The Illinois EPA, through its Water Loss Accounting Program Steering Committee, is partnering with Illinois Rural Water Association (IRWA) and the Illinois Section-American Water Works Association (ISAWWA) to offer water utilities free one-day training workshops on "The Basics of Water Loss Control Auditing". The training workshops will be held at more than 35 locations statewide, conveniently scheduled over the next several months.
These training workshops will give utilities the information they need to conduct cost-effective, desktop audits using existing utility-specific records and American Water Works Association's (AWWA) free online software to get an overall picture of water losses. These audits have saved millions of dollars for those utilities that have implemented them.
This call for proposals through the Syracuse University Environmental Finance Center's (Syracuse EFC) mini-grant program is offered with support from United States Department of Agriculture Rural Development (USDA-RD). The purpose of this mini-grant program is to provide municipalities with additional resources needed to fully conduct a water or wastewater Asset Management (AM) inventory.
Syracuse EFC seeks proposals that clearly define a need for such resources and indicate how the AM inventory will further the community's development of a full Asset Management program. This mini-grant program is intended to provide support to rural municipalities in New York State.
Proposals must be received no later than 5:00 PM on January 16, 2015. Any questions regarding this opportunity should be directed to Brad DeFrees at badefree@syr.edu.
Want to find additional training opportunities for operators, including events in your area? Search the calendar.
In an effort to provide tribal operators with more specific resources and information, we also deliver a semi-monthly newsletter with exclusive articles and news links relevant to issues in Indian Country.
Click here to sign up and see past issues.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is gaining attention for its ability to reduce or eliminate disinfection byproducts (DBPs), sodium pollution, and total dissolved salts in treated water.
This post from EPA's blog includes best practices for drinking water in our schools and child care facilities.
Reports of water stealing are up among Bay Area water districts and other urban suppliers in California as the state lurches toward what could be a fourth dry year in a row.
Central Coast areas are particularly vulnerable to drought because they rely on an unstable network of creeks, lakes and state allocations.
"More than 94% of the country's 156,000 drinking water systems are small, serving fewer than 3,300 people."
Share This offers useful or interesting information that can be shared with the public and other stakeholders.
Don't overlook opportunities right in front of you to share your passion for the water industry.
New book showcases how one man changed the way drinking water is treated - and saved many lives.
Discover resources available to tribal systems plus where to find more information and assistance.
This TEDx talk from Heather Himmelberger focuses on the value of drinking water.
SmallWaterSupply.org is a free service, grant-funded to support small community water and wastewater operators with comprehensive resources and information in one easy-to-use place. We also serve the 800+ training, primacy, and technical service organizations, by helping operators get to their information. We aren't buying, selling, or advertising anything. You can call us at 1-866-522-2681 if you need assistance.
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It is strongly recommended that at all times to have at least a simple will ensuring that your wishes are clear on your death and that the correct people benefit. Wills should be reviewed every 6 to 10 years. This can be quick and efficient if you use a lawyer that is already familiar with your affairs. You do not have to start from scratch if you have an existing will as you can make changes or additions by making a Codicil.
When someone dies, no one can access their assets so official authority interveens. However if there is a will in place setting out the wishes of the deceased Probate can be obtained. The rules of intestacy applies if there is no will and the distribution of assets is often not in accordance with the deceased wishes. An Administrator is appointed, the Executor or Administrator collects in all the assets pays all the debts tax liablities and then distributes the net balance.


If you don't have the kind of limited functionality requirements that make it possible for Samba to work right out of the box for you, Samba is a pain to keep up and frequently more of a pain to keep running. I regard Samba as more suitable for professional server administrators than it is for a typical Linux desktop user.
And Opera Unite will make it easy to do things you can't do with a Samba setup (e.g., a streaming media server).
Here's the downside: To provide service that's on whenever your computer is, you will have to open Opera automatically every time you start your computer if you want files to be automatically available to other authorized users. That's easy enough to set up in /etc/rc.local or in your distro's Session Manager. But, if you only want files available when you choose them to be when you are physically at your computer or running it via remote control, it's not a downside.
You can also set up Opera Unite to not start your web services by default and simply act like a browser until you tell it otherwise. Or, if you're accessing your computer remotely, just start Opera Unite via remote and access your files. Or, you can start a server-only Opera Unite instance that starts automatically on startup when they finally have that functionality working. And if you want a browser session for regular web surfing, simply open a new instance of Opera as usual.
In my case, I have a server instance that opens on startup (services have to be started manually) and a regular webbrowser instance that opens from the taskbar.


text:
Phil Jackson Is Dissing the Lakers' Jim Buss
NBA /
By Athlon Sports, 10/15/14, 9:15 AM EDT
The Zen Master Continues to Play Mind Games
It's salt in Lakers fans' wounds every time they see Phil Jackson's face next to the New York Knicks logo, not theirs. (Now they know how Chicago Bulls fans felt for the better part of a decade). It's even worse when Jackson, the Knicks' new president of basketball operations, rubs the salt around.
Jackson's latest words are a reminder that Jim Buss — a Lakers decision-maker since his deceased father, Jerry Buss, became too sick for the job — bungled the franchise's relationship with the famously accomplished zen master, who could've coached their team for a third time if not for Buss. "Jimmy Buss is a person that's vaulted into position through his inheritance, his father's position," Jackson said recently when asked about Buss. "I think he's coming to terms with one of the realities of this job. That's all I can offer."
Nothing Jackson says is untrue. Buss is an heir, not an expert. It's only slightly alarming that Jackson would publically rag on someone who's practially his brother-in-law (Jackson has been in a relationship with Jeanie Buss, Jim's brother, for about 15 years), but Jackson's never gotten along with authority. His distinct, singular approach demands that he be given total leeway. And Jackson not only usually wins his battles for control, but he also gets paid big-time in the process. His new contract with New York is worth a reported $60 million over five years.
Now Jackson's bringing his eccentric vision to the Knicks. He's started by bringing in someone to conduct "mindfulness training."
"There's a mindfulness training program that's very logical and very calm, quiet, and we've started the process with this team, and (first-year head coach) Derek (Fisher is) all for it. He's a proponent of it," Jackson said to press on Sunday. "And yet I think that it's kind of what I am inserting in here as part of what I think has to happen because I know what effect it [has]. I think it's very difficult sometimes for a coach to do this because it's so anti what we are as athletes."
Stay tuned for more results of Jackson's ongoing experiments.
— John Wilmes
@johnwilmesNBA
Kevin Durant Is Latest In Streak Of Injured NBA Stars
Russell Westbrook Doesn't Know What A Meme Is
LeBron James Calls Out NBA Owners (Again)
Great Basketball Quotes
Shortest NBA Players
Funny Fantasy Basketball Team Names
LeBron James Jr. Fast Facts
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Michael Jordan's Net Worth
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
\section{Introduction}

The golden `60s, together with the Cosmic Microwave Background and
the pulsars, witnessed the discovery of other two
important classes of sources: Gamma--Ray Bursts and blazars
(i.e. BL Lacertae objects and Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars).
GRB are flashes of $\gamma$--ray radiation, likely flagging the
birth of a stellar size black hole, while radio--loud AGNs, even if
remarkable for their rapid variability, live for hundreds millions
years, producing spectacular and Mpc--size jets and radio lobes,
and are powered by supermassive ($10^6$--$10^{10}M_\odot$) black holes.
This apparent diversity should not outshine some remarkable similarities,
since in both classes the emitting plasma is moving
at relativistic bulk speeds, and the radiation we see is likely
the result of the transformation of part of this well ordered
kinetic energy into random energy and then into radiation.
Furthermore, there are strong evidences that also GBRs have
collimated jets.
Very different at first sight, GRBs and blazars might be powered
by a similar machine.
Consider also that the dynamical timescale for a GRB
should be of the order of the light travel time to cross the gravitational
radius, i.e. $R_{\rm g}/c\sim 10^{-5}M/M_\odot$ seconds.
A burst with a duration of 10 seconds therefore lasts for $10^6$
dynamical times: it can be a quasi steady process (for a $10^9$ solar mass
black hole, this time is equivalenth to 300 years).
What we naively consider an ``explosion" is instead a long event.

In both classes of sources we see non--thermal radiation
and it is therefore likely
that magnetic field and non--thermal particles
are the key ingredients to produce the radiation we see.
This radiation, being produced by plasma in relativistic motion,
is strongly beamed in the velocity direction, and we have evidences
that also in GRBs the emitting fireball is collimated in a cone,
i.e. a ``jet".
For these reasons it is instructive to compare them looking for
similarities and differences, to see if their physics is similar.
In the following I will briefly discuss some of the basic facts
of blazars and GRBs, and discuss the possibility that, at the origin
of their phenomenology, there is a common engine.
Being so powerful, blazars and GRBs are well visible even at redshifts
greater than 6, and we can use them as probes of the far universe.
In the case of GRBs, we can even {\it measure} the universe,
thanks to a recently found correlation between their properties
which enable us to use them as standard candles.

