text:
require 'pathname'
load Pathname.new(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), ['..'] * 3,
                            'bioruby_test_helper.rb')).cleanpath.to_s

# libraries needed for the tests
require 'test/unit'
require 'bio/db/nexus'

module Bio

  class TestNexus < Test::Unit::TestCase

    NEXUS_STRING_1 = <<-END_OF_NEXUS_STRING
    #NEXUS
    Begin Taxa;
     Dimensions [[comment]] ntax=4;
     TaxLabels "hag fish" [comment] 'african frog'
     [lots of different comment follow]
     [] [a] [[a]] [ a ] [[ a ]] [ [ a ] ] [a ]
     [[a ]] [ [a ] ] [ a] [[ a]] [ [ a] ] [  ]
     [[  ]] [ [  ] ] [ a b ] [[ a b ]] [ [ a b ] ]
     [x[ x [x[ x[[x[[xx[x[  x]] ]x ] []]][x]]x]]]

     [comment_1 comment_3] "rat    snake" 'red

     mouse';
    End;

    [yet another comment End; ]

    Begin Characters;
     Dimensions nchar=20
                ntax=4;
             [  ntax=1000; ]
     Format DataType=DNA
            Missing=x
            Gap=- MatchChar=.;
     Matrix [comment]
     fish  ACATA GAGGG
                       TACCT CTAAG
     frog  ACTTA GAGGC TACCT CTAGC
     snake ACTCA CTGGG TACCT TTGCG
     mouse ACTCA GACGG TACCT TTGCG;
    End;

    Begin Trees;
     [comment]
     Tree best=(fish,(frog,(snake,mo
                          use)));
      [some long comment]
     Tree

     other=(snake,

                     (frog,(fish,mo
                           use
                           )));
    End;

    Begin Trees;
     [comment]
     Tree worst=(A,(B,(C,D
                           )));
     Tree bad=(a,

                      (b,(c ,  d
                           )

                           )     );
    End;

    Begin Distances;
     Dimensions nchar=20 ntax=5;
     Format Triangle=Both;
     Matrix
     taxon_1 0.0 1.0
             2.0 4.0 7.0
     taxon_2 1.0
             0.0 3.0 5.0 8.0
     taxon_3 3.0 4.0 0.0 6.0 9.0
     taxon_4 7.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 9.5
     taxon_5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0;
    End;

    Begin Data;
     Dimensions ntax=5 nchar=14;
     Format Datatype=RNA gap=# MISSING=x MatchChar=^;
     TaxLabels ciona
                 cow [comment1 commentX] ape
               'purple urchin' "green lizard";
     Matrix
     [ comment [old comment] ]
     taxon_1    A- CCGTCGA-GTTA
     taxon_2 T- CCG-CGA-GATC

     taxon_3 A- C-GTCGA-GATG

       taxon_4                A-    C   C   TC   G
         A  -     -G  T         T

         T

     taxon_5
T-CGGTCGT-CTTA;
    End;

    Begin Private1;
     Something foo=5 bar=20;
     Format Datatype=DNA;
     Matrix
      taxon_1 1111 1111111111
      taxon_2 2222 2222222222
      taxon_3 3333 3333333333
      taxon_4 4444 4444444444
      taxon_5 5555 5555555555;
    End;

    Begin Private1;
     some [boring]
     interesting [
      outdated
     ] data be here
    End;

    END_OF_NEXUS_STRING

    DATA_BLOCK_OUTPUT_STRING = <<-DATA_BLOCK_OUTPUT_STRING
Begin Data;
 Dimensions NTax=5 NChar=14;
 Format DataType=RNA Missing=x Gap=# MatchChar=^;
 TaxLabels ciona cow ape purple_urchin green_lizard;
 Matrix
 taxon_1     A-CCGTCGA-GTTA
 taxon_2     T-CCG-CGA-GATC
 taxon_3     A-C-GTCGA-GATG
 taxon_4     A-CCTCGA--GTTT
 taxon_5     T-CGGTCGT-CTTA;
End;
DATA_BLOCK_OUTPUT_STRING

    def test_nexus

      nexus = Bio::Nexus.new( NEXUS_STRING_1 )
      blocks = nexus.get_blocks
      assert_equal( 8, blocks.size )

      private_blocks   = nexus.get_blocks_by_name( "private1" )
      data_blocks      = nexus.get_data_blocks
      character_blocks = nexus.get_characters_blocks
      trees_blocks     = nexus.get_trees_blocks
      distances_blocks = nexus.get_distances_blocks
      taxa_blocks      = nexus.get_taxa_blocks

      assert_equal( 2, private_blocks.size )
      assert_equal( 1, data_blocks.size )
      assert_equal( 1, character_blocks.size )
      assert_equal( 2, trees_blocks.size )
      assert_equal( 1, distances_blocks.size )
      assert_equal( 1, taxa_blocks.size )

      taxa_block = taxa_blocks[ 0 ]
      assert_equal( taxa_block.get_number_of_taxa.to_i , 4 )
      assert_equal( taxa_block.get_taxa[ 0 ], "hag_fish" )
      assert_equal( taxa_block.get_taxa[ 1 ], "african_frog" )
      assert_equal( taxa_block.get_taxa[ 2 ], "rat_snake" )
      assert_equal( taxa_block.get_taxa[ 3 ], "red_mouse" )

      chars_block = character_blocks[ 0 ]
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_number_of_taxa.to_i, 4 )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_number_of_characters.to_i, 20 )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_datatype, "DNA" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_match_character, "." )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_missing, "x" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_gap_character, "-" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 0, 0 ), "fish" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 1, 0 ), "frog" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 2, 0 ), "snake" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 3, 0 ), "mouse" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 0, 20 ), "G" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 1, 20 ), "C" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 2, 20 ), "G" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_matrix.get_value( 3, 20 ), "G" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "fish" )[ 0 ], "ACATAGAGGGTACCTCTAAG" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "frog" )[ 0 ], "ACTTAGAGGCTACCTCTAGC" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "snake" )[ 0 ], "ACTCACTGGGTACCTTTGCG" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "mouse" )[ 0 ], "ACTCAGACGGTACCTTTGCG" )

      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_string( 0 ), "ACATAGAGGGTACCTCTAAG" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_string( 1 ), "ACTTAGAGGCTACCTCTAGC" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_string( 2 ), "ACTCACTGGGTACCTTTGCG" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_characters_string( 3 ), "ACTCAGACGGTACCTTTGCG" )

      assert_equal( chars_block.get_row_name( 1 ), "frog" )

      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "fish" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "ACATAGAGGGTACCTCTAAG".downcase )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "frog" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "ACTTAGAGGCTACCTCTAGC".downcase )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "snake" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "ACTCACTGGGTACCTTTGCG".downcase )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "mouse" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "ACTCAGACGGTACCTTTGCG".downcase )

      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "fish" )[ 0 ].definition, "fish" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "frog" )[ 0 ].definition, "frog" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "snake" )[ 0 ].definition, "snake" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequences_by_name( "mouse" )[ 0 ].definition, "mouse" )

      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 0 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "ACATAGAGGGTACCTCTAAG".downcase )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 1 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "ACTTAGAGGCTACCTCTAGC".downcase )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 2 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "ACTCACTGGGTACCTTTGCG".downcase )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 3 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "ACTCAGACGGTACCTTTGCG".downcase )

