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Libertarian Ethics in a Family Way
February 24, 2012 by herrnaphta
Two recent posts, by Corey Robin and Mike Konczal, have got me thinking recently on the relationship between libertarian theory and gender. It's a subject I, unfortunately, hadn't given much thought to previously, having been content to note that libertarianism is typically the theory of young white men in a somewhat arrested state of emotional development. The actual place of gender in libertarian thought, however, was something I hadn't considered at all. Robin's post, however, forced me to devote some thought to the subject by linking to this essay by Susan Okin, entitled 'Libertarianism: Matriarchy, Slavery, and Dystopia,' which I highly recommend reading.
Okin's argument is that political theory in general has tended to ignore women and the family, and that once they are brought into the picture, things change drastically. In particular, libertarian theory, or at least the variant developed by Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, collapses completely. Here's why.
Nozick's argument is that as long as a given property arrangement was reached through entirely voluntary transactions between individuals, there is no injustice in it*. This is because people are entitled to self-ownership and the ownership of anything they create, as long as they do so with means that have been legitimately acquired. For Nozick, redistributive taxation is a violation of justice, since it involves taking, by the threat of force, the property one person has legitimately acquired and giving it to another. Nozick claims there can be no 'positive liberty,' no right to any resources such as food, health care, etc, since all of these things have been created by people who already have a right to them. Property rights are absolute, and any negation of them is an injustice.
Okin asks what happens when women and children are introduced into Nozick's world. Immediately, it appears that children must come into the world as the property of their mothers. Children are the product of a woman's reproductive labor, using sperm she has (almost always) acquired legitimately. If Nozick wants to argue that redistribution is unjust because the products of human labor come into this world already attached to those who made them, there seems to be no clearer example of this than children. And Nozick can't evade this critique by claiming it is illegitimate to own people, since he is explicit that selling oneself into slavery must be allowed in a libertarian society. Humans can be property, and according to his argument, children must be the property of their mothers.
A society based on Nozick's principles would thus be, as Okin characterizes it, a combination of matriarchy and slavery, in which the everyone was owned by their mothers. This destroys the central point of Nozick's argument, which is that a libertarian society is necessary to respect human self-ownership. By simply looking at the situation of women and children, Nozick's argument disintegrates.
This seems to me a devastating criticism, one that Nozick really can't rebut while upholding the basic arguments of his book. It got me curious as to how other variants of libertarianism would deal with Okin's challenge. So I decided to take a look at Murray Rothbard's The Ethics of Liberty, and see if it fared any better.
Rothbard's argument is similar to Nozick's in many ways. Self-ownership is once again the ethical foundation, and any distribution of holdings that results from voluntary actions is a just one. However, Rothbard differs from Nozick in his emphasis that only alienable goods may be forms of property. Thus things like intellectual property are not legitimate forms of property, since my making a copy of your book does not affect your property. Only goods over which ownership can be transferred, what Rothbard calls 'title-transferable' goods, are legitimate forms of property. Similarly, Rothbard denies that self-enslavement is possible, since a person's control over their body and mind is inalienable. Should someone sell themselves into slavery, and then later decide they do not, in fact, wish to be enslaved, this proves that they haven't actually transferred ownership of their mind and body, and that self-owning human beings cannot transfer title to their selves. Any contract based on such a transfer is unenforceable.
This seems to get Rothbard out from under Okin's razor. Where Nozick is quite clear that self-owning people may sell themselves into slavery, Rothbard holds that no one may hold title to another person who is capable of self-ownership. I'll return to this subject below, and ask if Rothbard's arguments against self-enslavement in fact hold up, but for now I'm interested in simply exploring his ethics a little more from the angle suggested by Okin.
The Ethics of Liberty contains a short section on 'Children and Rights' that does deal with these questions. Rothbard begins by providing what he argues is a proper libertarian defense of abortion. He argues, following Locke, that children are best viewed as potential self-owners, not yet possessing the capability for the full exercise of their rationality. He notes that the traditional Catholic position, that fetuses are potential people, and thus deserve rights, is quite close to the commonsense view that a newborn baby is a potential adult**, and is thus subject to the libertarian non-aggression principle. Thus a libertarian ethics cannot justify abortion on the view that fetuses don't have the same rights adults do.
Instead, Rothbard bases his defense of abortion on the grounds that no one is entitled to the use of another person's body without their consent. Just as a starving man has no right whatsoever to take a can of peas from the kitchen of a billionaires' third home which he only visits for one weekend a year, a fetus, even if, as a potential person, it has most of the rights of a full person, has no right to use a woman's body. The fact that denying a potential self-owner this right means its death is of no consequence for Rothbard, since he maintains there is nothing unjust about people starving to death while others burn food that is their property in front of the faces of the starved. Thus Rothbard argues that libertarian principles provide for a robust defense of abortion rights.
Once children are born, the situation is much the same. Rothbard willingly accedes to what Okin argues is a consequence of entitlement theory: that children are the property of their mothers. However, Rothbard argues that children are a special sort of property. As potential self-owners, the non-aggression principle applies to them. At the same time, Rothbard wants to uphold the general libertarian principle that no one may be legally compelled to undertake any action they do not desire to (providing that action is not a form of punishment for a previous violation of the NAP). As such, he argues that 'a parent does not have the right to aggress against his children, but also that the parent should not have a legal obligation to feed, clothe, or educate his children, since such obligations would entail positive acts coerced upon the parent and depriving the parent of his rights.'
Additionally, Rothbard argues that since children are the property of their parents, they should be considered title-transferable goods that can be sold. A 'flourishing free market in children' is not only just, but would also be a positive good, as it would better match up families who wished to be rid of a child with families who wanted them than the current state-controlled system.
This state of affairs comes to an end when a child achieves self-ownership. For Rothbard, this point is easily determined:
The clue to the solution of this thorny question lies in the parental property rights in their home. For the child has his full rights of self-ownership when he demonstrates that he has them in nature—in short, when he leaves or "runs away" from home. Regardless of his age, we must grant to every child the absolute right to runaway and to find new foster parents who will voluntarily adopt him, or to try to exist on his own. Parents may try to persuade the runaway child to return, but it is totally impermissible enslavement and an aggression upon his right of self-ownership for them to use force to compel him to return. The absolute right to run away is the child's ultimate expression of his right of self-ownership, regardless of age.
Once children exercise their self-ownership, they cease to be title-transferable and their persons become unalienable in the manner Rothbard describes.
This is, in brief, Rothbard's position on the application of justice to the family. Children are the property of their parents, and thus salable, but because they are potential self-owners, they fall under the non-aggression principle. Parents have no obligations to their children, and this lack of obligation is what justifies a woman's right to an abortion.
As you will undoubtedly have noticed, Rothbard's framework here is fraught with problems. On the most basic level, his simultaneous justification of neglect and condemnation of murder seem to allow for a distinction in numerous situations without any real difference. For Rothbard, it is unjust for a parent to put an infant in the freezer, but it is just to leave your child outside on a park bench to freeze to death in January. It is unjust to run your toddler over with your car, but it's fine to leave him in the middle of the highway. These situations are so close to one another that labeling one just and the other unjust is absurd. However, to hold them to a common standard would be to admit human obligations to one another into the realm of justice, an intrusion which would undermine the basic principles of Rothbard's system of ethics.
His attempt to render children both salable and subject to the NAP creates even bigger problems. Consider, for example, a person in Rothbard's ideal anarcho-capitalist society whose embrace of social Darwinism is such that he buys toddlers by the truck full, and places them all in a room together with only enough food for a small number of them, because he enjoys watching the struggle for survival. Some of the toddlers die in this process. For Rothbard, there is nothing unjust about such a person's actions (though Rothbard would surely admit that it would be immoral).
The biggest problems with this combination emerge, however, not in the actions of madmen, but in the everyday conduct of normal families. Families who acted according to Rothbard's conception of the rights of children and parents would depart drastically from what most people think of as proper parenting. By applying the NAP to the parent-child relationship, Rothbard limits parental sanctions to those that could be justified by the parents' lack of obligation to support their children. For Rothbard, a child who would rather watch television than go visit his grandparents cannot simply be marched to the car by frustrated parents. Indeed, this would be kidnapping. However, parents who threaten to sell their children in such a situation commit no injustice. Grounding is similarly impermissible, as it would constitute unjust imprisonment. Parents can only threaten consequences like refusing meals, taking away toys, etc. An excitable child at an amusement park can't be restrained by his parents – they can only threaten to leave him there if he runs off. This situation becomes especially acute with very small children, who are old enough to misbehave, but not to be negotiated with. Given the severity of many of the sanctions available to parents under Rothbard's concept of justice, parents are left with a choice of either threatening sanctions they certainly would rather not employ, or being terrorized by their children.
The combination of the NAP with rights derived from potential self-ownership also creates other problems for Rothbard. But before exploring these, it is worth noting that his argument that potential self-ownership confers rights is unconvincing. Rothbard never provides any real argument for why potential self-ownership should confer actual rights. Instead, he suggests by way of an unstated analogy, noting that the traditional Catholic critique of abortion 'comes disquietingly close to the general view that a newborn baby cannot be aggressed against because it is a potential adult.' There is a lot wrong here. First, Rothbard doesn't provide any evidence that the general sentiment against harming babies is based on their potential to become adults. Indeed, I doubt matters of potentiality would come into it if you asked most people why it's wrong to hurt babies. More importantly, however, is the simple fact that there are clear differences between potentiality and capability. The fact that someone has the potential to become something doesn't mean they have some of the qualities that would accompany them fulfilling that potential. As Joel Feinberg has argued, a five year old may have the potential to become president of the United States, but that doesn't mean she gets a limited version of the powers available to the commander-in-chief. Similarly, just because an entity has the potential for self-ownership doesn't mean it should receive some of the rights conferred by such a capability.
Additionally, the argument from potential has some rather disturbing side effects. Terminally ill and developmentally disabled children, according to Rothbard's argument, don't have the potential for self-ownership, and as such, don't fall under the NAP. Similarly, if I know a child is about to board a cruise ship with a bomb on it that will kill everyone on board in twelve hours, I can do whatever I wish to that child, since he has no potential for becoming a self-owner.
Let's put this aside, however, and proceed as if Rothbard's argument for the application of the NAP to potential self-owners were valid. Considering the case for abortion, Rothbard's argument is actually a far less robust defense of women's rights than it appears. There are a number of abortion procedures, after all, which do not simply remove the fetus from the uterus, but actively destroy it. The most well-known example of this is the intact dilation and extraction procedure, more commonly known by the misleading label bestowed by pro-lifers, partial birth abortion. Several other procedures require feticide before the fetus is extracted. While these procedures constitute a distinct minority of all abortions performed, it is nonetheless disturbing that Rothbard's ethics forbid medical techniques that thousands of women turn to every year. Rothbard's application of the NAP to fetuses creates even bigger problems when we think about future abortion techniques. Many early abortificants are hormonal doses which cause the implanted embryo to be expelled. But it is plausible that future abortion techniques will simply target the embryo itself, and have no direct effect on the woman's body. Such techniques would, hypothetically, be safer than giving women massive doses of hormones. But according to Rothbard, these future techniques would be violations of the rights of the potential self-owner in the uterus. Here, one is again reminded of Okin's argument that political theorists typically do not bother expending thought on the circumstances of women's lives.
When it comes to abortion, therefore, Rothbard's ethics are caught on the horns of a dilemma. To disallow the scenario of parents being allowed to eat their children, Rothbard argues that it is necessary to apply the NAP to potential self-owners, including fetuses (obviously, there are a host of other ways to justify such a position, but most of them would conflict with Rothbard's libertarian principles). However, this application makes his defense of abortion a rather weak one, and leads to the strange position of libertarians supporting the barbaric Partial Birth Abortions Act. If Rothbard wants to disallow infantiphagia, he must produce a compromised defense of abortion. If he wants a robust defense of abortion, he has no grounds on which to argue that infantophagia is unjust.
There are thus a host of problems with Rothbard's ethical theory as it applies to the family. It licenses any number of terrible acts, impedes the ability of parents to parent, fails to defend abortion rights robustly, and doesn't extend any protection to the most vulnerable children. At this point, I'd like to return to Okin's argument, and examine just how successful Rothbard is at evading it. As we've seen, his escape here depends on his contention that self-owning humans cannot transfer their future will to another person. It is an inalienable possession. This position is not at all obvious, however. As Walter Block has argued, from a libertarian perspective, if people cannot sell themselves, it is difficult to see why they should be seen as possessing self-ownership. After all, the ability to sell something seems to be an important criterion of ownership. Block, however, fails to see the real problem with Rothbard's argument. Rothbard argues that one cannot alienate one's future will through a contract, because one retains possession of that willpower despite the contract. Thus such contracts are unenforceable. This position would seem to render any contract based on future services unenforceable. After all, if I pay a someone fifty dollars to water my plants, I am certainly making a claim to his future willpower – namely, his act of watering my plants. Alternatives to this interpretation are hard to come by. One could say I am in fact not buying any specific act by any person, I am only buying the state of my plants being watered. After all, if he in turn pays a friend twenty dollars, and my plants end up watered all the same, I hardly have any grounds for complaint. But even here I still have had a claim on my waterer's willpower. He must cause the state of my plants being watered to come into effect. The fact that he may choose the means by which he achieves this doesn't alter that fact.
According to Rothbard, however, future will is inalienable, and cannot be the subject of contract. Any agreements which are premised on a claim to someone's future willpower are mere promises, and not enforceable by law. In one fell swoop, he has disallowed all contracts where money is exchanged up front for future services. This may not appear to be significant – one could imagine a world in which services always come first, and payment second. There are a host of services, however, for which this arrangement would seem to be impossible. The most important of these is Rothbard's means of enforcing contracts in his anarcho-capitalist society: defense agencies. Rothbard argues that the system of justice he describes would be administered by private agencies to which consumers subscribe in return for the assurance that their agency will be responsible for securing restitution in the case of any breach of their rights. Leaving aside the sociological problems with this system, under Rothbard's system of justice the subscriptions paid by consumers would be unenforceable contracts, since they involve the claim to people's future willpower. Rothbard is explicit on this point, noting that 'Most likely, such services would be sold on an advance subscription basis, with premiums paid regularly and services to be supplied on call.' Under such an arrangement, consumers clearly purchase a claim on people's future willpower – they purchase the assurance that their agencies will in fact bring their aggressors to justice. Given that such contracts are unenforceable, however, there is no reason why anyone would ever subscribe to a defense agency, since the people on whose willpower they made a claim could always simply change their mind with no consequences.
Rothbard cannot then disallow the enslavement of adult humans on the basis of the inalienability of their will without posing grave problems for his entire system of justice. If he cannot deny the justice of adult humans being enslaved, he has no means of escaping from Okin's critique, and his libertarian paradise would turn into the same combination of matriarchy, slavery, and dystopia described by Okin. As with Nozick, Rothbard's ethics are incapable of being sustained once gender and families are seriously considered.
* In the appendix to the book, Rothbard complains about Nozick's 'immaculate conception of the state,' noting that even if Nozick thinks that a state could be established justly, the existing ones certainly have not been, and therefore Nozick should be an anarcho-capitalist. However, Rothbard fails to note that his critique applies to his own justification for the existing distribution of private property, which has rather obviously not been established through voluntary transactions .
**Here, as elsewhere, Rothbard reveals just how little he actually adheres to his methodological insistence on proceeding by reason alone. In this instance, he allows for justice to be established by democracy, by appealing to commonsense (a particularly egregious mistake for a libertarian philosopher!). Elsewhere, he relies on moral intuition, as in his revulsion at infantiphagia. Personally, I think that balancing between moral intuition and rationalist approaches is the proper method for moral philosophy, and have no real problems with Rothbard doing so. But it certainly makes a mockery of his rationalist pretensions.
Posted in ethics, gender, libertarians, sex | Tagged abortion, anarcho-capitalism, children, ethics, gender, justice, libertarianism, murray rothbard, robert nozick, slavery, the family, women | 12 Comments
on February 24, 2012 at 10:27 pm | Reply christofpierson
Superb post on a fascinating subject. I thoroughly enjoyed reading this and learned a lot from it. I also like to blog and think (not necessarily in that order) on these core issues of freedom and capitalism because of the innumerable contradictions between them. The pales and anarchos may be spectacularly wrong, but at least they engage issues few other capitalists do. Anyway, thanks for this thoughtful, beautifully written essay.
on February 25, 2012 at 2:05 pm | Reply herrnaphta
Thank you! I've only really encountered the anarcho-capitalists in the last few months, and it's been interesting getting inside their arguments. I really agree that they engage the issues in a much more interesting way than your humdrum bourgeois apologists. Have you read GA Cohen's work? He's one of my favorites on the relationship between capitalism and freedom.
on February 28, 2012 at 10:44 am | Reply christofpierson
No I haven't. I'll have to look him up. Thanks!
on February 29, 2012 at 4:48 pm herrnaphta
Check out The Structure of Proletarian Unfreedom and Robert Nozick and Wilt Chamberlain. He really does a number on libertarian defenses of capitalism.
on February 25, 2012 at 9:16 pm | Reply Sunday Reading « zunguzungu
[…] Libertarian Ethics in a Family Way […]
on February 26, 2012 at 12:56 am | Reply Jesse
Rothbard fails to note that his critique applies to his own justification for the existing distribution of private property
It has been a long time since I read The Ethics of Liberty. Does it defend the existing distribution of private property? Rothbard took a different view in some of his earlier writing.
on February 26, 2012 at 12:16 pm | Reply herrnaphta
Rothbard doesn't spend any time defending the existing distribution in Ethics of Liberty, but the fact that the current distribution is based on injustice (on every scale, really, when tax subsidies and other forms redistribution are taken into account) does seem to undermine the denunciations of expropriation found elsewhere in his writings.
As a side note, I find Rothbard's career fascinating because of essays like the one you posted. His hopes in the New Left were so clearly misplaced, yet it is equally clear that they were deeply held. The contrast between the writings of the 1960s and 1970s, when he was trying to established a dialogue with leftists, and the 1980s and 1990s, when he turned towards paleolibertarianism, is really incredible.
Relevant to the subject of this post, the women's liberation movement seems to have played a role in his transition. You find screeds against feminism in his work from the 1970s that seem quite dissonant with his writings on the civil rights movement and so forth. I didn't include them in this post because they're not really related to his exposition of his theory of liberty, though they're certainly important in considering the stretch of his career.
on February 26, 2012 at 12:34 pm | Reply Jesse
Rothbard was always a cultural conservative on a personal level, and at the same time that he was deeply engaged with the New Left he was very critical of the counterculture and (as you note) feminism. (Though interestingly, I've read one early article of his in which he criticizes the women's liberation movement for paying insufficient attention to abortion rights. Possibly the one moment in his life that he criticized feminists from the left.) His attitude toward feminism goes back far enough that I doubt it played a major role in his transition — it's a pretty constant feature of his career.
Since a great number of 1960s/70s libertarians were involved with the counterculture, and a smaller but not insubstantial number were involved in the women's movement, this led to some interesting intra-movement debates.
Btw, did you ever read Rothbard's obit for Che Guevara? A fascinating document.
on February 29, 2012 at 1:44 pm | Reply Ron Paul's Racist Backers (and Backstory) « Tragic Farce
[…] "Libertarian" tag. The post listed there, among more right-wing fodder, was, I thought, a brilliant little meditation on the doctrinaire libertarianism of Murray Rothbard (Ron Paul pal Lew Rockwell's mentor at the Mises Institute) as it relates to abortion […]
on March 16, 2012 at 7:21 pm | Reply Michael
I'm a little late to this post but, since I saw you mentioned Walter Block in your discussion of Libertarian Ethics and the Family, I thought I'd post a link to an article he wrote for my campus newspaper.
http://www.loyolamaroon.com/2.6713/column-several-fatal-flaws-mar-the-feminist-movement-1.2709597
At the beginning he just complains that people can't use "Mrs." in conversation anymore.
But later he really says some bizaare stuff when he criticizes "take back the night marches" for example.
"But wait: there is one benefit to "Take Back the Night" marches, and I do want to be fair: whenever rapists contemplate these events, they keel over in laughter. They are laughing so uproariously that at least during these times they are incapable of raping anyone."
From a libertarian perspective a really don't get why block has such a problem with these things.
If he thinks people are entitled to self ownership (including the right to sell yourself) than why would he have a problem with anti-rape initiatives like this? Isn't the right to defend your own body akin to the right to defend any other piece of your property. Anyway just thought you'd be interested since you seem to be writing more on libertarian thought.
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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward Looking Information
This press release contains forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable securities laws. All statements that are not historical facts, including without limitation, statements regarding future estimates, plans, programs, forecasts, projections, objectives, assumptions, expectations or beliefs of future performance, statements regarding Rubicon Organics' plan to cultivate, timing and estimates of production for its facilities, are "forward-looking statements." Forward-looking information can be identified by the use of words such as "plans" or "is expected", or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results are "to begin", "ramping up to", "imminent", "set to" or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, events or developments to be materially different from any future results, events or developments expressed or implied by such forward looking statements.
The forward looking information in this press release is based upon certain assumptions that management considers reasonable in the circumstances, including that its capital needs will be as currently projected, that Rubicon Organics will be able to successfully obtain all necessary permits and approvals to conduct its business as currently proposed to be conducted, that Rubicon Organics will not be prosecuted in the U.S. for its involvement in the cannabis industry. Risks and uncertainties associated with the forward looking information in this press release include, among others, dependence on obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals, including acquiring and renewing state, local or other licenses and any inability to obtain all necessary governmental approvals licenses and permits to complete construction of its proposed facilities in a timely manner; engaging in activities which currently are illegal under U.S. federal law and the uncertainty of existing protection from U.S. federal or other prosecution; regulatory or political change such as changes in applicable laws and regulations, including U.S. state-law legalization, particularly in California, due to inconsistent public opinion, perception of the medical-use and adult-use marijuana industry, bureaucratic delays or inefficiencies or any other reasons; any other factors or developments which may hinder market growth; Rubicon Organics' limited operating history and lack of historical profits; reliance on management; and the effect of capital market conditions and other factors on capital availability; competition, including from more established or better financed competitors; and the need to secure and maintain corporate alliances and partnerships, including with customers and suppliers. These factors should be considered carefully and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Although Rubicon Organics has attempted to identify important risk factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other risk factors that cause actions, events or results to differ from those anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements. Rubicon Organics assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, even if new information becomes available as a result of future events, new information or for any other reason except as required by law.
SOURCE Rubicon Organics
For further information: CONTACT INFORMATION: Corporate: Margaret Brodie, Chief Financial Officer, Phone: +1 (437) 929-1964, Email: [email protected]; Media: Megan Cunningham, Gear Communications, Phone: +1 (781) 727-8462, Email: [email protected]


