Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani (an alim or Islamic scholar who closely identified with the Congress and its ideology) and decreed that joining the Congress party was haraam for Muslims. Later, his student Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani triumphantly hailed Pakistan as an Islamic state, the New Medina that would recreate the Islamic utopia first established under the Prophet 1,300 years earlier, by breaking down barriers of race, tribe, class, sect, language and region among Muslims.
Usmani argued that just as the Prophet did not create an Islamic state in his native Mecca, given the hostility to his message, and instead moved to Medina for that purpose, Pakistan too needed to be established only in Muslim-majority areas of the Subcontinent as a sovereign state where Muslims would be free from both Hindu and British domination. Usmani saw parallels between the birth of the Prophet's Medina and the creation of Pakistan. Just as Medina had been established as a result of cooperation between the muhajireen (migrants) who along with the Prophet had left Mecca, and the local inhabitants of Medina, the ansaar ('helpers'), Pakistan too was coming into existence as a result of closest possible cooperation between the muhajireen of the minority provinces such as UP and Bihar, and the ansaar living in the Pakistan provinces. He fondly prophesised that just as Medina had provided the base for Islam's victories over Mecca, Arabia and the wide world around, making it a global power, Pakistan would provide the base for Islam's rise and return as a ruling power in the Indian Subcontinent and as a global power in the 20th century world.
Usmani is unknown in the English language historiography on Partition. But this is a figure who, besides providing theological justifications for Pakistan, subsequently became Pakistan's first and last Shaikhul Islam and was also the pivotal figure behind the Objectives Resolution passed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly and included in its Preamble. Usmani is also the man who presided over Jinnah's state burial, which was done according to Sunni rites after the private ceremonies at the Qaid's residence had been conducted according to Shia custom. When Jinnah died, Usmani exhorted Pakistanis to work hard to fulfill Jinnah's dream "to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies. This is the hour of trial for Muslims. Those who face it with courage and determination will reign supreme."
To conclude, firstly, Jinnah and the ML leadership were not vague about Pakistan and sold it to their followers as an ideal Islamic State and not merely as a Muslim majority State. They also collaborated with the ulema in this drive towards an Islamic Pakistan under God's law, which they said would emerge gradually through a process of mutual deliberations and negotiations. I would argue that it is partly the lack of their resolution that explains the cohabitation, collaboration, as well as ongoing struggles between Islamic groups and the political establishment over the definition of Pakistan's identity, as well as its evolving domestic and foreign policy imperatives.
Secondly, the ML leadership was eloquent on Pakistan in the public sphere and their words were amplified by newspapers, books, pamphlets, as well as by ML functionaries in public meetings, political conferences and election campaigns in the cities, towns and qasbahs of north India. We would therefore do well to take Jinnah's public speeches and statements more seriously rather than remain transfixed by his clothes or cosmopolitan personal habits. Thirdly, in an 'argumentative society' such as India's, the push for Pakistan was vigorously opposed by a whole range of figures from within the Muslim community. These included Nationalist Muslims in the Congress and an important section of the Deobandi ulema. All these I have highlighted in my book.
Finally, I would argue that the origins of the ideological state in Pakistan lie not just in its post-independent insecurities, but at the very core of its nationalist ideology that developed in the run-up to 1947. Pakistan was not insufficiently imagined, but plentifully and with ambition. It is this fact, coupled with the failures (and successes) of the state in fulfilling the expectation of a new Medina, which accounts for the crises that confront Pakistan today.
This article was originally published in Open Magazine.
December 26, 2016 tata_admin 0


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Saletoga Sands Resort – Lovely rooms, very clean resort. Staff not so friendly as Fijian resorts. Definitely not forward in providing tourist information. Snorkelling was average. The water sports gear wasn't very good either, they need more and to cater for children. More activities needed for families. They put on a fantastic evening show and the food was amazing! Breakfasts were good.
Amoa Resort – Lovely rooms and resort. They do a lovely little tour up the side street which was well worth doing. AMAZING staff! Super friendly, so personal, nothing was too much trouble for any of them, they even spotted me cleaning out our rental car and insisted they do it for me. The staff went above and beyond during our stay! We tipped a lot! Food was great. The only negative would be that the beach is across the road so we only went once and it isn't the best of beaches. Very clean and well cared for. We would definitley go back because of the staff and food but only for a night or two as we went to Samoa for the beaches so next time we will stay at Le Lagoto and maybe a night in a fale for the expierence.
