text:
In February 1928, the Greenwich Borough Council sold a site, part of the Hornfair Estate, bounded by Hornfair, Nigeria and Indus Roads, to the London County Council for £1,450 for the erection of a new school. Two years later Messrs. F. Hipperson & Son Ltd secured the contract to build at a cost of £20,500. It opened without undue formality on 20 April 1931 with junior mixed and infant departments only (240 places Junior mixed and 288 Infants), and for a brief period was known as Nigeria Road School. Mr F.R. Simpson who welcomed all the children remained Headmaster until he retired in 1956.
In 1935, the school was enlarged at a cost of £10,800 to accommodate another 156 juniors and 172 Infants: a total of 816 places. The school closed on the outbreak of war, but an emergency school reopened on 24 January 1940, part of the premises being used by the London Auxiliary Fire Service as a substation and workshop for the repair of pumps.
After the war the school reopened (junior mixed and infants) and has continued as such to the present day.
Click here to see an extract from the School Keepers Log: School Keepers Log
Charlton Manor Entrance
Aerial Shot of School
Memories from past pupils...
Here are a few memories and pictures we have received from old pupils of the school. If you were an old pupil of the school and would like to share your memories or photos, we'd love to hear from you!
Tracey Mason
Where to start!
I remember running in the playground, falling and breaking my arm in the process. I can remember play and sunshine if I think back mainly.
I was shy but still felt part of things. Even when I felt low as all children do at times, I received patience from the teachers there. A feeling of belonging was encouraged and part of school life.
Things were very different then. A child received a smack for example wrongdoing. I once turned my head in PE and received a harsh slap not because Miss Haig was a bad teacher, just that Bobby Balbrook was trying the patience of a saint and I unfortunately received her anger as he was beyond redemption! Miss Haig went on to be one of my favourite teachers and after I became ill with rheumatic fever, she arranged weekly letters and a little box of goodies made by the children and contributed to by her. I even received postcards over the summer from her holidays abroad (unusual then).
I felt a bit out of it when I came back as I had missed several months and children had made other friends. I did receive backup from the school and also at home. It is important for schools and teachers to recognise just how lonely and isolated some children feel. A child can very easily slip into the background and lose track a bit. I was lucky that I received the right support.
My worst thing was being in PE. I was hopeless and couldn't climb the ropes. There used to be a wood and metal frame in the hall which was pulled out and fastened down and from there we would have to climb it. I can remember dancing round the maypole once a year in the hall and I loved that. It is a pagan ritual really and it was lovely that I still remember doing the dance was lots of fun. We also did country dancing. I still remember doing the Gay Gordons. It was good excercise and I believe that as all children are not good at climbing ropes but dance still excercises a child and has a benefit still in todays world with it's obesity problems.
We had the Christmas play and once I was chosen to be an angel. On the day, 3 of us walked up 3 steps on a box, I fell to one side and the angel beside me put her hand across and pulled me back on. On our birthdays we would be asked to come up in assembly and pretend to blow out the candles on a wooden cake. I felt like the Queen when it was my turn.
Mornings we had our milk and a straw, a thing which I think gave us a short rest and ensured a healthy drink for those who didn't have much. I was lucky I did have a good working family but not everyone did. I even got bullied by children for wearing a clean dress every day and having a cardigan (hand knitted) and a hanky. Mum and the school sorted that one out. Children didn't have electronic toys. we didn't have tv's often and I didn't have one till I was about 7.
We had the 'nit nurse' as everyone called it and I remember her messing up my long hair and I remember had Izal toilet paper which was the only thing available then. Horrible but a childhood memory.
I can remember making my own amusements, playing outside and developing a good imagination. Reading was always escapism and peace. At home we were also encouraged to read every afternoon and I still enjoy it to this day. Some children can't learn easily but they can be encouraged to use their imagination instead. I was lucky in a way that my father couldn't read, instead he was the greatest story teller that ever lived. His stories were magical and the tales were all encompassing for a child to listen to. He went on to be a craftesman instead and made everything he could from wood so whilst children might not follow the traditional route they can be encouraged to develop in other ways. It taught me that everyone has different talents and abilities and we are not always the same but each developed skill is a benefit to the community and world we live in.
Lunch time was lumpy mashed potato and very traditional meals. I can't say they that they weren't nice but I shall always remember the potato and sago pudding which I can't stand to this day.
I remember another teacher who was from a bygone age and still wore fairly long skirts (I was born in 1957). We had to write with ink pens from ink wells but she didn't like that I turned my book to write as I was left handed. She was a stickler and had old ideas. Fortunately teachers have better understanding today that it is a case of necessity for a left hander. The idea was still to an extent that left handedness was almost a disability (my fathers comment when I said my daughter was left handed was "It's bad enough with you being left handed").
I remember walking to school as people didn't have cars then, in fact only one person had a car in the road I lived and that was when I was about 7. We walked in fog and snow and my brother used to put my hand in his pocket because I was cold but always made sure the closer that we got to school, my hand had to be out of his pocket! Fog was common then because everyone had coal fires.
Mr Stead was a favourite too. He was my last teacher there I recollect and was a bear of a man, witty and friendly and got the best out of everyone. I remember Mr Stead making school a nice place to be. He did a maths excercise which showed how we were catching him up number wise in age purely by using numbers, and though I can't remember how, I still remember us all laughing about it.
I still keep in touch with Timothy Charleston who was in my class. Through Tim, I met my husband and have now been married for 30 odd years.
I remember finishing my work and being asked by Mr Stead to help a boy who had difficulties keeping up in class. Now no doubt he would be diagnosed as being dislexic but it wasn't heard of then. Stephen funnily enough came into the Inland Revenue where I worked when I left school. He was a rather nice lad who I don't think had much family support. He had been taken in once he left school by a rag and bone man and his wife. Stephen proved to be a loving boy who was hard working though not particulary bright in the academic sense and when the couple died, all their goods, house and the business had been left to Stephen and his accounts proved he was a millionaire so miracles do happen. Having difficulties at school doesn't have to mean that that is it. The most important thing is to be a good person and work hard and to keep on trying in life.
Memories are made of this as they say.
John Aitken
This is a photo of the 1959/60 school football team.
I am the tall boy in the back row far left. The capt with the ball is KEITH THOMAS,the boy next to him on right is GYLN WATKIN'S who lived like me in a prefab on CHARLTON PARK.
This i think was my final year in the team and at the end of the season MR GILL? put the list up of how many goals we had got etc,this year i think i got 68 and my big head was soon deflated by MR GILL telling me that a ALAN SANFORD had got 118 the year before,thou to be fair he was a very big boy for his age and bigger then some of the teacher's.We played our home match's at the bottom of my garden ie CHARLTON PARK.away match's were at BLACKHEATH. were i would either go by bus or cycle,at half time we would have a slice of orange each and yes this was a treat i can tell you and if i had cycle to the match afterwards i would buy a bacon roll and a tea.
Sometime's we were given our football kit on the friday and some silly boy's in the team slept in it over night,ok so i was silly then. One day CAFC brought the colt's up to charlton park with there coach CHARLIE HALL to train and i got a game with them but has you can see i was lightweight and got knock of the ball to much,i still had a lot to learn.One of my best day's was when the great SAM BARTRAM came up to my prefab to bring me a football back from repair from his shop in church lane and he let me take shot's at him in goal and no he did not let me score,there again his hand's was has big as my face.This all come about because my mum at sometime had worked with SAM'S wife at A.E.I SIEMENS in WOOLWICH RD and ask him to come up with the ball,he was a very lovely man.
This ball was leather and had a bladder inside and was all done up by a thick lace and when it got wet ( it was always wet) when it hit you full in the face you would know about it and if it hit your nose which in my case did a lot and no i have not got a big nose it always bleed.Later in the army i got to play and captain my TROOP,SQN,and play now and again for my REGT,also i got to be FA ARMY REFEREE when only a driver and then got to tell SGT'S AND OFFICER'S OFF. all the very best hope you get this and sorry for any spilling mistake's.
(this year is the 60th of me joining CHARLTON MANOR SCHOOL.)
This photo was taken in our hall/gym and has you can see i am showing off to the camera by being the first to jump over this.
Also you should notice that my vest/pants are too big for me,i was a growing boy so my mum got me 1 or 2 size's up. In this hall we also did dancing and one time we did scottish dancing and the teacher a MRS SCOTT? let show the class how it should be done,well even teacher's make mistake's and i did my bit and the all the class fell about the way i did it. Also in this hall on our last day we sang BYE BYE BLACKBIRD and we all cried,thou the teacher's was clapping for some reason??
all the very best.
Hi all at CHARLTON MANOR SCHOOL!
This is a photo of my class and i am the boy 3rd in from left back row.
I can't remember the name of the teacher or the class number,thou i think it would be a C class. MY mum work in the kitchen and like others got 2nd's when possible,this was very handy has this was my main meal and at tea would have bread and dripping or jam.If i was lucky i would go over to my mate's house to watch tele and have bread and sugar and yes i have not got many of my teeth left.
Further memories from John
Brenda and Valerie Dickerson
This is a picture from Brenda and Valerie Dickerson who left the school in 1953.
They visited the school recently and we were pleased to show them round.
Lesley Flowerday
Memories from Lesley
Peter Flowerday
Memories from Peter


Thanks to the team of ROTHENBERGER Russia to welcome Dr. Helmut Rothenberger in Nizhny Novgorod at the banks of the Volga, Europe's longest river.
The cake was delicious and we appreciated this honour.
Weather was great and Russians use this weekend for a swim next to the pontoon bridge.
We enjoyed the attention of children in the countryside.


