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Doctors with Borders
by Alex Tabarrok November 26, 2011 at 1:59 pm in
It's hard to know what is worse about a new paper in the British Medical Journal, the simplistic economics or the troubling ethics. The paper, The financial cost of doctors emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa, adds up the government-paid cost of educating a health worker in Africa and then multiplies that cost over ~33 years by an investment factor to find the "losses" to the educating country of educating a health worker who emigrates to Canada, the US, the UK, or Australia. The authors do this for nine sub-Saharan African countries with an HIV rate of 5% or greater or more than one million people with HIV/AIDS.
The numbers, by the way, are quite small since the cost of education in developing countries is low and because our laws make it difficult for workers to immigrate, thus the authors find just 567 doctors from Ethiopia currently practicing in the four western countries that they consider; n.b. 567 is the total number not an annual flow. (Note also that the authors gin up the costs by multiplying by an investment factor which adds virtually nothing to the analysis and confuses present and future value calculations.)
You can get an idea of the quality of this paper by asking why the authors chose to focus on countries with high HIV rates. The only reason for this is to suggest that doctors who emigrate and the countries that attract them are responsible for millions of deaths. See below.
Turning to the simplistic economics we have first the suggestion that there is a fixed number (flow) of health care workers so if the U.S. were to forbid Ugandan health care workers from emigrating to the United States this means more health care workers for Uganda. Not so; without the prospect of high wages earned abroad, investment in education (the major cost of which is born by the worker) will likely decline. The Philippines "exports" more nurses than any other country but also has far more nurses than one would expect for a country of its income class, on par with that of Spain, Hungary or Singapore. Here is Michael Clemens:
…there is no such thing as a fixed quantity of nurses to be "drained" from the Philippines or Africa, like petroleum from the ground. People — in this case mostly low-income women — react to global markets and change their career plans accordingly. Many Filipinas wouldn't have become nurses if not for the migration opportunity, and thus are not 'lost' in any sense when they depart. Africans are starting to follow suit, opening career paths for professional women who would otherwise have few. This should not be discouraged through closed immigration policy, but rather taken advantage of — through the establishment of for-export nurse training programs as the Philippines has done en masse. Unlike petroleum, these women are human beings. They have rights and ambitions whose fruition in the United States is a beautiful thing.
Even on their own terms the authors calculations are faulty. Emigrating workers, for example, don't leave immediately after they have finished their education (as the authors assume in their primary analysis), there are fixed costs to building an education infrastructure which can reduce the costs of education for non-emigrating workers and emigrating workers often send remittances back to the home country. Not all emigrating workers send remittances but wages for high-skill workers can be five or even ten times higher in say the U.S. than in a sub-Saharan African country so educating workers and sending them abroad could be a net benefit for the educating country just based on remittances. Indeed, many families make exactly this calculation. Finally, the authors don't even try to measure externalities which is what they should be measuring.
What is most ethically troubling is that the authors implicitly treat people as if they were the property of the state. Thus, an emigrating physician is a loss even though the physician improves his life prospects and those of his children. Development is about making people better off not about making geographic units "better off."
Lest you think that I exaggerate consider that the lead author of this paper is also the lead author of an editorial in the Lancet that advocates making it an international crime to hire African workers.
Although the active recruitment of health workers from developing countries may lack the heinous intent of other crimes covered under international law, the resulting dilapidation of health infrastructure contributes to a measurable and foreseeable public-health crisis….There is no doubt that this situation is a very important violation of the human rights of people in Africa.
…Active recruitment of health workers from African countries is a systematic and widespread problem… the practice should, therefore, be viewed as an international crime.
Yes, you read that correctly: recruiting African workers with prospects of higher wages and a better life is a "very important violation of the human rights of people in Africa."
Addendum: See this excellent paper by Michael Clemens for more on these issues.
Michael G Heller
November 26, 2011 at 2:22 pm Hide Replies 1
" international crime to hire African workers "
That certainly does sound a very silly proposal. Hope I'm not wandering off subject here, but the world will be a better place when law is wound back closer to its original function of protecting property, peace, and freedoms against fraud, violence, and formal inequality before the law. I mean parametric as opposed to pervasive law. Paradox it may be, but less law (or more law at the margin) means stronger better law.
Tomasz Wegrzanowski
So doctors fail at economics? Usually everyone fails at statistics.
Peer review never seems to bother including people with relevant expertise in all covered domains.
Millian
Sometimes economists fail at economics - like these authors, usually when they can't adjust strongly-held beliefs about society to the truth.
Andrew'
November 27, 2011 at 3:54 am Hide Replies 4
No wait, having 3 more guys read your paper is a perfect system...
NAME REDACTED
Just give up peer review and go to something online that you can edit but keeps all revisions, and anyone can comment on?
Miley Cyrax
What are you fancy-pants economist scheconomist sociopaths talking about? Incentives don't matter! Everyone should work not for themselves, but for the betterment of the state or geographic units! How dare African doctors make better lives for themselves or their families, and how dare Anglo-Saxon nations hire them in another extension of racist vampiric imperialism!
It is a sad commentary on the economics knowledge of the medical profession when they write something that actually causes me to AGREE with Miley Cyrax
Michael W Story
I wonder what the authors would make of within country mobility of physicians, or indeed professionals of any stripe? Surely every high IQ farm boy who migrates to the big city in search of any professional career removes his higher level of productivity from his home town. Perhaps that ought also to be a crime?
Jamie_NYC
November 26, 2011 at 5:17 pm Hide Replies 10
Only a national crime in that case - though there should be treaties governing, say, the Windsor-Detroit area, and the EU should organise the criminal law among its own states.
no need to turn an argument that's already bad enough into a strawman.
The reason the author labels this as a "crime" is that the doctors are educated using the already scarce resources of the developing country. Especially since they are trained in the big city, where the med. schools are, the situations aren't comparable.
fischbone
well, in that case, then the funding structure of professional schooling is the problem. Restructuring so that the state doesn't bleed any $$$ ought to be doable, if there are credit markets (note: I lived in Kenya, such markets existed there and were somewhat well developed. I would be interested to know if there are credit markets available to the Filipina nurses).
But, I suppose that considering human capital financing structure is a bit far afield for these authors
November 27, 2011 at 11:45 am Hide Replies 13
I think that's exactly the right thought, but I doubt it'd be feasible in most poor Sub-Saharan countries. My guess would be that charging tuition high enough for a medical student to pay for her own education would dramatically reduce the number of medical students, even with education credits available (and I'm not sure those would work in many of the poorest countries).
November 27, 2011 at 5:28 am Hide Replies 13
Sebastian,
Are you making your assertion on the assumption that there is a fundamental line between recruitment on the one hand and job-seeking by the individual on the other? Is that a valid assumption? It seems based on the assumption that the people with the money are automatically exploiting. Because to be "free" as you assert will not change the individual will now have to do the work (and the expense) of matching to the employer once the employer is banned from doing it.
I don't know if the line is "fundamental," but yes, I do think there is a distinction and that it can make sense when there is a large power/resource difference between the two sides. Recruitment limits are in place for College Sports, for example, aren't they?
Similar asymetric structures aren't that uncommon in criminal law: Buying drugs is punished much less (or not at all) than selling them. In Scandinavia, soliciting prostitution is illegal, but not prostitution itself etc.
My larger point, though, is not that the authors are necessarily right - I feel there must be a better solution than criminalization - but that I found the glib and thoughtless answers of the first dozen or so commenters, who didn't bother to read the original piece or think about the issue for more than 10secs incredibly off-putting.
I can think of a few differences between the potential farmer and the African doctor.
- The lifestyle difference between a US farmer and a "big city" professional career are not so vastly different that market forces cannot work their magic if there is a dire shortage of the former. Wages go up 10% there, -10 % here, people and institutions and sensibly and smoothly respond. But do your economic models predict anything useful _in the medium term_ when face with a 100x disparity?
- Even ignoring the preceding point, the fact there are no immigration restrictions in one country makes it easier for market forces to do their (beneficial) work.
- Even ignoring the two preceding points, if there is a national government it can implement transfers to easy the pain (e.g. farm subsidies)
- The farming community does not pay all on its own to train people for these "professional careers" (?? lawyers? investment bankers? ???). These training costs, to the extent they are socialized at all, are generally broadly distributed throughout a country.
- Even if such communities did pay all such cost, in the farming community it would merely be as mistake rather than out of a desperate, truly life critical, need that _some_ people so trained remained in the community. If you ran a country and had a choice between 0 doctors, or subsidizing training for countless students knowing that only 1 out of 1000 would remain helping your population, what would you do? (That's supposed to be hard question!)
Oh, almost forgot: even if you are right as a matter of principle and logical consistency, a small issue... misallocated farming abillity in one nation is, well, not the tiniest fraction as important as a shortage of medical staff in a poor, illness-stricken, country.
Based on Alex's summary, I share the contempt for their ignorance of economic (incentives? what incentives?) and, unless the summary is unfair, a deeply immoral stance on human capital. But ... there nevertheless is kind of a serious issue here it seems, one that from a global human welfare perspective seems dire. Simply sniping at people who are deeply misguided in their proposals to fix things seems a bit incomplete. Do you deny that they are reacting to a serious problem? If you do, I suppose end or story, but if you don't, what better constructive suggestions do you have?
We can discuss the details, but the point is, how worth it is the discussion if this is just like the problem of my boss wanting to only train me on his proprietary software and me wanting to learn more generally marketable skills? I already knew doctors thought they were special.
Spend some time at a government hospital in South Africa and you will see why many doctors and nurses of all races have emigrated or want to. Low pay, poor working conditions, high levels of bureaucracy and political appointments at management level all contribute to this.
South Africa has a very low ratio of doctors per population head count and it shows in areas such as high infant mortality rates, treatment of HIV/AIDS, etc. The government is appealing to ex-Commonwealth countries such as Canada, Australia and NZ not to "poach" our medical practitioners.
Every major city in the world has a community of ex-SA doctors and nearly all of the doctors I know of personally have emigrated (GP, dentist, paediatrician, gynaecologist). Good luck with with "emotional blackmail" or appealing to loyalty or nation-building. Putting bread on the table in a secure environment counts more.
November 26, 2011 at 11:10 pm Hide Replies 19
STRONGLY agree. Attacking rhodies for leavign after Mugabe went out of his way to wreck the country will be a *tough* sell
Never forget the primary directive of leftism: if you employ someone, you are oppressing them.
So, yeah, it is not a stretch at all to say that hiring an African doctor is a human rights violation.
Get with it, Alex.
Ah, but that someone has the right to the fruits of your labor, Jim. That's not oppression.
Liberal Roman
The sad thing is that this will be seen as "serious analysis" and you will be considered a right-wing radical blogger.
John David Galt
I seem to recall Bill Clinton publicly signing a bill that limited the number of admissions to medical schools
( http://www.cm-life.com/2009/04/22/federalcaponresidenciesmaylimitproposedmedicalschool/ )
in a deliberate attempt to create enough of a doctor shortage that doctors' pay didn't decline.
Why don't any of the people bemoaning the "doctor drain" start by proposing to alter or repeal that bill?
Main issue is that paying that many more residents is expensive. Is a no-go in the current era of austerity.
Why does residency have to cost the government anything? Can't residents take out loans like they did for their first eight years of training?
Foster Boondoggle
I'm guessing from your name that you consider yourself a libertarian. So it's interesting that the article you link to mentions only a limit on the government sponsorship of residencies. In the libertarian paradise, aren't all residencies paid for privately?
And where exactly is your evidence that (1) this was Clinton's doing, and not that of the GOP which controlled the congress when this bill was passed and (2) that he was doing this at the behest of the medical community (generally known to be fairly GOP leaning) rather than simply capping Medicare spending on that item?
If you're going to make a thoroughly bogus claim, it's pretty stupid to link to a source that thoroughly discredits it.
This is part of a larger trend of blaming these countries' problems on the West in any way possible, ignoring their own dysfunctional governments.
Of course there are some problems with Western interference, and there is a lot to regret about colonialism. Ultimately, however, this position is (ironically) very condescending.
unblinkered
dan111,
your stuck in the eighties. At the moment few Africans in Africa involved in policy discussion blame the west for their problems.
"(the major cost of which is born by the worker)"
So isn't this simply a question of who pays for the worker's education? If the worker paid the fully loaded cost, then surely they are free to do what they like. If they paid less than that, then presumably the co-payer (e.g. an employer in the private sector or the military) could insist on some sort of commitment (work n years or pay back the cost) and everybody would be even. No?
I believe most such "bonds" are unenforceable in any decent court of law (unless it is a military bond).
Not in the U.S. These are very common and enforceable (note the "or pay back the cost").
I know they are common in contracts; but are there cases where they have gone to a court and successfully settled? It's like the non-compete clauses. Extremely hard to enforce in courts.
I think he's talking about student loans. On the other side we are talking about The Lancet proposing an international law that changes he rules for doctors who signed up under different conditions.
Asad Jaleel
".There is no doubt that this situation is a very important violation of the human rights of people in Africa." Wow - what an outlandish claim. So allowing medical practitioners to practice where they like under the terms they choose is a human rights violation. And the implication is that a policy forcing practitioners to stay in their country of origin regardless of working conditions would represent a reform and thus would advance the cause of human rights?
geez - you guys really have a hard time reading, no? There is much to disagree with in the articles, but the article talks about banning active recruitment by professional organizations, not free and voluntary movement of hc workers. (From the lancet article: "Health workers should have freedom of movement and choice of where they live and work, just as any workers should")
Everyone here seems happy to engage in glibertarian snark, without any willingness to actually address the ethical dilemma that's quite real.
You have tax payers of poor countries subsidizing the health care system of richer countries, by educating a share of their medical workforce. And that in a situation where doctors are needed badly in the poor countries. Yes, the health care workers should have the right to work and practice where they want, but the ethics of this become more complicated if their fellow citizens don't have that right. What's the ethical justification of allowing a doctor to move to the US, but not a car mechanic?
Sebastian - this is just a financing problem. See Robert Bell's comment above.
That's not a human rights violation, just bad policy. If countries want to tax remittances or impose a head-tax on the departure of health care workers to help make up for the lost investment, they are free to do so.
I don't think this distinction makes much sense. How can it be perfectly ethical for a doctor to move from Malawi to England, yet an international crime for an English hospital to offer someone that opportunity? What is it that makes the hospital blameworthy, but not the doctor? The problem for the authors of the editorial is clearly that medical professionals are leaving Africa. According to them, this needs to be "discouraged." It is easy to see why they would frame it in terms of recruitment--this is more relevant to their audience, and it sounds better to blame Western medical organizations than poor Africans who are trying to improve their lives. However, I see no justification for drawing a moral distinction there.
Furthermore, stopping these recruitment programs would probably remove this opportunity for most of those involved. It is awfully hard to apply and compete for positions in the standard way when one is a continent away, as well as facing cultural and economic barriers.
"The overall estimated loss of returns from investment for all doctors currently working in the destination countries was $2.17bn,,,,The benefit to destination countries of recruiting trained doctors was largest for the United Kingdom ($2.7bn) and United States ($846m)."
Astonishing they get the conclusion wrong after answering the cost-benefit (to the best of their ability). At a high of $58k to train a doctor that sounds like a pittance. Should the education cost be internalized? Maybe. That sounds pretty easy with many possible options to do so without interfering in recruitment. In fact, exporting medical training could be a profit-center if they get creative.
Human capital, signaling...oh nevermind.
Of course the difference makes sense. The closest parallel I can think of would be cigarettes: Policy makers view smoking of cigarettes as undesirable. Yet a ban is seen as both too much of an interference with personal liberty and the risk of unintended consequences of prohibition is too high. So we don't ban cigarettes, but we ban ads for cigarettes.
As I note above, more generally, asymmetric rules/laws governing the legality and/or morality of commercial interaction are quite common in general. As is the case with Scandinavian laws on prostitution they are often motivated by pragmatism rather than abstract principles.
Marian Kechlibar
As Frank mentioned before, the home nations of the African doctors are doing the best to encourage them to emigrate. It is not just the bad work conditions, but also omnipresent cronyism and nepotism.
Why should they let be off the hook?
Basically, many of the emigrating African MDs are escaping something akin to a labor camp. You want to keep them in by international law.
Marian - so a "labor camp" for poor people who don't have skills urgently needed in rich countries (but would still have a _much_ better life moving there) is OK, but for middle-class people with those skills it's not?
I agree that, if we had general free mobility of people across borders this wouldn't be an issue.
If the people from, say, Uganda could follow their doctors to the UK and work there as waiters, cab drivers etc., making a multiple of what they're making now, the situation would be different.
But as long as we're making a concerted legal and law enforcement effort to not allow those people to come to (let alone work in) Europe, luring those people most needed there, like Doctors, to the rich countries seems ethically dodgy to say the least.
Sebastian, you're right in pointing out the moral dubiousness of the situation.
It is not that easy, though. When it comes to European voters, they do not seem to be concerned with working immigrants, but with the sort that ends up on permanent, multi-generational welfare.
The Lancet failed to put the other option: To give Jeff Sachs a trillion dollars to save the world, I'm sure it overlaps with their ideological stance on these matters and just as practical.
john malpas
Importing badly trained nurses with bad attitudes and indifferent English is certainly a crime for the victims of their 'care'.
But they are pigmented and the ' patients' are not - so tough on your grandmother.
What garbage, do you have any evidence to support your contention that pigmented nurses in the west are badly trained with a bad attitude.
For the purposes of argument, accept the authors' analysis (Governments lose money on investments in doctors).
Now, two solutions emerge: (1) Attempt to ban doctor-poaching (2) Invest in primary/secondary education for the many, rather than tertiary education for the few
The second sounds crazy - countries need doctors! But, 12 year olds working the fields is crazy too. If you're a utilitarian, there's no question. If you're not, I still think you'd be hard pressed to defend educating 1 doctor over 30 secondary school children (rough cost comparison from Kenya, I used to live there) as being tax revenue-maximizing for the state, or better along any other measure (including health outcomes)
The problem with your prescription is that extreme approaches are often welfare minimizing. A city with 20,000 educated children and no doctors is worse off than one with, say, 19,000 educated children and a few doctors.
Right. Further, education is only useful when there are opportunities to use it. Otherwise you will have well-educated 12 year olds working the fields.
Any excuse to throttle the supply of imported physicians must sound like music to the ears of existing practicing western doctors. A lot of these papers are nothing more than a Local Teamster objecting to non-union workers etc.
Interesting how the arguments have evolved over the years. Earlier foreign doctors were ill-trained and hence immigration was bad for us . Of course, it sounds nicer if we claim we are looking out for the best interests of the third world.
Alex Shanton
I think that's right. Similarly, the American Garment Workers Association funding anti-sweatshop propaganda. That said, it's disgusting even by rent-seeking standards.
In a (perverse) way, I admire the US trucking lobby. When they oppose Mexican truckers driving into the US at least they don't claim their opposition is for Mexico's own good.
TallDave
From a purely selfish standpoint, I really hope this law gets passed, because the unintended unanticipated consequences are bound to be hilarious.
According to the Lancet editorial, the author favors mandated "repatriation of professionals" as a remedy. So I guess we can look forward to U.N. thugs accosting dark-skinned physicians and asking to see their papers. Yup, should be a hoot.
They nowhere say that they are in favor of "mandated" repatriation.
I guess we interpret the concept of government-supported repatriation differently...
As jk says, this "hard power" approach to development (force people to stay where they are) is closely related to the Jeffrey Sachs "soft power" approach: make a place with a crummy economy superficially more attractive. Thus reducing migration to places with better economies.
The doctors are clearly more productive in their destination. So, before we can even get to the ethical question we must answer others.
Do we know that remittances don't totally or partially offset the superficial losses to the source countries? I suspect we don't know.
Do you really need doctors who can operate in the high-tech US to solve the big problems in Africa? Put another way, why are Africans training doctors in knowledge that is not specialized to African problems?
Are doctors really attempting to escape their education costs? We don't see a lot of doctors in the US move to Africa to escape quarter to half-a-million dollar loans.
Can the exernalities be internalized in cheaper ways? We want to import middle class educated individuals, we need to certify them, maybe we pay there home country for that certification.
Yeah, but that gives no option to play with human lives like with chess pieces on a board.
There is a saying that if you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail.
The BMJ staff sees the current state of things as "malady" that needs to be "treated" or at least "controlled", and they suggest to use "isolation" to achieve that point.
So predictable.


