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1 September 2013 Effective Dispersal of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in the Midwest, U.S.A.
Andrew J. Dennhardt, Sarah M. Wakamiya
J. of Raptor Research, 47(3):262-270 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-12-30.1
Data, Study Area, and Classification
Mapping Sites and Effective Dispersal Characteristics
Sex, Hack-status, and Hatch Site
Directional Trends
Sex and Hack-status
Hatch Site
Dispersal Distance
Dispersal is a significant life-history trait of vagile species that affects the distribution and genetic structure of populations. Natal dispersal in birds is the movement of an individual from its hatch site to a new location where its first reproductive effort occurs. To examine the ongoing recovery of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the upper Midwest, U.S.A., we assessed the influence of sex, hack-status (hacked or wild-fledged), and hatch site (cliff or human-made) on natal dispersal distance, and we evaluated directional trends of dispersal in the midwestern Peregrine Falcon subpopulation. We found that mean dispersal distance of female peregrines was >2 times farther than that of males. Dispersal distance did not differ between hacked females and wild-fledged females; however, hacked males dispersed significantly farther than wild-fledged males. Dispersal distance among urban-hatched females and cliff-hatched females did not differ, nor did dispersal distance of urban-hatched males and cliff-hatched males, probably because the sample size for cliff-hatched birds was small. As a whole, the direction of dispersal in midwestern peregrines was nonuniformly distributed and skewed to the northwest and southeast. This report may benefit future studies of peregrine demographics and population viability analyses by providing wildlife managers with information about the patterns and natal movements of Peregrine Falcons in the midwestern U.S.
La dispersión es un atributo en la historia de vida de las especies vágiles que afecta la distribución y la estructura genética de las poblaciones. En las aves, la dispersión natal es el movimiento de un individuo desde su sitio de nacimiento hacia una nueva ubicación donde ocurre su primer esfuerzo reproductivo. Para examinar la actual recuperación de Falco peregrinus en el Medio Oeste superior, Estados Unidos, evaluamos la influencia del sexo, del modo de cría (cría asistida o silvestre), y del sitio de eclosión (acantilado o artificial) sobre la distancia de dispersión natal, y evaluamos las tendencias en la dirección de dispersión en la sub-población de F. peregrinus del Medio Oeste. Encontramos que la distancia media de dispersión de las hembras fue >2 más lejana que la de los machos. La distancia de dispersión no difirió entre las hembras criadas de modo asistido y de forma silvestre; sin embargo, los machos criados con asistencia se dispersaron significativamente más lejos que los machos criados de forma silvestre. Las distancias de dispersión entre las hembras que eclosionaron en sitios urbanos y las que lo hicieron en acantilados no difirió; lo mismo ocurrió con la distancia de dispersión de los machos que eclosionaron en sitios urbanos y los machos que eclosionaron en acantilados, probablemente debido a que el tamaño de la muestra de las aves que nacieron en los acantilados fue pequeño. En general, la dirección de la dispersión de los individuos de F. peregrinus del Medio Oeste no estuvo distribuida de manera uniforme y estuvo sesgada hacia el noroeste y el sudeste. Este informe puede ayudar a futuros estudios demográficos y de análisis de viabilidad poblacional de esta especie, al proveer a los encargados del manejo de vida silvestre información de los patrones de movimiento natal de los individuos de F. peregrinus en el Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos.
Dispersal is a significant life-history trait of vagile species that affects the distribution and genetic structure of populations (Greenwood 1980, Greenwood and Harvey 1982, Sternalski et al. 2007, Calabuig et al. 2008, Jacobsen et al. 2008, Ortego et al. 2008). Natal dispersal is the movement of an individual from its birth site to a new location where its first reproductive effort occurs (Greenwood 1980, Greenwood and Harvey 1982). If a breeding pair is successful in producing offspring, then those breeders are defined as effective dispersers (Greenwood and Harvey 1982). Breeding dispersal occurs when an individual moves subsequently between established breeding sites and territories (Clobert et al. 2001). The characteristics of natal dispersal significantly influence population dynamics.
Natal dispersal behavior can vary in terms of distance and frequency, according to the sex of the disperser. The phenomenon of sex-biased natal dispersal in mammal (Bradshaw et al. 2003, Höner et al. 2007, Paplinska et al. 2009) and bird (Restani and Mattox 2000, Dale 2001, Dallimer et al. 2002, Sternalski et al. 2007) populations has been well studied. Sex-biased natal dispersal may occur to avoid mate competition, to avoid inbreeding, or to reduce territorial competition for resources (Restani and Mattox 2000, Höner et al. 2007, Sternalski et al. 2007). In populations of social mammals, greater distance and frequency of natal dispersal by males may be influenced by female mate-choice (Höner et al. 2007). In contrast, most avian species exhibit female-biased natal dispersal behavior, which is thought to be influenced by resource competition among females (Greenwood 1980, Greenwood and Harvey 1982, Restani and Mattox 2000, Sternalski et al. 2007). Because Peregrine Falcons have a resource-based breeding system, whereby males acquire and defend territories, female movements should be influenced by assessments of the quality of potential breeding opportunities (Greenwood 1980, Newton and Mearns 1988, Restani and Mattox 2000, Wightman and Fuller 2006).
The Midwest Peregrine Society (MPS) was established in 1982 to facilitate regional Peregrine Falcon restoration and monitoring projects following population declines in the 1950s caused by widespread agricultural use of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT; Temple 1988, Septon et al. 1995, Tordoff and Redig 1997, Brown et al. 2007, Clark et al. 2009). Using captive-bred (hereafter, hacked) stocks of nonindigenous subspecies (F. p. tundrius, F. p. brookei, F. p. pealei, F. p. cassini, and others) and annual monitoring (e.g., resighting and mark-recapture data), the MPS has hacked nestlings in various parts of the species' pre-DDT range (Barclay and Cade 1983, Tordoff and Redig 1997, Dzialak et al. 2005, Dzialak et al. 2006). Because hacking efforts have decreased in frequency, this midwestern population has shifted from primarily hacked to primarily wild-fledged (Redig et al. 2008). Despite information about its composition, research on the characteristics of natal dispersal in the population has been limited in recent years, particularly in regard to the influences of sex, hack-status (i.e, hacked or wild-fledged), hatch site (i.e., cliff or human-made structure), and directional movements on effective natal dispersal (hereafter, effective dispersal; Greenwood 1980). To our knowledge, an analysis by Tordoff and Redig (1997), using MPS resighting data, was the only study in which midwestern Peregrine Falcon natal dispersal was assessed in some detail. Nevertheless, their research lacked information on the breeding success of the individuals sampled. We were particularly interested in effective dispersers because such information was needed to model population growth and demography for evaluating the efficacy of further falcon reintroductions in the region (Wakamiya and Roy 2009).
Our study builds on previous research on natal dispersal by including comprehensive breeding information with dispersal records drawn from available resighting data. We were especially interested in the factors associated with natal dispersal in this recovering population. As part of a larger population viability analysis investigating the potential for Peregrine Falcon reintroductions in Illinois (Wakamiya and Roy 2009), we assessed the influence of sex, hack-status, and hatch site on natal dispersal distance and examined the directional trends of dispersal. We examined sexual differences in natal dispersal distance in order to provide new information on the dispersal characteristics of both sexes in the study region, and in addition to that, we wanted to analyze differences in natal dispersal distance as they related to both sex and hatch status. We also considered the potential influence of both an individual's sex and hatch site on its natal dispersal distance. Finally, our last objective was to evaluate any existing directional trends in the overall natal dispersal of the successful breeders in order to provide new information on patterns that could be used in future work for assessing limits on natal dispersal associated with movement direction and other factors.