\section{Blazars vs GRBs}

\subsection{Speeds: blazars}

Soon after the achievement of the VLBI technology, in the early `70s,
3C 279 and 3C 273 were discovered to have spots of radio emission
moving away from the nucleous at the apparent speed of
$\beta_{\rm app}\sim$10.
This was one of the few dramatic features in astronomy which were
anticipated by theory (Rees 1966), and it is the result of real motion
at velocities close to $c$, observed at small, albeit not vanishingly
small, viewing angles.
The corresponding bulk Lorentz factors $\Gamma$ are greater or equal than
$\beta_{\rm app}$, and today superluminal speeds are routinely measured
in almost all (and the exception are important) blazars.
It is diffucult to assign an upper limit to the inferred distribution
of $\Gamma$, but it is believed that in powerful blazars
(showing relatively strong broad emission lines, as in radio--quiet AGNs),
the range is $3<\Gamma<20$, with some remaining uncertainty
associated with the phenomenon of intraday variability in radio,
leading to huge brightness temperatures
(see Wagner \& Witzel 1995 for a review).
This is now explained by the effect interstellar scintillation, but
a source scintillates if its angular size is small, suggesting in any
case very high brightness temperatures, even if not so extreme,
requiring large $\Gamma$ in any case (e.g. Kedziora--Chudczer et al. 2001).
Furthermore, at the other hand of the power scale, models of TeV BL Lacs
seem to require $\Gamma$ up to $\sim$50 or so, to explain
their TeV emission, especially when their $\gamma$--ray spectrum is
``de--absorbed", i.e. when the depletion of TeV photons interacting
with the IR cosmic background is taken into account
(e.g. Krawczynski, Coppi \& Aharonian 2002;
Konopelko et al. 2003).
Interestingly, VLBI and space VLBI observations of these TeV BL Lacs
have revealed that their apparent speed at the submas scale ($\sim$1 pc)
is only moderately superluminal or even subluminal (Piner \&
Edwards 2004; Giroletti et al. 2004).
This of course opens the issue of strong deceleration from TeV emitting
region ($\sim 10^{17}$ cm from the center) to 1 pc
(Kazanas \& Georganopoulos 2003,
Ghisellini, Tavecchio \& Chiaberge 2004).

From the beginning, the plasma moving inside the jets was assumed
to have a monodirectional velocity, despite the conical geometry
of the jet itself.
There have been sporadic attempts to see what happens if the velocity
vectors are distributed in a fan--like geometry (``sprayed",
Celotti et al. 1993), but this possibility has not been followed in any detail.
Instead, there is some suggestions that the jet may have a velocity
structure (but still monodirectional), with a fast spine and a slow layer
(e.g. Laing 1993; Chiaberge et al. 2000 and references therein;
Ghisellini, Tavecchio \& Chiaberge 2004),
at least in low power (and TeV emitting) BL Lacs and in their
misaligned counterpart, i.e. FR I radiogalaxies.

\subsection{Speeds: GRBs}

We do not see ``jets" in GRBs, but we nevertheless believe that their
emission originates from plasma moving with $\Gamma>100$, making
them the speed record holders among all known sources.
There are essentially three arguments suggesting such large speeds:

\begin{enumerate}
\item
Compactness.  We see variability on timescales
1--100 ms, powers $\sim 10^{50}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and spectra
extending above 511 keV, the threshold for
$\gamma$--$\gamma \to e^+ e^-$.
If the source is not moving the optical depth for
the photon--photon process is of the order of $10^{11}$--$10^{12}$.
Relativistic bulk motion comes to the rescue by allowing much
larger sizes of the emitting region than inferred from variability,
much smaller intrinsic powers, and much less photons above threshold.

\item
Variability. To produce the radiation we see, the source cannot be as small
as inferred from the observed variability, since the required leptons
would make the source Compton or Thomson thick for scattering.
Again, a large $\Gamma$ is required.

\item
Theory. A huge amount of energy put in a small volume in a short time
generates a small Big--Bang: $e^+$--$e^-$ pairs are immediately created,
the source becomes istantaneously thick and expands, pushed by its
internal pressure, to become relativistic.
This is the {\it fireball} (Cavallo \& Rees 1978).

\end{enumerate}

At first, fireballs were thought to be spherically symmetric, with
radial velocities.
Now there are strong indications that they are collimated
into cones (or flying pancakes) of some aperture angle $\theta_{\rm j}$.
These angles are of the same order of blazar's jets, but in GRBs studies
the ``sprayed' nature of the velocities has been mantained
in almost all models of GRBs (with the exception of the
cannonball model; e.g. Dar \& De R\`ujula, 2003).

\subsection{Power: blazars}

The spectra (SED) of blazars are characterized by two broad
emission peaks, believed to be produced in the
same zone of the jet (at some hundreds of Schwarzchild radii
from the base) by the synchrotron and inverse Compton
procesess (but there are alternative views, see e.g. Mucke et al. 2003
and references therein).

Fossati et al. (1998) found that the SED is controlled by the bolometric
observed luminosity, with both peaks shifting at smaller frequencies when
the luminosity increases (see Fig. \ref{sequence}, left).
Furthermore, the dominance of the high energy peak increases when
increasing the bolometric luminosity
(but this latter inference was based on the few
low power BL Lacs detected by EGRET).
This {\it blazar sequence} can be explained by a different degree of
radiative cooling: in powerful blazars electrons cool faster,
producing a break in the electron distribution function
at smaller and smaller energies when increasing the total
(radiation plus magnetic) energy density in the comoving frame
(Ghisellini et al. 1998).

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hskip -1 true cm
\psfig{file=sequence.ps, width=7.1cm, height=7.5cm}
&\hskip -0.7 true cm\psfig{file=GGL04.ps, width=7.1 cm, height=7.3cm}
\end{tabular}
\caption{{\bf Left:} the blazar sequence. From Fossati et al 1998,
Donato et al. 2002.
{\bf Right:} The GRB sequence (i.e. the ``Ghirlanda correlation"). From
Ghirlanda et al. 2004b, with the addition of the recent GRB 041006;
which nicely fits the correlation. The filled black squares correspond to
the energy emitted during the prompt phase of the bursts
$E_{\rm iso,\gamma}$ {\it assuming isotropy} (Amati et al. 2002).
The circles (red and blue) are the {\it collimation corrected} energy
$E_\gamma=E_{\rm iso,\gamma}(1-\cos\theta)$, where $\theta$ is the aperture
angle of the jet (assumed to be conical).
For both blazars and GRBs the SED is a function of the observed bolometric energy
output, but the two behaviors are opposite:
blazars are bluer when dimmer, GRBs are bluer when brighter.
Note the extremely small scatter of the Ghirlanda correlation.
}
\label{sequence}
\end{figure}

In the most powerful blazars, we believe that most
of the energy carried by the jet is not radiated
away, but it is kept to power the large scale radio--lobes.
Equipartition and minimum energy arguments are used
to infer the energy contained in these structures,
and by dividing it with the estimated lifetime of the source
the average power of the jet can be estimated.
Rawling \& Saunders (1991)
find average powers ranging from $10^{43}$--$10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$
for FR I radiogalaxies to $10^{46}$--$10^{47}$ erg s$^{-1}$ for FR II
radiogalaxies and radio--loud quasars.

One can also calculate the power carried by the jet by
inferring its density through modeling the observed SED
and requiring that the jet carries at least the particles
and the magnetic field necessary to make the radiation we see.
This has been done on the pc scale by Celotti \& Fabian (1993),
on sub--pc scale (the $\gamma$--ray emitting zone)
by Celotti \& Ghisellini (2004, see also Ghisellini 2003),
and on the hundreds of kpc scale (the X--ray jets
seen by Chandra) by Celotti, Ghisellini \& Chiaberge (2001)
and Tavecchio et al. (2000).
These studies find consistent values of the power transported
by the jet and require the presence of a dynamically dominating
proton component (see also the arguments by Sikora \& Madejski 2000).

\subsection{Power: GRBs}

Assuming isotropic emission, GRBs emit
$E_{\rm \gamma, iso} =10^{51}$--$10^{54}$ erg
in the $\gamma$--ray and hard X--ray band in a few seconds,
and a factor 10 or so {\it less} during the much longer
lasting afterglow.
The prompt spectra are characterized by a single component,
peaking (in $\nu F_\nu$) at an energy $E_{\rm peak}$.
Early results from BATSE led to believe that $E_{\rm peak}$
was clustered around $\sim 300$ keV, but now (mainly thanks
to HETE II, see e.g. Lamb et al. 2004, Sakamoto et al. 2004)
we think that the $E_{\rm peak}$ distribution
is broader, ranging from a few keV and a few MeV.
Both the prompt and the early
afterglow emissions are very likely collimated
into cones of semiaperture angles $\theta_{\rm j}$,
decreasing the energy budget by the factor $(1-\cos\theta_{\rm j})$
(two jets are assumed; e.g. Frail et al. 2001).
The cone angle can be measured by measuring the time $t_{\rm j}$
at which the afterglow lightcurve steepens.
Being the result of a geometric effect, this break must
be {\it achromatic}.
Recently, Ghirlanda, Ghisellini \& Lazzati (2004) found
a remarkably tight correlation between the
collimation corrected energy
$E_\gamma =(1-\cos\theta_{\rm j}) E_{\gamma, {\rm iso}}$
and $E_{\rm peak}$ (Fig. \ref{sequence}, right):
$E_{\rm peak}\propto E^{0.7}_\gamma$: then GRBs are
{\it bluer when brighter}, just the opposite of blazars.
The fact that the scatter around this correlation is
so small has a profound cosmological implication, since
it allows to use GRBs as standard candles (see below).

