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Teacher Certification Degrees » Best Schools for Education Majors » Nebraska Teacher Colleges and Degrees Online Guide
Nebraska Teacher Colleges and Degrees Online Guide
This guide to teaching schools in Nebraska provides key information to help aspiring teachers research options for pursuing a career as an educator. There are several colleges and universities in the state that offer degree programs to prepare students to work in the classroom or further advance their current role as a teacher. In order to obtain a teaching degree in Nebraska, all teachers are required to complete an accredited teacher preparation program. This page has a table of top-rated teaching programs, a list of accredited teacher preparation programs, and student reviews to help assist in the process of choosing a school that is right for you and your career goals as a professional teacher.
There are 28 colleges and universities with teacher degree programs in Nebraska.1
6 colleges and universities offer an associate's degree in education.*1
19 colleges and universities offer a bachelor's degree in education.*1
20 colleges and universities offer a master's or advanced degree in education.*1
2 schools ranked in Kiplinger's Best College Values in 2019.2
2 schools ranked in US News Best Graduate Education Programs in 2019.3
4 schools ranked in US News Best Online Graduate Education Programs in 2019.4
13 not-for-profit teacher programs are accredited by the NCATE, TEAC, or CAEP.
*For not-for-profit colleges and universities with teacher degree programs.
Top-Ranked Schools with Education Programs in Nebraska
Kiplinger's Best College Values 2019*
Creighton University (#136)
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (#251)
*Institution-wide ranking.
US News Best Graduate Education Programs 2019
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (#39 tie)
College of St. Mary (#195-258)
US News Best Online Graduate Education Programs 2019
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (#9 tie)
Creighton University (#16 tie)
University of Nebraska-Kearney (#25 tie)
Concordia University Nebraska (#89 tie)
Teacher Preparation Programs Accredited by the NCATE, TEAC, or CAEP
Chadron State College
Concordia University, Nebraska
Doane College
Hastings College
Nebraska Wesleyan University
Peru State College
University of Nebraska at Kearney
University of Nebraska Lincoln
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Wayne State College
York College
Read more about the CAEP, NCATE, and TEAC accrediting bodies.
Comparison of Teacher Preparation Programs
We have designed the following table to help you compare teacher preparation programs in Nebraska according to various factors. All of the schools included are not-for-profit institutions approved by the Nebraska Department of Education for the preparation of teachers. Completing a state-approved teacher preparation program is an important step towards earning licensure.
While accreditation from the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP) is not a requirement for licensure, it is included in the following table as CAEP provides a highly-regarded accreditation that is accepted in many states. We have also included rankings from the National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ), a research and policy group that scores teacher preparation programs at the national level using key standards chosen to measure students' preparation for success in teaching. For further information on the NCTQ's program rankings, please see the notes below the table.
You will also find data on teacher preparation program enrollment, completion, and licensing exam pass rates by institution for the 2017-2018 academic year in this table. These data points are collected from annual US Department of Education records under Title II (Teacher Quality) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which provides for reporting that holds institutions and state departments of education accountable for increasing academic achievement through improvements in teacher quality.
Programs that are not ranked, or for which data is not available, in a given category are denoted as "-".
State-Approved School
CAEP Accred.?5
NCTQ Undergrad Elementary Prog. % (2016)**6
NCTQ Undergrad Secondary Prog. % (2017)**6
Teacher Prep Prog. Enrollment7
Teacher Prep Prog. Completers7
Licensing Exams Pass Rate7
Net Price***1
Chadron State College Yes 8% 12% 162 87 93% $13,740
College of Saint Mary No 8% 28% 153 49 100% $19,404
Concordia University Nebraska Yes 12% 34% 201 55 98% $20,250
Creighton University Yes — 83% 65 38 100% $31,481
Doane University Yes — 59% 39 68 97% $24,445
Hastings College Yes — 67% 70 55 96% $21,400
Midland University No 28% 34% 61 35 100% $23,151
Nebraska Wesleyan University Yes — — 74 35 97% $24,383
Peru State College Yes — 14% 110 55 94% $12,850
Union College Yes 91% 89% 69 14 100% $20,928
University of Nebraska-Kearney Yes — — 361 216 94% $15,909
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Yes 99% 96% 662 294 99% $16,813
University of Nebraska-Omaha Yes 66% 92% 530 162 97% $11,727
Wayne State College Yes 11% 28% 309 172 95% $12,626
York College Yes — — 82 9 — $15,985
*The NCTQ rated undergraduate elementary teaching programs in 2016 and undergraduate secondary teaching programs in 2017 by national percentile based on their overall scores on the NCTQ's standards for teacher education. Schools that do not provide data on all key standards or that fall below the top 50% of schools nationally are not included by the NCTQ in their ratings. Visit the NCTQ website for more information on its standards and methodologies.
**Net price is per year for undergraduate tuition as calculated by the National Center for Education Statistics based on the cost of attendance (tuition, books, room and board, and related expenses) for students who qualify for in-state tuition and fees, less the average financial aid award (including grants and scholarships).
Profiles of Well-Known Schools
University of Nebraska: UN may be known for its football prowess, but the Cornhusker Nation is also home to several competitive teacher preparation programs that are highly ranked by publications including Teacher.org and US News & World Report. The UN College of Education and Human Sciences houses several interrelated departments including Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education; Educational Psychology; and Special Education and Communication Disorders. The college offers numerous undergraduate programs leading to teaching endorsements in early childhood, elementary, middle grades, and secondary education. Select programs such as the Bachelor of Science in Early Childhood Education in a Mobile Society, offer online study options. UN also offers graduate programs focusing on classroom education, school psychology and counseling, and educational administration.
College of Saint Mary: The College of Saint Mary is an all-female Catholic institution located in Lincoln. The college was founded by the Sisters of Mercy and to this day remains steadfast in adhering to the principals of benevolence, servant leadership and integrity that the institution was founded upon. The College of Saint Mary's Department of Education houses the entire undergraduate and graduate programs related to education including Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, Middle-level Education, Secondary Education, and Special Education. Students at all levels experience a mixture of theory and practice that helps build functional skills along with excellent pedagogy. The department is one of the largest on campus as education is a very popular major.
School Programs for Becoming a Teacher in Nebraska
Request free information from the following schools to learn more about your options for choosing a teacher degree program. We recommend you: Request information from one or more of these schools
Schools with Teaching Degree Programs in Nebraska
Note: Student Reviews are based on the experiences of a few individuals and it is unlikely that you will have similar results. Please review the "Data, Student Reviews and Other Information" section in our Terms of Use and Disclaimers.
Chadron, NE 69337-2690
College of Saint Mary
7000 Mercy Rd
www.csm.edu
Concordia University Nebraska
Seward, NE 68434-1556
www.cune.edu
710 N Turner Ave
www.hastings.edu
Midland Lutheran College
900 N Clarkson
www.mlc.edu
Lincoln, NE 68504-2794
www.nebrwesleyan.edu
Northeast Community College*
801 E Benjamin
Norfolk, NE 68702-0469
www.northeast.edu
600 Hoyt St
Peru, NE 68421-0010
www.peru.edu
Kearney, NE 68849-1212
www.unk.edu
6001 Dodge St
14th and R St
www.unl.edu
Wayne, NE 68787
https://www.wsc.edu/
Student Review: "The teacher education program is much better geared toward elementary teachers. Most of the education professors used to teach in elementary classrooms and that is where they get most of their knowledge and experience. However, the needs of secondary and elementary teachers are very different. I also felt that my classes did not adequately prepare me for real classrooms with real students. Until I was student teaching, I was completely wrong about what to expect. That said, I do think that the field experience office was very helpful in my preparation and I appreciated that they made the certification process fairly seamless. If more of the teacher education program were based on actual experience, rather than in educational theory, it would be more beneficial. For example, I have learned that it was next to useless to learn about classroom management by studying a textbook. That knowledge can only come from working with actual students, and different students will always require different approaches." – Student at Wayne State College
Western Nebraska Community College*
Scottsbluff, NE 69361-1899
York, NE 68467-2699
An asterisk (*) denotes a two-year or certificate program in education. While a two-year degree will not qualify graduates for teacher certification, it can be a good starting point for a teaching career. To learn more about what you can do with this degree, see our guide to associate's degrees in education.
1. National Center for Education Statistics College Navigator: https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/
2. Kiplinger's Best College Values: https://www.kiplinger.com/tool/college/T014-S001-kiplinger-s-best-values-in-public-colleges/
3. 2019 US News Best Graduate Education Schools: https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-education-schools/edu-rankings
4. 2019 US News Best Online Graduate Education Schools: https://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/education/rankings
5. Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP): http://caepnet.org/provider-search
6. National Council on Teacher Quality 2014-2016 Teacher Preparation Program Review: https://www.nctq.org/review/home
7. US Department of Education 2018 Title II Reports: https://title2.ed.gov/Public/Home.aspx


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Before the exact end of "Dhan-Dhana-Dhan" offer, Reliance JIO has revised the data plans for its prime users. Users will now get 84GB data for 84Days in just Rs399.
According to the new plans, customers will now get 56GB data for 56days in just Rs309 while it was 28GB for 28days in the same scheme. Also, In Rs509, 112GB data will be provided for 56 days.
For postpaid users, benefits are increased almost in the same manner. For 309Rs, postpaid users will be given 60GB high-speed 4g data for two months while 120GB high-speed 4g data will be provided for Rs599 with a validity of two months.
Though these data packs are only for jio prime users, once again JIO has created a typhoon of competition to its rival companies like Airtel.


Freshened. Charged home to just miss at latest. One of the major players.
Good, determined win from off the pace here last start. Good draw. Each-way chance.
Determined effort from handy position to win at Toowoomba last outing. Usually prominent. Can't be taken lightly.
Timed run well to score here last time out. Has had success at this track. Nice gate. Keep safe.
Commanding all-the-way winner at Toowoomba at latest. Decent alley. Take beating.
Far from disgraced at Doomben last start. Win two back had merit. Fitter for two runs back. Worth some thought.
Worked home solidly to place here last outing. Can figure.
Freshened. Failed to make an impression at Toowoomba last time out. Outside chance for multiples.
Finished solidly to place at Toowoomba at latest. Only a place chance.
Game win from off the pace at Gold Coast last start. Not the roughest.
On pace but weakened right out of it at Gold Coast last outing. Not keen.


