Maybe it's the nice, neat round number of the 100th anniversary. Maybe it's the resurgence of China and Russia as global powers and the feeling of increasing anxiety that has resulted in some quarters. Maybe it's the flood of new books, television programs, and media attention to all matters relating to 1914.
Whatever it is, analogies to 1914 are everywhere. The prime minister of Japan is making them, comparing the Chinese–Japanese situation today to that of Germany and Britain a century ago. Scholars like Margaret MacMillan, Christopher Clark, and John Mearsheimer also see in 2014 a replay of the world of 1914 with its multipolarity, its world of rising and falling powers, and the seemingly random acts of potentially state-sponsored terrorists.
As a professional historian who studies World War I for a living, I see echoes of the First World War everywhere. It truly is, in George Kennan's phrase, the seminal catastrophe of the twentieth century. No understanding of the world we inhabit is even remotely complete without a deep understanding of the Great War in all of its stunning complexity.
Therein lies the problem: very few people really understand this incredibly complex event. For decades now, we have been content with simple stereotypes and half-truths. The incredible paucity of serious scholarship on the topic in the United States and the astonishingly narrow scope of so much European scholarship have not helped us. As a result, we find ourselves a century later with a vague understanding that the war is of vital importance, but know little about it.
Thus the analogies are everywhere, but nowhere do they give us the knowledge and the fidelity we need. Take, for example, the outbreak of the war in 1914. It has become common to draw upon 1914 to depict a rising China as the new Germany, a growing revisionist state with excess power that it will, sooner or later, use. In this analogy, the United States is the new Britain, a global empire on the decline that cannot contain or deter the rising challenger for much longer. Each new crisis brings new analogies: that western intervention in Syria will bring a new war of alliances, for example, or that the next Gavrilo Princip (Archduke Ferdinand's assassin) will not be holding a gun but a smart phone, and instead of killing an archduke, he (or she) will shut down a power grid.
So we should not be surprised that the Russian takeover of Crimea has brought forth the same kind of analogies. But let's take a step back and be sure we understand the history we are using as our analogy. The Crimea analogy has a rising Russia temporarily taking the place of China as the main threat to western interests. Eventually, so the analogy suggests, the Russians will rise to a point that they invade a latter-day Belgium like, say, a NATO member in the Baltics, and an alliance system will kick in, dragging the world to war.
We cannot predict the future, of course, and such a scenario could well happen. But the experience of 1914 does not actually suggest that it will. Although few people today recognize it, the First World War occurred not as tensions were rising between the great powers, but as they were, in fact, falling. On the very day that Gavrilo Princip shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the British and German navies were not planning how to sink one another; they were instead getting riotously drunk together at Fleet Week ceremonies in Kiel. Even after the hangovers faded and news of the assassination spread, the British still fully expected to return Germany's hospitality in Portsmouth the following year. Germany had, in fact, accepted that it had lost the naval arms race with Britain. The celebrations at Kiel showed how little it mattered, especially given the ever-growing commercial links between the two.
In France, too, tensions with Germany had fallen. To be sure, French nationalists still pined for the return of Alsace-Lorraine, but "the lost provinces" were no longer a cause for war. None of France's allies wanted to go to war for French territorial ambition. More than a generation of Frenchmen had grown up never knowing Alsace and Lorraine as French, and by all evidence they no longer cared. Socialists and businessmen alike in both France and Germany spoke openly of the day when the recent hatreds between their two countries would vanish, just as the much older hatreds between France and Britain recently had.
Placing the causes of this war on the Rhine River and the English Channel badly misses the point. The causes were on the Danube, where Austro-Hungarian officials saw in the assassination of an unloved archduke a chance to push their luck. From this act, the states of Europe went to war, but they did so not out of enthusiasm, a need to balance challengers, or a desire to avenge ancient hatreds. Structural causes did not drag Europe into war. Had that been the case, then any number of recent crises should have done the trick. The July Crisis was different because of the odd perfect storm it seemed to create for leaders in Vienna.
The real lesson of 1914, therefore, may well be that great power rivalry does not always explain the outbreak of major wars. In this case, a conflict between one great and one lesser power made a very deadly mountain out of a molehill—and the assassination of the archduke was surely a molehill. The outbreak of the First World War so deeply stunned Europeans precisely because they never saw it coming. That conclusion is hard to accept because we want so much to distill the lessons from 1914 and learn from them. But if we know the wrong history, we will learn the wrong lessons. And we will do so to our great peril.
Michael Neiberg is Professor of History in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the United States Army War College. He is the author of several books on the world wars, including Dance of the Furies: Europe and the Outbreak of War in 1914 (Harvard University Press, 2011) and The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris in 1944 (Basic Books, 2012). Basic Books will soon publish his tentatively titled, TERMINAL: The Potsdam Conference and the End of the Era of Total War in Europe, 1914-1945. The views expressed herein are those of the author, not of the Army War College, the United States Army, or the Department of Defense. Follow him on twitter: @MichaelNeiberg.


Kathleen T. Staub (nee Rys) Dearly beloved wife of Carl (deceased); life partner of Gary Cline (deceased); dearest mother of Sandra Dorsey (Nicholas), Angela Tousley, and Cynthia Torma (Steven); loving grandmother of Jacob, Amanda Dorsey, Melanie and Ashley Tousley, Jon, Ally, Will, Cara, and Raiden Torma; dearest daughter of Hanna Kessler (Joseph, deceased) and John Rys (deceased); dear sister and step-sister of many.
The family will receive friends at Vito-Nero Funeral Home 6130 Turney Road (Two Blocks South of Rockside) on Monday from 2-4 and 6-8 p.m.
Newer PostElizabeth T. Ryglewicz "Betty"


Living Jewelry designs are a common occurrence in varying cultures that feature jeweled beetles and other insects worn for decorative purposes. Inspired by this concept, MIT's Vision Lab created a robotic reiteration which features palm sized bots that cling to the wearer's clothes with magnets.
In addition to being decorative, the robots are being designed to preform a surprising range of functions. With the help of kinetic movements, the wheeled robots will one day be able to crawl up to a user's mouth as a phone call comes in or toward the wrist to hapitically alert the wearer of an incoming notification. Although its current primary function is decorative, living jewelry is reflective of the powerful relationship between technology and design that can help further integrate technological convenience into our everyday lives.


Here is a complete listing of Alfred Hitchcock's silent film work, including his apprentice work at the Famous Players-Lasky British studio where he only designed titles, up to Blackmail, his last silent and first sound film. Noted are his credits for each film, and whether or not it is known to survive. All are feature-length except Number Thirteen and Always Tell Your Wife, which were both two-reelers.
None of the films that Hitchcock did the titles for are known to survive. It is unclear whether the one reel that survives of Always Tell Your Wife features Hitchcock's work or not. Around 2,000ft of The Prude's Fall survives. The Passionate Adventure survives in a German titled version. There are at least two different prints of The Pleasure Garden in existence, a print which was shown a few years ago on Danish television being different in a number of respects to that in the BFI National Archive. Easy Virtue seems to exist only in 16mm. The Mountain Eagle is the only silent feature film directed by Hitchcock which remains lost. There are some striking stills from the production reproduced in Dan Aulier's Hitchcock's Secret Notebooks. All of Hitchcock's extant silent work is available on videotape or DVD, with the exception of Always Tell Your Wife.
For more information, see Charles Barr's English Hitchcock, Marc Raymond Strauss' Alfred Hitchcock's Silent Films, or the catalogue for the 1999 Giornate del Cinema Muto, which featured a retrospective of all Hitchcock's extant silent films.
Three reels, or 30 minutes of The White Shadow, on which Hitchcock served as assistant director and art director, have been discovered in New Zealand. The film was directed by Graham Cutts.


text:
\section{Introduction}

QT is largely a theory of the possible results of measurements in subatomic physics. To a limited degree, QT also describes exactly what happens before a measurement takes place. Even less is known about how the multitude of alternative measurement results is converted to a definite result during a measurement. A number of alternative theories exist on the latter subject and are called interpretations of QT (e.g., Copenhagen interpretation, many worlds interpretation, or transactional interpretation, see \cite{Sexl}). The term "interpretation" gives the impression that these theories are not considered a necessary part of the QT but rather some optional ideas on top of QT. So far, there does not seem to be general agreement among physicists of the correct, or at least most plausible, interpretation of QT.