The Senate has passed a two-year budget bill and sent the legislation to the House for approval in a bid to end a shutdown of the USA government, the second in three weeks.
The bill, announced Wednesday, represented a rare bipartisan achievement. Those conservatives were mainly angry about non-military spending increases.
The US government on Thursday was assured of careening into its second shutdown in three weeks beginning at midnight after the Senate adjourned when a conservative lawmaker blocked a vote on a far-reaching budget deal.
House leaders signaled that chamber would immediately take it up, though the situation was trickier there after liberal Democrats and tea party conservatives both swung into opposition.
The deal approved by Congress was included in a short-term funding bill keeping the government open through March 23.
The budget deal will provide $4 billion over two years to address the backlog of an excess of 400,000 claims at the Veterans Administration, making good on one of Trump's campaign promises to improve the care of those who served in the military. Must elect more Republicans in 2018 Election!
None of the added spending will be offset by budget savings elsewhere or revenue increases, relying instead on government borrowing.
When combined with the nearly $300 billion in new spending for defense and non-defense accounts, the hurricane aid brought the package to nearly $400 billion.
"We will effectively shut down the federal government for no good reason", said Sen. US stocks plunged on Thursday on heavy volume, throwing off course a almost nine-year bull run. The bill was expected to pass, but vote counts remained unclear Friday morning. Inflation concerns and rising rates are blamed for the selloff, but some analysts have noted equities were due for a pullback after gains in January and previous year. Paul had harsh words for his own party.
"I ran for office because I was very critical of President Obama's trillion-dollar deficits", Paul said.
"I want people to feel uncomfortable". Really who is to blame?
The delays forced a partial government shutdown after midnight, to minimal impact.
The budget deal, negotiated by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), adds $300 billion in spending for defense and domestic programs and $89 billion in hurricane disaster aid.
Senate Finance Chairman and Utah Republican Orrin Hatch said he had "a rough time" finding meaning in Paul's protest. The absence of any offsetting measures, combined with far-reaching tax cuts passed at the end of 2017, would force the United States to finance the increased spending through debt.
These young adults were brought illegally to the country as children years ago, mostly from Mexico.
Trump urged Congress to act before then.
Flake said he's working on one proposal that would ease parts of the immigration plan Trump unveiled last month.
"He needs us", she said.