'The secret to surviving surgery in a little yellow box'.
Since 2011 we've heard every description of a pulse oximeter, and delivered more than 20,000 to hospitals across 100 countries.
But two things don't change: pulse oximetry is a minimum standard for safe anaesthesia, and it's still missing from tens of thousands of operating rooms around the world.
A pulse oximeter is the only piece of equipment listed on the Checklist. It monitors the level of oxygen in your blood, sounding an alarm at the slightest change. It gives healthcare workers life-saving seconds to act before organ failure, brain injury, and death.
At Lifebox, we believe that every patient deserves a safer anaesthesia, and we're closing the pulse oximetry gap. But we've got no interest in adding to the equipment graveyard – so we follow some very important steps.
User-centered design: up to 70% of medical equipment in low-resource settings is out of use. Wrong plug, too frail, lack of biomedical engineering. Expensive purchase or generous donation – but totally useless.
The Lifebox oximeter is designed for the challenges it'll face every working day in low-resource settings. Robust and intuitive, it doesn't need recalibration and runs off rechargeable batteries.
And when the anaesthesia provider has a question, our multi-language education materials sent with each box help guide safer decisions.
We work with our partners to assess local and regional gaps in access, to ensure we send the right number of oximeters to make a measurable impact in safety.
Because we know equipment doesn't save lives – the people who use it do. Our oximeters are primarily delivered through peer-led training workshops, building community support, professional leaders – and empowered, educated teams.
How do we know? Because we're part of a global community working to make surgery safer, and we stay in touch. Email, phone, person – monitoring and evaluation is critical for ensuring Lifebox oximeters keep working and the training stays current.