\section{The central engine}

Despite the efforts of the last 30 years, the acceleration,
launching and collimation of jets are still open issues.
Even the primary energy reservoir is debated,
since it may be in the spin of the black hole,
or in the rotational energy of the accretion disk.
For GRBs the early suggestions of neutrino--neutrino
interactions resulting from the merging of two neutron
stars seems now disfavored by energetic arguments and
by the fact that GBRs preferentially occur well within galaxies.
For blazars, the large ratio between the $\gamma$--ray and
the X--ray fluxes suggests that the reprocessing due to
$\gamma$--$\gamma \to e^{\pm}$ is not important,
requiring that the jet dissipation region is not
very compact. This in turn requires that most of the
dissipation takes place at some
distance from the black hole (hundreds of Schwarzchild radii,
Ghisellini \& Madau 1996),
and energy has to be transported there in a low entropy fashion,
favoring a Poynting flux origin  of the jet power.
On the other hand, the dominance of the $\gamma$--ray
emission with respect to the synchrotron radiation
emitted at lower frequencies requires a magnetic
field which is not dominant, at least in the emission region.
Therefore pure Poynting flux jet models face some difficulties,
even if the role of the magnetic field at the start of the jet
is probably crucial.
For GRBs, the ``standard" model
(e.g. Rees \& M\'esz\'aros 1992;
Rees \& M\'esz\'aros 1994;
Sari \& Piran 1997) assumes
that dissipation takes places right at the start,
with a little ``contamination" of barions,
and that it is the internal pressure that
accelerates the fireball to ultrarelativistic speeds.
However, also for GRBs a low entropy pure Poynting flux has been
proposed (Blandford 2003, Lyutikov \& Blandford 2003).
A possible observational diagnostics for this alternative
model is a high level of polarization
of the prompt and the early (minutes from the trigger) afterglow
(Lyutikov, Pariev \& Blandford 2003) which could flag the presence
of a well ordered and dominant magnetic field.

The most accepted scenario for the production of the prompt
radiation in GRBs proposes that the energy, initially in
high entropy form, is transformed into bulk motion.
To produce radiation, this ordered kinetic energy has to be
re--converted in random energy and then into radiation.
In this scenario this job is done by
inhomogeneities and different velocities in the ultrarelativistic
fireball wind which cause {\it internal} shocks.
Generally, these shocks can convert only a modest fraction
of the total energy in radiation, unless the relative bulk
Lorentz factors  of the different parts of the fireball are
extremely large (Beloborodov 2000, but note that
this may cause other difficulties, see e.g. Ghisellini 2003).
On the contrary, the interaction of the fireball with the
circumburst medium, which is thought to produce
the afterglow radiation, should be more efficient, since
the circumburst medium is at rest, and a larger fraction of the
initial kinetic energy of the fireball can be dissipated.
As a result, we naively expect that the total energy
radiated during the afterglow phase is greater than the one
radiated during the prompt phase, contrary to what is observed.

The low efficiency of internal shocks, which is a problem for GRBs,
is instead required for blazars, where the very same idea of internal shocks
has been successfully applied (Ghisellini 1999; Spada et al. 2001;
Guetta et al. 2004).
Powerful blazars, in fact, radiate a minor fraction of their
jet power, and keep the rest up to the end of the jet, where
it is used to energize the radio lobes.
In addition, internal shocks in blazars explain
why most of the dissipation takes place at some distance
from the black hole: it takes time for a faster part of the
flow to catch up with a slower one: if the two parts
have bulk Lorentz factors $\Gamma$ and $2\Gamma$ and
are initially separated by a distance $R_0$, the collision
will take place at $R_{\rm diss} \sim \Gamma^2 R_0$:
with $R_0$ of the order of the Schwarzchild radius and
$\Gamma\sim 10$, $R_{\rm diss}$ is just right.
After the first collisions,
the range of bulk Lorentz factors is reduced,
and therefore subsequent collisions will take place
with a reduced efficiency: in other words, internal
shocks select a preferred distance where most of the energy
is dissipated, in agreement with what we observe.

\begin{figure}[th]
\centerline{\psfig{file=0906_693f.ps, width=9.5cm, height=7cm}}
\vskip -0.5 true cm
\caption{
The Spectral Energy Distribution of the most
distant blazar Q0906+6930 (Romani et al. 2004).
For this and alike blazars, a high energy cutoff is expected in the spectrum
due to the $\gamma$--$\gamma\to e^+ e^-$ process between $\gamma$--rays
and optical--UV photons, both produced in the vicinity of the source
and belonging  to the optical--UV cosmic background photons.
The solid line is a synchrotron inverse Compton model which takes
into account $\gamma$--$\gamma$ absorption, pair creation and
the associated pair reprocessing (along the lines discussed
in Ghisellini et al. 1998).
}
\label{0906}
\end{figure}

\section{Distant blazars and the IR--UV background}

Romani et al. (2004) have recently associated a previously
unidentified EGRET source to the more distant blazar known,
0906+6930, at $z=5.47$. Its SED is shown in Fig. \ref{0906},
together with a possible spectral model.
If confirmed, this would be the most distant $\gamma$--ray emitter.
Besides flagging the presence of really supermassive
(although young) black holes (of masses exceeding $10^{10}M_\odot$),
these sources will be crucial for studying the cosmic
background radiation at UV--Optical frequencies,
which will imprint a sharp cutoff at high (tens of GeV)
$\gamma$--ray energies.
Similarly, but at much lower redshifts, one can study the IR
background through the absorption it produces  at TeV energies.
One should be careful to disantangle the {\it local} absorption
due to photons produced within the source (which, incidentally,
must also act as seed photons for the scattering process) from
the absorption due to the cosmic backgrounds,
but this is possible by studying sources of similar luminosities
at different redshifts.
In this respect, one can judge the potential of GLAST by looking
its detection limit in Fig. \ref{0906}.

\section{Measuring the Universe with GRBs}
\begin{figure}[th]
\centerline{\psfig{file=F01.ps, width=9cm, height=8cm}}
\caption{Classical Hubble  diagram in the
form of  luminosity--distance $D_{\rm L}$ vs redshift $z$ for Supernova Ia
and GRBs (filled  red circles: the 15 bursts in Ghirlanda et al 2004b).
In the top panel no  correction was applied for the SN Ia  and  all GRBs
are assumed to emit $E_\gamma=10^{51}$ erg.
In the bottom  panel  we  have  applied the  stretching-luminosity  and  the
$E_\gamma$--$E_{\rm peak}$ relations  to SN Ia and  GRBs, respectively.
Both panels also show curves for different $D_{\rm L}(z)$, as labelled. From
Ghirlanda et al. (2004a).
 }
\label{hd}
\end{figure}
The ``Ghirlanda correlation" shown in the right
panel of Fig. \ref{sequence} opens up the possibility
to use GRBs as rulers to measure the universe.
This is more than a wishful thinking, and already
now the 15 GRBs of the sample of Ghirlanda et al. (2004b)
put interesting constraints on the cosmological parameters.
Fig. \ref{hd} shows the classical Hubble diagram
for both SN Ia and GRBs.
In the top panel we can see the data points before correcting
the luminosity of SN Ia for the Phyllips relation (i.e. a relation
connecting the rate of decay of the lightcurve with the luminosity
of the event; Phyllips 1993), and assuming that all GRBs emit $10^{51}$ erg.
In the bottom panel, both the luminosity of SN Ia and the energetics
of GRBs have been corrected, assuming, for GRBs, the
Ghirlanda relation between $E_\gamma$ and $E_{\rm peak}$.
The left panel of Fig. \ref{cosmo} shows the constraints in the
$\Omega_{\rm M}$--$\Omega_{\Lambda}$ plane, considering
GRBs alone, SN Ia alone, and a combined fit.
One can see that despite the huge difference in number (15 GRBs
vs 156 SN Ia), GRBs can affect the constrained derived
by SN Ia, to make the combined fit more in agreement with
the ``concordance" cosmological model, which suggests
$\Omega_{\rm M}\sim 0.3$ and $\Omega_{\Lambda}\sim 0.7$.
But the huge potential of GRBs for cosmology is not much
in finding more accurate values of $\Omega_{\rm M}$ and $\Omega_{\Lambda}$;
i.e. in saying how the universe is now.
The real potential lies in the ability of GRBs
to find out in which way the universe became what it is,
i.e. how the dark energy evolves.
To do that we must have sources of known luminosity or power
embracing the maximum possible range of redshifts, to find
out, for instance, if the equation of state of the
dark energy was described by a constant or a time dependent
relation between pressure and energy density.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hskip -1.2 true cm
\psfig{file=F02.ps, width=7.3cm, height=7cm}
&\hskip -0.9 true cm\psfig{file=F03.ps, width=7.3cm, height=7cm}
\end{tabular}
\caption{{\bf Left:} Constraints in the
$\Omega_{\rm M}$--$\Omega_{\Lambda}$ plane derived for
the GRB sample (15 objects, red contours);
the ``Gold" Supernova Ia sample of Rieass et al. (2004)
(156 objects, blue contours).
The WMAP satellite constraints (black contours, Spergel et al. 2003)
are also shown.
The three colored ellipsoids are the confidence regions (dark green: 68\%;
green: 90\%; light green: 99\%) for the combined fit of SN Ia
and our GRB sample.
{\bf Right:} Constraints in the $w^\prime$--$w_0$ plane,
where the equation of state of the dark energy is
assumed to be described by $P=(w_0+w^\prime z)\rho c^2$.
The combined GRB+SN Ia contours are more consistent
with $w_0=-1$, $w^\prime=0$ than SN Ia alone. From Ghirlanda et al. 2004a.
}
\label{cosmo}
\end{figure}

