In the run-up to this year's Scotiabank Giller Prize gala on October 30, we'll be posting Q&As with the longlisted authors to gain insight into their work and find out what books they admire. We kick off our series with a bonus: an interview with this year's Readers' Choice winner, Peggy Blair. [more…].
Mark Bourrie: Whodunnit and How?
Penguin Canada has acquired a Cuban-Canadian police procedural, The Beggar's Opera, by Peggy Blair, one of Canada's leading aboriginal lawyers and a former Crown prosecutor, the publisher has announced.
Blair, an Ottawa resident, was shortlisted for the 2010 Debut Dagger at the Harrogate Crime Festival in England.
A former member of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, she was a senior adjudicator in the Indian Residential Schools Dispute Resolution Process, before being appointed deputy chief adjudicator in 2007. She returned to private practice in 2008.
Penguin Canada has acquired The Beggar's Opera, a Cuban/Canadian police procedural by Peggy Blair, one of Canada's leading Aboriginal lawyers and a former Crown prosecutor. Blair was discovered by UK agent Peter Robinson (who represents Ian Rankin and Denise Mina) after being shortlisted for the 2010 Debut Dagger at the Harrogate Crime Festival, and the novel was acquired from Canadian agent Anne McDermid in a two-book deal for World English rights. Rights to the series have been sold to Rowolt in Germany, Cappelen in Norway, and Unieboek in Holland.
The Beggar's Opera is a brilliantly plotted and deeply imagined crime novel that evokes the crumbling beauty of Old Havana, as well as its bureaucracy and political corruption.The character at the heart of the novel is the hardworking Inspector of the Major Crimes Unit of the Cuban National Revolutionary Police Force, a man who is suffering from the same dementia that killed his grandmother, a form of dementia that makes him see ghosts – the ghosts of the victims of unsolved murders. When the abused body of a young Cuban boy is discovered at a popular tourist spot, the evidence points the Inspector to a Canadian police officer on vacation.
A former member of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, Peggy Blair was a Senior Adjudicator in the Indian Residential Schools Dispute Resolution Process between 2003 and 2006. In 2007, she was appointed by the court as a Deputy Chief Adjudicator, responsible for supervising adjudicators in Eastern Canada and for developing policies to implement a hearing process for 12,000 victims claiming sexual and physical abuse at Indian residential schools. She returned to private practice in November 2008. While maintaining her law practice, Blair worked for the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples as a policy advisor on land claims and dispute resolution issues. She was also the Chief Federal Negotiator in self-government negotiations involving 27 First Nation communities in northern Ontario (1997–1998). Along with her LLB, Blair has a Masters and a Doctorate in Law and is named in Canada's Who's Who.
Penguin is one of Canada's pre-eminent publishers of literary, thought-provoking fiction and non-fiction, and the publisher of Stieg Larsson's Millennium Trilogy, which has sold over 1.6 million copies in Canada.


Always ensure that windows and doors are closed. Having exterior entry points unlocked is almost like inviting intruders to enter. Therefore, be certain that these areas are closed and locked, regardless of whether you are present in the home or away from the property. High-quality window locks can make a real difference, and it is wise to make updates to these if you are going to be updating windows that may still have trickle vents. Burglars can easily identify locks that are weakened and easy to breach. Doors ought to be equipped with deadbolt mechanisms, and sliders need vertical bolting systems as well as a rod placed inside their tracks. This stops intruders from lifting the doors from the track to gain entry. Do not leave front doors unlocked for any reason, even if your absence will be momentary in nature. Do not neglect to pay close attention to garage entry doors. These can be vulnerable locations, and burglars often exploit this fact. The automatic door alone is likely insufficient to keep your home safe.
When moving to a new home, make sure to get new locks installed. Renters need to request that their landlords make lock changes immediately. Though former tenants may have returned the keys that they originally received, it is possible that they made copies that were given to others along the way. There is no substitute for exercising caution in this realm because there is nothing worse than having an uninvited visitor enter your rental property. Use a lockbox or a safe to keep valuables protected. Safes that are smaller in size or not wall-mounted can be affixed to the floor so that burglars cannot walk off with them. Do not provide your code to anyone who is not a trusted family member or friend. Also, avoid leaving the code in written form in a place that can be easily discovered.
Never label house keys or keep spare keys hidden outdoors. When labelled keys end up stolen or lost, there could be a real price to pay, particularly if they are attached to a wallet or ID card. Experienced burglars often search beneath doormats and in garden spaces for false rock key holders. A better option is to give a key to a friend who can be trusted. If there are no neighbours nearby who can hold a key for you, think about buying a combination box that can be kept in a secret spot on the larger property.
Security systems for home use come with a range of features, many of which make a positive difference. Motion detecting lights, door and window sensors and alarms can be effective, as can security cameras to capture video of intruders. Choose the options that work best for your individual situation, and hire a well-known company to perform the installation work. While it may be a chore to turn the system on each time the house is left, burglars rely on laziness in this arena. Therefore, it is a step worth taking in order to thwart determined intruders from getting inside the home. Learn everything possible about the new security system and teach the entire family about how it works. This prevents inconvenient false alarm events that can also be expensive and irritating to those living nearby. Also, it is important to avoid false alarms because they may desensitize your neighbours so that they do not respond when there is a true emergency going on.
Consider installing metal bars or specialty glass on windows. This might seem a bit much for most homes, but it can be a good idea to use these techniques to stop burglars who are willing to smash the glass in order to get inside a home. These tools can keep intruders out successfully, and these days it is possible to find products that are actually visually attractive in addition to being effective.