      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 0 ).definition, "fish" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 1 ).definition, "frog" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 2 ).definition, "snake" )
      assert_equal( chars_block.get_sequence( 3 ).definition, "mouse" )

      tree_block_0 = trees_blocks[ 0 ]
      tree_block_1 = trees_blocks[ 1 ]
      assert_equal( tree_block_0.get_tree_names[ 0 ], "best" )
      assert_equal( tree_block_0.get_tree_names[ 1 ], "other" )
      assert_equal( tree_block_0.get_tree_strings_by_name( "best" )[ 0 ], "(fish,(frog,(snake,mouse)));" )
      assert_equal( tree_block_0.get_tree_strings_by_name( "other" )[ 0 ], "(snake,(frog,(fish,mouse)));" )

      best_tree = tree_block_0.get_trees_by_name( "best" )[ 0 ]
      other_tree = tree_block_0.get_trees_by_name( "other" )[ 0 ]
      worst_tree = tree_block_1.get_tree( 0 )
      bad_tree = tree_block_1.get_tree( 1 )
      assert_equal( 6, best_tree.descendents( best_tree.root ).size )
      assert_equal( 4, best_tree.leaves.size)
      assert_equal( 6, other_tree.descendents( other_tree.root ).size )
      assert_equal( 4, other_tree.leaves.size)
      fish_leaf_best = best_tree.nodes.find { |x| x.name == 'fish' }
      assert_equal( 1, best_tree.ancestors(  fish_leaf_best ).size )
      fish_leaf_other = other_tree.nodes.find { |x| x.name == 'fish' }
      assert_equal( 3, other_tree.ancestors(  fish_leaf_other ).size )

      a_leaf_worst = worst_tree.nodes.find { |x| x.name == 'A' }
      assert_equal( 1, worst_tree.ancestors(  a_leaf_worst ).size )
      c_leaf_bad = bad_tree.nodes.find { |x| x.name == 'c' }
      assert_equal( 3, bad_tree.ancestors(  c_leaf_bad ).size )

      dist_block = distances_blocks[ 0 ]
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_number_of_taxa.to_i, 5 )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_number_of_characters.to_i, 20 )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_triangle, "Both" )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 0, 0 ), "taxon_1" )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 1, 0 ), "taxon_2" )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 2, 0 ), "taxon_3" )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 3, 0 ), "taxon_4" )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 4, 0 ), "taxon_5" )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 0, 5 ).to_f, 7.0 )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 1, 5 ).to_f, 8.0 )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 2, 5 ).to_f, 9.0 )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 3, 5 ).to_f, 9.5 )
      assert_equal( dist_block.get_matrix.get_value( 4, 5 ).to_f, 0.0 )

      data_block = data_blocks[ 0 ]
      assert_equal( data_block.get_number_of_taxa.to_i, 5 )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_number_of_characters.to_i, 14 )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_datatype, "RNA" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_match_character, "^" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_missing, "x" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_gap_character, "#" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 0, 0 ), "taxon_1" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 1, 0 ), "taxon_2" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 2, 0 ), "taxon_3" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 3, 0 ), "taxon_4" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 4, 0 ), "taxon_5" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 0, 14 ), "A" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 1, 14 ), "C" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 2, 14 ), "G" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 3, 14 ), "T" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_matrix.get_value( 4, 14 ), "A" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_taxa[ 0 ], "ciona" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_taxa[ 1 ], "cow" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_taxa[ 2 ], "ape" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_taxa[ 3 ], "purple_urchin" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_taxa[ 4 ], "green_lizard" )

      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "taxon_1" )[ 0 ], "A-CCGTCGA-GTTA" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "taxon_2" )[ 0 ], "T-CCG-CGA-GATC" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "taxon_3" )[ 0 ], "A-C-GTCGA-GATG" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "taxon_4" )[ 0 ], "A-CCTCGA--GTTT" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_strings_by_name( "taxon_5" )[ 0 ], "T-CGGTCGT-CTTA" )

      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_string( 0 ), "A-CCGTCGA-GTTA" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_string( 1 ), "T-CCG-CGA-GATC" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_string( 2 ), "A-C-GTCGA-GATG" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_string( 3 ), "A-CCTCGA--GTTT" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_characters_string( 4 ), "T-CGGTCGT-CTTA" )

      assert_equal( data_block.get_row_name( 0 ), "taxon_1" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_row_name( 1 ), "taxon_2" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_row_name( 2 ), "taxon_3" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_row_name( 3 ), "taxon_4" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_row_name( 4 ), "taxon_5" )

      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_1" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "A-CCGTCGA-GTTA".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_2" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "T-CCG-CGA-GATC".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_3" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "A-C-GTCGA-GATG".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_4" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "A-CCTCGA--GTTT".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_5" )[ 0 ].seq.to_s.downcase, "T-CGGTCGT-CTTA".downcase )

      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_1" )[ 0 ].definition, "taxon_1" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_2" )[ 0 ].definition, "taxon_2" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_3" )[ 0 ].definition, "taxon_3" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_4" )[ 0 ].definition, "taxon_4" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequences_by_name( "taxon_5" )[ 0 ].definition, "taxon_5" )

      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 0 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "A-CCGTCGA-GTTA".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 1 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "T-CCG-CGA-GATC".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 2 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "A-C-GTCGA-GATG".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 3 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "A-CCTCGA--GTTT".downcase )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 4 ).seq.to_s.downcase, "T-CGGTCGT-CTTA".downcase )

      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 0 ).definition, "taxon_1" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 1 ).definition, "taxon_2" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 2 ).definition, "taxon_3" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 3 ).definition, "taxon_4" )
      assert_equal( data_block.get_sequence( 4 ).definition, "taxon_5" )

      assert_equal( DATA_BLOCK_OUTPUT_STRING, data_block.to_nexus() )

      generic_0 = private_blocks[ 0 ]
      generic_1 = private_blocks[ 1 ]
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 0 ], "Something" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 1 ], "foo" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 2 ], "5" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 3 ], "bar" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 4 ], "20" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 5 ], "Format" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 6 ], "Datatype" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 7 ], "DNA" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 8 ], "Matrix" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[ 9 ], "taxon_1" )
      assert_equal( generic_0.get_tokens[10 ], "1111" )
      assert_equal( generic_1.get_tokens[ 0 ], "some" )
      assert_equal( generic_1.get_tokens[ 1 ], "interesting" )
      assert_equal( generic_1.get_tokens[ 2 ], "data" )
      assert_equal( generic_1.get_tokens[ 3 ], "be" )
      assert_equal( generic_1.get_tokens[ 4 ], "here" )

    end # test_nexus
  end # class TestNexus
end # module Bio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
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Theology - Soteriology Archives ~ Aletheia Baptist Ministries
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Professor John Laidlaw, D.D. (1832-1906) was born and educated in Edinburgh, Scotland, teaching first in the Reformed Presbyterian Church but later joined the Free Church of Scotland. This book, published by T. & T. Clark in 1897, is a book of doctrine laid out much like a systematic theology but much shorter. It is one […]
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The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation
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Charles Spurgeon called Andrew Fuller the greatest theologian of his day. Fuller pastored in Kettering and considered himself a "strict Calvinist." However, his associations with Ryland, Sutcliff, Carey, Pearce and Hall, led them all (all being strict Calvinists) to propose that the gospel must be taken to the heathen. Fuller wrote this treatise in 1785, […]
In 1792 a group of nonconformist Particular Baptists were praying together about what could be done for missions. Many Particular (Calvinistic) Baptists did not believe anything could be done by human means to reach people in foreign lands. In May of that year William Carey expressed his own heart in the above titled booklet which […]
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I finished this book with a real 50/50 attitude. It is a Zondervan book but done by Focus on the Family with which the authors have close connections. I appreciated the emphasis on evangelism in the world, not just in the church. I believe our churches have to realize that people aren't getting saved just […]
Are Fundamentalists Legalists?
September 30, 2006Written by Rick Shrader
Before Dr. Pickering went home to be with the Lord he wrote, among the many books he authored, what I think may be his most important words to our generation. The booklet is a reply to Charles Swindoll's The Grace Awakening (1990, 1996). Swindoll caricatures Fundamentalists as being "squint-eyed legalists spying out and attacking another's […]
This small book is forwarded by Charles Spurgeon and reprinted in America by Gospel Publishers in MT. I found this copy in a used book store. Listen to Bunyan on the abuses of grace: "Alas! What can be expected of him that has nothing in him to teach him to manage that knowledge of grace […]
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Felice Derkinderen started working as an independent professional photographer in Amsterdam shortly after finishing her study at the Royal Academy of Art (KABK) in the Hague.
After meeting colleague photographer René Heitmüller in 1990 she started creating images with him. Since then they work as a team on commercial and editorial assignments with their company the Beauty and the beast. In addition they make personal, autonomous projects together.