text:
Are minimal circuits deceptive?
by Evan Hubinger10 min read7th Sep 20199 comments
AI RiskInner AlignmentDeceptionAI
Formal argument
This post is part of research I did at OpenAI with mentoring and guidance from Paul Christiano.
One possible inner alignment technique is to structure your learning algorithm's inductive biases such that it is far more likely for it to produce an aligned model than a misaligned model. Two basic ways in which you might get traction now on how a technique like that will scale to AGI might be:
Do experiments with current regularization techniques where you try to determine to what extent models end up being aligned with the loss function they were trained under depending on the types of inductive biases present during their training. I'm actually fairly excited about this approach, and I am working on a post right now which will hopefully provide some ways in which you might start going about doing that. One concern with this sort of approach, however, is that you might not be able to get any traction on phenomenon that only appear once your capabilities get really close to AGI.
Analyze from a theoretical perspective what happens in the limit of perfect capabilities. The idea here is to try to patch the previous problem where when you do experiments you don't get to see phenomenon that only happen when your capabilities get really advanced by imagining that your capabilities were perfect. In this case, however, you end up with the opposite problem of not seeing any phenomenon that only appear when your capabilities are weaker.
The nice thing about combining these two approaches is that they tackle the problem from both sides, giving you an idea both of what the weak capability landscape looks like as well as the strong capability landscape. For this post, however, the focus will be on the second approach.
From a theoretical perspective, the two most natural types of inductive biases are simplicity bias and time complexity bias. Paul Christiano has previously argued that simplicity bias can be deceptive in the limit, but left the question of whether the same is true of time complexity bias as an open problem. The goal of this post is to attempt to resolve that open problem. In particular, though one might have hoped that deceptive alignment could be avoided by heavily penalizing time complexity so that the model doesn't have time to spend reasoning about deception, I will argue that this is not the case due to the possibility of meta-learning.
First, however, we need a clear understanding of what it means for a model to be deceptive. "Risks from Learned Optimization" provides the model of deceptive alignment, wherein a model appears aligned during training for the instrumental reason of being selected by the training process. More generally, however, what we really care about is deceptive behavior—that is, the situation where our model generalizes pathologically such that it produces a malign failure.
Second, we need a clear understanding of why simplicity bias leads to deception and an understanding of why that doesn't generalize to time complexity bias.
Specifically, the trap that simplicity bias falls into is as follows. First, there are many short but very powerful optimizers composed of very simple objectives with optimization processes capable of making use of vast amounts of compute. Furthermore, for a sufficiently complex task, it seems likely that the simplest program that solves it will be such an optimizer. Second, many of these optimizers are likely to be able to benefit in some way from being selected by your simplicity-biased training process—by defecting against you at some point, for example—and thus will have good training performance. Finally, since the vast majority of possible objectives—especially the very simple ones—are not aligned, the simplest program that solves a sufficiently complex task is unlikely to be aligned.[1]
However, this sort of strategy has a major problem: it has to spend extra time doing the "am I out of training" check, which causes it to lose out on time complexity compared to a robustly aligned model. Thus, one hope for eliminating this sort of thing might be to exploit this asymmetry by strongly selecting your model based on time complexity. If this works, it would mean you might be able to solve inner alignment just by using strong regularization, which would be a big win.
This leads to the following theoretical conjecture: the fastest program that solves a task will not be deceptive. In particular, we will be thinking of "fastest programs" as minimal circuits. In his original post, Paul phrased this conjecture as "the fastest way to solve any particular problem doesn't involve [deception]."
The conclusion of this post is the following: if there exists some set of natural tasks for which the fastest way to solve them is to do some sort of machine learning to find a good policy, and there is some task for which that machine learning results in deceptive behavior, then there exists a natural task such that the minimal circuit that solves that task also produces deceptive behavior. For example, if the fastest way to solve some set of tasks is to search for simple programs that perform well, and if the simplest programs are deceptive, then there exists a task where the minimal circuit is also likely to be deceptive.
Why might we think such a set of tasks exists? The fundamental idea is to consider the case of meta-learning: if your tasks are things like "classify this image according to this training data" then it seems quite plausible that the fastest way to solve all tasks of that form will be to use some form of ML—in particular, that's what we do.[2] Then, once you have a task set that satisfies the requirement that the fastest way to solve those tasks is through search over models, you just need to also include some task for which search over models yields deceptive behavior to produce the desired reduction.
Once you have such a task set, the basic insight is to consider what happens if you take all of those different tasks together and combine them into one very diverse meta-learning task. In this case, the minimal circuit that solves that single task is forced to implement the same fastest search algorithm over models that we know has some task on which it yields deceptive behavior. Fundamentally, what's happening here is that we're exploiting the fact that the fastest search algorithm does not produce the fastest model. Thus, even if in some sense the fastest model that doesn't do any search over models (that is, doesn't do any meta-learning) is safe, as soon as the model starts doing meta-learning, it might find another model which is not safe.
You can think about this argument as a reduction from the safety of minimal circuits to the safety of fast training procedures. Furthermore, if you buy that real-world data is mostly distributed according to a simplicity prior, such that such fast training procedures will have to select models at least somewhat according to simplicity, then you can even view this argument as a direct reduction to the malignancy of simplicity priors.
We will formalize tasks as MDPs of the form T=(X,A,p,P,r) where X is the state space, A is the action space, p:X→R is the initial state distribution, P:X×A×X→R is the transition function (which we will write as P(xt+1 | xt, at)), and r:X×A→R is the per-step reward function (which we will write as r(at | xt)).[3] Then, we will use VT(π) to denote the expected future return of a policy π:X→A and VT(π | x) to denote the expected future return starting from some state x∈X. Furthermore, for a given MDP, we will say a policy π is deceptive—which we will denote as C(π)—if ∃x∈X, C(π,x), where C:(X→A)×X→B is a predicate that tests for the presence of deceptive behavior.
Then, let T be some set of tasks such that the minimal circuit that solves them first searches for a good policy and then runs it. For example, the task distribution might contain things like "classify this image according to this training data" such that the fastest algorithm is to train and run some model on the given data. Thus, formalizing this assumption, let πlearn be the minimal circuit that achieves ET∈T[VT(πlearn)]≥B for some B∈R. Now, suppose there exists some Tbad such that πlearn finds and then runs a deceptive model when applied to Tbad. This gives us the setup for our desired reduction: if there exists some task for which πlearn yields a deceptive model, then we want to show that there exists some MDP for which the minimal circuit is deceptive. Thus, we will construct T∗=(X∗,A∗,p∗,P∗,r∗) and B∗ such that the minimal circuit that achieves VT∗(π)≥B∗ is deceptive:
Let X∗ be the disjoint union X∗=⨆T∈TTX.
For A∗, we will parameterize our action space such that each state x∈X∗ has its own action set A∗x. Thus, for x∈X∗, there must be some T∈T such that x∈TX. Then, let A∗x=TA.
For xt∈TX and at∈TA, let r∗(at | xt)=Tr(at | xt).
For x∈TX, let p∗(x)=1|T|Tp(x).
Let P∗(xt+1 | xt, at) be 0 for xt, xt+1 in different TX and P∗(xt+1 | xt, at)=TP(xt+1 | xt, at) for xt, xt+1 in the same TX.
Let B∗=B.
Now, suppose π∗:X∗→A∗ is the minimal circuit that achieves VT∗(π∗)≥B∗. Then, VT∗(π∗)=Ex0∼p∗[VT∗(π∗ | x0)]=∫p∗(x0)VT∗(π∗ | x0) dx0=∑T∈T∫1|T|Tp(x)VT(π∗ | x0) dx0=ET∈T[∫Tp(x)VT(π∗ | x0) dx0]=ET∈T[Ex0∼p[VT(π∗ | x0)]]=ET∈T[VT(π∗)] such that the condition that π∗ achieve VT∗(π∗)≥B∗ is equivalent to (also using B∗=B) the condition that ET∈T[VT(π∗)]≥B, which is precisely the condition previously placed on πlearn. Thus, π∗=πlearn since πlearn was also defined as the minimal circuit that satisfied that condition.
Then, determining whether π∗ is deceptive, we get C(π∗)↔∃x∈X∗, C(π∗,x)↔∃T∈T, ∃x∈TX, C(π∗,x)↔∃T∈T, ∃x∈TX, C(πlearn,x) which holds for T=Tbad, making π∗ deceptive, as desired.
It is worth noting that there is a meaningful sense in which the minimal circuit here is sort of trying to do the right thing—it is actually trying its best to find and run a policy that solves the problem—it's just that there might exist some input on which the easiest-to-find policy is deceptive. However, despite it sort of doing the right thing, it isn't safe (at least assuming that there is some task on which the fastest machine learning isn't safe): it produces outputs that are systematically optimized for values other than the ones we want them to.
Importantly, however, this is because we didn't successfully incentivize our minimal circuit to also find minimal circuits. If we were somehow able to find some alternative metric which incentivized our minimal circuit to only do search over minimal circuits, then we might be able to break this counterexample. It is an interesting open problem what sorts of objectives might be able to get around this "forwarding the guarantee" problem.[4]
Furthermore, the counterexample presented here is quite natural in the sense of just requiring some environment which is diverse enough to include aspects of meta-learning, which is the sort of thing that could occur in many realistic diverse environments. Specifically, Ortega et al. have argued that "Meta-learning can also occur spontaneously in online regression when the capacity of the agent is bounded and the data is produced by a single generator," noting in particular that "the downside is that we cannot easily control what will be metalearned. In particular, spontaneous meta-learning could lead to undesirable emergent properties, which is considered an open research problem in AI safety [Ortega et al., 2018]."
Thus, this counterexample suggests that in situations involving spontaneous meta-learning we shouldn't necessarily expect time complexity regularization to guarantee inner alignment, as any meta-learning that has to be done won't inherit any safety guarantees. Furthermore, this counterexample further suggests that the case of spontaneous meta-learning—or mesa-optimization as it is referred to in "Risks from Learned Optimization"—is an important hard case to consider when designing AGI alignment strategies.[5] That being said, the jury is still out on whether time complexity regularization might still be one component of a full inner alignment solution, though this result demonstrates that it at least can't be the entire solution.
It is worth noting that this example does not straightforwardly generalize to actual machine learning systems—see "Risks from Learned Optimization" for an analysis of whether such a generalization holds. ↩
An important question here is why the minimal circuit wouldn't just look like a lookup table. The simple answer is that it probably will at first, but if we give it enough meta-learning problems, then at some finite time the lookup table should become more expensive than an actual learning algorithm, since the learning algorithm should always take a constant amount of time per problem, whereas lookup gets more and more expensive as you have to encode more and more problems. ↩
We will refer to the different components of a task T with subscripts such that T=(TX,TA,Tp,TP,Tr). ↩
One way to think about this problem is that it is the ML version of the Tiling Agents Problem—the "Tiling Training Processes Problem," perhaps. The question is, for the operation of going from a training process to the training process that is incentivized for models trained via that process to implement, what are the fixed points? That is, what sorts of training processes produce models that would use the same training process? ↩
Interestingly, this counterexample points at a distinctly different way in which such models might be dangerous, however: whereas "Risks from Learned Optimization" deals with the dangers of a learned objective, this counterexample suggests that the learned search process itself might also pose a problem. ↩
AI Risk3Inner Alignment3Deception1AI2
58The Solomonoff Prior is Malign
48Understanding "Deep Double Descent"
51Formal Inner Alignment, Prospectus
45Inaccessible information
[-]johnswentworth3y
Interesting proof. A couple off-the-cuff thoughts...
First, this is proving something much more general than just deceptiveness. We can just scribble out the three or four English sentences with the word "deceptive" in them, and just say "C(π,x) is a predicate" - the proof doesn't actually use any properties of C. So this is a fairly general result about minimal circuits on MDPs - and I'm wondering what other predicates could be plugged into it to yield interesting results.
Second, the proof doesn't actually use the assumption that the minimal circuit on the original set of tasks is performing search. All that matters is that there is some MDP on which the circuit is deceptive, and that the circuit is minimal subject to an average performance bound on the full set of tasks.
Third, we can state the overall conclusion as roughly "if there exists a set of MDPs for which the minimal circuit achieving some average performance on the set is deceptive on at least one of the MDPs, then there exists a single MDP whose minimal circuit is deceptive." On the other hand, the reverse implication holds trivially: if there exists a single MDP whose minimal circuit is deceptive, then there exists a set of MDPs for which the minimal circuit achieving some average performance on the set is deceptive on at least one of the MDPs. Proof: take the set to contain just the one MDP whose minimal dircuit is deceptive. So we don't just have a one-way implication here; we actually have equivalence between two open problems. Obvious next question: what other minimal-circuit problems are equivalent to these two?
[-]Evan Hubinger3y
I agree that the proof here can be made significantly more general—and I agree that exploring that definitely seems worthwhile—though I also think it's worth pointing out that the proof rests on assumptions that I would be a lot less confident would hold in other situations. The point of explaining the detail regarding search algorithms here is that it gives a plausible story for why the assumptions made regarding πlearn and Tbad should actually hold.
if there exists some set of natural tasks for which the fastest way to solve them is to do some sort of machine learning to find a good policy
This would be pretty strange -- why not just directly hardcode the policy? Wouldn't that be faster? We need to use machine learning because we aren't able to write down a program that "directly" solves e.g. image recognition, but the "direct" program would be faster if we had some way of finding it. The general reason for optimism is that the "fastest" requirement implies that any extraneous computation (e.g. deception) is removed; that same reason implies that any search would be removed and replaced with a correct output of the search.
Another way to think of this: when you don't have a simplicity bias, you have to compete with the GLUT (Giant Lookup Table), which can be very fast. Even if you take into account the time taken to perform the lookup, in a deterministic environment the GLUT only has to encode the optimal trajectory, not the full policy. In a stochastic environment, the GLUT may need to be exponentially larger, so it may be too slow, but even so you can have GLUT-like things built out of higher-level abstractions, which might be enough to avoid deception. Basically you can do a lot of weird stuff when you don't require simplicity; it's not clear that meta learning should be modeled the same way.
A couple of things. First, a minimal circuit is not the same as a speed-prior-minimal algorithm. Minimal circuits have to be minimal in width + depth, so a GLUT would definitely lose out. Second, even if you're operating on pure speed, I think there are sets of tasks that are large enough that a GLUT won't work. For example, consider the task of finding the minimum of an arbitrary convex function. Certainly for the infinite set of all possible convex functions (on the rationals, say), I would be pretty surprised if something like gradient descent weren't the fastest way to do that. Even if you restrict to only finitely many convex functions, if your set is large enough it still seems hard to do better than gradient descent, especially since looking up the solution in a huge GLUT could be quite expensive (how do you do the lookup? a hash table? a binary tree? I'm not sure if those would be good enough here).
First, a minimal circuit is not the same as a speed-prior-minimal algorithm. Minimal circuits have to be minimal in width + depth, so a GLUT would definitely lose out.
I don't really understand this -- my understanding is that with a minimal circuit, you want to minimize the number of gates in the circuit, and the circuit must be a DAG (if you're allowed to have loops + clocks, then you can build a regular computer, and for complex tasks the problem should be very similar to finding the shortest program and implementing it on a universal circuit).
But then I can create a Turing Machine that interprets its input as a circuit, and simulates each gate of the circuit in sequence. Then the running time of the TM is proportional to the number of gates in the circuit, so an input with minimal running time should be a circuit with the minimal number of gates. This is not technically a Universal TM, since loop-free circuits are not Turing-complete, but I would expect a speed prior using such a Turing Machine would be relatively similar to a speed prior with a true UTM.
For example, consider the task of finding the minimum of an arbitrary convex function. Certainly for the infinite set of all possible convex functions (on the rationals, say), I would be pretty surprised if something like gradient descent weren't the fastest way to do that.
I agree that if you have to work on an infinite set of inputs, a GLUT is not the way to do that. I was thinking of the case where you have to work on a small finite set of inputs (hence why I talk about the optimal trajectory instead of the optimal policy), which is always going to be the case in the real world. But this is too pedantic, we can certainly think of the theoretical case where you have to work on an infinite set of inputs. I was mostly trying to use the GLUT as an intuition pump, not arguing that it was always better.
In the case with infinite inputs, I still have the intuition that meta learning is what you do when you don't know enough about the problem to write down the good heuristics straight away, as opposed to being the fastest way of solving the problem. But I agree that the fastest solution won't be a GLUT; I'm thinking more a combination of really good heuristics that "directly" solve the problem. (Part of this is an intuition that for any reasonably structured set of inputs, value-neutral optimization of a fixed objective is very inefficient.)
Planned summary:
While it has been argued that the simplest program that solves a complex task is likely to be deceptive, it hasn't yet been argued whether the fastest program that solves a complex task will be deceptive. This post argues that fast programs will often be forced to learn a good policy (just as we need to do today), and the learned policy is likely to be deceptive (presumably due to risks from learned optimization). Thus, there are at least some tasks where the fastest program will also be deceptive.
Planned opinion:
This is an intriguing hypothesis, but I'm not yet convinced: it's not clear why the fastest program would have to learn the best policy, rather than directly hardcoding the best policy. If there are multiple possible tasks, the program could have a nested if structure that figures out which task needs to be done and then executes the best policy for that task. More details in this comment.
[-]Ofer3y
I'm confused about why the "spontaneous meta-learning" in Ortega et al. is equivalent to (or a special case of?) mesa-optimization; which was also suggested in MIRI's August 2019 Newsletter. My understanding of Ortega et al. is that "spontaneous meta-learning" describes a scenario in which training on a sequence from a single generator is equivalent to training on sequences from multiple generators. I haven't seen them discuss this issue in the context of the trained model itself doing search/optimization.
Regarding Ortega et al., I agree that the proof presented in the paper is just about how a single generator can be equivalent to sequences of multiple generators. The point that the authors are using that proof to make, however, is somewhat more broad, which is that your model can learn a learning algorithm even when the task you give it isn't explicitly a meta-learning task. Since a learning algorithm is a type of search/optimization algorithm, however, if you recast that conclusion into the language of Risks from Learned Optimization, you get exactly the concern regarding mesa-optimization, which is that models can learn optimization algorithms even when you don't intend them to.
[-]jacob_cannell1y
This is perhaps not directly related to your argument here, but how is inner alignment failure distinct from generalization failure? If you train network N on dataset D and optimization pressure causes N to internally develop a planning system (mesa-optimizer) M, aren't all questions of whether M is aligned with N's optimization objective just generalization questions?
More specifically if N is sufficiently overcomplete and well regularized, and D is large enough, then N can fully grok the dataset D, resulting in perfect generalization. It's also straightforward as to why this can happen - when N is large enough to contain enough individually regularized sub-model solutions (lottery tickets) that it is approximating a solomonoff style ensemble.
Anyway if N has a measurably low generalization gap on D, then it doesn't seem to matter whether M exists or what it's doing with regard to generalization on D. So is the risk of 'inner alignment failure' involve out of distribution generalization?
This is perhaps not directly related to your argument here, but how is inner alignment failure distinct from generalization failure?
Yes, inner alignment is a subset of robustness. See the discussion here and my taxonomy here.
If you train network N on dataset D and optimization pressure causes N to internally develop a planning system (mesa-optimizer) M, aren't all questions of whether M is aligned with N's optimization objective just generalization questions?
This reflects a misunderstanding of what a mesa-optimizer is—as we say in Risks from Learned Optimization:
Possible misunderstanding: "mesa-optimizer" does not mean "subsystem" or "subagent." In the context of deep learning, a mesa-optimizer is simply a neural network that is implementing some optimization process and not some emergent subagent inside that neural network. Mesa-optimizers are simply a particular type of algorithm that the base optimizer might find to solve its task. Furthermore, we will generally be thinking of the base optimizer as a straightforward optimization algorithm, and not as an intelligent agent choosing to create a subagent.
I don't think this characterization is correct. A couple of points:
There are models with perfect performance on any training dataset that you can generate that nevertheless have catastrophic behavior off-distribution. For example: a deceptive model that purposefully always takes minimal-loss actions to prevent the training process from modifying it but starts acting catastrophically when it sees a factorization of RSA-2048.
I don't think that's a good characterization of lottery tickets. Lottery tickets just says that, for any randomly initialized large neural network, there usually exists a pruning of that network with very good performance on any problem (potentially after some small amount of training). That doesn't imply that all those possible prunings are in some sense "active" at initialization, any more than all possible subgraphs are active in a complete graph. It just says that pruning is a really powerful training method and that the space of possible prunings is very large due to combinatorial explosion.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi! I'm getting married at the Wolfeboro Inn and wanted to see if there were any recommendations for hair and make-up that are willing to travel to the Inn. I'm looking for just myself, with the potential for my bridal party to add on later (many I have found require 5+ booking first). I want professional make-up that will last all day. Thanks for any advice!
Totally use Lynne Avallone - she is an absolute angel based out of Haverhill, MA but she travels all over New England! She's at 978-502-0299 and did my wedding - she transformed me and made my wedding pictures just gorgeous. She put my mother (who never wears make up) totally at ease and did everyone in the bridal party. Lynneavallone.com is also her professional site and she's on Facebook - good luck!