Welcome to Waverley Bridge - a OO gauge model railway layout based on Edinburgh Waverley.
Each stage of construction has been recorded such that you can watch the development of the layout, making it easy to understand how easy it is to build a model railway layout. If I can do it, anyone can, particularly given my lack of skill with anything DIY based!
There's also a range of pages showing the rolling stock that features on the layout, with reviews of each loco.


While Resource Recovery does not recommend one hauling company over another, we do keep a A-Z list of haulers who serve Rhode Island, with basic information about their services. We share this list with RI residents and RI groups (government entities, schools, businesses, institutions, organizations, and housing communities) who ask us about hauling.
You can download the current list below. If you need to update your company's information, or would like to be added to the list, please let us know.


text:
Kifaya – Enough is Enough
Egyptian Youth Demands Change
Around a hundred young people from the Egyptian "Kifaya" movement, which fights for the democratisation of Egypt, have founded a youth movement. Nelly Youssef reports on the aims of the "Kifaya" youth
The "Kifaya" movement, named after the slogan "Kifaya – enough is enough," has recently announced that it has founded a youth – movement. It will work under the umbrella of "Kifaya" to promote the aims of the movement and support its activities in its struggle for freedom and democracy.
The Kifaya youth movement is among those campaigning in favour of free presidential elections and the lifting of the state of emergency and against corruption
Khaled Abd al-Hamid is a member of "Youth for Change," otherwise known as "Shabab Kifaya" – "Kifaya" youth. He and others campaigned within the planning committee of the main organisation to set up "Shabab Kifaya." Other sub-organisations within the "Movement for Change" had already been founded, such as "Workers for Change," "Farmers for Change," and "Lawyers for Change."
The "Kifaya" youth movement plans weekly discussion groups, cultural events and poetry readings in the evenings, and exhibitions in which the aims of the movement will be presented by artistic means.
Slogans and posters are being developed for distribution throughout the country, to get more young people to take part in the demonstrations. The young people even want to advertise their demonstrations and other events in public transport vehicles.
They have also developed new forms of demonstration. Under the slogan "toot-toot – we've had enough," members of the "Kifaya" youth have gathered in their cars on streets and squares in Egyptian cities, honking their horns and shouting "We've had enough!" Then they quickly disappear before the traffic collapses and the security forces turn up.
Egyptian young people are too passive
Khaled Abd al-Hamid believes that the majority of young Egyptians support an extension of President Mubarak's period of office, on the principle of "At least you know what you're up against." Young people, he says, are hard to mobilise and are disinclined to get involved in social activism.
So his organisation "Youth for Change" tries to reach young Egyptians in the universities and places of work, to force them out of their lethargy and to awaken their political consciousness.
The youth organisation, like the "Kifaya" movement itself, demands that the presidency of Hosni Mubarak should not be extended for another term, and that power should not be handed over to Mubarak's son.
In addition it wants to see the state of emergency lifted and an effective fight against corruption. It is not campaigning for a specific candidate as an alternative to the current president; it just wants to see a change in the status quo.
The "Kifaya" youth have in addition a platform which is directed specifically at the interests of young people. They demand independence for the universities and the rejection of Decree No. 79, which allows the security forces to stop any student activity.
In addition, they are calling for the free and fair election of university presidents and faculty heads, instead of the current appointment system.
Contact with the people
Sarah is studying literature at the University of Cairo and is a member of "Youth for Change." She would like some of the organisation's members to be less doggedly ideological. She sometimes finds the debates in the "Kifaya" youth discussion groups much too heated.
She would prefer activities like street surveys in which members of the "Kifaya" youth would find out what is important for citizens and especially for young people.
She points out that her organisation is different from all the other political organisations in this respect: its area of activity is the street, the direct contact to citizens, and not, as is the case for most of the other political organisations, the Egyptian law courts.
"Youth for Change" is looking for contact with like-minded people who have set up similar youth organisations in other countries. They believe that the situation in which the Egyptian people find themselves is not that different from that of other Arab societies: there is corruption and despotism almost everywhere
Nelly Youssef
Translation from German: Michael Lawton
Constitutional Change in Egypt
Reform Fever Induced by External Powers?
The Lebanese journalist Ghassan Moukahal analyses the motives behind President Mubarak's surprise opening up of presidential elections and the constitutional debate in Egypt.
Interview Ahmad Saif al-Islam Hamad
"No to Another Term of Mubarak in Office"
Egyptians will be voting in September on whether to extend the term of Husni Mubarak as president once more. Opposition to the move is growing, and Ahmad Hamad, executive director of the Hisham Mubarak Law Centre, told Mona Naggar about the background to the movement.
Interview Saad Eddin Ibrahim
"The EU must Cease Support of Repressive Systems in the Arab World"
The director of the Ibn Khaldun Centre in Cairo, Saad Eddin Ibrahim, says that he has observed positive signs that Arab states are opening up to democracy. But, he says, the reform process requires that Islamists not be shut out of the political dialogue