Jane was raised and educated on the Isle of Man and studied singing and piano with Eleanor Shimmin BEM until attending the University of Edinburgh where she gained an MA Hons degree in Modern Foreign Languages. After a year studying music at the University of Idaho, USA as an Ella Olesen Scholar, Jane returned to the Isle of Man where she performed regularly on the Gaiety stage, taking many lead roles for the Douglas Choral Union and in other plays. Singing has played a large role in Jane's life and she sings at many events around the island, has sung on several occasions for the Cleveland Medal at the Manx Music Festival as well as being a member of Manx Voices ladies choir, travelling off island to sing and compete. Jane worked for many years in the finance sector but she also holds an LTCL from Trinity College, London and privately taught music until joining the Arts Council team as the Arts Development Manager.
As the Arts Development Manager, Jane leads the team in their support of the IOM Arts Council and delivery of the National Development Strategy for Culture and the Arts.
Speak to Jane if you need assistance with development of an arts project or event, queries regarding the creative industries on the Isle of Man or about how you can help in the delivery of the arts and culture strategy.
There are many ways for you to get involved with the arts, whether you want to participate, sit back and enjoy or sponsor a project. The island has everything you need to get started.


Asia Pacific high yield bond issuance enjoyed a record-breaking month in January. In total US$11.11 billion-worth of international debt was sold across 28 deals, the largest amount on record.
The total surpasses the US$148 million issued in January 2012 by a factor of 75 times, according to data provider Dealogic. It represents nearly 20% of total debt capital market (DCM) volume through the month, also the highest monthly share on record.
Sixty-two percent of the issuance was supplied by Chinese borrowers, totalling US$6.86 billion – a stark contrast from 2012 in which only US$1.14 billion was recorded.
Appetite for mainland China credits was fuelled by positive economic data at the end of 2012.
Debt sold by Filipino and Indonesian issuers follow China in terms of volume, with the two countries accounting for 13% and 11% market shares, respectively.
Globally, Asia Pacific accounts for 17% of high yield bond volume this year, also the highest level on record. This figure is up from 1% in January 2012.
The strong start for Asia's high yield market helped brand-name corporates use new bonds to buyback outstanding debt at cheaper rates.
Macanese casino operator Melco Crown Entertainment's US$1 billion 5% eight non-call three bond issue on January 30 exemplified the trend. The 'Ba3'/'BB-' rated borrower issued the deal ahead of its tender offer for a US$600 million 10.25% bond due in 2018, according to bankers close to the deal.
Any additional proceeds following the initial buyback would be used to repay a Rmb2.3 billion (US$369.8 million) transaction due on May 19.
Weeks earlier on January 8, Indonesian property developer Lippo Karawaci ('BB+'/'BB+') tapped its 6.125% November 2020 bond issue for an additional US$130 million at a yield of 5.243%, bringing the total transaction to US$403.3 million. Part of the proceeds will be used to buy back a US$125 million outstanding deal due May 2015 that has a 9% coupon.
A syndicate banker close to the Melco deal adds that Chinese high yield property companies are among the strongest candidates to sell bonds for buybacks, given their spreads have tightened "by up to 300 basis points (bp)" in the last three years. Likewise, the public debt market has become more familiar with Chinese technology names and Indonesian industrial names.
Demand for high yield deals has come at the cost of would-be Korean borrowers.
Among companies to have struggled was Shinhan Bank, which sold a US$350 million 5.5-year senior unsecured bond on January 23, after cutting the deal size from US$500 million after investors balked at initial guidance of 130bp above five-year Treasuries. The 'A1'/'A' rated bank finally priced the deal at 127.5bp over Treasuries.
"We wanted to price at that specific level," Kim Jae Wook, a funding official at the Seoul-based bank, told Asiamoney on January 23, further noting that, "there's a difference between what investors think and what we think" when asked why investor demand dropped during the deal.
Korea Development Bank's US$1 billion duel-tranche deal on January 15 also met with lacklustre demand, but gained decent spreads by targeting short tenors. Likewise Hana Bank's short-dated issue helped it to achieve the lowest spread for a Korean commercial bank in the market since 2005, according to EuroWeek Asia. It also sold a US$500 million three-year bond on January 29, priced at 105bp over Treasuries.
Equity market confidence is picking up, with total issuance for January at US$13.98 billion, almost five times the US$2.78 billion over the same period in 2012.
Block geography has been diverse in 2013, with Philippine-listed GT Capital Holdings, Thai telecoms company ShinCorp, India's AXIS Bank and Taiwan's Innolux Corp all selling shares.
In addition, a slew of big Chinese names have driven volume. On January 9, Industrial Bank placed a mega US$3.76 billion follow-on with four investors – Beijing Infrastructure Investment, China Tobacco, PICC Asset Management and Shanghai Zhengyang International Trade.
It was the biggest ECM deal globally in 2013 as well as the largest Chinese ECM transaction since August 2012, when Bank of Communications (BoComm) placed US$4.7 billion worth of shares via Credit Suisse, Citic Securities, Goldman Sachs and Hongta Securities.
The initial public offering (IPO) market remains subdued, with 18 new listings worth a total of US$1.15 billion. However, PanAsialum, Time Watch Investments and Chinalco Mining Corp International all closed deals in the last week of January with high participation from retail accounts.
Chinalco led the way on January 24 with a debut of US$398 million worth of shares, conducted via BNP Paribas and Morgan Stanley as joint global coordinators, plus a further four joint bookrunners. The shares fell 6.9% in immediate secondary market trading. However, some were not deterred by the poor after-market performance.
"You trade down, but you get more liquidity which allows a long only investor to find a proper stabilisation level for the stock. That will be a fundamental position from which to build and the retail investors will come back in," says a head of ECM for Asia ex Japan.
The Malaysian IPO market was one of the few buoyant spots across Asia last year. ECM bankers expect an equally strong start to 2013. Malakoff Corp is looking to raise up to US$1 billion after March, while Ranhill Energy and Resources, Tune Insurance and Westports Malaysia are also looking to debut stock, according to EuroWeek Asia.
"I expect IPO levels to increase but it may take another 10% to 15% on markets to encourage entrepreneurs to sell equity stakes in their businesses," says Gary Dugan, chief investment officer Asia at Coutts Private Bank.


text:
Aman Tokyo
Atop a soaring tower just steps from Tokyo Station, the Aman Tokyo, which opened in 2016, is a tranquil and opulent island of luxury in the sky.
Perhaps more than any other luxury hotel in Tokyo, the Aman reflects Japanese design and sensibility. Both common areas and guest rooms are clean and uncluttered, which is welcome after spending a day in among the crowded and visually busy chaos that is Tokyo.
With a soaring lobby and eye-popping floor-to-ceiling views from almost every space, the Aman invites you to study the city that sprawls in every direction around you. Perhaps the most amazing space is the 30-meter pool that perches like a lake against the backdrop of the Tokyo skyline.
As with other Aman properties, the spa is a central part of the experience and the wellness treatments here get high reviews. The combination of spa treatments and Zen-inspired uncluttered space makes the Aman a particularly relaxing refuge in the city and is highly recommended for those who need to wind down after business or long travel.
It's a great choice for those who want the convenience of a location close to Tokyo Station and the serenity of calming Japanese aesthetics.
Check Tokyo Hotel Availability
English name:
Japanese name:
アマン東京
English address:
The Otemachi Tower, 1-5-6 Ote-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004
Japanese address:
〒100-0004 東京都千代田区大手町1-5-6 大手町タワー
Hotel website:
Book via the official Aman website. The Aman Tokyo is not available on Booking.com or Agoda.com.
You can also read reviews of Aman Tokyo on TripAdvisor
Non-smoking rooms:
Nearest Transport:
Subway: Directly connected to Otemachi Station on the Tokyo Metro Tozai and Marunouchi, Hanzomon and Chiyoda lines, and Toei Mita line.
Train: 5-minute walk from Marunouchi North exit of Tokyo Station.
Near To Here:
Aman Tokyo is located in Tokyo's Station district. See our complete list of things to do in Tokyo's Station district, including places to eat, nightlife and places to stay.
Where Is This Place Located?
See this place on the Truly Tokyo Google map:


text:
How to Handle the Unclosed String Literal Error in Java
Dec 24, 2021 •
Introduction to Strings & String Literals
Strings are a fundamental data type in most modern general-purpose programming languages. In Java, strings are defined as character sequences and are represented as immutable objects of the class java.lang.String which contains various constructors and methods for creating and manipulating strings [1]. A string literal is simply a reference to an instance of the String class, which consists of zero or more characters enclosed in double quotes. Moreover, a string literal is also a constant, which means it always refers to the same instance of the String class, due to interning [2]. Below is an example of the string literal "rollbar" being assigned to two different variables a and b which both reference the same (automatically interned) String object.
String a = "rollbar";
String b = "rollbar";
System.out.println(a == b); // true
For string literals to be interpreted correctly by the Java compiler, certain (so called "special") characters need to be escaped by using the appropriate escape sequence (or escape for short) [3]. Such is the case with the double quote character, which is considered a special character as it is used to mark the beginning and the end of a string literal. So, in order to have quotes within these quotes, one must use the escape sequence \" on the inner quotes, as shown below.
System.out.println("Say \"Hi!\" to Rollbar."); // Say "Hi!" to Rollbar.
Unclosed String Literal Error: What It Is and Why It Happens?
As its name implies, the unclosed string literal error refers to a string literal which has not been closed. More specifically, this means that the Java compiler has failed to interpret a string literal due to being unable to locate the double quote expected to close i.e., mark the end of it. The message generated by the compiler indicates the line and the position where the opening quotation mark of the string literal in question is found.
The unclosed string literal error most commonly occurs when
a string literal doesn't end with a double quote;
a string literal extends beyond a single line but is not concatenated properly; or
a double quote is part of the string literal itself but is not escaped properly.
Unclosed String Literal Error Examples
Missing double quotes at the end of a string literal
When the Java compiler encounters a double quote which denotes the start of a string literal, it expects to find a matching double quote that marks the end of it. In other words, double quotes always go in pairs, and failing to match an opening quote to a closing one will inevitably trigger the unclosed string literal error.
Fig. 1(a) shows how failing to mark the end of a string literal with a double quote results in the unclosed string literal error, and the error message points to the location where the opening quote appears in the code. Adding the omitted quote, as demonstrated in Fig. 1(b), closes the string literal and remedies the issue.
public class UnclosedStringLiteral {
System.out.println("This is a simple string literal.);
UnclosedStringLiteral.java:6: error: unclosed string literal
1 error
System.out.println("This is a simple string literal.");
This is a simple string literal.
Figure 1: Unclosed string literal (a) error and (b) resolution
Multiline string not concatenated properly
Oftentimes, a string holds textual content too long to be comfortably contained in a single line of code. This raises the need for truncating the string into multiple lines, and the most common way to do this in Java is by splitting the string up into multiple string literals concatenated with the plus (+) character.
Having a single string literal span multiple lines of code is syntactically incorrect, so failing to divide the string into separate, properly concatenated chunks will raise the unclosed string literal error, as can be observed in Fig. 2(a). Note how the compiler flags the second double quote on line 8 as the beginning of a new string literal, rather than the end of the previous one, as it sits on a different line. Encapsulating each sub-string into its own string literal and joining them with the plus character fixes the problem (Fig. 2(b)).
public class UnclosedStringLiteralMultiline {
System.out.println("This is a complete sentence
represented as a multiline string
in the Java programming language.");
UnclosedStringLiteralMultiline.java:6: error: unclosed string literal
UnclosedStringLiteralMultiline.java:7: error: ';' expected
System.out.println("This is a complete sentence " +
"represented as a multiline string " +
"in the Java programming language.");
This is a complete sentence represented as a multiline string in the Java programming language.
Figure 2: Unclosed string literal in multiline string (a) error and (b) resolution
Unescaped double quotes inside string literal
As mentioned earlier, certain characters inside string literals need to be escaped in order to be interpreted correctly by the Java compiler. In the case of the double quote ("), it has to be escaped with a preceding backslash (\) so that it doesn't get misinterpreted as the character marking the end of the string. Fig. 3 shows an example of a string literal containing the double quote character as its second-last character, and how failing to escape it with a backslash invokes the unclosed string literal error.
public class UnclosedStringLiteralEscapeSequence {
String text = "You have to escape ".";
System.out.println(text);
UnclosedStringLiteralEscapeSequence.java:6: error: unclosed string literal
UnclosedStringLiteralEscapeSequence.java:6: error: ';' expected
String text = "You have to escape \".";
You have to escape ".
Figure 3: Unclosed string literal with unescaped double quote (a) error and (b) resolution
Text Blocks to the Rescue
Many of the issues leading to the unclosed string literal error can be prevented by using text blocks, a relatively new feature added to the Java language specification [4]. A text block is a multi-line string literal that avoids the need for most escape sequences, automatically formats the string in a predictable way, and gives good control over the desired output. Text blocks were proposed in 2019 and became a preview feature in JDK 13 & 14, finally making their appearance as a permanent feature in JDK 15, in 2020 [5].
In Java, embedding a snippet of HTML, XML, SQL, or JSON in a string literal can be especially daunting as it tends to require significant editing with escapes and concatenation before the code can compile. Fig. 4(a) shows how such a snippet can be difficult to read and maintain, and how easily it could trigger the unclosed string literal error. Contrast this to the example in Fig. 4(b) which uses a text block to produce the same exact result.
public class TextBlocks {
String html = "\n" +
"    \n" +
"
\"Hello world\"
\n" +
"    \n" +
"\n";
System.out.println(html);

"Hello world"

String html = """
""";
Figure 4: A multiline HTML string as a (a) chain of string literals versus a (b) text block
It's apparent how text blocks can improve the readability and writability of Java programs by providing a linguistic mechanism for denoting strings more precisely and elegantly, across multiple lines and without the visual clutter of escape sequences. Still, while some parts of a program may benefit from text blocks laid out over multiple lines, the embedded newline characters and whitespace padding may be undesirable in other parts of the program. Hence, both string literals and text blocks have their own use cases.
Strings are a widely used and hugely important device in writing Java programs. Being familiar with the relevant syntax rules is essential in avoiding related compilation errors, such as the unclosed string literal error. This error emerges when the compiler is unable to interpret a string because it can't figure out where the associated string literal ends. This article helps understand and resolve this error by fixing the underlying syntax issues which provoke it. An alternative way to mitigate and prevent the unclosed string literal error is also proposed, by way of using a new JDK feature—text blocks—as a direct replacement for string literals in certain scenarios.
[1] Oracle, 2020. String (Java SE 15 & JDK 15). Oracle and/or its affiliates. [Online]. Available: https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/15/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/String.html. [Accessed Dec. 16, 2021]
[2] Wikipedia, 2021. String interning - Wikipedia. Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning. [Accessed Dec. 16, 2021]
[3] Oracle, 2020. The Java® Language Specification. Java SE 15 Edition. Chapter 3. Lexical Structure. Oracle and/or its affiliates. [Online]. Available: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se15/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.10.7. [Accessed Dec. 16, 2021]
[4] J. Laskey and S. Marks, 2020. Programmer's Guide to Text Blocks, Oracle and/or its affiliates. [Online]. Available: https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/15/text-blocks/index.html. [Accessed Dec. 16, 2021]
[5] OpenJDK, 2020. JEP 378: Text Blocks. Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. [Online]. Available: https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/378. [Accessed Dec. 16, 2021]


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Вилье́-ан-Морва́н () — коммуна во Франции, находится в регионе Бургундия. Департамент коммуны — Кот-д'Ор. Входит в состав кантона Льерне. Округ коммуны — Бон.