Savaii island is definitely the better of the two islands. The people are much more friendly and the island is more beautiful. Suggest taking lots of snacks & lunch options for the kids when travelling to Samoa as daytime eating could be a little challenging and expensive should you not have a rental car.
Support the turtle swimming in the pool at Savaii, you would have pay to go out into the sea to try and spot them.
Definitely need a rental car for Samoa!


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Sportstar's classics: Federer's heartbreak to Lovren's crowning moment in Liverpool shirt
With the coronavirus pandemic halting proceedings in the sporting calendar, Sportstar revisits the classic matches across sports.
Suhith Kumar
01 April, 2020 08:28 IST
Dejan Lovren (C) struck a thunderous header in stoppage time to steer Liverpool to a 5-4 win over Borussia Dortmund in the 2016 Europa League quarterfinal. - Getty Images
The coronavirus pandemic has forced cancellations and postponements of most big-ticket sports tournaments. If the lack of sporting action has left a void in your day, here's something to satiate that hunger — our pick of classic matches from the years gone by that you should revisit.
Auckland witnesses its second tied ODI
Eden Park was the stage as India denied New Zealand victory in 2014. Following a rare failure in a run-chase for captain M. S. Dhoni, R. Ashwin and Ravindra Jadeja played two defining knocks to help India level the scores off the last ball.
Chasing 315, India was six down for 184 when all-rounder Corey Anderson prised out Dhoni. India didn't have much batting to follow. Jadeja joined Ashwin with the result not quite set in stone but India battling to stay afloat.
RELATED| Sportstar's classics: Kumble's 10 for 74, Anand's word-conquering feat
Ashwin displayed finesse to score at more than a run-a-ball. A delivery on leg-stump, he tucked it away fine for four; a short-ball around off and he helped it over the 'keeper for four, and in between he edged one fine to the third-man boundary for another four, adding to New Zealand's frustration.
R. Ashwin came good with the bat. His half century proved quite valuable in the end.-
He brought up his first and only ODI fifty by reverse-sweeping Nathan McCullum for a boundary. The first ball of the 45 over, bowled by McCullum, Ashwin stepped out and lofted it for a six, bringing the equation down to 48 runs off 35 balls. Ashwin seemed to connect the fifth ball of the over just as well and it was sailing away until Martin Guptill got around the midwicket boundary and plucked the ball out of the air.
Ashwin departed for a 46-ball 65 but it was all down to Jadeja. He watched Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Mohammed Shami come and go but didn't lose his rhythm. New Zealand squeezed India but Jadeja rose to the occasion: Mitchell McClenaghan missed his attempted yorker in the 47th over and it disappeared for a six.
Anderson conceded just two runs while removing Shami in the 48th over, leaving India 29 to get off the last 12 balls. Anderson had an over up his sleeve.
Jadeja cleared the boundary on the second ball of the penultimate over. He was dropped off the next. After eight runs off the first three balls, India managed only three off the next three.
RELATED| Sportstar's all-time sports classics: Windies' crown, Dravid's fastest ODI fifty, Dada's Dhaka heroics
Eighteen to get off six balls now.
The first ball went for a four, followed by a wide. India needed 13 off five. Anderson pulled it back with successive dot balls. The fourth ball of the over was another wide. Twelve to get off three balls. Jadeja picked his spot and hit the legitimate fourth delivery for a four. The fifth was muscled away for a six over midwicket. Two runs to get off one.
Varun Aaron was at the non-striker's end. Jadeja got bat on ball and the batsmen scampered for a single that sealed the tie!
Federer stuck on 20
It could so easily have been Grand Slam number 21 for Roger Federer. He had earned himself two Championship points after a breathless battle in the fifth set, which alone lasted two hours and two minutes.
Surely, at 8-7 and 40-15 up, he will convert one of them? He's playing on his favourite surface, the crowd's behind him, what can possibly go wrong?
The only possible explanation could be that the sight of the man on the other side of the net, perhaps, induced the unforced forehand error which cost him one Championship point before his all-too-familiar adversary hit a forehand winner of his own to make it deuce and went on to break for 8-8.