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Marie Jager's images may be the quietest environmental art ever. The canvases and blueprints, which the L.A. artist creates by simply leaving them outside for stretches of time, are literally impressions of an ephemeral yet omnipresent aspect of city life—its air.
The "Pollution paintings" are small gray and white canvases "painted" by gravity and dust. Despite the uniformity of this technique, they do record local differences: Images created in downtown L.A. are denser and darker than a mottled canvas from Chinatown. And while the former appear to have been masked to create a Rothko-esque horizon line, the latter suggests a more delicate Robert Ryman monochrome.
By contrast, images in the "Starter" series are playful takes on splatter paintings. They record the spray of oil emitted when a car is started and reflect a surprising variety: a GMC Savana creates a large, spreading jellyfish shape, while a Ford Super Duty pickup truck makes a softer, haloed form like a solar eclipse. These references to abstract painting make Jager's environmental commentary seem understated compared to the more pointed images of gas masks, money and domestic items by fellow L.A. "smog" artist Kim Abeles. But their effect is just as quietly horrifying: the realization that such "paintings" are created (and inhaled) millions of times a day.
Jager's hands-off approach takes a more poetic turn in aerial photographs of the city printed in blueprint ink and left out in the rain. They establish a nice equivalence between rain falling on the image (and blurring it) and rain softening the edges of a city usually bathed in harsh sunlight. The resulting image is nominally a landscape, but it is also a direct record of a fleeting moment. It seems appropriate that images created by polluted air or rain should resemble abstract painting, which has often given shape to the unseen and evanescent. And their environmental message seems equally self-evident, stemming precisely from what they are.
Images: Starter (Ford Super Duty Pickup) (top) and Sun Map. Courtesy of Kunsthalle L.A.


This is George Machen's Typepad Profile.
But we just got Miramax, so one step backward, two steps forward! Take the Starz money and get more old & recent TV series ("Route 66," "Then Came Bronson," "Push, Nevada," etc.). "There's always something good on Netflix."
I'll tell you what happened, even without a smidgen of first-hand knowledge: Netflix violated the first rule of systems — they went out of their way to find something that wasn't broke, and promptly proceeded to fix it.
This thing downloads & installs PlayOn Digital Media Server 3.4.4.
PlayLater Records Streaming Video from Netflix, Hulu, YouTube, Etc.
Steven R. Postrel (husband of former Reason magazine editor Virginia Postrel) chimed-in on these matters economics vs. mathematics back in 2007 over on the Organizations and Markets blog with "Physics Envy and All That": http://organizationsandmarkets.com/2007/01/09/physics-envy-and-all-that/ He's clearly no Austrian, and I think he ultimately misses the point (viz., a time-equation for the ordering of human preferences cannot be derived), but as for myself, when I was a physics major forty years ago, my professors struck me as actually downplaying the importance of mathematics: One had to know it - but merely as a matter of course - and if one made a math error on a test, only a point or two was taken-off one's grade; rather, what repeatedly was stressed in classes and massively was reflected on test grades was whether one demonstrated a grasp of the ~physical significance~ behind the equations, which had to be expressed verbally/in writing. (Well, except for quantum mechanics, where the math ~was~ the physical significance - aaarrgghh! - but never mind that exception for now.) The point is, whether mathematics is used or not, I would think that if one doesn't get the economic significance of an economic theory, then one is tilting at windmills. Moreover, I also remember that, on the other hand, in the mathematics department, if a textbook was found to contain even an iota of practical application, then the text was summarily dismissed as "it stinks!" Sometimes econometricians' attitudes seem more like those of mathematicians than even of the physicists to which they seem to aspire!
I know everyone here has heard the story, but I nevertheless can't resist invoking it in the context of this thread vis-a-vis mathematics: In _The Worldly Philosophers_, Robert Heilbroner tells a story of a dinner John Maynard Keynes had with Max Planck, the physicist who was responsible for the development of quantum mechanics. Planck turned to Keynes and told him that he had once considered going into economics himself, but he decided against it - it was too hard. Keynes repeated this story with relish to a friend back at Cambridge. "Why, that's odd," said the friend. "Bertrand Russell was telling me just the other day that he'd also thought about going into economics. But he decided it was too easy."


