text:
\section{Introduction}
Why red blood cells under normal
physiological conditions take the circular biconcave shape (CBS) but not the spherical shape
aroused the long standing curiosity of human being since its first discovery in the seventieth
century. Today, physicists ascribe it to the minimization of bending energy of flexible
lipid bilayer membrane consisting of amphiphilic molecules.
The first successful model revealing the morphology was due to Canham\cite{cah} in
1970. However, his theory suffered from the shortcoming that
the membrane was assumed to consist of
two identical labile surfaces, and both chemical and physical environments between
two sides of the membrane were assumed to be identical too. To overcome the shortcoming,
Helfrich in 1973 introduced a phenomenological
parameter, namely the spontaneous curvature, in describing the more realistic situations:
the asymmetry of the two leaflets of the membrane and the chemical or/and physical differences
between the interior and exterior membrane\cite{hel}. As expected, this model gave more abundant shapes
than that of Canham. Based on the numerical integration technique\cite{deu1}, Helfrich
spontaneous curvature model yielded a catalog of
axisymmetric vesicle shapes: the CBS, the prolate and oblate ellipsoid, etc.
More than ten years later,
the general equilibrium equation was derived by performing the variation of the Helfrich energy
functional\cite{oy89}. The first triumph of the equation was the prediction of the existence
of Clifford torus shape membrane
\cite{oy91} and its subsequent experimental verification\cite{mut}.  In 1993, the general equation
in axisymmetric case was obtained, and it is a complicated
third order nonlinear differential equation \cite{huoy}. An analytic solution capable of representing
the CBS\cite{oy93} was immediately obtained. In the same year, the first integral of the third order nonlinear
differential equation was found; then the equation reduced to be a second order one
involving a constant of integration $C$\cite{zhe}. An interesting fact is that
the analytical solution requires a nonvanishing value of $C$\cite{oy93,zhe},
whereas only the special case of the second order differential equation with $C=0$ has been well studied by numerical methods\cite{serf}.
In 1996, the solution was used to explain the experimentally observed polygonal shape
transformation of the CBS\cite{oy96}. Studies in this paper will show that this solution actually represents a family of
shapes in this solution, but in the family, the CBSs have the lower energies and a CBS has the lowest.
For convenience, we will call this solution the CBS solution hereafter.

The existence of the analytical CBS solution in Helfrich model proves to be
remarkable, because the analytical solutions to a nonlinear theory are rare
and precious\cite{oy95}.
In very special cases of $c_0=\delta p=\lambda=0$ (cf. following Eq.(1)),
the Helfrich energy functional reduces to that for
constant curvature surfaces and Willmore surfaces\cite{nic}, and all known analytical solutions
having physical applications in membrane shapes are Delaunay surfaces, sphere, torus\cite{nic}, and
no more\cite{pin}.
Therefore a systematic study of the CBS solution is necessary. We will find that there are eight types of
shapes involved in the solution and the enclosed shapes
can be grouped into the prolate or oblate ellipsoid branches. These two branches are bifurcated from a sphere.

The article is organized as follows. In section II, how to obtain the CBS solution from the Helfrich model
is outlined. In section III, all typical shapes contained in the CBS solution
are plotted and their parameterizations are presented. In section IV, a systematically analysis
of the CBS solution is given. In the shape family, there is an shape with minimum energy and in section V
this shape is found from the the scale invariance of the local curvature energy.
In section VI, a comparison of our results with the previous
experimental and theoretical results is given. In the final section VII, a brief conclusion is given.

\section{Helfrich Spontaneous Curvature Model and its CBS Solution}

  Equilibrium shapes of phospholipid vesicles are assumed to correspond to
the minimum of the elastic energy of the closed bilayer membrane. The energy functional of Helfrich
spontaneous curvature model reads as\cite{hel}
\begin{equation}
F={\frac{1}{2}} k\int (c_1+c_2-c_0)^2 dA+\delta p\int dV+\lambda \int dA,
\label{e1}
\end{equation}
where $dA$ and $dV$ are the surface area and the volume element for the vesicle,
respectively, $k$ is an
elastic modulus, $c_1$ and $c_2$ are the two principal curvatures of the surface,
and $c_0$ is the spontaneous
curvature to describe the possible asymmetry of the bilayer membrane. When $c_0$ is zero Helfrich
model reduces to Canham model\cite{cah}. The Lagrange multipliers $\delta p$ and $\lambda$ take account of the
constraints of constant volume and area, which can be physically understood as the osmotic pressure between
the ambient and the internal environments, and the surface tension, respectively.
The general equilibrium shape equation is\cite{oy89}
\begin{equation}
 \delta p-2\lambda H+k(2H+c_0)(2H^2-2K-c_{0}H)+ 2 k{\bigtriangledown}^2 H=0,
\label{e2}
\end{equation}
where ${\bigtriangledown}^2={1 \over \sqrt{g}}{\partial}_{i}(g^{ij}\sqrt{g}{\partial}_{j})$ is
the Laplace-Beltrami operator, $g$ is the determinant of the
metric $g_{ij}$ and $g^{ij}=(g_{ij})^{-1}$, $K=c_1 c_2$ is the Gaussian curvature and
$H=-(1/2)(c_1+c_2)$ is the mean
curvature. Assuming that the shape has axisymmetry, the general shape equation Eq.(2) becomes a
third order nonlinear differential equation\cite{huoy}
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \cos^{3}\psi(\frac{d^{3}\psi}{dr^{3}}) & = & 4\sin\psi\cos^{2}\psi(
\frac{d^{2}\psi}{dr^{2}})(\frac{d\psi}{dr}) - \cos\psi(\sin^{2}\psi-
\frac{1}{2}\cos^{2}\psi )(\frac{d\psi}{dr})^{3} \nonumber \\
 & + & \frac{7\sin\psi\cos^{2}\psi}{2r}(\frac{d\psi}{dr})^{2} -
\frac{2\cos^{3}\psi}{r}(\frac{d^{2}\psi}{dr^{2}}) \nonumber \\
 & + & [\frac{c_{o}^{2}}{2} - \frac{2c_{o}\sin\psi}{r} + \frac{\lambda}{k}
 - \frac{\sin^{2}\psi-2\cos^{2}\psi}{2r^{2}}]\cos\psi(\frac{d\psi}{dr})
 \nonumber \\
 & + & [\frac{\delta  p}{k} + \frac{\lambda\sin\psi}{kr} +
\frac{c_{o}^{2}\sin\psi}{2r} - \frac{\sin^{3}\psi+2\sin\psi\cos^{2}\psi}
{2r^{3}}],
 \label{oyhu}
\end{eqnarray}
where $r$ is the distance from the symmetric $z$ axis of rotation,
$\psi(r)$ is the angle made by the surface tangent and the $r$ axis as shown in FIG.1.
The positive direction of the angle is that the angle measured clockwise from $r$ axis.
It is contrary
to the usual mathematical convention; therefore, the mean curvature $H$ is $-1/2(\sin\psi/r+d\sin\psi/dr)$, in which
 $ c_1=\sin\psi/r $ denotes the principal curvature along the parallels of latitude, and
$c_2=d\sin\psi/dr$ denotes that along those of meridian. It is
worthy to mention that the spontaneous curvature $c_0$ carries a sign. When the normal of a surface
change its direction, $c_1, c_2$ and $c_0$ must change their signs simultaneously.
Keeping the directions of $r$ and $z$ as the usual, we have consequently
\begin{equation}
\left\{
\begin{array}{l}
dz/dr=-\tan\psi(r) \nonumber \\
z(r)-z(0) =-\int ^{r}_0 \tan\psi(r) d r\\
{\bf n}=(\sin\psi \cos\phi , \sin\psi \sin\phi ,\cos\psi )
,
\end{array}
\right.
\label{normal}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf n}$ denotes the normal of the surface and $\phi $ the azimuthal angle.

For self-consistence, the positive direction of arclength $s$ along the contour
in $r-z$ plane is necessary to start from the north pole of the shape.
 If so, we see that the parameterization for sphere is
$\sin\psi(r)=r/R_0$ where $R_0>0$ is the radius of the sphere,
and our sign convention used in this paper is then
compatible with that used in most previous works\cite{deu1,huoy,serf}.
The third order nonlinear differential equation (3)
can be simplified to be a second order one\cite{zhe}
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\cos^2\psi \frac{d^2\psi}{dr^2}
-\frac{\sin(2\psi)}{4}(\frac{d\psi}{dr})^2
+\frac{\cos^2\psi}{r}\frac{d\psi}{dr}-
\frac{\sin(2\psi)}{2 r^2} \nonumber \\
&&-\frac{\delta p r}{2 k \cos\psi}
-\frac{\sin\psi}{2 \cos\psi}(\frac{\sin\psi}{r}-c_0)^2
-\frac{\lambda \sin\psi}{k \cos\psi}=\frac{C}{r \cos\psi},
\end{eqnarray}
where $C$ is a constant of integration. It is still a rather complicated equation
and does not belong to any known type of well-studied differential equation in mathematics.

   Under the conditions that both the surface tension $\lambda$ and the osmotic pressure difference
$\delta p$ are zero, i.e.,
\begin{equation}
\lambda=\delta p =0,
\end{equation}
an analytic CBS solution for the Eq.(3) \cite{oy93,oy96}, or Eq. (5) with $C=2 c_0$, is
\begin{equation}
\sin\psi=r/R_0+ c_0 r \ln r,~~{\rm or~equivalently},~~\sin\psi=c_0 r \ln(r/r_m),
\label{sin}
\end{equation}
where $R_0$ is an arbitrary constant and $r_m=\exp(-1/(c_0R_0))$.
When we first obtained this solution\cite{oy93,oy96}, we concentrated on the fact that it can be used to represent the
CBS of usual red blood cells\cite{oy96}. In fact, by adjusting parameter $c_0$ in the interval $(-\infty,\infty)$,
the formula (\ref{sin}) can give a family of shapes,
which is what we are going to analyze in detail. For sake of convenience, we mainly use the first form of the CBS
solution (\ref{sin}) with $R_0=1$.

\section{All Possible Shapes in the CBS Solution }

Before presenting the shapes, we would like to make two comments on how to characterize
the shapes. First, for each shape, we will give both the parameterization and the interval of $r\in[0,\infty)$ in which the shape appears.
This is because that there may be different shapes represented by the same parameterization in distinct intervals of
$r\in[0,\infty)$ as long as in the intervals $|\sin\psi(r)|\leq 1$ are satisfied.
Second, even the scale invariance will be fully studied in section V,
we will follow the usual usage\cite{serf} to give for each shape the scale invariant $c_0 r_s$, in which $r_s=\sqrt{A/4 \pi}$ with $A$ denoting the
area of the surface of the shape.
Unless specially mentioned and discussed, that the normals of the surface point outwards for closed shapes is always implied.