We used resighting data (described by state, county, and general location) provided by the MPS from 1983–2006 to identify Peregrine Falcons that had dispersed and bred successfully. The MPS dataset we analyzed included information from the following states and regions: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, the Lake Superior basin of Ontario, and southeastern Manitoba (Tordoff and Redig 2001). Each bird was identified by its U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service band number, affixed during its hatch year. For the purposes of this project, we used data from 191 falcons sampled from a larger database of 492 individuals reared <250 km from the Mississippi River, which contained urban centers with >1 nesting pairs (Wakamiya and Roy 2009). Only dispersals that resulted in a successful breeding effort (fledged young in this case) were included in this analysis. This allowed us to focus exclusively on effective dispersals (Greenwood 1980), which can provide valuable insights into other factors that may be limiting effective dispersal distance (e.g., differences in habitat quality). By focusing on effective dispersers, we can identify areas that require monitoring, management, reintroduction and/or restoration efforts (e.g., midwestern cliff sites) leading to increased recovery of the population, which is essential to the conservation of the species (Kauffman et al. 2004, Wakamiya and Roy 2009). Hatch sites, sites of first breeding attempts, and reproductive outcomes (i.e., successful and unsuccessful) were available in the database, allowing us to distinguish birds that had dispersed effectively from those that had not. Individuals with unclear descriptions of natal movement (i.e., records lacking location/breeding information) and unknown reproductive outcomes were excluded from the analysis. Moreover, we did not include birds that bred at their hatch sites.
After identifying effective dispersers, we described hatch site and first nesting sites for each individual by the year, hack-status (hacked or wild-fledged), type of hatch site (cliff or human-made structure), county, state, and site location. Using www.topozone.com (TopoZone 1999), we estimated geographic coordinates (Universal Transverse Mercator, North American Datum-83) of the hatch site and first nesting site based on location descriptions. We then imported and mapped all locations into ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI, Redlands, California, U.S.A.). We determined effective dispersal distance between natal and first breeding sites using the Animal Movements package in Hawth's Analysis Tools for ArcGIS 9.3 (Beyer 2004). Dispersal directions were determined using ArcGIS 9.3 software and the Azimuth between Two Points tool, provided on the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) ArcScripts website (Kimball 2004).
Statistical procedures were completed with Statistical Analysis Software v. 9.2 (SAS 2011). Distributions of Peregrine Falcon dispersal data were not normal. Therefore, we compared effective dispersal distance by sex, hack-status, and type of hatch site using nonparametric Wilcoxon two-sample tests (PROC NPAR1WAY; SAS 2011). Directions of effective dispersal paths were analyzed using a Chi-square test of independence for circular distributions (Zar 2010), grouping paths into 30° bins starting with 0–30°. A rosette diagram was produced for the azimuth angles of dispersal direction and their frequencies, using Rozeta 2.0 software (Pazera 2003).
We collected natal dispersal data from 90 male and 101 female effective dispersers. Mean (±SE) distance of effective dispersal from the natal site was 170 ± 10.77 km. Minimum distance dispersed was 0.19 km (male) and maximum distance was 876.08 km (female). Of the 17 peregrines that had dispersed to cliff habitats, 13 (76%) were urban-hatched and 4 (24%) were cliff-hatched; of the 174 peregrines that dispersed to urban habitats, 5 (3%) were cliff-hatched and 169 (97%) were urban-hatched. Overall, variance in dispersal distance was higher for females (SD = 168 km, n = 101) than males (SD = 90; n = 90, F100,89 = 3.49, P < 0.001).
Mean dispersal distance for females (226 ± 16.70 km) was >2 times farther than that for males (108 ± 9.47 km; P < 0.0001). Mean distance for hacked females (283 ± 43.41 km, n = 22) did not differ from those of wild-fledged females (211 ± 17.36 km, n = 79), but suggested that hacked females may travel farther (P = 0.09). Hacked males (140 ± 19.74 km, n = 29) dispersed farther than wild-fledged males (92 ± 9.90 km, n = 61; P = 0.05). In contrast, dispersal distance among urban-hatched females (229 ± 17.28 km, n = 97) and cliff-hatched females (170 ± 45.16 km, n = 4) did not differ (P = 0.60), nor did dispersal distance of urban-hatched males (106 ± 9.95 km, n = 85) and cliff-hatched males (133 ± 19.73 km, n = 5; P = 0.26); however, sample sizes for cliff-hatched birds (by sex) were very low.
As a whole, the direction of effective dispersal was nonuniformly distributed. Dispersal directions (n = 191) differed about a circular distribution (χ2 = 113.12, df = 11; P < 0.001), with the majority of dispersal paths directed to the northwest (270–360°) and the southeast (90–180°; Figs. 1–Figure 2. 3). These northwesterly and southeasterly movements in dispersing peregrines appeared to be fixed toward the major urban centers of the region, along with areas near large bodies of water.
Dispersal directions (n = 191) of Peregrine Falcons in the midwestern United States from 1983–2006. The study was limited to falcons reared within 250 km of the Mississippi River, and only dispersals that resulted in a successful breeding effort (effective natal dispersal) were included in this analysis. Sites were plotted by UTM zone, using ArcGIS 9.3 software.
Enlarged view of Peregrine Falcon movements from hatch sites to effective natal dispersal sites near midwestern urban centers: Minneapolis-St. Paul (MN), Milwaukee (WI), and Chicago (IL). The study was limited to falcons reared within 250 km of the Mississippi River.
Rosette diagram of the frequency distribution of dispersal azimuths by Peregrine Falcons in the midwestern United States from 1983–2006. The direction of dispersal is nonuniformly distributed (χ2 = 113.12; P < 0.0001).
Our results corroborated those of previous studies of Peregrine Falcons (Newton and Mearns 1988, Ambrose and Riddle 1988, Tordoff and Redig 1997), namely that females tended to disperse approximately two times farther than males (Table 1; Greenwood 1980, Greenwood and Harvey 1982, Restani and Mattox 2000). We also found that effective dispersal distance of hacked and wild-fledged birds differed between the sexes. We did not find significant evidence of hacked females dispersing farther than wild-fledged females; however, the result of this specific test suggested that hacked females may, in fact, travel farther than wild-females. Hacked males dispersed significantly farther than wild-fledged males, and overall variance in male dispersal distance was nearly 2 times less than that of females. This finding suggests a potential trend in male dispersal that may be related to an effective minimum distance, whereby the relative number of males with secured territories, the availability of nest sites in different habitats, and the proximity of sites to one another might be limiting the dispersal distance of male peregrines. More information on dispersal distance is still needed for identifying any differences among cliff-hatched, cliff-nesting, and urban peregrines with respect to both sex and hack-status in the Midwest (Wakamiya and Roy 2009).
Peregrine Falcon natal dispersal distances published in previous research (1988–2000). General geographic locations are listed below each study.