text:
Mutual admiration between Henry, Tebow
ATLANTA -- Growing up a Florida Gators' fan, Derrick Henry was admittedly starstruck when meeting Tim Tebow for the first time.
"I actually got a chance to meet him when I was getting ready to play in the (U.S. Army All-American Bowl) and he played for the (New York) Jets," said Henry on Monday about when he was a high school senior. "It was my first time meeting him and talking to him. He's a really good guy. Everybody knows that. It's Tim Tebow."
Years later, Tebow sounds in awe of Henry.
Leading the nation in rushing with 1,797 yards and in rushing touchdowns with 22, the Alabama junior running back is on the cusp of winning the Heisman Trophy as Tebow did in 2007 at Florida.
"One of the special things about Derrick is his ability to get back up and be the same player the next play," Tebow said Friday. "To carry the ball 46 times against your arch rival (last week at Auburn), it's crazy to be able to have the stamina.
"Talking to (Alabama head strength and conditioning coach Scott Cochran), the week after they played Texas A&M, on that Tuesday, after practice, he went in there and squatted 500 pounds. People just don't do that."
Being Florida natives, Henry and Tebow are from the same area. Henry's hometown of Yulee is just 25 miles from Jacksonville where Tebow grew up. From the 15 minutes media availability to watch Alabama practice Friday, Tebow and Henry may have another thing in common by the end of Saturday's game.
Running the Wildcat with shorts, jersey, no helmet and barely at half speed against air inside the Georgia Dome, Henry faked a handoff to ArDarius Stewart, who was in motion, and threw a jump pass to quarterback Jake Coker like Tebow did at Florida.
Will Lane Kiffin call it Saturday against the Gators?


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For lunch today I had corned beef hash (CBH, to borrow a page from Erin). Never really sure what that was, so I figured I'd try it. Let me dispel a myth – there is no corn – they should call it potatoed beef hash.
I saw the can while shopping for dishwashing soap and got it on a spontaneous whim (as opposed to those well-thought out whims, I suppose). The can looked interesting, picture of some eggs served along with the CBH. Yum.
After getting the can home and opening it, I started having second thoughts. It looks sort of like canned dog food.
Then a memory hit me. I had a roommate that bought a can of this stuff and it sat in our cabinet for 3 years. Not sure if he was practicing to be a survivalist, or if he was waiting until we had a Nuclear Winter, but it wasn't eaten during the time we shared the apartment.
As I ate lunch (again, the corn beef hash, which is the topic of this post) I remembered further that I'd had this before. At the roommate's new place last summer. I hope it wasn't the same can from 4 years ago.


text:
An interview with the CA of the Oxford IV: Harish Natarajan
Home / Nieuws /
Seventwenty: Harish, you're busy these days – you're CA'ing the Oxford IV immediately after the UCU Open, you'll be part of Berlin WUDC 2013 and you're organizing Chennai WUDC 2014. Do you have any time left for anything not debate-related?
Harish: Well, I certainly don't have many free weekends! But I've gotten used to that. I do have enough time though to work during that day (for an international security company) and a law degree at BPP.
Debating is time consuming enough that eventually most people slowly reduce their commitment. I think I'll do that after Chennai – but I've got over a year to go.
Seventwenty: Let's talk about the coming Oxford IV for a while. The final of the UCU Open required debaters to imagine themselves on the position of a journalist finding undisputable proof that Obama had gay sexual experiences when he was younger. The motion was that the journalist should publish it. How did this situational motion go, and can we expect more of them at the Oxford IV?
Harish: One of the products of debating for so long is that you see the vast standard majority of motions several times over. There are also so many competitions (multiple in Europe every weekend) now that its often worth trying slight different debates and slight spins on originals.
I find that situational motions often work well – because it mirrors the way people often think and address issues. In everyday life we normally don't think about what the state should do, but what individuals should do in a certain scenario.
The UCU final went well. Obviously the finals had some of the competition's best speakers, and all were able to make interesting and well argued arguments. There was also some attempts to make non-standard arguments. To some degree though, that was forced on the debate by the non standard format.
Its possible that you'll see them at Oxford – but I'm always looking for interesting and varied debates. Situation motions are just one potential path.
Seventwenty: Another motion at the UCU Open read "THBT MGM Film Studios should cast a woman as the next James Bond" – unorthodox because it requires debaters to argue from the perspective of a private, not a public organization. How did that debate go?
Harish: I really enjoyed the debate I saw on the topic, and across the 14 rooms it was balanced. Most people I spoke to seemed to enjoy it, though they probably wouldn't complain to the CA team if they didn't like the motion!
One observation though was that, at least in the debate I saw, the public/private distinction didn't really play a part in the debate. Both sides focused primarily (though not exclusively) on what this would mean for women's rights, particulary given that James Bond is the archetype of traditional masculinity.
Seventwenty: In an interview with Seventwenty, you said you would like to see more 'argumentative insanity' from debaters, by which you meant a little bit more creative arguments in stead of the standard arguments. What are the standard arguments we as a community have been focussing too much on?
Harish: Well, to start with a clarification. Often 'standard arguments' can still be very effective and very well made. I appreciate carefully made 'standard arguments' and speakers who explain traditional arguments well.
However, I do think lots of speakers often don't think outside of a small range of arguments. There are lots of standard arguments, but broadly I think its the political-philosophy paradigm that we default to.
Perhaps unsurprisingly we make liberal arguments based on western liberal thought (broadly speaking). We focus on the state's primary duty as being to maximise choices, and think of individuals as atomistic, often rejecting the very notion of group rights.
That's not to say that I disagree with any of those stances, its just that there are sways of arguments you can access if you aren't just focused on that paradigm.
Seventwenty: Why do you think we converge on standard sets of argumentation? Is it because they are just the arguments that 'work', or is it more of a social paradigm – we've seen the last WUDC winners do it, so that must be good? Or something else?
Harish: I think it's a few things. First, most judges start with a liberal bias and need you to justify movements away from it. Thus its easiest to make a conventional set of arguments. When you're just starting debating you are unlikely to have the clarity, word economy, laguage selection, or explanatory ability to make the complex arguments in a 'persuasive' way.
I remember when I was starting to debate, I would try and make 'original and complex' arguments, but, more often than not, I didn't have the prerequisite debating skills to make them well enough. Being standard is easy.
Second, I think the format makes it harder to make complex arguments. Chomsky has a great explanation on how cable news time constraints (short segments) creates a structural bias towards 'received wisdom'. You don't often have the time to challenge a dominant paradigm, and if you do so rapidly, you come across as crazy!
It can work in a similar way in BP debates. For instance, most debates end up focusing on consequences, and deontological arguments a rarely made well. That's in part a product of only having 7-5 minutes to speak. You can't easily convince someone of a Kantian imperative in that time.
Third, there is, like you say a tendency to copy. When a good (or very good) debater comes up with something new, it often disseminates through the circuit very quickly and becomes 'standard'. We don't really credit arguments about 'false conciousness', 'moral monsters', 'self actualisation' and 'self defence against zombies' as much now as we did before, though there was a time when these things were new and interesting.
Seventwenty: So, can you give an example of what 'argumentative insanity' looks like? What creative venues of argumentation have we been missing so far?
Harish: I think the first time Shengwu argued that 'suicide was a legitimate "lifestyle" choice', that seemed a bit insane, but was really effective. I similarly remember Doug Cochran (speaking with me) arguing that while a certain policy was racist, it was entirely legitimate for states to make decisions according to racist criteria. Sounded insane – though argued well enough so that it was very effective.
But you can be creative in many other ways – not just in 'insane' ways. Often its just about challenging the premises of debates and traditional arguments. And sometimes challenging the narratives dominant in the media. There is a tendency to accept what you hear and read as accurate, but there is a sense in which reports (on TV and in newspapers) are determined by editorial lines, received wisdom.
I think one of the most interesting things to snap debaters out of preexisting beliefs and 'force creativity' is to set debates with unusual actors. We have lots of debates about what the US should do, but its interesting to challenge (say) the traditional demonisation of Russia in the Western press by setting a debate from Putin's perspective and asking both sides to think of the interests of the other.
Seventwenty: Allright, Harish, the Oxford IV is almost starting – thanks for your time and good luck!