All possible types of shapes represented by Eq. (\ref{sin}) are listed in the following. \par
i) The flat plane (trivial case) with $c_0 r_s=0$:
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=0,\qquad r \in[0,\infty].
\end{equation}

ii) The sphere with $c_0 r_s=0$:
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=r/R_0,\;\;r \in[0,R_0].
\end{equation}

iii) The prolate ellipsoid. A typical shape with $c_0 r_s=-0.72$ is shown in FIG.2(a)
and one of its parameterization is
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=r-0.6 r\ln r,\;\;r\in[0,1].
\end{equation}
Another parameterization representing the same shape is $\sin{\psi}=r-1.85 r\ln r$, $r\in[0,0.324]$.
The parameterization $\sin{\psi}=r+4.063 r\ln r$, $r\in[0,0.148]$ represents the same shape but with inwards pointing normal.

iv) The capped cylinder.  A typical shape with $c_0 r_s=-2.06$ is shown in FIG.2(b) and one of its parameterization is
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=r-0.99r\ln r,\;\;r\in[0,1].
\end{equation}
Another parameterization representing the same shape is $\sin{\psi}=r-1.01 r\ln r$, $r\in[0,0.980]$.
The parameterization $\sin{\psi}=r+3.5913 r\ln r$, $r\in[0,0.275]$ represents the same shape but with inwards pointing normal.

v) The oblate ellipsoid.  A typical shape with $c_0 r_s=0.46$ is shown in FIG.2(c) and its
parameterization is
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=r+0.5 r\ln r,\;\;r\in[0,1].
\end{equation}

vi) The CBS. A typical shape with $c_0 r_s=1.51$ is shown in FIG.2(d) and its parameterization is
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=r+1.8 r\ln r,\;\;r\in[0,1].
\end{equation}

vii) The self-intersecting inverted CBS. A typical shape with $c_0 r_s=2.72$
is shown in FIG.2(e) and its parameterization is
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=r+3.2 r\ln r,\;\;r\in[0,1].
\label{selcb}
\end{equation}
To note that in this case, the outside of this shape can be defined but we can not let the normal always point outwards
using a single parameterization (\ref{selcb}).
The normal of the parameterization (\ref{selcb}) points outwards only at the surface of the torus part.

viii) The self-intersecting nodoidlike cylinder. This situation was discussed
in previous paper\cite{oy95}. We add a typical figure, FIG.2(f), in this paper for
completeness. The cylinder is infinitely long with periodic packing, along the rotational axis, of a basic unit in which self-intersecting occurs once.
We plot the basic unit only. We use the surface of the basic unit to calculate $r_s$ and the shape has $c_0 r_s =3.28$.
Its parameterization is
\begin{equation}
\sin{\psi}=r+3.60r\ln r, \;\;r\in[0.301,1].
\end{equation}
The normal of this parameterization points outwards only at the surface of the torus part also. To
note that the same parameterization $ \sin{\psi}=r+3.60r\ln r\ $ in interval
$ r\in [0,0.257] $ gives a capped cylinder but its normal points inwards.

These eight shapes consist of all possible types of
shapes containing in the solution. From the parameterizations of the these shapes, one
may have noticed two facts that the spontaneous curvatures of all shapes are within a very narrow domain instead of
infinite domain of $c_0\in (-\infty, \infty)$,  and a single shape may have different parameterizations.
Explanations of these facts will be given in next section by both qualitative and quantitative studies
of the CBS solution.

\section{A quantitative study of shapes in the CBS solution}

All the closed shapes (ii)-(vii) presented in last section can be grouped into two branches:
The prolate ellipsoid including (ii)-(iv) and oblate ellipsoid branch including (ii), (v)-(vii), and
these two branches are bifurcated from a sphere (ii). It is easily understandable
if looking into the CBS solution (\ref{sin}) $\sin\psi=r/R_0+ c_0 r \ln r$.
When $R_0>0$ and $c_0=0$, this
form gives nothing but sphere of radius $R_0$. Then when $c_0$ is a small quantity, positive
$c_0$ leads to oblate ellipsoid and negative $c_0$ leads to prolate ellipsoid respectively.
What if $c_0$ is large is not so evident and needs some reasoning.

For analyzing how $c_0$ affects the shapes and the intervals of $r$ such that $|\sin\psi (r|\leq1$, we use the parameterization
$\sin{\psi}=r+c_0 r\ln r$, and sketch the relation of $\sin{\psi}$ with positive $c_0$ vs. $r$ in FIG.3.

From this figure, we see that $\sin{\psi}=r+ c_0r\ln r$ is a single-valued and monotonous function of $r$; and it reaches its
extremum at point $r_2$ which satisfies
\begin{equation}
\frac{d\sin{\psi}}{dr}=1+c_0+ c_0\ln r_2=0,\;
i.e. ,\;\;r_2=\exp(-\frac{1+c_0}{c_0}).
\end{equation}
The extremum value of $\sin\psi(r_2)$ is
\begin{equation}
\sin\psi(r_2)=-r_2 c_0=-c_0 \exp(-\frac{1+c_0}{c_0}),
\label{max}
\end{equation}
which is negative for positive $c_0$ and vice verse. Taking the positive
$c_0$ as an example in FIG. 3, corresponding to different $c_0$, shapes can appear in different intervals of $r$.
There are three different cases of $c_0\in [0, \infty)$.
i) When $c_0$ is critical such that $\sin\psi(r_2)= -1$, we have $c_0=c_r\approx 3.59112$ from Eq.(\ref{max}).
The meridian principal curvature vanishes at point $r_2$ as
$c_2=d\sin{\psi}/{dr}=0$: it is the unphysically infinitely long capped cylinder with radius $r_2=1/c_0=0.278$ from Eq. (\ref{max}).
ii) When $c_0<c_r$, we have $\sin\psi(r_2)>-1$ and shapes appear in one interval
$[0,r_4]$ in which $r_4$ are the equatorial radii of the shapes such that $\sin\psi(r_4)=1$.
Along the increase of $r$ from $0$ to $r_4$, the tangent angle $\psi(r)$ decreases from zero and reaches its minimum at
point $r_2$, then increases monotonously and reaches its maximum value $\psi=\pi /2$ at point $r_4$.
These shapes certainly belong to the oblate ellipsoid branch, and their normals point outwards from Eq. (\ref{normal}).
iii) When $c_0>c_r$, we have $\sin\psi(r_2)<-1$, shapes can appear in two
distinct intervals $[0,r_1]$, in which $r_1$ are the equatorial radii of the shapes such that $\sin\psi(r_1)=-1$,
and $[r_3, r_4]$, because in both intervals $|\sin\psi(r)|\leq 1$ is satisfied. In interval $[0,r_1]$,
the tangent angle $\psi(r)$ decreases from zero and terminates at $\psi (r_1) =- \pi/2$. These shapes certainly belong to
the prolate ellipsoid branch, but the normals point inwards since $-1\leq \sin\psi(r)\leq 0$ holds for whole interval $r\in [0,r_1]$.
In distinct interval $[r_3, r_4]$, numerical studies show that only the self-intersection nodoidlike cylinder appears.

In fact, using the parameterization
$\sin\psi=r/R_0+ c_0 r \ln r$, each shape with a $c_0$ outside the domain $(-1,c_r)$
can be found an identical shape with a value of $ c_0 $ within the domain $ (-1, c_r) $. For demonstrating this fact,
we resort to the second form of the CBS solution $ \sin \psi=c_0 r \ln (r/r_m) $ in Eq. (\ref{sin}).  Two parameterizations
$c_0 r \ln (r/r_m)$ and $- c_0 r \ln (r/r_m)$ represent the same shape, but one's normal is
opposite to another's from Eq.(\ref{normal}). If requiring that the normal points outwards, one of these two parameterizations must be
eliminated. Furthermore we have a simplified form
\begin{eqnarray}
\sin\psi &=&c_0 r \ln(r/r_m) \nonumber\\
         &=&(c_0 r_m)(r/r_m)ln(r/r_m)\nonumber\\
         &=&c'_0 xlnx,
\label{dim}
\end{eqnarray}
where $x=r/r_m$ is the dimensionless length, and $ c'_0=c_0 r_m=c_0 exp(-1/(c_0R_0)) $ is a dimensionless spontaneous curvature.
One can find that the $c'_0$ in two separate domains $c'_0\in (-\infty, -e)$
and $c'_0\in [0,e)$, in which $e$ is the base of the natural logarithm, suffice to give all possible shapes with normals pointing
outwards in the CBS solution. When $c'_0=\pm e$, the shapes are unphysically infinitely long capped cylinders.
From the relation $ c'_0=c_0 exp(-1/(c_0R_0)) $
and letting $R_0=1$, all shapes can be mapped into a single domain $c_0\in (-1, c_r)$ in parameterization
$\sin\psi=r/R_0+ c_0 r \ln r$. This is why there are only a few of spontaneous curvature $c_0$ within a narrow domain in the last section
are sufficient to give all possible types of shapes in the CBS solution, i.e., why each shape with a $c_0$ outside the domain $(-1,c_r)$
can be found an identical shape with a value of $ c_0 $ within the domain $(-1, c_r)$.

In addition to the above qualitative analyses, numerical method will be used to characterize quantitatively the shapes
in whole domain $c_0 \in (-\infty,\infty)$.
We introduce two ratios, semi-axis ratio $z(r_0)/r_0$ and reduced radius ratio $r_v/r_s$. The so-called  semi-axis
$z(r_0)$ is defined by the half of the distance of two poles of a vesicle in the symmetrical axis $z$,
which is
\begin{equation}
z(r_0)-z(0) =-\int ^{r_0}_0 \tan\psi(r) d r,
\end{equation}
where $r_0$ is the equatorial radius of the vesicle satisfying $\sin\psi(r_0)=\pm1$. The ratios $z(r_0)/r_0$ are plotted by
dashed lines in FIG. 4. From FIG. 4(b), the $c_0$ approaches $-1$ and $c_r$, the ratio $z(r_0)/r_0$ approaches
infinity: the shapes are infinitely long capped cylinders with radii $1$ and $0.278$ respectively. When $c_0$
increases from $-1$ to $c_r$, the ratio decreases monotonously. We have in sequence the capped cylinder,
the prolate ellipsoid and the sphere of unit radius at $c_0=0$, the oblate ellipsoid with a small positive $c_0$,
the CBS and the center of the CBS touches at $c_0=2.4288$,
then self-intersecting inverted CBS.  From FIG. 4(a) and
FIG. 4(c), we clearly see that when $c_0<-1$ or $c_0>c_r$, the ratios $z(r_0)/r_0$ are greater than $1$.
We have in sequence the capped cylinder, the prolate ellipsoid and the quasi-sphere with increasing $|c_0|$.
When $|c_0|$ approaches infinity, the constraint $|\sin\psi(r)|\leq 1$ means that $r_1$, cf. FIG. 3,  must be very small.
Thus we have approximately $\sin\psi(r)\simeq \mp c_0 r$ for positive and
negative $c_0$ respectively using L' Hospital method. It implys that we will have sphere again.
All these shapes are closed and appear in intervals of $r$ including the point $r=0$, which are physically interesting and
are plotted in the FIG. 4.
When $c_0<-1$ or $c_0>c_r$, in intervals $[r_3>0,r_4]$ (cf. FIG. 3), we have the
self-intersecting nodoidlike cylinders, which are less physically interesting and have not been plotted in the FIG. 4.
As pointed out in \cite{oy95}, along with the increasing $|c_0|$, the number of self-intersections
in unit length increases and it approaches a quasi-torus as $|c_0|$ approaches $\infty$. In fact,
when $-1<c_0\leq 0$, the self-intersecting nodoidlike also appear in the intervals $[r_3>0,r_4]$, but
along with the decreasing $|c_0|$, the number of self-intersections in unit length increases.