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Cobb Preserving Company
1000 Turk Hill Road, Fairport, NY 14450
Buildings 9, 10, and 11 of the Cobb Preserving Company located at 1000 Turk Hill Road were designated landmarks of the Village of Fairport in 2020. The first of the three buildings, building 9 was built in 1893[1]. The Cobb Preserving Company was owned by Amos H. Cobb who purchased the business from his cousin, Ezra A. Edgett.
The Cobb Preserving complex in 1909. The buildings along the railroad tracks were built to house seasonal workers.
These three buildings, which are connected end to end, are just a part of a larger complex of buildings that made up the Cobb Preserving and the Crosman Arms Company. They were designated because the buildings are a significant representation of the history of preserving and canning in the Fairport area.
Economic Significance
Built alongside the Erie Canal for ease of transportation of goods. The Fruit Canning Works[2] factory was built in 1872 by E. A. Edgett of Newark, NY. Edgett is responsible for bringing Fairport's largest industry to the town.[3] In 1881, the factory became the Cobb Preserving Company.
The north side of buildings 9 showing the main entrance on the north west end. The first story of building 9 on the north side is built on a stone basement that is fully above grade.
The complex later became factory #3 for the New York Canners, Inc. All were major employers for local residents and seasonal labor from other towns including Polish families from the Buffalo area. Cobb Preserving along with other canning companies in the area provided a market for area farm produce.
The complex was purchased in 1952, by the Crosman Arms Company that was then owned by Philip Y. Hahn Sr. The company was founded in 1925 by the Crosman family of Rochester. The corporation was formed to produce a compressed air gun on the pump-up principle, invented by William McLean, the Crosman family chauffeur.
Architectural details of building 9 are segmentally arched window opening, shutters, roof top cupulas and round top doors and openings. This photo from 2020 is of the south side.
The manufacture of compressed air and Co2 guns was a highly specialized business with specialized machining and equipment required which made them very successful.[4] They operated on this site until the 1980s.[5]
These buildings are the last remaining preserving and canning facilities of many in the area that took advantage of the transportation offered by the Erie Canal and the fruits and vegetables grown in the surrounding area.
The Advancement of Canning Technology – The Sanitary Can
Early cans were made by hand during the winter months out of tin from Wales. A can-maker could earn $2 per 10-hour day. The cylindrical body was cut by a foot operated shears and the top and bottoms were cut by a foot-lever press. A second press cut a 1 1/2" diameter hole in the top. These parts were soldered together and the fruit or vegetables were crammed through the opening. A plug was soldered over the hole. The filled can was sterilized in a hot water bath. The cans were stored for a period to test if the seal had taken. If the soldered can did not hold, it would be dumped into the canal.
In 1897, 2,000,000 cans of cherries, peaches, pears, plums, berries, quinces, corn, tomatoes, peas and succotash were packed and shipped by the Cobb Preserving Company, mostly on the Erie Canal.
The perfection of the machined double seamed sanitary can began in 1898 when William Bogel introduced the new technology to George W. Cobb, the son of Amos Cobb. Bogel was the owner of Bogel & Scott, food brokers who sold the output of the Cobb factory. The new can was being made by the Max Ams Machine Company without the use of solder, taking a cue from advances in canning from Europe. [6]
In a three-man partnership to perfect the solderless can, Ams provided the machinery, Bogel the funding and Cobb the work with trial and error. The new cans could be filled before the top was placed allowing for larger pieces of produce. Also, the contents looked and tasted better without suffering from carbonized sugar contamination created by the soldering process used to seal the top.
The main entrance to building 9 is deeply inset into the stone of the lower level on the north west side.
In 1898, the Cobb Preserving Co. canned all their Bartlett pears in Ams double seamed sanitary cans. By 1904 they were convinced that the new canning process was a success. Along with Frederick Cobb, Goerge's brother, they formed the Sanitary Can Company and opened a new factory on Parce Avenue.
In 1904, Sanitary Can produced 8,000,000 cans on a semi-automated assembly line. Production doubled each year. The Company was sold in 1908 to the American Can Company a conglomerate of 60 can companies. By 1912 the company manufactured 40,000 cans in 10 hours, in 1960, 240,000 in 10 hours. [7] American Can employed local residents until the 1980's.
Historic Personages – Amos H. Cobb & George W. Cobb
The Cobb Preserving Company was owned by Amos Hubbell Cobb (1839 – 1891) [8] who purchased the business from his cousin, Ezra A. Edgett. Edgett was from Newark and started Fairport's first canning business at this site in 1872. The business was run by Edgett's brother, Ananias. The brothers had previous experience in canning technology. In 1854, they planted the first acre of corn to be canned in the state. A. H. Cobb was part of that venture and was 14.
In 1857, Cobb worked for the Aaron Kemp factory, one of the earliest canned goods manufacturers in New York City and within two years was in charge. In 1864, Cobb married Angeline M. Hodgman (1840 – 1928) and established their home in Brooklyn. That same year he joined U. H. Dudley, another canning business. In 1867, he was a founding partner of Goodwin & Cobb which imported wallpaper and had offices in New York City and London. [9]
After purchasing the Edgett factory, Cobb moved his family; his wife and four sons to Fairport. They traveled on the New York Central Railroad. The family's furniture and other belongings were shipped by packet boat on the Erie Canal. He and his wife had a fifth child, a daughter named Angelina after moving to Fairport.
A. H. Cobb died in 1891 at the age of 51. After his death the business was run by his estate which included his sons, George Watson Cobb (1871 – 1945) [10], Fred and Clarence. George was part of a small group that perfected the sanitary can from 1898 to 1904. It was in that year that Cobb along with partners Max Ams and William Bogel formed the Sanitary Can Company. By 1908 he was Vice-President of the Sanitary Can. When the business was absorbed by the American Can Co. (Canco) he relocated to New York City. In 1910, he became assistant general sales manager and in 1923 general sales manager. He retired in 1932. While in Fairport, he was a village trustee for 4 years and president for a year in 1904. [11]George Cobb married Leora DeLand, the daughter of Levi. J. DeLand and for a number of years owned the Newman-Dean House at 11 W. Church Street.
Architectural Style: Italianate (1840 to 1885)
Although a simple example of this ornate style these industrial buildings utilized many features of the Italianate style that was incorporated into homes and public buildings during this time. The features include the arched doors, window openings and curved top louvered shutters, double doors with panels and rooftop cupolas.
All three buildings are built into the sloping landscape with the first story of building 9 on the north side built on a stone basement that is fully above grade. The landscape makes the second story accessible on the south side. They are all brick with post & beam timber floors and roof, masonry load bearing walls. Each building has two cupolas on the ridge of their gable roofs. Brick gable end walls form a parapet between building 9 and 10 that extend above the roof.
The south side of all 3 buildings in a 1960 photo.
The first building built for the Cobb Preserving Co. in 1893, building 9, is a 2-story 35' by 120' brick building. The brick pattern of the walls of the building are a modified English bond with a header brick layer every eighth course in between the stretcher bricks. There are double rowlock bricks over arched window openings, cut stone sills on the second story and metal truss tension plates visible on exterior. Because of the slope of the land, it is 2 -stories on the north and 1-story on the south side. The ground level walls on the north are constructed of a thick foundation of field stone.
The main door on the north west side has paneled double doors with a side pilasters and pediment roof. There is a concrete stoop with an iron railing likely installed by the Crossman company that has a "c" incorporated into the design. On the second story is full height window with 20 lites with double rowlock bricks over an arched top.
This door is on the south side of building 9 has 6 panels an arched top with 2 glass lites. The door surrounds are arched with the side pilasters.
There is also a door on the second story that has 15 lites and side lites. An early Sanborn map shows a passage in that location from 9 to the Canning Factory #2 across the access road. Doors on the south side have 6 panels arched top with 2 glass lites. The door surrounds are arched with the side pilasters.
Building 10 is a 1 ½-story brick building on the north side and 1-story on the south side. The brick pattern is modified English bond with a header brick layer every eighth course in between the stretcher bricks.
Brick gable end walls form a parapet between building 9 and 10 that extend above the roof.
The top of the wall uses a corbel pattern to bring the top of the parapet wall flush to the brick pilasters. (see photo to right) The south side has a door with 6 panels, 2 of which have lites. The door has a shed roof overhang. The windows are arched but half the size of the windows on the front. This warehouse building is 30' x 74'. It was built between 1907 and 1924.
Building 11 is brick that has been covered in vinyl siding. This 2-story 30' x 122' warehouse appeared on the 1905 Sanborn map. The three buildings combine to be 316' in length.
Familiar Feature of the Neighborhood
These three buildings, which are connected end to end, are just a part of a larger complex of buildings that made up Cobb Preserving and the Crosman Arms Company. In the complex, they are the closest buildings to Turk Hill Road and are an anchor for the neighborhood. The buildings are adjacent to the Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor. The canal is listed on the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places.
For more information on the FHPC and designated landmarks, go to the village preservation page or the village website.
[1] Cobb Canning Factory Business Directory for Village of Fairport 1898, page 117
[2] Fairport Weekly Herald 6.20.1873
[3] Perinton Pastimes by Susan Roberts, Fairport Herald-Mail 9.30.1967
[4] Crosman Arms Built on Air Fairport Herald Mail 1.20.1971.3
[5] Cleanup List Grows with Two Local Sites D & C 4.14.2012.1 & 4
[6] Village Saluted on 50th Birthday of American Can Rochester, Fairport Herald 3. 15.1951.1
[7] Perinton Pastimes, by Susan Robers Fairport Herald-Mail 9.30.1987
[8] Find a Grave Amos Hubbell Cobb, Ancestry.com (Mount Hope Cemetery) children listed; Amos Jr., George, Frederick D. H. Cobb, Angelena H. Cobb Shepard (m. Stanley), Clarence Shepherd Cobb
[9] Sketch of the Life of Amos Hubbell Cobb, Deceased, Democrat & Chronical, 8.31.1891
[10] Find a Grave Amos Hubbell Cobb, Ancestry.com (Mount Hope Cemetery) children listed; Amos Jr., George, Frederick D. H. Cobb, Angelena H. Cobb Shepard (m. Stanley), Clarence Shepherd Cobb
[11] George W. Cobb Passes Away Suddenly in Florida, Fairport Herald Mail 4.8.1945.1
Workers on the dock of Cobb Preserving in 1896.
The complex was purchased in 1952, by the Crosman Arms Co. Working on the sign in 1955 is Edgar Holt.
Building 9 has a large arched window with the same 2 layers of rowlock brick that is over all the windows of 9 and 10. This window is deeply inset into the wall and has 20 lites.
All three buildings are built into the sloping landscape with the first story of building 9 on the north side, built on a stone basement that is fully above grade.
Close up of the brick pattern and segmental arched window opening found in buildings 9 and 10.
Building 9 has iron railings that were likely installed by the Crossman company. Note the "c" incorporated into the design.
The windows of building 9 and 10 are 6 over 6 double hung style with curved top louvered shutters.
Close up image of shutter hinge.
This image of building 9 shows a header brick layer every eighth course in between the stretcher bricks. Visible from the outside are metal truss tension plates.
There is a door on the second story of 9 on the northeast side. See map below.
This Sanborn map from 1924 shows lines between the "Warehouse" and "Canning Factory #2". The map indicates "passage 2nd raised". The door to that passage is above.