For illustration, the right panel of Fig. \ref{cosmo} shows the constraints
in the $w^\prime$--$w_0$ plane, when  assuming a time dependent
equation of state of the dark energy, of the form
$P = (w_0+w^\prime z) \rho c^2$, where $P$ and $\rho$ are the pressure
and the energy density of the dark energy.
If the dark energy is described by the classical $\Lambda$ cosmological
term, then we must have $w_0=-1$ and $w^\prime=0$.
Again, note that although GRBs alone are not very constraining,
the combined fit of GRB+SN Ia moves the 68\% confidence region
to embrace the $w_0=-1$, $w^\prime=0$ point.

An obvious advantage from using GRBs for cosmology is that
we can detect them up to redhisft 10 or 20, contrary
to SN Ia, detectable up to $z\sim 1.7$.
The other point in favor is that GRBs are virtually unaffected
by dust or Lyman $\alpha$ absorption.
Finally, if the Ghirlanda correlation is obeyed by GRBs
of any luminosity, it is evolution--independent.

The SWIFT satellite is expected to localize 100--150 bursts per year.
For the majority of them  we foresee to have redshifts
and well sampled afterglow lightcurves, allowing
the most optimistic expectations for doing cosmology
with GRBs.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
It is a pleasure to thank A. Celotti,
C. Firmani,
G. Ghirlanda,
D. Lazzati and
F. Tavecchio
for many helpful discussions and a
fruitful collaboration.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Catch the Bullet (2021) - HD 720p
BRITT MacMASTERS, a U.S. Marshal who rarely brings them back alive, returns home from the trail to discover his 12-year-old son, CHAD, has been kidnapped by outlaws - JED BLAKE and his gang. Enlisting the help of Indian guide, CHASKA, along with CLAY TUCKER, a prejudiced deputy who doesn't trust the guide, Britt sets out into dangerous Sioux territory. As Jed lures the Marshal into his deadly ambush, he finds the captive boy a formidable and slippery opponent, with several escape attempts that return vicious beatings for Chad, and an unexpected tree branch thrust into Jed's eye. Furious with revenge, and with the threat of the merciless Sioux warriors around the bend, Jed's bloody injuries leave him a man crumbling on the brink of insanity. As the search party moves deeper into the Red Desert, Tucker's racist views towards Britt's Indian friend is deeply challenged when Chaska saves him from a close call with a Sioux warrior's knife. With both sides succumbing to brutal attacks and scalped heads, Britt races against time to confront the crazed outlaw and save his dying son. Meanwhile, spiraling further into madness, and fearing the Marshal may have fallen prey to the warriors, Jed turns his pistol to his young captive for a game of "Catch the Bullet." Before Chad can answer, an unseen Britt responds: "I'll play with ya." Trembling with crazed delight, Jed is face to face with his enemy. IMDb
Genres: Action, Fantasy, Sci-Fi
If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power
She Was the Deputy's Wife
Pick a Side
Genres: Drama, Western
Ted Bundy: American Boogeyman
The Burrowers
Genres: Horror, Thriller, Western
Genres: Action, Adventure, Drama, Fantasy, Sci-Fi
Blood Brothers: Malcolm X & Muhammad Ali
Genres: Documentary, Biography, History
Escape Room: Tournament of Champions
Genres: Action, Adventure, Horror
Run All Night
Being James Bond: The Daniel Craig Story
The Commando


During the cold and flu season, we recommend an interior shampoo to help properly clean and disinfect your car. Why? For starters, it's more than just a shampoo of the seats, mats, carpets and door panels. We clean the windows and mirrors inside and out, vacuum the interior and trunk, then clean and dress the leather, vinyl, and rubber. We'll wipe the dashboard and console, fine clean all components and can even remove deeply embedded food and other stains. We make sure to get all the "germiest areas" to insure your car remains a safe zone.
Have other questions on maintaining your vehicle's interior? We're here to help! Call or email Capitol Shine using the following link: capitolshine.com/call-or-write; and be sure to schedule your appointment online while you're there.


text:
import { AppPage } from './app.po';

describe('app', () => {
  let page: AppPage;

  beforeEach(() => {
    page = new AppPage();
  });

  it('should display hello message', () => {
    page.navigateTo();
    expect(page.getParagraphText()).toEqual('Hello world !');
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I have decided to take a motorcycle rider's refresher course this summer. Statistics show that experienced riders over 50 years old were more apt to crash while riding alone, using improper braking techniques, or failing to negotiate a curve. I will admit curves sometimes catch me off guard, and I hope to correct it… Ruth Johnson, Michigan's Secretary of State, hopped on her 1200 Sporty and led a group of motorcyclists, veterans and police officers across the Mackinac Bridge on May 19 to promote Motorcycle Safety Awareness Month. A rally was held at Bridge View Park where she spoke about the need to share the road, as well as reducing the number of riders without an endorsement. We have approximately 40,000 riders in Michigan without endorsements… Over 400 motorcycles took part in the 4th annual Victory Ride from the National Military History Museum in Auburn, Indiana, to Lucky Harley-Davidson in Fort Wayne to raise money for Honor Flight of Northeast Indiana. Organizer Shane Hoffman feels this is one of the last ways we can honor our men and women who served in World War II… Perry Harley-Davidson and Southwest Michigan H.O.G. #2277 of Portage, Michigan, held the "We Are Kalamazoo" memorial ride on Saturday, May 21, raising $6,700 for the six victims and two survivors of a shooting February 20 by an Uber driver who said his phone told him to do it. Monies collected were donated to Kalamazoo and Battle Creek Community Foundations and United Way to support survivors and families of the victims… Fox Valley H.O.G. Chapter #5521 sponsored by Harley-Davidson of Appleton, Wisconsin, held their 17th annual run to the Veterans Home in King. The run helps fund the recreation programs for the veterans; they have raised over $70,000 for the vets since beginning the ride. According to event coordinator Dennis Moore, the fun part is talking to the vets and swapping stories about the old days of riding and some of the rides and events riders go on now… The Copperheads MC (law enforcement and public safety professionals) of Kenosha, Wisconsin, hauled away over 200 tires that someone dumped along the shoreline of Lake Michigan. Alvin "Chipmunk" Burdick said the motorcycle club formed so it could help the community, and making the community look nice is part of that… The J&P Cycles' annual Open House held on June 25 and 26 returned home to the J&P store in Anamosa, Iowa, after a one-year move to the fairgrounds down the road. The Parhams have signed a long-term lease on their existing store, and decided to bring the open house back home where it enjoyed over 20 years of hosting the yearly party. The two-day event draws over 30,000 every year… The Knights of the Road MC, established in 1937 in Fowlerville, Michigan, are the keepers of the Michigan Riders Memorial Wall. It sits outside the clubhouse, and can be accessed at any time of day. There are 89 names on the wall, and you do not have to be a club member to be listed. Anyone can add a loved one's name if they passed away from any cause, and the person must have been a motorcycle rider registered in Michigan. Cost is $150 per name. Plans are in the works for a wheelchair ramp to be added… That's it for this month; it's all about you, the Midwest biker. Ride fast, but ride safe.