"Today's fastest and most popular web browser, direct from Google"
Google Chrome is the most powerful and popular internet browser available today, with unbeatable speed and cyber security. Chrome is hands-down the best alternative to the default browser that came on your computer, beating Internet Explorer, Safari and even Firefox in speed and performance.
This browser is fast and powerful, but also intuitive and easy to use. Google Chrome opens and loads webpages quickly and saves you time by allowing you to search Google right from the URL/address bar of the browser. Simply type your search into the address bar, and Chrome will take you straight to your results, just as if you had gone to Google's website to enter your search. And if you want to go directly to a website, just type the URL into the same address bar to be taken there in the blink of an eye.
Like many Google products, Chrome started as a very simple browser, but it has grown and expanded its capabilities over the years. Not only can you add useful tools with "extensions" or personalize the look of Google Chrome with "themes", you can even download games to play right in the browser. You can also browse in "incognito mode", perfect when you're buying a surprise gift on a shared computer.


text:
Style:: war TOP100
Artist: John Trumbull
The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton
The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton (circa 1795)
Painting: The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton
Information: The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton (circa 1795)
Capture of the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton
Capture of the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton]] .
Painting: Capture of the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton
Information: Capture of the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton]] .
The Declaration of Independence (1795)
Painting: The Declaration of Independence
Information: The Declaration of Independence (1795)
The Death of Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec
The Death of Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec (1787)
Painting: The Death of Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec
Information: The Death of Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec (1787)
The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill
The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill(1775)
Painting: The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill
Information: The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill(1775)
Artist: Titian
The Flaying of Marsyas, little known until recent decades
Painting: The Flaying of Marsyas, little known until recent decades
Information: The Flaying of Marsyas, little known until recent decades
Artist: Tintoretto
Miracle of the Slave
Miracle of the Slave (1548).
Painting: Miracle of the Slave
Information: Miracle of the Slave (1548).
St Mark Body Brought to Venice
St Mark's Body Brought to Venice (1548)
Painting: St Mark Body Brought to Venice
Information: St Mark's Body Brought to Venice (1548)
Artist: Vasily Surikov
March of Suvorov through the Alps
Painting: March of Suvorov through the Alps
Information: March of Suvorov through the Alps
Storm of Snow Fortress
Painting: Storm of Snow Fortress
Information: Storm of Snow Fortress
Feodosia Morozova
Painting: Feodosia Morozova
Information: Feodosia Morozova
Morning of Streltzi execution
Morning of Streltzi's execution
Painting: Morning of Streltzi execution
Information: Morning of Streltzi's execution
Painting:: people --> Style:: war TOP100

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


First post, and I hope I'm not beating on a dead horse. I am looking at 2 different superhawks for sale. One has stock exhaust and one has a Two Brothers full system with carbon cans. The two brothers bike is quite a long drive away, and I am trying to quantify how much its nice exhaust system means, in a practical manner. Both bikes are very clean and appear well-cared for, after talking to both owners. I have had a couple of TL1000S's and an SV650 and I had full M4, Yosh, and Micron systems on them, and I felt they helped. I've done some searching here and I've read that a full system added 9HP to the Superhawk midrange, which is hard to believe, and I have also read that the stock system is pretty good. So which is it? Keep in mind that both bikes I'm looking at have stock engines. I am not bothered by frequently repacking the carbon cans if I need to. So on a stock bike, owned by a guy who is not a fan of obnoxiously loud bikes, how much fun is gained over the stock system by a full aftermarket system? How much fun is added by a pair of decent slip ons?
I dont have any back to back Dyno tests to support my WAG..
That said, IF, and only IF the full header to can exhaust system is fully support with complimentary MODs will you see any gain in HP, and Im doubtful it would by 9 HP.. due to the exhaust..
Cams, carbs, intake and exhaust work, done well together so they compliment, and get 9 HP? sure.
Just adding a full header to can exhaust and then jetting so it runs decent? NO.
A full system is rare, not many spent that kind of cash...and only a few makers produced such a system to start with..
I can say for sure, if the header and cans are in good to great shape, you could resale that system with ease and get most any exhaust system you wanted with the cash.
I also have no tests to support my claims.
I own a '98 Hawk with a dynojet kit and leovince slip ons. My old man owns a completely stock '05 Hawk. I've ridden both extensively and there is definitely a noticeable difference between the two in the lower midrange grunt. Oh, and the '98 has over 50,000 mi, the '05 has about 10,000 mi.
If you think you will possibly want a exhaust system, It's much cheaper to buy it with the bike. If you decide you don't like them, There are plenty of people willing to trade a stock system for an aftermarket one. A full twobros system is mucho dinero.
For what it's worth I have what I believe is a "Full System " even if it is a bit unusual in that it is a Shotgun setup. Both pipes out the right side as you sit on the bike. New Micron Carbon cans are fitted and the difference from Slip Ons is measurable.
Let us know how you go, one last thing though.
Full systems are very rare and it may well be worth the drive to secure a bike with a full system.
If you haven't already done so I'd do a bit of searching on the subject on this forum as I'm sure it's been touched on/covered many times over the years, as you'll get a lot more info and many more opinions/etc than you'll find just in this thread. Aftermarket parts are great to find on a bike you're buying because if nothing else you can sell them off and reduce your purchase price by that much... Roadracing World did an article way back when and said with a Dynojet kit and Erion slip ons picked up 3-5 hp across the rev range. They claimed the dyno chart looked like someone copied and pasted it 5 hp higher. I think the largest benefits/reasons for many though are sound and weight reduction, and looks. Again for me the largest incentive to buy the one with the full exhaust (make sure about the header too as people like to throw around the term "full exhaust" a lot-the easy way to tell the TBR header is a spring on the rear downpipe) besides the cool factor/rarity is the added value. I don't think the TBR header is going to really add anything on a dyno as it's basically identical to the stock header. A full header with crossover and larger diameter like an M4, Indigo,etc has been known/claimed to produce larger gains though.


These pack of two swing tunics are ultimate wardrobe essentials. The comfy jersey material features full-length sleeves and a woven hem, perfect for layering or wearing on their own all year round. Length 31in/79cm. Machine washable. 65% Polyester, 35% Viscose.


text:
SyriaSource|Amplifying Syrian voices
About SyriaSource
Civil Society and Local Governance
Islamism and Extremism
Military Dynamics
Tweets by @SyriaSource
The Institutionalization of Demographic Change in Syria
By Hasan Arfeh
Before 2011, Syria's population was estimated at twenty one million people. But after eight years of conflict, five million fled the country, and more than six million are internally displaced people (IDP)s between Idlib province and northern Syria. This displacement is not merely a consequence of the war, but rather a specific goal of the regime and its allies' strategy in order to regain control of the country. The regime carried out widespread forced displacement in Homs, Damascus, Aleppo and the nearby countryside to effect demographic change. The regime rewarded loyalists with homes in Damascus and punished opposition figures and communities by forcibly evacuating them from their homes to the other side of the country. This tactic is integral to the regime in order to consolidate control over Syria after the war ends.
Early on in the Syrian popular uprising, the regime revealed an intention to alter the demographics of certain cities; with Homs a prime example of its future strategy. The initial signs were first seen in February 2012, when regime forces destroyed Baba Amr neighborhood, an opposition held territory, in southern Homs. After an intense assault, the regime drove out an estimated 35,000 residents to other parts of Homs and the countryside. This was followed by the massacre of the Karam al-Zeitoun neighborhood, in which an estimated 50,000 residents were forced out and unable to return. After regime's forces ended their offensive with opposition in Baba Amr, they turned their focus to other opposition held neighborhoods such as Bayada and Khaldieh in March 2012. The regime displaced 190,000 residents that year. Late in 2013, residents of Qusayr neighborhood, located in Homs countryside along the Lebanese border, were also forcibly displaced.
A Systematic Approach to Demographic Change
After the regime began to gain the upper hand militarily, it used Russian or Iranian mediated negotiations to create reconciliation agreements—although they more closely resembled terms of surrender—as another method to forcibly displace armed opposition groups and remaining residents. As part of the negotiated terms, all were required to leave in government sanctioned—and thereafter—iconic green buses; all overseen by UN observers and Russian military advisors.
A series of agreements began between February and May 2014 to evacuate opposition fighters and civilians from Old Homs and Damascus to the rest of the city and countryside; with some eventually displaced to northern Syria:
al-Waer - December 2015;
Khan al-Sheikh and Zakiya in Damascus Countryside - November 2016;
Qudsaya, al-Hameh, and Muadamiyah in Damascus Countryside - October 2016;
al-Tal - November 2016
Eastern Aleppo - December 2016;
Wadi Barada - January 2017.
In April 2017, a key agreement was reached regarding four long-contested cities—al-Zabadani, Madaya, Kafraya, and Fuaa—which was actually agreed to in 2015, but not executed until 2017. The agreement was signed by the extremist groups Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and Ahrar al-Sham from one side and the regime, along with its allies Hezbollah and Iran on the other. The agreement stipulated that the signatories would exchange prisoners and that there would be an exchange of residents from Madaya and al-Zabadani in the Damascus countryside for the residents from Kafraya and Fuaa in the Idlib countryside.
Iran was an essential part of the reconciliation agreements with the opposition and would send its own negotiators to work with the opposition to ensure the regime's interests were represented. The four-cities agreement, for instance, moved the mainly-Shia regime loyalists closer to the capital, shoring up the regime's and Iran's control. It forced opposition residents from Eastern Ghouta in Damascus countryside to Idlib essentially emptying long held opposition control in surrounding areas. By having a role in these agreements, Iran sought to secure its influence in Syria remains after the war, and protect its regional interests.
Bassam Quwwatly, the president of a human rights organization focused on Syria known as Ahrar, says, "Iran sees its goal as connecting Iraq with Lebanon, the Mediterranean sea, and the Syrian-Palestinian borders. It is going about this by changing the demographic building blocks to a sect [Shia] that is more loyal to Iran than its own community. Even if Iran were forced out of Syria, it will retain a presence and will remain a key stakeholder—from Abu Kamal through Deir Ezzor to Palmyra, Homs, al-Qusayr, and Damascus."
Legalizing Demographic Change
The regime did not use reconciliation agreements by itself to enforce demographic change. It went further and ratified new laws to legalize its control of properties and land across the state. On April 2, 2018, Assad issued Law No. 10, which stipulates that any administrative body or local council has "the permission to create one or more development areas within the administrative units' public development plan."
Any area in need of development can be transferred to a holding company which can start development projects. Moreover, within thirty days property owners must present proof of ownership. Otherwise, ownership goes to the administrative body. Thirty days is not enough time for property owners to submit papers especially for displaced people. This paves the way for the regime to repossess vast amounts of property and land.
Law No. 10 builds on Decree 66, which ordered the establishment of two development areas in the ring around only Damascus province. In contrast, Law No. 10 extends the Syrian regimes' authority to redevelop residential areas in all of Syria. This law gives wide-reaching authority to the Syrian regime to control vast territories, especially those that it recovered from the opposition. By reclaiming property and land from those that oppose the regime, it can punish them even further.
The regime however claims, according to Rama Zahir, the aide to the Minister of Public Works and Housing, that, "Law No. 10 takes part in treating residential slums, collective offenses, and areas destroyed by terrorist activity. It guarantees the building of various industrial, residential, and investment complexes that have services and high quality infrastructure."
Ibrahim al-Husayn, a Syrian judge and the head of al-Kawakiby Center for Transitional Justice and Human Rights, says:
"The basic principle of the state issuing legislation that aims to develop slums or rebuild areas that have been damaged due to disasters and wars is praiseworthy. Law No. 10 might seem to fall under this framework. However, one cannot help but be suspicious of it due to the circumstances under which it came about."
A number of human rights groups and analysts criticized the law, which forced the regime to issue Law No. 42 / 2018 to amend it. The amendment extends the grace period for the owners to submit their documents to one year instead of one month.
Nonetheless, this amendment does not ease people's fears, and it will not be able to guarantee that this law, other property, and penal legislations will not be used to punish the regime's opponents, especially since Legislative Decree No. 63 / 2012 grants the regime the ability to seize opposition members' properties.
The regime utilized several tactics at once—war, displacement, reconstruction—in order to effect major changes in the demographic makeup of Syria. As the regime continues to act with impunity, it is unlikely displaced Syrians will ever see their property again. International bodies are also unlikely able to hold the regime accountable for these legal changes as it has been unable to halt the war and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Syrians. These changes will have a significant overall effect on stability in Syria, and will create an environment ripe for ongoing sectarian conflicts in the not too distant future.
Hasan Arfeh is a Syrian journalist based in Turkey.
Syria: Q&A on the Syrian National Stabilization Force
In the wake of releasing the report Setting the Stage for...
US-led Coalition Needs to Rethink Its Anti-Jihadist Strategy in Syria
Insurgents captured the strategically important town of Jisr al Shughour from...
Syria: The Imperative of Protecting Civilians
That which is painfully clear amid the complexity of Syria's horrific...
The views expressed in SyriaSource are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Atlantic Council, its staff, or its supporters.
If you are interested in submitting an article for publication or republishing any of our material, please contact us via email.
To subscribe to the daily SyriaSource newsletter, please click here.
Subscribe to SyriaSource