text:
Preservation Hall Jazz Band & Tank and the Bangas
Sugar Hill, GA 30518
Fri, May 21, 2021 |
with special guest Rebirth Brass Band
The Bowl @ Sugar Hill
Google Cal
TICKETS STARTING AT $35
New Orleans has been the point at which sounds and cultures from around the world converge, mingle, and resurface, transformed by the Crescent City's inimitable spirit and joie de vivre. Nowhere is that idea more vividly embodied than in the Preservation Hall Jazz Band, which has held the torch of New Orleans music aloft for more than 50 years, all the while carrying it enthusiastically forward as a reminder that the history they were founded to preserve is a vibrantly living history. PHJB have shared festival stages from Coachella to Newport, including legends like Stevie Wonder, Elvis Costello and the Grateful Dead and modern giants like My Morning Jacket, Arcade Fire and the Black Keys. The critically acclaimed 2019 documentary A Tuba to Cuba documented the band's journey as they explored the links that connect New Orleans and Cuba so indelibly. The resulting collection of songs is what Jaffe describes as "a beautiful conversation." The music of A Tuba to Cuba is an ecstatic expression of that ongoing conversation, a restless and lush trip up and down strange FM wavelengths bridging thousands of miles and hundreds of years, where all involved are talking with each other and over each other in excitement, charged with the thrill of recognition of the evidence of their shared familial roots, an undeniable kinship rooted in bloodlines, rhythm, and melody.
Joined by PHJB is Tank and the Bangas. They are a beacon of life. And it's that life that you hear in their music. That's what makes this fivepiece one of the most thrilling, unpredictable and sonically diverse bands on the planet; a unit where jazz meets hip-hop, soul meets rock, and funk is the beating heart of everything they do. Their new album Green Balloon is on the horizon, and it's their first release now they're signed to major label Verve Forecast – a deal that came after they won NPR's Tiny Desk Contest in 2017, beating out hundreds of other acts. Despite their newfound global focus, Tank and The Bangas remain a New Orleans band at heart. New Orleans is a lawless place for creatives – there are no rules. "You don't need to do a certain type of music to be connected to New Orleans," says Tank. "It's in the culture, it's in the people, it's in the fact that we can all find so many common things in the streets." Their mixture of rock, funk, soul and hip-hop is unlike anything else in the ether right now.
Grammy-winning Rebirth Brass Band is a true New Orleans institution and will open the show at The Bowl. Formed in 1983 by the Frazier brothers, the band has evolved from playing the streets of the French Quarter to playing festivals and stages all over the world. While committed to upholding the tradition of brass bands, they have also extended themselves into the realms of funk and hip-hop to create their signature sound. "Rebirth can be precise whenever it wants to," says The New York Times, "but it's more like a party than a machine. It's a working model of the New Orleans musical ethos: as long as everybody knows what they're doing, anyone can cut loose." In the wake of the sometimes-stringent competition among New Orleans brass bands, Rebirth is the undisputed leader of the pack, and they show no signs of slowing down.
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SAT, MAY 01, 2021 | 7:00PM - 11:00PM
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Peaches (formerly Brewhouse)
For adequate consideration which Holder acknowledges, Holder agrees:
THIS EVENT IS HELD RAIN OR SHINE. All ticket sales are final. No money will be refunded. This ticket is not subject to refund and shall bear no cash value.
RELEASE FROM LIABILITY/ASSUMPTION OF RISK. Holder voluntarily assumes all risks and danger incidental to the event for which this ticket is issued, and Holder agrees that the City of Sugar Hill, the facility, promoter, organization, employees, officers, agents, participants, Ticket Seller and/or related persons are not responsible or liable for any injuries, expenses, claims or liabilities resulting from or related participation in this event.
This ticket is a revocable license, subject to termination with denial of admission at management's discretion upon refund of the purchase price and subject to revocation with denial of admission or removal from the facility, without compensation, should the Holder act in a disorderly manner or violate management's Rules or Regulations.
Holder agrees not to transmit or aid in transmitting any description or picture of this game or event. Breach of the foregoing terminates the license. Holder grants permission to the Facility and organization sponsoring this event and their designees to utilize the Holder's image or likeness in connection with any broadcast or other reproduction of this game or event.
This ticket cannot be replaced if lost, stolen, or destroyed and is valid only for the event and seat for which it was issued.