text:
Q: Blackberry Spark Android SDK error with bBMEnterprise.Start() I'm building an Xamarin Android App in using BlackBerry Spark Communications Services SDK. I have created SDK binding to use in Xamarin project. I have configured my application in sandbox environment using https://developer.blackberry.com/files/bbm-enterprise/documents/guide/html/gettingStarted.html
In application, I have configured the SDK with my Domain and then initialized BBMEnterprise.
When I'm calling Start() function, BBMEnterprise.Instance.Start() method is returning as True But when I'm reading BBMEnterpriseState, it's always returning as FAILED.
Here is the log:-
I/com.bbm.enterprise.ui(22817): Starting BBM Enterprise SDK with app name: com.ruby.bbm.example.quickstart version: 1.11.0.6 using sandbox
...
I/com.bbm.enterprise.ui(22817): BBMEnterprise client initialized
...
E/com.rim (22817): [2] rim::os::checkDefaultLocale(): Cowardly refusing to change LANG=en-US environment variable that is not "C" or "POSIX"
E/com.rim (22817): [2] [SHUTDOWN] bbmcore 1.11.0.6: Uncaught exception: rim::main::init_error: status=127
I/com.rim (22817): [4] [SHUTDOWN] bbmcore 1.11.0.6: Shutdown complete; exiting pid=22817 with status=127
I/com.bbm.enterprise.ui.servicelayer(22817): BBM Core wrapper onStopped received.
W/com.bbm.enterprise.ui(22817): BBM Core wrapper reporting fatal error: true
I/mono-stdout(22817): startSuccessful: True
I/com.bbm.enterprise.ui.servicelayer(22817): BBM Core wrapper service layer status: disconnected
Can somebody please help me to resolve this?
Thanks

A: unfortunately BlackBerry does not support Xamarin for the SDK. A BBMEnterpriseState of FAILED means an error has occurred. You can try further investigating by calling the below method to get the failure reason:
https://developer.blackberry.com/files/bbm-enterprise/documents/guide/reference/android/com/bbm/sdk/BBMEnterprise.html#getFailureReason--

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Reusable Tikz Picture I have a tikz picture I continually re-use. I want to create a function to make the calculations and draw the graph.
\documentclass[preview]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

%% Create the General Function
\tikzset{
declare function={

EQUILIBRIUM(\DINT, \DSLP, \SINT, \SSLP)=

    %Define linear parameters for supply and demand
        \def\dint{\DINT}           %Y-intercept for DEMAND.
        \def\dslp{\DSLP}          %Slope for DEMAND.
        \def\sint{\SINT}          %Y-intercept for SUPPLY.
        \def\sslp{\SSLP}          %Slope for SUPPLY.

    % Define equilibrium points
        \def\qeq{ {(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp) } }
        \def\peq{ {(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint} }

    % Define equilibrium coordinates.
        \coordinate (ints)  at  ( \qeq, \peq);
        \coordinate (ep)    at  ( 0, \peq);
        \coordinate (eq)    at  ( \qeq, 0);
        \coordinate (dint)  at  ( 0, \dint);
        \coordinate (sint)  at  ( 0, \sint);

    % DEMAND
        \def\demand{\x,{\dslp*\x+\dint}}
        \draw[thick,color=blue] plot (\demand) node[right] {Demand}; %{$P(q) = -\frac{1}{2}q+\frac{9}{2}$};

    % SUPPLY
        \def\supply{\x,{\sslp*\x+\sint}}
        \draw[thick,color=purple] plot (\supply) node[right] {Supply};

    % Draw axes
        \draw[->] (0,0) -- (6.2,0) node[right] {$Q$};
        \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,6.2) node[above] {$P$};

    % Equilibirum Price
        \def\pp{\pgfmathparse{ \peq }\pgfmathprintnumber[precision=1] \pgfmathresult}
        \draw[thin] (ep) node[left]{$P*=\pp$}-- (ints);

    % Equilibirum Quantity
        \def\qq{\pgfmathparse{ \qeq }\pgfmathprintnumber[precision=1] \pgfmathresult}
        \draw[thin] (eq) node[below]{$Q*=\qq$}-- (ints);
}
}

\begin{document}

%% USE the Function
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:5,scale=1,thick]
EQUILIBRIUM(4.5, -0.5, 3.49, 0.01)
\end{tikzpicture}

%% USE the Function Again
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:5,scale=1,thick]
EQUILIBRIUM(4.1, -0.3, 3.49, 0.01)
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

A: You shouldn't use empty lines in most definitions, since they are usually flagged as an error (Paragraph ended before ...) as a guard against missing closing braces.
Moreover, what you need is the definition of a new command, not declare function. With \newcommand, a LaTeX primitive, you can abbreviate LaTeX code for later reuse; it may contain up to nine parameters, #1 to #9. On the other hand, declare function expects the definition of a mathematical function in tikz syntax.
\documentclass[preview]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

%% Create the General Function
\newcommand\EQUILIBRIUM[4]%
   {%Define linear parameters for supply and demand
        \def\dint{#1}          %Y-intercept for DEMAND.
        \def\dslp{#2}          %Slope for DEMAND.
        \def\sint{#3}          %Y-intercept for SUPPLY.
        \def\sslp{#4}          %Slope for SUPPLY.
    % Define equilibrium points
        \def\qeq{ {(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp) } }
        \def\peq{ {(\sint-\dint)/(\dslp-\sslp)*\sslp+\sint} }
    % Define equilibrium coordinates.
        \coordinate (ints)  at  ( \qeq, \peq);
        \coordinate (ep)    at  ( 0, \peq);
        \coordinate (eq)    at  ( \qeq, 0);
        \coordinate (dint)  at  ( 0, \dint);
        \coordinate (sint)  at  ( 0, \sint);
    % DEMAND
        \def\demand{\x,{\dslp*\x+\dint}}
        \draw[thick,color=blue] plot (\demand) node[right] {Demand}; %{$P(q) = -\frac{1}{2}q+\frac{9}{2}$};
    % SUPPLY
        \def\supply{\x,{\sslp*\x+\sint}}
        \draw[thick,color=purple] plot (\supply) node[right] {Supply};
    % Draw axes
        \draw[->] (0,0) -- (6.2,0) node[right] {$Q$};
        \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,6.2) node[above] {$P$};
    % Equilibirum Price
        \def\pp{\pgfmathparse{ \peq }\pgfmathprintnumber[precision=1] \pgfmathresult}
        \draw[thin] (ep) node[left]{$P*=\pp$}-- (ints);
    % Equilibirum Quantity
        \def\qq{\pgfmathparse{ \qeq }\pgfmathprintnumber[precision=1] \pgfmathresult}
        \draw[thin] (eq) node[below]{$Q*=\qq$}-- (ints);
   }

\begin{document}

%% USE the Function
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:5,scale=1,thick]
\EQUILIBRIUM{4.5}{-0.5}{3.49}{0.01}
\end{tikzpicture}

%% USE the Function Again
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:5,scale=1,thick]
\EQUILIBRIUM{4.1}{-0.3}{3.49}{0.01}
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}