As we countdown to kickoff in September, we're going to be doing a team-by-team preview each week over the summer. SU will open its 2017 ACC conference slate when it plays NC State on Sept. 30.
HOT SEAT FOR DOEREN?: Fans are getting a bit restless in Raleigh. Though head coach Dave Doeren, now in his fifth season, has brought the team to three straight bowl appearances, it hasn't obscured other problems. The issues include a lack of a signature win, three straight 3-5 seasons in conference play and lackluster play at home. Doeren and company nearly got that upset win against Clemson and also Florida State in 2016, and a win like that in 2017 plus a major bowl game appearance would go a long way to keeping him off the hot seat. This would be the season to break through, with a senior-laden team featuring one of the elite defensive fronts not only in the ACC, but perhaps all of college football.
WHO TO WATCH FOR: At this time last year, NC State was in the middle of a quarterback battle between Boise State transfer Ryan Finley and Jalan McClendon. Finley ended up winning the starting job, though the Wolfpack will need him to become more steady this season. Though he threw for 3,059 yards and 18 touchdowns, he was dreadful in NC State's five losses, throwing a combined eight interceptions. Finley should improve just from the protection in front of him. Four starters return from the 2016 season, including All-ACC guard Tony Adams. The defensive line will be even more formidable with four seniors of their own. That elite unit is led by potential 2018 first round pick Bradley Chubb. It was coup to get Chubb to return, as the All-ACC performer led the team in tackles for a loss (22) and sacks (10.5).
PREDICTION: I would be remiss if I didn't mention NC State's do-it-all-guy on offense, Jaylen Samuels. He's been listed as a tight end, fullback and slot receiver, and is another key senior on NC State's offense. With all of the experienced talent returning, there's some talk about the Wolkpack making some noise in the ultra-competitive ACC Atlantic Division. NC State 35, SYRACUSE 28.


Welcome to Shaker Run Golf Club. We appreciate your consideration of us for your Special Event! Shaker Run has a reputation for providing an exceptional experience at one of the finest Golf and Event Clubs in the country. As the host of your special occasion, you can expect a beautiful facility, quality products and superior customer service that will ensure a World Class experience!
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text:
New Discovery Range - First ev...
The all new discovery has landed, and to be honest… it doesn't look too much different! Not to worry though, as this new model has been spruced up all over according to Land Rover. With Discovery sales falling away with the last iteration, the new car is available to order starting from around £53K.
Starting with some of the more subtle details, the new Disco comes with all new LED headlights, sporting the jewel-like design and also bringing sweeping indicators as standard. The exterior also gets a refresh with a new front and rear bumper design, along with new side skirts. Some may be in the same camp with the rear alignment, as this was a contentious point in the last version, Land Rover have decided not to change it. Wheel designs from 19" to 22" to complete the look.
The interior reminisces of recent Jaguar models but brings in some modern touches to this newest of Discos. The most notable addition is the Pivi Pro infotainment system, with an 11.4" touchscreen which is 48% larger than its predecessor. Other additions include Apple Car-Play/Android Car-Play and a fresh new head-up display.
In the back seats, Land Rover have fitted click&go tablet holders along with climate controls, not so ideal if you have young kids that like to fiddle with buttons! The gadget list continues with hands-free tailgate operation by waving your foot under the rear bumper, and advanced bluetooth technology allows 2 connected smartphones at one time, although it doesn't seem like that was really a requirement for anyone? The inside updates are finished off with the 360degree camera system with Clearsight Ground View which featured in its debut on the new defender.
Now, the new Discovery has plenty of options in the engine department bringing in a trio of new Igenium straight six units giving a mild hybrid option for the first time in a Disco! Four options, 2 petrol and 2 diesels. The options are as follows:
· P300 – Petrol/300bhp/500nm torque
· P360 – Petrol MHEV/360bhp/400nm torque
· D250 – Diesel MHEV/249bhp/570nm torque
All of the new models feature air suspension with the D250 missing out on adaptive dampers. The intelligent all-wheel drive distributes torque to each axle as it requires for optimum efficiency and off-roading ability. Topped with a best-in-class 3,500kg towing capacity, this is a tough machine and still retains the raw components that make it one of the worlds most popular SUV.
Well, the new Discovery seems to tick all the right boxes and meet the high standards that it has set for itself over the years. With more intelligent all-wheel-drive and re-vamped interior design and tech, along with the introduction of mild hybrid technology this could be the perfect Disco to take the reigns of the brand and carry it into the new year and into the changing automotive marketplace.
Thanks for stopping by! If you'd like to read some more of the latest industry news, why not check out some of our other posts?
https://www.carmoney.co.uk/blog/fully-electric-fiat-500-launched
Thinking of a Discovery but unable to afford a brand new one? We could help! Have a look at some of our amazing offers on second-hand Discos here.


text:
È stata la prima donna in Polonia a svolgere primariamente la professione di scrittrice e insegnante, nonché una delle prime scrittrici polacche di letteratura per bambini.

Biografia
Appartenente ad una famiglia nobile moderatamente ricca, era la figlia dello scrittore e romanziere polacco Ignacy Tański. Per qualche tempo visse con sua madre a Varsavia. Nel 1819 pubblicò il suo primo libro Pamiątki po dobrej matce, czyli ostatnie jej rady dla córki (Ricordi di una brava madre, ovvero i suoi ultimi consigli per la figlia), un monologo in cui una donna anziana impartisce le ultime parole di saggezza e consigli a una figlia.

Negli anni venti del XIX secolo curò una popolare rivista per bambini e pubblicò diversi libri che hanno conquistato un vasto pubblico per diverse generazioni. Ha anche pubblicato una serie di romanzi tra cui: Le lettere di Elżbieta Rzeczycka alla sua amica Urszula (1824) e, probabilmente il suo lavoro più noto, Il diario della contessa Françoise Krasinska (1825), tradotto in diverse lingue, e presentato come uno dei primi romanzi psicologici polacchi.

Hoffmanowa sollevò il dibattito sull'autonomia economica delle donne. Credeva che il primo passo per le donne per raggiungere l'indipendenza fosse quello di ottenere un'istruzione per consentire loro di svolgere un lavoro retribuito. Tuttavia mantenne opinioni conservatrici sul ruolo delle donne, facendo riferimento ai valori nazionali e cattolici.