Our analysis for site-type differences did not yield results lending support to the idea of an effect of hatch site on dispersal, and this may be attributable to small sample sizes. Therefore, the P-values reported for cliff-hatched birds (by sex) are of limited value for inference likely due to the fact that these particular tests had low statistical power as a result of small sample sizes (Zar 2010). Despite this fact, we did not conduct a retrospective power analysis because of fundamental flaws with the approach discussed in previous work (Hoenig and Heisey 2001). In addition, it is possible that this result may be a product of a bias in the resighting data, whereby urban birds are more likely to be seen and reported than cliff-dwelling birds. For results based on the dataset we analyzed, we do not believe that this bias is present because those individuals contributing data on both urban and rural birds are mainly regional biologists/naturalists who have detailed information on historical nest sites and who survey for new sites annually (MPS 2006). Rather, we believe that the low number of effective-dispersing, cliff-hatched birds may have much more to do with both the availability and quality of actual cliff sites in the region, although such assessments are purely qualitative at this point.
Despite the nonsignificant results of our analysis for hatch site differences, prior research suggests that hacked Peregrine Falcons may imprint to urban habitat types rather than dispersing to historical cliff habitats (Cade 1980). In fact, 92% of pairs outside the Midwestern/Northeastern region nest on natural substrates (e.g., cliff ledges, tree nests, etc.), compared to only 32% of pairs within the same region (McKay 2006). It has also been shown that natal dispersal distance affects the median time until occupation of new nesting habitats, including cliff sites in rural areas (Wakamiya and Roy 2009). The large number of peregrines raised in urban settings may explain why peregrines have not yet returned to many historical cliff nesting sites in the Midwest, and an analysis of site choice post-dispersal may help explain patterns of effective dispersal to different habitat types. We were unable to test differences in site choice post-dispersal between urban-hatched and cliff-hatched peregrines because we did not estimate resight probabilities, and we recognize that conducting an analysis of site choice without knowledge of such probabilities would produce unreliable results. In addition, information on the actual availability of urban and rural nesting sites would also be valuable for an analysis of site choice post-dispersal.
Overall, the mean effective dispersal distances we report were shorter than the natal dispersal distances reported previously (Table 1; Tordoff and Redig 1997). We believe that the difference in mean dispersal distance (i.e., between both studies) could have occurred because of several different influences. First, conspecific attraction may have contributed to the difference, prompting individuals to congregate in similar areas such as urban centers. Specifically, conspecific attraction may influence dispersal distance via nonbreeding behaviors in which individuals congregate in areas with a greater abundance of food, which (without a proper assessment of food availability differences among sites) we presume to be those urban areas with numerous, suitable nest sites (Cade 1980). It is possible that more peregrines are congregating in urban areas than they were at the time of Tordoff and Redig's (1997) study, as a result of an influence from conspecific attraction. If individuals find abundant food and nest sites in an urban area, and other birds take notice, then it would be reasonable to expect more birds to inhabit these areas in greater frequency, given enough resources and space for all. This could certainly affect mean dispersal distances, especially if individual peregrines disperse shorter distances away from natal sites in sprawling urban/suburban areas containing abundant resources and evidence of other successful breeding pairs (Cade 1980). Second, differences in reproductive rate and survivorship between urban and rural areas could through density-dependent processes, influence dispersal distances as occurs in other regions (Kauffman et al. 2003).
On its own, an increase in the number of urban sites in the Midwest relative to the number of rural sites available to peregrines could be another explanation for the difference found in mean dispersal distance. Increasing urbanization may provide additional urban nest sites, subsequently regulating dispersal distance of the birds—depending on the proximity of suitable urban habitats to one another. Similarly, Tordoff and Redig (1997) suggested that, based on the results of Ambrose and Riddle (1988), midwestern peregrines had dispersed farther than Alaskan conspecifics, because cliff habitats are more readily found in Alaska than in the midwestern U.S. However, this difference could be attributed to the migratory behavior of several Alaskan subpopulations or other factors; whereas, midwestern peregrines are mainly nonmigratory (Alderfer 2005). Finally, the mean effective dispersal distance of peregrines may be different now due to the increased number of wild-fledged vs. hacked birds, especially considering that we found that hacked birds tended to disperse farther than wild-fledged birds (within the sexes).
Habitat availability and quality may influence natal dispersal corridors, as indicated by preference for northwesterly and southeasterly movements in dispersing peregrines. Directional trends could also be explained by geographic landmarks, most notably by metropolitan areas such as the Minneapolis-St. Paul region (Fig. 1). Peregrines in this urban area appear to have dispersed along the Mississippi River corridor, which runs from the northwest to the southeast in the region. West of the Mississippi River, peregrines dispersed to the northwest and southeast, perhaps toward urban habitats around Chicago, Illinois or Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Fig. 2). These findings corroborated a well-known preference for peregrines to nest near bodies of water, such as on Lake Michigan near Chicago and Milwaukee (Mearns and Newton 1984, Restani and Mattox 2000, Powell et al. 2002, Wightman and Fuller 2006). The spatial distribution of urban habitats in the midwest may also influence the directions of dispersing peregrines, considering the locations of urban centers such as Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota; St. Louis, Missouri; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and others. At least in one example, Minneapolis-St. Paul and Chicago are relatively northwest and southeast of each other, respectively. In addition, previous research suggests that the advantageous qualities (e.g., abundant prey, few predators, protective shelter, etc.) of urban habitats would cause a subsequent decrease in the percentage of rural occupants in regional subpopulations (Cade 1980).
The Peregrine Falcon population in the Midwest is gradually recovering throughout its historical range. Natal dispersal in this subpopulation is influenced by sex and hack-status, and the directions of dispersal movements are directed northwest and southeast on average, often toward urban centers and areas with large bodies of water. Recolonization to rural cliff habitats is low; however, this might be attributable to lower resighting rates or effects of low habitat quality. Moreover, our work demonstrates the value of gathering post-monitoring (e.g., resighting) data in the management, study, and recovery of animal species, especially raptors (Jenny et al. 2004, Steenhof et al. 2005, Brown et al. 2006, Wakamiya and Roy 2009). Detailed resighting data can be used to identify effective natal dispersal in peregrines, providing opportunities for identifying important local areas from success rates and assessing other population-level demographic parameters. We recommend additional research assessing available urban and rural nest sites, site choices post-dispersal, and real differences in habitat quality and how these affect natal dispersal patterns. Such research will benefit future analyses of peregrine demographics and help further the recovery of the species throughout its range.
We thank the Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and the Zoology Department at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale (SIUC), which both made this research and subsequent presentation opportunities possible. Additionally, we would like to thank E.C. Hellgren for his guidance and valued insight into the generation, revision, and addition of several components to this project. We also thank E. Wilke for his assistance with ArcGIS 9.3. Special thanks to P.T. Redig and the Midwest Peregrine Society for permission to use the data collected by cooperative scientists in order to complete this research. We thank T. Katzner, A. Duerr, T. Miller, C. Slover, and S. Behmke for comments on the organization of this manuscript. We also thank B. Burr of the SIUC Zoology Department, who supervised this research. Finally, we thank the reviewers of this manuscript for their comments and suggestions which strengthened the final product.
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The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.