RELATED| Sportstar's all-time sports classics: Paes in 1996 to Fergie Time
It was indeed Novak Djokovic who stood between Federer and a ninth Wimbledon title for the Swiss icon. Djokovic and Federer held each of their next four service games to make it 12-12 and send it to a seven-point tiebreak, which was introduced only the year before. The Serbian won it 7-3 to seal his fifth title at the All-England Club to go level with Bjorn Borg and Lawrence Doherty.
JULY: The Wimbledon men's singles final went on for four hours and 57 minutes, the longest in the tournament's history and the second longest Grand Slam final behind the 2012 Australian Open final. Top seed Novak Djokovic became the first man since Bob Falkenburg in 1948 to win Wimbledon after facing championship points, having saved two when down 7−8 in the fifth set to Roger Federer. - Getty Images
At the post-match press conference, a despondent Federer said: "I don't know what I feel right now. I just feel like it's such an incredible opportunity missed, I can't believe it."
Djokovic won 7-6, 1-6, 7-6, 4-6, 13-12 (3) in four hours and 57 minutes, making the 2019 Wimbledon final the longest in the Championships's history.
A Croat makes himself an Anfield hero
At times Liverpool just seems to make it harder for itself. Putting its army of fans through an emotional roller-coaster and allowing its opponents a momentary high before sucker-punching them at the opportune moment.
It so happens that Anfield is often the stage where we see the very best of Liverpool.
RELATED| Sportstar's all-time sports classics: Hand of God to magic of Gerrard
In April 2016, the Reds teased Borussia Dortmund into thinking it had defied those conventions to put itself on the cusp of that year's Europa League final. Jurgen Klopp, having left Dortmund the previous summer and merely months into his tenure as Liverpool manager, was the centre of attention on the touchline.
The first leg of the tie played at Westfalenstadion had finished 1-1. Liverpool bagged the crucial away goal.
Dortmund began the second leg Liverpool-style: sprightly, zipping passes into each other's feet and causing defensive chaos with pace and movement.
Henrikh Mkhitaryan converted a rebound off Simon Mignolet to cancel out Liverpool's away goal and four minutes later Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang connected with a Marco Reus throughball to put Dortmund 2-0 up on the night, 3-1 ahead on aggregate.
With 45 minutes of the tie left to play, Liverpool was left needing at least three goals to go through.
Divock Origi, signed from Lille the previous summer, halved Dortmund's lead with a close-range finish three minutes after resumption. Liverpool consistently sliced through Dortmund's backline with fast build-up play but was vulnerable on the break. One turnover in possession ended with Reus curling the ball low into the corner to restore Dortmund's two-goal advantage.
All the three scorers in the tie for Liverpool - Philippe Coutinho, Dejan Lovren, Mamadou Sakho. - Getty Images
With 33 minutes of regulation time left, it was Dortmund's tie to lose.
RELATED| Sportstar's classics: Liverpool's miracles of Istanbul, Anfield
Thomas Tuchel's side failed to control the tempo and kept conceding chances. Liverpool, as it was, needed to score three to go through. Philippe Coutinho found the net with a curling effort to spark the comeback. Dortmund failed to deal with a corner delivered by the Brazilian and Mamadou Sakho directed his header past Roman Weidenfeller to level the score for Liverpool, now behind only on away goals with 13 minutes left.
Liverpool's Dejan Lovren scripted a unlikely comeback for his side in the second leg of the Europa League quarterfinal against Borussia Dortmund. Playing before a home crowd at Anfield, the Reds played the game of their lives winning the tie on a 5-4 aggregate. - Getty Images
In the first minute of stoppage time, Croatian defender Dejan Lovren rose above Adrian Ramos and applied a from a James Milner cross, the ball nestling in the corner as he wheeled away in wild celebration. He had earned his crowning moment, Anfield went delirious, while Klopp did his best to control his emotions.
R. Ashwin


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Dots on the knuckles
An old school friend of mine had dots tattooed on his knuckles. It used to be quite common amongst vaguely criminal elements in Glasgow. This was a cipher for 'APAB' - which stood for 'All Pigs Are Bastards'. Replaced because the polis worked out what this stood for, although it wasn't long before they worked out what the dots meant too. It's heresay but the same friend told me of someone who got his fingers broken for having these. I dare say it wasn't true - or if it was, no doubt he was resisting arrest or something.