Scholars across the ages attempt to mingle the concept of spirit and soul as one entity. However, Bible truth differentiates between these two realms within our human essence.
Our spiritual union with Christ takes place in our spirit, which is Born Again at Salvation (John 3:5-6; Romans 8:9, 16; Acts 26:18). Then the Holy Spirit spends our lifetime sanctifying our soul – our thoughts, choices and emotions.
Paul makes this clear when he refers to the entire sanctification of body, soul and spirit (1 Thessalonians 5:23). God's Word will actually divide the soul and spirit (Hebrews 4:12). The more we submit to His holiness, the more fully we partake in His divine nature (2 Peter 1:4).
Prior to salvation we lived for our self. After salvation, we are crucified with Christ and receive a whole new life with a new pliable heart (Romans 6:4, 6; Ezekiel 36:26; 2 Corinthians 5:17).
As we live in Christ, our humanity decreases and His life in us increases (Romans 6:6; Ephesians 4:22; Colossians 3:9; John 3:30). God writes His laws on our heart (Hebrews 8:10). He sees us as perfect in Christ (Philippians 3:15; Hebrews 12:23).
God's Spirit renews us day by day (Romans 12:2; Ephesians 4:23). We live in the righteousness of Christ within us, resisting by Jesus' strength, the devil's temptation to sin (Romans 6:11; 1 John 3:9; 1 John 2:1).
Christ in us changes us from sinner to Saint (Romans 5:19, 8:9; Ephesians 4:12). We are dead to sin, slaves to righteousness and Christ reigns as Lord and Savior in our life (Romans 6:2, 11, 17; 1 John 3:8).
Father God, we thank You for the fact that our authentic Christian identity is no longer rooted in our personality, but in Christ. Our fleshly desires have less and less control over our soul as we walk in our union with Christ in us (Galatians 5:17; Romans 7:25-8:5).
Our desire is for Your divine character, power and authority to completely take over our body, soul and spirit. We thank You for redeeming us through Christ's sacrifice and for filling us with Your Spirit, so we can walk in Your will each moment of the day.
As God reveals a sin or negative leaning in our character or an idol in our life, we willingly submit it to His Lordship; then His Spirit cleanses us from these sins and replaces our defective human character with His fruit.