Andrew J. Dennhardt and Sarah M. Wakamiya "Effective Dispersal of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in the Midwest, U.S.A.," Journal of Raptor Research 47(3), 262-270, (1 September 2013). https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-12-30.1
Received: 7 May 2012; Accepted: 1 January 2013; Published: 1 September 2013
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Fitness Level as a Determining Factor in the Survival of...
Dispersal, Band Encounters, and Causes of Death in a Reintroduced...
Genetic Evidence for Global Dispersal in the Peregrine Falcon (Falco...
Dramatic Declines of DDE and Other Organochlorines in Spring Migrant...
Broadening Our Approaches to Studying Dispersal in Raptors
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Andrew J. Dennhardt, Sarah M. Wakamiya "Effective Dispersal of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in the Midwest, U.S.A.," Journal of Raptor Research, 47(3), 262-270, (1 September 2013)


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Your kids might think you're a little too controlling over the thermostat, but who can really blame you? Utility bills can add up quickly, and you might be willing to deal with a little discomfort, rather than having to empty your wallet to pay for your heating and air conditioning bill every month. But there are better ways to save money on your HVAC utility bills. Here are 3 ways to make your HVAC system more efficient without having to adjust the thermostat.
How often do you change out your filters? If you're like most people, you probably only think about it every 6 months, give or take. But your filters really should be switched out every 3 months, if not more frequently, to keep the system running as efficiently as possible. Check the filters every month; if you can see light through the filter, then it's clean enough to keep. But if it's become opaque, replace it.
You might think that regular maintenance is just an added expense. But paying to have your HVAC system professionally serviced twice a year can actually help you to save money. Regular inspections allow your service provider to keep the system tuned up and operating at maximum efficiency. They'll also be able to replace parts that are wearing out and prevent future, much more expensive issues from cropping up. Remember, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure--and that saying applies to your HVAC system's health as much as it does your own.
If your home is a bit older, you might want to take a look at your home's insulation. Often, a company that offers HVAC service in Stockbridge can also provide you with a home energy audit. They'll go around your home with a temperature sensor and find areas where your home is not properly insulated. While there will be a cost to fix or upgrade improperly insulated homes, it's a one-time cost that will continue to pay itself off every month for many, many years.
If you're looking for a faster, cheaper way to improve your home's energy efficiency, consider recaulking around your windows and placing new weather stripping around your doors. These are relatively inexpensive fixes you can do on your own, but they can help make your home much more energy efficient.
So, if you want to save money on your monthly utility bills, contact an HVAC contractor in Stockbridge, GA, and start by having them inspect your HVAC system.


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There's nothing you can do today that will prevent all future problems in your life. There is much you can do today that will prepare you and position you to successfully deal with those future problems.
If you're fantasizing that life will one day be perfect, or worrying that life will soon be awful, you're wasting precious life and time right now. Instead, use your time today to grow stronger, to live richly, to connect deeply, to increase your skills, knowledge, and wisdom.
Get yourself strong enough, capable enough, to be realistic while also being optimistic. Yes, the difficulties will come and yes, you can live a great and fulfilling life as they do.
Some things about your future you can control and many other things, you can't. What you always can do is live the moment you're in with gratitude, integrity, discipline, and love.
Live today so that you can look forward to tomorrow, eager to meet its challenges and fulfill its best possibilities. Stay thankful for all you have, for all you've experienced, and mindful of the good you can do.
Life will unfold with its ups and its downs. You can choose to be your best for it all.
Find your reward in the doing. If there are more rewards at the completion, consider them a bonus.
Go ahead and enjoy the rewards of a job well done, as you're performing the job. Let the journey be the reward, and you'll never give disappointment an opportunity to appear.
Seek not to get something out of it. Seek to put something good and valuable into it, and as you do, there's much you'll get out of it.
Fulfillment is not found in some idealized future outcome. Fulfillment is available for you to create and live here and now.
Aim toward a specific goal, work toward that goal, and experience its joy from the moment you begin. Feel the satisfaction of making a difference all along the way.
Let your good and useful effort be its own reward. And there will be no limit to the rewards you can enjoy.
When people say something bad about you or to you: I'm an expert on this subject!
One of my favorite quotes empowered me in so many ways. "No one can make you feel inferior without your consent".
IGNORE - It has been a habit of others to be too keen on listening to people's comments. Please strip off other people's power over you. If someone says it in your face, smile and move on. Do not let garbage ruin your peace of mind. SMILE to everyone be genuinely friendly and when that same person starts to say bad things about you, whoever overhears can say, "I think he is nice to all, he is nice to me, why do you hate him so much?" One negative comment will not taint your good reputation.
LISTEN - Feedback is always good. If you heard it directly from someone. Take it as an advise and be mindful if there is any truth into that comment. If it can be improved, work on it and show your good side. Let the person know you appreciate that they care enough to tell you. If they did not care enough they will not let you know and watch you get worse. If they just gossip and you heard it from the grapevine, understand that they are probably haters - confused fans. Think that you matter so much that people spend their time wasting energy on you.
FOCUS - Always think of things that matter to you, personal development, bonding with loved ones, travelling, learning, improving your craft, feeling happy, being healthy, saving up, starting a business, volunteering, cooking, building relationships - whatever is your Passion. Some people project their self doubts to other people to feel better about themselves. Do not let them feed on your great abullient energy. You cannot control it but you can do something about how you respond to it.
Most Important thing to know: Your opinion of yourself matters the most.
Thank you posting Henry. Some very good points and advice to follow.
It's in your best interest to be considerate of the best interests of others. It's in your best interest to live in a world where there's more understanding and less divisiveness.
You can't force others to be kinder, more tolerant, more cooperative. Yet you can set a powerful positive example with your own behavior.
Don't wait to receive kindness before offering kindness to others. You can be more proactive than that.
You can be the first person in the situation to act with genuine kindness. You can be the first person to listen, to seek to understand, to offer your assistance.
Your kindness will not always be returned. It will, however, always make a difference and set a positive example.
The highly beneficial conditions of friendship, understanding, unity, and peace have to start somewhere. Do your best to let them start with you.


A journal of my family's experience with anencephaly.
In my possession I have two wonderful cast-iron objects, a skillet and a griddle. I inherited them from my husband's grandmother. When I got them they were perfectly seasoned-much better to cook with than any non-stick skillet on the market. We learned they needed different care than other pots and pans. They have to be washed just so and oiled just so. When cared for properly, they can last for generations.
This morning I wanted to fry an egg on the griddle. To my disappointment, my perfectly seasoned griddle had been damaged. It wasn't in any way intentional. In fact, I'm sure it was done lovingly. Last night someone dear to me washed my dishes while I was out. No doubt she put a lot of elbow grease into scrubbing that pan, trying to remove all the layers of oil that caked it's surface. When she realized she couldn't get it all off, it was probably with resignation that she placed it in the dish drain to dry. And rust.
After pulling out my skillet to cook the egg, I thought about how I should respond to the situation. Should I approach the person who washed the griddle and gently teach her how to care for cast-iron cookware? What would be the result? It's not as if she's ever going to go buy herself any; she does not cook. I was glad to come home to a clean sink and clean dishes. Would she feel that if I said anything negative about it? I don't think so. Even if I said it kindly, there is a chance she'd be left with hurt feelings. I don't want that.