The camera that was used to take pictures of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's daughter has been seized by police in the Massachusetts area USA.
The Hollywood couple went to Africa for the birth of their daughter Shiloh. Their stay in Namibia was shrouded in heavy security, with bodyguards and undercover Namibia police to shield Brad and Angelina's parents from the Paparazzi and journalists.
The pictures destined for "Hello Magazine" were taken by Angelina's brother James Haven and the money from the exclusive was to go to charity, so it was quite a surprise to see three images on the Internet.
Mr James Haven, had apparently taken his camera into a photographic shop with its memory stick for repair. The police have raided one of the workers homes and recovered a memory stick for further examination and the camera from the photographic shop as well.
So next time you send in your camera in for repair or service, best check that it doesn't contain any valuable or embarrassing images.


This smartphone runs on 1.2GHz quad-core Snapdragon 410 processor. You can play 3D games easily on this mobile. It has a 2,390mAh battery, so you do not have to charge the phone for 2 days. It is quite hefty and can bear a few bumps. It has a 5 megapixel camera with HDR so it takes decent pictures. It has a 4.5-inch screen with 960 x 540 IPS display. With all these features, this 4G enabled phoned is available for just £109.
If you like big screens, then this is definitely the phone for you. It has a metallic plastic shell and a 5.5- inch Full HD display. It shows accurate colours and the display is also quite sharp. It comes with a rear 13- megapixel camera and a 5-megapixel front camera. In a very less price, this phone offers a lot of features like 4G connectivity, NFC, Android 5.0.2 Lollipop, 16 GB internal storage and micro SD card slot. The phone runs on octa-core Snapdragon 615 processor with 2GB RAM. You can play 3D games on it without any difficulty. It has a huge 3,000mAh battery and you can use it for two days without charging it if you use it lightly. With all these amazing features, the phone is available only for £17 a month or £125 for the SIM-free version.
This is no doubt the best SIM-free phone. It runs on Snapdragon 400 processor and has a beautiful screen. It uses Android and had a great 8-megapixel main camera. It comes with 4G connectivity now. You can get great speed for browsing even when you are on the go. It has a 5-inch screen with 1,280 x 720 IPS display. It has a micro SD slot and comes with 8 GB and 16 GB built in storage versions. This great phone is available for £139 only.
This great phone runs on Microsoft and comes with a free one-year subscription to Microsoft Office 365 Personal which is available in the market for £59.99. It will get the Windows 10 update as soon as it comes to the market. It comes in a glossy plastic case and is quite sturdy. It has a fantastic 5-inch, 1,280 x 720 IPS display. The 8-megapixel takes excellent photos. You can play 3D games on it with ease as it runs on 1.2GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 quad-core processor with 1GB RAM. With its 2,550mAh battery, you do not need to charge it for two days. This phone is available for £10.50 a month or £170 for the SIM-free version.
EE Harrier has a 5.2-inch, Full HD screen. It runs on Android 5.0 Lollipop and you can use it for two days without charging. It has octa-core Snapdragon 615 chip which helps in playing 3D games easily. It's a light phone in a plastic shell with a brushed aluminum effect. You can buy it for £19.99 a month or £199.99 on PAYG.
Just an FYI: if you're interested in getting a deal on a non big brand phone that rivals the flagships in terms of specs and design check out this guide entitled: Not Big Brand: Can You Get an Awesome Deal on a Non-Brand Name Phone?.
This phablet is the best in this price range. It has a 5.5-inch, 1,280 x 720 display which makes it quite sharp and accurate. It is 7.6mm thick which makes it easy to hold. Most of its rear is made up of Aluminum. It has a 13-megapixel rear camera with HDR. It runs on Snapdragon 410 processor with 2GB RAM. Its battery life is extra ordinary as you can use this phone for 3 days without charging it. It is available for £18.50 a month or £199 for the SIM-free version.
Apart form all these, you will need a mobile cover for your device. We found out a best mobile cover site for you where you will see colorful and designer cover for your mobile.