Код INSEE коммуны — 21703.

Население
Население коммуны на 2010 год составляло 42 человека.

Экономика
В 2010 году среди 23 человек трудоспособного возраста (15—64 лет) 12 были экономически активными, 11 — неактивными (показатель активности — 52,2 %, в 1999 году было 61,1 %). Из 12 активных жителей работали 8 человек (5 мужчин и 3 женщины), безработных было 4 (1 мужчина и 3 женщины). Среди 11 неактивных 1 человек был учеником или студентом, 9 — пенсионерами, 1 был неактивным по другим причинам.

См. также
 Список округов Франции

Примечания

Ссылки
 Национальный институт статистики — Вилье-ан-Морван

Коммуны департамента Кот-д'Ор

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Elizabethton Twins Logo
Elizabethton Twins Logo PNG
The Elizabethton Twins logo is almost a copy of the Minnesota Twins emblem. That's only natural as the two teams have been connected for almost half a century.
The Minor League Baseball team Elizabethton Twins was founded in 1974 and became a farm team for the Minnesota Twins the same year. It plays in the Appalachian League at the Rookie level.
Similar to the emblem of the Minnesota Twins, the Elizabethton Twins logo depicts the "Twins" script over a white baseball with red seams. However, unlike the parent team's logo, there's no blue ring. Also, there's the word "Elizabethton" in dark blue.
Cap emblem
The same "Twins" script as on the main logo is placed over a large script "E."
Johnson City Cardinals Logo
Milwaukee Brewers Logo
Richmond Flying Squirrels Logo


With the economy still trying to rev up again, this wasn't the year for big news and innovative introductions from cardio manufacturers. Add to the economic hiccup a smaller Health & Fitness Business Show, some extra inventory still lingering here and there, and cautious buyers wary of consumer buying. What that means is although cardio companies still eked the category forward at the Aug. 6-7 show in Denver, it was mostly with conservative offerings of design tweaks, add-ons and updates.
With the economy still trying to rev up again, this wasn't the year for big news and innovative introductions from cardio manufacturers. Add to the economic hiccup a smaller Health & Fitness Business Show, some extra inventory still lingering here and there, and cautious buyers wary of consumer buying.
What that means is although cardio companies still eked the category forward at the Aug. 6-7 show in Denver, it was mostly with conservative offerings of design tweaks, add-ons and updates. A few new lines and a sprinkle of new technologies hinted that work in the back room hasn't stopped, of course -- and may be priming for a change in consumer buying habits.
Here's our run-down of the trends and other highlights we saw on the floor.
Deals were being offered around the floor -- some more of a deal than others.
We get the feeling that the new TV stands and mounting brackets -- bars that attach TVs to cardio equipment -- were some companies' conservative answer to what to debut in a down economy. Nevertheless, the kits will surely appeal to an increasingly multi-tasking exerciser. Maintaining its show support with the second-largest booth at the show, party sponsor SportsArt Fitness introduced the Universal Entertainment Mounting Bracket (MSRP $329 to $379) that fits onto 24 pieces of its cardio equipment. (www.sportsartfitness.com) Also going AV but differently: BodyGuard's AV System is a rolling, stand-alone adjustable TV/DVD stand (MSRP $699).
Water rowing technology isn't new, but in a show with only 65 company booths, SNEWS thought it was notable that three companies were showing equipment with water resistance. Category leader Water Rower (www.waterrower.com) showed off its patented flywheel technology that "emulates the exact dynamics as a boat moving through water" in an array of rowers for home and commercial use. First Degree Fitness (www.firstdegreefitness.com) had its current line of water rowers, cycles and upper body exercisers with long-time "fluid technology" as resistance (see picture to left) -- not much new, except new marketing director Bill Van Eron, with experience at HP computers and other firms, promised the Australia-based company would be doing a bigger push in the United States soon with its own North American website launching in September.H20 Fitness, a division of HealthCare International (www.hcifitness.com -- the company that still brings the Monark bike), brought along its RX series of water rowers for home, light commercial and club use, but focused on spotlighting its electromagnetic Proteus PAR-5500 Club Series Rower. The Proteus, the company said, combines both water and magnetic resistance for a smoother feel and a better workout.
Even with a down economy a few companies decided cardio was a segment to get into.
Perhaps known best for its storable Cardio Gym systems (www.cardiogym.com) that incorporate upper body strength work with a cardio workout on a recumbent bike, parent Australian-based company Avanti Fitness debuted a small selection of new treadmills (MSRP $1,299 to $2,299). "Avanti is huge in Australia," said Connie Miranda. "But it's hard to compete with some of the established brands in the U.S."
So maybe going to the dogs will help? Avanti introduced a first for the HFB show -- a treadmill for your pet (MSRP $999) that you control from your own machine. For all those customers who won't spend a grand on their own equipment, maybe they'll spend it for one for Fido or Fluffy? This item has a 1 HP continuous duty motor, goes up to 10 kilometers per hour (6.2 mph) for all those speedy pets out there, folds for space saving, and has a running area of about 12 inches by 47 inches. And if Fido misbehaves, you can rev up that motor with a flick of your finger to make him toe the line -- or get flung off the back.
OK, so this isn't the first year Body-Solid (www.bodysolid.com) has offered cardio equipment, but with its revamped elliptical line (see picture to right), it might see broader reach in its future. Sold under the company's Endurance brand, the E300, E400 and E5000 are equipped with the increasingly popular center-drive technology -- licensed by a number of manufacturers from the same patent -- which allowed the rep in the Body-Solid booth to brag that the E300 and E400 are so compact that they'll fit on a 3x4 exercise mat, yet still handle users who weigh up to 300 pounds. The E300 and E5000 feature a fixed 21-inch stride; the E400's stride length can be adjusted from 17 to 23 inches. Also offered was a center-drive model under its Best Fitness brand.
Spirit Fitness(www.spiritfitness.com) introduced what the company is calling the "new generation" of elliptical trainers, the E-Glide (MSRP $2,499). Spirit's engineers have replaced a traditional front-drive system with a flywheel, similar to what you'd find on an indoor studio cycle. Other elements on the E-Glide mimic indoor cycling as well, such as a hand break, 60-level tension knob and RPM read-out on the console. A small footprint and less bouncy ellipsis motion could make it attractive to consumers seeking an alternative. Spirit also debuted its updated XTerra Fitness line of treadmills, ellipticals, steppers and bikes (MSRPs range from $1,100 to $1,800). Click here to see a March 20, 2009, SNEWS story discussing the company's new XTerra license.
In the largest booth space at the show, Star Trac (www.startracusa.com) launched a light-commercial, high-end line of consumer treadmills for home use under its brand ST Fitness. Economy, schonomy, we're talking a booth filled with new stuff that didn't neglect aesthetics. The seven modern-looking machines feature a light color scheme, sleek console look, oval handrail tubing and low-profile motor shrouds. The top-of-the-line 8940 and 8930 (part of the line that has MSRPs from $1,495 to $3,595) have 22-x-60-inch running surfaces. Star Trac also debuted a line of ellipticals, treadmills and bikes under the Ironman Fitness brand, part of its re-introduction of that popular brand that it took over after acquiring the Ironman license after long-time licensee Keys went bankrupt. Click here to read a Feb. 16, 2009, SNEWS story about that deal.


In this column, I'll talk about some of my deepest beliefs. What do I think are the most important principles that someone should rule their life by? What are my religious beliefs? My political beliefs?
I think standardized tests are unfair because they don't test you on what you know and they try to trick you. What grades you get in regular classes are more important than how you do on some stupid test that you take on one day that you might not be feeling good.
In this column, I'll write some of my opinions on current events. I'll date my entries and update this page frequently, whenever I feel moved to write.
I think they should let that little boy go with his father. I understand that his relatives think it's better for him to stay in this country but I think he'd be better off back home.
Do you agree or disagree with my beliefs and opinions? I'd love to hear from you. Check out my "Contact Me" page to send me e-mail.