Part of the "measurement problem of QT" and the quest for the right interpretation of QT is the search for a plausible theory for the "collapse of the wave function". A measurement is assumed to imply the collapse of a wave function, and the various interpretations of QT suggest details on when and how this collapse may occur. One of the interpretations, the many worlds interpretation, denies a collapse of the wave function and suggests an alternative to collapse.
Thus, the collapse of a wave function (or some alternative explanation of why there is no collapse) is an unsolved problem in QT that is intimately connected to the measurement problem.

The author suspects that the reason for the unsatisfactory progress on the measurement problem is mainly because all of the suggested interpretations of QT (except for the transactional interpretation, see \cite{Cramer}) attempt to explain what is happening during a measurement using new ideas based on static declarative equations (such as the Schr\"odinger equation).
The author believes that the measurement problem is mainly a problem of understanding the \emph{process} involved in a QT measurement and that a satisfactory solution can only be found using a process-based description of QT in general, and QT measurement in particular. This process-based description of a theory is called a functional description (or functional interpretation, or functional model) by the author.
The paper proposes a functional model of QT Measurement.
Starting with the assumptions that a measurement always contains at least one interaction between the measured QT object and the measurement apparatus, the model focuses on interactions in QT.

The QT area that addresses the interactions between particles and between particles and fields is quantum field theory (QFT). QFT addresses interactions between particles to a great extent. QFT with its Feynman diagrams and description of scattering processes may also be viewed as containing some elements of a process-based description. Because interactions are the major constituent of the QT measurement process, the model had to be based on QFT. Assuming that the results of interactions are restricted to the capabilities defined by QFT, leads to a "natural" explanation for some of the limitations of QT measurements.

The paper begins with a description of what the measurement problem is (section 2).
The proposed model is described in section 3. Finally, section 4 reviews the questions that have been associated with the measurement problem in the context of the proposed model of the QT measurement process.

\section{What is the QT Measurement Problem?}

A model of the measurement process in QT has also to address the measurement problem of QT. This model of the measurement process includes assumptions and theories of specific aspects that are usually associated with the measurement problem.
\\
Wikipedia \cite{wikimeasure} writes on the measurement problem
\\
"The measurement problem in quantum mechanics is the unresolved problem of how (or if) wave function collapse occurs. The inability to observe this process directly has given rise to different interpretations of quantum mechanics, and poses a key set of questions that each interpretation must answer. "
\\
The key questions to be answered by an interpretation also apply to the proposed model of the measurement process. The set of key questions (or at least their phrasing) differs depending on certain basic assumptions used as a starting point.
A well-founded description of the QT measurement problem is provided in  \cite{Maudlin1}.
Below some key questions addressed by the various interpretations of QT, including the model of the measurement process, are listed.
To describe the measurement problem a very short overview on the relevant laws of QT is useful.

The laws of QT say that the state of a quantum object can be described by a set of operators for various quantities, such as position X, momentum P, angular momentum S, etc.
Differing from classical physics, the state of a quantity in QT (called an observable), e.g., momentum, cannot, in general, be expressed by a single definite value but requires multiple complex numbers called probability amplitudes.
The probability amplitudes are assigned to possible values for the operator. A probability amplitude enables the computation of the probability that a measurement will result in that value. An operator is said to be in a state where it has a definite value, only if one of the probability amplitudes indicates a probability of 1 for the operator.

The laws of quantum physics define the dynamic evolution of the state of a quantum object and the interrelations between the states of the various operators representing the quantum object. These laws imply
\begin{enumerate}
\item Operator states with a definite value are rather exceptional. In general, multiple different values with probabilities $ 0 < probability(value_{i}) < 1 $  are possible.
\item The relationships between operators are such that specific pairs of operators (for example, position X and momentum P) cannot have concurrently definite values.
\end{enumerate}
In the following text, the major subjects related to the measurement problem are described. Each section ends with questions that are unresolved or at least controversial.

\subsection{Reduction}
The root of the measurement problem lies in the fact that measurements can always show only definite values. If it were possible to extract the complete state with all associated probability amplitudes using a single measurement of a quantum object (including those for non-definite values), there would not be much left of the so-called measurement problem.
As a consequence of the rule that the measurement can only deliver definite values, the measurement has to include a reduction of the multiple non-definite values to a single definite value. When the multiple probability amplitudes describing the state of an operator are viewed as
vectors in a vector space, the reduction may be viewed as a projection of that vector to some base (plane). The base to which the projection applies is determined by the measurement apparatus.
The reduction (or projection) is not just part of the generation of a measurement value but modifies the wave function, which can be concluded from the fact that a repeated measurement with the same base results in the same value with certainty.
\\
Questions:
\begin{itemize}
\item Does measurement determine the state of a QT object?
\item Is the wave function complete?
\item Does measurement always have determinate outcome?
\item Why is it impossible to measure the non-definite (probability amplitude) values?
\item Why can measurements only communicate projected values?
\item Why can certain observables not be measured concurrently?
\item When (in the sequence of process steps or under which circumstances) does the transition from probabilities to facts occur?
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Collapse of the wave function}
A second major problem related to (and sometimes equated with) the measurement problem is a satisfactory theory with respect to the "collapse of the wave function". Assuming that the state of a quantum object, including its dynamic evolution, is described by a wave function, a collapse of this wave function has to be assumed when a measurement takes place.
The normal progression of a wave function, e.g., as described by the Schr\"odinger equation, describes a continuous linear evolution of the multiple probability amplitudes that represent the alternative measurement results.
QT considers the multiple alternative paths to be in a superposition. A measurement enforces the selection of a single alternative as the measurement result, which may be viewed as the collapse of the overall wave function that is composed of the superposition of the multiple alternatives.

The many worlds interpretation of QT ( see \cite{Everett} ) denies the collapse of the wave function. This theory assumes that all of the alternative paths for possible measurement results continue to exist; however, each alternative is in a different world (or universe). For reasons described below (section 3.1), the model of the measurement process assumes a collapse of the wave function during the measurement process.
\\
Questions:
\begin{itemize}
\item Does the wave function evolve according to the Schr\"odinger equation?
\item What are the criteria for the distinction between interactions that include a collapse of the wave function from those that do not?
\item Is a measurement always coupled with the collapse of a wave function?
\item Does the principle of parsimony favor no-collapse theories ?
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Transition from Probabilities to Facts}

QT consists mainly of the principles, rules, and equations that describe how the probabilities (in the form of probability amplitudes) dynamically evolve in various situations to enable the prediction of the probability of different measurement results. Thus, the ultimate transition to facts due to a measurement is an essential element of QT, although the theory does not say much about when (under which circumstances) and how this transition occurs. Quantum physicists do not seem to consider this lack of explanation as a deficiency of QT, except for possibly agreeing that the measurement problem exists.
\\
Questions:
\begin{itemize}
\item 	Is the transition from probabilities to facts related exclusively to measurements?
\item Is the measurement process random or deterministic?
\item What type of interaction constitutes a measurement?
\item When (in the sequence of process steps and under which circumstances) does the transition from probabilities to facts occur?
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Entanglement}
The problems physicists have with explaining and understanding entanglement are usually not linked to the measurement problem. In fact, the entanglement problem (if there is any) is not a problem of the theory (the theory correctly predicts the unbelievable behavior of entangled particles) but the problem of finding a plausible dynamical evolution model, which is in agreement with the equations of QT and does not violate principles, such as locality and causality.
Because the effect of entanglement occurs with measurements, the subject is associated with the measurement problem.
\\
Questions:
\begin{itemize}
\item When (under which circumstances) is entanglement terminated ?
\item Does the termination of entanglement always imply modifications of the entangled quantum objects?
\item Does the modification of an entangled quantum object always terminate the entanglement?
\item Is it possible to have a hierarchy of entanglements?
\item Is entanglement always combined with superpositions?
\item Does the measurement process violate locality?
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Lack of a Functional Description}
A further problem, which is not exclusively related to measurement (and which is usually not mentioned as part of the measurement problem), is that there does not exist a theory of what exactly happens during the evolution of a wave function in an interaction.
R. Feynman writes in his introductory book on quantum electrodynamics  (QED)  \cite{Feynman} :
\\
"I have pointed out these things because the more
you see how strangely Nature behaves, the harder it is
to make a model that explains how even the simplest
phenomena actually work. So theoretical physics has
given up on that."
\\
In \cite{Diel1} a model of "how things function" is called a functional description. Thus, the claimed problem is that no functional interpretation of QT exists.