text:
package org.keycloak.scripting;

import org.keycloak.models.ScriptModel;

import javax.script.Invocable;
import javax.script.ScriptEngine;
import javax.script.ScriptException;

/**
 * @author Thomas Darimont
 */
public class InvocableScript implements Invocable {

    /**
     * Holds the script metadata as well as the actual script.
     */
    private final ScriptModel script;

    /**
     * Holds the {@link ScriptEngine} instance initialized with the script code.
     */
    private final ScriptEngine scriptEngine;

    public InvocableScript(ScriptModel script, ScriptEngine scriptEngine) {
        this.script = script;
        this.scriptEngine =  scriptEngine;
    }

    @Override
    public Object invokeMethod(Object thiz, String name, Object... args) throws ScriptException, NoSuchMethodException {
        return getInvocableEngine().invokeMethod(thiz, name, args);
    }

    @Override
    public Object invokeFunction(String name, Object... args) throws ScriptException, NoSuchMethodException {
        return getInvocableEngine().invokeFunction(name, args);
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T getInterface(Class<T> clazz) {
        return getInvocableEngine().getInterface(clazz);
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T getInterface(Object thiz, Class<T> clazz) {
        return getInvocableEngine().getInterface(thiz, clazz);
    }

    private Invocable getInvocableEngine() {
        return (Invocable) scriptEngine;
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@literal true} iif the {@link ScriptEngine} has a function with the given {@code functionName}.
     * @param functionName
     * @return
     */
    public boolean hasFunction(String functionName){

        Object candidate = scriptEngine.getContext().getAttribute(functionName);

        return candidate != null;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Irma Seleman graduated from Berklee on May 2014. Irma transferred to Berklee from the International College of Music in Malaysia, a member of the Berklee International Network. While at Berklee she majored in Contemporary Writing and Production as well as Performance. You can find her performing all over Boston and New York.
I thought I had seen a lot, learned so much, and met so many people from every part of the world when I came to Boston and Berklee, but I was wrong. These thoughts changed after I was offered an opportunity by Berklee to go to Finland and Russia for a Festival called Close Encounters Festival. The Pop & Jazz Konservatorio organized the festival and it took place in different venues in Helsinki and St. Petersburg, Russia.