According to the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) report released today by the Austin Board of REALTORS®, single-family home sales in December 2011 outpaced the same month of the prior year for the seventh straight month, and year-end figures show momentum in Austin real estate heading into 2012.
In December 2011, a total of 1,581 single-family homes were sold in Austin, which is 11 percent more than December 2010. During the same time period, the median price for Austin homes was $187,940, which is one percent less than the same month of the prior year.
Austin homes spent an average of 89 days on the market in December 2011, nine days less than the same month of the prior year. The Austin real estate market also featured 12 percent fewer new listings, 19 percent fewer active listings and 12 percent more pending sales than December 2010.
In December 2011, the inventory of Austin-area homes decreased to 4.1 months, which is 1.4 months less than December 2010 and the lowest figure reported since the organization began tracking the statistic in January 2009.
1,581 – Single-family homes sold, 11 percent more than December 2010.
$187,940 – Median price for single-family homes, one percent less than December 2010.
89 – Average number of days that single-family homes spent on the market, nine days less than December 2010.
1,383 – New single-family home listings on the market, 12 percent less than December 2010.
6,605 – Active single-family home listings on the market, 19 percent less than December 2010.
1,229 – Pending sales for single-family homes, 12 percent more than December 2010.
4.1 – Months of inventory* of single-family homes, 1.4 months less than December 2010.
$385,035,159 – Total dollar volume of single-family properties sold, nine percent more than December 2010.
The report also included figures for all of 2011, during which 19,220 Austin-area single-family homes were sold, which is seven percent more than 2010. Over the course of the year, the median price of homes in Austin remained statistically unchanged from the prior year at $193,000 and homes spent an average of 84 days on the market, which is seven days longer than 2010. At the same time, the Austin real estate market featured 12 percent fewer new listings, 15 percent fewer active listings and seven percent more pending sales.
19,220 – Single-family homes sold, seven percent more than 2010.
$193,000 – Median price for single-family homes, unchanged from 2010.
84 – Average number of days that single-family homes spent on the market, seven days more than 2010.
30,668 – New single-family home listings on the market, 12 percent less than 2010.
8,609 – Active single-family home listings on the market, 15 percent less than 2010.
21,002 – Pending sales for single-family homes, seven percent more than 2010.
$4,931,910,843 – Total dollar volume of single-family properties sold, nine percent more than 2010.
The volume of townhouses and condominiums (condos) purchased in the Austin area in December 2011 was 157, which is 17 percent more than December 2010. In the same time period, the median price for condos was $179,900, unchanged from December 2010. When compared to the same month of the prior year, these properties spent three more days on the market, or an average of 92 days.
Over the course of 2011, 1,970 Austin condos were sold, which is one percent more than 2010; the median price was $167,750, or six percent more than 2010; and condos spent an average of 94 days on the market, 10 days longer than 2010.
In December 2011, 1,030 properties were leased in Austin, which is eight percent less than December 2010. The median price for Austin-area leases was up nine percent at $1,250 when compared to the same month of the prior year. In all of 2011, a total of 15,948 properties were leased in Austin, which is three percent more than 2010, and the median lease price was $1,250, or four percent more than 2010.