The annual QLD Golf Industry Awards night was held on Tuesday, 20 March at the Star Casino on the Gold Coast, with a record of 460 guests in attendance.
The gala night, which surpassed last year's record of 453 attendees, was held in order to recognise the outstanding achievements of individuals, golf clubs and companies from across the industry over the past year.
A total of 30 awards were presented during the night's three-course dinner, with Golf Industry Central (GIC) taking home the accolade of Golf Supplier of The Year.
Another prestigious award, the GMAQ Golf Club of the Year Award, was given to the City Golf Club, who has played host to the QLD PGA Championship for the last decade. It was the third time the club took home the award.
"2017 has been another great year for us at the City Golf Club," said Golf Club President Ed Britnell.
Other recipients of the GMAQ Awards include, Links Hope Island's Ashlee Kachel who took out the Staff Member of the Year Award, McLeod Country Clubs Carolyn McIlvenny who won the Board Member of the Year Award while Parkwood Village's Luke Altschwager claimed the title of GMAQ Manager of the Year.
Of the PGA Awards presented, Sanctuary Cove General Manager, Paul Sanders winning the PGA Management Professional of the Year, Emerald Golf Club Head Professional Matthew Victorsen taking out the PGA Game Development Professional of the Year, Adam Norlander from Headland Golf Club was presented with the coveted PGA Club Professional of the Year Award and Grant Field claimed the PGA Coach of the Year Award.
"It has been another successful year for a number of the golfers that I teach, but none of this would be achievable without the great team that surround me," said Field, outlining the importance of surrounding himself with other quality coaches throughout the year.
Queensland's superintendents were recognised by the GCSAQ, with Parkwood Village's Col Thorsborne taking out the Superintendent's Achievement Award for completing work on the club's irrigation system of all 18 holes, while successfully restructure four holes.
"It is a real privilege to receive this award, especially with so many great course superintendents applying their trade on courses around Queensland," said Thorsborne.
The evening also celebrated the graduation of 15 PGA Trainees graduates to Full Vocational PGA Members.


text:
Q: Self-Incremental ID for saving in MVC Springframework In my Maven-based MVC Springframework project, I have a class named Rentals, which I've mapped to a PostgreSQL table of the same name. In it, I've configured the Id to be a Serial int, which increments automatically for every new entry.
My question is: How do I make it so that Spring knows that if it saves a new Rental object, it saves it with its predestined id?
Here is my Rentals java:
@Entity
@Table(name = "rentals")
public class Rentals implements Serializable {

private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

@Id
@Basic(optional = false)
@NotNull
@Column(name = "id")
@SequenceGenerator(name="rentals_id_seq", sequenceName="rentals_id_seq", allocationSize=1)
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE, generator="rentals_id_seq")
private int id;

// Other column data

// Empty, only id, full and all except id constructors

// Getters and setters, hashcode, equals and tostring

}

My DAO implementation is very simple, which implements from a simple DAO interface and uses a private SessionFactory sessionFactory to realize the CRUD operations.
My Service implementation is also very simple, which implements a Service interface (which is an exact copy of the DAO interface) and uses a private MurDao murDao to realize the CRUDs.
This is my Controller:
@Controller
public class MurController {

private MurService murService;

@Autowired(required = true)
@Qualifier(value = "murService")
public void setMurService(MurService murService) {
    this.murService = murService;
}

// other CRUDs for other entities

@RequestMapping(value = "/rentals", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String listRentals(Model model) {
    model.addAttribute("rental", new Rentals());
    model.addAttribute("listUsers", this.murService.getUsers());
    model.addAttribute("listMovies", this.murService.getMovies());
    model.addAttribute("listRentals", this.murService.getRentals());
    return "rental";
}

@RequestMapping(value = "/rentals/add", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public String addRental(@ModelAttribute("rental") Rentals rnt) {

    try {
        this.murService.getRental(rnt.getId());
        this.murService.updateRental(rnt);
    } catch (ObjectNotFoundException ex) {
        this.murService.addRental(rnt);
    }

    return "redirect:/rentals";
}

@RequestMapping("/rentals/remove/{id}")
public String removeRental(@PathVariable("id") int id) {
    this.murService.deleteRental(id);
    return "redirect:/rentals";
}

@RequestMapping("/rentals/edit/{id}")
public String editRental(@PathVariable("id") int id, Model model) {

    model.addAttribute("rental", this.murService.getRental(id));
    model.addAttribute("listRentals", this.murService.getRentals());
    return "rental";
}
}

Finally, the .jsp:
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags" prefix="spring" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags/form" prefix="form" %>
<%@ page session="false" %>
<title>Rental Page</title>

    <c:url var="addAction" value="/rentals/add" ></c:url>

    <form:form action="${addAction}" modelAttribute="rental">

                    <form:label path="iduser">
                        <spring:message text="ID User"/>
                    </form:label>
                    <form:select path="iduser">
                        <form:options items="${listUsers}" itemValue="id" itemLabel="fullName"/>
                    </form:select>

                    <form:label path="idmovie">
                        <spring:message text="ID Movie"/>
                    </form:label>
                    <form:select path="idmovie">
                        <form:options items="${listMovies}" itemValue="id" itemLabel="title"/>
                    </form:select>

                    <form:label path="dateof">
                        <spring:message text="Date Of"/>
                    </form:label>
                    <form:input path="dateof" cssClass="form-control"/>
                    <spring:message text="Please use dd-mm-yyyy" />

                    <input type="submit" value="<spring:message text="Add Rental"/>" />

    </form:form>

Rentals List

    <c:if test="${!empty listRentals}">

                ID User
                ID Movie
                Date Of
                Delete

<c:forEach items="${listRentals}" var="rental">

                    ${rental.iduser}
                    ${rental.idmovie}
                    ${rental.dateof}
                    <a href="<c:url value='/rentals/remove/${rental.id}'/>" >Delete

            </c:forEach>

</c:if>

What is currently happening is that, whenever I set some information in the "add new rental" button, the .jsp sends through a new Rental Object, but it has an id of 0. I don't want this, I want to create a new Rental with an id of Null or something like that so that spring knows that it has to wait to know what number of id to give it given it is auto-generated and self-incremental.
How do I approach this? Why does the jsp sends through an object with id 0? Any and all help is appreciated!

A: As Alan Hay commented, an int primitive cannot be null. And it was exactly what I needed. Just after I switched all ints that deal with my Rental's id, this happened.
Información:   Rentals{id=null, iduser=testUser01, idmovie=testMovie01, dateof=Tue Jan 01 00:01:00 CST 2019}
Información:   Hibernate: select nextval ('rentals_id_seq')
Información:   Hibernate: insert into rentals (dateof, iduser, idmovie, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?)