The second ratio is $r_v/r_s$, in which $r_v$ is defined by the radius of the sphere having the same volume $V$
of a vesicle and $r_s$ the radius of the sphere having the same area $A$ of the vesicle. The volume $V$ and
area $A$ are
\begin{eqnarray}
V&&=4\pi \int ^{r_0}_{0}\frac{r(z(r)-z(0))}{\cos\psi} d r,\\
A&&=4\pi \int ^{r_0}_{0}\frac{r}{\cos\psi} d r.
\end{eqnarray}
Undoubtedly, we have $r_v/r_s\leq 1$ and the equality
holds for sphere only. The ratio is plotted by dot-dashed lines in FIG.4.

The scale invariant $c_0 r_s$ is plotted by thin solid lines in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4(c), we plot both $c_0 r_s$
(above the $c_0$ axis) and $-c_0 r_s$ (below the $c_0$ axis ) by the same thin solid lines, in order to see
the fact that each shape with a $c_0\in (-\infty,-1)$ is identical to a shape with a $c_0\in (c_r, \infty)$ and vice verse.
But the normals of shapes parameterized by $\sin\psi=r+c_0 r \ln r$ with $c_0\in(c_r,\infty)$ point inwards.

From both the qualitative and quantitative studies in this section, we can draw a conclusion that all possible closed shapes in
the CBS solution (8) are, along with $c_0$ increasing from $-1$ to $c_r$, the capped cylinder, the prolate ellipsoid, the sphere,
the oblate ellipsoid,
the CBS, and the self-intersecting inverted CBS.

\section{The scale invariance of the energy and the shape with minimum energy }

An important property of the local curvature energy  is its
scale invariance. This energy does not depend on the size of the vesicle but only on its shape\cite{serf}.
If $\bf{R}$ is a solution with a local curvature energy, the rescaled shape ${\bf R}\rightarrow {\bf R} /k$ with $k>0$,
and consequently $(c_1, c_2, c_0, dA)\rightarrow (k c_1, k c_2, k c_0, dA/k^2)$, is also a solution with the
same local curvature energy.
Two parameterizations of the CBS solution (8) having manifest scale invariance are
\begin{equation}
\sin\psi(r)=r/R_0+c_0 r \ln (r/r_0), \;\; and \qquad \sin\psi(r)=c_0 r \ln (r/r_0),
\end{equation}
in which $r_0$ is a constant with length unit as $r$ or $R_0$. It is evident that the two products $c_0 r_s$ and $c_0 r_v$
are two scale invariants independent of a particularly chosen parameterization.
We used two particular parameterizations, $\sin\psi(r)=r/R_0+c_0 r \ln r$ and
$\sin\psi(r)=c_0 r \ln r$, to search for the minimum energy shape. Both gives the same result $c_0r_s=1.04$ and $c_0 r_v=1.00$.
The minimum energy is $0.480$; hereafter we take the energy of sphere $8 \pi k$ as the energy unit.
Surprisingly, the CBS with touching center at $c_0=2.4288$ has energy $1.00$.
In FIG. 4 (b), the thick solid line shows that there is a energy minimum shape with $c_0=1.200$: it is
a CBS. In general, the oblate ellipsoids including the CBS have lower
energy than other shapes including the sphere, prolate ellipsoid and the self-intersecting inverted CBS have.

\section{A comparison of our results with the previous experimental and theoretical results}
  Even all the previous numerical studies concentrated on the solution of equation when
$C=0$ of Eq. (5), the obtained shapes \cite{serf,dob} included all the eight shapes above.
And also, all these eight shapes except the self-intersecting cases have been observed
in laboratory\cite{dob,hot,bess}.

  Since our solution belongs to the situation $C\not=0$ of Eq.(5), our results coincide
with the known theoretical results in one respect but differ from in the other.
First, our approach supports the conclusion that the prolate ellipsoids
may have higher energy than the oblate ones have\cite{oy89}. However,
the standard instability analysis of a sphere starts from a slightly deformed sphere of
parameterized form $r=R_0+\sum a_{lm}Y_{lm}(\theta,\phi)$ where $a_{lm}$ is a set of small
parameters corresponding to spherical harmonics $Y_{lm}(\theta,\phi)$. For small $a_{lm}$, for example the only nonvanishing $a_{2,0}$ satisfying
$|a_{2,0}|<<R_0/2$, the ellipsoids have
$C^{\infty}$ contour curves. But our ellipsoids have only $C^{1}$ contour curves,
We must stress that the $C^{1}$ continuity suffices to ensure that the membranes are free from any force
acting on the any point, otherwise the
contour curve may be $C^{0}$. The
second derivative of $z(r)$ with respect to $r$ is singular at point $r=0$. One may feel uneasy of this singularity.
In fact, it relates to energy density only, and the total energies $(1/2) k\int (c_1+c_2-c_0)^2 dA$ are limited
as shown in FIG.4. Second, the infinitely long capped cylinders appear
when $c_0=-1$ and $c_0=c_r$, and they correspond the infinite energy states, as shown by thick
solid lines in FIG.4 (a)-(c). From our results, the phases between the two sides
of $c_0=-1$ and $c_0=c_r$ are separate. The latter $c_r$ distinguishes
a oblate ellipsoid and a prolate ellipsoid phase; it is the same situation in the
known phase diagram\cite{serf}. However when $c_0$
changes from $c_0<c_r$ to $c_0>c_r$, the normal changes its direction from pointing
outwards to pointing inwards. It seems that the membrane takes a global flip-flop
procedure. But no such procedure takes place when $c_0$
changes from $c_0<-1$ to $c_0>-1$ even the transitions are also discontinuous.
 Third, there is an interesting number appeared both
in our results and the previous ones, $c_0 R_0=1.200$. We see that from the FIG. 4(b)
when $c_0R_0=1.200$ where $R_0=1$ in our parameterization, the CBS
has the minimum energy. In the usual instability analysis of a sphere via infinitesimal deformation,
the infinitesimally deformed oblate shape
has the lower energy and more stable than the infinitesimally deformed prolate one whenever $c_0R_0<-1.2$\cite{oy89}.

\section{Conclusion}

An analytic solution for Helfrich spontaneous curvature membrane model
\cite{oy93,oy96},  which
has a conspicuous feature of representing
the circular biconcave shape, is systematically studied in this paper. Results show that the solution in fact describes a family of shapes,
 which can be classified as:
i) the flat plane (trivial case),
ii) the sphere,
iii) the prolate ellipsoid (FIG.2(a)),
iv) the capped cylinder (FIG.2(b)),
v) the oblate ellipsoid (FIG.2(c)),
vi) the CBS (FIG.2(d)),
vii) the self-intersecting inverted CBS (FIG.2(e)) and
viii) the self-intersecting nodoidlike cylinder (FIG.2(f)). All these shapes have been
found in numerical solutions of Eq. (5) with $C=0$\cite{zhe}.
Except the self-intersecting
cases, they all have real correspondence in vitro and in vivo on vesicle shapes\cite{dob,hot,bess}.
The closed shapes ii)-vii) form two separate prolate and oblate ellipsoid branches
which are bifurcated from a sphere. The oblate ellipsoids
including CBS have lower energy than the prolate ellipsoids including sphere, and a CBS with
$c_0 r_v=1.00$ has the lowest energy. The usual
instability analysis of sphere leads to that the least stable shapes are prolate
and oblate ellipsoid branches\cite{oy89,pet}, but it is the first time to give an explicit
parameterization to show how these two branches come out gradually and analytically. \\
\\
\\
  We are indebted to Professors. Peng Huan-Wu and Zheng Wei-Mou
for enlightening discussions. This subject is supported by National
Natural Science Foundation of China.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Next to Mokapu, Ulua is famous for snorkeling and beginner scuba divers. This easy shore diving spot is well recognized by most of the South Maui scuba schools as being the easiest beginner dives in Maui. On the South side of Ulua, the water can stir up and makes for bad snorkeling. Both Mokapu and Ulua are great beaches for lying out and swimming too.