Graphic novel author Gene Luen Yang is a busy man.
This January, he was appointed the Ambassador for Young People's Literature by the Library of Congress and he is also the author of "American Born Chinese," which was this year's common book for Winona State University.
On Feb. 10, Yang joined members of the Winona State community via Skype for a Q&A session about the common book, which was published in 2006.
Ann-Marie Dunbar, a professor from the Winona State English department, has been involved with the process of choosing the common books for five years. For Dunbar, being a part of this program is a responsibility she enjoys having.
"It is a lot of responsibility, but it is fun to think about what books might teach well and what opportunities for research will come from different types of books," Dunbar said.
When finding the common book, members of the committee in charge of choosing the book invite people from the campus community to nominate books for the program.
"We are looking for books that are engaging and authors who are willing to work with the students," Dunbar said.
After the nominations are made, the committee narrows down the number of books on the list to four or five. After a series of discussions, the final book is chosen.
When deciding on "American Born Chinese," Dunbar and her colleagues wanted to pick a book that followed the school theme of equity.
Yang was born to a Chinese mother and a Taiwanese father. As a child, Yang interacted with his parents through stories and drawing.
Yang's dream job as a child was being an animator for Disney, but this dream changed in fifth grade when he saw the #99 issue of Marvel's "Two-In-One" comic on a display rack while at the store with his mother. Yang was intrigued by the comic book and begged his mother to buy it for him, but she got him an issue of "Superman" instead.
"She thought the characters on the cover of the 'Two-In-One' comic would give me nightmares," Yang said.
Shortly after his discovery of comic books, Yang and a childhood friend began writing their own comics.
After graduating college, Yang published his first comic book "Gordon Yamamoto and the King of the Geeks" in 1997.
Along with discussing his creative development and his discovery of comic books, Yang also discussed the participation of Asian Americans in the world of comic books.
Many of the first depictions of Asians were stereotypical and the comic book characters fell into the "yellow peril" trope, which was based on a theory in which Asian individuals are a danger to the western world. Many of these stereotypical characters were villains.
Some students were shocked by the representation of Asians in comic books.
"Seeing how the racism in society effects the depiction of certain people in comic books was shocking, especially since comics could possibly promote these ideas in young minds," sophomore Merritt Ogren said.
According to Yang, over time the depiction of Asians in comic books became less stereotypical and well-rounded Asian characters were developed.
As an Asian American in the industry himself, Yang was curious about why people of Asian heritage are drawn to comics.
To discover these connections, Yang and some friends developed many theories. One theory is related to traditional Asian art and its use of art and words together. By being exposed to this combination within their heritage, Asian Americans are prepared for working with these elements in comics.
Another theory comes from the origin of comic books themselves. Many comic books and characters were created by the sons of Jewish immigrants. At the time of their creation, these men would have been considered outsiders, and this is something Asian Americans in the comic book industry can identify with.
Even though Yang has received his title from the Library of Congress, he is still very much involved in the world of comics and graphic novels.
Exploring different cultures and their impacts on certain mediums can help create more meaningful interactions with this medium. For Gene Luen Yang, bringing his culture into his work with comics and graphic novels not only impacts his life, but it could also spark an idea in the mind of an aspiring Asian-American comic book artist.


There are very few who actually defend the legacy of mr. Barack Obama. Why is that? I mean in these times where American power is diminished by the hour, why not learn from the one who actually did succeed with making America an international leader?
This is not to diminish mr. Trump, he does his best, and he has some success. Especially in the field of economic.
But peace and war is where Obama really outshone any presidents before him.
He made peace in the Middle East, created an American lead alliance against IS, made the basis upon which mr. Trump is now fighting China.
All policies that are now really creating a boom on American economy, and potentially will take the West back from the abyss.
I know that people are divided these days, but then why not celebrate the victories?
How can we get the discussion going? For me, I have tried to write to the New York Times. I believe, that in order to get the discussion going in the US, we need a qualified debate.
But unfortunately I have heard nothing from the New York Times.
If there are any leading papers in the US who are interested in supporting the legacy of Mr. Barack Obama, please send me some kind of interest sign.
We need to start the discussion on what went right in the Obama era, to try to learn.
For me, it's pretty obvious, he was a master mind in terms of international politics. That is something, and his grace will be one of things that we should remember.
He saved you, and it is time to celebrate.


text:
#include "native_client/tests/fake_browser_ppapi/fake_url_loader.h"

#include <string>

#include "native_client/src/include/nacl_macros.h"
#include "native_client/src/include/portability.h"

#include "native_client/tests/fake_browser_ppapi/fake_file_ref.h"
#include "native_client/tests/fake_browser_ppapi/fake_resource.h"
#include "native_client/tests/fake_browser_ppapi/fake_url_request_info.h"
#include "native_client/tests/fake_browser_ppapi/fake_url_response_info.h"
#include "native_client/tests/fake_browser_ppapi/utility.h"

#include "ppapi/c/pp_errors.h"
#include "ppapi/c/pp_completion_callback.h"
#include "ppapi/c/pp_resource.h"

using fake_browser_ppapi::DebugPrintf;

namespace fake_browser_ppapi {

std::string g_nacl_ppapi_url_path = NACL_NO_URL;
std::string g_nacl_ppapi_local_path = NACL_NO_FILE_PATH;

namespace {

PP_Resource Create(PP_Instance instance_id) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::Create: instance_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n", instance_id);
  URLLoader* loader = new URLLoader(instance_id);
  PP_Resource resource_id = TrackResource(loader);
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::Create: resource_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n", resource_id);
  return resource_id;
}

PP_Bool IsURLLoader(PP_Resource resource_id) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::IsURLLoader: resource_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              resource_id);
  NACL_UNIMPLEMENTED();
  return PP_FALSE;
}

int32_t Open(PP_Resource loader_id,
             PP_Resource request_id,
             struct PP_CompletionCallback callback) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::Open: loader_id=%"NACL_PRIu64
              " request_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n", loader_id, request_id);