In truth, it's not too late to save my griddle. I'm going to have to do some work to fix it though. It'll probably take some sanding to get the rest of the layers off. Then I'll have to re-season it. It might take a while before it's got a perfectly slick surface again, but I'm sure I can do it. Although it will take a little effort on my part, I think it will be easy. Easy, compared to repairing a relationship that could be damaged if I weren't careful.
In some ways I think I'm like my little griddle. There have been times when well-meaning people have said things that marred me a bit. Completely without intending to hurt, they've poked me in a way that felt uncomfortable. I hear this from others as well, mothers who have lost their child for whatever reason. It's hard to know what to say to someone who has lost a child. Things like, "He's better off where he is," "Now you have an angel watching over you," and "You're lucky he didn't live, it would be hard to care for a disabled child" are all well-meant but they can hurt just the same. They hurt because I would have rather had my child with me than anywhere else. Yes, any of us would be better off in a place we didn't have to worry about all the negative aspects of this earth life. Any child is going to be work to raise, no matter what abilities they have. And, while I'm happy to know I have angels watching over me, I really, really want to hug my little boy. I cannot. He is not here. I miss him terribly. I'm rusting.
Even though there are times I've been hurt by what was said, I've mostly been uplifted. It takes some thought and love to find something to say. I know because I struggle to find the right words when I want to reach out and console others. Every time. So, instead of telling you how to season my griddle, I'll probably just stow it away when you come visiting. You may not even be aware it's there. Perhaps someday when I've finally given it enough heat and enough coats of oil we can take it out and cook together. I'm glad you care enough to be near me and I'm glad you remember my son.
Yesterday afternoon Kyle and I went to see the perinatologist. I suppose the medical reason for such a visit would be to check for birth defects. It's probably not to cause stress, but it did. I didn't realize exactly how worried I was about the visit until after it was over and suddenly I was ravenous.
I really enjoyed having this particular perinatologist read the scans. He's the same one we saw when we were waiting for Donovan to be born. Now that I've seen him twice, I think I like him because he talks about each scan. He explains what he's looking for and tells us what he thinks each measurement means. While he warned us that an ultrasound is not conclusive in ruling out Down Syndrome as a possible condition, all of the baby's measurements looked good. I was especially happy to see a full, round head.
My main concern was whether the baby's parts were all there and in working order. However, most people don't ask me about that. Most people, including my children, have been terribly concerned with the question of gender. We've put away all the little girl names for the moment and are getting ready to welcome boy number four into the family. I'm thrilled, because I absolutely enjoy little boys.
There has been some grumbling in the ranks though. This morning Conrad complained, "We don't have any girls in our family." Donovan had made the same observation a couple of weeks ago. When I reminded Donovan I was a girl he said, "No, you are a woman." Conrad, aware of that conversation, added to his complaint a definition of "girl", "A girl is a woman that is little or really young. I really wanted to have a little sister." They are sure to warm up to the idea of another brother eventually. I hope.
Last week Donovan put his hands on my belly giving me a little push. Then he looked up at me with his big brown eyes and exclaimed, "Mom, you have a BIG belly!" Conrad, who was standing nearby, decided it was time to tell me what Sophie had told him several days earlier. "Sophie said her mom told her you might be pregnant."
I wasn't sure what to say at that moment. While it's very true that my belly has been getting larger, I had hoped to wait a little longer before having this conversation with my children. I thought it might be best to wait until my visit to the perinatologist. That way I would be able to tell the boys how their new sibling is doing physically. They've expressed concerns over the last year about any more babies we might have. They've wanted to know what would happen if we had another baby with anencephaly. My answer has always been that we would love the baby until we had to give it back to heaven.
Instead of admitting Sophie might be right, I decided to probe a little further. I asked Conrad, "How would auntie Holly know I'm pregnant." He looked at me indignantly and said, "She's had four children. She should know what a pregnant person looks like!" Who could argue with that? The truth of the matter is that I told Holly myself months ago. Sophie, being the observant little girl she is, probably didn't need to be told as my belly bump has just been getting larger in spite of visits to the gym.
I dropped the conversation for a bit. During lunch I told the boys that Sophie was right; I am expecting another child. Conrad looked up in disbelief and asked, "How do you know?" I did my best to contain my laughter while trying to think up a response. It came through a question, "Why do you think I've been going to the doctor so often lately?" Then Conrad's face lit up, "Oh! Oh, that's why you've been going to the doctor." Convinced we would have another baby, his questions reverted to the normal questions children ask. He wanted to know if it would be a boy or a girl, what we would name it and where in the world the baby will sleep.
Now all I want to know is whether Conrad will be able to handle sharing his birthday. It's very possible he will have to since the expected date of arrival is just two days after Conrad's birthday.
Today a beautiful roasting pan joined our much too large collection of pots and pans. There's no room for it in the cupboard yet so it's current residence is on our dining table. This afternoon I was sitting at the table near the pan when Donovan came to sit in my lap. I teased him saying the pan was big enough for him to sit in. He gave me a goofy look and glanced at the pan. That's when he noticed his reflection. In the convex curve of the lid, his face was quite distorted. He giggled, moved closer and learned that his reflection became more distorted the closer he came to the pan. He began to sway forward and backward. All the while his giggles became more contagious. I joined in the fun swaying and laughing with him. At one point Donovan looked at me with a big grin and announced, "I look like Fisher". Then he was back to giggling and swaying once more.
Yesterday evening we went to a party at my grandmother's condominium. As we were waiting at a stoplight looking at people on the sidewalk, Kyle asked me if I ever saw someone I didn't know enter a house and thought about how it is that other people who live in the same town have separate lives from me. I thought it strange to be asked that question as I had been pondering something along those lines that very morning.
While I was at the beach, I noticed others who appeared to be there for completely different reasons than I. The driver of the truck I had parked next to was sitting in the cab listening to rap music and reading the newspaper. After about half an hour, he drove away. Another man was there with his dog. He walked along the beach gathering things from the sand and putting them in a plastic bag. I thought I'd have to compete with him for beach glass. But, I was wrong. He was picking up litter and stopped only to chat with a couple of women who sat near the lifeguard tower with their little dog. Later on a group of young men came. They stood looking at the huge waves for a bit. One of them finally dared jump in the water. His buddies soon followed. A middle-aged couple strolled up and down the beach speaking softly to each other. There was one woman who stood at the far end of the beach gazing upon the water. A wet suit garbed man swam along the shore with what appeared to be a metal detector in his hand. As I was leaving I noticed a woman sitting in a meditative pose. Her eyes were closed and she smiled so serenely. We were all doing different things yet we all were there at the same beach on the same morning-people seemingly not connected, yet connected just the same.
Yesterday I told Kyle I needed to take a mental health day today. I didn't realize it at the time, but today marks three months since Fisher was born. I must have been aware of the date subconsciously, because I woke up this morning around 5 AM with a burning desire to go to the beach and watch the sunrise. I also thought it would be an opportune time to write Fisher's name in the sand. I had planned to do it on Christmas morning, but there was wonderful weather today. Who knows what it will be like later?
I gathered items I anticipated needing, a candle and a glass vase to serve as a hurricane, matches, beach glass, and a wooden spoon. After bidding my sleepy family goodbye, I headed to Sandy Beach.