text:
Bride In Black? Megan Fox Is Wearing A Sexy Black Dress With Her Fiancé Machine Gun Kelly
After their engagement was revealed, Megan Fox is in Milan is wearing a very sexy black dress and with Machine Gun Kelly by her side
Megan Fox (AP)
Megan Fox has been enjoying the best time of her life after she revealed on social media that she was engaged to Machine Gun Kelly. After showing off the romantic proposal, the gorgeous engagement ring and fans gushed about them, now, the actress is showing to the world how lucky Machine Gun Kelly is.
Colson Baker, best known as Machine Gun Kelly asked Megan Fox to be his wife in Puerto Rico and after that, they happily announced they were now soon to be husband and wife. Now the couple has left Puerto Rico and traveled to Milan where they were spotted and even better, giving the audience one of the best looks they have ever worn.
Megan Fox and Machine Gun Kelly were spotted in an outing in Milan where she proudly showed off the diamond and emerald ring. But not only that, after the chic ensemble they wore fans are now wondering if Megan Fox will be a bride in black.
READ MORE: Megan Fox Engagement Ring Has A Diamond And An Emerald, And A Secret Meaning Too
For the outing, Megan Fox wore a sexy black dress while her fiance MGK was holding her hand. While many called the actress outfit one of the riskiest ones, without a doubt, she looks incredible with whatever she decides to wear.
The black outfit included a long-sleeve minidress with cutouts and a black corset. The dress was designed by Dion Lee. The look was completed with lace-up heels and a black trench coat with a leopard-print fabric inside.
Megan Fox Engagement Ring Has A Diamond And An emerald, And A Secret Meaning Too
Megan Fox Is Engaged To Machine Gun Kelly In A Magic Ritual Where They Drank Each Other's Blood
Machine Gun Kelly Stabbed Himself When Trying To Impress Megan Fox
Megan Fox And Machine Gun Kelly Have A Date Night Chained To Each Other
While the Megan Fox sexy black dress can be described as elegant and seductive at the same time, Machine Gun Kelly opted for brighter colors and can be seen next to Megan wearing a bubblegum pink turtleneck black-and-white plaid pants with zipper pockets, and black Chelsea boots, accessorizing the looks with multiple chains and necklaces.
This is the first picture of the couple after they got engaged. Machine Gun Kelly and Megan Fox met back in 2020 after meeting for the first time on the set of Midnight in the Switchgrass.
Both shared the news about their engagement on social media where they revealed that they had a little ritual where both drank each other's blood. "In July of 2020, we sat under this banyan tree," Fox wrote in the caption of her post. "We asked for magic. We were oblivious to the pain we would face together in such a short, frenetic period of time. Unaware of the work and sacrifices the relationship would require from us but intoxicated off of the love. And the karma." she added.
"Somehow a year and a half later, having walked through hell together, and having laughed more than I ever imagined possible, he asked me to marry him," she continued. "And just as in every lifetime before this one, and as in every lifetime that will follow it, I said yes.…and then we drank each other's blood. 1.11.22 ✨."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Sooo……I'm recused, but when people accuse us of overcharging cases …16 counts on a class 4 (felony) becomes exhibit A," she wrote.
The state's attorney's office dropped 16 felony charges against the "Empire" actor, who was accused of staging a hate crime against himself in Chicago. Smollett agreed to forfeit $10,000 in bail and do community service.


Background/Aim To describe an optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system adapted for anterior segment imaging, compared with indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in eyes with corneal vascularisation.
Methods Retrospective study of subjects with corneal vascularisation secondary to microbial keratitis who had OCTA scans performed using a commercially available split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation algorithm angiography system (AngioVue; Optovue Inc., Fremont, California, USA) and ICGA images (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The agreement between OCTA and ICGA techniques in terms of area of vascularisation measured, using Bland–Altman 95% limits of agreement (LOA).
Results We compared the area of corneal vascularisation in 64 scan images (eight eyes, four scans for each angiography technique). In our series, the overall mean area of vascularisation from the ICGA scans was 0.49±0.34 mm2 and OCTA scans was 0.51±0.36 mm2. We obtained substantial repeatability in terms of image quality score (κ=0.80) for all OCTA scans. The agreement between OCTA and ICGA scans was good, although ICGA measured a smaller area compared with the OCTA with a mean difference of −0.03 mm2 (95% CI −0.07 to 0.01). The LOA ranged from a lower limit of −0.27 (95% CI −0.34 to −0.19) to an upper limit of 0.20 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.28, p=0.127).
Conclusions We found that rapid, non-contact OCTA adapted for the cornea was comparable with ICGA for measurement of the area of corneal vascularisation in this pilot clinical study. Further prospective studies are required to confirm if this relatively new imaging technique may be further developed to replace invasive angiography techniques for the anterior segment.
Funding PAK, DAS, CAE, AT, DFL and MRW have received a proportion of their funding from the Department of Health's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology.
Competing interests AT is a member of the Optovue Inc. users group that received non-financial, technical support.
Ethics approval Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust and local institutional review board.
Data sharing statement Any additional unpublished data may be obtained from the corresponding author.