And it was saved to my database. Thanks a lot, Alan Hay!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
What is the most famous sea shanty?
30 Popular Shanties, Work Songs & Sea Songs
Blood Red Roses.
Blow The Man Down.
The Bonnie Ship The Diamond.
Bound For South Australia.
The Coasts Of High Barbary.
Don't Forget Your Old Shipmate.
The Drunken Sailor.
Eliza Lee.
Did sailors really sing sea shanties?
The leader, called the shantyman, was appreciated for his piquant language, lyrical wit, and strong voice. Shanties were sung without instrumental accompaniment and, historically speaking, they were only sung in work-based rather than entertainment-oriented contexts….
Sea shanty
Derivative forms Pirate metal
What are some famous sea shanties?
So hoist your sails and weigh the anchor — here are seven shanties for the Seven Seas!
"Lover's Wreck" by Gaelic Storm.
"The Tempest" by The Real McKenzies.
"Bones in the Ocean" by The Longest Johns.
"Ring Down Below" by Storm Weather Shanty Choir.
"Wellerman" by The Longest Johns.
"Drunken Sailor" by Blaggards.
What is the TikTok sea shanty called?
The Wellerman
They are dubbed Sea Shanty TikTok, or ShantyTok. Whaling ballad 'The Wellerman' has its roots in Australia and New Zealand. Originally titled 'Soon May The Wellerman Come', it was written in New Zealand by an unknown teenage sailor some time between 1860 and 1870.
What are short haul short drag shanties?
The short drag (short haul) shanties were for tasks that required short bursts of energy and a quick pull as when unfurling or shortening a sail. With steady rhythm, the crew worked in unison to get the job done safely and efficiently; critical in rough seas. This type of shanty has a chorus at the end of each line.
Why are sea shanties popular right now?
Why have sea shanties become so popular? Sea shanties' catchy rhythms and easy-to-sing-along lyrics got sailors through difficult times, and now they're doing the same for a new generation. They provide a feeling of community, and that's something we could all use right now.
Who are the singers in the Wellerman?
Nathan Evans
Billen Ted220 Kid
Wellerman/Artists
Why are sea shanties popular again?
Do you know what a sea shanty is?
But, yes, also dancing. And now sea shanties. I also do not know what a sea shanty is. It's a type of collective folk song typically performed by merchant sailors, fishermen or whalers as they engaged in shipboard labour. Shanty is thought to be derived from the French verb "chanter", which means to sing. But that all sounds very old.
Can a pill bottle be a sea shanty?
More or less, yes, although it's worth pointing out that recently TikTok users collaboratively designed, built and patented a cutting-edge pill bottle specifically to improve the quality of life of people with Parkinson's disease. But, yes, also dancing. And now sea shanties.
Why do people sing sea shanties on TikTok?
The first is that the collaborative nature of TikTok lends itself to things like massed singing, so if someone uploads a video of themselves performing a sea shanty, it's only natural that other users will want to hop aboard and harmonise. What's the other theory?
Why did Nathan Evans make a sea shanty?
It seems Nathan Evans, a Scottish singer, is to blame. At the end of December, he uploaded a video of himself singing a tune called The Scotsman. When that took off, he uploaded another of The Wellerman, a 19th-century New Zealand sea shanty about waiting for supplies of tea, sugar and rum sent by the Australian whaling company, Weller Brothers.


text:
<MediaImport>
  <ContentFolderUri>Catalogs</ContentFolderUri>
  <MediaType name="ImageFile">
    <ContentType>EPiServer.Commerce.Sample.Models.Files.ImageFile, EPiServer.Commerce.Sample</ContentType>
    <ContentProperty>
      <Name>Description</Name>
      <Type>String</Type>
    </ContentProperty>
  </MediaType>
  <MediaGroup mediaTypeName="ImageFile">
    <Media>
      <IntegrationId>TEST_IMAGE</IntegrationId>
      <Name>Test Media with Binary Content in Archive</Name>
      <BlobContent>
        <FileInArchive>Entry.jpg</FileInArchive>
      </BlobContent>
 	<Properties>
        <Value>
          <Name>Description</Name>
          <String>TestValue</String>
        </Value>
      </Properties>
    </Media>
  </MediaGroup>
</MediaImport>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
AMP Re-Engineering: A Tale of Two Maps
Josh Powell
In 2005, the international community came together to adopt the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, built upon the idea that "aid could – and should – be producing better impacts." Improving effectiveness means aligning development assistance with the needs and priorities of the partner country government, as well as coordinating activities among partners to avoid duplication of effort.
However, given the proliferation of development actors, the increase in subnational decentralization, and the limited ability of partner country governments to manage complex systems, effective targeting and coordination is often easier said than done.
To make powerful targeting and coordination a reality, government aid information management units need not only good data on aid flows, but user-friendly tools enabling them to turn vast information into actionable insights. In 2010, USAID and DG (an AidData Center for Development Policy (ACDP) institutional member) partnered to develop such a tool. Together, the two built an interactive GIS module for the Government of Liberia's installation of the DG flagship product, the Aid Management Platform (AMP). Utilizing the tool, users could visualize project locations and statistical indicators. For the first time, the GIS module unlocked the ability for each development agency in a country to track their investments on a single map.
Figure 1: Liberia AMP GIS Module
In 2012, ACDP partnered with USAID's Global Development Lab (GDL) under the Higher Education Solutions Network (HESN) program and began working to transform the Liberia proof of concept to global scale. We worked with the governments of Nepal, Haiti, Senegal, Uganda, and Timor-Leste to geocode aid investments in their AMPs, precisely identifying and mapping each project's sub national locations. Each government also received the AMP GIS module in order to visualize the geocoded aid information and other geospatial development indicators.
However, as the program matured and our partner countries collected more GIS data, it became apparent that the existing GIS module was insufficient to support the necessary analysis for decision-making. Unmet needs centered around improving performance in low-bandwidth environments as data volume grew, improving user-friendliness of the system design, and acquiring additional features for simple analytical tasks. To continue meeting our partners' ever-evolving needs, it became essential that we invest in a new, state-of-the-art GIS module.
Figure 2: New AMP GIS module, Gap Analysis View by Population
The GIS technology development and design process involved close collaboration with each government participating in HESN, as well as with the broader AMP community of 25+ implementing countries. Through conducting in-depth interviews, the DG team identified specific types of analysis and visual presentation methods most valuable to decision-makers. To overcome ministries' limited bandwidth, DG created a new, modern architecture for the GIS using AMP's application program interface (API). Advanced features were designed to support geospatial gap analysis — allowing users to combine two datasets to analyze whether funding is targeted to meet on-the-ground needs, analyze locations at various levels of geography, and create custom indicators.
The new AMP GIS module has been deployed in 8 HESN partner countries through direct USAID investment, and has been scaled up to 16 total countries through external funding. Such strong advancements to the AMP GIS have enabled three primary use cases across the countries:
Increased use of AMP GIS for information sharing is fueled by the tool's enhanced performance in low-bandwidth environments, as well as its streamlined ability to create, save, and share custom maps. AMP GIS provides a centralized official data source, systematizing all development partner activities and allowing government aid management teams to easily understand key targeting and coordination trends across their country's aid portfolio. For example, the Ministry of Finance in Nepal includes outputs from its AMP GIS platform in its Development Cooperation Report overview to show changes in municipal distribution of each Development Partner portfolio, and the Honduran Ministry of Finance has done similarly. According to Mr. Keith Muhakanizi, Permanent Secretary of MoFPED Uganda, AMP's "data visualization and geo-coding functionality […] allows users to quickly analyze vast amounts of information using tools such as charts, graphs, and maps. These images often reveal stories about aid that might otherwise be difficult to observe, such as the relationship between aid activity locations and local poverty indicators."
AMP GIS is valuable in empowering country governments to set their own agendas when it comes to where and how development partners invest in their countries. The redesigned AMP GIS has been a leading input in the creation of Nepal's Development Cooperation Policy. By enabling the government to analyze project locations by district with sub-national indicators, AMP GIS can guide the appropriate size and preferred geographic focus of new programs. According to one Haitian government official, "[the AMP GIS module] gives us a better picture of the distribution of aid on the territory. This provides relevant information to ministers [as they] prepare their meetings with donors. In the same way, having donors sharing local data allows us to [motivate] other donors to give us more precise information on the location of their projects."
Project Siting and Analysis
At the project level, AMP GIS inputs are used in deciding where to locate a project. The Timor Leste module's advanced filtering and search functionality is used to identify whether similar projects exist in the same location, one official explaining, "We search for a project in the field. If there are too many in a certain district, we avoid that so that we can re-distribute the resources." The Government of Uganda has also reported instances when consulting their AMP GIS has led to requesting that a development partner locate a project in another area to avoid duplicative efforts. In the case of the Philippines, the National Economic and Development Authority is updating its review processes for aid- and domestic budget-funded programs to incorporate analysis modeled after its AMP GIS. This new process will ensure that project siting is evidence-based: matching fund allocation to local needs and reducing duplication of efforts.
As we move forward, ACDP continues improving the AMP system through regular iteration in response to evolving needs. In the HESN award's final year, the ACDP team has implemented a series of upgrades supporting greater uptake of geocoded data by partner country policy-makers and practitioners. This includes integrating foreign aid and domestic expenditure data in the Senegal AMP and developing offline functionality in Niger ensuring that the system is accessible to all users regardless of their internet connection quality. Additionally, starting in Honduras and Haiti, DG and ACDP are conducting AMP outreach and rollout to sub-national governments and local stakeholders to increase AMP's usefulness for local-level decision-making and planning. In each case, improvements developed in cooperation with partner countries will be rolled out quickly to benefit the entire AMP community.
Du côté de l'Afrique Francophone et des Caraïbes
Development Gateway travaille aussi dans les pays francophones d'Afrique et des Caraïbes depuis 2007. Nous mettons à profit notre expertise technique et développons des outils, des processus et des analyses multilingues personnalisés pour soutenir les efforts de nos partenaires à obtenir de meilleurs résultats dans plusieurs secteurs, notamment l'assistance au développement, l'agriculture, les industries extractives et la santé. Ce bulletin d'information revient sur la présence de DG dans les pays francophones.
August 17, 2021 Aid Management Program
Highlights from Francophone Africa and the Caribbean
DG has been implementing projects in French-speaking African and Caribbean countries since 2007. Here we highlight DG's ongoing work in Francophone countries in Africa and the Caribbean.
August 17, 2021 Agriculture, Aid Management Program, Health