It would have been nice to light a candle to remember Fisher by. Yes, it would have, but I didn't. The candle I brought with me had too little a wick. I gave up after scraping away wax and wasting no less than five matches. It seems the hurricane wasn't needed afterall. The malfunctioning candle was soon abandoned for other pursuits.
After giving up on candlelight, I decided to write Fisher's name on the sand with the beach glass I had brought. Beach glass is a nice reminder of him since my older boys and I had started collecting it while I was expecting Fisher. After I wrote his name, I took a few pictures. They didn't come out too well as it was still quite dark. However, I noticed as I was writing his name that today would be an excellent day for collecting beach glass. So, I set off to add to my collection.
When the sun finally started to rise, I pulled out my wooden spoon and used the handle to write Fisher's name in the sand. I took several pictures trying to get a great view of the sunrise with his name near the water. I got a couple that I liked, but my favorite came after I resumed my beach glass hunt.
In just a short time, I realized I didn't have room in my container for all the beach glass I could find this morning. Rather than find an alternative way to carry it all, I decided to ignore all the brown glass. Then I elected to pick up only glass with a slight tinge of blue. The rules changed one more time when I found my very first piece of cobalt blue beach glass. Ever since my boys and I had started collecting beach glass, I'd hoped to find some of a cobalt blue color. There was only one piece for me today, but it was enough. After I found it I wote Fisher's name one more time with beach glass. Lovely.
Things that were just things begin to have meaning when you associate them with those you love. Butterflies and sunflowers are two such things for me.
A dear friend who had also lost her baby to miscarriage a few years ago named her baby Pulelehua which means butterfly in Hawaiian. Whenever we saw butterflies we would think of our little babies playing together in heaven. Now butterflies also remind me of little Fisher. Three butterflies are extra special to me. The first one was from Donna, the nurse at the hospital who checked me in for Fisher's birth. Although we only saw her those first few hours, she made an incredible impact on our experience there. Not only was she kind and supportive, but she also painted a beautiful butterfly for Fisher. Another butterfly was drawn by Sophie who gave it to me the day she came to meet Fisher. It is a happy butterfly in a lovely garden. A third, silver colored butterfly came with a bouquet of pale pink roses from dear friends. They are all very different but, they all remind me of the love of friends and especially Fisher's sweet spirit.
Sunflowers! I love them. I'm so glad Sarah thought to bring them to my home after Fisher died. When I walked in the livingroom I saw the bright yellow blooms and felt a surge of joy. Yellow is such a happy color. It's wonderful to have it around to lighten my mood. Last week Kyle gave me an umbrella with a huge sunflower print on it. I almost cried when I saw it. He explained he had seen a woman walking by the road with an umbrella like it and knew it would be perfect for me. It is. I love sunflowers because they now symbolize the incredible joy I expect to feel when I am with Fisher again.


Need to stop reading all my manga. I'm left with 1 English manga, 3 parts of a novelization, and 4 manga books in Japanese. Probably be hard to translate at hospital.
Think I'm gonna work from home Friday. It's just too close. Plus I got an extra sudden request today that is going to make me shift some things around to get them taken care of as urgently as people are asking for.


text:
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About Ben Tavener
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Ben Tavener
Journalist and presenter at BBC Russian Service
Op-Ed: Though not a 'diplomatic dwarf,' Brazil foreign policy lacks clout
Brazil woke from a foreign policy slumber last week and waded into the world's most complex geopolitical conflict.
As the number of civilian deaths in Gaza continued to climb to disturbing levels, Brazil's Foreign Ministry issued a short statement saying it considered the "escalation of violence" between Israel and Palestine "unacceptable" and "strongly condemned the disproportionate use of force by Israel in the Gaza Strip."
Brazil said it would recall its ambassador in Israel for consultation — an act of protest in diplomatic terms — which effectively fractured ties with Israel. The Palestinians praised Brazil for the strong diplomatic gesture, but Israel's Foreign Ministry said, "Such steps do not contribute to promote calm and stability in the region," provide a "tailwind to terrorism" and affect "Brazil's capacity to wield influence."
Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Yigal Palmor then launched a scathing attack on Brazil, labeling the country a "diplomatic dwarf" whose "moral relativism" made it "an irrelevant diplomatic partner." Brazil countered the takedown in undramatic fashion, affirming that "friends" could "disagree," but the Israeli official went for the jugular, mocking Brazil's World Cup semifinal defeat.
"This is not football. In football, when a game ends in a draw, you think it is proportional, but when it finishes 7-1, it's disproportionate," Palmor said. "Sorry to say, but not so in real life and under international law."
After a decade of being labeled a new global player, Brazil flexed its diplomatic muscles but received short shrift from one of the world's smallest countries. It left Brazil with its diplomatic self-esteem bruised at a time when it had been at its most powerful, protected and internationally relevant for years, after a flurry of visits by dozens of world leaders and top-level diplomats for the World Cup and the BRICS summit of emerging economies.
But although Israel's "dwarf" comment was callous, some observers in Brazil agreed. "Calling Brazil a dwarf was an exaggeration on Israel's part, but in truth, Brazil is not a diplomatic heavyweight and is excessively discreet in its foreign policy," Andrew Traumann, a Brazilian expert on the country's Middle East relations, said in an interview with Al Jazeera America.
President Dilma Rousseff finally commented on the spat with Israel four days after it began. "Brazil was first country to recognize Israel. Brazil is a friend to Israel…but there is a massacre ongoing in the Gaza Strip," she said in an interview with local press. Rousseff welcomed the United Nations demand for immediate ceasefire and suggested that the Israeli official chooses his words more carefully, noting, "Words can create a bad climate." She also hinted that Brazil's ambassador would be back in Tel Aviv in due course.
Economy vs. global politics
The reason the world's seventh-largest economy doesn't have political clout to match is that Rousseff has been focusing on domestic issues, particularly her attempts to stimulate the Brazilian economy out of the rut in which it resides. "President Dilma Rousseff doesn't really value international politics. She prefers things that can help control the economy," said Traumann.
Although Rousseff has continued many policies started by her charismatic predecessor Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva — particularly poverty and inequality reduction and pledges to expand a successful subsidized housing program — she views international politics as something of a minefield best avoided and during her time in office has certainly traveled far less than Silva did.
The boldest statement Rousseff has made came in the wake of revelations by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden that the U.S. monitored the communications of Brazilian citizens, the country's precious Petrobras oil giant and even Rousseff.
She called off the first state visit by a Brazilian leader to the U.S. for 20 years and instead led an international debate on the governance of the Internet. But that was an issue that affected Brazil and the president directly, not a global diplomatic matter that Brazil altruistically ventured into.
Brazil's foreign policy has also been restricted because of Rousseff's centralized decision-making process. The country's Foreign Ministry is kept on a very short leash. As Oliver Stuenkel, an international relations expert with Brazil's Getúlio Vargas Foundation, put it in an opinion piece for Post-Western World, Foreign Minister Luiz Alberto Figueiredo has been "strikingly invisible … Under no other Brazilian leader in recent history has the Foreign Ministry — historically above the political fray — been so secondary."
Rousseff has been far less vocal than Silva on the Middle East. Silva traveled widely to the region and openly criticized Israel's policies toward the Palestinians. He warned in 2010, for instance, that the building of new settlements, the infamous dividing wall and the blockade of Gaza were extinguishing a "candle of hope."