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BRCC Appalachian Heritage Arts Series concludes with lecture by Sharyn McCrumb
Published Sunday, Oct. 12, 2014, 7:31 pm
Front Page » Events » BRCC Appalachian Heritage Arts Series concludes with lecture by Sharyn McCrumb
Sharyn McCrumb, a New York Times bestselling author, will close out the Appalachian Heritage Arts Series at Blue Ridge Community College with a lecture on Tuesday, October 14, at 12:45 p.m. in the Plecker Center auditorium.
An award-winning Southern writer, McCrumb is best known for her Appalachian "Ballad" novels, including bestsellers The Ballad of Frankie Silver and She Walks These Hills.
"My books are like Appalachian quilts," says McCrumb. "I take brightly colored scraps of legends, ballads, fragments of rural life, and local tragedy, and I piece them together into a complex whole that tells not only a story, but also a deeper truth about the culture of the mountain South."
The event, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, is free and open to the public. For more information, contact the Public Relations Office at (540) 453-2358.


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Blogs from @umnlib
A Matter of Facts Blog
Redistricting in Minnesota
Mark Engebretson - March 16, 2022 0
Following the collection and release of Census data every 10 years, states must redraw the boundaries of congressional and legislative districts to account for population change and balance them for equal population and other criteria. In this installment of A Matter of Facts, we provide an overview of the steps involved in redistricting.
From the Archivist Blog
U Libraries receives $108,000 for Minnesota Landscapes
Erik Moore - May 20, 2021 0
Minnesota Landscapes: Documenting Environmental History through Archival Sources is a year-long project to examine and describe archival collections related to Minnesota's environmental history and climate.
Blue Ox Review
Top 10 Health Sciences Libraries stories of 2022
Erinn Aspinall - December 21, 2022 0
We're celebrating 2022 with a look back at our favorite stories of the year that feature the innovative, impactful, fun, and purpose-filled work at the Health Sciences Library and the Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine.
Kirschner Cookbook Collection Blog
'What's for Dessert' and 'Baking School' featured on Read This Book!
Mark Engebretson - December 20, 2022 0
Science Librarian Megan Kocher, Curator of the University of Minnesota's Kirschner Cookbook Collection, recommends "What's for Dessert" and "Baking School" for those wanting to whip up some holiday baked goods. Kocher is joined on this installment of Read This Book by host Lisa Von Drasek.
Land of 10,000 Workflows Blog
How I Work: Claire Stewart
Allison Campbell-Jensen - October 31, 2018 1
Claire Stewart, Associate University Librarian for Research & Learning at the University Libraries, talks about the technology and tools that she uses in her daily life. Her favorite: Wunderlist. And she is on the verge of dumping her laptop entirely for a desktop in the office and an iPad 6th generation when she's mobile.
Archives and Special Collections News
Allison Campbell-Jensen - January 18, 2023 0
The Immigration History Research Center Archives (IHRCA) at the University Libraries announces its 2023 Grant-in-Aid awardees and the Immigration History Research Center's Michael G. Karni Scholarship awardees. These award programs support travel for researchers to...
Health Sciences Libraries Blog


Antiques and collectibles from Grandma's place down on the farm.
Visiting Sand Ridge Farm is like taking a trip back in time to Grandma's place down on the farm. Take a walk through the parlor, kitchen and bedroom. Explore the attic and cellar. Sit a spell on the veranda and then take a stroll out to the garden, barn and outbuildings. You'll find antiques and collectibles everywhere you look.
But my kids think its junk and they don't want to deal with all of it when I die! So I'm looking for new homes for old things like goblets and silver, mixing bowls and kitchen gadgets, tablecloths, napkins and doilies, books and records, Avon and Princess House. Come in, browse around and take some treasures home with you.


On the first day we met, I knew I wanted her to be more than just the MUA to me. I wanted her to be my friend, such a sweet spirited woman.
She's an amazing person, Baaba. What caught my attention was her desire to better her crafts, and her willingness practically be there and do everything right and legit to be better.
The shoot was a test shoot of Baaba Nkuma Sam (Opal Makeup)'s trial work with me. The first was a subtle with golden glow look, and the second she named Candy Crush.
Today, on August 29, 2015, Baaba will be organizing a makeup class scheduled to begin at 10am in Accra. This will be my first ever makeup class, and I'm excited to have gained some expertise in makeup by the end of the day. Whoop-Whoop!!