Thomas Prather III was the son of Colonel Thomas Prather (Pr7) of Frederick County, Maryland and his 3rd wife, Jeannette Smiley.
Born: December 2, 1770, Frederick County, Maryland.
Died: February 3, 1823, in Louisville, Kentucky. Buried in Cave Hill Cemetery, in stone sarcaphogus.
Thomas Prather was one of Louisville's first merchants, having opened a store there as early as 1794. He was successful and rich was well known for his philanthropies. Prather Street was named for him and later became Broadway.
Prather was president of the first bank in Louisville, the old Bank of Kentucky, which he opened on January 1, 1812, and which did business on Main Street, near Fifth. When the bank suspended specie payments he resigned his office with the remark: "I can preside over no institution which declines to meet its engagements promptly and to the letter"
Ho gave five acres and Guthbert Bullit gave three to the city for a hospital site in 1817. The property for the hospital site was given with the proviso that it should revert to the Prather and Bullit heirs if used for any other purpose.
The Prather residence stood in Prather Square, the block bounded by 3rd and 4th, Walnut and Green; Walnut taking its name from the fine row of Walnut trees on the South side of the house. The House was built by Judge Fortunatus Cosby who married Mary Ann Fontaine, Mrs. Prather's sister.
It was on the way home from Philadelphia where he had been on business that Prather met a young man, John J. Jacob, of Hampshire County, Virginia, starting out "to seek his fortune. He urged Jacob to come to Louisville, and afterward took him into partnership, forming the firm of Prather and Jacob.
John J. Jacob married, Ann Overton Fontaine and built a home across Walnut Street from his brother-in-law Prather' s home, where the Pendennis Club was in 1948.
(It is said that the Prather grave yard was on the south side of the square, where Macauley's Theatre was. It is also said by one of the descendants, who is not definite, that the bodies were removed from there. This seems probable. For instance, the bodies of Thomas Prather and his wife, who died in 1823 and 1850 respectively, are both buried. in Cave Hill Cemetery, which was established in 1848.) .
Thomas and Matilda Prather's daughters all married prominent Kentuckians. The Jouett portrait of Thomas Prather is owned by his great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. J. Barbour Minnegerode.
The above sketch, except for the paragraph in parentheses, is paraphrased from an old newspaper article from:, "Louisville' s First Families", one of a series of genealogical sketches. The date and name of the newspaper are not given. It is probably the one by Kathleen Jennings, who published a book called Louisville' s First Families. A copy was owned by Mrs. George Nicholas (Ni3-5).
Pr5-2-7 Margaret Prather was born in 1849 in Louisville, Jefferson Co., KY. She died in 1919 in Louisville, Jefferson Co., KY. Margaret married John Luse.
Ni4-4 Matilda Nicho1as (1835-1921) married Hon P Barrett of Mo.
Ni4-6 Julia Nicholas (1839-1907) married Maj. James Johnson, C.S.A.
m 10 Oct 1832 Henry Clay Jr. b 1811 d 22 Feb 1847 in Battle of Buena Vista, Mexico -1 Henry Clay III b 20 Jul 1833 d 5 Jun 1862 in Louisville of Typhoid Fever.
-2 Matilda Clay b 30 Jan 1835 d Bordeaux, FRA.
-3 Martha Clay b about 1836.
-4 Anne Clay b 14 Feb 1837 m Henry McDowell inherited "Ashland" nnear Lexington Ky, the home of Sen Henry Clay Sr..
-5 Thomas Julian Clay b 30 Jan 1840 Major in CSA d 12 Oct 1863 in Atlanta, GA (Typhoid fever).
Bible Record given by Mrs. Julia. Robinson Hardy to Mrs. George Nicholas (Ni3-5).
Records from Tombstones - Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Ky.
Records of family in Louisville's First Families, by Kathleen Jennings.
The Prather Family. Chapter III.
"I can preside over no institution which declines to meet its engagements promptly and to the letter."
His generosity in contributing to charitable and civic endeavors won for him the title of "Oh, put me down for the balance," Prather. He gave five acres and Cuthbert Bullitt gave three to the city for a hospital site in 1817. Interested in the general welfare, Prather and Bullitt served on many committees together. With Peter F. Ormsby they were appointed by the Board of Trustees, in 1820, to purchase suitable fire engines (two or three), for the use of the city.
The property for the hospital site was given with the proviso that it should revert to the Prather and Bullitt heirs if used for any other purpose. When the new million dollar City Hospital was planned a change of site was considered until the deeds were looked up and disclosed this restriction. One of the numerous Prather heirs recounting the incident said "It looked for a time as if I might have fifty dollars for a new frock."
Thomas Prather was married in 1800 to Matilda Fontaine, a daughter of Capt. Aaron Fontaine, one of the pretty Miss Fontaines, as they were called, though they were also known as the alphabet Fontaines there were so many of them. Matilda and her eight sisters were all famous for their beauty and intellectuality, and all married distinguished men. From Matilda Fontaine is supposed to come the fresh blonde prettiness of the Prather women.
The Prather residence stood in Prather square, the block bounded by Third and Fourth, Walnut and Green, Walnut street taking its name from the fine row of walnut trees on the south side of the house. This house was built by Judge Fortunatus Cosby, who married Mrs. Prather's sister, Mary Ann Fontaine.
It was on the way home from Philadelphia where he had been on business that Prather met a young man, John J. Jacob, of Hampshire county, Virginia, starting out to seek his fortune. He urged Jacob to come to Louisville, and afterward took the young gentleman into partnership, forming the firm of Prather & Jacob. John J. Jacob married Ann Overton Fontaine and built a home across Walnut street from his brother-in-law Prather's home, where the Pendennis Club is today.
Thomas and Matilda Prather had six children, two sons and four daughters. James Smiley Prather married Louisa Martin and their children were: Mary (Mrs. George Robinson Hunt) and Blanche (Mrs. Edward Mitchell). Mrs. Hunt, who died not long ago, has two daughters in Louisville-Ellen Pope Hunt, the wife of George Weissinger Smith, and Kate Hunt, who married Samuel Hutchings. The other son, William Prather, married his first cousin, Penelope Pope, the daughter of Alexander Pope, whose wife was Martha Fontaine. This marriage establishes a wide connection of families socially prominent. William and Penelope Prather had seven daughters: Kate, who married Orville Winston; Sue, who is Mrs. John Zanone; Matilda, who married Goldsborough Robinson; Julia and Martha, who died young, and the twins, Penelope and Margaret, the latter, Mrs. John Luce, and her sister, better known as Miss Eppie Prather, the only descendant with the surname, Prather. Mrs. William B. Hardy and Humphrey Robinson are the children of Goldsborough and Matilda Robinson, who live here. Mrs. Alex P. Witty and Prather Zanone are the daughter and son of Mrs. Zanone. The daughters of Kate and Orville Winston were Penelope (Mrs. Ernest Allis), the mother of Mrs. William B. Harrison, and Kate (Mrs. Frederick Hussey), the mother of Mrs. Barbour Minnigerode, Mrs. Arthur H. Middleton, Mrs. Thomas Jefferson, of Springfield, Mass., and Mabel Hussey, of Paris.
Thomas and Matilda Prather's daughters all married prominent Kentuckians. Mary Jane Prather married Worden P. Churchill, and after his death married Dr. Charles M. Way. Her sons were Worden P. Churchill and W. H. Way.
Matilda Prather married Samuel Smith Nicholas, the distinguished lawyer and jurist. Their handsome home was on Fifth street between Chestnut and Walnut. Their daughter, Julia, Mrs. James C. Johnston, lives with her daughter, Miss Mary Johnston, at Fourth and Broadway. Their sons, George and Samuel Smith Nicholas, have a number of descendants here. George Nicholas married Emma Hawes and had a daughter, Tina Nicholas. who married John Churchill. The son of Mr. and Mrs. John Churchill is John Churchill, who married Lucy Jones.
By a second marriage to Mary Anna Pope, George Nicholas had ten children. One son, George Nicholas, who married Evelyn Thompson, lives in Crescent Hill, and another son, Pope Nicholas, lives in Shelbyville, but is in business in Louisville.
Samuel Smith Nicholas, Jr., who married Nannie Carter, daughter of Capt. Frank Carter, has two daughters in Louisville this winter, Emma Nicholas and Mrs. Harry Lee Williams, although the latter's home is in Chicago.
Maria Julia Prather married Henry Clay, Jr., the son of the Great Commoner, and her daughter, Nannie Clay, now Mrs. Henry McDowell, inherited Ashland, near Lexington, the home of Henry Clay.
Catherine Cornelia Prather married the Presbyterian minister, the Rev. Edward P. Humphrey. their son being the late E. W. C. Humphrey, father of Edward P. Humphrey, Lewis C. Humphrey and Dr. Heman Humphrey. Dr. Humphrey, who was a native of Connecticut and the son of a distinguished minister, the president of Amherst College, had as his charge a church in Jeffersonville at the time of his marriage to Miss Prather. Later he was minister of the old Second Presbyterian church, and this church granted him a leave of absence of eight months to go abroad after his wife's death. In 1847 he was married to Martha Pope, a daughter of Alexander Pope and Martha Fontaine, who was the widow of her cousin, Charles Pope. Dr. Humphrey and his wife, Martha Pope, had one son, Judge Alexander Pope Humphrey.
Capt. Basil Prather, born in 1740 in Maryland, was an elder half-brother of Thomas Prather. He fought through the Revolutionary war, declining any pay for his services, and later came to Louisville. He has been described as exceedingly handsome, six feet three inches tall and of cordial and engaging manners. He is numbered among the commissioners of Louisville in 1790, and owned farm land near Louisville and in other parts of the State, bequeathed to his heirs on which they settled.
At a ball given in the fort built on the site of Jeffersonville he met Fanny Meriwether, of the pioneer family, and shortly afterward they were married. His bride was years younger than himself. They settled on a farm in the Bluegrass district, living in opulence. Their daughter, Martha Meriwether Prather, married Dr. Warwick Miller, a son of Judge Isaac Miller, of Pennsylvania, who was an early settler.
Capt. Prather died in 1803.
Richard Prather, another member of the Maryland family to settle here, was one of the "City fathers," being elected a trustee of the town of Louisville in 1797. His wife was Mary Churchill, a daughter of Armistead and Elizabeth Bakewell Churchill, of Virginia, who were among the prominent pioneers of 1787. Eliza Prather, the daughter of Richard and Mary Prather, became the wife of James Guthrie, that distinguished citizen, the founder of the L. & N. James and Eliza Guthrie had two daughters, Ann Augusta and Mary Guthrie, both of whom married and have descendants here.
Ann Augusta Guthrie married Dr. William Caldwell, and was the mother of James Guthrie Caldwell, who married Nannie Standiford; of Junius Caldwell, who married Ella Payne, of Georgetown; and of Ann Eliza Caldwell, who married Ernest Norton, and was the mother of Caldwell Norton.
Mary Guthrie married Richard Coke, of Logan county, and has a grandson, Dr. Richard Coke, who makes Louisville his home.
Mary Guthrie married a second time, John Caperton, and was the mother of John H. Caperton, who married Virginia Standiford, and has a son, Hugh John Caperton, whose wife was Dorothy Bonnie.
Following her first husband's death, Mary Churchill Prather married Alexander Scott Bullitt, this being his second marriage also.
tombstone inscriptions for the Paris Cemetery, Paris, Kentucky, preceeding 1912.
Apparently two brothers and the son of one of them.


text:
Watch Kendrick Lamar and Alicia Keys Perform "It's On Again" With Special Guests
Friday Night, Kendrick Lamar and Alicia Keys performed their collaborative single "It's On Again," from The Amazing Spider-Man 2 soundtrack, on The Tonight Show.
By Marissa G. Muller
Friday Night, Kendrick Lamar and Alicia Keys performed their collaborative single "It's On Again" from The Amazing Spider-Man 2 soundtrack on The Tonight Show. Though Pharrell who produced the track didn't make an appearance, the pair were joined by AraabMuzik, former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr, and famed score composer Hans Zimmer who contributed to the movie's soundtrack. Watch their performance below.
Kendrick Lamar Alicia Keys AraabMuzik Marissa G. Muller
Alicia Keys, AraabMuzik, Johnny Marr, Kendrick Lamar, Marissa G. Muller

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Environmental Sciences Degree Program Ranked Nationally Among the Top Five
The University of Montana Western was recently ranked nationally among the top five "Best Colleges for Environmental Science Degree Programs 2017-18" by Schools.com, an online education resource.
The ranking is based on factors including affordability, flexibility and student success. The other schools in the top five include SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Humboldt State University, University of Vermont, and the University of California, Berkeley.
"It is gratifying, but not surprising, to see that our Environmental Sciences program has been recognized as one of the very top in the United States," said Chancellor Beth Weatherby. "Our students, guided by excellent faculty, undertake research projects that make an impact on our community and our environment. The great outdoors is their classroom. We are proud to offer such high quality educational experiences in one of the most affordable public universities in the nation."
Montana Western's Environmental Science degrees apply the University's unique experiential learning model, called Experience One, where students take one course at a time for 18 days and then move on to the next course. Students at Montana Western enjoy a tight-knit community atmosphere and small class sizes where they work closely with peers and professors alike.
The University offers multiple degree options for the education of the next generation of environmental scientists, educators, and leaders. Majors include Environmental Sciences and Environmental Interpretation with options in geology, environmental interpretation, wetlands management, and sustainable natural resource management.
U.S. News & World Report has also bestowed The University of Montana Western, a public institution founded in 1893, with several impressive rankings in the Western region. The rankings include #8 in Best Regional Colleges, #4 in Top Public Schools, #5 in Best Value Schools, and #6 in Best Colleges for Veterans. Montana Western's commitment to engagement and support offer an incredible experience for students while maintaining a high standard of academic excellence and low tuition costs.
For more information about Experience One and the University of Montana Western, or to schedule a visit, go to www.umwestern.edu or call 877-683-7331.
STORY BY: Matt Raffety
UMW and MCH to Host Annual Colt Challenge and Sale in April
UMW Professor Estee Aiken Selected as MUS Teaching Scholar
UMW Professor Denise Holland Honored with Teacher of the Year Award


Anti Depressant Drugs are the drugs, specially developed for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including anxiety disorders, dysthymia, eating disorders, chronic pain, obsessive compulsive disorder and neuropathic pain. Expert studies have also shown excellent efficacy of these drugs in snoring, migraine, dysmenorrhoea, substance abuse, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep disorders. We have a variety of drugs for depression that belong to different group of drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Some of the common side effects associated with our anti depressant drugs are change in weight, Dry mouth, sore throat, dizziness, nausea, hallucination, vomiting, ringing in the ears and headache.
AMITONE (Elavil / Endep) 75mg..


text:
«Easy on Me» es una canción compuesta e interpretada por la cantautora británica Adele para su cuarto álbum de estudio, 30 (2021). El tema fue lanzado al mercado musical el 15 de octubre de 2021 a través de Columbia Records como el sencillo principal de dicho disco. El tema marca su retorno a la industria musical después de más de cinco años de inactividad. Adele escribió la canción junto a Greg Kurstin, quien también produjo la misma. Una balada de producción minimalista, «Easy on Me» expresa temas de nostalgia, arrepentimiento y perdón. La letra de la canción representa la súplica de Adele a su hijo, pidiéndole que sea paciente con ella y sus problemas posteriores al divorcio.