  URLLoader* loader = GetResource(loader_id)->AsURLLoader();
  URLRequestInfo* request = GetResource(request_id)->AsURLRequestInfo();
  if (loader == NULL || request == NULL)
    return PP_ERROR_BADRESOURCE;
  loader->set_request(request);

  // We use stream-as-file mode only, so Open will be aimed at that.
  CHECK(request->stream_to_file());

  // We fake-open the url. main.cc must provide the full url for this to work.
  if (g_nacl_ppapi_url_path == NACL_NO_URL)
    return PP_ERROR_FAILED;

  // Set up the response.
  URLResponseInfo* response = new URLResponseInfo(request->module_id());
  response->set_url(g_nacl_ppapi_url_path + "/" + request->url());
  response->set_status_code(NACL_HTTP_STATUS_OK);
  loader->set_response(response);
  PP_Resource response_id = TrackResource(response);
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::Open: response_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n", response_id);

  // Invoke the callback right away to simplify mocking.
  if (callback.func == NULL)
    return PP_ERROR_BADARGUMENT;
  PP_RunCompletionCallback(&callback, PP_OK);
  return PP_ERROR_WOULDBLOCK;  // Fake successful async call.
}

int32_t FollowRedirect(PP_Resource loader_id,
                       struct PP_CompletionCallback callback) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::FollowRedirect: loader_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              loader_id);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(callback);
  NACL_UNIMPLEMENTED();
  return PP_ERROR_BADRESOURCE;
}

PP_Bool GetUploadProgress(PP_Resource loader_id,
                          int64_t* bytes_sent,
                          int64_t* total_bytes_to_be_sent) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::GetUploadProgress: loader_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              loader_id);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(bytes_sent);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(total_bytes_to_be_sent);
  NACL_UNIMPLEMENTED();
  return PP_FALSE;
}

PP_Bool GetDownloadProgress(PP_Resource loader_id,
                            int64_t* bytes_received,
                            int64_t* total_bytes_to_be_received) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::GetDownloadProgress: loader_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              loader_id);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(bytes_received);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(total_bytes_to_be_received);
  NACL_UNIMPLEMENTED();
  return PP_FALSE;
}

PP_Resource GetResponseInfo(PP_Resource loader_id) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::GetResponseInfo: loader_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              loader_id);
  URLLoader* loader = GetResource(loader_id)->AsURLLoader();
  if (loader == NULL)
    return PP_ERROR_BADRESOURCE;

  URLResponseInfo* response = loader->response();
  CHECK(response != NULL);
  return response->resource_id();
}

int32_t ReadResponseBody(PP_Resource loader_id,
                         char* buffer,
                         int32_t bytes_to_read,
                         struct PP_CompletionCallback callback) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::ReadResponseBody: loader_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              loader_id);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(buffer);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(bytes_to_read);
  UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(callback);
  NACL_UNIMPLEMENTED();
  return PP_ERROR_BADRESOURCE;
}

int32_t FinishStreamingToFile(PP_Resource loader_id,
                              struct PP_CompletionCallback callback) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::FinishStreamingToFile: loader_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              loader_id);

  URLLoader* loader = GetResource(loader_id)->AsURLLoader();
  if (loader == NULL)
    return PP_ERROR_BADRESOURCE;
  URLRequestInfo* request = loader->request();
  URLResponseInfo* response = loader->response();
  CHECK(request != NULL && response != NULL);

  // We fake-stream the file. main.cc must provide the path for this to work.
  // Note that will only work if embed uses a relative nexe url.
  // TODO(polina): generalize this to work with full urls as well?
  if (g_nacl_ppapi_local_path == NACL_NO_FILE_PATH)
    return PP_ERROR_FAILED;
  std::string local_file = g_nacl_ppapi_local_path + "/" + request->url();

  // Set up the the file object corresponding to the response body.
  FileRef* file_ref = new FileRef(local_file);
  response->set_body_as_file_ref(file_ref);
  PP_Resource file_ref_id = TrackResource(file_ref);
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::FinishStreamingToFile: file_ref_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              file_ref_id);

  // Call the callback right away to simplify mocking.
  if (callback.func == NULL)
    return PP_ERROR_BADARGUMENT;
  PP_RunCompletionCallback(&callback, PP_OK);
  return PP_ERROR_WOULDBLOCK;  // Fake successful async call.
}

void Close(PP_Resource loader_id) {
  DebugPrintf("URLLoader::ReadResponseBody: loader_id=%"NACL_PRId64"\n",
              loader_id);
  NACL_UNIMPLEMENTED();
}

}  // namespace

const PPB_URLLoader* URLLoader::GetInterface() {
  static const PPB_URLLoader url_loader_interface = {
    Create,
    IsURLLoader,
    Open,
    FollowRedirect,
    GetUploadProgress,
    GetDownloadProgress,
    GetResponseInfo,
    ReadResponseBody,
    FinishStreamingToFile,
    Close
  };
  return &url_loader_interface;
}

}  // namespace fake_browser_ppapi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Patrick Wimmer (Tulln an der Donau, 30 mei 2001) is een Oostenrijks voetballer die doorgaans speelt als middenvelder. In juli 2022 verruilde hij Arminia Bielefeld voor VfL Wolfsburg. Wimmer maakte in 2022 zijn debuut in het Oostenrijks voetbalelftal.

Clubcarrière
Wimmer speelde in de jeugd van SC Sitzenberg en SG Waidhofen, voor hij in 2017 terechtkwam bij SV Gaflenz. Hier speelde hij twee seizoenen, voor Austria Wien de middenvelder haalde als versterking voor het tweede elftal. Nog voor het einde van het kalenderjaar maakte hij echter al zijn debuut in het eerste elftal, op 8 december. Op die dag werd in de Bundesliga gespeeld op bezoek bij stadsgenoot Rapid Wien (2–2). Hij moest op de reservebank beginnen en mocht een minuut voor tijd invallen voor Dominik Fitz. Zijn eerste doelpunt voor Austria maakte Wimmer op 8 juli 2020, in de eigen Generali Arena tegen Rheindorf Altach. Na zevenentwintig minuten opende hij de score op aangeven van Christoph Monschein. Hierdoor won Austria het duel met 1–0. In de zomer van 2021 maakte Wimmer voor een bedrag van circa zevenhonderdduizend euro de overstap naar Arminia Bielefeld, waar hij zijn handtekening zette onder een verbintenis voor de duur van vier seizoenen. Voor het einde van het seizoen werd de Oostenrijker al vastgelegd door VfL Wolfsburg, per juli 2022. Hij tekende bij zijn nieuwe club een contract tot medio 2027.

Clubstatistieken

Bijgewerkt op 1 juli 2022.

Interlandcarrière
Wimmer maakte op 13 juni 2022 zijn debuut in het Oostenrijks voetbalelftal toen in een wedstrijd om de UEFA Nations League met 2–0 verloren werd van Denemarken door doelpunten van Jonas Wind en Andreas Skov Olsen. Wimmer mocht van bondscoach Ralf Rangnick in de basisopstelling beginnen en hij werd in de rust gewisseld ten faveure van Karim Onisiwo.

Bijgewerkt op 1 juli 2022.

Referenties

Oostenrijks voetballer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Pearl/Adams was on the scene for the 2017 WGI World Championships, hosted at the University of Dayton Arena in Dayton, OH, April 20th-23rd. As a Presenting Sponsor of Winter Guard International, Pearl is proud of all of the performers that took part in this year's Championship event. WGI Finals is the culmination of many hours of practice, training, and hard work, and this year's event set new standards in the ways of percussion performance.
Congratulations to all of the participants of the 2017 WGI World Championships!