There are most likely many physicists to whom the lack of a functional interpretation of QT does not present a problem at all, and others who may feel that a functional description of QT would be of value, but its absence is just a minor drawback of the present state of physics. Looking at QT in general, the author leaves the judgment of the value of a functional description to the society of physicists. However, for the resolution of QT measurement problem, the author sees an urgent need for a functional interpretation of QT interactions. Items such as the "collapse of the wave function" and "transition from probabilities to facts" are elements of the wave function evolution process and can only be reasonably discussed if the entire evolution of QT interactions is understood or at least discussed.

Although QFT, the area of QT that addresses interactions in QT, contains steps towards a process-oriented description, it does not allow construction of a model that shows the evolution of wave functions (the intermediate states) during an interaction between particles.
\\
Questions:
\begin{itemize}
\item Does this model of the measurement process provide possible solutions to the measurement
problem?
\item To which extent can this  model of the measurement process be verified?
\end{itemize}

\section{Model of QT Measurement Interactions}

\subsection{Basic Assumptions}

The following basic assumptions are made for the model of the measurement process:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Objective reality of the wave function
\\
Whether an element of a theory of physics may be considered to represent reality is a difficult philosophical question. For the present paper, the assumption of the objective reality of the wave function simply means that, for the model described, it is reasonable to assume wave functions as the major objects that determine the dynamic evolution of the QT system.
\item The measurement process includes a collapse of the wave function.
\\
This assumption is made mainly for pragmatic reasons. If the model did not assume a collapse of the wave function, another function, such as a "branch into multiple worlds", would have to be assumed. The embedding of an alternative function into the overall process structure would not be less difficult than the case for the collapse function.
\item A measurement always implies interactions between the measured quantum object and the measurement environment.
\\
Measurements of QT observables can be performed using a variety of measurement devices, apparatus, and processes. All such measurement processes have to include at least one interaction where the measured object exchanges information with some other entity belonging to the measurement apparatus.
\item The model of the measurement process is based on QFT
\\
QFT is the area of QT that addresses interactions. It would not make sense to construct a model of the measurement process  that is incompatible with QFT. The following major points are derived from QFT and affect the model:
\begin{itemize}
\item The set of particles leaving an interaction need not be the same as those starting the interaction.
\item Even when the particle types that leave the interaction are the same as those starting the interaction, they are not necessarily the same particles.
As a consequence, it may not be possible to identify the measured particle after the interaction.

\item In general, the result of an interaction consists of a multitude of alternative paths. A further interaction may be required to reduce this multitude to a definite result.
\item In general, the particles leaving an interaction are correlated or even entangled.
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
Assumptions (1) and (2) mean that the model of the measurement process may be considered representative of an objective collapse theory (see \cite{objcollt} on objective collapse theories).

Some terminology used in the following text has to be introduced.
The model does not distinguish between a particle and the (associated) wave. Therefore, the term "particle/wave" will be used throughout the remaining text.
\footnote{In the literature on QT, some authors used the name "wavicles" for what here is called "particle/wave".}
Interactions are described as occurring between QT objects. QT objects can be particles (i.e., particle/waves), fields, and aggregate QT objects, such as nuclei or atoms. In this paper, interactions are discussed in the context of measurements, which means the interaction is performed between a "measured QT object" and another QT object that is part of the measurement apparatus. The second QT object is abbreviated as "MA-object".

\subsection{What can be measured ? (States and Observables) }

Before we can discuss the measurement process, it is necessary to look at the items that are candidates for being measured. From the point of view of a physicist, the components of the state of a physical object are of interest. The laws and equations of the physics theories refer to entities that constitute the state of a system. In QT, these state components are called observables.
Disregarding what may be considered the "real" nature of the observable, it would be sufficient and desirable for the physicist if the measurement of the state components (i.e., the observables) would deliver quantities (e.g., numbers) that can be used within the formulas of physics theories.
\footnote{In reality, it works the other way around: The entities used in the formulation of physics theories are chosen with the goal that they are measurable.}

Within QT, the overall value of an observable (prior to a measurement) is given by a set of values (e.g., in form of vectors or matrixes). A further important entity within QT is the probability amplitude. QT assigns a probability amplitude (a complex number) to the possible value combinations of the observables. The sum of all of the probability amplitudes may be viewed as the "wave function".
The assumption of the "objective reality of the wave function" (see previous section) means the assumption of the objective reality of the probability amplitudes (or some representation of them). Based on this assumption, measurements of the probability amplitudes would be of interest as well. A measurement always implies a transition from a probability to a fact, and within QT, this transition always implies a reduction or modification of the "facts before" (including the probability amplitudes) to the "facts afterwards", making such an explicit measurement of probability amplitude impossible or useless.

The discussion of the state of a quantum system has to include the property of QT systems that the wave function, in general, consists of the superposition of multiple states, with each state having an associated probability amplitude. When R. Feynman invented his theory on quantum electrodynamics (QED), he viewed the alternative states as a superposition of their trajectories and called them paths  (see \cite{Feynman2}). The term "path" will also be used in this paper to refer to these entities.
\begin{verbatim}
system :={ pw, ....};  // set of particle/waves
pw :=type, {path, ...}; // type + set of paths
path:={ state-component,...};//statecomponents
state-component :=position OR momentum
                      OR spin OR ...;

system.state := {pw.state, ....};
pw.state := {path.state, ...};  // paths
path.state:={state-component.state, ...},
                    amplitude;
state-component.state:=value, ...}; // values
\end{verbatim}
An ideal measurement would include the ability to measure not only the values belonging to a single path but also all of the paths before the paths are destroyed or modified. The assumption of a wave function collapse, which is implied with a (measurement) interaction, prevents these ideal measurements.
\footnote{Alternative theories, which do not assume a collapse of the wave function, such as the many worlds theory, nevertheless lead to the same effect.}

In addition to the impossibility of measuring probability amplitudes and multiple paths of the wave function, there exist further limitations on the state components that can be measured or can be measured concurrently. These limitations were mentioned in section 2 as part of the measurement problem. The author claims that these limitations, which appear like general QT principles, are consequences of the fact that measurements require interactions and that interactions according to the laws of QFT are limited in their ability to exchange information between the interacting QT objects.

\subsection{Major Actions within the Interaction Process}

For the model of the measurement process, a number of key process steps, called actions, can be identified:
\begin{itemize}
\item Position determination (of interaction)
\item Transition from probabilities to facts
\item Determination of output particle types
\item Information exchange
\item Generation of output paths and establishing new entanglements
\item Collapse of the wave function
\end{itemize}
In a more detailed functional model of QT interactions (see \cite{Diel2}), the actions will not be performed exactly in the order listed above, and the actions are partly interwoven.

Besides interactions which include the above-listed actions, there are also interactions in QT that do not cause a reduction to a definite value nor a collapse of the wave function. For example, when a photon interacts with (atoms of) a mirror, there is, in general, no reduction of the wave function, nor is there an information exchange between the photon and the atoms of the mirror.  Therefore, such interactions are not suited for measurements.
Within this paper, only interactions which are suited for measurements and which imply the above actions are addressed.