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Land of Mine
Godfrey Cheshire February 10, 2017
When we first see Sgt. Rasmussen (Roland Møller) in the opening moments of the Danish drama "Land of Mine," he's driving along in a Jeep with a look that recalls Woody's Harrelson's derelict cop at the opening of "Rampart"—jut-jawed, determined, a fierce, unforgiving gleam in his eye.
It is the spring of 1945. Germany has surrendered and its forces are leaving Denmark after occupying it for five years. Driving by a column of bedraggled German soldiers, Rasmussen spots one carrying a crumpled Danish flag. He screeches to a halt, jumps out of the Jeep and head-butts the man fiercely, screaming, "That's not your flag!" And that's not the end of it. While the dazed man lies on the ground, Rasmussen continues pounding him with his fists, till there's blood all over his face, the ground and the flag.
Such a display of anger at the Nazi occupiers on the part of a Dane is understandable, but it's only individual. The punishment described by writer/director Martin Zandvliet in "Land of Mine," though, is collective. It involved using numerous German soldiers to clear hundreds of thousands of land mines that the Nazis had left buried along the Danish coast, resulting in the deaths of many.
Rather curiously, the film itself doesn't say what its press notes spell out: under the international treaties of day as well as the 1949 Geneva Convention, this action—which was ordered by the British but carried out by the Danes—was a war crime. According to Zandvliet, it has never been dealt with adequately in Danish histories or public discussions of the period.
Granted, there are large and very obvious reasons why Nazis have been portrayed as the most brutal of human monsters in the popular mythology of the movies. But it was always a simplification that invited correction. In 1981, Wolfgang Petersen's "Das Boot," about the perils of life aboard a Nazi U-boat, became an international hit in part by humanizing the servicemen whose lives it dramatized. "Land of Mine" belongs to the line of mostly European films that have continued that effort.
Its task is simplified somewhat by the fact that the Nazi Reich has been reduced to smoldering rubble by the time the story begins, and the Germans we see are scared, skinny kids drafted into the army near the war's end—most look in the 15-to-17-year-old range. In an early scene, Danish officers explain to them that Denmark's coast was the most heavily mined in Europe, apparently because Hitler expected the Allied invasion to come there since it was the closest land point to Berlin. More than two million mines were left behind.
How many have seen mines, the boys are asked. Only a few hands go up. So, the Danes provide instruction on this very perilous undertaking. It involves taking a stick and probing the sand till a mine's metal bulk is detected, then gently removing it from the sand and defusing it by unscrewing and extracting the trigger. Needless to say, one wrong move and life or limb can be sacrificed.
When the story proper begins, Sgt. Rasmussen is in charge of 14 young Germans in a makeshift camp near a beach. (The press notes don't say whether a group of prisoners was commonly left to a single Dane; it seems a little improbable.) At first, he seems as a fierce as he did in that first scene. He tells the boys there are 60,000 mines buried on a nearby beach; if they remove six an hour, they can go home a few months hence—assuming they don't blow themselves up while executing their task.
In the tale's first stage, the Dane treats his charges in a fashion that verges from screaming ferocity into near-sadism. We're never told the slightest bit about what his particular beef against the Nazis is; we can just assume that as a Dane he has some serious ones. After practically starving the boys and lying to them about one of their number who was injured, however, he begins to soften, to see them as individuals and treat them like actual human beings. Later still, an incident that he blames them for sends him tilting back toward hostility.
These shifts of attitude on Rasmussen's part can feel a little too abrupt and formulaic in enforcing the dramatic pivots of a standard three-act structure. Nevertheless, the film remains generally believable and consistently engaging due to the high quality of its execution. As Rasmussen, Møller, who has a chiseled Nordic demeanor akin to Michael Fassbender's, gives a terrific performance, both intense and carefully shaded. The German boys are very well cast, with young actors Louis Hofmann and Joel Basman especially giving the kind of striking performances that should lead to other films.
Zandvliet has said he and his cinematographer wife Camilla Hjelm Knudsen looked to certain films of the 1960s as inspiration for the look of "Land of Mine," and the influence is salutary. With its muted colors and naturalistic lighting the film aptly captures the beauty of seaside locales that frame the human struggle at the story's heart.
Godfrey Cheshire
Godfrey Cheshire is a film critic, journalist and filmmaker based in New York City. He has written for The New York Times, Variety, Film Comment, The Village Voice, Interview, Cineaste and other publications.
Minor Premise
Land of Mine (2017)
Rated R for violence, some grisly images, and language.
Roland Møller as Sgt. Carl Rasmussen
Mikkel Boe Følsgaard as Lt. Ebbe Jensen
Laura Bro as Karin
Louis Hofmann as Sebastian Schumann
Joel Basman as Helmut Morbach
Oskar Bökelmann as Ludwig Haffke
Emil Belton as Ernst Lessner
Oskar Belton as Werner Lessner
Martin Zandvliet
Camilla Hjelm Knudsen
Per Sandholt
Molly Malene Stensgaard
Sune Martin


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Q: A question about lines in the projective space. Let $ax+by+cz=0$ be a line in projective space. Let the line be satisfied by two points $(a_1,a_2,a_3)$ and $(b_1,b_2,b_3)$. Then we have $$a_1x+a_2y+a_3z=0$$ $$b_1x+b_2y+b_3z=0$$ This implies that $\begin{vmatrix} a_1&a_2\\b_1&b_2\end{vmatrix}=\begin{vmatrix} a_2&a_3\\b_2&b_3\end{vmatrix}=\begin{vmatrix} a_1&a_3\\b_1&b_3\end{vmatrix}=0$.
Now my textbook says that the equation of this line is $\begin{vmatrix} a_1&a_2\\b_1&b_2\end{vmatrix}x_1+\begin{vmatrix} a_2&a_3\\b_2&b_3\end{vmatrix}x_2+\begin{vmatrix} a_1&a_3\\b_1&b_3\end{vmatrix}x_3=0$.
I don't understand how this is. This relation should be satisfied by ANY $(x_1,x_2,x_3)$, and not just the point on the line, as the coefficients (the determinants) are all 0!! So you get $0.x_1+0.x_2+0.x_3=0$ for every $(x_1,x_2,x_3)$.
Am I correct?

A: Your claim that the three $2\times 2$ minors being all equal zero are simply not true. Since you claim $ax+by+cz=0$ to be a line, I assume you are talking about the projective plane with homogeneous coordinate $(x,y,z)$.
The two equations you gave is supposed to solve the line coordinates $(x,y,z)$, or rather the  $(a,b,c)$ in your line equation $ax+by+cz=0$. The minors are not necessarily all $0$. Basically, you are looking for a vector that is perpendicular to two other vectors $(a_1,a_2,a_3)$ and $(b_1,b_2,b_3)$, and therefore the results is given by cross product. The three minors pop up in the computation of the cross product.

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☛ आप उन्हीं के लिए खास हैं…. जिन्हें आपसे कुछ आस है !
☛ तक़दीर का ही खेल है सब, पर ख़्वाहिशें है की समझती ही नही !
☛ मैं जख्म खरीदता हूँ, मोहब्बत के भाव में !!
In the time of what's app became popular, People are always looking for the status tDilhat impress the others and make it very unique. Everyone wants that they image should be different from others and everyone likes their personality and attitude. Some people set their status sunny, about love, attitude and do on. But there are group of people that finds something that directly touch the heart, something that make us feel sad, that make us cry. They wants that their status shouls makes everyone feel deeep. Therefore we are making awailble that kind of status that hurts, that are hear touching, that makes you cry and touch your heart. If you like than don'e forget to share in Facebook, What's app, G+, Twitter and other social media websites.
Thank you for sharing whatsapp images and status with us. It is so heart touching.
mohabbat kam nhi khtm si ho gai….
hamesha khush rehne wali ye aankhe hamesha k liye nam si ho gai….
sath dena ka wada kr k bich raah mai aisi thokr mari us bewafa ne….
k ab jindagi se ghutan si ho gai….