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Abandoned Soviet Town in Czech Republic
Boží Dar is a place that few people outside of Milovice even know about, and even fewer know anything about its strange and darkly sinister Soviet history. In short, it's an abandoned Soviet town smack dab in the middle of the Czech Republic. But first, let's consider the name, Boží Dar. This translates quite literally to God's Gift.
God's Gift? Seriously?
A fitting post for April 1st, wouldn't you agree?
Less than 30 miles northeast of Prague, amid what's been described as one of the fastest growing suburban areas in the Czech Republic, lies an abandoned Soviet ghost town that was left to decay after the end of the Cold War. But this isn't any ordinary ghost town. This entire area used to be heavily guarded because it housed a top secret Soviet military base for two decades.
Behind the Fence
Boží Dar was a town which existed in complete isolation. It was a closed town within a closed state. It's believed that somewhere between 30,000 and 100,000 Soviets came and went through this town.
The area around Milovice – behind the fences where the old airport was located – was a military garrison and Boží Dar was another town. Close, yet separated, they each had their gates, and remained divided by a fence. Each had their own shops, cultural centers and so on.
Even though today Boží Dar is perceived as a single entity, the reality of existence there at the time was different.
We can only assume that it was the family members of soldiers who lived at Boží Dar so that their neighbors at the Air Base of Milovice could visit once a year within the framework of friendship, but otherwise they lived separately, completely divided by the same fences that kept both hidden from Czechs.
These are some old aerial images of the town of Boží Dar.
Just down the heavily guarded road from the Czech town of Milovice a Soviet world existed.
Milovice has a population of approx. 8,000 inhabitants and yet none of them ever even knew that such a place existed, or about the hundreds of families who lived there in their private Communist capsule, cramped into concrete quarters and living under constant armed guard – only a mile away.
The Czechs never knew because the Soviet residents of Boží Dar never left the town.
They existed in a self contained world. A mini-Soviet Union where everything was just as it was back home, with one minor difference. At least here they had new homes, with well stocked markets and a life that was more "western" than the rest of the Eastern Bloc.
It's fair to assume that only the highest-ranking officials would have had that kind of freedom of movement.
When the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union began to crumble, the writing was on the wall for Boží Dar.
The Red Army packed up and left in 1991, and over the years the abandoned military base has been looted and vandalised. Anything of value has been ripped out.
In 1992, Russia generously gave the already crumbling buildings and polluted, explosive-riddled surrounding land back to the Czech government. They claimed that the value of this piece of real estate would make up for the cost of cleaning it.
It seems the Czechs had little choice but to accept.
Welcome to Boží Dar (God's Gift). Behind these "welcoming" gates is an entire Soviet world within itself.
The main part of town consists of ten large blocks of apartments, approximately 500 in all, which are all tightly clumped together even though there is open land all around. A nice way to control and keep an eye on the population.
These eerie and forbidding Cold War accommodation blocks stand derelict, comprising a haunting and sinister military ghost town just a stone's throw from the Czech capital.
There are also other buildings which look like offices or some sort of governmental buildings. There was a school, market, movie theater, wellness center or spa, and cultural center.
With everything flown in, they never had to even consider leaving.
Russian newspapers are the only things remaining aside from strange evidence such as the school, where the children seem to have been referred to by numbers rather than names.
The town was used in the filming of several Czech television productions. The Czech television series Emergency created a burnt-out club called Rock Club Black Hole here and they also filmed for a program called Go Home, Ivan.
Operations at the base were kept top secret, and such was the extent of Soviet paranoia that they even closed down Milovice's sewage treatment plant at one point, fearing that the additional waste would give away too much information about the size of Boží Dar's true population.
The Air Base
Now let's take a look at the airport gates.
This particular air base was the biggest and most important Soviet army base in the country. 30 miles away at Ralsko is another large one. Of course, there are also numerous smaller ones dotting the country and even more in other states of the former Eastern bloc, all built in preparation for a huge war that never happened. Before the Velvet Revolution, the USSR maintained as many as 74 military sites in what was then Czechoslovakia.
Apparently, the USSR took over the base located in the Nymburk District (which was previously used by the Austro-Hungarian Army and later the Luftwaffe during World War II) in 1968. There was just as much secrecy surrounding what was going into the base as what was coming out of it, so most supplies were probably brought in from Russia by air or rail. The base itself was partly self-sufficient, with its own coal power plant, underground reservoir and farmland.
It too, like the town, was completely abandoned by the Soviets, left to rot, decay and fall to waste. The crumbling Red Army airfield has hangars and barracks in the area and it's believed that at one time, even nuclear warheads were stored there.
Many people avoid the area believing it to be contaminated. There are also huge holes surrounding the area where people believe munitions were buried and then removed.
The Czech Environmental Ministry swept the ground for all of the remaining buried live ammunition and most of it was dug up and disposed of back in the early 90s, but the occasional mine or grenade still turns up.
On the satellite image below, you can see the town in regards to the airstrip and munitions storage facilities.
There's a lot of land in between and surrounding the area where dangerous things still turn up today.
No one has ever been able to prove the nuclear weapons story and the Russian embassy in Prague still refuses to confirm or deny anything. However, the former Central Group of Forces commander, General Vorobyov, was open about the whole thing in a 2008 interview with Radio Prague.
Of course they were here. The Soviet Army had nuclear weapons in several storage facilities in Czechoslovakia, but the Czechoslovak army did not own them. The storage facilities were built in 1969. I don't know when exactly nuclear weapons were brought here but it was certainly some time in the 1970s, at the latest.
On the phone from Moscow, he said "We did indeed have nuclear weapons in the rocket brigades as part of the Central Group of Soviet Forces that I commanded."
The interview is very good and we recommend you listen to it here. (They even discuss the launching pads for firing these nukes!)
Milovická airport received the heaviest passenger and cargo aircraft from the Soviet Union, which both imported and took away a plethora of different materials over the years. Of course, all of this occurred without any customs control by any Czech authorities.
The residents from the surrounding villages remember the constant and annoying low overflights by Soviet pilots who were happy to zip only meters over civilian rooftops.
The airplanes that came and went included numerous fighter planes, including MiG 15UTI, MiG 21S, MiG 23, Su-17, AN-12, AN-24, IL-14, Li-2, as well as Mi-24V / p, Mi-17, Mi 6a, and Mi-8TB.
After 1968, the airport experienced an aggressive rise in building development. The concrete runway was extended to 2,500 meters and widened to 80 meters, which made it one of the largest runways in Central Europe.
In addition to the runway, they built a total of 44 hardened aircraft shelters, nicknamed beehives.
The hives were on standby holding up to 44 MiG-21s and MiG-23s. The structures were formed of 30 curved panels with a total length of 30 m of internal space and a width of 12.88 meters. The height of the arch measured 6.94 m. There were also munitions warehouses constructed for weapons. The first warehouse was not only for storing ammunition but also for filling of aircraft fuel.
The shelter doors were seated on the rails and their opening worked by gravity. This way, the aircraft could still exit immediately after minimal servicing. Located at the western part of the airport, there was a helicopter repair and ammunition depot and at one time, standing room for 29 helicopters. They also built several infantry shelters.
Based on the improvements made and everything that was there – it seems that God's Gift may been the very heart of operations in Europe.
Side note: The Boží Dar airbase is the location used in the film Red Tails which we posted about just yesterday.
The Flight School
There was a flight school and Mig 29s coming and going.
But once powerful jets flew from here and many pilots trained from these grounds.
Now there are only ruins…
People who find out about this place immediately ask, "Did Boží Dar's former residents remain in the Czech Republic?" The answer is probably not. They would have followed their comrades home. The locals say the only Soviets who stayed in Milovice are those buried in the local cemetery.
It's not unheard of for dog walkers and other visitors to stumble upon munitions and even land mines – making the abandoned Soviet ghost town of Boží Dar a terrifying place on a whole other level.
But back then, it seemed to the be place to be. The propaganda machine sure said so!
The people photographed don't look too unhappy. Surely they believed their work was important to the future of the Soviet Union.
I have no idea what kind of pet this woman has, but the baby seems to like it.
They look like any other ordinary couple.
The women appear to be working to keep the common areas clean.
Young minds absorbing some sort of Soviet flight/space propaganda.
I wonder if these are children 12, 19 and 23 from the school?
It looks like an ordinary day in the life…
I wonder if these soldiers were posing for a photo on their way to the flight school, or if they patrolled the area?
Looking at the color photo, I see a perimeter that resembles something that may be a prison camp. But maybe that's just me. It looks like a happy family, complete with Babuska who was allowed to come along. Wearing that coat, he could be one of the pilots or flight trainers who was able to bring his family.
All for the cause…
Believe it or not, the Russians that were relocated permanently to Boží Dar were actually a minority. Only about 30% were of Russian homeland. Others there for extended training were Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, and Uzbeks.
One rumor that has spread throughout the years was that the Soviets were sent to Boží Dar as a punishment. But that's probably only a rumor. Russians who reminisce have said, "It was the best years of my life".
This answer has a logical justification. As a real punishment, it's sure that they were sent back to the USSR or equally to Siberia – not to Western civilization, which even in their artifical little "Soviet World" was a life which had standards of comfort which were decades ahead of what lied at home. Some Soviets confessed that when they first arrived in Czechoslovakia they had no idea how to operate a faucet or could not comprehend the idea of carpet on the ground.
Perhaps then, it was God's Gift to those lucky few who got to live in this part of then known Czechoslovakia.
These days it's been decades and nothing remains except abandoned buildings, a lot of graffiti and vandalism and yellowing scraps of Soviet news.
Thankfully people like Daniel Bardlsey were able to get in and photograph some of the interiors before demolition.
The latest photographs seem to indicate that demolition has finally begun.
Here's what we do know…
From February 26, to June 19, 1990 the area saw a mass exodus from the area. Official numbers tell us the following inventory left the area:
4,339 cars and trucks
881 trailers
1,313 tanks and armored personnel carriers
630 underground fuel tanks
260 ammunition wagons
457 wagons of military material
1,135 wagons of building material
22,071 soldiers
All of this happened with the assistance of 155 diesel locomotives and 138 electric locomotives.
There were also fifteen cargo flights recorded, however the locals recall that the aircraft's raced back and forth, several dozen a week. The final day saw twenty-seven columns formed with a total of 1,097 vehicles leaving.
The record for the final Aviation Regiment was on January 21, 1991 and on June 19, 1991 the final Russian troops left via the Milovice train station.
Once the Czech army took the area back over from the Russians, the space around the training grounds, including the airport and the entire town of Boží Dar was heavily guarded by 320 soldiers and 20 trained dogs. This special assignment did not prevent theft and vandalism – it actually caused it. Later it was proven that many of the soldiers were involved and they were eventually convicted.
The federal government has been wondering what to do with the airport and the adjacent town since the Soviets left. Many people had ideas and presented concepts, but nothing has ever been realized. At one point, it was considered to remain an airport and to revamp it for Allied Forces, but after investment calculations showed it would cost approx. $20 Billion (capital "B") to do so, the plan was scrapped.
The latest images do show that fencing has been put up and many of the buildings have finally been demolished, but we're unsure of what will be happening next. Whatever it may be, it's seems that God's Gift will soon be gone forever.
Please do share your thoughts.
Did you know this place existed?
Sources: Vojenske Prostory, Vice, Urban Ghosts, Milovice – letiště Boží Dar, Daily Mail, Czeching out of Here.
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Gamma Geminorum (γ Geminorum, abbreviated Gamma Gem, γ Gem), formally named Alhena , is the third-brightest object in the constellation of Gemini. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 1.9, making it easily visible to the naked eye even in urban regions. Based upon parallax measurements with the Hipparcos satellite, it is located at a distance of roughly  from the Sun.