text:
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Essay / On This Day
Today Athanasius Got the New Testament Exactly Right (367)
by Fred Sanders on January 7, 2009
Athanasius of Alexandria (who died in 373) was a marvel: He refuted the heresy of Arianism, wrote voluminously in defense of the truth, oversaw the Christian church in Alexandria, was the official calendar-keeper for when Easter was to be celebrated, and –in his spare time– was the first to write get the Table of Contents for the New Testament exactly right.
I say "spare time" because he didn't set out to establish the canon. Instead, he was officially notifying his congregation in Alexandria about the right date for Easter in the year 367. He was just back from exile, and since he had now been exiled five different times, it must have been business as usual. There was a tradition that the bishop of Alexandria would send out the letter about Easter as soon as epiphany was over (which is why several good websites) connect the letter to the remarkably precise date January 7). After taking care of that announcement, Athanasius goes on provide a list of the books that are to be read in churches and treated as having authority. Here is the key passage, from a 19th century translation:
In proceeding to make mention of these things, I shall adopt, to commend my undertaking, the pattern of Luke the Evangelist, saying on my own account: 'Forasmuch as some have taken in hand' to reduce into order for themselves the books termed apocryphal, and to mix them up with the divinely inspired Scripture, concerning which we have been fully persuaded, as they who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the Word, delivered to the fathers; it seemed good to me also, having been urged thereto by true brethren, and having learned from the beginning, to set before you the books included in the Canon, and handed down, and accredited as Divine; to the end that any one who has fallen into error may condemn those who have led him astray; and that he who has continued stedfast in purity may again rejoice, having these things brought to his remembrance.
There are, then, of the Old Testament, twenty-two books in number; for, as I have heard, it is handed down that this is the number of the letters among the Hebrews; their respective order and names being as follows. The first is Genesis, then Exodus, next Leviticus, after that Numbers, and then Deuteronomy. Following these there is Joshua, the son of Nun, then Judges, then Ruth. And again, after these four books of Kings, the first and second being reckoned as one book, and so likewise the third and fourth as one book. And again, the first and second of the Chronicles are reckoned as one book. Again Ezra, the first and second (i.e. Ezra and Nehemiah) are similarly one book. After these there is the book of Psalms, then the Proverbs, next Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs. Job follows, then the Prophets, the twelve being reckoned as one book. Then Isaiah, one book, then Jeremiah with Baruch, Lamentations, and the epistle, one book; afterwards, Ezekiel and Daniel, each one book. Thus far constitutes the Old Testament.
Again it is not tedious to speak of the [books] of the New Testament. These are, the four Gospels, according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Afterwards, the Acts of the Apostles and Epistles (called Catholic), seven, viz. of James, one; of Peter, two; of John, three; after these, one of Jude. In addition, there are fourteen Epistles of Paul, written in this order. The first, to the Romans; then two to the Corinthians; after these, to the Galatians; next, to the Ephesians; then to the Philippians; then to the Colossians; after these, two to the Thessalonians, and that to the Hebrews; and again, two to Timothy; one to Titus; and lastly, that to Philemon. And besides, the Revelation of John.
These are fountains of salvation, that they who thirst may be satisfied with the living words they contain. In these alone is proclaimed the doctrine of godliness. Let no man add to these, neither let him take ought from these. For concerning these the Lord put to shame the Sadducees, and said, 'Ye do err, not knowing the Scriptures.' And He reproved the Jews, saying, 'Search the Scriptures, for these are they that testify of Me.'
The process of the church's recognition of the canon is a fascinating historical study. Athanasius had spent his life arguing with Arians about the interpretation of Matthew, John, Proverbs, the Psalms, and so on. What he and his opponents agreed on, please note, is which books were worth arguing from. But in this Easter letter, he is reminding Christian congregations that a certain set of writings have imposed themselves on the church, and are to be "accredited as Divine," for use in public worship, arguing theology, and guiding Christian behavior.
The bulk of the New Testament was in place and in use for centuries before this, and had universal recognition all over the Christian world. But there were still some nagging questions around the edges: are II and III John good for anything? What's with Revelation? And how about these other books that we like a lot, like a really old document called The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, or a really weird document called The Shepherd of Hermas? And how about the apocryphal books between the Old and New Testaments? And what about a bunch of other wacky literature that some of us like to read?
It was to iron out these details that Athanasius went ahead and made the list:
But for greater exactness I add this also, writing of necessity; that there are other books besides these not indeed included in the Canon, but appointed by the Fathers to be read by those who newly join us, and who wish for instruction in the word of godliness. The Wisdom of Solomon, and the Wisdom of Sirach, and Esther, and Judith, and Tobit, and that which is called the Teaching of the Apostles, and the Shepherd. But the former, my brethren, are included in the Canon, the latter being [merely] read; nor is there in any place a mention of apocryphal writings. But they are an invention of heretics, who write them when they choose, bestowing upon them their approbation, and assigning to them a date, that so, using them as ancient writings, they may find occasion to lead astray the simple.
Athanasius' clear, well-argued list nailed the 27 books of the New Testament, and so became a classic: councils in the next few decades ended up producing lists exactly like his (though we can't be sure if his writing directly influenced them).
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Mozilla and Facebook today announced the official launch of Facebook Messenger for Firefox. While the new addition became available last month with the release of Firefox 17, Mozilla is officially flipping the launch switch today.
Facebook Messenger for Firefox is built on Mozilla's Social API for the Web. The new feature allows Firefox users to chat away with their Facebook friends no matter what site they're on; as my colleague Ken Yeung put it, "you could be on Twitter and still send Facebook messages."
To use the feature, you'll need to install Firefox 17, visit the Facebook Messenger for Firefox page and click the green "Turn On." Once you enable it, you'll get a social sidebar with your Facebook Chat, updates like new comments and photo tags, as well as notifications for messages, friend requests, and so on that you can respond to directly from Firefox.
Facebook Messenger for Firefox is part of a unique partnership between Facebook and Mozilla, which hints that the two could bring even more Facebook features to Firefox in the future. Mozilla is the one that reached out to Facebook earlier this year about the project, which is dependent on " on a number of HTML5 standards, such as WebSockets and Shared Worker," according to Facebook.
Mozilla is a non-profit organization with a mission to promote openness, innovation and opportunity on the Web and we can't wait to see what cool Web experiences developers will build on our Social API. We want to build a social standard for the Web to give developers more opportunities and users more choice, much like we did with our work on OpenSearch. Imagine using the Firefox sidebar, toolbar buttons and even an AwesomeBar button for news, music, finances, email, group projects and more.
In other words, this isn't going to stop at Facebook; as we've noted, Mozilla has integrated a whole Social API into Firefox. In fact, the company says it will "soon add support for more features and multiple providers." Is Twitter next?


text:
Ансина () — город в северной части Уругвая, в департаменте Такуарембо.

География
Расположен на берегу реки Такуарембо, примерно в 60 км к юго-востоку от административного центра департамента, города Такуарембо и в 150 км к северо-западу от города Мело. Город находится при пересечении автомобильных дорог № 26 и № 44. Абсолютная высота — 92 метра над уровнем моря.

История
Согласно постановлению № 11.530, 5 октября 1950 года населённый пункт был переименован из Пасо-де-Боррачо в Ансина. Получил статус малого города (Villa) 3 мая 1984 года.

Население
По данным на 2011 год население Ансина составляет 2712 человек.

Источник: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Примечания

Ссылки
 INE map of Ansina

Города Уругвая

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HUGE ROMAN SETTLEMENT FOUND BURIED ON SITE OF NEW ...
MIGRANTS FROM THE NEAR EAST BROUGHT FARMING TO EUR...
EVEN THOUGH BRAINS OF NEANDERTHALS ARE BIGGER, DOE...
NEW EVIDENCE ON THE BUILDING OF SILBURY HILL IN WI...
NEOLITHIC FOLKS IN THE ORKNEY ISLANDS OFF SCOTLAND...
A ROYAL GARDEN FROM THE 7TH - 4TH CENTURY BC FOUN...
KING TUT KILLED BY A HIPPO ON A HUNTING TRIP?
INDIAN VILLAGE IN EAST ST. LOUIS ABANDONED WHILE C...
OLDEST STONE AGE AX FOUND IN AUSTRALIA
OVER 10,000 IMAGES OF ROCK ART FOUND IN REMOTE CHI...
TWO ANCIENT CHINA SITES THREATENED BY CHINESE INVESTMENTS
A Chinese company is eager to begin developing the world's second-biggest unexploited copper mine which lies beneath the ruins of a 2,600-year-old Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan. Beijing put $3.5 billion stake in the mine, the largest foreign investment in Afghanistan by far, and the Afghan government stands to rake in a potential $1.2 billion a year in revenues from the mine, as well as the creation of much-needed jobs.
In the meantime, archaeologists are racing to salvage what they can from a major seventh century BCE religious site along the famed Silk Road connecting Asia and the Middle East. The ruins, including the monastery and domed shrines known as 'stupas,' will most likely be largely destroyed once construction of the mine begins. The Chinese government-backed China Metallurgical Group Corp., or MCC, planned to start building the mine by the end of 2011, but under an informal understanding with the Kabul government, it has granted archaeologists three years for a salvage excavation.
Archaeologists working on the site since May say that will not be enough time for full preservation. "That site is so massive that it's easily a 10-year campaign of archaeology," stated Laura Tedesco, an archaeologist brought in by the U.S. Embassy to work on sites in Afghanistan. Philippe Marquis, a French archaeologist advising the Afghans, said the salvage effort is piecemeal and 'minimal'; held back by lack of funds and personnel. "This is probably one of the most important points along the Silk Road," revealed Marquis. "What we have at this site, already in excavation, should be enough to fill the (Afghan) national museum."
The monastery complex has been excavated, revealing hallways and rooms decorated with frescoes and filled with clay and stone statues of standing and reclining Buddhas. Some statues reaching as high as 10 feet. An area that was at one time a courtyard is dotted with stupas standing four or five feet high. More than 150 statues have been found to date, though many remain in place. The large ones are too heavy to be moved, and the team lacks the chemicals necessary to keep small ones from disintegrating when extracted.
MCC appears to be pushing the archaeologists to complete the excavation ahead of schedule. The Afghan archaeologist overseeing the dig said he has no idea when MCC representatives might tell him his work is over, so he tries not to think about deadlines. "We would like to work according to our principles. If we don't work according to the principles of archaeology, then we are no different from traffickers," Abdul Rauf Zakir noted.
The team hopes to lift some of the larger statues and shrines out before winter sets in this month, but they still haven't procured the crane and other equipment needed to do so. Funding from foreign governments has been promised, but has yet to materialize. Marquis said MCC has been cooperative and has been helping the archaeologists with dirt removal and asking what more needs to be done. Zakir, the Afghan archaeologist, laughs. "Yes, they are very helpful. They want to help so that we can finish quickly. They want us gone."
Edited from Associated Press (14 November 2010)
http://tinyurl.com/2ug82sn


Welcome to Equine Veterinary Services of Leelanau!
EVS was established in 2001 with the goal of providing the highest standard of ambulatory medicine to horses in Northern Michigan. We are proud to serve Leelanau, Grand Traverse and Benzie County. To find out if we are servicing your area or to make an appointment, please call the office at (231) 271-4100.