\subsubsection{Position determination (of an interaction)}
QT treats the position of a particle as an operator like any other (except that it has a continuous spectrum). Within the model of the measurement process, the position has a special role insofar as an interaction always starts with a definite position  $ x_{int} $.
\footnote{This statement is not exactly in accordance with QFT. In QFT, the scattering matrix is computed using the superposition of (i.e., the integral over) all possible interaction positions if the computation is performed for position space.}
Thus, if the wave function of the measured QT object consists of multiple paths with differing positions, the determination of the interaction position  $ x_{int} $ implies a reduction of the paths and, thus, a first step in the transition from probabilities to facts.

Within standard QFT, the treatment of an interaction involves the consideration of virtual particles
that are exchanged between the interacting real particles. Although the proposed model of QT measurement must maintain the effects of virtual particle exchange, it uses a modified concept of particle/wave fluctuation (pw-fluctuation).
A pw-fluctuation can be thought of as a temporary concentration and amplification of one or several particles/waves at a certain point in space. The following assumptions are essential in considering pw-fluctuations and their role in the model of the measurement process:
\begin{itemize}
\item Only one pw-fluctuation may be active at a given point in time for a particle/wave.
\item The position where the pw-fluctuation occurs can be anywhere within the space occupied by the involved particles/waves. The position is determined randomly as a function of the amplitudes of the involved particles/waves.
\item A pw-fluctuation refers to a certain force type (electro-weak, strong, or gravity). This restriction means that only particle/waves supporting a common force type can share a pw-fluctuation and can interact.
\end{itemize}

The immediate effect of a pw-fluctuation is the temporary formation of an entity called an interaction-object (pw-ia-object). A pw-ia-object merges the information from the particles/waves that caused the pw-fluctuation. When the temporary pw-ia-object disappears again, the original particles/waves may persist (or may be reinstalled) or a different set of particles/waves may appear. Accordingly, the long-term effect of a pw-fluctuation can be one of the following:
\begin{enumerate}
\item nothing durable (this result may be the case for the majority of pw-fluctuations),
\item an interaction \emph{with} a collapse of the wave function,
\item an interaction \emph{without} a collapse of the wave function,
\item a particle decay (not further addressed in this paper).
\end{enumerate}
The model of the measurement process assumes that, first of all, the position of the fluctuation is determined by considering the sum of the (positional) wave functions of all of the particles/waves involved. The fluctuation position is determined randomly. Next, a second particle is determined randomly out of the particles that have a non-zero amplitude for the fluctuation position. If the particles/waves consist of multiple paths, the affected paths are determined.
If the fluctuation is supported by a second particle/wave (i.e., if another particle/wave has pw-space points associated with the fluctuation position), an interaction between the two particles/waves occurs. If there is no second particle involved, the fluctuation applies to the single particle.

\subsubsection{Transition from Probabilities to Facts}
As described above, the first step in the transition from probabilities to facts is already performed when the interaction position is determined. Further reductions of the wave function paths to a single path (in addition to position selection) are assumed to occur at the beginning of an interaction.
In addition to the transition from probabilities to facts due to path selection, there are further decision points within the  model that represent a transition from probabilities to facts. For example, the model assumes that the determination of the output particle types happens during the interaction process (see below, "Determination of output particle types").
\footnote{It is not clear (to the author) that this process is in agreement with QFT. However, it would be difficult to test such a possible deviation from QFT.}

The model of the measurement process assumes that the elimination of non-selected paths affects not just paths from the measured (i.e., interacting) QT object but also paths from possibly entangled QT objects. To achieve this, the model states that entangled particles have common paths, each path representing a possible measurement result.

\subsubsection{Determination of output particle types}
In general, QFT predicts non-zero probabilities for different combinations of exit particle types. The combination with identical entry and exit particle types is just one of the possible interaction results.
For example, electron - positron scattering (i.e., Bhabha scattering) may result in an electron and a positron, in two tauons or in two muons. For the subject of this paper, interactions with changing particle types are not further addressed because they will most likely occur only with measurements of this specific subject.

The rules that define which output particle types may result from specific entry particle types are defined by QFT and described in textbooks on QFT, such as  \cite{Dyson,Ryder,Griffiths,Mandl}).
The inclusion of this action  within the interaction function represents another instance of transition from probabilities to facts.
\footnote{It is not clear (to the author) whether this transition is exactly in accordance with QFT. }

\subsubsection{Information exchange}

The exchange of information between the measured QT object (e.g., particle/wave) and the MA-object that belongs to the measurement apparatus is the most important action within a measurement process. The information exchange is prepared by the formation of the temporary pw-ia-object mentioned under "Position determination". Ideally, this action would communicate the exact state of the measured quantum object to the measurement apparatus. Two types of limitations, however, make it impossible to communicate the exact state:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The reduction to a single path (see above), which, according to the  model, happens at the beginning of the interaction, eliminates part of the state of the measured QT object.
\item The information about the state of the measured QT object can only be communicated to the QT objects that exit the interaction in terms of the modifications performed to the exiting QT objects. These modifications are determined by the laws of QFT. It cannot be expected that the respective laws of QFT support arbitrary information exchange. In contrast, the limitations on the type of information that can be exchanged (i.e., measured) can be derived from the laws of QFT.
\end{enumerate}
The information exchange between the measured QT object and the MA-object is represented by the modifications to the MA-object as a function of the state of the measured QT object.
QFT enables the computation of the possible outcomes of the interaction in the form of a scattering matrix. For example, the equation for the scattering matrix element for the electron - positron interaction (i.e., Bhabha scattering) is
$$
\begin{array}{llll}
\displaystyle
   M =  (-ie)^{2} \bar{v}(\vec{p}_{2}, s_{2} )  \gamma_{\mu}  u(\vec{p}_{1}, s_{1} ) \\[+8pt]
\displaystyle
(-ig^{\mu\nu}/(p_{1} + p_{2})^{2})
 \bar{u}(\vec{p}'_{1}, s'_{1} ) \gamma_{\nu}
  v(\vec{p}'_{2}, s'_{2} ) \\[+8pt]
\displaystyle
 -  (-ie)^{2} \bar{u}(\vec{p}'_{1}, s'_{1} ) \gamma_{\mu}  u(\vec{p}_{1}, s_{1} )  \\[+8pt]
\displaystyle
( -ig^{\mu\nu}/(p_{1}-p'_{1})^{2})
 \bar{v}(\vec{p}_{2}, s_{2} ) \gamma_{\nu}  v(\vec{p}'_{2}, s'_{2} )
\end{array}
\eqno \mbox{(1)}
$$
According to the usual QFT notation $ u() $  represents the entry electron, $ \bar{u}()$  the exit electron, $ \bar{v}$  the entry positron, and $ v() $ the exit positron. M is the probability amplitude.
Equations which are similar to equation (1) exist for all kinds of interactions in QFT.
As a function of definite states of the entry particles and exit particles the equations deliver a probability amplitude.
Given a specific state of the entry particles, a non-zero probability amplitude is obtained for a large variety of exit particle states.
Thus, in general, an  interaction results in a distribution of probability amplitudes for ranges of states of the exit particles/waves.

An ideal measurement would provide a bijective (i.e., unique) mapping of the state of the measured QT object  to the state of one of the exiting QT objects. However, as a consequence of the laws of QFT, as reflected in equations like equation (1),
such a bijective mapping is not supported.