Properties
Alhena is an evolving star that is exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core and has entered the subgiant stage. The spectrum matches a stellar classification of A0 IV. Compared to the Sun it has 2.8 times the mass and 3.3 times the radius. It is radiating around 123 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 9,260 K. This gives it a white hue typical of an A-class star.

Alhena is a spectroscopic binary system with a period of 12.6 years (4,614.51 days) in a highly eccentric Keplerian orbit. The secondary, with 1.07 times the mass of the Sun, is likely a G-type main-sequence star.

Etymology
γ Geminorum (Latinised to Gamma Geminorum) is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name Alhena is derived from the Arabic الهنعة Al Han'ah, 'the brand' (on the neck of the camel), whilst the alternate name Almeisan is from the Arabic المیسان Al Maisan, 'the shining one.' Al Hanʽah was the name of star association consisting of this star, along with Mu Geminorum (Tejat Posterior), Nu Geminorum, Eta Geminorum (Tejat Prior) and Xi Geminorum (Alzirr). They also were associated in Al Nuḥātai, the dual form of Al Nuḥāt, 'a Camel's Hump'. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Alhena for this star.

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, this star was designated Nir al Henat, which was translated into Latin as Prima του al Henat, meaning 'the brightest of Al Henat'.

In Chinese,  (), meaning Well (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of γ Geminorum, ε Geminorum, ζ Geminorum, λ Geminorum, μ Geminorum, ν Geminorum, ξ Geminorum and 36 Geminorum. Consequently, γ Geminorum itself is known as  (, .)

In culture

Alhena was the name of a Dutch ship that rescued many people from an Italian cruise liner, the SS Principessa Mafalda, in October 1927. In addition, the American attack cargo ship  was named after the star.

References

Geminorum, Gamma
Geminorum, 24
Gemini (constellation)
A-type subgiants
Spectroscopic binaries
Alhena
2421
047105
031681
Durchmusterung objects


It's been really hot these days. We're talking about 35 degrees celcius. With the fan blasting at the highest speed, it's still....hot. Not really a comfortable weather to be playing with clay. I've not been touching much lately.
Over the weekend, I went to get a new computer screen. Mine had lasted for a solid 10 years or more. Come to think of it, it's really hard to find electrical appliances that last so long anymore, and mine was a bulky monitor! The new range are all flat screen monitors. I opted for a 20 inch screen! Great for playing computer games!
On another note, I'm glad I started preparing for the upcoming talk early. It's coming up in slightly over 2 weeks, and I think I'm about 85% ready. I just don't think given the various commitments I have, I could churn anything out in a month's time, so I'm very grateful I had more than 6 month's time to slowly put things together without feeling the rush. I don't have any expectations out of it, as it will really be an interesting experience for me to have so many people viewing my works up close for the first time. I'm just going to see what are the reactions of non-miniature collectors seeing it.
I have some new work made over the last week. One of which is another 1:12 scale miniature Tarte Profiteroles. It didn't occur to me until my Teammids team mate, Dales mentioned that this would look great on a St. Patrick's day dessert table. :) Pardon me, as I am not really familiar with St. Patrick's Day as we don't celebrate it. But I love the green ribbon; it brings a refreshing feel to it.
I want to thank IlluminatedPerfume for picking my plate of cream puffs to be in this beautiful Treasury! Love the shades of beige!!
One of the things I enjoy being picked for treasury by other sellers, is finding new interesting shops!
Very coincidentally, I love rare unique perfumes, and IlluminatedPerfume handcrafts unique perfumes! Go take a look at some of her yummy scents. Boy, I think I am just going to be very tempted getting some chocolate scents.
I wrote this for those who are using layman tools for miniature woodwork. If you use power tools/machines, this really won't be helpful to you. Those who use cutting mat, penknife cutter, ruler, pencil, tacky glue --- this might be helpful !
Actually, miniature woodwork is not as scary, but if you develop good habits/practices, you will find that things are so much easier and quicker. I strongly believe in developing good habits, so here are some personal observations and things I do/don't do when I create miniature woodwork.
2. This might sound like common sense, but to me, it is so crucial. Use the same ruler for your entire piece when you're cutting. Did you know that different rulers have slight difference in their markings? You won't realize the impact when you cut, but when you glue your pieces later and wonder why things don't really match up or fit into the big picture, this is the reason why.
3. This might also sound like common sense, but I will still say it because it's important. Hold/press onto the ruler tightly when you score against the line. If you don't hold on tightly and your ruler shifts, your penknife cutter follows and your cutting will be slanted. If that happens, you either carefully cut it back to the measurement indicated, or use a fine sandpaper to sand the sides to the correct measurement.
4. There is a tendency most people score the wood on the same line over and over again, and when the piece becomes a little loose, they manually snap it into 2 with their hands. I understand this is so much easier and faster but if possible, try not to do it, especially for thick pieces. What happens is that you'll soon realize that it's not a straight line after you break them, and it can cause an issue when you try to glue 2 pieces together. When the line is slanted, there isn't enough surface for the wood and glue to bond together. If you insist on gluing the 2 pieces together, you can, but you'd realized that the piece is slanted which cause more issues which in turn you may get frustrated in the process. Always develop good cutting practice, which really helps you to go a long way.
5. Use a fine sandpaper and lightly sand the sides to a straight line if you realize they are not straight but be very careful not to overdo it, because you just might be taking a few millimeters away, which again, can cause an issue later when you glue things together and wonder why things don't fit.
6. Don't use a thin, watery glue. Use a good wood glue, preferably thick and tacky. You'll find that things hold together so much easier and faster.
I'll write more good habits when I have more! Meanwhile, happy creating!
I woke up this morning and found out I was on the Front Page of Etsy!!
My mixed profiteroles were featured.
Here is a completed one I made earlier for Marie... a large tarte profiteroles is what she has requested for. The base itself is almost 2.7cm to 3cm. Definitely the largest I've ever made! I'm so glad she loves it!
A New year; a new piece of artwork.
I'm happy to present you my first major work in 2010...a Baker's Delight Display Shelf in 1:12 scale. Something I'm proud to show you as it is my labor of love. I imagine that a baker would be delighted to see this shelf, so that's why I name it as such.
This particular idea has been on my mind for a little while now, since December last year. It did take a while from conception to actual reality.
In this journey, I tried a new colour, purple/lilac/lavendar on my new piece. It's so hard NOT to pick my favourite colours. But for some reason, I'm happy I picked this lilac colour, because...I thought this colour was really nice and romantic...Purple is growing on me slowly.
The woodwork on this piece is something I am particularly happy about, because though it is hard work, but I find that very enjoyable and relaxing. The natural wear and tear of the display shelf created on the piece is all handpainted.
Well, I'm there. Actually I changed course halfway too, because I wanted to inject more personal style into it. I kept the original design too, but that will be for my own collection.
Do you like old antique woodwork? There is an old charm to it. It requires more work, but I really like how it turns out.
This weekend was terribly busy for me. Chinese New Year is just less than a week away, and I had to do some spring cleaning in my room. Cleaned out the corners, bought a storage box to store some stuff, threw out the old paper box, and also finally sat down to start making new curtains for my room. I bought some very nice pink shabby chic fabric in Spotlight last year, but never had the chance to sit down to sew it for my room. Finally, yesterday evening, I dug out my sewing machine and started working on it. These are very modest curtains, and nothing fancy at all, but a nice looking fabric makes a whole lot of difference!
Miniature wise, I have not been able to work a thing this weekend, due to all the cleaning and clearing. Over the week, I made a little pot of miniature pink hydrangeas which I'm really pleased. I love the colours, love the elegant look. It makes me so happy just looking at it...and I hope it makes you happy too.
Mine, on the other hand, is smaller than moth balls, I think.
Below is a photo of them in my hand.