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Gloomy Prospects for Renewal of Cyprus Talks
It is unlikely that the two Cypriot community leaders will meet together with UN Secretary- General Antonio Guterres in New York, Republican Turkish Party leader Tufan Erhürman has said.
In an interview with BRT, He said that a tripartite meeting was unlikely. In the absence of last minute changes, Guterres will meet them separately, he said.
Citing Turkey's searches for hydrocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the TRNC government's plans to reopen Maraş/Varosha, when asked about his views on the UN General Assembly work in New York on the Cyprus issue, Erhürman said that during a recent meeting with the President Mustafa Akıncı, the impression was that a tripartite meeting was unlikely.
In the absence of a last-minute change, Guterres will meet with both leaders separately, Erhürman said.
He added that the fact that an agreement between South Cyprus and ENI and TOTAL energy companies has come up, "raises our concerns further", whether the Turkish side of the hydrocarbon issue and the issue of the UN resolutions can be handled.
In a separate article by 'Yeni Duzen', South Cyprus has claimed that "the Turkish side is trying to change the direction of negotiations and procedures with attractive ideas and is even trying to prevent agreement on the terms of reference", Greek Cypriot government spokesman Prodromos Prodromou has said that UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called for an agreement on outlines for renewed Cyprus talks, and claimed that Guterres had conveyed a message to the Turkish side.
"This is what the Secretary-General has asked for, and it is certainly positive that he underlined that substantive negotiations need to resume, building of course on the work that was done during the Conference in Crans-Montana", Prodromou added.
Asked if Nicosia considers the fact that Turkish drillship 'Yavuz' had withdrawn and that the 'Fatih' would also withdraw from the west of the island, as a de-escalation, Prodromou said the situation would be evaluated.
He said however that for negotiations to resume, Turkey's "illegal" activities in [South] Cyprus' EEZ needed to end.
Yeni Duzen