So to the G20 and the death of Ian Tomlinson. As the footage shows, he viciously attacked tooled up riot police with his back. Despite this egregious violence on his part, medics could have saved his life were it not for the hail of bottles that obstructed their rescue.
Or maybe it shows something else.
I can't tell you how depressing I find most of the commentary on this issue. Have these people spent most of their lives indoors having tea with mother? This thread is particularly dispiriting. In the eighties, reactionaries used to say, "Go and live in Russia", if you had the temerity to criticise Thatcher's Britain. Fast-forward to today and cut and paste Iran, Saudi Arabia, North Korea - foreign places, y'know?
Now looky here: all pigs polis are not bastards - they're just like the rest of us, which is to say for the most part complete assholes. Like the cop in the video. How anyone can imagine that what they've seen here is something exceptionally aberrant is beyond me. Nah, the only unusual things here is a) someone died, b) it was caught on camera. Other than that, all you're seeing here is same old, same old - it's what happens when you give people a uniform, some tools and some power. I wouldn't disagree that society requires people to be given a uniform, tools and some power but given the human condition and all its failings, I don't think it's out of place to suggest that this should be kept to a bare minimum. It may be presumptive and over-arching to suggest that human history has taught us as much as this but please remember Ian Tomlinson the next time you mobilise some bullshit prolier-than-thou argument to justify the expansion of police power in what is indeed still a relatively free society.
You know when you're getting old when...
The politics of the budget
Education miscellany misanthropy
Away my holidays
On blogging and the black arts of the spin doctor
Happy Chocolate Egg Day
Economics and the case for Scottish independence
On the politics of protest
Teacher-speak
Teaching to the test (again - sorry)


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Home Forums > Other Forums > Archived Forums > Random Topic Center >
Solar Flares coming toward Earth
Discussion in 'Random Topic Center' started by onederlnd, Oct 24, 2003.
onederlnd Administrator Emeritus
Basically, a large Coronal Mass Ejection is heading straight towards the earth... what does this mean for us? It means that some time today, parts of the world may experience power outages, while most of the world will experience communication issues for a bit.
Read the following articles:
http://www.astrobiology.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=12850
http://sec.noaa.gov/
onederlnd, Oct 24, 2003
yoshi1001 New Member
Time to get into my solar flare shelter.
Mewtwo: You don't have a solar flare shelter, Steve.
I don't have a psychic cat, either.
yoshi1001, Oct 24, 2003
Baboon New Member
So that's why AOL's giving me a hard time dialing up and bringing up pages today.
Who's the guy with the jumbo magnet that's causing this? ^_^
Baboon, Oct 24, 2003
Turbo Blastoise New Member
What would you even try to use for a solar flare shelter anyway? How could anything withstand 10 million degrees F of superheated solar radiation? Thank God for earth's atmosphere!
Turbo Blastoise, Oct 24, 2003
I think you answered your own question.
Man, my Science class must be stalking me...huge project involving solar weather as one of the components coming up soon for me, and I see this. You can imagine my joy. ~_~
Captain Obviousx1, Oct 24, 2003
Hey do think there would be more solarocks out during this time??:lol:
Joe Monkey, Oct 24, 2003
Dek New Member
So what exactly does this solar flare mean for us? absolutely nothing. We probaly be dead by the time it comes. Kind of like that asteroid that was supposed to come down here.
Dek, Oct 24, 2003
notice how i said "Coronal Mass Ejection". Not literally the solar flare. The Ejection can easily knock out satellite and the like. A solar flare will, that I'm aware of, never be able to reach the earth.
treecko_332 New Member
yes onederlnd is right. In a million years a solar flare could never reach earth. They don't even get half way to earth. All it means is a power outage for some. It's really no big deal.
treecko_332, Oct 24, 2003
treecko_332 said:
Tell that to New York.
yoshi1001 said:
What does New York have anything to do with this?
"All it means is a power outage for some. It's really no big deal."
Pidgeotto Trainer New Member
Still convinced its a cover-up for the aliens but I will save that for another day.
Pidgeotto Trainer, Oct 24, 2003
You've still lost me for where New York is significant. Was that an attempt at a joke?