Tras su lanzamiento, «Easy on Me» recibió comentarios positivos por parte de los críticos de la música, elogiando su letra conmovedora y su voz sentimental, aunque algunos opinaron que la canción no coincidía con la altura de sus sencillos anteriores. El vídeo musical se estrenó el mismo día de lanzamiento del sencillo y fue dirigido por el cineasta canadiense Xavier Dolan. Comercialmente, la canción obtuvo récords de mayor cantidad de reproducciones de una canción en un día en las plataformas de música vía streaming de Spotify y Amazon Music.

Antecedentes y promoción

A partir del 1° de octubre de 2021, aparecieron varios carteles y vallas publicitarias del número «30» en importantes monumentos y edificios en diferentes ciudades del mundo. A causa de esto, se especuló que todo estaba vinculado en gran medida al título del próximo álbum de estudio de Adele. El 4 de octubre, el sitio web de la cantante y sus cuentas oficiales en redes sociales se actualizaron por primera vez en meses. Al día siguiente, la cantante publicó un adelanto de la canción y su video musical a través de un clip instrumental que difundió en sus redes sociales. Durante una entrevista con la revista Vogue, Adele contó que trabajó con Greg Kurstin en la canción, quien estuvo a cargo de la producción.

Vídeo musical

El vídeo musical de «Easy on Me» se filmó del 15 al 16 de septiembre de 2021 en Quebec y fue dirigido por el cineasta Xavier Dolan quien previamente ya había trabajado con Adele en el vídeo musical de su canción «Hello». El rodaje tuvo lugar en el Chemin Jordan y el Domaine Dumont Chapelle Ste-Agnès en la ciudad de Sutton, ubicada en el suroeste de Quebec.

Recepción

Comentarios de la crítica

Tras su lanzamiento, «Easy on Me» recibió comentarios positivos por parte de los críticos musicales. Neil McCormick de The Daily Telegraph calificó a la canción como un «sencillo de regreso audaz», contrastando «Easy on Me» que tiene un arreglo simple de piano con la producción de una balada poderosa como «Hello». Le otorgó a la canción una calificación de cinco estrellas de cinco, escribiendo "...Adele posee la voz que atraviesa en lo más profundo en el alma del mundo y canta con todo su corazón en esta canción." El escritor de Evening Standard, Jochan Embley, elogió «Easy on Me» por su piano melancólico, su elegante voz y sus melodías «armoniosas». Embley agrega que la canción es un testimonio de la resistencia de Adele a las tendencias de la música pop, manteniéndose fiel a su estilo. Por otra parte, Nick Levine de NME dijo: «Adele nunca ha sonado mejor» como en «Easy on Me», haciendo un regreso con una «pieza de balada clásica de Adele».

Resultados comerciales
«Easy on Me» salió al mercado musical el 15 de octubre de 2021 mediante el sello discográfico de Columbia Records. Tras su lanzamiento, la canción rompió el récord de la canción más reproducida en un solo día en Spotify con más de 24 millones de reproducciones globales, así como también el récord de la canción más reproducida en una sola semana con 84.3 millones de reproducciones. Asimismo, rompió dos récords más en Amazon Music, el primero con la mayor cantidad de reproducciones en su primer día a nivel mundial y el segundo con la mayor cantidad de solicitudes de reproducción a Alexa durante el primer día para cualquier canción en toda la historia de dicha plataforma.

Premios y nominaciones

Posicionamiento en listas

Historial de lanzamiento

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Letra de la canción YouTube.