DARICE-Craft Designer Pom Poms. These acrylic pom poms are perfect for all kinds of crafts for children of all ages. Pom poms have been around for years and are a proven favorite for crafts at home; school; camp and just about anywhere else. This package contains forty-five 3/4in pom poms that are available in a variety of colors. WARNING: Choking Hazard-small parts. Not for children under 3 years. Imported.
Darice 10176-30 Pom Poms .75 Inch 45/Pkg is just amazing. For 6.12, it's unrivalled craft embellishments.


text:
BGSU Staff Member Creates Board Game in Support of Bipolar Awareness
Mike Addison with his Space Princess game
By Amber Stark '99
While his "elegant strategy game for two" involves a lot of decisions, it wasn't hard for Bowling Green State University Applications Developer Mike Addison to decide to make a board game in support of bipolar awareness. Inspired by Carrie Fisher, Space Princess is fully funded on Indiegogo, with a portion of each pledge going to the International Bipolar Foundation (IBDF).
"Carrie Fisher meant a lot to me as a hero," said Addison, a 1999 BGSU alumnus. "She was representative of my childhood. My way of processing my feelings about her death was to design a game. We are releasing it to honor her memory and inspire new heroes to follow in her footsteps."
Not only did Fisher, who had bipolar disorder, support bipolar awareness and the IBPF, members of the Space Princess team, including Addison, have family members who have struggled with bipolar disorder.
"Carrie Fisher was and still is very relevant to a lot of things our society is struggling with," Addison said. "She was a strong woman in genre fiction in the '70s, which was rare. It is important that women and girls, as well as men, have good female role models."
Although this is the first game Addison has published, he has been designing games for about 10 years as a hobby. He started working on Space Princess in December 2016, and continued on and off through 2017.
"Along the line, I realized I actually had a pretty well self-contained game I could share with other people and do some good," he said.
The game was play-tested and then Addison brought in an illustrator, Rachel Kozy, and a graphic designer, Ian Moss, to finish the game in January.
"I've very proud of how it came out," Addison said. "The artwork and design bridge the strategy and game-play elements and imagination of the player."
Participants can play this pocket-sized game as the Space Princess, using wits, holograms and a trusty blaster to evade the forces of evil and escape the star cruiser, or they can play as the Dark Zealot, controlling troopers and sinister powers to trap the Space Princess before she escapes.
Addison said the game plays very quickly, but is challenging, featuring a lot of choices along the way.
"As you get closer to an ending, every decision counts," he said. "But players will feel engaged throughout the whole game."
Addison said Space Princess is similar to chess or Stratego. More experienced game players might compare it to Onitama, The Duke or Burgle Bros.
"It doesn't have a lot of complicated math or rules," Addison said. "The rules are simple, elegant."
Addison started playing Dungeons and Dragons when he was 12. He said one of the great things about that game is that it invites players to be creative, which got him interested in designing games. Some of his favorite games are Pandemic and Ghost Stories.
Like many popular board games today, Space Princess has room for expansions.
"Expansions are possible and we would like to reach a larger audience," Addison said, adding that the game's success on Indiegogo is social proof that they have something with this game. "Originally, we wanted to create something that wasn't too big of an ask, that made people feel good about supporting the cause and feel they were getting something good in return."
Space Princess fits a specific niche in the board game industry, being a quick, two-player game that can fit in your pocket. BoardGameGeek, an online board gaming resource and community, highlighted the game earlier this month.
About 5.7 million American adults, or about 2.6 percent of the population, age 18 and older in any given year have bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood. However, some people have their first symptoms during childhood, and some develop them late in life. It is often not recognized as an illness, and people may suffer for years before it is properly diagnosed and treated.
Campus Update
marketing@bgsu.edu
For more information on our Media Team visit the Marketing & Communications website


Wairau River (pronounced why-ra-ow) produces wines exclusively sourced from our family estate vineyards first established in 1978 by Phil & Chris Rose. Hand tended in small batches from vine to bottle, low crops and ultra ripe fruit are utilised to produce premium wine that has become renowned for exhibiting intense fruit characteristics and classical elegance. With five estate vineyards of around 500 acres, Wairau River Wines can maintain total commitment to quality by carefully managing these sites to keep yields low and quality high.
Wairau River is one of the largest independent wine estates in Marlborough, and the range of elegant wines is characteristically expressive of its Marlborough roots.


text:
package info.bitrich.xchangestream.gemini;

import static org.knowm.xchange.gemini.v1.GeminiAdapters.adaptTrades;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import info.bitrich.xchangestream.core.StreamingMarketDataService;
import info.bitrich.xchangestream.gemini.dto.GeminiLimitOrder;
import info.bitrich.xchangestream.gemini.dto.GeminiOrderbook;
import info.bitrich.xchangestream.gemini.dto.GeminiWebSocketTransaction;
import info.bitrich.xchangestream.service.netty.StreamingObjectMapperHelper;
import io.reactivex.Observable;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import org.knowm.xchange.currency.CurrencyPair;
import org.knowm.xchange.dto.marketdata.OrderBook;
import org.knowm.xchange.dto.marketdata.Ticker;
import org.knowm.xchange.dto.marketdata.Trade;
import org.knowm.xchange.exceptions.NotAvailableFromExchangeException;
import org.knowm.xchange.exceptions.NotYetImplementedForExchangeException;
import org.knowm.xchange.gemini.v1.dto.marketdata.GeminiTrade;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/** Created by Lukas Zaoralek on 15.11.17. */
public class GeminiStreamingMarketDataService implements StreamingMarketDataService {
  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GeminiStreamingMarketDataService.class);

  private final GeminiStreamingService service;
  private final Map<CurrencyPair, GeminiOrderbook> orderbooks = new HashMap<>();

  private final ObjectMapper mapper = StreamingObjectMapperHelper.getObjectMapper();

  public GeminiStreamingMarketDataService(GeminiStreamingService service) {
    this.service = service;
  }

  private boolean filterEventsByReason(JsonNode message, String type, String reason) {
    boolean hasEvents = false;
    if (message.has("events")) {
      for (JsonNode jsonEvent : message.get("events")) {
        boolean reasonResult =
            reason == null
                || (jsonEvent.has("reason") && jsonEvent.get("reason").asText().equals(reason));
        if (jsonEvent.get("type").asText().equals(type) && reasonResult) {
          hasEvents = true;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    return hasEvents;
  }

  @Override
  public Observable<OrderBook> getOrderBook(CurrencyPair currencyPair, Object... args) {

    Observable<GeminiOrderbook> subscribedOrderbookSnapshot =
        service
            .subscribeChannel(currencyPair, args)
            .filter(
                s ->
                    filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "initial")
                        || filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "place")
                        || filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "cancel")
                        || filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "trade"))
            .map(
                (JsonNode s) -> {
                  if (filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "initial")) {
                    GeminiWebSocketTransaction transaction =
                        mapper.treeToValue(s, GeminiWebSocketTransaction.class);
                    GeminiOrderbook orderbook = transaction.toGeminiOrderbook(currencyPair);
                    orderbooks.put(currencyPair, orderbook);
                    return orderbook;
                  }

                  if (filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "place")
                      || filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "cancel")
                      || filterEventsByReason(s, "change", "trade")) {

                    GeminiWebSocketTransaction transaction =
                        mapper.treeToValue(s, GeminiWebSocketTransaction.class);
                    GeminiLimitOrder[] levels = transaction.toGeminiLimitOrdersUpdate();
                    GeminiOrderbook orderbook = orderbooks.get(currencyPair);
                    orderbook.updateLevels(levels);
                    return orderbook;
                  }

                  throw new NotYetImplementedForExchangeException(
                      " Unknown message type, even after filtering: " + s.toString());
                });

    return subscribedOrderbookSnapshot.map(GeminiOrderbook::toOrderbook);
  }

  @Override
  public Observable<Ticker> getTicker(CurrencyPair currencyPair, Object... args) {
    throw new NotAvailableFromExchangeException();
  }

  @Override
  public Observable<Trade> getTrades(CurrencyPair currencyPair, Object... args) {
    Observable<GeminiTrade[]> subscribedTrades =
        service
            .subscribeChannel(currencyPair, args)
            .filter(s -> filterEventsByReason(s, "trade", null))
            .map(
                (JsonNode s) -> {
                  GeminiWebSocketTransaction transaction =
                      mapper.treeToValue(s, GeminiWebSocketTransaction.class);
                  return transaction.toGeminiTrades();
                });

    return subscribedTrades.flatMapIterable(s -> adaptTrades(s, currencyPair).getTrades());
  }
}


As a prelude to Excon 2015, a road show was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) at Mumbai on October 8, 2015. In essence, this meet was organised by CII to showcase the exhibition and give an overview. The event was attended by all sections of the connected stakeholders.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved a one time fund infusion to revive and physically complete languishing national highway projects under the extension of provision available for BOT (Toll) projects to BOT (annuity) projects.
Erich Nesselhauf handled global assignments in various countries in Europe and Asia including responsibility to kick start green field activities with a diverse mix of global and local teams with multi-cultural exposure.
Shipra Tripathi heads Corporate Global Marketing and Communications for Kirloskar Brothers. Her focus is on working with emerging economies in the continents of Africa and South East Asia.
Hannover Messe 2015, the world´s largest and oldest engineering trade fair in Germany, along with EEPC India, embarked a roadshow in Mumbai with the focal theme as ´Make In India opportunities at Hannover Messe 2015´ as India will represent as the official Partner Country this year.
Our Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) has no vision for the country. Cannot they spend even 0.01 per cent of the total outlay for training? This is simply unacceptable, says Prof. Prithvi Singh Kandhal, Associate Director Emeritus, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
It's time for the show!
The 3rd edition of bC India, which mirrors the pulse of the CE industry, is expected to attract over 30,000 visitors to witness the exciting range of construction and mining equipment and machinery.