Orange Soda New Member
I think it's a reference to the HUGE FRICKEN power outage that affected the Northeast a few months ago.
Orange Soda, Oct 24, 2003
There was a blackout in New York (and much of the northeast) a few months ago.
That's what I was thinking... but that had nothing to do with NY specifically, nor did it have anything to do with solar flares......
But it is reasonable to assume that a New Yorker would not take the threat of a blackout lightly, which was my original supposition.
The only reason that New York was such a big topic is because the last time the lights were out was September 11th. Nobody knew if it was a terrorist attack. The outage caused mass panic because of that.
If New Yorkers know an outage is going ot happen, sure, it'll cause problems, but nothing like the past two times.


Opinion - After more than six months outside of New Zealand, I flew back home yesterday half-wondering if I might be greeted with smoke rising above Auckland.
A considered glance of the news of clashes between Tongan and Samoan fans in the build-up to today's Rugby League World Cup match in Hamilton seemed to indicate things were getting pretty hot.
The burning of a Samoan flag, the tearing up of a Tongan one - and arrests in Ōtara over a street brawl between the two sets of league fans indicated a rare degree of tension in our little sporting world.
Fortunately, there was no smoke and, from what I've gathered being back in Aotearoa, there's actually very little fire as well.
I'm not saying the clashes weren't serious, or shouldn't be taken, or treated, seriously. They clearly have been, with police and community leaders responding the right way too.
They have made all the right noises about the need to calm right down. Additional cops on duty at Waikato Stadium tonight is arguably a good call, even though they're not likely to be forced into action.
As always in life, context is king - and it seems like a little of that has been absent in the discussion of the last week's events.
While the tide has long since gone out on the very worst of European football hooligan violence from the 1980s, inter-team and nation animosity still bubbles away there.
In March, nine fans were jailed after a brawl between Manchester United and Liverpool fans at Old Trafford while Spartak Moscow fans fired a flare at a referee as recently as September.
With the FIFA World Cup looming on the horizon next year, more violence could be on the way in Russia. Russian club 'ultras', like Spartak Moscow's 'Fratira', have long been considered among the more proactively brutal European hooligan groups, while their national fans like to show their teeth, too.
In a serious hint of potential strife next June and July, Russian fans clashed with English supporters in the streets of Marseilles during the European Championships in 2016. Widely circulated videos revealed wanton violence, including attacks on French bystanders.
Other than the clashes between the Red and Blue Squads and anti-apartheid protests during the infamous 1981 Springbok Tour, New Zealanders and Pasifika have never witnessed anything on the Marseilles level before.
For that, we are fortunate. The historical absence of any truly brutal fan violence reveals the Kiwi and Polynesian lack of appetite for engaging in such moronic behaviour. Kids will be kids, of course - and social media now provides a way for the perception of tension to course itself into a situation where very little of it actually exists.
A deep-seated rivalry, and thorny history, very clearly exists between Tonga and Samoa, and both nations would dearly like to claim the spoils tonight in Hamilton. Yet the clashes in South Auckland this week don't, to me, reveal any true antipathy between the two fantastic Island cultures.
A chorus of disapproving voices from the Kiwi Polynesian community have basically attributed the actions to fired up teens, who are causing more embarrassment to their families than anything else. In both Tongan and Samoan culture, bringing shame to your family stings worse than other judgment.
With more than 18,000 tickets sold, tonight's World Cup clash in Hamilton should be an absolute cracker - one of the genuinely competitive high-level matches this tournament will provide.
After all, a superb game is the cold water the stupidity of last week's clashes needs more than anything. If that happens, burning flags on Facebook will be forgotten for what really should matter; a top-notch game of league from two great rivals.
Fiji and Tonga face a daunting start to the 2019 Rugby World Cup with opening round matches against Australia and England.


In 2003, Foróige in Blanchardstown undertook a research project Youth Perspectives which engaged young people to determine their views and priorities. Now, ten years later, Youth Perspectives 2.0 revisits that work. It is intended that the primary focus of this report will influence its work and plans over the next number of years. The following areas have come to light as priorities for young people in Blanchardstown. 1. Bullying, 2. Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 3. Safety, 4. Relationships and Sexuality, 5. Education and Employment, 6. Discrimination. A pdf of the report is available here. The report can also be downloaded free as an iBook through iTunes.