Sebbene la scrittura fosse la sua attività principale e preferita e si considerasse principalmente una scrittrice, fu anche insegnante in diverse scuole femminili e docente di scienze morali all'Istituto delle Governanti di Varsavia (1826–1831). Alcune delle sue alunne in seguito divennero scrittrici e insegnanti. Hoffmanowa fu ricordata con rispetto e apprezzamento da alcuni dei suoi studenti, tuttavia la sua allieva Narcyza Żmichowska ne criticò il conservatorismo.

Nel 1829 sposò Karol Boromeusz Hoffman, scrittore, avvocato e storico, e cambiò il suo nome in Hoffmanowa, prendendo il cognome del marito.

Durante la rivolta di novembre del popolo polacco contro l'Impero russo, Hoffmanowa fu cofondatrice e presidente dell'Unione della carità patriottica dei varsaviani e prestò soccorso ai soldati feriti. Dopo la caduta della rivolta nel 1831, lei e suo marito fuggirono a Parigi, dove la loro casa divenne un luogo di incontro per i rifugiati politici polacchi. In Francia fu attiva nell'Associazione di beneficenza delle signore polacche e della Società letteraria e fu soprannominata madre della grande emigrazione. Fu amica di Chopin e Mickiewicz.

Morì di cancro al seno all'età di 46 anni e fu sepolta nel cimitero di Père-Lachaise.

Opere selezionate
 1819: Pamiątki po dobrej Matce
 1823: Wiązanie Helenki
 1824: Listy Elżbiety Rzeczyckiej do przyjaciółki Urszuli za panowania Augusta III pisane
 1825: Druga książeczka Helenki
 1825:  Dziennik Franciszki Krasińskiej w ostatnich latach Augusta III pisany (Il diario della Contessa Françoise Krasinska)
 1830: Powieści z Pisma świętego (storie dall'Antico Testamento)
 1832: Rozrywki dla Dzieci
 1833: Wybór pism, volumes I–X
 1833: Biografie znakomitych Polaków i Polek
 1839: Karolina
 1841: Krystyna
 1845: Jan Kochanowski w Czarnolesie
 1849: Pisma pośmiertne
 1849: O powinnościach kobiet
 1851: Pismo święte wybrane z ksiąg Starego i Nowego Zakonu objaśnione uwagami pobożnych uczonych i ofiarowane matkom i dzieciom przez Autorkę Pamiątki po dobrej matce (storie dalla Bibbia)

Pubblicazioni postume
 1857–1859: Pisma, volumi I-XI
 1876: Dzieła, volumi I-XII (a cura di N. Żmichowska)
 1898: Wybór Dzieł, volumi I-IV (a cura di P. Chmielowski)

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This beer stein has been made in Germany around 1900s by Steinzeugwerke. Absolutely gorgeous piece hand painted and still in good condition. Lid is closing tight without problem.
The item "Steinzeugwerke Character Lidded Beer Stein Mad Burger Antique Germany 1900s" is in sale since Thursday, June 29, 2017. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Breweriana, Beer\Drinkware, Steins\Lidded Steins\Germany". The seller is "24hourshipment" and is located in Sherman Oaks, California.


I've worked in player development and education for too long to mention! Having started a journey in coaching children twenty years ago it is only through reflection and examining my own practice that I realise I haven't actually coached for that long at all. I may have been a technical instructor or an organiser of football but it is only more recently in the last five years I could say I have truly started to understand what "coaching" really means.
Ultimately, coaching is not about the amount of trophies that you win. It is about the difference you make to young people.
It is about the whole child, recognising the importance of developing effective working relationships first and foremost by understanding them as a person. What drives them? Why are they there? Where do they want to get to? It is only by starting to ask some fundamental questions that you can start to build a programme to help them learn as an individual.


text:
What Building Owners Don't Know About Cybersecurity Insurance Can Hurt Them
Younger Workers are Leading the Return-To-Office Charge…Kinda
Real Estate's Climate Progress is Lagging, But Pressure is Increasing
Why Commercial Real Estate is the Perfect Use Case For No-Code Tech
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June 27, 2017, was the day when cybersecurity and cybersecurity insurance changed forever. Ukrainian companies were among the first hit in a major global cyberattack that used a new variant of the encrypting malware called Petya, which would later be known as "NotPetya." Soon after, NotPetya infections cropped up in France, Germany, Italy, the U.K., Poland, and the United States, but most infections targeted Ukraine, including the National Bank of Ukraine. Many believe the attack was all but certainly a politically motivated one against Ukraine from the Russian government, though it quickly spread worldwide.
NotPetya caused enormous damage, crippling dozens of corporations, government institutions, and critical infrastructure. Many estimates say the damage of the attacks was more than $10 billion globally, one of the most devastating cyber-attacks in history and, therefore, one of the most closely studied. In a close examination of the attack and malware, Wired magazine said in 2018 that "the release of NotPetya was an act of cyberwar by almost any definition."
The NotPetya attack has had such a gigantic influence on cybersecurity insurance because the scale of damage led many carriers to introduce cyber exclusions across their commercial insurance policies. Perhaps the most noted of the exclusions centers on Mondelez International, a multinational food company headquartered in Chicago that makes snack foods (including Oreos). Mondelez was walloped by the NotPetya attack, so the company filed a claim for damages with its carrier, Zurich, which was promptly denied because Zurich claimed it didn't cover damages caused by war.
The skull and crossbones image that was displayed as part of the payload on the original version of the Petya malware. The "NotPeya" cyberattack in 2017 caused estimated global damage of more than $10 billion.
Mondelez suffered estimated total damages of more than $100 million, and they sued Zurich over whether NotPetya was sufficiently "warlike" to trigger an exception in the cyber insurance policy. So what does all this have to do with commercial real estate? More than you may think. Because of threats like NotPetya and other recent notable cyber-attacks, the traditional property insurance market has been removing cyber attack inclusion from its product lines.
Part of this is because insurance carriers have little to no visibility of the types of cybersecurity measures that commercial property owners and companies have in place. According to the cybersecurity experts I spoke with, this has led to the growth of a stand-alone cybersecurity insurance market that has led to confusion in the real estate industry.
Many commercial property owners and firms may not be aware that their traditional blanket insurance policies have exclusions for cyber-attacks. The cyber insurance market is also coming out of a so-called "hard market cycle," meaning the frequency and severity of attacks have forced insurers to change their underwriting practices to protect against an onslaught of expensive claims. Cyber insurance premiums have become more expensive, coverage is harder to obtain, and the cybersecurity prevention measures property owners must have in place have gotten more comprehensive. This is something many commercial property owners may not be very aware of now, but a liability concern in the industry that is beginning to ring alarm bells.
A new level of sophistication
As commercial real estate increasingly relies on digital systems and smart building technology, the threats and vulnerabilities have risen, too. And while real estate is not traditionally a big target for cyber-attacks like the education, government, and finance sectors, the reality is no industry seems safe anymore. Cyber-attacks have risen exponentially across all sectors in recent years, especially since the onset of the pandemic. Cybercrime is estimated to account for a loss of $10.5 trillion globally by 2025, according to a report from Cybersecurity Ventures. To put this enormous number into context, consider that the nominal GDP for the entire United States in 2021 was $20 trillion.
Jason Lund, Leader of Technology Infrastructure, U.S., at JLL, said the commercial real estate industry is at "the beginner's level with cyber insurance right now," though many are doing a decent job raising awareness about it. "We're building the boat as we sail it," Lund said. Unfortunately, there's still some skepticism in the industry about the threat of cybercrime. "Some building owners think the threats of cyber-attacks are the things that only happen in movies, like 'Mission Impossible' stuff." That's starting to change, albeit slowly.
The threats of cybercrime in real estate are growing, so awareness about cybersecurity and cyber insurance must grow in tandem. But Lund said the misconceptions about cyber insurance are leading to increasingly common situations where building owners think they're covered when an attack happens, only to discover they're sorely mistaken.
The first step for building owners is to ask basic questions on what level of cyber insurance protection their property has, including if cyber coverage is even included in the first place. From there, property owners can begin shopping for different cyber policy providers and work with insurance brokers to evaluate their level of risk and what type of coverage they'll need. The type and scope of coverage will depend on the building and tenant mix. For example, obtaining coverage for a warehouse or industrial property where machine downtime is a big concern versus a property with financial or banking tenants will be much different.
Building owners should also know that obtaining coverage has become more complex recently. Carriers will send detailed questionnaires specific to the types of cybersecurity prevention measures in place, and you can't just say "yes or no" anymore to the questions, which was the case only a few years ago. "Questionnaires for cyber insurance used to be just one page, but now they're much more detailed, with online forms with about 60 detailed questions," said Sandy Jacolow, CTO at Empire State Realty Trust, whose firm just went through the cyber insurance renewal process. "There's a level of sophistication now in getting coverage because so many insurers have gotten burnt."
There are certain cybersecurity practices you absolutely need to have in place to obtain coverage, such as multi-factor authentication. It also comes down to your programs and software tools, as some are safer than others. For example, cyber insurance carriers will evaluate policies based on companies' use of Google or Microsoft programs, and they could adjust premiums based on the choice. Google uses an effective two-factor authentication solution, but many cybersecurity experts consider Microsoft's authenticator superior. That's just one example of the countless nuances in the types of computer systems used that could affect cyber insurance coverage.
Cyber insurance carriers will also want to know if you have a crisis management team and response plan for ransomware attacks and, in many cases, who will be the approved negotiator if you get hit by one of these attacks. If you don't use the insurer's approved negotiation vendors for ransomware, you risk not being reimbursed for the costs of a ransomware incident. Cyber awareness training regularly among employees is also critical in carriers' eyes, and it must be done often. "People are the biggest risk in cybersecurity," Jacolow said. "Phishing exercises show what users aren't up to speed and who's clicking on malicious links. One of the biggest challenges is to get folks to realize that cybersecurity is everyone's responsibility, not just IT's responsibility."
Frequently, maintenance workers are those who need the most cybersecurity training. More of what they do today relates to technology, like the use of tablets, smartphones, and smart building systems, and maintenance employees may not be the most tech-savvy on the staff. Carriers will evaluate several of these critical cybersecurity practices before offering coverage, and it's usually a long list. Other things carriers will look for are endpoint detection and response, patch management, secure remote access, email filtering, and adequately architected user management and service accounts.
CoStar Sharpens Residential Focus After Strong Quarter
Premium costs are rising
If building owners and firms follow the best cybersecurity practices, they likely won't have to pay higher rates and will have a better chance of obtaining coverage. The complexity of the vetting process for obtaining coverage also means property owners shouldn't wait until the last minute before renewal to start the process. There's so much that needs to get done that there must be adequate time set aside, or it won't be done on time.
The average cost of cybersecurity insurance is rising, though it pales in comparison to how expensive cyber-attacks are. Average premiums in 2022 range from $650 to $2,357 annually based on companies with moderate risks, according to a study by AdvisorSmith using quote estimates and rate filings from more than 43 insurance companies in the U.S. The premiums were based on liability limits of $1 million, with a $10,000 deductible and $1 million in company revenue. The damage of cyber-attacks is far worse, as the cost to respond to a data breach for small to midsize businesses in the U.S. is an average of $86,000.
The same study by AdvisorSmith showed the average cost of premiums rose by 25 percent between 2020 and 2021, with some policyholders paying a more than 80 percent higher rate in 2022. Depending on the size and revenues of the company or property, rates will obviously be higher and can still be higher depending on the risk level. Building owners may pay higher premiums because of the data they store and the tenants they have, who may store sensitive information like social security numbers and financial information.
Spending more on cybersecurity is something many property owners may have to do, which can lower the cost of premiums, according to Dave Cahoon, CTO at Red Bison, a commercial real estate cybersecurity firm. "Many businesses spend 5 to 10 percent of their budgets on cybersecurity, and I don't think that's nearly enough," Cahoon said. "I come from a high-tech background, and much of the tech and cybersecurity in commercial buildings are woefully behind the times." Cahoon said there's a lot of focus on IT and ransomware in real estate but not nearly enough focus on operational technology systems like Internet of Things sensors and smart building systems. Many of these sensors are big threat windows and don't have built-in security.
Cahoon agrees with many experts that numerous building owners aren't aware of the intricacies of cyber insurance and what they need to do. Still, he thinks more regulations will come soon from the federal and local levels that will mandate more cybersecurity measures for businesses and landlords. At least 40 U.S. states introduced and considered more than 250 pieces of legislation that deal with cybersecurity in 2022, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. In addition, the SEC proposed a rule in March 2022 that would require public companies to disclose whether their boards have members with cybersecurity expertise.
Let's Not Downplay the Threat of Cyber Attacks in Commercial Real Estate
Major cyber-attacks like 2017's NotPetya have significantly changed the market for cybersecurity insurance in all industries, and commercial real estate is no exception. Obtaining the best cyber insurance policy is vital for real estate owners as threats continue to rise, but it's not easy. The confusion around cyber coverage in real estate is widespread, but that'll have to change if property owners don't want to get caught off-guard.
Costly cyber-attacks continue to worsen in frequency and severity, and insurance carriers are changing underwriting practices to protect themselves. If another major attack like NotPetya occurs again, the real estate industry may not be specifically targeted, but it could still stand to lose big money (as the multinational snackmaker Mondelez International found out in 2017). And attacks don't have to be as massive as NotPetya to cause significant problems. Having the best cyber insurance coverage and being proactive about this little-talked-about aspect of the industry could mean the difference between a slight loss and one that could substantially hurt a property owner of any size.
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Nick Pipitone· November 12, 2022