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Copying the 'Titian': A study in scarlet
Jesús Alejandro Torres reports on a study by the Violin Making School of Mexico, in which three copies of Stradivari's 'Titian' violin were made using wood of varying densities, to examine their signature modes and player preferences
How many violinists have dreamt of captivating a concert-hall audience with the sound of their Old Italian instrument? Unfortunately, the reality is that there are not enough of these violins for everyone – not to mention their exorbitant prices – but every day we develop more scientific tools that can help us construct new violins with similar performance attributes. As luthiers, we know there is no such thing as 'the perfect violin', but when a musician tells us, 'I want a violin that sounds like this particular instrument,' of course we can aspire to fulfil that kind of request. This article looks at three violins that have been crafted with this in mind.
For the past few years, the team at the Violin Making School of Mexico's acoustics laboratory have been performing in-depth studies on how the violin works, focusing especially on the development of scientific tools for luthiers. We capture the violin measurements, process them and make visualisations using our own software, which we have made available for anyone to download for free. We also research the wood's material properties, and are publishing new experimental techniques for exploring the violin's behaviour. We hope this will all serve as an aid to luthiers in the violin making process; in any instrument there are countless factors to consider, so any help should be very welcome. Think how difficult it would be to claim: 'If I do this to the wooden blank, then the finished violin will sound more like this than like that.' It would be a bit like seeing a cluster of grapes and predicting the exact taste that a wine made using them will have…
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10 Best Online RBT (Registered Behavioral Technician) Training Programs
10 Best Online ABA Degree Programs (Bachelor's)
10 Best Online ABA Degree Programs (Master's)
10 Best ABA Master's Degree Programs
10 Best ABA Degree Programs (PhD)
abadegreeprograms.net is an advertising-supported site. Featured or trusted partner programs and all school search, finder, or match results are for schools that compensate us. This compensation does not influence our school rankings, resource guides, or other editorially-independent information published on this site.
Affordable Online ABA Graduate Certificate Programs
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What Education is Required to Become an Applied Behavior Analyst?
What Types of Certifications are Necessary for an Applied Behavior Analyst?
What is a Registered Behavioral Technician?
What is the Difference Between a BCBA and an LBA?
What are the Different Types of Behavioral Therapy?
30 Helpful Books About Autism for Parents and Educators
Applied Behavior Analysis Graduate Program at Saint Cloud State University
Saint Cloud State University appears in our ranking of the 10 Best ABA Master's Degree Programs in the West.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a field of study related to both sociology and psychology. It focuses on how professionals can treat and work with those with certain disorders and conditions. Though most know that this form of therapy works well with those who have autism, it can also help those with attachment disorders and other emotional issues. Saint Cloud State University offers a Master of Science in Applied Behavior Analysis that meets all the guidelines and requirements for students seeking professional licensure.
Students can enroll in a thesis version of the ABA program, which asks them to take 45 credits of classes and do a thesis. They can also enroll in the ABA non-thesis track and take 46 credits of classes instead. Those in this second program will also take a comprehensive exam that tests them on skills, techniques, theories and other information presented to them in their classes. If the student does not pass this exam, he or she will need to take it again before graduating.
The ABA courses that they take include Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Behavioral Applications I and II, Social Bases of Behavior and Behavioral Assessment. Thesis students will take a course on research methods, while non-thesis students will take a class that goes over the exam and prepares them to take it. Students must also do three internships in the fall, spring or summer semesters, which awards them nine credits toward their degrees. Saint Cloud State University offers programs for grad students who want to earn certificates in addictions counseling or marriage and family therapy too.
About Saint Cloud State University
Saint Cloud State University is one of several colleges serving the needs of Minnesota residents as part of the state's college and university system. Established in 1869, it opened as the Third State Normal School because it was the third such school founded in the state. The state bought a former hotel and renovated it for incoming students. Students took classes on the bottom floor, could work with real kids on the second floor and sleep and live on the third. The school only allowed women to live in the building at that time. Junior college courses added to its curriculum near the turn of the century helped the school's enrollment grow. This small school would eventually become the St. Cloud Normal School, St. Cloud State Teachers College, St. Cloud College and then Saint Cloud State University.
SCSU is now home to six colleges and even more departments that offer more than 200 majors for students that culminate in degrees and certificates. Forbes ranked it as the 556th best American college, while U.S. News and World Report ranked it as the 118th best school in the Midwestern United States. Though Washington Monthly did not rank the university on its list of best undergrad schools, it did call it the 180th best college for graduate students in the nation. With an enrollment of more than 1,800 graduate students, SCSU is now one of the largest public graduate schools in Minnesota.
Saint Cloud State University Accreditation Details
The North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCACS) has a strict series of guidelines that it uses when determining which schools should earn accreditation. A school must maintain these standards to renew its accreditation too. SCSU earned its accreditation the first time it sought it and had no issues with renewing its accreditation since then. This gives students the chance to take courses on another campus without worrying about whether those credits will transfer. They can also apply for financial aid and get packages designed just for them.
Saint Cloud State University Application Requirements
SCSU recommends that ABA students apply to the program as soon as possible. It usually makes its first round of decisions in the late winter or early spring and will move some students onto a waitlist. The university will let those students know by May 15 if they earned a spot or if they should apply again the following year. Its online application will show the current semester that students can apply for and the deadline for application materials. If the university does not receive all these materials by that deadline, it will automatically deny the applicant.
When applying to an SCSU program, students can submit most materials online with their applications. They have the chance to upload their unofficial transcripts, which they can get from their schools, and a statement of intent that outlines all their reasons for choosing this university and program. The application also has spots where students can submit their resumes and writing samples. Most students will use a paper they wrote in a psychology or sociology course. Graduate students pay a $40 application fee too. Once the university accepts a new student, that student has until the start of his or her first semester to submit an official transcript. SCSU gives priority to those with professional ABA experience and those who attend workshops or other professional ABA events.
This Minnesota university offers a tuition rate of $4,110 per semester for in-state students. It has a reciprocity arrangement with other states that allow students in neighboring states to qualify for this same rate. They can contact the university to learn if their states are part of this arrangement. All other nonresidents pay $5,974 per semester. Students usually spend between $500 and $600 each semester on their books and another $4,500 a semester on their living expenses. Part-time graduate students pay at least $399 per credit hour. Those in the ABA program pay a flat $590 per credit hour when enrolled part-time.
SCSU offers assistantships for graduate students who took any prerequisite courses and enroll in a full degree program. They must maintain high grades and make satisfactory progress towards finishing their degrees to keep their positions between semesters and years. Its School of Graduate Studies has an online application available for these positions. Students can also work with the university to find a paid internship for the semester. Other financial aid options include loans and grants from both the government and private sources. Saint Cloud State University will provide any student who completes the FAFSA with a financial aid package after they receive acceptance to its applied behavior analysis program.
20 Best Online ABA Master's Degree Programs 2020
10 Best ABA PhD Degree Programs 2020
10 Best Online ABA Degree Programs (Bachelor's) 2020
Top 20 Online Master's in Educational Psychology 2020
Top 30 Online Master's in School Counseling 2020
10 Best Online RBT (Registered Behavioral Technician) Training Programs 2020
10 Best ABA Master's Degree Programs 2020
10 Best ABA Master's Degree Programs in the East 2020
10 Best ABA Master's Degree Programs in the West 2020
20 Most Affordable Online ABA Graduate Certificate Programs 2020
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Review: Yaariyan
January 11, 2014 by Keyur Seta 2 Comments
By: Keyur Seta
The motto of debutant director Divya Khosla Kumar's Yaariyan is to encourage carefree youngsters to become responsible adults. But the path taken by the makers to derive at the point is so unconvincingly silly that the film just becomes a laughing stock by the time it ends. On top of that, it also resorts to some high degree of vulgarity.
Four happy-go-lucky and naughty youngsters – Lakshya (Himanshu Kohli), Jiya (Nicole Faria), Neil (Dev Sharma) and Pardy (Shreyas Pardiwalla) – are having the time of their lives in St. Stephens College in Sikkim. Lakshya's father passed away in a war when the former was just a year old. Much to the grudge of his mother (Smita Jaykar), Lakshya has no respect for the country.
The dream lives of the youngsters come crashing down when they get to know that an Australian firm is all set to take over their college to convert it into a business avenue. But the students of St. Stephens College still have a chance of regaining their college provided they beat a set of Australian students in some sports events.
The following is a scene from the film – During a play, a girl is playing the character of Bharat Mata. Soon, her saree is stripped and she is reduced to almost bare essentials. So a stripped Bharat Mata dances on 'Sheila Ki Jawani' and those playing soldiers try to woo her with horny advances. If this isn't annoyingly vulgar, what is? And just minutes later, a character says, "It hurts the most when someone insults our country." Oh really? How cute! Sadly, there are more doses of cheapness at regular intervals, especially in the first half.
Even if one tries to ignore these antics, the film still doesn't appeal because, frankly, nothing makes sense. Try to fathom these points:-
Apart from the issue of Australians suddenly claiming to take over the college, what is more absurd is to see the principal choosing a useless bunch of five students to save their college.
When Indians visit Australia for the first round, an Indian student is mercilessly killed by an Australian. Strangely, the culprit isn't booked. He even visits India for the next round where Indians welcome him and his team! After all, Aamir Khan has advised us to believe in Atithi Devo Bhava!
In a hospital, a character is said to be so critical that he can die any moment. But he is not put to any life support whatsoever! Not just that, he is even allowed to talk freely with his friends in such a fatal condition!
The final round includes a dangerous sport where a slight mistake can even kill a participant! Whatever happened to law and order enforcements!
There is much more silliness in the narration but I haven't mentioned it to avoid spoilers. Also, in between the writers address too many issues and thereby raising a question as to what the film is exactly about! Perhaps the only positive point one can derive is that the second half provides a number of unintentionally humorous moments, mostly during the closing stages.
Songs like 'Allah Wariyan' and 'Meri Maa', are impressive and offer relief but others like 'ABCD' and 'Sunny Sunny' are not only irritating but plain cheap! Perhaps Sameer Arya's camerawork and good production values become the biggest plus points. It is sheer pleasure to see the picturesque locales of Sikkim and Shimla.
From the six debutants, Rakul Preet impresses the most. Apart from decent dialogue delivery, she scores the most while speaking through eyes. Himanshu Kohli isn't bad either. Although his act isn't up-to-the-mark, he has some acting potential. Shreyas Pardiwala, Vikas Verma and Dev Sharma play decent supporting acts. But Nicole Faria is simply irritating and unbearable! The sole purpose of her character was to offer skin show.
Serah Singh too has nothing much to do apart from planning kissing sessions with Kohli. Evelyn Sharma irritates once again. It is difficult to understand why veteran artists like Deepti Naval, Gulshan Grover and Smita Jaykar signed such a film. They don't get much scope either.
Overall, Yaariyan is not only dumb but it also continues to lower the standards of mainstream Hindi cinema where vulgarity has become a norm these days. The disgraceful Bharat Mata scene mentioned above is simply unforgivable!
Filed Under: Bollywood Tagged With: yaariyan actors, yaariyan actress, yaariyan box office, yaariyan divya kumar, yaariyan hit or flop, yaariyan movie review, yaariyan movie story, yaariyan rating, yaariyan review, yaariyan story, yariyan review
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The largest fish in the world named
by Earth · September 17, 2020
Scientists have finally decided what kind of fish can be called the real titan of the sea kingdom.
There is no doubt that whale sharks are huge. With an average adult length of eight or nine meters, they look like real giants compared to most marine life forms. But for nearly a decade, scientists have staged a real battle of the sexes to find out who is bigger – females or males?
According to new research published Wednesday in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science, a decade-long analysis confirmed that female sharks reign supreme in the ocean as the largest fish – overtaking males and reaching an average of 14 meters in length!
Mark Meekan, a fish biologist at the Australian Institute of Marine Science and lead author of the new article, noted that some individuals grow as much as 18 meters in length. "These are real colossus the size of a bus on a city street. But despite their size, they grow very, very slowly: only about 20-30 cm per year. "
It was precisely because of the slow growth rates that the team needed to track 54 individuals over the course of a decade, constantly recording and comparing their vital signs. The team also found that the increased size of female whale sharks could be beneficial for breeding. During the entire study, only one pregnant whale shark has been documented, but unlike most sharks, which carry two to 12 cubs, a whale shark can give birth to up to 300 individuals!
"If you are a very slow growing animal and it takes you 30 years or more to reach puberty, the chances are high that you will die before you have the opportunity to reproduce," Mikan explained.
The world's largest fish live to 130 years
The world's largest fish can weigh up to 18 tons and grow to 12 meters in length. The life span…
Created the world's largest aircraft
The world's largest aircraft rolled out of the hangar in the British city of Cardington, Bedfordshire. The creation of the…
In India flourished the largest flower in the world
In the southern Indian state of Kerala has blossomed the largest flower in the world, life expectancy is only 48…
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Oil & Gas BDlead,Crude oil theft
Vessel seized in E. Guinea spotlights oil theft in Nigeria
Isaac Anyaogu Aug 18, 2022
The reported seizure of a 3-million-barrel-capacity oil tanker in Equatorial Guinea suspected to be carrying stolen Nigerian crude is validating assertions by industry operators that crude theft has morphed into an organised crime with security agencies and host communities complicit.
At the current global oil price of around $100 a barrel, BusinessDay analysis shows that Nigeria would have lost $300 million in a single operation by one vessel and its sponsors.
The vessel, MV Heroic Idun, is capable of pumping in about 100,000 barrels of crude oil daily and would have had to stay in Nigerian waters for at least 100 days to take up its full cargo of three million barrels before sailing without being seen and apprehended by the Nigerian Navy, upon which billions of taxpayers' funds have been expended lately to equip.
The Equatorial Guinea Navy arrested the oil supertanker, which had apparently evaded arrest in Nigeria after it was seen around the AKPO Oil field on August 7.
The vessel, with International Maritime Organization number 9858058, was arrested on August 12.
"How is it that a vessel of this size without the documentation to pick up crude oil from Nigeria operated for one whole month pumping stolen oil without being apprehended," a senior Nigerian oil executive said.
"If you understand what it costs to charter such a vessel a day and that it may have spent a whole month in Nigeria pumping 100,000bpd, then you will know how massive this business and the dynamics behind crude oil theft in Nigeria are," he said.
Read also: Bunkering: Navy hands over 5 suspects, 1 vessel to EFCC
According to one expert, there is every reason to believe that the nation's security agents are complicit in the nefarious game, especially given the size of the illegal operation and more importantly, "Nigeria is just not prepared to fight what is easily its biggest economic war to date."
At the recent Nigerian Oil and Gas Conference in Abuja, representatives of the International Oil Companies said the President Muhammadu Buhari-led government's inability to rein in crude theft is the biggest turn-off for new investments.
Using a back-of-the-envelope estimate, Mike Sangster, the managing director of TotalEnergies EP Nigeria, said the country could be losing about $10 million daily in accrued revenue, with an estimated loss of 100,000 barrels at the cost of $100 a barrel.
"I think, frankly, it's organised crime," said Sangster.
Analysts at Wood Mackenzie in a report earlier in the year revealed that Shell's Bonny and the Brass oil pipeline system owned by the upstream Joint Venture between Eni, the Nigerian Petroleum Development Company, and Oando, were facing systemic attacks.
"The scale and sophistication of crude thefts suggest an organized operation on an industrial scale," said analysts at Wood Mackenzie.
One report suggested that the Nigerian Navy Ship GONGOLA had interrogated the ship when it was first seen around the AKPO Deep offshore oil field operated by a multinational oil firm at midnight on August 7 but this does not explain why the vessel was not apprehended.
It was reported that upon interrogation, it was discovered that the ship, alleged to have come into the country's waters to load products neither had the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited's (NNPC) loading permit, nor valid documents to be in the country's waters.
Having established that the vessel was up to no good in the area it was located, the Marshal Island flagged the ship with 26 crew comprising 16 Indians, eight Srilankans, a Polish, and one Filipino.
The vessel was asked to proceed to Bonny Fairway in Rivers State for further interrogation and Vessel Boarding Search and Seizure, but it increased its speed and changed its direction facing Sao Tome and Principe.
Nigeria boast about 37 billion barrels of crude oil, over 206.53 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves, and the capacity to produce about 2.4 million barrels of oil daily and eight billion cubic feet gas; over 5,779 oil wells, 9,717km of pipelines, 112 flow stations, 16 gas plants, and 126 production platforms offshore.
Activities of crude oil thieves, operators of illegal refineries, pipeline vandals, and illicit bunkering operations, and a government that has so far proved incompetent to deal with the huge loss, have continuously robbed the country of billions of dollars.
Oil companies are shutting down operations as a result of the theft and this is further worsening the country's fiscal position. Others have adopted expensive alternatives including barging their products to ships at sea bypassing pipelines that deliver less than 30 percent of the product sent in from the other end.
It is estimated that up to 300,000 barrels of oil is stolen daily in Nigeria.
Analysis: Angst over petrol scarcity seen spiralling into mayhem
Nigeria's oil bid process leaves investors in doubt
EXPLAINER: How deep offshore licencing bid round will unfold
Big Read
Analysts suggest ways to make oil bid round successful