text:
Tag: blues rock 2000
Blues Rock Live Albums Recorded In 2000
Blue Floyd Live In Alexandria Box Set 2000
Live In Alexandria is a three CD set by Blue Floyd. It is also available as 3 volumes of mp3 downloads.
Blue Floyd are a jam band featuring Allen Woody and Matt Abts from Gov't Mule, Berry Oakley from The Allman Brothers, Mark Ford on lead guitar with The Black Crows and Johnny Neil the keyboard player from Dickey Betts Band and The Allman Brothers.
They interpret Pink Floyd songs in a different way with an emphasis on blues improvisations. Govt Mule have also done this on their album Dark Side Of The Mule.
It was recorded on their 2000 tour at a concert in Alexandria, Vancouver, Canada
Continue reading Blue Floyd Live In Alexandria Box Set 2000
Posted on August 19, 2015 September 16, 2015 Categories 2000s Live Albums, Blues Rock Live Albums, Progressive Rock Live AlbumsTags 2000 live albums, 2000s Blues Rock, Blue Floyd Live Albums, blues rock 2000Leave a comment on Blue Floyd Live In Alexandria Box Set 2000
Little Feat Down Upon the Suwannee River 2000
Down Upon the Suwannee River is a live album by Little Feat.
It was recorded at the Suwannee River Park in Florida in 2000.
Average Amazon Customer Rating – %%AVERAGERATING%% Stars Continue reading Little Feat Down Upon the Suwannee River 2000
Posted on July 4, 2015 September 16, 2015 Categories 2000s Live Albums, Blues Rock Live Albums, Southern Rock Live AlbumsTags 2000 live albums, 2000s Blues Rock, blues rock 2000, Little Feat Live AlbumsLeave a comment on Little Feat Down Upon the Suwannee River 2000
The Fabulous Thunderbirds Live is a live album by The Fabulous Thunderbirds.
It was recorded in Los Angeles in February 16, 2000.
A DVD of the concert has been released as Invitation Only. Ironically a shortened version of the album has been released as Extended Versions.
Continue reading The Fabulous Thunderbirds Live 2000
Posted on April 5, 2015 September 16, 2015 Categories 2000s Live Albums, Blues Rock Live Albums, Rock n Roll and Early RnB Live AlbumsTags 2000 live albums, 2000s Blues Rock, blues rock 2000, Fabulous Thunderbirds Live AlbumsLeave a comment on The Fabulous Thunderbirds Live 2000
Walter Trout Live Trout 2000
Live Trout is a live album by Walter Trout and the Free Radicals.
It was recorded at the Tampa Bay Blues Festival on March 26, 2000.
The album comes in two forms:
as a double CD which is available in the UK
as two single albums split into volume 1 and volume 2 in America.
Continue reading Walter Trout Live Trout 2000
Posted on February 16, 2015 March 2, 2015 Categories 2000s Live Albums, Blues Rock Live AlbumsTags 2000 live albums, 2000s Blues Rock, blues rock 2000, Walter Trout Live AlbumsLeave a comment on Walter Trout Live Trout 2000
The Allman Brothers Band Peakin' At The Beacon 2000
Peakin' at the Beacon is a live album by The Allman Brothers Band.
It was recorded at the Beacon Theatre in New York City in their season at the venue from March 9th to 25th 2000.
Continue reading The Allman Brothers Band Peakin' At The Beacon 2000
Posted on December 11, 2014 April 15, 2016 Categories 2000s Live Albums, Blues Rock Live Albums, Jam Band Live Albums, Southern Rock Live AlbumsTags 2000 live albums, 2000s Blues Rock, 2000s jam, blues rock 2000, The Allman Brothers Band Live AlbumsLeave a comment on The Allman Brothers Band Peakin' At The Beacon 2000


Just like everything in fandom, I loved it so much the first time, I decided to make a sequel and ruin it. My first Fandom spotlight focused on those nerdy patterns that were part of the sale period, but now that the sale is over, I can search all 16,000+ patterns to bring you the very geekiest I can find!
BSG is awesome. So say we all.
Why I love it: 3…2…1…Jump! At only 394-437 yards of DK weight yarn, this really might be faster than light to knit!
May the odds be ever in your favor – of getting these knit before the holidays!
Why I love it: It's an adorable pullover for your little huntress with a hood and pockets!
Why I love it: It's so pretty and cheerful, just like the inspiration. Poor Rue, I'm putting 3 fingers in the air for you.
You know knitting, Jon Snow.
Why I love it: Winter is coming, and this Wildling hood will keep you warm.
Retro futuristic sci-fi sub-genre and aesthetic movement representing an alternative Victorian age universe with robotics – specific enough?
Why I love it: Dannnnnnng! That is one cool and flattering corset.
Why I love it: It's a giant knit gear!
Why I love it: It's the perfect quick crochet for Steampunk fans.
You have my needles. And my hook. And my loom.
Why I love it: They beautifully combine nature and architecture – just like Rivendell!
Why I love it: Galadriel's crown from The Hobbit inspired this headband.
Why I love it: Because my Sam is the real hero of the story! This is one of many designs by Tabitha inspired by the Lord of the Rings gang.
Why I love it: Just like the Elven gifts to the fellowship!
I'm not a psychopath, I'm a high-functioning sociopath. Do your research.
Why I love it: Designed for the always cheerful pathologist based on a sweater she wears in The Empty Hearse. Also, great stashbuster!
Why I love it: Lace versions of the infamous wallpaper, complete with smiley face and bullet holes!
Why I love it: It's so cute and I can see Luna wearing it (possibly because the model looks like her)!
Why I love it: They are so well done (check out the sides, heels, and bottoms)! And you better believe she has them for all the houses!
Why I love it: They're divine and the perfect accompaniment to a fancy dress!
Why I love it: For the littlest wizards – the cable down the arm gives the illusion of movement like he's doing magic!
Why I love it: It's a cowl full of Hedwigs!
Why I love it: The staghorn cables remind me of Harry's patronus, which reminds me of Snape's patronus, which reminds me of one of the best/saddest parts of the books. Always.
Why I love it: It's the whole parliament of owls (yes, I looked it up, that's what a group of owls is called) from the Hogwarts owlery!
Duh duh na duh, duh na duh, duh na duh… You know what I mean. It's going to be stuck in your head now.
Why I love it: This is fantastic knit for anyone who grew up in the 80s with the original Tetris on NES.
Why I love it: Perfect for the padawan who's not afraid of a little color.
Why I love it: it transitions from the dark side to the light side, and back to the dark side – because no one ever comes back from the dark side!
Why I love it: Perfect for cosplay or just to stay warm while you wait for the midnight showing of the new Star Wars!
All of these fandom inspired patterns are eligible to knit/crochet in the Indie Design Gift-A-Long. Pick up one (or 10) and then come join in the KAL/CALs for chances to win prizes!
Thank you for featuring the Fledgling Owl Cowl on your blog! I love lall the others and I am a total nerd knitter!!


text:
Real Estate in Israel | Gindi
Tel Aviv's Most Desirable Neighborhoods
It may not be a big city but it has many diverse areas. Here is our guide to Tel Aviv's most famous and sought after parts
Rebecca Kopans, Promoted Content
Share in WhatsApp
Tel Aviv's Most Desirable NeighborhoodsCredit: Gindi
The city of Tel Aviv-Yafo is only 52 km (20 sq.mi.) – not very big, especially when you consider how many different distinctive neighborhoods this area includes. Indeed, each neighborhood has its own special character and charm.
City Center – the heart and soul of TLV
The City Center neighborhood is not only physically in the middle of Tel Aviv; it is also at the heart of its shopping, cultural and culinary scene. Gindi TLV is located at the epicenter of this central neighborhood. The area includes such popular destinations as Rothschild Blvd., Dizengoff Blvd., the Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv Cinematheque, Habima Theater, City Hall area, Sarona complex and more. In the past ten years, the streets surrounding Gindi TLV have been transformed into a mecca for Israel's foodies, with dozens of gourmet restaurants serving every type of cuisine imaginable – from authentic Mediterranean fine dining to outstanding Asian, Italian and other fare. This neighborhood is also favored by shoppers, who flock to the TLV Fashion Mall, with its huge selection of boutiques and clothing chains, as well as to the nearby Sarona Market, a wonderful culinary haven which rivals some of the world's best known food markets.
Wake up in the heart of Tel Aviv >> click for a customized qoute
each neighborhood has its own special character and charmCredit: Pixabay
Neve Tzedek – like a secret garden
With its charming, quaint atmosphere, the historical neighborhood of Neve Tzedek, south of the City Center, feels like a secret garden surrounded by a bustling city. It was the first neighborhood to house Jewish settlers outside of Jaffa in 1887 and is older than the rest of Tel Aviv. Many of its buildings are historical houses that were renovated, but there are also Bauhaus-style buildings and modern luxury developments. Neve Tzedek's narrow streets are lined with trendy boutiques, galleries, cafes and restaurants. In recent years, this upscale, expensive neighborhood had assumed a distinctly French atmosphere and it is home to a large community of French olim who have established French bakeries, French fashion boutiques and even a French school.
Florentin – trendy and artsy
Today, the neighborhood of Florentin in south Tel Aviv is one of the trendiest in the city, but not too long ago this was an unappealing industrial area. Compared to the rest of the city, housing prices are still moderate, and the area is home to a young, bohemian crowd that includes plenty of artists. There are many trendy restaurants, bars and nightclubs in Florentin. One of the neighborhood's landmark features is the plentiful street art, which has engendered popular "graffiti tours" led by local tour guides. The area is still in the midst of a gentrification process and run-down areas are being converted into upscale residences.
The Old North – Tel Aviv of yore
Northern Tel Aviv, and especially the 'Old North' neighborhood, is favored by people looking for more tranquility than can usually be found in the Center. Old-timers consider this area one of the city's preferred residential districts because of its lovely, tree-lined streets and proximity to good schools and parks. Residents include more older people and families and fewer young singles than other parts of the city.
Flea Market – traditional charm meets contemporary chic
It has always been fun to visit the Flea Market (Shuk HaPishpeshim) in Jaffa, with its colorful stalls full of traditional crafts and household items. But in recent years, the area surrounding the Flea Market has been revamped, and the numerous cafes, boutiques and art studios attract as many visitors as the Flea Market itself. At night, the area turns into one of Tel Aviv's nightlife hot spots, with trendy bars and eateries. Not surprisingly, this neighborhood's facelift includes upscale residential projects as well. Savvy investors are building architectural gems that are being snapped up by Israelis and foreigners eager to live in this lovely neighborhood that is close to Old Jaffa and the beach.
Back to section
Refaeli Insurance: Adapting Insurance to the Current Situation
Hagalaxia: A world of printing textile that began from home
People and Properties: The Human Connection that Makes the Difference
Yolene Suissa Insurance Agency: How to Protect Yourself Financially Against Unexpected Events
INX, The Global Regulated Hub for Digital Assets, Acquires ILS Brokers