Instead, QFT interactions provide only what the author calls "probabilistic projections". The term "projection" here expresses that the measurement result may be understood as a projection of the measured observable to the state of the MA-object. The term "probabilistic" refers to the property that the interaction result contains a range of states with differing associated probabilities, i.e., a probability distribution of states.
A more detailed analysis of equation (1) and similar ones for other kinds of QFT scattering, including computer simulations, performed by the author showed the following pattern for probabilistic projections with QFT interactions:
\begin{itemize}
\item The result of a probabilistic projection is a probability distribution for paths of possible measurement results.
(More precisely, probability amplitudes are associated with paths.)
\item The possibilities for achieving a bijective mapping (after the reduction to a single path) vary with the type of observable to be measured. Measurements of position, i.e. mapping of the interaction position to some state of the measurement apparatus is relatively easy. Spin measurement is more difficult. The easiest way to measure the spin is to have the measured QT object (e.g. particle) interact with a magnetic field.
\item Nearly definite measurement values can only be reached in terms of peaks within the probability distributions.
\item The laws of QFT support ways to enforce peaks in the probability distribution. However, there does not seem to exist general rules for the kind of interactions which produce peaks in the probability distribution.
\end{itemize}
The computer simulations indicate (they do not yet prove) that peaks within the probability distributions can be augmented by
\begin{itemize}
\item an increased asymmetry between the measured QT object and the interaction object belonging to the measurement apparatus. Major candidates for increased asymmetry are
\begin{enumerate}
\item asymmetry with respect to energy, including masses,
\item particles interacting with fields,
\item particles interacting with bound systems (e.g. atom, nucleus, hadron).
\end{enumerate}
\item repeated interactions of the same kind.
\end{itemize}
Because of the lack of general rules for the enforcement of definite measurement results, it is the responsibility of the physicist to design the measurement apparatus in such a way that interactions with probabilistic projections with peaks in the probability distribution are performed. For example, "sharp" probabilistic projection of a particle's spin to its direction of momentum are possible using an inhomogeneous magnetic field. A momentum direction can be easily mapped to a position. With the Stern-Gerlach experiment, both cases are combined to measure the particle's helicity (ie., the projection of its spin).

\subsubsection{Generation of output paths and establishing new entanglements}

As described in the preceding section, QFT predicts that an interaction, in general, results in a multitude of possible output states and that each state has an associated probability amplitude. The alternative output states and their probability amplitudes are represented by the multiple paths.

Mainly because of conservation laws (e.g., energy conservation), the output state of particle1 is correlated with that of particle2, which may be called an entanglement of the two output particles. The functional model of QT measurement accomplishes the entanglement via the formation of common paths for both output particles.
In accordance with the theory, a path that combines the two entangled particles has a single associated probability amplitude.
The interaction result that contains the multiple paths is called a pw-collection in this paper. The structure of a pw-collection is shown in table 1. The fact that a (single) probability amplitude is associated with a pair of possible exit particle states establishes the entanglements which result from the interaction.

\begin{table}
\caption{\label{label}Structure of pw-collection.}
\begin{tabular} { | c | c | c  | c | }
\hline
paths & pw[1]-state & pw[2]-state  & amplitude  \\

\hline

path-1	  &   pw[1]-state$_{1}  $    &  pw[2]-state$_{1} $  & ampl-1  \\

path-2	 &   pw[1]-state$_{2}  $    &  pw[2]-state$_{2} $   & ampl-2  \\

...	            & ...         & ...    & ...  \\

path-N	 &  pw[1]-state$_{N} $    &  pw[2]-state$_{N} $  & ampl-N  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Collapse of the wave function}
After the single paths have been selected from the entry particle/waves and an exit particle/wave collection is generated,  entry particle/wave collections are obsolete. The collapse of the wave function means that the pw-collections for the entry particles/waves are discarded. The destruction of the entry pw-collection also affects the particle/waves that are entangled through the entry pw-collection, i.e., the activation of entanglement.

\subsection{From Interactions to Measurement}

Typically, a measurement includes more than one interaction.  At least one interaction has to occur between the measured object and the measurement apparatus. Measurements with multiple interactions between the measured object and the measurement apparatus may also be useful (e.g., a cloud chamber).
Further interactions are usually required within the measurement apparatus to communicate the measured value to an observer.

The need for multiple interactions is a consequence of the fact that, when a specific observable $ S_{meas} $ (e.g., $ S_{meas} = spin $) is to be measured, there are typically only a limited number of interaction types that are capable of producing an interaction output $ S_{out.1} $ (e.g., $ S_{out.1} = position $), which can be interpreted as a mapping of the value of $ S_{meas} $. Even if there exists an interaction type that maps $ S_{meas} $ to $ S_{out.1} $, it is possible that the observable $ S_{out.1} $ cannot directly be observed by an observer, which may require another interaction that maps $ S_{out.1} $ to $ S_{out.2} $, which then may be directly observable.

It is the task of the physicist to design the measurement process, including the series of interactions, in such a way that the actual value of the observable $ S_{meas} $ is determined and properly communicated to the observer.
As described in section 3.3, the types of interactions that can be used are limited by the laws of QFT that concern interactions.

An example of a measurement that requires multiple interactions is the Stern-Gerlach experiment for measuring the spin of an electron. After the first interaction between the measured electron and a magnetic field, the spin orientation is reduced (i.e., projected) to a definite value. However, it takes a second interaction to map this measured value to the position of the electron on a screen to make it observable.

\section{The Measurement Problem in Relation to the Proposed Process Model}

In section 2, the measurement problem is described, leading to a set of questions that are either lacking an answer or where the answers provided by the various interpretations of QT are controversial. In the following sections, the questions listed in section 2 are answered from the point of view of the proposed model of the measurement process.
\subsection{Reduction}
\begin{itemize}
\item Does measurement determine the state of a QT object?
\\
In general, measurements have the objective of determining the specific components of the state of an object.
Because QT measurement can only be performed via interactions (and these interactions have to adhere to the laws of QFT), the interactions (and, thus, the measurements) are limited in their ability to communicate the state of the measured object. QT measurement can only determine certain subsets of the state (that existed prior to the measurement). The subset of the state that can be communicated may be interpreted as an imprecise value in some cases.
\item Is the wave function complete?
\\
For the proposed model, the wave function is complete, because it is sufficient to construct the  model of QT interactions and QT measurements.

\item Does measurement always have determinate outcome?
\\
The laws of QFT demand that interactions, including interactions used in measurements,  result in a range of possible outcomes with different probability amplitudes (in section 3.3 "Information Exchange" this is called "probabilistic projection"). Only for exceptional cases such a probabilistic projection represents a determinate outcome.

\item Why is it impossible to measure the non-definite (probability amplitude) values?
\\
A complete non-definite value (i.e., the value of an observable that has multiple values with non-zero probability amplitude) cannot be determined using a measurement for two reasons:
\begin{itemize}
\item An interaction (according to the model of the measurement process) always starts with the selection of single paths for the interacting QT objects. Thus, if the non-definite value is the result of the superposition of multiple paths, this information is lost.
\item The communication of an exact value would require a "copying" of this value from the measured QT object to one of the output QT objects. The QFT laws for interacting QT particles do not support such a copying process but only
"probabilistic projections" (see section 3.3 "Information Exchange").
\end{itemize}

\item Why can measurements only communicate projected values?
\\
As described in section 3.3, the result of an interaction is always a function of both interacting QT objects. Only in rare special cases can the impact of the MA-object on the measurement value be neglected.

\item Why can certain observables not be measured concurrently?
\\
For a given pair of observables, it may be possible to measure them concurrently. However, due to the laws of QT, it may be impossible that both observables have definite values concurrently. Thus, both observables can be measured, but at least one of the values would be non-definite and can therefore only be measured to a limited extent.