Having been working in insurance for over 30 years, I can recall the days of using carbon paper and typewriters. Back when I started, rating auto policies was done manually, with limited rating factors. Nowadays, rates are done through the computer using algorithms and it's almost impossible to determine one's rate. Rates are driven in a large part by credit, prior coverage history together with tickets, accidents and other claims going back as far as 5 years. Some companies even charge more for claims involving personal injury regardless of whose fault the accident was.
Interestingly, over all those years, the Assigned Risk really hasn't changed it's rating structure. The Assigned Risk is a state's auto program that is designed to write people that have trouble getting insurance. Although I haven't used the AR for years, I am beginning to now find that the AR or NYAIP can be a good fit in certain circumstances. This is because the AR does not base a rate on one's credit or on having prior coverage. Furthermore, only tickets and at fault accidents, going back just 39 months, are rated. Not at fault accidents, hit and run accidents and no seat belt tickets are not rated. The AR also does not begin charging for a ticket or an accident until it is at least 3 months old.
Knowing the ins and outs of the Assigned Risk aka the New York Auto Insurance Plan has come in very useful.


text:
Home Open Access Tracking Project (OATP) ab1630's bookmarks Open access to weather data | Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment | New Zealand
Open access to weather data | Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment | New Zealand
ab1630's bookmarks 2018-01-13
"In 2016, the former Minister of Science and Innovation, the former Minister of Finance and the former Minister for State-owned Enterprises commissioned the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment and Treasury to review policy settings for open access to weather data. The review was intended to determine if there is a level of government held weather data which should be opened up for public access (over and above data already available) to better stimulate innovation and promote economic growth. The report was to look specifically at data availability, cost, use and potential, and how this works in relation to New Zealand's open government data principles...."
http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/science-innovation/open-access-to-weather-data/?searchterm=weather+data%2A
Open Access Tracking Project (OATP) » ab1630's bookmarks
oa.new oa.new_zealand oa.government oa.access oa.weather oa.stem oa.principles oa.psi oa.meteorology oa.data


The position of Relief Housekeeping Attendant has become available at The Moorfield Hotel. Flexible casual hours are available to fit in with other family or work commitments that you may have. Reporting into the Housekeeping Manager, you will be responsible for ensuring a high standard of cleanliness in guest bedrooms and public areas, undertaking weekly scheduled tasks as required and understanding and following safe use of chemicals. The successful applicant for this role will deliver excellent customer service, have a positive "can do" attitude, be willing to learn and show that they care.
We are looking for someone who can communicate well with others, can carry out instructions, is able to pay close attention to detail and will commit to providing outstanding service to our guests. Experience of/with housekeeping role in a similar environment would be preferable but full training will be provided.
The Moorfield Hotel is managed by RBH Hospitality Management; an independent hotel management company, working in partnership with six of the most prestigious hotel brands including IHG, Hilton, Starwood, Accor, Marriott and Wyndham. At RBH we stand out from our peers, transforming hotels to perform exceptionally.


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GALERIJA /
ZA MEDIJE /
pasica / logo
Shannon Cochrane on Looking For Work by Milijana Babič
It's the opening night of City of Women, and I am happy to be Ljubljana. But I am also tired, exhausted from a long night of not sleeping on planes, crossing the ocean, and either sitting for hours or dashing quickly through airports. This is the job of the traveling artist. But it's okay, because when I arrive to the opening exhibition of the festival, this feeling of complete body and mind exhaustion is familiarly echoed in Milijana Babič's Looking For Work at Škuc Gallery. The first piece you see as you enter the gallery is a long wall of descriptive text, where the artist has evaluated and listed the pros and cons in point form of several of her prior jobs. As I am looking at the piece, a fellow viewer leans over to me and asks, "So which of these jobs have you done?" It's not a tongue-in-cheek question. I've also cleaned houses for a living (I put myself through art college with that one), waitressed, bartended, and sold random useless stuff (in person AND over the phone). We've all been there I think. Looking For Work is a reminder that many of us are still there, and will likely be there again.
The exhibition also houses a publication that contains all of the text transcripts the artist had with potential "bosses", the people who answered her newspaper ads in which over the course of a year she advertised that she was ready and willing to take on any kind of job offer. These texts read like a classic Buzzfeed list, "Top 10 Things Not To Say To Female Colleagues", or "25 Best Random Texts From Strangers". To me it reads like a parlour game played with friends over a few beers: what wouldn't you do to make the rent? But the better question, and the one already tidily disguised in the first, is: what would you do?
At home in Toronto, many people have a habit of following, "Nice to meet you", with "So what do you do?" I've always hated this question because somehow saying that you are an artist is like admitting you don't have a job. I've trained myself to make a distinction and to say that my job is 'X', but my work is being an artist. Looking For Work tickles my conceptual funny bone by playing with our middle-class notions of the value of work, and attempting to conflate this with having a proper job.
But make no mistake, being an artist is a proper job. At the bar later, Milijana and I talk about how every artist is also an organizer for an arts or cultural organization (if you are lucky enough to get one of those underpaid jobs), and more importantly, for yourself. You have to be a multitasking master. Forget about making the art itself, there are a myriad of other things that have to happen first: administrative paperwork, documentation, applications, taxes, promotion, working every opportunity. Artists hire themselves in an endless cycle of contract work.
Guillermo Gómez-Peña says it best later that evening when he testifies that the power of performance is its ability to conjure up all kinds of potential meanings and associations for the viewer. In Looking For Work, the artist's intention is not to put herself in harm's way, exploit herself for exploitation's sake, or to live someone else's life. The project itself is always just that – a project – but it is clear from looking at the videos and reading the texts that this work is work. The artist takes terrible job after job as both illustration, and as embodied demonstration. And while she is always aware that the work has an end goal (an art exhibition), she enters each position with honesty. She tries to do a good job. She works for her work. Contained in the artist's straightforward performative gestures caught on videotape and cataloged in various ways, I want to find the secret to unlocking the power to raise minimum wage; I want to shine a light on migrant workers and the conditions they face; I want to go back in time and overthrow the warped system that insists a man be paid more for the same work done by a woman. I think about all the women in the world working for pennies, doing shitty jobs for shittier bosses, and whose skills are exploited while their true talents are ignored and neglected. The personal is universal.
And at the end of the day, it might sound simple, but Looking for Work makes me grateful that I have a job.
-SC
Iščem delo


Chicken Alfredo pasta, garlic breadstick, breaded tomatoes, Mandarin oranges, chocolate cake.
BBQ chicken, party potatoes, green beans, banana, applesauce cake. BINGO.
Swiss steak, mashed potatoes with LS gravy, broccoli w cheese sauce, red delicious apple, frosted carrot cake, CARDS.
Spaghetti with LS meat sauce, garlic breadstick, green beans, spinach Mandarin salad with assorted dressings, bananas and oranges.
DES MOINES– The West High Women of Troy amassed 37 points over the weekend to place eighth as a team in the 4A State Co-Ed Track and Field Meet held at Drake University in Des Moines.
McKennan Cronbaugh leapt 18 feet, 3 inches to win the Class 4A girls' long jump contest.
Results provided by the Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union. Finals only.
Discus: 19, Jenny Hanson, 108 feet, 9 inches. 21, Abby Brayton, 106 feet, 4 inches.
3000 meter run: 6, Ashlynn Yokom, 10:37.55. 18, Sofia Mendoza, 11:21.93.
DES MOINES– Clear Creek Amana's (CCA) girls' track and field team put up 10 team points over the past weekend in the Class 3A State Co-Ed Track and Field Meet in Des Moines at Drake University.
The Clippers were ranked 22nd in team points. Dubuque Wahlert won the team title with 90 points. Solon was third with 59, Mount Vernon-Lisbon finished 18th with a dozen and Williamsburg was 14th with 17 team points.
TIFFIN— It was a blowout and soccer clinic rolled into one last Monday, May 21, as the Washington Demons visited Clear Creek Amana (CCA). The Demons came into the first round of the substate tournament winless, while the Clippers had 10 wins under their belts.
The mis-match was quickly apparent.
NORTH LIBERTY– The North Liberty Community Library's Summer Reading Program is underway. It's a great way to keep reading during those hot summer months. It's not just for kids, adults can sign up, too. There are lots of fun activities in the library this summer. The expansion project should be starting soon. For information, contact the library at 319-626-5701.
NORTH LIBERTY– If you're interested in being on the North Liberty garage sale list, please send an email to Mary Byers at mbyers@ci.north-liberty.ia.us. Include your address and a listing of items you plan to sell. Listings will be accepted until 4 p.m. on Friday, June 1. Citywide garage sale day is Saturday, June 9 from 8 a.m. until 4 p.m.
NORTH LIBERTY– The outdoor pool at the North Liberty Community Center is now open for the season. From now until school closes, the pool will be open Monday through Thursday from 4 until 8 p.m, and Friday through Sunday noon until 6 p.m. After school is out, the pool will be open Monday through Thursday from 1 until 9 p.m., and from noon until 6 p.m. Friday through Sunday and on the July 4 holiday. Check it out and sign up for a season pass. Call 319-626-5716 for more information.
NORTH LIBERTY– The North Liberty Community Library will hold a book sale from June 9 through 16 during normal library hours. Lots of books of all kinds and for all ages will be offered for sale. There will also be 700 music CDs for sale. For information contact Dee at 319-626-5701 or librldy@north-liberty.lib.ia.us.