easy on me
Sencillos de 2021
Canciones de 2021
Sencillos de Adele
Sencillos de Columbia Records
Canciones en inglés
Canciones sobre nostalgia
Canciones número uno de LOS40 (España)
Sencillos número uno en Alemania
Sencillos número uno en Australia
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Hot 100
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Global 200
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Global Excl. U.S.
Sencillos número uno en Irlanda
Sencillos número uno en Israel
Sencillos número uno en Italia
Sencillos número uno en Países Bajos
Sencillos número uno en Noruega
Sencillos número uno en Nueva Zelanda
Sencillos número uno en Suecia
Sencillos número uno en Suiza
Sencillos número uno en Reino Unido
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Digital Songs
Sencillos número uno en Streaming Songs
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Adult Contemporary
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Pop Songs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Local Bands
Rocking Out Around Denver in the New Chevy Blazer
Note: This is a sponsored post, however, all thoughts are mine. Most photos by me, some provided by Chevy.
In general, I have always preferred small cars. However, there are times when you just need more room and more oomph. Seeing as it's been full-on summer music/concert/festival season around Denver, when Chevrolet asked if I would like to check out the all-new Chevy Blazer (it's back!), I knew exactly when I needed it.
There was a stretch about a month ago when UMS clashed with other concerts, as well as my very first Sofar Sounds show. It's a time of year when I feel like I live inside a pinball machine rather than the Mile High City, because I am just bouncing back and forth all over town. And I am lugging stuff with me everywhere.
My First Sofar Sounds
What *is* Sofar Sounds anyway? I know, I had the same question when after I kept seeing them pop up in my timeline – after the fact. I was determined to get to one and see it for myself. Turns out Sofar is in almost 450 cities around the world and their goal is to turn intimate and unusual places into music venues, bringing bands you know and some you don't into your living room. Or *a* living room anyway, depending on who is hosting the show.
You select an area of town, reserve tickets, and if you make it into the lottery for that show, you then to decide if you will go or not. You find out the exact location about a day before – and you don't know who is playing until that very night. My Type-A style personality had a little problem getting her head around all of that, but seriously – it's part of the fun.
You bring drinks and something to sit on, because the location could be anywhere. Seriously, like for real someone's living room, a backyard, a roof, an art gallery, anywhere. Lucky for me, even though the 2019 Chevy Blazer is billed as a mid-size SUV, there is still plenty of room to store everything we needed.
Notice that bar? A Chevrolet first, an available sturdy floor-mounted rail system that helps keep your cargo secure.
For our Sofar, we ended up at Ratio Beerworks in RiNo and the three bands were Zoe Berman, Cut Throat Finches and Michigander. None of which I had heard of before – but that's the point! All of them were awesome and I will now seek them out every time they visit Denver. (In fact, we hit it off with Cut Throat Finches so well, we talked them into attending UMS with us the next day.)
Each band plays for about 30 minutes, with breaks in between, and you are encouraged to meet your neighbors in the crowd. We ended up chatting with some super interesting people, and I can see how Sofar would be a great way to make new friends, as well as finding new music. A perfect event for those "let's try something new" kind of nights!
On To the Underground Music Showcase
The UMS spans three days along South Broadway, with three major stages and 15 bar venues featuring almost 400 bands – most of them local. It's a highlight of my summer, but it also means hard work and lots of sweat. My friend DJ Alf played a series of his "45+1" gigs at Three Kings, which is where he plays a song and a musician accompanies him. Could be guitar, drums, violin – whatever they play, but it's a variety of artists from all over the Denver music scene. That means they have to bring less equipment, but Alf brings more. Guess who helped him lug a bunch of it this year?! The good news is we had all that room above and also ventilated seats in the Blazer!
Overlapping Shows
You didn't think I would only attend ONE thing at a time when there is so much going on in Denver, did you? I had to take a break from UMS to go photograph two of my favorite bands of all time, The Psychedelic Furs and James, who were playing at the Ogden that weekend. I jumped in the Blazer and headed over, bringing my equipment to the show and dropping some equipment off for others on my way. (As someone who has a child that never played sports, I imagine this is my equivalent of being a soccer mom.) Trust me, I considered taking a nap in that Blazer too!
"How Do You Do It?"
I get asked that all the time … how do you get out so much??? Partly, it just becomes habit. When you are used to going to concerts three+ times a week, it feels weird when you don't. Of course, you also appreciate that precious off time much more.
But yeah, weekends like the one I described above are a bit much. I was exhausted at the end of it. And super glad that Chevrolet had lent me a car that suited what I needed. It was small enough that I could bop around Denver, but large enough to accommodate all the things I needed to carry. (And super cute to boot!) Many thanks for the help!
Check out the specs below or read more on the Chevy Blazer site.
All-New 2019 Chevy Blazer Info
22/27 City/Highway
64.2 Cubic Feet Max Cargo
The All-New Chevrolet Blazer, remodeled and revamped from its original 1960s namesake, represents a modern take on original innovation. The new Blazer establishes a bold look for Chevrolet SUV design, shown in its wide track, tight proportions and athletic stance. Equipped with a Cargo Management System, Intelligent Stop/Start Technology, and a seamless Chevrolet 3 Infotainment system, the Chevy Blazer really is the perfect get-up-and-go vehicle for weekend warriors, quickly planned road trips, and … a surprise Sofar Sounds Show.
With the latest Chevrolet Infotainment 3 technology and available 4G LTE Wi-Fi Hotspot, Blazer is the place where connections are made. Whether you're making a hands-free call or paying for your coffee through Marketplace on your touch screen, you're never far from the things you love.
RS and Premier features a standard 3.6L V6 engine, making it the perfect two-row midsize SUV to fuel all of your journeys, from daily commute to night on the town. All-wheel drive, available on all Blazer 3.6L V6 models, gives you added confidence in a variety of conditions. RS and Premier trims offer the Advanced AWD system that's Chevrolet crossovers most sophisticated. This system helps further improve driver control by independently directing torque through a twin-clutch rear-axle design to the rear wheel with the best traction in poor road conditions. With 308 horsepower, it's fun to drive and can tow up to 4,500 lbs. Plus, the 9-speed automatic transmission offers smooth shifts and the fuel economy you need.
Full Chevy Blazer Specs
Rob Drabkin and Keaton Simons at the Bluebird
KennyHoopla & The Losers Club at Bluebird Denver
Velorama Music Festival Concert Photos: Day 3
Greeblehaus features concert photography, reviews of shows, interviews with bands, as well as travel tips from our adventures. Founded in 2005 and based in Denver, Aimee Giese started this site as a personal outlet, but since then, it has grown into a premier music, travel and entertainment blog. Check out all the topics above or continue the conversation on social networks!
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KTCL Channel 93.3 Keggs & Eggs 2023
iZCALLi at Gothic Theatre Denver for La Posada 2022
Interview with Denver's Bury Mia
Beabadoobee at Summit Denver
AFI at Fillmore Denver
Best Denver Concert Photos 2022
Another great show from the end of last year: @afi
@foals has been a longtime fave and their Denver s
@barnscourtney is incredible live - and also the m
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Book Review: Fabulous Vaughan Brothers –
The Fabulous Vaughan Brothers: Jimmie and Stevie Ray
Here is what the original press release for this book said last September:
"The Fabulous Vaughan Brothers follows the two brothers from their modest Dallas roots to their emergence onto the Austin music scene. The brothers' subsequent recording experiences in Memphis–which the author sees as being crucial to their overall development as musicians-are also described, as well as their early bands and, of course, their work together on Family Style."
Well I think that this is an understatement.
The Vaughn Brothers are actually two of the most important figures in the history of Black music over the past 30 years, yet they are almost totally unknown by the Black community at large. In my opinion this is damn near criminal. The book The Fabulous Vaughan Brothers explains exactly why these two unlikely individuals from Dallas Texas are so important, without ever even asking the question. The book is rather simplistic in that it really is a straight up narrative biography, that doesn't go into any deep analysis. It's only 205 pages long, including pictures and discography. That's because none is needed, a simple presentation of the facts is good enough. When understands the facts of the life story of Stevie Ray Vaughn and Jimmie Vaughn, connecting the dots to the truth becomes a very easy thing to do.
In my case, I was fortunate in that I became exposed to the music of Stevie Ray Vaughn and Jimmie Vaughn in 1979. This was before either of them became the big stars that they would later become in the 1980's. I was fortunate enough to be living in Houston Texas at that time and having the "honor" of many times being the only Black person in the audience at their shows. In fact I have seen Stevie Ray Vaughn (11 times) and the Fabulous Thunderbirds (w/Jimmy Vaughn) (7 times) more than I have seen ANY single performer in a lifetime of concert going. I also own most all of the albums listed in the discography of the book. My first encounter with the music of Stevie Ray Vaughn is recanted at the following link…
So for me the book hits home on a personal level because as a fan, I actually attended some of the live performances referenced in the book. My experience in reading this book only served to bring into much sharper focus, the things that I already knew and believed about the Vaughn Brothers. For others who are not already fans of their music and unfamiliar with their history this book will serve as something of a holy grail and will cause them to perhaps re-examine their own perspectives on "Blues and Race".
Here we have two young white guys living in a racist lower class Dallas neighborhood, who run away from home to play the Blues in Austin during the early – mid 1970's. Their basic story is so wild that it has to be true. Stevie Ray and Jimmie spend 10 years in Austin fine-tuning their craft and in the process actually become the real deal . Their dedication to not only playing Blues music, but also living the life of Bluesmen truly made them the ultimate "Blue Eyed Soul Brothas". Unfortunately, this lifestyle caused major problems for both of the Vaughn brothers during their lives
In his book "The White Negro", Norman Mailer talks about white people who "affect" the mannerisms of the "Negro" and do so in the false hope that somehow they will become "hip". In the case of Stevie Ray and Jimmie that is far from the case. What you have here is a case of two white guys that just fell in love with the music before they reached the age of 10 and decided right then and there to dedicate their life to it. They didn't do it because it was a popular thing to do. The fact is that it became a popular thing to do AFTER they did it and with that accomplishment created the "Blues Industry" as we know it today in 2005.
The story of how this all came to be in the late 1960's and how it evolved up until the time of Stevie Ray's tragic death in 1990, is well documented in the book. Jimmie Vaughn the founder of the 1980's hit making group "The Fabulous Thunderbirds" and Stevie Ray Vaughn the blues guitar wizard who was always just under the radar made Blues music "hip" during the 1980's. They created an environment, which enabled other white people to as Norman Mailer would say, "affect the behavior of the Negro" and to be "hip" in doing so during the 1980's.
That however wasn't their intent. They just wanted to play good music and play it on their own terms. That is what they did and they did it well.
As I am typing this review I am listening to my well-worn copy of the Fabulous Thunderbird's first album entitled "The Fabulous Thunderbirds (Girls Go Wild)". It's an excellent album of Texas Blues and Soul, featuring guitar and harp. It came out in 1979 and not many people have ever heard it. According to the book it sold less than 5,000 copies. I guess it would have sold 9,999 had it not been for me. After reading the book I sure feel proud that I own a copy of it.
I enjoyed reading this book; it was a fast read for me. I think that other people will enjoy reading it also, if they are interested in the evolution of Black music during the 1970's and 1980's. What Stevie Ray and Jimmie did was to stay true to Black music, during a time when Black music did not stay true to itself.
And that my friends is one hell of a story and makes this book a must read….
NP: "Soul To Soul"
–Stevie Ray Vaughn & Double Trouble
earthjuice@prodigy.net
Tags: Austin, Blues, Double Trouble, Fabulous Thunderbirds, Family Style, Jimmie Vaughan, Juneteenth Blues Festival, Race, Stevie Ray Vaughan, The Sky Is Cryin
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2 thoughts on "Book Review: Fabulous Vaughan Brothers –"
Sally Foxen McNeill says:
Great review! Thanks for putting yet another book in our library!!
Robert Davis says:
Glad you enjoyed the review. You will enjoy the book even more!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTSfsTldRVc
https://youtu.be/UYGgg_faA0U
https://youtu.be/i1YK-hfNHcY
https://youtu.be/teEWoYDGr_g?autoplay=0&rel=0.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5015_zfi8g
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Any good suggestions for something like that? i.e, Hibernate but for C++.
I am looking for a product/solution that can be used in production work, so it must be stable, supported etc.
...as this is also critical for me. Unfortunately, the only open source system I've found that even comes close is the Database Template Library, and on UNIX it mostly serves to show how buggy most vendors' ODBC drivers are. It does work nicely with MySQL, though.
As you said the DTL is not exactly an O/R mapping tool.
Does anybody know about any commercial tool for cross platform/db O/R mapping tool for C++?
This may sound daunting, but actually it is quite quick (a few days) and easy, (and supportable/extendable).
First decide what "one case" looks like, making decisions about Dynamic SQL vs Stored Procedures, etc. Decide on your Security and Transaction models. Decide on your object structure. Then write this for one case.
Now just extract the "fixed" vs "variable" portions. For the "variable" portions, write functions to produce them from an annotated schema, and perhaps some additional parameters.
Now just read the template file, write out literally until you find the "markers" (I use #~...~#). Between markers, "eval" and write out that. You now have your compilable source.
No tool matches the requirements?
used in production work, so it must be stable, supported etc.
Any luck find this type of solution? I'm looking for the same thing.
... I've developed a library that provides relational views of collections of runtime objects (which can be C++ objects provided that a bit of reflective glue is implemented -- similar to providing a COM interface to an existing class). It actually implements a full relational database (with extension-points to defer to other RDBMs as necessary).
It's kind of tangential to what you're looking for, I guess. I made it to allow "update visible-objects set highlight = <blue> where type = <truck> and loyalty = <enemy>" in computer game code. Still I wonder if it would be worth it to make a sourceforge project out of it (and maybe work an OR mapping into it -- just a minor addition).
I've got a small demo on my website, if anybody might be interested in helping me turn it into a community project.


I quite like a good 'anti-princess' story, with The Worst Princess, The Princess and the Presents and The Paperbag Princess all ranking amongst my favourites.
While 'The Unruly Queen' has similarities to these titles, I found the story to be unique and original enough to warrant adding to my list.
Minerva von Vyle is not actually a princess. She is however a very spoilt and bratty child who is all but ignored by her snooty, extremely rich and neglectful parents.
It falls to the staff of her household to follow Minerva around all day, everyday cleaning up her mischievous messes. She has gone through 52 nannies in 52 weeks, but it is the 53rd nanny that finally makes a difference in Minerva's life.
Upon arriving and witnessing some truly appalling behaviour, the 53rd Nanny declares that she is there to crown Minerva The Unruly Queen. At first thrilled, Minerva soon discovers that perhaps it is not the ideal job after all.
The Unruly Queen must reside on Petulant Peak, with no staff to attend to her every whim, ruling over all manner of misbehaving beasties and surrounded by constant havoc and horrendous noise - which, as the 53rd Nanny reasons, Minerva must enjoy, seeing as that is how she likes to spend her day behaving.
Minerva discovers that the only way to not be crowned The Unruly Queen, is to stop qualifying for the role with her nasty behaviour, and thus she begins to act like a pleasant and civilised human being, and also starts to appreciate all that she has in her life.
With fast paced rhyming text and fabulously detailed Tim Burton-esque illustrations, this book has such a great grasp on humour. A pinch of Mary Poppins and a splash of Nanny McPhee in the character of the 53rd Nanny will have all carers relating to the use of reverse psychology to influence behavioural changes.


According to a new cost analysis from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the cost of generating power from onshore wind has fallen by around a quarter since 2010, with solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity costs falling by 73 per cent in that time.
The findings highlight that other forms of renewable power generation, such as bioenergy, geothermal and hydropower projects in the last 12 months, have competed head-to-head on costs with power from fossil fuels. And that by 2019, the best onshore wind and solar PV projects will be delivering electricity for a USD 3 cents per kWh, significantly below the current cost of power from fossil fuels.
The report was launched during the eighth IRENA Assembly in Abu Dhabi, which welcomes more than 1,100 representatives of governments from 150 countries. IRENA is headquartered in Abu Dhabi. The international organisation's 'Innovation and Technology Center' is based in Bonn, Germany.