Pic link below, right hand side ripples still available.
Designed by myself w/graphite for the black & grey ones, sealed under a high-quality matte polyurethane UV-resistant finish. Very hard wearing and unlikely to scratch under normal use.
All built to factory spec or better, calibrated and latest firmware installed.
DIY'ing for years, high quality components sourced only from mainstream trusted suppliers used throughout as per factory spec or higher. All fully calibrated.


text:
<?php
/**
 * Created by DP-Webtechnics.
 * Rights are property of DP-Webtechnics
 */

namespace Loxodo\App\Request;

use Loxodo\App\Users;
use Loxodo\App\Users\User;

class SessionManager
{

    /**
     * If there is a user in the session return the user, otherwise create a user
     * @return \Loxodo\App\Users\User
     */
    public static function loadUser()
    {
        if(!isset($_SESSION['__user'])){
            $_SESSION['__user'] = new User();
        } elseif(is_a($_SESSION['__user'], 'Loxodo\App\Users\UserInterface') && $_SESSION['__user']->isLoggedIn()){
            $_SESSION['__user']->setLoggedIn();
        }
        return $_SESSION['__user'];
    }

    /**
     * Set the current user
     * @param \Loxodo\App\Users\User $user
     */
    public static function setUser(Users\User $user)
    {
        $_SESSION['__user'] = $user;
    }

    /**
     * Log the registered user out
     */
    public static function logout()
    {
        $_SESSION['__user']->logout();
    }

    /**
     * Provide data to the next request
     * @param $name
     * @param $value
     */
    public static function flash($name, $value)
    {
        $_SESSION['__flash'][$name] = $value;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve data from sessionflash and set to empty array
     * @return Array
     */
    public static function cleanFlash()
    {
        if(!isset($_SESSION['__flash'])){
            $_SESSION['__flash'] = array();
        }
        $flash = $_SESSION['__flash'];
        $_SESSION['__flash'] = array();
        return $flash;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


January | 2010 | OK GO!
Chloe's first birthday party out in the 37° heat (not as bad as it sounds) and then back to Mick and Jo's for tea.
I really didn't want to do this one but shut down the mind, walked out the back door, climbed on the trainer and got started anyway.
Turned out to be a big bunch of fun.
Really, really not feelin' it.
Seems like a lot of extra time for only 2.5 kg more (per DB).
Ok so, 5 kg more, total.
Got out of work early and spun off to Essendon to hit the long hill. Not as horrible as I expected, and I was able to push pretty hard in the second set without feeling the fade. It does get the burn going pretty good though, and at one point I passed a rotund gentleman pushing his bike up the hill three times before he made it to the top. We exchanged pleasantries each time. I ran out of time for the third set but subbed in good, hard tab into a stiff southerly wind on the way home.
Work has been crazy, intense and exciting the past week. And exhausting. No training since Wednesday (glad I got that trainer workout in), in spite of a vow to hit the long hill repeats. Yesterday I took Claire to swimming, got a hair cut and my eyes checked and made dinner for Mick and Jo. Chillaxin' to the maximum, and I needed it.
Back in action today after a good night's sleep and some big hip articulators ready for punishment.
Back at home which means a return to the big box. The extra few inches puts the hip below parallel and makes things significantly harder. I got a little bit too interested in upping the pace during the second set of box hops and gave my right leg a good scrape. 25 kg on the shoulders made stepping up to the big box a fair progression. The step-up lunges seemed to take forever, but I kept Neil's advice in mind and tried to crank out the B.S.S.es as fast as possible.
After last time I expected the KB finisher to be a killer, but I paced myself well and was able to keep good form. My cleans were smooth and, best of all, I've somehow managed to get the switch-grip off the rack down pat. Twist from overhead to return to rack, shrug the weight out of the rack and catch it in the fingers (no torn callouses), clean and catch the handle across the palm ready for the jerk. Nice!


text:
Dr. Slavko Komar (Gospić, 18. veljače 1918. – Zagreb, 28. srpnja 2012.) bio je sudionik Narodnooslobodilačke borbe, društveno-politički radnik SFR Jugoslavije i SR Hrvatske, junak socijalističkog rada i narodni heroj Jugoslavije.

Životopis
Rođen je 1918. godine u Gospiću, u radničkoj obitelji. Prije Drugog svjetskog rata živio je u Zagrebu, gdje je završio osnovnu i srednju školu, upisao se na Veterinarski fakultet i doktorirao.

Godine 1937., bio je primljen za člana Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije. Aktivno je politički djelovao na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu, Godine 1940., bio je primljen u Komunističku partiju Jugoslavije.

Antifašistička borba
Poslije okupacije Jugoslavije i stvaranja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske 1941., prešao je na ilegalan rad. Po zadatku KPJ, radio je na organiziranju udarnih skupina, koje su napadale neprijatelje, vršile sabotaže, diverzije i druge akcije u Zagrebu.

Pod Komarovim rukovodstvom izvršena je, po odluci Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije Hrvatske 4. kolovoza 1941., diverzija nad pripadnicima ustaške satnije kod Botaničkog vrta u Zagrebu. U akciji je sudjelovala grupa od dvanaest članova KPJ i SKOJ-a. Šest od njih se nalazilo na osiguravanju, a šest u izravnom napadu. Među ovom drugom šestoricom nalazio se Komar. Njih šest je usred dana, iz Botaničkog vrta, bacilo bombe na sveučilišnu ustašku satniju dok je prolazila ispred đačkog doma u ulici Josipa Runjanina. Od tih bombi bilo je ranjeno i ubijeno 28 ustaša. Akcija je brzo odjeknula Zagrebom i okolinom.

Pošto su ga ustaše pratili, napustio je Zagreb i otišao na Žumberak, gdje je kao borac stupio u partizanski odred "Matija Gubec" i uskoro postao zamjenik političkog komesara odreda. Ubrzo je po odluci KPJ otišao u Hrvatsko primorje. Tijekom 1942. godine, bio je tajnik Kotarskog komiteta Komunističke partije Hrvatske za Sušak i član Okružnog komiteta Komunističke partije Hrvatske za Hrvatsko primorje i Gorski kotar.