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Q: Volume of complex submanifolds Let $X$ be a projective algebraic manifold and let $w$ be any Kahler metric on $X$. Then the volume of any complex submanifold of $X$ w.r.t $w$ is bounded below by a uniform positive constant.
My question is: is this true for certain noncompact complex manifolds? for example, denote by $B$ the unit ball in $\mathbb C^n$ and let $K$ be a compact subset of $B$. Then is there a positive constant $C$ such that any complex submanifold of $B$ that has nonempty intersection with K has volume bigger than $C$, say with respect to the standard flat metric?
Thanks a lot!


128GB Capacity, Wi-fi + Cellular in Black Colour.
The Retina display on iPad makes eveything look crisp and lifelike. Text is razor sharp. Colours are vibrant. Photos and videos are rich with detail. All thanks to its 3.1 million pixels. It's the best mobile display ever.
The new A6X chip inside iPad is up to twice as fast as the previous-generation A5X chip, and it delivers up to twice the graphics performance, without sacrificing battery life. Which means even the most advanced apps are smooth, responsive and incredibly lifelike.
Apps for iPad aren't like anytihng else. That's because every app - 275,000 and counting - is designed specifically for iPad. And with apps in just about every category, you can do things like make a commute more entertaining, a presentation more interesting or a school lesson more inspring, straight from your iPad.
Ultrafast wireless - Make faster connections. The world over.
The new iPad with Retina display features advanced Wi-Fi that's up to twice as fast as any previous-generation iPad. And acess to more cellular data networks around the world makes it fast in more ways than one, and in many more places.
All specifications are subject to change without notice. Please check with Apple for specific information. Product information is taken directly from Apple official website, Exeltek is not responsible for any error or omissions in the information.
AirPlay video streaming to Apple TV (third generation) at up to 1080p and Apple TV (2nd generation) at up to 720p.


Bord na Mona Lough Boora Park won big at the Inaugural Midlands Radio 3 Awards held in the Park Hotel in Portlaoise taking home" The Overall Tourist Attraction of the Year" for the Midlands prize. Lough Boora Park was nominated by listeners of the Radio 3 show and then passed on to an independent judging panel made up of experts in this area.
Over 40 businesses were recognised at the inaugural Midlands 103 Hospitality Awards. More than 350 people gathered in the Midlands Park Hotel in Portlaoise to celebrate their success.


text:
const mongoose =  require('mongoose-q')(require('mongoose'));
const UserSchema = require('./user');
const TopicSchema = require('./topic');
const ReplySchema = require('./reply');
const MessageSchema = require('./message');

const config = require('../config');
// 数据库
require('mongoose').Promise = global.Promise

let mongodb = `mongodb://${config.mongodb.host}/${config.mongodb.database}`
if(config.mongodb.user)
  mongodb = `mongodb://${config.mongodb.user}:${config.mongodb.pass}@${config.mongodb.host}/${config.mongodb.database}`
mongoose.connect(mongodb, { // MongoClient.connect(url, options, callback)
    useMongoClient: true,
    poolSize: 10
  }, (err) => {
    if(err) {
      console.error(err);
    }
  });

mongoose.model('user', UserSchema);
mongoose.model('topic', TopicSchema);
mongoose.model('reply', ReplySchema);
mongoose.model('message', MessageSchema);

module.exports = function (name) {
  name = name.toLowerCase();
  return mongoose.model(name);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hey there, I'm trying to help a friend load Snap onto his Z30; not having a lot of luck..
I've installed snap on my q10, my wife's z10, a friends z10 and a friends z30 previously, using ddpb sometimes and the playbook chrome extension other times... always worked without a prob.
Sachesi... Also, have you actually completed the set-up process on the device? For some reason if the set up process was never FULLY completed sideloading often doesn't work.
I use the chrome app for the playbook, works like a charm.
Is it worth buying a Z30 now?


text:
Polyipnus soelae és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels esternoptíquids.

Descripció
 Fa 6 cm de llargària màxima.

Hàbitat
És un peix marí i batipelàgic que viu entre 300 i 520 m de fondària.

Distribució geogràfica
Habita a la costa nord-occidental d'Austràlia, Mar de Timor, l'oest del mar d'Arafura, Cèlebes i els mars d'Indonèsia.

Observacions
És inofensiu per als humans.

Referències

Bibliografia

 Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.

Enllaços externs
 Catalogue of Life
 AQUATAB

soelae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Derren Brown: Infamous (2014)
Multi award-winning psychological illusionist Derren Brown returns in the recording of his acclaimed live show 'Infamous'. Featuring Derren at his baffling best with the excitement of a live theatre audience, Infamous includes amazing, provocative, jaw dropping demonstrations of his incredible skills of magic, suggestion, showmanship and misdirection in a must-watch roller coaster of emotions.
Genre: Documentary, TV Movie
Director: Andy Nyman
Actors: Derren Brown
Set aboard a hulking fishing vessel as it navigates the treacherous waves off the New England coast. The very waters that once inspired Moby Dick, the film captures the harsh,…
Country: France, UK, USA
The Light Bulb Conspiracy (2010)
Once upon a time… consumer goods were built to last. Then, in the 1920's, a group of businessmen realized that the longer their product lasted, the less money they made,…
The Long Shadow (2018)
When filmmaker and investigative journalist Frances Causey, a daughter of the South, set out to explore the continuing racial divisions in the US, what she discovered was that the politics…
The Definition of Insanity (2020)
The Miami-Dade Community Mental Health Project comes to life in this documentary, following a team of dedicated public servants working through the courts to steer people with mental illness on…
A look at the Apollo 11 mission to land on the moon led by commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin.
Genre: Documentary, History
Héctor El Father: Conocerás la verdad (2018)
This autobiography of Hector Delgado runs from his childhood to become one of the greatest exponents of the urban genre, but the results of that life did not please him…
Brabham (2020)
The story of the forgotten godfather of modern Formula 1—Jack Brabham—and a son's quest to defy the odds in the competitive world of international motor-sport once more.
Scorsese's Goodfellas (2015)
In this produced by Brett Ratner new retrospective documentary we hear from cast members and additional participants include Harvey Keitel, Leonardo DiCaprio and Terence Winter, creator of Boardwalk Empire and…
Crock of Gold: A Few Rounds with Shane MacGowan (2020)
A celebration of the Irish punk/poet Shane MacGowan, lead singer and songwriter of The Pogues, that combines unseen archive footage from the band and MacGowan's family with original animations.
A Life of Speed: The Juan Manuel Fangio Story (2020)
Juan Manuel Fangio was the Formula One king, winning five world championships in the early 1950s — before protective gear or safety features were used.
Class Action Park (2020)
Class Action Park explores the legend, legacy, and truth behind the 1980's water park in Vernon, New Jersey that long ago entered the realm of myth. Known for its dangerous,…
You Don't Nomi (2019)
Released in 1995, Paul Verhoeven's SHOWGIRLS was met by critics and audiences with near universal derision. YOU DON'T NOMI traces the film's redemptive journey from notorious flop to cult classic,…


Tandemfly paraglidind with professional pilot.
We drove from Val de Sole to Pinzolo as our two girls was keen on a frist time paraglide experience. The instructors were top professional, experienced and have an attitude that make you feel comfortable and safe. Best recommendations.
We did the paragliding during our Christmas holiday in Pinzolo. It was an unforgettable experience. The pictures and videos are a nice bonus/memory. Tnx again.
Get quick answers from Wings2fly staff and past visitors.