\item When (in the sequence of process steps and under which circumstances) does the transition from probabilities to facts occur?
\\
Within the model of the measurement process three decision points represent the
transition from probabilities to facts: (1) at the beginning of an interaction the position of the interaction is determined, (2) the selection of a single path from the set of possible multiple paths, (3) the decision for the exiting QT objects.
Item (2) is the basis for the collapse of the wave function. Item (1) and item (2) are key for the explanation of the measurement process.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Collapse of the wave function}
\begin{itemize}
\item Does the wave function evolve according to the Schr\"odinger equation?
\\
The Schr\"odinger equation (or similar equations like the Dirac equation) describes the evolution of the probability amplitudes (i.e. the wave function) towards possible measurement results. The validity scope of the Schr\"odinger equation, thus ends where the probabilities are transformed into facts. According to the model of the measurement process the transition from probabilities to facts occurs with normal interactions. Interactions are described by the equations of QFT.
\footnote{One might envisage to derive the Schr\"odinger equation from QFT.}
A more complete understanding on how the transition from probabilities to facts occurs, can only be reached by a process model of QFT interactions.
\item What are the criteria for the distinction between interactions that include a collapse of the wave function from those that do not?
\\
Unfortunately, there does not seem to exist any experimental data on this question. From experience (without explicit experiments on this subject), it seems that interactions in quantum optics (i.e., involving photons) mostly do not imply a collapse of the wave function, which suggests that the criteria for the occurrence of the wave function collapse might be that the energy (including the mass) of one of the interacting QT objects has to be much higher than that of the other QT object.
If one of the interacting QT objects is a bound system (such as an atom, a nucleus, or hadron), the bound system as a whole would have to be taken as one of the interaction objects, except if the other (smaller) QT object has a relatively high energy.
\item Is measurement always coupled with the collapse of the wave function?
\\
Yes, according to this process model.
\item Does the principle of parsimony favour no-collapse theories?
\\
Obviously, this depends on the details of the concrete no-collapse theory. Assuming no collapse at all, but instead a branching into many worlds, is not considered a reasonable alternative because it would not simplify the model at all. The major problems remaining / occurring would be
\begin{enumerate}
\item A criteria and mechanism which distinguishes interactions which imply a collapse (substitute) from those which don't.
\item Non-collapse cannot simply mean letting the incoming paths of the wave functions continue, but would require (a) the creation of multiple new universes for the alternative paths, and (b) copying the complete state of the original universe to the new ones.
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Transition from Probabilities to Facts}
\begin{itemize}
\item Is the transition from probabilities to facts related exclusively to measurements?
\\
The transition from probabilities to facts is connected to interaction. Interactions, however, do not exclusively occur with measurements.
\item Is the measurement process random or deterministic?
\\
The transition from probabilities to facts (which occurs with an interaction) is a random process step.
\item What type of interaction constitutes a measurement?
\\
Within this process model, a measurement requires at least one interaction
which implies an information exchange between the measured QT object and a MA-object of the measurement apparatus.
As described in section 3. QT/QFT knows also interactions where no information is exchanged and which therefore are not suitable for measurements.
\item When (in the sequence of process steps and under which circumstances) does the transition from probabilities to facts occur?
\\
See above.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Entanglement}

\begin{itemize}
\item When (under which circumstances) is entanglement terminated ?
\\
Within this process model, the collapse of the wave function also terminates entanglements.
\item Does the termination of entanglement always imply modifications of the entangled quantum objects?
\\
Yes, in this process model, the transition from probabilities to facts which occurs with interactions  (1) terminates entanglement and (2) modifies both the entangled QT objects through the elimination of non-selected paths.
\item Does the modification of an entangled quantum object always terminate the entanglement?
\\
Modifications due to interactions (even if not part of a measurement) always terminate entanglement.
No experimental data are known to the author as to whether interactions which do not result in any modifications terminate entanglements.
\item Is it possible to have a hierarchy of entanglements?
\\
The model of the measurement process does not support hierarchies of entanglement. Support for hierarchical entanglement would be possible but would make the model more complicated.
\item Is entanglement always combined with superposition?
\\
Superposition means multiple paths. Within the model of the measurement process, entanglement can only be realized through multiple paths.
\item Does the measurement process violate locality?
\\
Yes, if it applies to entangled QT objects.
\\
Within the process model, this violation is reflected in the fact that the location where the information that describes the entanglement, i.e., the pw-collection, is undefined.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Lack of a Functional Description}
\begin{itemize}
\item Does this model of the measurement process provide possible solutions to the measurement problem?
\\
Yes, the solutions and answers are listed above.

\item To what extent can this process model be verified?
\\
Theories on QT measurement are difficult to verify because verification normally requires measurements, the subject to be verified. The verification of the model of the measurement process is less difficult because
\begin{enumerate}
\item The model does not assume any special properties of measurements. The model assumes normal interactions which behave according to the laws of QFT.
\item The model does not make any assumption outside the scope of falsifiable physics.
\item Functional models, in general, can be easily tested using computer simulations. Computer simulations, of course, can only verify that the results of the simulated process are in accordance with the experiments and predictions of QT, in general.
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}

\section{Conclusions}

The development of the model of the measurement process originated from the author's claim that a satisfactory solution to the questions that are usually associated with the measurement problem can only be found if the process of interactions in QT is understood (or at least considered).
Based on the assumptions that the interactions between a measured QT object and the measurement apparatus that occur during a measurement are "normal" interactions (as defined in quantum field theory), a model for the interaction process is described. The major constituents of the model are a set of actions and the overall process within which the actions are embedded.
The model provides answers to questions that are usually associated with the measurement problem (see section 2 and section 4).
The answers given by the process model derive from the following assumptions and claims:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The evolution of the wave function during a measurement process is not just a normal linear progression but a more complicated process which includes the transition from probabilities to facts. (This transition has to become central to QT, rather than being staged at the boundary of QT.)
\item Measurements require interactions between the measured QT object and part of the measurement apparatus; in general, interactions (a) imply transitions from probabilities to facts and (b) have to adhere to the rules and equations of quantum field theory (QFT).
\item Interactions, in general, support only a limited exchange of information between the entering QT objects and the exiting QT objects. This limited exchange of information is called by the author the "probabilistic projection" and is the cause of some of the peculiarities of QT measurements.
\end{enumerate}