That comment was made on a visit to the West Bank at a time when Brazil's foreign policy looked to be growing. Its courting of the Arab world was closely tied to business, but the successful double act that Silva forged with his foreign minister, Celso Amorim, was starting to make an impact regionally and globally. Brazil maintained working relationships with countries that the U.S. could not, including Iran and Syria.
Focused on an ailing economy back home, Rousseff did not pick up where Silva left off in the Middle East. However, amid the latest cycle of violence between Israel and Hamas, she has commented on the escalation, such as in a speech alongside Chinese President Xi Jinping during his recent state visit to Brazil, saying she was "profoundly concerned by the dramatic events" in the region, "particularly in the Gaza Strip."
But it is still curious that Brazil would suddenly drop such a diplomatic bombshell — and is considering upping the ante further at this week's Southern Common Market meeting with a proposed joint statement on Israel's Gaza offensive — when you consider what little fuss Brazil has made about other bloody conflicts.
In February, when world leaders gathered in Geneva to discuss Syria's ongoing civil war, Brazil was the only major economy that was not represented. Brazil has said virtually nothing about Russia's incursion into Ukraine and the downing of Flight MH17 in the midst of a deadly pro-Russian separatist movement in eastern Ukraine.
Even in the regions where it wields tangible influence — South America and Africa — Brazil has done very little. For example, it failed to rein in the Venezuelan government's violent oppression of anti-government protests and has been silent on many cases of human rights abuses in African countries where Brazil has been expanding its diplomatic and commercial presence.
Instead Brazil's foreign policy traditionally tries to befriend everyone and keep the peace: It is one of only 11 countries that have diplomatic relations with every member of the U.N. Brazil has been more comfortable listening to all sides. These qualities might help Brazil with its application for a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council, but its lack of general engagement and Rousseff's introspective, controlling managerial style has begun to unpick her predecessor's work to outfit Brazil as a strong new voice for international diplomacy.
Brazil has proved that when it steps into the light and challenges the dominant world order on issues such as human rights, sustainability and, yes, even the Middle East — as with its successful negotiations with Iran — it has plenty to contribute to the global debate and diversification away from the dominance of Western powers.
But now elections are looming in Brazil, and with the economy front and center in voters' priorities and none of the main candidates pledging major changes to foreign policy, it appears there is little chance Brazil's international political clout will be boosted anytime soon.
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Reporting for the BBC in London, after stints in Moscow and São Paulo.
Brazil diplomacy Hamas Israel Itamaraty Middle East Neves Palestine Rousseff
Brazil: The only Latin American nation to fight in World War I
Carandiru: 20 Years On
Brazil Celebrates Mother's Day
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Archive of 'social media' category
instagram post from computer desktop
categories: Instagram
How to post on Instagram from your desktop (no 3rd party app needed)
Using apps:
6 Ways to Upload or Post Photos to Instagram from Computer
Gramblr – PC only
Uplet – Mac https://www.hopperhq.com/blog/how-to-post-to-instagram-from-pc-mac/#uplet
more on Instagram apps in this IMS blog
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims/2014/10/14/instagram-apps/
retweets search
categories: Twitter
Good time to remind you of this twitter search:
filter:follows filter:nativeretweets KEYWORD
Finds only retweets about KEYWORD (from people that you follow).
Very handy for those timeline refresh hiccups where you saw something cool… and then it disappeared.
— Andréa López (@bluechoochoo) July 4, 2019
label offensive political tweets
categories: social media, Twitter
+++++++++++++++
more on social media in this IMS blog
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims?s=social+media
social media and students
categories: Facebook, Instagram, social media
https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-01-16-here-s-what-happened-when-students-solved-social-media-problems-with-design-thinking
"Social: The New Media." So I got to work, curating a playlist of videos on topics I wanted them to explore—such as the well-publicised problems with social media platforms and false news
the Stanford History Education Group (SHEG), Google's Applied Digital Skills and the archives of The Sift from the News Literacy Project.
certification with Future Design School, and equipped with their curriculum app,
more on social media and education in this IMS blog
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims?s=social+media+education
more on fake news in this IMS blog
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims?s=FAKE+NEWS
tech giants privacy
categories: Facebook
You'll know the work of @carolecadwalla @guardian.
Here she is @TEDTalks explaining exactly what happens to your privacy in the hands of the tech giants. Please RT far and wide because so far, no one has been held to account. https://t.co/fi3JnKVkl4
— Three Women 🎗 (@ThreeWomen_) May 17, 2019
Facebook still tracks you after you deactivate account https://t.co/JPIkcvYyNe pic.twitter.com/hWAmMFwzCE
— CNET (@CNET) May 19, 2019
https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-is-still-tracking-you-after-you-deactivate-your-account/
Facebook still tracks you after you deactivate account
Deactivation does nothing for your privacy.
ALFRED NG BY APRIL 9, 2019 5:00 AM PDT
more on privacy by Facebook in this IMS blgo
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims?s=Facebook+privacy
categories: Facebook, social media
more on Facebook in this IMS blog
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims?s=facebook
weebly vs google sites
categories: blog, web development, web editing
Weebly vs. Google Sites
https://www.freetech4teachers.com/2018/05/weebly-vs-google-sites.html
If you're not invested in G Suite, then Weebly is a slightly better choice.
more on weebly in this IMS blog
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims?s=weebly
break up Facebook
categories: Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, social media
https://nyti.ms/2LzRzwq
Facebook's board works more like an advisory committee than an overseer, because Mark controls around 60 percent of voting shares. Mark alone can decide how to configure Facebook's algorithms to determine what people see in their News Feeds, what privacy settings they can use and even which messages get delivered. He sets the rules for how to distinguish violent and incendiary speech from the merely offensive, and he can choose to shut down a competitor by acquiring, blocking or copying it.
We are a nation with a tradition of reining in monopolies, no matter how well intentioned the leaders of these companies may be. Mark's power is unprecedented and un-American.
It is time to break up Facebook.
America was built on the idea that power should not be concentrated in any one person, because we are all fallible. That's why the founders created a system of checks and balances.
More legislation followed in the 20th century, creating legal and regulatory structures to promote competition and hold the biggest companies accountable.
Starting in the 1970s, a small but dedicated group of economists, lawyers and policymakers sowed the seeds of our cynicism. Over the next 40 years, they financed a network of think tanks, journals, social clubs, academic centers and media outlets to teach an emerging generation that private interests should take precedence over public ones. Their gospel was simple: "Free" markets are dynamic and productive, while government is bureaucratic and ineffective.
American industries, from airlines to pharmaceuticals, have experienced increased concentration, and the average size of public companies has tripled. The results are a decline in entrepreneurship, stalled productivity growth, and higher prices and fewer choices for consumers.
From our earliest days, Mark used the word "domination" to describe our ambitions, with no hint of irony or humility.
Facebook's monopoly is also visible in its usage statistics. About 70 percent of American adults use social media, and a vast majority are on Facebook products. Over two-thirds use the core site, a third use Instagram, and a fifth use WhatsApp. By contrast, fewer than a third report using Pinterest, LinkedIn or Snapchat. What started out as lighthearted entertainment has become the primary way that people of all ages communicate online.