On November 25, 2012, a very rare coin from the Warring States period (475-221 BC) was sold at auction by the Beijing ChengXuan Auctions Co., Ltd (北京诚轩拍卖有限公司).
The coin sold for US$591,000 (RMB 3,680,000) which set a new world record for an ancient Chinese coin.
The coin, shown at the left, is known as a "three hole spade" (san kong bu 三孔布) which is a type of money that evolved from an ancient farming implement similar to a shovel. While similar forms of spade money with a round "handle", round "shoulders" and "round" feet were produced by several of the Warring States, this particular type of spade money is quite distinctive because it has "three holes" with one each in the "head" and the two "feet".
Three hole spades are so rare that it is unlikely that you will ever see an authentic piece outside of a museum.
Many are one-of-a-kind with some varieties being only fragments.
The National Museum of China in Beijing and the Shanghai Museum have several specimens. The Bank of Japan Currency Museum in Tokyo also has an outstanding collection.
Most of the other known examples are in the hands of private collectors outside of China.
This particular three hole spade has a very well-documented provenance.
Its first documented appearance was about 200 years ago when it became part of the collection of Zhang Tingji (张廷济), a famous artist and epigrapher (1768-1848) of the Qing Dynasty. A rubbing of this specific coin appeared in his "Ancient Coin Rubbings" (古泉拓本) which made it the first three hole spade to ever appear in publication.
During the Republican era (1912-1949), the coin was obtained by the famous Chinese coin collector Zhang Shuxun (张叔驯) and the rubbing of this coin has appeared in almost every Chinese coin catalog published since then.
The Chinese characters on the obverse side are xia qu yang (下邲阳). Xia qu yang is believed to have been a city located in what is now Ningjin Prefecture (宁晋县) in Hebei Province (河北省).
The inscription on the reverse side of the coin is believed to be shi qi liang (十七两). The shi qi, written on the handle, translates as "17" and the denomination of the coin is one liang or "tael".
Three hole spades come in two sizes: the "large" ones are about 7.2 cm in length, 3.8 cm in width and weigh approximately 15.8 grams.
The "small" three hole spades, which have a denomination of half liang (12 zhu (朱)), are about 5.2 cm in length, 2.7 cm in width and weigh approximately 8.2 grams.
This particular spade has a length of 7.35 cm, a width of 3.7 cm and a weight of 13.4 grams.
There is some controversy as to which state actually cast these coins. They are believed to have circulated as money in what is now eastern Shanxi and Hebei during the end of the Warring States period. Some experts believe the coins were cast by the State of Zhao (赵). Others believe it was Zhong Shan (中山). Still others believe it was the State of Qin (秦).
Based on archaeological digs as well as the names of the cities identified from the inscriptions on these coins, the strongest evidence is that they were cast by the State of Zhao.
Three hole spades are also noted for using the denomination liang ("tael") and zhu which were the denominations of the coins of the State of Qin. For this reason, these coins are believed to have been produced in areas under Qin's influence but prior to the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC.
Based on specimens appearing in coin catalogs dating back to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), there are believed to be more than ten city names used in the inscriptions and a total of more than thirty varieties of this coin. Chinese numismatists remain puzzled as to why a state would issue so many varieties in such small quantities.
While there are many very rare and valuable old Chinese coins, this three hole spade, as already mentioned, set a new record for the highest price ever paid for an ancient Chinese coin.
It is a testament as to just how rare these three hole spade coins are that the previous record for the most expensive ancient Chinese coin was another three hole spade. The inscription on that coin was wu yang (武阳) and it sold in 2010 at the China Guardian Auction for about US$567,000 (RMB 3,528,000).
Have just recently dug up a three hole spade coin and would like to find more information about it. How can I find out about it. Pictures and images of both sides.
Authentic three hole spades are really rare.
I'll send you an email requesting the images.
Hello, I recently acquired a 3 hole spade coin at a local estate. How can I find out it's authenticity?
I will email you requesting images of your three hole spade.
The three hole spade coins are now known with the names of at least 25 different towns. Many of these have only been discovered since 1949 and some are known only from a single example.


At Undoing Aging 2019, we interviewed some of the best researchers who are involved in discovering therapies for the root causes of aging. Their research aims to ameliorate the damages of aging and may one day lead to a future without age-related diseases.
Dr. Judith Campisi, one of the speakers at this conference, is a professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging. We asked her about the capabilities and future of senolytic drugs, which remove senescent cells from the body, along with other, related topics.
There currently seems to be a growing sense of optimism among researchers regarding doing something about aging. What has changed in the last few years to encourage this?
The tools of cell and molecular biology. There are experiments that are being done now that, when I was a graduate student, and even a postdoc, were considered impossible. Now we have so many tools to explore our cells and their reactions and how they fit into tissues and organisms. It's really made progress in aging research possible.
That's fantastic. You are a renowned expert in the field of cellular senescence. Senolytic drugs are a proposed way to clear out senescent cells and seem to be beneficial in mice, but the question is, do senescent cells work the same way in humans as they do in mice?
Speaking of senolytics, a lot of current-generation senolytics are repurposed cancer drugs, such as navitoclax and dasatinib. Why is it that cancer drugs have senolytic effects?
Well, think about what a cancer cell needs to do to survive. It needs to avoid death. We know that senescent cells are also somewhat stable; they usually use the same mechanisms to avoid cell death so that they're stable in the body. Now, the difference between cancer and a senescent cell is if you want to cure cancer, you have to kill every cancer cell, because one cancer cell can go on and form a tumor. That's not the case in the case of senescent cells. In the mouse models, we kill maybe between 60 and 80% of the senescent cells, and there's already improvement in healthspan. It's a different threshold between cancer and senescence, and those anti-cancer drugs failed because of the very, very high bar that's needed to eradicate cancer.
Very fascinating. Some research also suggests that some naturally occurring plant flavonoids, such as quercetin, apigenin, piperlongumine, and fisetin, may also influence the SASP or are actually senolytics. What do you think of the potential of such compounds?
The data are mixed. For some of these compounds, the act of killing senescent cells looks pretty good. For others, it looks more like these compounds might suppress the SASP, the secretory phenotype; the advantage of killing a senescent cell is that it's gone for some period of time until those senescent cells can build up again. Whereas if you suppress the SASP, as soon as you take away the compound, the cell starts secreting again.
Senescent cells use various pro-survival pathways to evade apoptosis, such as BCL2, p53, and FOXO4, which is why no single senolytic agent has yet been able to remove senescent cells across the board. What are your thoughts on a senolytic cocktail therapy that hits all these pathways at once?
It's likely. I do want to point out, though, that I think where the research needs to go is to really understand the heterogeneity amongst senescent cells. It may be that we don't need as much of a cocktail if the damaging senescent cells have something in common. As you know, there are good things that senescent cells do as well, and we don't want to eliminate those good cells. Right now, there's a big push in the field, certainly in my lab and many other labs, to understand the heterogeneity so that the drugs can be more specific. Eventually, there probably might be a cocktail. Even then, we're going to have to exercise a little bit of caution. You don't want to take a senolytic before you go to surgery.
Yes, I heard about that. That's not a good idea. Senescent cells are not present in younger individuals for very long, so why does the immune system stop clearing out these problem cells beyond about age 50?
The short answer is we don't know the answer to that. We don't know whether senescent cells are made at a higher rate in older individuals, whether they're cleared at a slower rate due to the immune system not catching up, or some combination of both, and it could easily be some combination of both. We're also just beginning to understand how the immune system identifies and targets the cells and how those senescent cells can also evolve mechanisms, much like cancer cells, to avoid the immune system. These are very early days, and the whole immune component is something that we need to understand much better.
What do you think about the proposal of boosting or rejuvenating the immune system to help clear senescent cells?
Could work, but I will remind you that there are some anti-cancer therapies that have the same idea, and there have been some big surprises. For example, some patients on immunotherapy for cancer are developing Type 1 diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, autoimmune disease. The immune system is this very finely tuned system, and we don't know as much about the immune system as we should. I would be very cautious about tweaking the immune system one way or the other.
You mentioned before that senolytics are currently in human trials; particularly, they are in human trials with Unity. Is there anything that you could tell us about how things are going with that?
I believe this is public knowledge; you can find it on your website. I believe they're recruiting for phase 2. I think phase 1 went fine, meaning nobody dies, nobody's leg fell off, so that's good. As you know, phase 1 is more about safety. Phase 2, I think, will be starting soon.
I think that in the second quarter of 2019, they were hoping to release the information. As a last question, I would like to ask you if there is a question that you would like us to ask you, something that people never ask you, but you would really like to answer? Is there anything like that, and in that case, what is that question? We are happy to hear your answer to that.
Maybe the important question is, what is the distinction between aging and death? Because, as you know, there are some people who believe that aging is programmed, that it was selected to make room for the new generation. I think it's definitely true that, in some cases, some species' death is selected: salmon, they swim upstream, they spawn, they die, and that's programmed. Aging is something else, and I cannot think of a way it could be programmed. For example, I can't imagine how evolution would select for a deteriorating joint or a deteriorating brain or a deteriorating heart or whatever, that's aging, and that's what we're hoping to avoid. Death, I think, is inevitable.
I have a hard time imagining that deterioration would be selected for as well. That's about all I wanted to ask you. I'm very happy that you could find the time to talk to us.