The benefits of the process model (as opposed to most other interpretations of QT) is that the model does not require a modification of the equations that define the possible results of a measurement of QT observables (e.g., the Schrödinger equation) nor does it require assumptions outside the scope of falsifiable physics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The Puzzlies
December 23, 2013 January 25, 2017 Puzzle Doctor
The Christmas Carol Murders by Christopher Lord
It's Christmas in Dickens Junction, a bizarre town in Oregon where Charles Dickens is venerated in almost every way, shape and form. Simon Alastair, owner of the local bookshop, finds his sleuthing skills called into action when a mysterious stranger arrives in town and shortly afterwards is murdered, his body presented as part of a Dickens pageant.
As the town – and the murder – attracts more attention, notably from followers of Ayn Rand's Objectivist movement, Simon finds himself distracted by the handsome Zach, a reporter who is just as determined as Simon to find the murderer. But the murderer hasn't finished their work – and the body count begins to rise…
This is the first in the Dickens Junction mysteries, featuring Simon and Zach, each based on a Dickens novel. The second novel in the series, The Edwin Drood Murders, was reviewed by me a couple of months ago and it was rather good, marred by my complete lack of knowledge of The Mystery of Edwin Drood. It has distinctive characters, a clever plot, it demonstrated some real potential for the series.
To be honest, I think it's probably best that I read that one first as I didn't enjoy this one as much. The central characters are engaging – as I mentioned last time, it makes a pleasant change for there to be homosexual main characters that are written so matter-of-factly, rather than making their sexuality the focus of the story.
But this time, the mystery didn't feel as clever. The misdirection attempted was fairly slight and the motive comes completely out of nowhere (unless I missed something) and the characters didn't seem as clearly defined as before. It may be due to the fact that I've been reading in small chunks due to workload over the last few weeks. But it wasn't an issue with some other books… this one just didn't really grab me. And the parallels with the original Christmas Carol seemed fairly slight.
So overall, I didn't enjoy this as much as The Edwin Drood Murders – I'd recommend starting with that one.
Christopher Lord
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Santosh Iyer says:
Just a few minutes back, I submitted the following review at amazon.com:
Dickens Junction is a small town supposed to be founded on the principles and values of Charles Dickens. I do not know what these principles and values are. Do these include a liberal attitude to homosexuality and male striptease?
The main character Simon is a gay who keeps a male lover in his house. He has the habit of sexually appraising males he sees. There is also a lesbian couple. A resident, in order to raise money, participates in a "male erotic dance". All these activities raise no eyebrows and are treated as matter-of-fact by others. A very liberal community, indeed!
Let us consider the mystery aspect. In this regard, I consider the second book "The Edwin Drood Murders, though I had some problem with its solution, as much, much, better than this one. I regard this book as mediocre.
First, the number of characters is too large. It is confusing and difficult to place them all in the mind. A pen and paper are required to jot down the names and the various places they were supposed to be present at different times.
There are no proper clues. The only clue which enables Simon to infer the identity of the murderer is a pair of contradictory statements by two persons on different dates. With so many characters who make so many statements, it is not possible for a reader to isolate these two statements and realize their significance. A good mystery writer will never hide clues in this manner.
The motive for the first murder is based on facts which are not known to the reader till the solution is revealed. Hence this book cannot be treated as a fair-play mystery.
Cavershamragu says:
Like you, very attracted to the idea of having a character whose homosexuality is handled so straightforwardly – makes you realise just how ridiculously uncommon that still is in mystery fiction – what century is this again? Cheers mate – and in case i don't get another chance, have a great Christmas.
Puzzle Doctor says:
Thanks, mate. Happy Christmas to you too – but I've got at least one more review to come before Santa shows up…
TracyK says:
I have been reading some mysteries set at Christmas, and will be putting out a post today listing a few Christmas mysteries. Had not heard of this one. It sounds interesting just because it is different.
Some others that you might have missed:
Christmas Mourning by Andrea Frazer;
The Dark Winter by David Mark;
The Holiday Murder by Robert Gott;
The Lord of Misrule by Paul Halter;
Death At Wentwater Court by Carola Dunn (technically, just after Christmas)
The Finishing Stroke by Ellery Queen
All reviewed on a blog near you! And Hercule Poirot's Christmas, obviously…
Interestingly, only one of them (Dark Winter) is particularly good. Again, apart from the Poirot.
I would like to suggest Thou Shell Of Death by Nicholas Blake, which is quite good (in my opinion).
Oh my gosh, you reminded me that I meant to link to this post. My apologies, At this time of year, my brain is frazzled and overloaded. I may add some to my post or have a brief additional post. Or save them for next year.
You have mentioned many here I was not aware of. I have read Death At Wentwater Court, and did not remember the timing. She has a later book in the series that is Christmas themed, which I had not read. I did read Dark Winter, agree it is good, and also had forgotten the time setting. Thanks for all the suggestions. And Santosh Iyer's suggestion is also a good suggestion; I am sure I have read that one, but many, many years ago.
No worries. You gave your readers plenty to think about. If any of my readers haven't checked out Tracy's post, please do so. Loads of good Christmas mysteries to choose from.
The Puzzly – The ISOTCMN Book Of The Month – December 2013 | In Search of the Classic Mystery Novel says:
[…] The Christmas Carol Murders by Christopher Lord […]
The kindle edition is now available free at Amazon.
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Why can it be crucial that you employ the service of a accredited and skilled bonded locksmith? To begin with, lots of countries and states have these kinds of laws. Such as, California has a regulation that every one locksmiths should be accredited. They usually really should be licensed in the Bureau of Safety and Investigative Companies.
Also, when licenses are presented out to bonded locksmiths, Wellington locksmith the governments, agencies such as the FBI gather identification particulars. Additionally they gather fingerprint data for every bonded locksmith. This makes certain that the bonded locksmith doesn't have a legal background. This provides the consumer on the locksmith solutions an assurance the bonded locksmith you might be selecting is genuine which he uses his craft and expertise to ensure your safety.
Eventually, and sadly, there are actually several locksmiths on the market who're not licensed locksmiths. Lots of times these unlicensed locksmiths that are generally also inexperienced, quite unprofessional and simply call by themselves "locksmiths" are just attempting to make as much funds as possible. These locksmiths therefore will give deleterious and very misguided advice. Almost all of the periods, these folks would not have any true working experience in locksmith solutions. They also lack schooling inside the stability marketplace. They can be generally very greedy people today.
It's only a licensed locksmith who can give you skilled tips. He may provide you with suggestions with regards to your stability demands, your safety units, your stability answers stability alternatives which possibly actual physical along with electronic to your house. This advice also is availed of by significant organization residences.
A certified locksmith may be the a single who may have filed the mandatory paperwork. This paperwork needs to be submitted with point out and occasionally also with federal govt organizations. The locksmith then gets a license to operate being an formal bonded locksmith. And so the subsequent time you seek a locksmith, ask him for his license range 1st.
An insured locksmith could be the one who may have purchased legal responsibility insurance policies. This insurance policy safeguards both equally the locksmith and his clientele towards any accidental harm for the property or to life. This is certainly just like the vehicle coverage. We have to an insured locksmith to guarantee the security of labor, assets and of lifetime.
A bonded locksmith is bonded when he pays a payment, which happens to be usually fairly nominal to your bonding company. Soon after passing a qualifications examine, these locksmiths are assured that in case of prevalence of an incident, the bonding business will reimburse selected beforehand agreed upon sum of money. They can then modify your situation and resolve the issue. Bonding is comparable to insurance. It is actually an additional defense for the shopper. A lot of large market corporations give bonding for locksmiths in their respective spots. Associated Locksmiths of The us (ALOA) presents bonding for their associates.


Discussion in 'Replica Props' started by pyxl, Mar 6, 2006.
Wow. Got this today and she is Fiiiiiinnnneee.
some paint and this baby will be fraking awesome.
Picked it up over at ASAP from DStines.
DStines was banned from the RPF years ago. Please do not promote the wares of banned members here.


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Effective Ad? Ask Your Brain
April 27, 2012 /0 Comments/in News /by andrewtran
Matthew Lieberman, UCLA professor of Psychology and of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral sciences, led a study in which researchers imaged the brains of smokers while they were asked to rate the effectiveness of several anti-smoking ads, with surprising results.
Life Science Professors James A. Lake and Larry Simpson, Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
James A. Lake, Distinguished professor of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Human Genetics, and Larry Simpson, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics are among 220 distinguished scholars, scientists, authors, artists, and business and philanthropic leaders elected today to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in recognition of their outstanding accomplishments.
Origin and Evolution of Sharks
April 16, 2012 /0 Comments/in Videos /by andrewtran
Life scientist, Elissa Hallem, is honored as a Searle Scholar
Elissa Hallem, assistant professor of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, was named a 2012 Searle Scholar, for her innovative and interdisciplinary research on host-parasite interactions.
Which Plants Will Survive Droughts, Climate Change?
April 5, 2012 /0 Comments/in News /by andrewtran
Graduate students Megan Bartlett and Christine Scoffoni, along with Lawren Sack, professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, recently published new findings that could lead to predictions of which plant species will escape extinction from climate change.