Previous research has shown that a large fraction of Swiss training firms appears to be willing to incur considerable net training costs (while also showing that apprenticeship training is profitable in the short-run already on average). One potential explanation for such behavior is that firms act in accordance with the norms and expectations they are faced with in the local labor market they are operating in. In the research described in this proposal we ask whether the norm towards the private (rather than the public) provision of public goods influences the probability that a firm is willing to offer apprenticeship positions.
For our empirical analysis we will rely on data from three cross-sectional studies on the short- run costs and monetarized benefits of apprenticeship training to the firm actually providing the training ("Kosten-Nutzen-Studien"). To measure the local norm that vocational education and training should be provided privately, we will use municipality-level voting results from two votes that asked for more public involvement in the provision of vocational education. Both votes were held at the national level and provide disaggregated, municipality-level variation in the strength of public attitudes towards the private provision of public goods. We will use data from additional sources (such as the Swiss Census) and fixed-effects methods to control for alternative explanatory mechanisms, both observed and unobserved, and instrumental-variable methods to deal with the imminent issue of reverse causality.
We hypothesize that training incidence and intensity among private firms is, ceteris-paribus, higher in regions with a stronger norm for the private provision of training and that there is a higher likelihood of observing apprenticeship positions with net costs during the training period in regions where there is a strong norm towards private provision of apprenticeship training. We also hypothesize that the impact of social norms depends on features of the firm (e.g. firm size) and/or the localities (e.g. size of the locality); allowing us to test additional hypotheses and to thus check the plausibility of our main estimates.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical study on the importance of social norms on firms' training behavior. Our results will complement the existing evidence from VET research on the determinants of firms' training behavior. They particularly address the transferability of (parts of) the Swiss VET system into other countries, because they elucidate the role of social or cultural norms for firms' provision of apprenticeship places.
Kuhn, A., Schweri, J. & Wolter, S. C. (2019). Local Norms Describing the Role of the State and the Private Provision of Training. Discussion Paper. (12159). Institut für die Zukunft der Arbeit, Bonn.
Kuhn, A., Schweri, J. & Wolter, S. (2018). Wer ausbildet, tut dies auch aus Überzeugung. SGAB Newsletter, 3/2018.
Kuhn, A. & Schweri, J. (2018). Öffentliche Einstellungen gegenüber der Rolle des Staates und die private Bereitstellung von Bildungsangeboten: Empirische Evidenz aus dem Kontext des schweizerischen Berufsbildungssystems. Valorisierungsbericht. Zollikofen: Eidgenössisches Hochschulinstitut für Berufsbildung EHB.
Schweri, J. (2018, March). Do social norms increase firms' willingness to provide training? Paper presented at the 4th Leuven Economics of Education Research (LEER) Conference, Leuven, Belgium.
Schweri, J. (2018, March). Do social norms increase firms' willingness to provide training? Paper presented at the Jahrestagung des Bildungsökonomischen Ausschusses des Vereins für Socialpolitik, Bern, Switzerland.


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La língua-de-vaca (Echium stenosiphon Webb., 1849) è una pianta della famiglia delle Boraginaceae, endemica di Capo Verde.

Descrizione
La pianta è perenne, e arriva a misurare 1.2 metri. Essa ha fiori di un colore rosa/viola che sono di circa 1 cm, e foglie penninervie.
La fioritura non è vigorosa.

Foglie
Le foglie hanno un aspetto rugoso, quasi spinoso, da qui il nome língua-de-vaca (lingua di mucca).

Fiori
Fiori piccoli con 5 stami e un pistillo. Di solito sono di un colore rosa violaceo.

Radice
Radice aprumata, di un colore rosso.

Fusto

Rugoso come le foglie, esso è molto curvo.

Distribuzione e habitat
Essa è presente solamente nelle isole di Santo Antão, São Vicente (particolarmente a Monte Verde) e São Nicolau. Cresce su suolo roccioso, oltre i 400 m s.l.m.

Tassonomia
Sono note le seguenti sottospecie:

Echium stenosiphon subsp. stenosiphon
Echium stenosiphon subsp. glabrescens
Echium stenosiphon subsp. lindbergii

Usi

I suoi fiori in forma di sciroppo erano utilizzati per aromatizzare il grogue.
Per curare gastroenteriti.

Analisi chimica
Dopo un'analisi della composizione chimica delle specie Echium stenosiphon e Echium hypertropicum realizzata nel 2013, sono stati trovati un totale di 10 alcaloidi pirrolizidinici.
Le sostanze identificate potranno essere utilizzate in futuro come mezzo per identificare la discendenza del genere Echium, per mezzo della chemiotassonomia.

Curiosità
Nella moneta di 10 escudos, più precisamente nel verso, esiste un disegno di un esemplare di Echium stenosiphon.

Note

Altri progetti

Boraginaceae


Mountains That Take Wing – Angela Davis & Yuri Kochiyama is an award-winning, inspiring, historically rich and unique documentary featuring conversations that span thirteen years between two formidable women who share a profound passion for justice. Through conversations that are intimate and profound, we learn about Davis, an internationally renowned scholar-activist and 88-year-old Kochiyama, a revered grassroots community organizer and 2005 Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Their shared experience as political prisoners and their dedication to Civil Rights embody personal and political experiences as well as the diverse lives of women doing liberatory cultural work.
Illustrated with rarely-seen photographs and footage of extraordinary speeches and events from the early 1900s to the '60s and through the present, the topics of this rich conversation range from the critical, but often forgotten role of women in 20th century social movements to the importance of cross-cultural/cross-racial alliances; from Japan's "Comfort Women" to America's WWII internment camps, from Malcolm X to the prison industrial complex; and from war to cultural arts. Davis and Kochiyama's comments offer critical lessons for understanding our nation's most important social movements while providing tremendous hope for its youth and the future.
Target Free Family Saturday: Ready, Set, Go!
Learning, crafts, and fun for the entire family! February's theme is healthy living.
Hop, skip, and jump on over to the Museum to embellish a jump rope.
Make a recipe holder for your favorite healthy recipes. We'll have some recipes from Kidding Around in the Kitchen ready to go along with your creation!
Ruthie's Origami Corner: An apple a day, keeps the doctor away! Make an origami apple with Ruthie.
1 – 4 PM – SPECIAL! Artists from our Drawing the Line: Japanese American Art, Design & Activism in Post-War Los Angeles exhibition will be in the galleries talking about their work.
The Common Grains project is presented by the leading Japanese rice miller and is made possible with a grant from METI's Cool Japan. Sonoko Sakai is a Los Angeles based Japanese cooking teacher, cookbook author, soba maker and a contributing writer for the Los Angeles Times Food Section and Zester Daily. She is the program curator of Common Grains. Visit her websites: www.cooktellsastory.com. and www.commongrains.com.
Dashi is the foundation of Japanese cuisine. Learn how to make two delicious vegan and fish based dashi from scratch, using bonito flakes, konbu seaweed and shitake mushrooms. Sonoko will show you how select, store and hydrate the dried ingredients; and how to cook dashi at the right temperature, so you can extract the tastiest broths. She will show you how easy it is to make miso soup with a variety of vegetables and meat.
Palpitating Panthers Jump Rope Team is proud to have a long and rich history in the Southern California area as well as in the jump rope world. The team began in 1990 under founding coach, Janis Fuhrman. Palpitating Panthers and its team members have been at the vanguard of the sport, appearing in multiple commercials, videos, and tv shows. In order to spread the sport and promote a healthy lifestyle for children, the Panthers perform and teach for numerous schools and other events with the American Heart Association. We compete at the local and national level through AAU Junior Olympic Games, and at USAJR Nationals.
For more information about Palpitating Panthers, visit www.palpitatingpanthers.org/.
Hoopitup! Worldwide is a global community coming together one circle at a time. We are fitness activists empowering the world through hoop, dance and exercise. We utilize the hoop as a tool to bring people together, raise awareness and create positive change for social issues.
For more information about Hoopitup, visit www.hoopitupkids.com/index.cfm?id=1 .
Gallery talks with several of the artists featured in Drawing the Line: Japanese American Art, Design and Activism in Post-War Los Angeles.
2012 Day of Remembrance will mark the 70th Anniversary of the signing of Executive Order 9066 which led to the unlawful forced removal of thousands of Americans of Japanese ancestry and the unconstitutional mass incarceration of 120,000 individuals in domestic concentration camps.
The 2012 Day of Remembrance program will explore the theme, "70 Years After E.O. 9066: Defending Our Civil Liberties", with a commemorative ceremony, keynote speaker Robin Toma of the Los Angeles County Human Relations commission and a stage performance piece featuring voices from the Nikkei and Muslim American communities.
Presented in collaboration with Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress (NCRR), the Pacific Southwest District of the Japanese American Citizens League (PSW-JACL), and the Manzanar Committee.
Celebrate the public unveiling of the Museums' newest online initiative the Remembrance Project.
In conjunction with the 70th anniversary of E.O. 9066, the Project is a new website featuring stories about those affected by the events surrounding the Japanese American World War II experience. Through written Tributes submitted by individuals, families, and friends, this evovling three-year project will allow the Museum to present these important first-person stories to newer, younger, and more diverse audiences and will continue to make these stories accessible to future generations.
Join us for a special event which will premiere the debut of a PSA video with actor and activist George Takei. Invited guests also include key social media influencers. For more information, call 213.625.0414.
Drawing the Line: Japanese American Art, Design & Activism in Post-War Los Angeles closes.
Make hinamatsuri (Girl's Day) greeting card for your friends and family. $9 members; $14 non-members, includes admission and supplies.
How to Be An American Housewife crosses continents, cultures, decades, and generations to tell the story of a Japanese woman who marries an American soldier at the end of World War II, her thorny relationship with her American daughter, and the trip to contemporary Japan that changes both of their lives in dramatic and unexpected ways.
Wingshooters, set in the 1970s, is about racial bigotry in Deerhorn, Wisconsin—a small town that is entirely white until the arrival of nine-year-old Michelle, the daughter of a Japanese mother and a white American father, moves in with her grandparents. Revoyr's new novel examines the effects of change on a small, isolated town, the strengths and limits of community, and the sometimes conflicting loyalties of family and justice.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Just a day after the latest Razer teaser, which suggests that something special will be announced on November 1st, the alleged smartphone has been spotted on GFXBench with some rather impressive specifications.
Razer has been building hype for its big announcement that will take place on November 1st, with the recent tease showing a man holding what appears to be a smartphone.
Razer has been quite proud of its notebook lineup and keeps on upgrading and updating them with new hardware but today, it has made some different updates, giving it a slimmer bezel, and thus more screen real estate, as well as a more stealthy color option.
Razer said its new product that is actually an external battery unit, called the Razer Power Bank, not only has plenty of USB ports but packs 12,800mAh battery capacity.
Razer has announced its updated Blade notebook that will now get a quad-core Kaby Lake CPU with DDR4-2400 memory support, a 4K touchscreen and up to 1TB of SSD storage as an option.
Since the BlackWidow keyboard has been around since 2010, Razer has decided to slightly upgrade it to the new BlackWidow Chroma V2 version, giving it a new wrist rest as well as a third mechanical switch option, the Razer Yellow switch.
Razer has pulled a rabbit out of its crazy hat at CES 2017 and while we have seen plenty of such concepts from Razer before, the latest one, Project Valerie, is definitely an overkill. Based on Razer's Blade Pro notebook, the Project Valerie is the first gaming notebook with three displays.