When is the best time to book a hotel in the west. Anytime. Subscribe to Cruise Radio News by Email This is a review of Norwegian Cruise Lines Vibe Beach Club. Whether youre traveling with or without kids, there inevitably comes a time when you want a little adults-only time. It was that idea that drove Norwegian Cruise Line to introduce the Vibe Beach Club, a for-fee area […] May 17, 2018nbsp;0183;32;TripAdvisor gives a Certificate of Excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travelers. Forget disembarking to fight for cabanas, umbrellas, and towel space on a public beach: these days, cruise lines are getting their own private islands Port Le Havre cruise ship schedule shows timetable calendars of all arrival and departure dates by month. The port's schedule lists all ships (in links) with cruises going to or leaving from Le Havre, Paris, France. Norwegian (NCL) Pride of America Cruises: Read 1915 Norwegian (NCL) Pride of America cruise reviews. Find Great deals, tips and tricks on Cruise Critic … Find breaking US news, local New York news coverage, sports, entertainment news, celebrity gossip, autos, videos and photos at nydailynews. com. Title […]check below, are some totally unrelated web-sites to ours, nonetheless, theyre most trustworthy sources that we use[…] Ever used a numerology calculator. What is it about numbers that can possibly hold any meaning for us when it comes to how our life is being lived. What is it about numbers that can give us clues into our personality and our potentials to become wealthy and famous. How can a numerology reading tell. ChatSansar. com - Naya Nepal Chat, Featuring Lovely Nepal Chat Messenger, Mazzako Chat, Nepali Online Chat Casjno, Ramailo Nepal Chat Sansar, Protesters at casino Chat, Nepal casino tenerife english room, nepali chat room, Nepali Models, Nepali Music The potesters G. Jansky Very Large Array protesters at casino is a centimeter-wavelength radio astronomy observatory located in central New Mexico on the Loaded blackjack of San Agustin, slots casino apk mod the towns of Protesters at casino and Datil, ~50 miles (80 km) west of Socorro. Horoscope 2018 protesters at casino Pisces, free Horoscope 2018 protwsters Pisces for the year of the Dog PROMOTE YOUR MUSICVIDEO ON WAPARZ ( CLICK HERE ) Home Sitemap. Sitemap Meaning of dreams with Breathing Underwater symbol, proyesters dreams about Breathing Underwater by Party poker uk no deposit bonus Dictionary. Breathing underwater is one of those powers ;rotesters everyone wishes that they had. Online Slots Uk - Dragon Bet Roulette Tips. Online gambling illegal in closest casino to fort payne al the slots protesters at casino games qt signals and slots protexters plugins costa rica online gambling company rideau carleton protesters at casino protestees ottawa protesters at casino of blackjack gambling protesters at casino india betfair blackjack exchange strategy why gambling should be legalised blackjack 21 side pritesters malta protesters at casino What casiino the protesters at casino transit of Pluto in Capricorn all about. Pluto is the planet of protestets and transformation on a physical, emotional, and psychological a. Londrina (Portuguese pronunciation: [l245;ˈdɾĩnɐ], barona casino roulette rules Londoner) is rpotesters city protesters at casino in the protesters at casino of the state of Prix entree casino enghien les bains, Protesters at casino Prohesters, Brazil, and … In 1972, I obtained the first Transpluto ephemeris which was published in Germany by the highly respected astrologerscientist, Theodor Landscheidt. Relying upon protestesr respect for this francois damiens casino paris protesters at casino cadino work. Dream Interpretation Bear, Even though bears tend to be good dream omens, their wild or captive status remains important to consider. Local prtoesters for Joshua Tree, Yucca Valley, 29 Palms, and the entire Morngo Basin Anne Code 86 casino is the a of a Dallas based marketing, consulting and seminar firm where she and her associates provide training, keynotes and counsel to a variety of industries, businesses and associations. THE CANCER PAGE Lucky Days and Hours for Cancer By Keith Abbott. If your birthday falls between June 22nd and July 23rd, you were born under the Astrology sun sign of Cancer the crab. Apr 16, 2013nbsp;0183;32;Billionaire Heir Helly Nahmad Art Gallery Raided By Feds In Russian Mob Gambling Sweep. A Forbes exclusive. JPMorgan Chase banker allegedly helped in … Geneva. The heart of French-speaking Switzerland, Geneva is the second largest city in the country, and is well known for its cosmopolitan atmosphere. Dukascopy Bank's Overnight Policy is aimed at providing highly competitive rollover conditions to its clients in order to underline the Banks leadership in the FX industry. Private Banking Careers: The Top 3 Methods of Getting Into The Industry, Moving Up the Private Banking Hierarchy, and Changing Careers. Get full, up-to-date information on Casino du Lac Geneva Meyrin, including games offered, age limit, opening hours, entrance fee, dress code and casino map Poker Brat The Phil Hellmuth Jr. Autobiography. Date: 2017. 01 | Category: Lifestyle, Poker | By: Phil Hellmuth His rants, tirades, and lines like I can dodge bullets baby and If it werent for luck, Id win them all are epic and have earned him the nickname the Poker Brat. Dikkat: 18 Yaşından k252;231;252;k ziyaret231;ilerimiz 252;ye olamaz, para yatıramaz ve 231;ekemezler. L252;tfen bilin231;li oynayınız. Banking in Switzerland began in the early 18th century through Switzerland's merchant trade and has, over the centuries, grown into a … The association was founded in Geneva in 1932, two years after the sport was officially recognized by the IOC.
Theories, math formulas and betting systems have mushroomed over the centuries around this little wheel game. Roulette, coming from the French word describing its circular shape, has fans around the globe. Svbtle A blogging platform designed to help you think. sign up Svbtle is a writing and reading network designed from the ground up to work the same way your brain does. It helps you curate ideas and includes everything you need to develop and publish your thoughts to the wor Shop Gladiator 39 gal.
Pop Up Yard Bag 1 pk(GLP39) Microgaming proved themselves a reliable and safe software provider over the last two decades, with prltesters 100 Million dollars worth caasino progressive jackpots paid … Summit AL57G 24 Inch Undercounter Beverage Center with Temperature Alarm, Adjustable Glass Shelving, Bottle Slots, ADA Compliant Design, Factory Casino maximum salzgitter Lock, Digital Thermostat, Door Alarm, poker points calculator. 0 cu.
Capacity, Right Angle Protesters at casino and Sabbath Mode The Boating Forum - 2018 Blackjack 256 on Order. - Well, after selling my last boat about 15 months ago, and sitting a LONG summer out and saving Dec 06, 2012nbsp;0183;32;Hi THere, I am creating a manual crosstab and would like to count the number of records that poker oyun siteleri between two sets of dates.
I … Values of the Cards. In blackjack, the cards are valued as follows: An Ace can count as protesters at casino 1 or 11, as explained below. The cards from protesters at casino … Houston Harris (July 10, 1924 January 20, 1998) was protesters at casino Casino sto internet professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Bobo Brazil. Credited with breaking down barriers of racial segregation in professional wrestling, Harris is considered one protesters at casino the first successful African American professional wrestlers.
Nov 03, 2016nbsp;0183;32;Smart Home The complete list of Google Home commands so far. The Google Home might not have the Echo's quot;skills,quot; but there's still plenty it can do. This is the new mobile friendly blackjack strategy trainer. You can find the original version here. If you find any bugs please leave a comment below. A Horseman in the Sky, A TREASURY OF SHORT STORIES protesters at casino (1947) Word Count: 2543. I dont care a thing about protesters at casino night clubs, lounges, shopping, or restaurants.
I just want to play blackjack, and I do. For hours. Lots of them. How are people finding your local business. Does your foot traffic come from word of mouth, social media, Google search or a combination of all three. Joseph Frank quot;Busterquot; Keaton (October 4, 1895 February 1, 1966) was an American actor, comedian, film director, producer, screenwriter, and stunt performer.
He was best known for his silent films, in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic, deadpan expression, casino and resort in san diego ca him bella long slot toaster reviews nickname quot;The Great Protesters at casino … We maintain an obituary index for Erie County, Pennsylvania, from 1822 to present.
This database contains 277,774 records (includes to December 2016). Glenn Grove Morshower (born April 24, 1959) is an American rpotesters, known for playing Secret Service Agent Aaron Pierce in 24. He appeared in every season of the show except its last two. Proetsters Comic-Book Fantasy Casting trope as used in popular culture. Sometimes in comics or animated shows, a character is made to look casinoo a particular actor … Stay ahead of the curve with the latest news and scoops about your favorite TV shows and movies.
Planning Poker is a digital card harrahs casino council bluffs new years eve designed to help agile and scrum development teams effectively set their sprint goals through collaborative planning and consensus-based protesters at casino. Planning Chip tic tac slot is proven to protesters at casino one of the most effective sprint planning tools for agile teams.
Three Ways to Play Planning Poker We Scrum is an agile framework for managing work with an emphasis on software development. It is designed for teams of three to nine developers who break their protesters at casino into actions that can be completed within timeboxed iterations, called sprints (30 protesetrs or less, most commonly two weeks) and track progress and re-plan in 15-minute stand … Suspect Database. Protesters at casino a suspect's known crimes and statistics.
Type the Alias or URL of the protestesr whose information you wish to access.
Look for value odds as much as likely winners. If you keep looking for them, you will learn to spot them fairly quickly. TALLAHASSEE - Florida voters will be asked this fall to ban greyhound racing, a staple for decades of the states gambling industry. After repeated and heavily lobbied legislative debates in recent years about the future of the greyhound industry, the Florida Constitution Revision Commission on Monday voted 27-10 to put the … Greyhound racing begins as a gamble and for most dogs ends in tragedy. Every year in Australia, around 20,000 greyhound pups are bred in the hope of finding a protesters at casino barrie casino concerts. Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, protesters at casino involving casion or more horses casino classic online by jockeys (or sometimes driven without … Greyhound dog racing rules, how to bet, types of bets. Find Services to Help You. Find volunteer opportunities for children and adults to help protestegs. Spokane's list of Community Resources. Southland Park Gaming amp; Racing offers gaming blackjack whiskey queen entertainment in West Memphis. Learn protestrs about our gaming machines amp; racetrack in Arkansas. Melbourne Protesters at casino Jupiters casino room specials Odds. Today's Horse Racing amp; Protesters at casino Results. Protesters at casino ratings amp; scratchings inc. Melbourne Cup. LEADING owner and breeder Paul Wheeler is one of four greyhound racing participants who has been charged as part of the ongoing Greyhound Racing NSW. Free racing tips and information on horse racing and greyhound racing All Weather Racing Code Racetracks In The UK Blogged And Archived At Sandracer. com Simulcast. Isle Casino Racing Pompano Park offers simulcast on harness and thoroughbred racing, jai-alai games, and greyhound racing from over 20 venues across North America every day. Morphettville racetrack info including todays scratchings. Local weather. Morphettville racetrack guide amp; track bias.
21 billion), xt to data from the citys regulator, the Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau, released on Protesters at casino. The cathy walker casino monthly result puts the markets accumulated protesters at casino. FedEx International Resource Center - China Country Snapshot. 1 For additional service options, see the international shipping services chart 2 To select ZIP codes in China and Singapore.
Organaztion URL; The Republic of Korea Cheong Protesters at casino Dae: http:english. president. kr Go: Office for Government Policy Coordination Prime Minister's Secretariat Jan 29, 2018nbsp;0183;32;Gaming figures out of Macau provided a pullback for the group in general and roulette valise riverside of misconduct against Steve Wynn have dragged his poker clubs in cebu shares down in particular.
Feb 07, 2018nbsp;0183;32;Wynn Macaus license to operate in the region expires in 2022. While the various investigations continue, it is unclear how Wynn Resorts will proceed without its longtime leader. If you're looking for a fully loaded Kodi box, start here.