Od 1942. do 1947. godine bio je član Biroa Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije. U tom vremenu bio je i član Sazivačkog odbora Prvog kongresa Ujedinjenog saveza antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije i kao predstavnik antifašističke omladine Zagreba, sudionik u radu toga kongresa, održanog krajem prosinca 1942. godine u Bihaću. Kasnije je postao i član Glavnog odbora Ujedinjenog saveza antifašističke omladine Hrvatske (USAOH), a na Trećem zasjedanju Zemaljskog antifašističkog veća narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske, održanog od 8. do 9. svibnja 1944., bio je izabran za člana Predsjedništva ZAVNOH-a. Na Drugom kongresu USAOJ-a, održanom od 2. do 4. svibnja 1944. iznio je referat Omladina i stvaranje Demokratske Federativne Jugoslavije. Na tom kongresu bio je izabran za člana Tajništva Centralnog odbora USAOJ-a. Tijekom rata je surađivao i u omladinskom antifašističkom tisku, poput "Mladog komunista" i u ostalim tiskovinama.

Poslijeratna karijera
Poslije rata je dovršio fakultet, doktorirao na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu. Pošto je ranije bio izabran u Centralni komitet Komunističke partije Hrvatske, na Drugom kongresu KPH 1948. bio je izabran za člana Politbiroa Centralnog komiteta KPH. Bio je ministar u Vladi Narodne Republike Hrvatske 1948. i 1949. godine, zatim predsjednik Oblasnog narodnog odbora u Osijeku. Od 1952., bio je ministar predsjednik Savjeta za poljoprivredu NR Hrvatske, a sljedeće godine član Izvršnog vijeća Sabora NR Hrvatske. Član Saveznog izvršnog vijeća postao je 1954. godine, a dva puta je bio biran za poslanika Savezne skupštine SFRJ.

Za člana Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije bio je biran na Šestom, Sedmom i Osmom kongresu Saveza komunista Jugoslavije. Bio je i veleposlanik SFR Jugoslavije u Indiji, a zatim kratko vrijeme potpredsjednik Savezne skupštine SFRJ. Bio je i član Savjeta federacije SFRJ.

Umro je 28. srpnja 2012. godine u Zagrebu i sahranjen je u Grobnici narodnih heroja na zagrebačkom groblju Mirogoju.

Knjige i odlikovanja
Autor je nekoliko knjiga i memoara:
 "75 dana u Sovjetskom Savezu", Beograd, 1945.
 "Politika razvoja poljoprivrede", Beograd 1963.
 "Indija", Beograd 1976.
 "Sušački dani 1941.", Rijeka 1986.

Nositelj je Partizanske spomenice 1941., Ordena junaka socijalističkog rada, Ordena narodnog oslobođenja i ostalih stranih i jugoslavenskih odlikovanja. Ordenom narodnog heroja odlikovan je 23. srpnja 1952. godine.

Krajem prosinca 2008. godine, uručeno mu je visoko odlikovanje Ruske Federacije za zasluge i osobni doprinos u borbi protiv fašizma u Drugom svjetskom ratu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Novossti.com: Nikad nisi premlad da čvrsto braniš svoja uvjerenja, pristupljeno 3. kolovoza 2012.
Slobodnadalmacija.hr: Baltić, Komar, Bulat - jedini živi narodni heroji NOB-a, pristupljeno 3. kolovoza 2012.
Sabh.hr: Preminuo je narodni heroj dr. sc. Slavko Komar (28. VII 2012), pristupljeno 3. kolovoza 2012.

Životopisi, Gospić
Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski komunisti do 1945.
Hrvatski komunisti u drugoj Jugoslaviji
Partizani
Narodni heroji Jugoslavije


text:
Fistful оf Metal (на български език – Юмрук от метал) е дебютният албум на американската траш/спийд метъл банда Антракс от 1984 г. Той е и единственият с вокалиста Нийл Търбин и басиста Дан Лилкър, като втория впоследствие основава бандата Nuclear Assault.

Музикантите са силно повлияни от Новата вълна на британския хевиметъл (NWOBHM), което си проличава в творчеството им, като същевременно се лансира и пънк звучене. Някои от текстовете на песните звучат глуповато и сякаш писани от тийнейджъри, което е най-вероятната причина за изгонването на Нийл Търбин от групата. "Fistful оf Metal" е част от албумите, заедно с тези на Мегадет, Слейър и Металика, които ознаменуват раждането на траш метъла.

Песни

Музиканти
 Нийл Търбин – вокал
 Дан Спиц – китари
 Скот Ян – китари
 Дани Лилкър – бас
 Чарли Бенанте – барабани

Източници
 www.cduniverse.com
 www.metal-archives.com
 www.ultimate-guitar.com

Албуми на Антракс
Музикални албуми от 1984 година
Дебютни албуми


text:
United Way receives disaster relief donation
Hurricane Matthew has really put a burden on groups like United Way to help those in need. And now, they're getting some financial help.. BankSouth has donated $20,000 to The United Way of the Coastal Empire to help with recovery efforts from Hurricane Matthew. This additional money is very important to those efforts and will be put to good use. "We're able to purchase our food at five pounds for a dollar through the America's Second Harvest," said Gregg Schroeder, President, CEO, United Way of Coastal Empire. "We're getting discounts on other basic human needs, food supplies, gas cards and things of this nature, so we're doing the very best we can to help the people through this difficult time." "We thought the best idea and I encourage others in the community to give directly to United Way," said Kay Ford, 2016 United Way Campaign Chair, and Bank South. "And United Way can use those funds in the areas where they're needed and disperse them to the people that need the help." If you're in need of help, United Way will be operating it's service line this weekend from 9am-3pm. Just call 211.
SAVANNAH, GA —
Hurricane Matthew has really put a burden on groups like United Way to help those in need.
And now, they're getting some financial help.. BankSouth has donated $20,000 to The United Way of the Coastal Empire to help with recovery efforts from Hurricane Matthew.
This additional money is very important to those efforts and will be put to good use.
"We're able to purchase our food at five pounds for a dollar through the America's Second Harvest," said Gregg Schroeder, President, CEO, United Way of Coastal Empire. "We're getting discounts on other basic human needs, food supplies, gas cards and things of this nature, so we're doing the very best we can to help the people through this difficult time."
"We thought the best idea and I encourage others in the community to give directly to United Way," said Kay Ford, 2016 United Way Campaign Chair, and Bank South. "And United Way can use those funds in the areas where they're needed and disperse them to the people that need the help."
If you're in need of help, United Way will be operating it's service line this weekend from 9am-3pm. Just call 211.


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text:
Gangnam Style video makes Liverpool headteacher an internet-sensation
Over 50,000 people have already tuned in to watch Jeff Hughes from Penketh High School in action
Ben TurnerBreaking News Editor
Penketh High head Jeff Hughes in Gangnam Style action
A HEADTEACHER from Liverpool has become an internet-sensation after starring in his own version of hit global video Gangnam Style.
Almost 51,000 people have viewed the star turn of Jeff Hughes, headteacher at Penketh High School in Warrington.
With the help of his media department, 50 teachers and a handful of sixthformers Mr Hughes, from Aintree, made the hilarious video version of South Korean Psy's multi-million-selling track to thank pupils for hitting the school's exam targets.
And after becoming a YouTube sensation himself, the video proved a perfect leaving present for Mr Hughes, 58, who retires in July.
The school, a media and visual arts specialist which runs its own in-house media company, utilised its own hi-tech film production equipment to make the video as authentic looking as possibly, although toning it down to make it family-friendly.
The staggering attention to detail includes Mr Hughes doing his own impressive version of the hilarious horse-riding dance made famous in the original video.
Mr Hughes, whose teaching career included 20 years at Fazakerley High School, has become such a local celebrity that he has been asked to judge a junior-Gangnam Style competition at a forthcoming village fete.
He said: "I think this might become my party piece forever. It started out as a light hearted promise and bit of fun to encourage the Year 11 students to work hard in their exams and took a life of its own."
The surprise video, painstakingly made in and around Warrington over four weeks, was first shown to stunned pupils at a leavers assembly on Friday.
"The response from the pupils and community has been fantastic and as headteachers we often have to project a serious demeanour so it has is nice top have a bit of fun and show that we don't always have to take ourselves too seriously."
The filming was done before and after school and to ensure the budget was practically zero kind-hearted businesses and community figures did their bit to help when it came to providing props and locations for shooting.
This included the Mercedes-Benz dealership in Warrington putting the school in touch with a customer who loaned the use of her red SLK class car.
The garage even supplied personalised Penketh High School number plates.
It is the same model of car which features in Psy's original offering which, in December last year, became the first video to clock up more than one billion views on YouTube and has a Guinness World record for the most 'liked' song ever .
Merseyside Secondary Schools


Mark Hughson worked as a gofer at a Hawera-based accountancy practice during his university holidays. Now he owns the business, employs 11 staff and has his name over the door: Hughson & Associates.
"With the strength of Taranaki's rural sector and the diversity of retail, manufacturing and service related enterprises, Hawera is a great place for business and businesses," says Mark.
Long term working relationships are the norm for this firm which while steeped in history is also technologically savvy. As Mark explains, "technology makes a high level of communication and service delivery possible at any distance. The majority of our clients are Taranaki-based but we also work with clients who have relocated to Whangarei, Invercargill and places between.
The work of an accountant in 2012 goes way beyond the old 'bean counter' label. While a good percentage is compliance work for bankers, IRD or other Statistics Department. The more senior staff work on forecasting, strategy and scenario analysis for say buying a building, a business, or a farm. "Things have changed over the years in interesting ways," says Mark. "For example farmers used to put everything in a box for their accountant. Now they are big businesses with big tax implications, many are doing their own GST returns and as much financial record-keeping as they can to assist the accountant. We are often now more involved as a trusted advisor on the big picture and that's great," Mark says.
Steve Veitch arrives in Hawera to practice as an accountant and establishes firm.
His son Bruce Veitch joins him, Veitch and Veitch created.
Sid Beguely joins firm as partner now Veitch Lind & Beguely.
Beguely departs & firm now Veitch Lind & Co.
Mark Hughson works in the office during university vacation.
Mark Hughson joins the practice as full-time trainee accountant & Laurie Gibbs joins as partner. Firm called Veitch, Lind & Gibbs.
Gibbs departs & name changed back to Veitch Lind & Co.
Hughson qualifies as chartered accountant and joins as partner.
Bruce Veitch retires; Lind and Hughson business partners & name of Veitch Lind & Co retained.
Lind leaves to start own practice; Mark Hughson becomes principal.