Welcome to the Early Start E-Resource Pathfinder!
The Pathfinder is an easy-to-use research tool that leads you to a wealth of early intervention information. It organizes early intervention resources into several broad categories where you'll find articles, books, research summaries, DVDs, websites, podcasts, communities and other early intervention information.
A list of common early intervention key words, terms and phrases will help you focus and refine your search topic.
The Pathfinder is supported by the California Department of Developmental Services (DDS), the lead agency for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part C in California, and administered by the WestEd Center for Prevention & Early Intervention (CPEI). It offers vetted, up-to-date, evidence-based resources focused on early intervention. Each resource listing has been peer-reviewed and meets both DDS and CPEI criteria for credibility and currency in the field. All listed resources are either government-funded or backed by a respected research, community or professional organization with an outstanding track record of providing accurate information in the field of early intervention.
What is "evidence-based"? Evidence-based practice applies a decision-making process that integrates the best available research evidence with family and professional wisdom and values. The intersection of these three bodies of information will be different for each individual child and family. In some cases, the evidence base may be solid and the values of the family strongly behind a specific approach. In other cases, there may be little research evidence available and the family may be uncertain about what to do. In this case, practitioner wisdom and values may be the dominant influence in decision-making. Each child and family is different and will have a different approach that will be best for them.


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Winston S. Churchill: Never Despair, 1945–1965 (Volume VIII)
Winston S. Churchill: Never Despair, 1945–1965 (Volume VIII) By Martin Gilbert
The final volume of the official biography spans Churchill's life from the defeat of Germany in 1945 to his death nearly twenty years later. It sees him first at the pinnacle of his power, leader of a victorious Britain. In July 1945 at Potsdam, Churchill, Stalin, and Truman aimed to shape postwar Europe.
The final volume of the official biography spans Churchill's life from the defeat of Germany in 1945 to his death nearly twenty years later. It sees him first at the pinnacle of his power, leader of a victorious Britain. In July 1945 at Potsdam, Churchill, Stalin, and Truman aimed to shape postwar Europe. But while still grappling with world issues Churchill returned to Britain for the general election results and was thrown out of office.
For six years Churchill worked to restore the fortunes of Britain's Conservative Party, while at the same time warning the world of Communist ambitions, urging the reconciliation of France and Germany, pioneering the concept of a united Europe, and seeking to maintain the closest possible links between Britain and the United States. His aim throughout was to achieve not confrontation with the Soviet Union but conciliation based firmly upon Western strength and unity.
In October 1951 Churchill became prime minister for the second time. The Great Powers were at peace but under the shadow of a fearful new weapon, the hydrogen bomb. Hoping, after the election of Eisenhower in 1952 and the death of Stalin in 1953, for a fresh start in East–West relations, Churchill worked for a new summit conference; but in April 1955 ill health and pressure from colleagues forced him to resign.
In retirement Churchill traveled widely; took up painting again; completed the four-volume History of the English-Speaking Peoples; and watched as world conflicts continued, still convinced that they could be resolved by statesmanship. "Never despair" remained his watchword, and his faith, until the end. That end came slowly; for those nearest to him it was a sad decline. Yet almost to his ninetieth year he was able to follow events with hope and faith in the ability of man to survive his own folly.
Sir Martin Gilbert was born in England in 1936. He was a graduate of Oxford University, from which he held a Doctorate of Letters, and was an Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. In 1962 he began work as one of Randolph Churchill's research assistants, and in 1968, after Randolph Churchill's death, he became the official biographer of Winston Churchill. He published six volumes of the Churchill biography, and edited twelve volumes of Churchill documents. During forty-eight years of research and writing, Sir Martin published eighty books, including The First World War, The Second World War, and a three-volume History of the Twentieth Century. He also wrote, as part of his series of ten historical atlases, Atlas of the First World War, and, most recently, Atlas of the Second World War. Sir Martin's film and television work included a documentary series on the life of Winston Churchill. His other published works include Churchill: A Photographic Portrait, In Search of Churchill, Churchill and America, and the single volume Churchill, A Life.


Still playing catch up. Here is my take on night sky. I have done galaxy mani's before and wanted to try it in a different way. I got the idea to try the galaxy french from Nail Art 101.
Ignore the blob of orange on my pinky.
Yay, I knocked another nail art design from the WAH Book of Nail Art. This one was inspired by the painter Piet Mondrian.
OK finally back to doing a daily nail art challenge! I feel that this one is way out of my league as I have no art skills whats-so ever. Well it can't hurt to try.
First up Achromatic, no lie I gad to look this up as I had no idea what it was. What it actually means is the absence of color( Thanks Google). For today I did a black, grey, and white camo design with black and white glitter accent nail.
I was trying again to try and do a equalizer on my nails and again I failed. This time I spaced my colors out to far on my sponge when I was doing the gradient part. I ended up liking the way It looked so decided to just keep it the way it was then start all over.
Here is the gradient on its own.
After looking at it I decided to put some black and white glitter over top of the gradient. It gives it a more edgy look.
I just recently got drafted onto a official pool tear ( also know as billiards in other counties). I can not play pool, but they needed a low number ( I would start off as a 3) so I said I would help out.
WHAT DID I TALK MYSELF INTO !!!!!!!!!!!!
I know the gist of the game get balls in the pocket, but there is so much more to it. Balls have to touch rail a certain amount of times or your ball can not touch this ball if it did not hit this ball. My new teammates and others are trying to teach me the things I do not know and what I am doing wrong so far. I am scared shitless as our first match is tomorrow and I still don't know 100% what I am doing. I don't want to let my team down , but they keep telling me to have fun and just make the balls in the pocket don't worry about any fancy stuff right now. This will be the first time that I am on a team competing for something ( trip to Vegas to play if we make it that far) and will have everyone watching my every move.
I decided to do some pool nails to get myself into the mood for tomorrows match, who knows they might not need me to play yet as it is a strategy thing and it depends on who the other team puts up to play.
My nails did look nice when I put the top coat on, but then my puppy sister came over with my mom and did not notice my nails smudged till she left. We are playing 9 ball so we have to get the balls in the pockets in numeral order so I did my nails in all the ball colors and included the cue ball.
So I am no longer doing any more overtime at the warehouse, but the call center is still crazy. I needed a pick- me up yesterday so I went to Claire's to buy some nail polish. I immediately noticed Bright Lights Big City which is a gorgeous holo black polish that has a slight texture matte finish, I took one look at it and said galaxy mani. I finally see what a true holo polish looks like and am in love with all the colors of the rainbow.
I'm sure that everyone had a favorite nail when they do these mine was my thumb.


IPR And CBM — You May Be In For A Trip To The Fed. Circ.
ICANN's Trademark Clearinghouse to Open March 26, 2013 – Should You Participate?
In re Bilski: A Meaningful Contraction of Business Method Patents?
Linking And Framing: Unfair Competition On The Internet?
Is the U.S. Nanotechnology Investment Paying Off?


The purpose of this study is to describe the factors those influence the high school students' teaching profession career choices and to explore their attitudes, beliefs and opinions towards teaching profession in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). A mixed-methods approach was applied through the use of a hand out questionnaire survey contained closed ended questions to describe the factors that affect high school students' career choice among 1989 high school students, of which 56 percent (n=1113) female and, 44 percent (n=876) were male students, in 103, public and 22 private schools, followed by a semi structured interviews with the 12 focused group to explore their perceptions, opinions and attitudes towards teaching profession as a career. Theage range of the respondents was between 16-18 years. The participants were from all over the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and mostly they were from middle and low-socio economic status families. This mixed method study lasted for 6 months during the 2016-2017 academic year. It was significantly found that the majority of the participants do not believe that teaching is an attractive job in regards to social status of teaching, salary, stress that comes with the overloaded work, and the fact that teachers and society do not encourage students to be a teacher. Besides, the participants, who believe that teaching career is not satisfactory, agreed that teaching is a sacred profession. High school students' perception towards teaching profession as a career in the Middle East countries remains a relatively unexplored area within existing literature. This study reveals new insights into the career choices of high school students, who are surrounded between the need and expectation of the education field for quality and the pressure of the society for a status.