text:
@interface NSDictionary (GHProfile)

- (NSInteger)GHid;
- (NSString*)GHname;
- (NSArray*)GHroutes;
- (GHImage*)GHimage;

@end

typedef NSDictionary GHProfile;


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After a tight opening set, the FIVB No. 5 ranked U.S. seized momentum early in the second set and never let go. Canada, which is ranked No 11, played the better part of the match without captain Fred Winters, who suffered an ankle injury early in the second set. Matthew Anderson had 14 kills and three aces for the U.S Dallas Soonias and Gord Perrin each had seven kills for Canada. "We got outplayed completely by the USA," said Canadian coach Glen Hoag. "We couldn't receive so we couldn't establish any offence and they played great block defence. We had a chance in the first set but we made too many unforced errors." Canada led for much of the opening set, before the U.S. went on a 5-0 run to go in front 23-21. Canada rallied to tie it 23-23, but the Americans took the set with two straight points. In the second set, Winters suffered an injury early on and his absence was instantly apparent. With Winters out, the Americans earned eight of the next 11 points to open a 12-6 lead. After that, Canada never got closer than three points.
After Rouhani's speech, the Israeli leader described the address as a 'cynical' attempt to buy time to develop a nuclear- weapons capability. Obama stressed that 'conciliatory words' from Iran 'will have to be matched by actions that are transparent and verifiable. Speech: U.S. President Barack Obama speaks during the 68th session of the General Assembly at United Nations headquarters, Tuesday, Sept. 24, 2013 No Handshake: Members of international advocacy group Avaaz take part in a protest wearing masks of Iran's new President Hassan Rouhani (R) and U.S. president Barack Obama, outside the U.N. headquarters in New York on Tuesday Skepticism about Rouhani's intentions have cast doubt on the prospect for any immediate breakthrough between Washington and Tehran. The Jewish state, believed to be the Middle East's only nuclear-armed power, has long threatened military strikes on Iran's nuclear sites if diplomacy fails. Seeking to keep expectations under control, Obama said suspicions between Iran and the United States were too great to believe their troubled history can be overcome overnight. 'The roadblocks may prove to be too great but I firmly believe the diplomatic path must be tested,' Obama said. Obama suggested though that Rouhani's overtures could 'offer the basis for a meaningful agreement' to curb Iran's nuclear ambitions and said he had instructed Secretary of State John Kerry to press a diplomatic effort along with other world powers. He cited resolving the Iranian nuclear standoff and reaching an Israeli-Palestinian peace deal as the key U.S.
Al-Shabab is more of an international problem than a Somali problem. It can happen here in the United States as it is now happening in Nairobi. U.S. intelligence officials disputed this assessment in interviews with The Daily Beast. On Monday, Rep. Ed Royce, the Republican chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee said, I think at this point we do not have any evidence that al-Shabab has a capability of carrying out attacks on the United States. This points to the importance of our surveillance and intelligence capabilities on the ground in east Africa because there are a number of Americans who have joined the group. Mohamuds government, which was ++recognized by the Obama administration in January after a two-decade break in formal U.S.-Somali diplomatic relations, is widely regarded to be Somalias best hope for continuing a transition to a functional democracy and reestablishing government control of the few parts of Somalia now under al-Shabab control. He says that while its true the terrorist group still calls Somalia home, its not true that the group is Somali in origin or makeup. In Shabab there are Kenyans, there are Ugandans, there are Ethiopians, there are Arabs. It is only true that they are headquartered in Somalia, but Shabab is not Somali, the president said. He said he did not know if any Americans were involved in the Nairobi attack, as the group has claimed. Al-Shabab is on the defensive inside Somalia due to the combined efforts of Somali, Ethiopian, and international forces, and the group is losing the ability to fight militarily or hold large amounts of territory, Mohamud said, but they are still very capable of attacking soft targets and using terror tactics to kill innocents.
Diplomats from the permanent Security Council members – China, Russia, the United States, France and Britain – had been haggling over the details of a resolution to back the American-Russian accord announced on September 14 in Geneva to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons. Assad agreed to destroy Syria's chemical weapons amid an international outcry over a sarin gas strike in the suburbs of Damascus last month – the world's deadliest chemical attack in 25 years. Washington has blamed Assad's forces for the attack, which it said killed more than 1400 people, and President Barack Obama threatened a US military strike in response. Russia and Assad have blamed the attack on rebels battling to overthrow him in a civil war that, according to the United Nations, has left more than 100,000 people dead. TOUGH NEGOTIATIONS In a speech to the UN General Assembly on Tuesday, Obama sought to persuade world leaders to apply pressure on Damascus with a resolution that included tough consequences should Assad not surrender his chemical weapons stockpiles in a verifiable way. But by putting the Syria crisis back in the hands of the UN Security Council where Russia has the ability to block punitive action, the chances of US military action appeared to recede even further. Obama faces tough opposition from a sceptical Congress and a war-wary public on the wisdom of intervening military in Syria. With rebel forces plagued by divisions, the Friends of Syria – a bloc of mainly Western and Gulf Arab countries plus Turkey -followed up Thursday's announcement of the draft resolution with a pledge to boost aid to the opposition. Weapons shipments to the rebels have been inadequate to shift the military balance in their favour. US Secretary of State John Kerry said on Thursday that Syria "will implode before any side would claim a military victory" and that all sides needed to move rapidly to put a political solution in place to end the conflict. A senior US official said earlier that the United States and China – another permanent Security Council member – strongly agreed on the need to quickly adopt a binding resolution on eradicating Syria's chemical arsenal, a remark that appeared aimed at putting pressure on Russia to accept the measure. Russia at first appeared unswayed. Kerry met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi for about an hour on the sidelines of the annual gathering of world leaders at the United Nations. After the draft resolution was announced, the Chinese foreign minister said, "The major concerns of all the parties, including China's concerns, have basically been resolved." China has backed Russia to veto three council resolutions since October 2011 that would have condemned Assad's government and threatened it with sanctions. Western diplomats say Beijing has little reason to support Assad but is eager to ensure Russia will continue to back it in the Security Council on issues like North Korea.


Announcing Pub Webb's All-New Menu!
We're excited to introduce a brand new menu at Pub Webb! We've also revamped our list of awesome signature drinks and top-notch craft beer selections.
New edible additions include Fish & Chips, Captain Donald's Shrimp Basket, an expanded list of Pub'Dilla Quesadillas, and the Skinny Burger, a slimmed down 5 oz. version of our signature Pub Webb Burger!
Oh, and did we mention our new Hot BBQ sauce option?
Add to that all of your old signature favorites like warm Nachos Grandes and Slap Yo Mama Wings, and we have all the juice to tackle your tastebuds for another year.
As usual, all options are made fresh to order.


$798.00 8 printed plan sets mailed to you.
$940.00 For inexpensive local printing / making minor adjustments by hand. 1 printed set, typically on Bond paper.
$683.00 One printed set for bidding purposes only. Not a legal building set for construction.


text:
Culama dasythrix is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1945. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded in southern Western Australia.

The wingspan is 37–39 mm. The forewings are light grey with a pattern of subbasal and medial brown patches with white borders. Adults have been recorded on wing in April and September.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Cossinae
Moths described in 1945
Moths of Australia


National bodies who are responsible for the management, specification, design, installation, maintenance, operation and use of public safety communications systems and information management systems, are eligible for this category of Membership.
Entities who are working in business, industry and organisations, who receive compensation in any form for services rendered or products sold, are eligible for this category of Membership.
Institutions who are involved with a recognised research authority such as an academic establishment or research consultancy and regularly conduct research into the development and use of public safety communications and information management systems, are eligible for this category of Membership.
List of PSCE Researchers is available here.


Are you sure you want to remove Dagaaba traditional marriage and family life from your list?
This is a book that talks about traditional marriage among the Dagaaba of North-Western Ghana.
October 11, 2011 Edited by 41.93.137.239 Edited without comment.


text:
Q: Stream smartphone display to laptop wirelessly I'm creating an app in Unity with the VR One SDK and I was wondering how I could stream the display from my phone(galaxy samsung S5) to my laptop wirelessly

A: I'm using chromecast to stream to beamers or large screens for presentation purposes as this has the best performance.