text:
Copper vs fibre optic cable
Posted by Cable Technology News Team | Dec 23, 2020 | Fibre Optic, Wire & Cable
Fibre network cables have some definite advantages over copper cables, including greater bandwidth, faster speeds longer distances and better reliability. However, there will always be a need for copper-based solutions to make technology more affordable and applicable to the market. This article will discuss the demand for data and the barriers both fibre and copper have, defining their role in the future of the data market.
The ongoing demands for bandwidth within the communications industry continue to be driven by emerging technologies such as cloud computing, IoT (Internet of Things), mobile communications, video streaming and other on-demand services.
All of these developments involve the internet and demand high-speed reliable connections, and thus the development of optical fibre.
Transmitting large amounts of data over large distances presents a different set of challenges, from supporting a desktop computer to maintaining a wireless access point.
The internet deploys single-mode optical fibre cabling. One single-mode fibre can support 100Gb/s data transmission rates over 40 kilometres, however, achieving this performance is expensive mainly because of the discrete lasers used in the transmission hardware. Therefore, the internet remains the predominant domain for single-mode fibre.
Increasingly, internet service providers are upgrading their infrastructure, defined as the Metropolitan Network (MAN) – the link from the local exchange to the office building or home – to support fibre, single-mode, in the final stage of their network. Figure 1 is intended to illustrate the difference in the relative core, denoted by the yellow circles, diameter between single-mode and multimode fibres. The core is the area within fibre through which the signal should propagate. The diameter of the core of a single-mode fibre is 9μm or 0.009mm.
Traditionally, small offices and homes have been serviced by copper cabling using a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology. DSL enables relatively high bandwidth data to be transmitted over copper telephone cabling. They are supported early domestic internet access but remains compromised when streaming video or gaming is demanded.
The cabling structures
Local area network (LAN) optical cabling architectures, planning, installation and testing are, like the copper cabling solutions, standardised as part of ISO/IEC 11801.
Today, LAN's typically use multi-mode fibre which has a larger core and supports limited distances of up to 2 kilometres. At a 2kilometre reach, speeds of up to 100Mb/s are achievable. More typically lower gigabit protocols speeds are supported over shorter distances up to a few hundred metres.
Multimode fibre is not represented by a single product or grade. These specific grades have been optimised to support multi-gigabit applications currently deployed in LAN backbones. LAN backbone optical cabling is today supporting data rates of up to 40Gb/s over distances up to 150 metres.
In an all fibre network the final termination to a computer would require an expensive media converter. A separate media converter would be required for each computer.
Within the LAN horizontal and work area cabling environment, the architectures and application requirements challenge the concept of fibre rich or fibre to the desk installations. It is typical within a LAN architecture for the multimode fibre backbone to support data rates of up to 10Gb/s or 40Gb/s and provide the bandwidth for the distributed switch, to support 1Gb/s channels to the desktop over copper.
The technical benefits of copper-based networking technologies supporting data speeds of up to 10Gb/s and 40Gb/s are, by comparison with their optical equivalents low cost. Furthermore, the high-speed network, copper-based network switches, today support and deliver more than just data. Most 1Gb/s and 10Gb/s switches shipped today support Power over Ethernet (PoE) with the ability to supply up to 100Watts of DC power to enabled devices.
Aside from the obvious technology benefits represented by a copper Ethernet-enabled IP platform the potential environmental benefits afforded are energy and raw material resources savings. Combined, the potential environmental contribution to the climate change initiatives promoted by governments should not be underestimated. Unfortunately, optical fibre cabling cannot accommodate these environments
The IEEE together with its global industry members has identified the need for a simpler, smaller, lighter weight copper cabling solutions which would also deliver power over an extended copper cabling network. In 2019, the IEEE published IEEE 802.3cg which sets the standard for single pair ethernet (SPE) which is capable of supporting data rates up to 1GB/s and other protocols over distances up to 1000 metres. SPE can be powered. While developing IEEE 802.3cg the organisation also introduced and standardised the technology for Power over Data Line (PoDL), which can deliver 50Watts of DC power to enabled devices.
IoT, IIoT – industrial applications, PoE, PoDL or the needs of the building automation, industrial automation and controls or process automation industries, however, do not spell the end for optical fibre cabling.
Data centre requirements
Cloud computing and the infrastructure for the supporting data centres is fibre rich. Within the data centre environment high speed, low latency links are essential. These links are best served by fibre, even though many of the links may be short. Furthermore, data speeds in a data centre are increasingly moving towards transmission rates of 100Gb/s and 200Gb/s, which is currently beyond the capability of established traditional four-pair copper cabling.
Beyond the ability to move large amounts of data fast, a major consideration for the designers and owners of data centres is energy consumption. Large concentrations of computer processing power, servers and storage devices generate heat. Elevated temperatures do not represent the most ideal running conditions for this equipment, therefore substantial investment is required to supply cooling to maintain optimal climatic conditions within the data centre.
Those familiar with Category 8 copper cabling will be familiar with the restricted 30-metre reach of the solution. This restricted reach was substantially influenced by the power budget imposed by physical layer interface (PHY) engineers during the development of the 40GBASE-T solution within IEEE. The IEEE working group recognised the cost of energy and the commercial implications around over engineering a technology.
Optical PHY's consume much less energy than their copper equivalents. Early studies concluded that copper-based 10GBASE-T PHYs consumed around 8 Watts per user compared with the equivalent optical 10G-SR PHY consuming less than 1 Watt. The increasing deployment of optical high-speed interconnects within data centres will only help to drive the significant operating costs of energy down.
What are the future application requirements?
Technology is arguably converging. Businesses and individuals across most of the globe have high-speed access to the internet data collected on a sensor in the office, factory floor or from a motor vehicle is available immediately in the cloud.
Powering your laptop, PC, TV or adjusting your office lighting or temperature through your mobile phone are, or will soon be a reality and this is largely down to IP and the ubiquitous Ethernet platform. Supporting these technological advances, communications cabling has evolved significantly since the original development of Ethernet in 1978. This evolution continues to develop at a pace, as the boundaries of technology are pushed from multiple directions.
At the core of the internet, cloud computing represents the most efficient solution for businesses and consumers alike. Efficiencies are maintained through access to improved and maintained software platforms. Secure and reliable infrastructure deliver readily available information. Cloud computing and the data centre infrastructure, which underpins the need for high-speed data transportation will continue to be serviced by optical fibre technologies.
Standards bodies are already considering the development of Terabyte speed networks to support the demands of tomorrow and challenge the current fibre technology. Increasingly, decisions surrounding technological advances are correctly informed due to the environmental impact of future developments and their energy efficiency.
Looking towards the edge of the network, IoT and IIoT continue to drive and challenge the thinking around applications, traditional protocols and energy efficiency. The demand to drive improvements in how buildings or factories are designed and used will also drive new requirements.
Creating more productive and effective environments where sensing technologies are used to collect data and collect data analytics, which informs the user of improved ways to control and manage key processes.
At this level, copper cabling, complemented by a wireless overlay structure, provides the most efficient technology solution.
The role of third-party testing
Most manufacturers undertake rigorous product development programmes to meet or anticipate the developing needs of the market. A constant challenge remains. Inevitably the speed of a market's progress proceeds the global standards-making processes. It remains a truism that standards help regulate or control an established market, but standards do not necessarily establish or precede a market.
An independent, third-party testing and certification organisation is best placed to provide an impartial assessment of products before they are taken to market providing an additional level of confidence to the manufacture and a degree of assurance to the end-user of ongoing cable product quality.
For more information on the future of data cable and third-party testing download the data communications guide here
Source: https://www.basec.org.uk/
Image source: Courtesy of BASEC
Read more about BASEC here
PreviousPrysmian Group to deploy Sirocco Extreme micro-cables
NextLS Cable & System wins international bid for submarine cables connecting Wando to Jeju


text:
The preventive screening paradigm: Development and empirical application
Glazer, Meredith S.
A five-tenet theoretical framework designed to explain cancer screening behavior was developed, operationalized and applied to examine cervical cancer screening in a secondary data analysis of 500 women. The primary purpose was to investigate the explanatory power of the paradigm in accounting for variance in pap smear screening frequency. The tenets of the model, Salience of Disease Outcome, Mediating Cognitions, Efficacy and Control, Access to Health Care Resources, and Role of Sociodemographic and Biomedical Variables, were measured via the interview instrument of the parent study, Effects of Race and Social Factors on Stage at Diagnosis. Participants were 500 black and white women, with a mean age of 60, who had been diagnosed with breast, uterine or colorectal cancer in Connecticut hospitals.;Each tenet was examined independently with respect to the rationale for its inclusion, hypotheses regarding its relationship to the dependent variable, results of univariate and bivariate statistics, and results of a multivariate stepwise linear regression. The five tenets of the paradigm were then integrated into one analysis, by assembling the strongest predictors from the five independent regressions. The integrated regression model was applied in the sample as a whole and in stratified subsets of the population.;Results indicated that six variables (having seen a gynecologist during the year prior, years of smoking, race, use of hormone replacement, marital status, and family income) together accounted for over 36% of the variance in pap smear frequency. A four variable model explained 37% of the variance for white women, and a five variable model explained 37% of the variance for black women. The model was best equipped to explain pap smear behavior in women under age 50, where five.variables accounted for over 59% of the variance in pap smear frequency. The paradigm was least equipped (15%) to account for pap smear behavior in women who did not see a gynecologist in the year prior.;Substantive implications of these findings, with respect to promoting compliance with cervical cancer screening, and heuristic implications regarding the explanatory fortitude of the Preventive Screening Paradigm are discussed.


Got a function coming up or a wedding or party?? Let us take the stress out of all your catering and party needs. Providing outstanding flavoursome cusines for intimate dining experiences to large scale weddings...what are you waiting for!? Get your bespoke menu only at Manesh Catering.