I will now present a series of articles on the prophecies from the Bible that show the validity and authority of God's Word, the Bible. The purpose of these articles will be to help us strengthen our faith in God and in His warnings and pleadings to us as seen in the Bible. The articles will also demonstrate God's format in dealing with sin, its final destruction, the complete removal of satan and his host of evil angels, and of those that reject his offer of pardon and restoration, and the final restoration and healing of earth and its godly inhabitants.
Please let it be known that I am not disparaging or condemning any nation, religion, or religious organization; I am simply relating the biblical prophecies as they have been understood by many, and how nations and religious organizations have been impacted. Before we proceed I would like to remind us of how God uses His prophets to warn humanity of His impending judgements on earth due to man's rejection of God's offer of pardon, forgiveness, and the restoration of a life and character without sin and wickedness. In Amos 3:7, and Numbers12:6 we read that God will always reveal to His prophets His plans for dealing with planet earth. By revealing His intentions to His prophets they will in turn reveal them to the inhabitants of earth so they can order their lives after God's guidance. Failure to take heed to these warnings will incur the penalty of death when God comes to restore the earth to its original beauty and sinlessness by removing all sin, sinners and satan from the universe.
There will come a time when "the great controversy between Christ and satan will end; sin and sinners will be no more. One pulse of harmony and gladness will beat throughout the vast creation. From Him who created all, will flow life and light and gladness, throughout the realms of illimitable space. From the minutest atom to the greatest world, all things, animate and inanimate, in their unshadowed beauty and perfect joy, will declare that God is love." The Great Controversy Between Christ and Satan, E. G. White, p. 678. Ed. 1888. In Hosea 12:13 we are told that God's people Israel were brought out of Egypt by a prophet, and that God preserved them by a prophet. Isn't it reassuring that God watches our back? God loves us so much that He continually sends His prophets to keep us safe; how can we reject such a loving saviour?
Now let's first look at the book of Daniel for the prophecies there that reveal God's plans for humanity. First I must state a very important bit of information. Properly understood, the Bible shows us that God does not "make" prophecies happen; God however, reveals to us how mankind will chart his own life and his society, and how God will bring man's activities to a close. In other words, God's foreknowledge does not make things happen; but God uses His foreknowledge to reveal to us what man is planning; and at the same time God reveals to us His plans for those that love Him. The book of Daniel was written by the prophet Daniel in the 6th Century. Jesus testified to this fact, Mat. 24:15; also, Jewish history testifies to this. There are many other good evidences that demonstrate that Daniel was indeed the author of the book of Daniel.
Let's look at Daniel 2. In Daniel 2 we find a pageant of world history beginning from the Babylonian empire down to the second coming of Jesus Christ to this world. Remember the Babylonian empire was the superpower of the day that conquered Israel due to their rejection of God's marvelous laws and guidance given to them, and to their practice of wickedness. In Daniel 2 we read that king Nebuchadnezzar had been worried about the future of his kingdom. That night he dreamed of a huge statue whose head was of gold, the breast and arms of silver, the belly and thighs of brass, the two legs were of iron, and the feet were of iron mixed with clay. Next he saw a rock cut out (of the mountains evidently) without hands; this rock smashed the image on its feet and immediately the entire stature was destroyed completely. The rock, however, became a huge mountain and filled the entire earth.
This dream worried the king so much that he decided to have all his wise men killed because they could not tell him what he dreamed seeing he himself could not remember its contents, but demanded that they tell him both his dream and its explanation! When Daniel heard of the decree to kill all the wise men, he pleaded successfully with the king's general to give him time to talk to his three Hebrew colleagues and to pray about the matter. Then one night God gave Daniel the same dream and its explanation! Here's the explanation God gave Daniel for the king-and of course for us today as well: The golden head of the image represented Babylon, Dan. 2:38. History attests to the fact that Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar, was the greatest superpower in the world at that time. This pagan, Aramaic city's name "Babel" means according to the Hebrew dictionary and to William Gesenius' lexicon, 'the gate of the god.' And is associated also with 'confusion' when God confounded Nimrod's city Babel by creating different languages so as to prevent the people under Nimrod from amassing in Babel and building the tower of Babel instead of migrating across the earth as God had told them to. Read this in Genesis 10:8-10 and 11:1-9.
After the head of gold there came a weaker empire represented by the breast and arms of silver. This was Media-Persia the empire that conquered Babylon, see verse 39; history shows this to be an historical fact. The Persian empire was next conquered by the Grecian empire, famous for its bronze art, ware, and weaponry. Again history shows that the Grecian empire was supplanted by an Iron monarchy, famously known as the Roman empire. The Roman empire itself eventually divided into the ten kingdoms of Europe, some as strong as Iron others as weak as clay! Daniel 2: 41, 42. Daniel ends this account by saying that in the days of divided Europe the God of heaven will set up His kingdom, represented as a stone, which shall never be destroyed, but this kingdom shall supplant all other kingdoms of the earth. In the next article we will summarize this dream. May God bless you all. Pastor Ron Henderson is a Seventh-day Adventist pastor and if you have any questions you may reach him at: ronhende@outlook.com.


Sydney captain Josh Kennedy is used to being tagged but the star midfielder is set for some close attention during summer.
New Swan Ryan Clarke is looking forward to shadowing the big-bodied midfielder after arriving for the first day of pre-season training.
The former Kangaroo moved north during the AFL's trade period, the Swans giving up pick No.62 to acquire his services.
Clarke looms as Dan Hannebery's likely replacement but will face stiff competition from the returning Callum Mills, Ollie Florent and Jake Lloyd.
"There's some superstars of the modern game in the Swans' midfield so I'm really looking forward to getting started and I'm going to try and soak up as much information as I can," Clarke said.
"I'm going to (do a) fair bit of work with (Josh) Kennedy and see how he attacks the contested ball.
"I had some really good midfielders like Shaun Higgins and Ben Cunnington to learn from at North Melbourne.
"I'm also looking forward to adding a few more strings to my bow, like consistency, getting a bit better on the inside, and adding some polish on the outside."
Clarke played 40 games for the Kangaroos, including 19 this year as he averaged 19 disposals and 1.6 tackles a game playing mainly on the wing.
North Melbourne face Sydney in Round 9 in Hobart but Clarke has bigger fish to fry before facing his former teammates.
"I'm not looking that far forward, Round 1 is my goal so I'm not looking past that," he said.
The Swans lost Hannebery, Nic Newman and Gary Rohan during the trade period, adding Clarke and delisted free agent Jackson Thurlow from Geelong.
After seeing former teammates Josh Caddy and Nathan Vardy win premierships, Murdoch was confident he could he could make the most of his second chance.
""You hear about the culture and the way this footy club has been built over the past 20 or 30 years, it's a real powerhouse," he said.
"The other thing you hear from the outside is that the Swans have got a real knack for investing in good people, so coming to the club you know you're going to be surrounded those sorts of people.
"Plus, a lot of guys that have left Geelong in recent years have all had some really good success.
"Nathan Vardy left (for West Coast) and he won a flag, Josh Caddy left (for Richmond) and he won a flag, and even Joel Hamling left (for the Western Bulldogs) and he won a flag."


How Can I Encourage Cold Weather Safety for My Crew?
Autumn is here once more, and for crews across the country, that means cold working conditions are just around the corner. Just as summer presents its own set of safety concerns for outdoor workers, winter does, too. Is your team armed with proper cold weather safety information for the months ahead?
Encourage proper attire when crews are on the job. This might include layered clothing, protective gloves and water-repellent jackets.
Ask team members to take frequent breaks in warm, dry areas. This allows their bodies a chance to warm up.
Plan work during the warmest times of the day.
Have crew members consider what is going into their bodies. Warm, high-calorie foods like pasta are a great option, as are warm, sweet beverages. Ask them to avoid caffeinated or alcoholic drinks.
Work in pairs. This way, someone is more likely to recognize signs of cold stress before the situation becomes a full-fledged emergency.
Of course, it doesn't end there. OSHA offers other helpful information on keeping your crew safe in the cold. You can learn more on their website, or by taking advantage of their many free training materials.


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Home/Evil West
Evil West is a third-person shooter video game developed by Flying Wild Hog and published by Focus Entertainment. In Evil West's solo or coop mode, you can battle with style in visceral, explosive combat against ravenous monstrosities and annihilate the vampiric hordes with your lightning-fueled gauntlet and become a Wild West Superhero. Don't forget to check this page to get useful information on your Old West journey.
Developed by Flying Wild Hog, Evil West is a third-person shooter game set in the Wild West. It's the tale…
Evil West Enemies
Evil West is a third-person shooter made by Flying Wild Hog. It takes place in a different version of the…
Evil West Missions List
Evil West is designed as a single-player action-adventure game, but it also allows players to take on missions with a…
Evil West Weapon List
Having a huge arsenal is important in the newest explosive third-person shooter game, Evil West. Here is the Evil West…
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