text:
John Buffum: What I'd Do Differently
With 120 victories, 11 U.S. titles, and 9 combined U.S. and Canadian championships, John Buffum, 73, is the most decorated driver in American rally history.
By Josh Jacquot
ROAD & TRACK, JOHN P. BURROWS/VINTAGE NW MOTORSPORT
From the June 2017 issue
C/D: Early in your career, you had a reputation for crashing frequently and even earned yourself a nickname—Stuff 'em Buffum. Was there an occurrence that made you transition into a more mature and faster driver?
JB: No, it was an experience thing. I wanted to go fast and I crashed because I was going faster than my skill and experience level would allow. I believe that's the correct way to go. Going fast to start and then gaining experience and tempering yourself as you mature makes you faster in the end.
C/D: Did you ever drive on emotion and make errors that you wouldn't have made otherwise?
JB: No, I don't think I was an emotional driver. I think I am an emotional guy because I cry at some movies, but no, I don't get jacked up and have road rage. I drove to win.
C/D: Who was your biggest rival?
JB: That's easy. Rod Millen. He was right there from the late '70s until I stopped in the later '80s. He would push me to go faster and to get better. And it was the same for him. We ratcheted each other up.
C/D: What was your proudest moment as a driver?
JB: It's a tossup between the fifth place at Acropolis, a World Championship event, and winning Cyprus. Ferdinand Piëch, the Audi head of technical development at the time, gave me his Audi jacket to wear to the awards ceremony at Acropolis. That was an honor. I still have the jacket. Cyprus was a win, but it was a European Championship event, a step down from a World event.
John Buffum's Audi Sport Quattro claws through the mud on the way to victory in the 1987 SCCA Wild West Pro Rally.
C/D: What was your greatest talent?
JB: I think I measured myself pretty well. Yes, when I started, I crashed a lot, but it gave me insight as to where I could and couldn't go. I've seen many times that [new] people in the sport don't know what fast is. I found out by crashing, so that when I got into a factory drive, I knew where the boundary was.
C/D: And your greatest weakness?
JB: I love the gravel, and so I like to slide the car. It feels good. The way to set a car up [into a corner], especially a two-wheel-drive car, is to get it extremely sideways. Doing that makes you excel in the tighter corners. I didn't do so well in the faster corners. I wouldn't charge over blind crests. I'm not Travis Pastrana. I wasn't willing to take those chances.
C/D: You shared the Group B era with some big names, including the only woman to win a World Championship rally, Michèle Mouton. Could you beat her?
JB: It depends on the rally. In America, we didn't use pace notes back then, so we were always one step behind the Europeans. Because we didn't compete against each other all the time on equal footing, it's hard to compare. She was very good. But when I raced Mouton, we were always close.
C/D: How were those Group B cars?
JB: They were awesome but hard to control. Innovation and technology have changed the world. Go look back in the '80s. The cars would land and the drivers were working to keep them under control. The suspensions weren't so good, and the transmissions were street-based. They hadn't really come up with anti-lag, though Audi fooled around with it. Your eyes bounced in your head, so driving them was tremendously difficult.
C/D: Were the risks worth the rewards in an era of aluminum roll cages, no HANS devices, and spectators lining the roads? Would you do it again?
JB: It took huge outside forces to stop the advancement of Group B in '85 and '86 [the death of Henri Toivonen]. And it was the right thing to do. Before that it wasn't so bad. I'd absolutely do it again. I never worried about it.
C/D: In 1987, you won every national rally you entered. You were in your mid-40s by then. Was that the peak of your driving skill? How did age impact your driving?
JB: Sometime between 40 and 45, you start slowing down. I was very young for my age, so even in '84, when I was 41, I was at the top of my game. I was in good mental and physical shape. I had a lot of experience, and I had a good car. It all blended together.
C/D: What legacy do you want to leave in rallying?
JB: I'd like to be remembered as somebody who loved rallying and who, as a driver, co-driver, organizer, or steward, tried to make rallying better. I hope people think of me as a championship-caliber driver. I may not have always been as polite as I could have been, but I'm not so sure that winners in sports are always nice guys.
C/D: Is there anything you'd do differently?
JB: I wouldn't have done anything differently. But if I had really wanted rallying to be the focus of my life to the exclusion of everything else, I needed to go live in Europe. I didn't really care about doing that. There were other things going on in my life. I loved America, and I was happy to stay here for most of my competition career. But to get even better, going to Europe was a necessary thing.
More From Interviews
IndyCar Driver Graham Rahal Interviewed by R&T
R&T Inside Track: Richard Petty Interviewed Live
David Brabham: What I'd Do Differently
We Interview Former Jaguar Driver Norman Dewis
We Interview CART Champion Alex Zanardi
We Talk to NASCAR's Mark Martin
Don Garlits, Top Fuel Drag-Racing Great, Interview
Albert Biermann: What I'd Do Differently
Hurley Haywood: What I'd Do Differently
Craig Breedlove: What I'd Do Differently


text:
Alberto Vázquez Rico, va néixer el 13 d'octubre de 1980 a La Corunya, Galícia. És il·lustrador, novel·lista gràfic i dissenyador gràfic.

Ressenya biogràfica
Va començar a estudiar Belles arts en la Universitat de Vigo i es va graduar s la Universitat de València. Va estudiar il·lustració a l'escola Massana a Barcelona. El seu treball com a dibuixant va començar en 2001. Va ser un dels cofundadors del segell d'editorial Polaqia amb el qual va publicar el seu primer àlbum en solitari en 2002. També va dirigir els mateixos fanzines, com Fanzine Enfermo, i va participar en altres llançaments ibèrics com Nosotros somos los muertos o Dos veces breve. Com a il·lustrador, ha desenvolupat diversos treballs per a periòdics i revistes, inclòs El País.

Però és millor conegut pel seu paper com a autor de novel·les gràfiques. Una d'aquestes obres, Psiconautas, va ser portada al cinema en una producció guionizada i dirigida conjuntament per ell i pel basc Pedro Rivero, sota el nom de Birdboy. Aquest curtmetratge d'animació va ser nominat als Premis Goya i als Oscar l'any 2010.

Posteriorment va realitzar un llargmetratge basat en aquest curt, Psiconautas, los niños olvidados. Va guanyar el Goya a la millor pel·lícula d'animació el 2017.

També és percussionista de la banda de pop Mano de obra.

Obra

Com a dibuixant
 Alter ego (Polaqia, 2002)
 Freda (Edicions de Ponent, 2003), amb Kike Benlloch. Nominada com a millor novel·la en els premis de l'Exposició Internacional de Comic Barcelona i pels White Ravens de la literatura infantil .
 Psiconautas (Astiberri Ediciones, 2006). Nomenada la millor revelació d'autor en els còmics de Madrid i Barcelona i el millor dibuix de Barcelona.
 El evangelio de Judas (2007). Premi del públic al millor dibuix al Saló Internacional del Còmic de Barcelona (2008).

Com a il·lustrador
 Hop Frog, d'Edgar Allan Poe (Oqo, 2008)
 Palabras de sal, d'Antonio García Teijeiro (Xerais, 2011).
 Poe, de Jordi Sierra i Fabra (Libros del zorro rojo).
 La sombra sobre Innsmouth, de H. P. Lovecraft (Astiberri Ediciones, 2010).

Com a músic
 Imperio cobra, Mano de obra. 2010.
 Cámara de cría, Mano de obra. 2012.

Com a cineasta
 Birdboy, direcció i guió. 2011. Premi a millor film d'animació en el Festival de Derry. Millor curtmetratge del Festival Animation of Cans en 2011. Nomenat el Premi Goya al millor curtmetratge animat de 2012.
 Sangre de Unicornio, direcció. 2013. Nominat al Premi Goya al millor curtmetratge animat.
 Psiconautas, los niños olvidados, direcció amb Pedro Rivero. 2015. Premi Goya a la millor pel·lícula d'animació 2017.
 Decorado, direcció i guió. 2016. Premi Goya al millor curtmetratge d'animació i nominat a diversos premis internacionals.

Referències

Directors de cinema gallecs
Dibuixants de còmics espanyols
Músics gallecs
Corunyesos
Alumnes de la Universitat de Vigo


The Muslim Brotherhood, an intrusive state bureaucracy, and a dangerously deflated economy all endanger the country's newly-open media environment.
As the Arab uprisings continue, war and state repression aren't the only threats to free expression. Egypt in the last week saw two other factors impinging on the independent media: bad finances and malignant bureaucracy. They pose a potent threat that could drastically worsen the dimming prospects for a transition away from authoritarianism.
The traditional print media's business model has suffered all over the world, and Arab countries undergoing political transitions are not immune. Throw into the mix the fact that bloated state agencies control many of the major publishing conglomerates and television networks, and you have a gargantuan set of problems above and beyond efforts by the government to punish dissent and restrict speech (read my recent Internationalist column in The Boston Globe for more about Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi's exertions on that front).
Meanwhile, the dismal values of the Muslim Brotherhood's media commissioners have driven out the editor of Al Ahram Online, an odd bright spot of breaking news and dissenting journalism that thrived, in English, within the otherwise moribund state publishing conglomerate. Ahram Online's editor Hani Shukrallah is a secular leftist with Christian origins. He was forced into early retirement by the new Ahram supervisors put in place by the Muslim Brotherhood. Shukrallah believes it's a purely political decision, and spoke out only after his salary was cut and his chosen successor passed over. "The object of course is humiliation," he wrote in a Facebook note. "Fools! I have something immeasurably more precious: my dignity and self-respect. What do you have?" So far, his successor hasn't been named and his staff continues its impressive work. A Muslim Brotherhood loyalist has already been put in charge of Ahram's daily Arabic edition, and prospects don't look good for the independent editorial line of Ahram Online in English.
The English-language local press served an important function before the uprisings that broke out two years ago. Its reporters had more leeway than the Arabic press, and pushed boundaries in their reporting on torture, corruption and incompetent governance. They have extended that role in the two years since Mubarak fell. Egypt Independent and Ahram Online are read by people all over the world, and by activists in Egypt as well. They shape opinions in the international policy community, and have been invaluable forums for Egyptians in Egypt and the diaspora.
Ahram Online might revert to regime control, but that's not irreversible. It could be a temporary setback in a multi-year transition. If Egypt Independent closes, many of its talented journalists will have to seek employment elsewhere or leave journalism - but the publication could be resuscitated by an angel investor. This has all happened before, and unlike in Mubarak's Egypt, there's now a boisterous Arabic-language media that's pushing the limits of oppressive state regulation. While there's considerable pressure from the state, there's also more limit-testing and more free speech than ever before.
Even before the financial woes that struck her paper, Egypt Independent editor-in-chief Lina Attalah was worried about the unprecedented amount of attention the new Muslim Brotherhood regime was paying to the English language press. "They're concerned about their image abroad, and they do not yet own the state," she told me. "So they feel they have to resort to other methods of control."
Elsewhere in the region things there was grim news for free speech over the last week. Officials in Iraqi Kurdistan detained without warrant people who wrote critically about the government. An Australian outlet broke the news of a secret prisoner who died in Israeli custody in 2010, forcing the ridiculous spectacle of Israeli journalists, still facing prosecution if they talked about the gag order on the case, speculating about the case in the subjunctive. And in what passed for a bright spot Kuwaiti courts acquitted five online activists who had been charged with "offending the emir."
All critics of the newly-elected Muslim Brotherhood government in Egypt face a concerted campaign by the presidency to shut them up. For journalists, there are two extra dangers: a bureaucracy with tentacles through much of the publishing and broadcasting industry, and a dangerously deflated economy that is bankrupting all kinds of businesses, including the media. It's a potentially lethal triple threat, and it couldn't come at worse time. There are plenty of scurrilous journalists-for-hire making up slanderous and polarizing stories, but the dedicated and courageous Egyptian press corps - not least including the staffs of Egypt Independent and Ahram Online - have provided inspiration and, crucially, information. Let's hope they're able to continue doing their jobs.