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autos classic-cars
Classics Celebs We Forgot We used to be pretty hot
09:05 30 november 2020 Source: promipool.de
The Trade: Selling one car to buy another, with no regrets (OK, some)
Rob SiegelLast week, I wrote about the two biggest enabling factors in buying and owning more cars than I should—inexpensive insurance and ample storage space. I left out the most obvious one—money. But there's a reason. For the most part, being the bottom-feeder that I am, I'm generally looking in the $4000 range for the "whim-able" […] The post The Trade: Selling one car to buy another, with no regrets (OK, some) appeared first on Hagerty Media.
When we all come out of quarantine, we may just look a bit cracked, who can blame us ? And Hollywood's A-Listers aren't exactly maintaining their red carpet
You may not agree with Kanye's stance, but these celebrities do. I think it's safe to say that Twitter has been pretty wild ever since Yeezy decided to return to the social media platform. Chance shortly followed up that response with a tweet that read QUOTE, "Black people don't have to be democrats."
How time flies! You all know the following stars, but can you remember what they looked like when they were young? We'll show you some stars who were pretty hot when they were young.
actor Richard Gere is one of the veterans of the film business. Today he wears glasses and his hair is now gray. But if you look back a few decades, you will definitely remember Richard in his role as "Julian Kaye" in "American Gigolo".
Richard Gere became known as a noble callboy in the movie "American Gigolo".
In the movie he played a noble callboy who is involved in a murder plot. Richard Gere was often very revealing in view of his character, which his female fans should have particularly liked.
Tips For Riding A Motorcycle In Hot Weather
How to beat the heat without expensive gear.Related: Warm Weather Riding Pants
Also don't forget to leave a comment with your favourites list of male celebrities with long hair and why in the comments! Just for an overview the male celebrities featured in this 5. Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom is another dynamic man who can wear long hair in multiple different ways but still look SHlT hot .
Some celebs sometimes forget that they have left the camera recording and if they do this too often we all get to see something that they didn't really want us to see! Music used for entertainment purposes displayed in this video. Ownership belongs to the respected owner(s). Used under fair use policy.*
Richard Gere made his breakthrough with the 1980 film. Just think of "Pretty Woman" ten years later: Did you know that the actor didn't want to act in the beginning?
© (© Imago / Cinema Publishers Collection)
What might also surprise you: Prince Charles used to be one of the most sought-after bachelors in the world. That was not just due to the fact that one day he will become King of Great Britain, but actually because of his handsome looks. He used to be considered a real charmer.
You can see in the video which other stars were really hot in the past.
Complete Guide: How to Buy a Used Car .
The single easiest way to save money when buying a car is to purchase a used model instead of a new vehicle. When you buy a new car, the second you leave the dealer's lot, it starts to rapidly depreciate, losing a significant amount of its value in the first few years of ownership. When you buy a used car, the original owner absorbs the pain of its steep depreciation during its early years. You pay far less than you would have if you had purchased the car new. There may be more maintenance required on a used car that's out of warranty, and its financing may be a bit more expensive.
2020 Loretta Lynn's 2 National Motocross 250 Class Race Report
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Used car prices jump 10%, thanks to new-car coronavirus crunch
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Complete Guide: How to Buy a Used Car
Quarantine Has Made These Celebs Completely Unrecognizable
When we all come out of quarantine, we may just look a bit cracked, who can blame us ? And Hollywood's A-Listers aren't exactly maintaining their red carpet www.youtube.com
ALL The Celebs Who SUPPORT Kanye West After Pro-Trump Tweets
You may not agree with Kanye's stance, but these celebrities do. I think it's safe to say that Twitter has been pretty wild ever since Yeezy decided to return to the social media platform. Chance shortly followed up that response with a tweet that read QUOTE, "Black people don't have to be democrats." www.youtube.com
Best Male Celebs With Long Hair - Agree or Disagree? - YouTube
Also don't forget to leave a comment with your favourites list of male celebrities with long hair and why in the comments! Just for an overview the male celebrities featured in this 5. Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom is another dynamic man who can wear long hair in multiple different ways but still look SHlT hot . www.youtube.com
Jojo Siwa FORGOT to Stop Recording.. Look What We SAW! - YouTube
Chet Faker - 1998 feat. BANKS - YouTube
We used to be friends We used to be inner circle I don't understand What have I become to you Take my good word Turn it backwards Turn your back on me Is it absurd For me to hurt When everything else is fading.
Blu Cantrell - Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!)【HQ】 - YouTube
(Oops) There goes the dreams we used to say (oops) There goes the time we spent away (oops) There goes the love I had but gotta hit em up [Repeat 1x] All of the dreams you sold Left me out in the cold What happened to the days when we used to trust each other And all of the things I sold Will
#WestonSuperMare: " We aren't the country we used to be ." - YouTube
#WestonSuperMare: " We aren't the country we used to be ."
text. | tvbuu. | ВКонтакте | something that I'm used to (prod.tmrhn)
cry, I used to be a happy kid, Now I'm fucked up, And I know why, I've been drinking down these bottles, And I feel like im gone die, I am so fucking depressed, I do not think that I could cry, Look into my eyes, — Everyday I wake up, I want to go back to sleep, If my life's. a simulation, Can you hit
"La Madeleine penitente" by Salai, a relative of Leonardo da Vinci, flies away for 1.7 million...
Meyers Manx Buggy Business Sold And Will Be Reborn
China: a former big boss sentenced to death
"Baker" Alaba gives presents to orphans
Nismo Will Restore Your Nissan GT-R Down To The Very Last Bolt
75 years of codetermination at VW: Take a hot shower once a week
dream ship: Linda Evans on board with Florian Silbereisen
"La Madeleine penitente" by Salai, a relative of Leonardo da Vinci, flies...


Home / Balance / C-saw, the ups and downs of work-life balance at the C-level with observations of an entertainer's approach!
For some people, work-life balance is simple, for others it's more complicated, and experience shows that most people at the C-level tend to fall into the latter category. In this article, we'll look at some of the reasons why and overview potential solutions.
Work-life balance, the term is almost a cliché. Tossed around by employers, employees and consultants, I wonder if people ever stop to think about what it really means. For a start, it depends on your definition of work.
In a recent interview, English comedian and musician Bill Bailey when asked whether he was he a workaholic, replied that his wife would agree with that description, but that he preferred to think of himself as enthusiastic about what he does. He then described furtively taking voice and written notes at any time, wherever he was and whatever he was doing.
From this it seems apparent that Bill doesn't regard work as a separate occupation to the rest of his life. In a sense, he is then always working, the boundaries between work and life have become blurred to the point where the two roles may have become homogenous. For Bill, I imagine that work life balance is extremely granular, by that I mean that it happens in small chunks of time, perhaps throughout the day.
Bill's situation may work for someone whose role as an entertainer doesn't demand traditional working hours, a team role or time structures. The concept of 'always being at work' can have the flipside of 'always doing things other than work', together they can combine to create a balance of sorts. Sadly, this option is not available to most of us, and probably wouldn't be sustainable if it was.
At the C-level, work and not-work (aka 'life') tend to be clearly defined. The responsibilities of leading a team in a corporate environment provide a clear distinction to other activities such as spending time with family and friends or recreational activities. Boundaries can be blurred when one 'takes work home' and is mentally, if not physically at work. This is typical of a C-level role and the solution, developing the ability to switch off is not always as easy as it sounds.
Fortunately, there are techniques that can be learned to help make the transition from work to life. The first step in most of them is developing an awareness of which state you are in – surprisingly many people are not aware until prompted, and even then, some have difficulty in separating the two.
The answers to that question depend on a range of factors, and it's seldom half and half.
If you are working at the C-level, you're typically a motivated, driven person who puts significant effort and energy into everything you do, both at work and in the rest of your life. This can be draining.
All too often I see people putting all their energy into their work, leaving little for other aspects of their lives. Then after recognising that, to compensate they over-commit to the non-work aspects of their lives.
This situation is what I call the C-level C-saw. When energy committed to work is up, it's down for family friends and other activities – and vice-versa. if you remember playing on a see saw as a child, you'll probably also remember how difficult it was to balance, teetering with both riders' feet off the ground.
If you're reading this and you find yourself in the Bill Bailey camp, where work and life integrate seamlessly (caveat: for the sake of this discussion and from what he said in the interview, I am assuming this is the case, although it may not be) congratulations, many will envy you.
However, if you're like most at the C-level, your task is to optimise the enjoyment you get from both your work and your other activities and that can be difficult, though not impossible if you use some proven techniques to realise, assess and address your situation.
Topics like work life balance are just some of the areas we cover in our executive coaching programs, and they are informed by the findings of some of the world's leading management and workplace analysts.
If you would like to discuss how you or your company could benefit from professional executive coaching, please drop me a line and let's talk.


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When we opened our doors in 1955, we opened up a whole new world of bath possibilities.
Today, our goal is to manufacture the finest shower enclosures available anywhere. In fact, Basco has consitently been rated number one in quality and brand preference within the industry. And our service is unparalleled.
We're confident that we can meet, even exceed, your standards. Because there are no standards higher than our own.