The F.T.C.'s biggest mistake was to allow Facebook to acquire Instagram and WhatsApp. In 2012, the newer platforms were nipping at Facebook's heels because they had been built for the smartphone, where Facebook was still struggling to gain traction. Mark responded by buying them, and the F.T.C. approved.
The News Feed algorithm reportedly prioritized videos created through Facebook over videos from competitors, like YouTube and Vimeo. In 2012, Twitter introduced a video network called Vine that featured six-second videos. That same day, Facebook blocked Vine from hosting a tool that let its users search for their Facebook friends while on the new network. The decision hobbled Vine, which shut down four years later.
unlike Vine, Snapchat wasn't interfacing with the Facebook ecosystem; there was no obvious way to handicap the company or shut it out. So Facebook simply copied it. (opyright law does not extend to the abstract concept itself.)
As markets become more concentrated, the number of new start-up businesses declines. This holds true in other high-tech areas dominated by single companies, like search (controlled by Google) and e-commerce (taken over by Amazon). Meanwhile, there has been plenty of innovation in areas where there is no monopolistic domination, such as in workplace productivity (Slack, Trello, Asana), urban transportation (Lyft, Uber, Lime, Bird) and cryptocurrency exchanges (Ripple, Coinbase, Circle).
The choice is mine, but it doesn't feel like a choice. Facebook seeps into every corner of our lives to capture as much of our attention and data as possible and, without any alternative, we make the trade.
Just last month, Facebook seemingly tried to bury news that it had stored tens of millions of user passwords in plain text format, which thousands of Facebook employees could see. Competition alone wouldn't necessarily spur privacy protection — regulation is required to ensure accountability — but Facebook's lock on the market guarantees that users can't protest by moving to alternative platforms.
Mark used to insist that Facebook was just a "social utility," a neutral platform for people to communicate what they wished. Now he recognizes that Facebook is both a platform and a publisher and that it is inevitably making decisions about values. The company's own lawyers have argued in court that Facebook is a publisher and thus entitled to First Amendment protection.
As if Facebook's opaque algorithms weren't enough, last year we learned that Facebook executives had permanently deleted their own messages from the platform, erasing them from the inboxes of recipients; the justification was corporate security concerns.
Mark may never have a boss, but he needs to have some check on his power. The American government needs to do two things: break up Facebook's monopoly and regulate the company to make it more accountable to the American people.
We Don't Need Social Media
The push to regulate or break up Facebook ignores the fact that its services do more harm than good
Colin Horgan, May 13, 2019
https://onezero.medium.com/we-dont-need-social-media-53d5455f4f6b
Hughes joins a growing chorus of former Silicon Valley unicorn riders who've recently had second thoughts about the utility or benefit of the surveillance-attention economy their products and platforms have helped create. He is also not the first to suggest that government might need to step in to clean up the mess they made
Nick Srnicek, author of the book Platform Capitalism and a lecturer in digital economy at King's College London, wrotelast month, "[I]t's competition — not size — that demands more data, more attention, more engagement and more profits at all costs
Jennifer Newstead privacy Facebok
Facebook's new general counsel is a Trump adviser who helped author Patriot Act
infamous former Bush administration lawyer John Yoo wrote in his 2006 book that Newstead was the "day-to-day manager of the Patriot Act in Congress".
The Patriot Act was passed in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and brought in a series of new federal crimes related to terrorism. The legislation was broad and much of the government's expanded surveillance powers stemmed from parts of the act. It enabled, among other things, the controversial Section 215, which was used to justify the National Security Agency's phone records collection programme.
It also had a "roving wiretap" provision, which allowed government to place a tap on all of an individual's personal devices based purely on the approval of the notoriously permissive Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
As The Verge points out, the Patriot Act also initiated the practice of "national security letters", a procedure by which intelligence agencies can informally request data without any kind of court or ex parte authorisation, citing threats to national security. Facebook fields thousands of these requests every year, the content of which is generally subject to gag orders and therefore remains publicly unknown. In her capacity as general counsel, Newstead will be able to approve or deny these requests.
https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-makes-official-who-helped-write-patriot-act-its-top-lawyer/
more on privacy in this IMS blog
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims/2019/04/22/data-interference/
http://blog.stcloudstate.edu/ims?s=privacy
Gen Z and social media
categories: digital citizenship, Gen Z, Millennials, social media
Under Employers' Gaze, Gen Z Is Biting Its Tongue On Social Media
HAFSA QURAISHI
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/13/702555175/under-employers-gaze-gen-z-is-biting-its-tongue-on-social-media
The oldest members of Generation Z are around 22 years old — now entering the workforce and adjusting their social media accordingly. They are holding back from posting political opinions and personal information in favor of posting about professional accomplishments.
only about 1 in 10 teenagers say they share personal, religious or political beliefs on social media, according to a recent survey from Pew Research Center.
70 percent of employers and recruiters say they check social media during the hiring process, according to a survey conducted by CareerBuilder
Generation Z, nicknamed "iGen," is the post-millennial generation responsible for 'killing' Facebook and for the rise of TikTok.
Curricula like Common Sense Education's digital citizenship program are working to educate the younger generation on how to use social media, something the older generations were never taught.
Some users are regularly cleaning up — "re-curating" — their online profiles. Cleanup apps, like TweetDelete,
Gen Zers also use social media in more ephemeral ways than older generations — Snapchat stories that disappear after 24 hours, or Instagram posts that they archive a couple of months later.
Gen Zers already use a multitude of strategies to make sure their online presence is visible only to who they want: They set their account to private, change their profile name or handle, even make completely separate "fake" accounts.
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Berry Receives Service Award
By Sarah E. Scrogin, December 1, 1995
Michael P. Berry, director of Harvard Dining Services (HDS), received an award for excellence in food services this month.
Berry received a Visionary Award on November 8 in recognition for his work with HDS. Other award winners were Jeremiah Tower '65, owner of Stars restaurant in San Francisco, and Roy Yamaguchi of Roy's in Honolulu.
The Visionary Awards, launched this year by two food management groups, Creative Food Solutions and the Food Group, are given in recognition of people "who are kind of pushing the envelope in their business," Berry said.
Berry said yesterday he thinks the award is the result of HDS' variety of foods and diversity of service.
"I think the things that perhaps impressed them about our menu [were that] we've tried to implement more and more diverse foods in the menu cycle," he said.
Berry said the judges cited HDS dining, catering and campus restaurants when granting the award. Award recipients were selected by representatives of seven food service magazines.
HDS has also been nominated for the prestigious Ivy Award, which is presented each year to the best college food service in the United States.
Harvard, Vanderbilt and Notre Dame were nominated by Restaurants and Institutions magazine as the best college food service organizations in the United States.
Berry said all 500 HDS employees have been working toward winning the Award since their Spring Workshop last year.
"It's really all the people out there in the houses who are working the hardest," Berry said.
"All the employees and the managers really all focused on it," he added.
The Ivy Award will be announced in January at the 1996 National Restaurant Show in Chicago
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How to access and use the Aggregated Evidence & Ratings (AE&R) tab of the E-Portfolio. The functions of the AE&R page are the same for both learners and observers. Both learners and observers can create snapshots, modify aggregate ratings, and view ratings from prior years.