text:
UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper 3: GS 3 Syllabus, Question Paper, Analysis, & Preparation Tips
Are you looking for the UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper 3? Find the GS 3 question paper, analysis and preparation tips to crack the exam. This part is one of the 9 subjective UPSC Mains papers. To do well in this exam, you must have good composing speed with great brainstorming skills.
This article will provide you with the syllabus, question paper, question paper analysis and some preparation tips. Read carefully and note down the important points.
UPSC Exam Mains GS Paper 3 Syllabus
Check out the table below to get the detailed syllabus of UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper 3
Topic Subtopic
Issues related to planning
Mobilization of resources
Issues arising from or related to inclusive growth
Government Budgeting
Major Crops and Cropping Patterns
Major crops and cropping pattern in different parts of the country
Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage
Transport and marketing of agricultural produce
Issues related to transport and marketing of agricultural produce
E- technology in the aid of farmers
Subsidies, Poverty Alleviation and Agricultural Technology
Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies
Issues related to Minimum Support Prices
Public Distribution System
Functioning
Issues related to buffer stocks and food security
Technology missions
Economics of Animal rearing
Food Processing and Related Industries
Food processing and related industries in India
Scope and significance
Upstream and downstream requirements
Land Reforms
Land reforms in India
Effects of Liberalization on the economy
Changes in industrial policy
Effects of changes in industrial policy on industrial growth
Railways etc.
Investment models such as Public-Private Partnerships, Build Operate Transfer etc.
Developments in Science and Technology
Applications of scientific developments in everyday life
Effects of scientific developments in everyday life
Achievements of Indians in Science and Technology
Important contributions of Indians in Science and Technology
Indigenization of technology
Developing new technology indigenously
Awareness in the following fields:
Issues related to Intellectual Property
Rights in these fields
Environmental pollution and degradation
Linkages between development and spread of extremism
Role of state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security
Challenges to Internal Security through communication networks:
Role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges
Basics of Cyber Security
Money laundering and its prevention
Security challenges and their management in border areas:
Linkages of organized crime with terrorism
Various Security forces and agencies and their mandates
UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper 3 Instructions
# Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours.
# There are 20 questions printed both in ENGLISH and HINDI.
# All questions are compulsory.
# The number of marks carried by a question/part is printed against it.
# Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided
# No marks will be given for answers written in the medium other than the authorized one.
# Answers to questions no. 1 to 10 should be in 150 words, whereas answers to questions no. 11 to 20 should be in 250 words.
# Keep the word limit indicated in the questions in mind.
# Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.
# The content of the answer is more important than its length.
UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper 3 Question Paper
Also Read: UPSC 2022 Application Form: Last Date of Notification & Guide on How to Fill the Form
UPSC Exam Mains GS Paper 3 Question 1 to 10
Q1: Explain the difference between the computing methodology of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (Ans in 150 words)
Q2: Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (Ans in 150 words)
Q3: How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers? (Ans in 150 words)
Q4: How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India's water crisis? (Ans in 150 words)
Q5: How is the S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (Ans in 150 words)
Q6: Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (Ans in 150 words)
Q7: Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India's National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve these revised standards? (Ans in 150 words)
Q8: Discuss the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. (Ans in 150 words)
Q9: Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (Ans in 150 words)
Q10: Keeping in view India's internal security, analyse the impact of cross-border cyber attacks. Also, discuss defensive measures against these sophisticated attacks. (Ans in 150 words)
UPSC Exam Mains GS Paper 3 Question 11 to 20
Q11: Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced V- shapes recovery? Give reasons in support of your answer. (Ans in 250 words)
Q12: "Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth." Discuss in the light of India's experience. (Ans in 250 words)
Q13: What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (Ans in 250 words)
Q14: What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification? (Ans in 250 words)
Q15: What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (Ans in 250 words)
Q16: The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for the invention of Blue LEDs in the 1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of human beings? (Ans in 250 words)
Q17: Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India at this conference? (Ans in 250 words)
Q18: Describe the various causes and effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy. (Ans in 250 words)
Q19: Analyse the multidimensıonal challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats. (Ans in 250 words)
Q20: Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also, suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism. (Ans in 250 words)
UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper 3 Analysis
Year Number of Questions
Also Read: UPSC Epfo 2022: Check Out the Details and Information about the Most Prestigious Exam!
Preparation Tips for UPSC Exam Mains GS Paper 3
Know The Syllabus
You should be familiar with all of the topics covered in the UPSC Mains curriculum. You can distinguish between crucial and unimportant things to cover for Mains preparation by knowing Syllabus elements. Make it a habit to have your Mains curriculum on your study table; this will assist you in reading key subject themes.
Improve Your Ability to Write Answers
Writing top quality responses is the most important aspect of the IAS mains exam. To do well in the Mains exam, you must practise a large number of questions. So, to strengthen your answer writing skills, make it a practice to write one or more answers on a regular basis.
Keep Up to Date on Current Events
UPSC emphasises current events and topics in all of its exams, including prelims, mains, and interviews. You should always be informed about current events taking place throughout the world. GS Paper 2 and 3 questions in the Main examination are based on current events. In addition, keeping up with current events will help you compose your optional subjects for the Mains.
Give Equal Importance
Many applicants just cover a portion of the syllabus, leaving only a few topics for GS and optional. Always make an effort to cover all of the topics on the Mains syllabus. It is often assumed that you should be familiar with all of the topics included in the curriculum.
Concentrate on the Essay Portion
Makes it a practice to write about one essay topic every week. In the Mains test, the essay paper is one of the deciding elements. To do well on an essay paper, you must rehearse a large number of essays on a variety of topics.
It is never easy to achieve success. It takes a lot of effort to get a taste of it. Make a daily schedule for yourself and stick to it. It is not required that you read for 9 to 10 hours on a daily basis. However, attempt to make a study plan and stick to it; this will help you prepare for the exam.
Check out the special full-packed UPSC courses from UPSC Pathshala to easily prepare for the exam.
Also Read: UPSC CDS 2022 Application Form: Important Dates, Application Form, Test Centre & More
Preparing for the UPSC exam 2022? If yes, this post will be beneficial for you. Takedown all the key points from the Mains GS 3 2021 paper and prepare accordingly. Click here to learn more.
Madhurjya Chowdhury
Madhurjya Chowdhury, a web content writer in Ufaber EduTech has a very strong passion for writing and alluring the readers. You can find him writing articles for the betterment of exam aspirants and children. With immense interest in research-based content writing and copywriting, he likes to reach out to more and more people with his creative writing style. On the other side, he is an Electronics and Communication Engineer from LPU, Jalandhar. In his leisure time, he likes to play badminton or read about space discoveries. Apart from this, he is a pro gamer on PC, PS and Mobile gaming platforms.


American photography has always been characterized by an intrepid spirit of exploration. Stuart Klipper, a prolific Minnesota photographer, follows in this great tradition. Known for his wide panoramic format, he has accomplished an impressive goal: photographs in all fifty states of the USA, and at all four points of the compass, from the grain elevators of North Dakota to the bayou of Louisiana, from the dairy farms of New Hampshire to the cattle ranches of Montana.
In possession of an adventurous spirit and a methodology reminiscent of early explorers like Carleton Watkins and Timothy O'Sullivan, Klipper shows us both the characteristics of the land and the human presence upon it – the places we build and the 'paths' we construct to get to them – roads, railways, bridges.
Klipper is widely recognized as a master of the panoramic format. He believes this more closely approximates normal human sight - namely our peripheral vision and natural "scanning" of the horizon. Klipper often employs a strong vertical element, such as a tree, fence, telephone pole, etc., dead center in the image, so that his panoramic photographs read like diptychs, encouraging the viewer to actively scan the photograph, viewing the right and left halves separately before stepping back and seeing them together again as a whole.
For nearly 30 years Klipper has been making photographs across the country, distilling and crystallizing the defining characteristics of American regions, or in Stuart's own words, "scoping out the lay of the land and noting the hand of man." This ever-expanding photographic treasure trove now numbers upwards of 30,000 images. The project was initiated in 1977 when Klipper was a participant in an N.E.A. supported group project coordinated by Ted Hartwell of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts called "The Minnesota Survey." This was followed by a three-state corporate art commission in 1980. Today this work can be appreciated in Stuart Klipper: The World in a Few States.


text:
Jeff Klein | AP Photo/Mike Groll
Klein to be included in budget talks
By JOSEFA VELASQUEZ
02/25/2015 01:03 PM EST
ALBANY—State Senator Jeff Klein will be joining the leaders of the State Senate, Assembly and Governor Andrew Cuomo during a closed-door leaders meeting to discuss the state budget later this afternoon.
Klein, the head of the five-member Independent Democratic Conference, was relegated to a co-coalition leader, rather than co-leader of the Senate, earlier this year after Senate Republicans won outright control of the chamber in November.
During a cabinet meeting to address college sexual assault, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that Klein would be part of the budget negotiations, despite not being the leader of the chamber.
"I had spoken to Senator [Dean] Skelos about it and we agree that he has a group that might be important to pass many of these items, because you have a close number of votes in the Senate, and he's been working with Senator Skelos and still is working in partnership with Senator Skelos," Cuomo said.
The I.D.C. could provides a buffer for the Republicans, who have 33 members in their conference (including Senator Simcha Felder, a Democrat who caucuses with Republicans.)
Thirty-two votes are needed to pass bills in the chamber.
Asked why Senator Andrea Stewart-Cousins—the head of the Democratic conference, who has 25 members in her conference— wasn't included in the meeting, despite having more votes, Cuomo said, "[Klein] has a partnership with Senator Skelos that I think is different than the arrangement with Senator Stewart-Cousins."
A spokesman for Stewart-Cousins did not immediately reply to a request for comment.
New York State Assembly