text:
text in Spanish
Climate Change and Forced Migration
In the last decades, climate change has been one of the most important and controversial issues of discussion among scientists, governments and international organizations considering the potentially threatening consequences that this phenomenon may bring to the life forms of this planet. This topic has been on the agenda of the United Nations since the first World Climate Conference, in 1979. Further, it was included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, where Goal 13 urges us to "[…] take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts" (UN General Assembly, 2015, p. 14). In this regard, changing weather patterns, rising sea level, and extreme weather events have been recognized by the UN General Assembly (2015) as consequences of climate change, which are circumstances that affect all nations and especially the poorest, most vulnerable people.
Recently, the first international agreement on climate change was negotiated and signed. This was the result of the Paris Climate Conference (COP21) in December 2015, held by the United Nations, where 195 countries participated and "[…] adopted the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate deal" (European Commission, 2016, para. 4). It has been said that this was an enormous effort to acknowledge the existence and negative effects of climate change and, at that moment, the agreement recognized several issues, among which the relationship between climate change, forced migration, and human rights was counted. Accordingly, the Paris Agreement establishes that:
Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity ( United Nations, 2015, pp.1-2 ).
However, this recognition is insufficient since the agreement lacks the depth to create a regulatory framework that promotes the defense of the rights of those individuals forced to flee their countries due to climate change. As a result, this paper aims to address the challenges climate change may impose on Nation-States concerning human rights, especially in relation to those who must migrate across borders. Therefore, the relationship between climate change and forced migration will be studied, in order to present the problems arising from the allocation of international responsibility among States on this subject and the international protection (or the lack thereof) that instruments such as the Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951, the 1984 Cartagena Declaration, and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention might offer to climate migrants. Finally, the potential increase of stateless persons caused by the disappearance of Nation-States under climate change and the normative framework that should be implemented to provide an effective solution to this situation will be analyzed.
ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORCED MIGRATION
Currently, the study of the relationship between climate change and forced migration has led to the conclusion that the impacts of climate change, especially those related to water shortage and hostile weather conditions, will make life conditions extremely difficult in some parts of the world (considering it will cause loss of livelihood, employment, lands, infrastructure, violence, and conflict, among others), or it will make many places uninhabitable, which will bring as a consequence an increase in forced migration (Toscano, 2017).3
According to Zetter (2015) extreme environmental events will cause, directly and indirectly, an increase in human migration and displacement, because of three conditions described by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): 1) the effects of warming, which will affect agricultural production, and will produce degradation of the ecosystem; 2) the increase in extreme weather events —especially heavy rainfall and resulting flash or river floods in tropical regions—, and 3) the sea-level rise, which will permanently destroy extensive low-lying coastal areas (Zetter, 2015, pp. 3-4).
However, it is important to address that many scholars consider that more research is needed in the establishment of a relationship between climate change and migration. They have put forward claims such as the uncertainty of the effects of climate change on migration, the question around the exact number of people who will be migrating because of climate change,4 and the difficulties in distinguishing populations forced to migrate because of climate change from populations forced to migrate as a result of environmental factors or other types of factors. In addition, multi-causality has led scholars to point out that climate change is just one of the factors that exacerbate migration, mostly on a temporal basis and within the same country (Thornton, 2012, p. 148; Kibreab, 2009, pp. 360, 388).
It has to be acknowledged that climate change may not be the only or main driver of migration, but it is a source of pending risk that needs to be considered in any national or international policy designed to address the consequences of climate change. In this respect, Toscano (2017) asserted that climate change is a "threat multiplier" and multi-causality does not mean that climate change is not an important factor that induces migration. Thus, despite the lack of consensus on the main reason for human migration, the effects of climate change (i.e., droughts, floods, loss of land, rising temperatures, and rising sea levels) will force migration or will leave populations to endure its direct impacts (Toscano, 2017, p. 462; Kuusipalo, 2017, p. 618).
In terms of migration categories, climate change will produce internally displaced persons (IDPs), climate migrants, and statelessness. In addition, researchers have established a new category: "trapped population," which is encompassed by persons who are not able to migrate either internally or externally due to the lack of financial means or other factors (Black, Arnell, Adger, Thomas, & Geddes, 2012; Black & Collyer, 2014; Kuusipalo, 2017). Consequently, the link between climate change and migration exists and, as reported by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights – OHCHR (2009), it brings drastic consequences on fundamental human rights such as the right to life, food, work, and housing, with the population in low-income countries being the most affected.
CHALLENGES IN THE RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN FORCED MIGRATION
The international protection of climate migrants faces great challenges. The first one is the political will of States, especially the developed countries, to put in place legal and technical measures to prevent or mitigate the consequences of climate change in relation to migration. The second one is the lack of a legal framework designed specifically to address the rights of climate migrants and the duties of Nation-States towards them.
At this stage, the question is whether there is a political will between Nation-States to reach a consensus to give a real and meaningful solution to climate migration. The answer somehow has been influenced by the on-going debate among Nation-States, NGOs, scholars, and International Organizations around the intensity of the effects of climate change, which causes alterations to the decision-making process of Nation-States in relation to possible solutions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) has pointed out that "[…] responding to climate-related risks involves decision making in a changing world, with continuing uncertainty about the severity and timing of climate-change impacts and with limits to the effectiveness of adaptation" (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, p. 9). In this respect, the debate among scholars is composed by those who consider that one of the impacts of climate change is forced migration (maximalist) and those who consider that migration on account of climate change will be only "indirect or multifaceted" (minimalist) (Gogarty, 2011, p. 175; Thornton, 2012, p. 149; Mayer, 2013, p. 3).
Consequently, while there is recognition by Nation-States regarding climate change as a new factor of migration, the uncertainty about the scope of the problem has prevented them from reaching a consensus over possible solutions from the financial and legal viewpoint.
According to Wyman (2013), precisely, these two aspects are gaps in the law and policy on climate change migration. Wyman (2013) describes them as the "rights gap" and the "funding gap," where the first refers to the "lack of a right in existing law to remain permanently in another country due to environmental conditions in the home country" and the latter to the "lack of a dedicated source of international funding to help offset the costs that developing countries may incur in dealing with climate change migration" (2013, p. 169).
In this respect, putting the topic of climate change and forced migration at the center of the political discussion will set the path policy makers should follow in order to design methods that will provide financial and legal protection to the populations vulnerable to these situations. In addition, it is necessary to consider migration as an adaptation strategy:
"[…] where key policy responses to environmental migration should include protection and supportive services for migrants, such as investing in the environmentally impacted regions to reduce the flow of migrants, investing in host regions to help relieve them of the burdens on infrastructure due to receiving a substantial number of migrants, and considering rights-based resettlement efforts for populations directly displaced by the effects of climate change" ( Toscano, 2017, pp. 474-475 ).
Building a new legal framework to address climate migration, in which there is recognition of a new category of persons worthy of international protection or finding legal protection for environmentally displaced people within the international refugee law framework has been proven extremely difficult.
In the first place, political will is needed, as explain by Feijen (2012), to get Nation-States to agree to share burdens and to accept to give immigration status to those people displaced across borders because of climate change (2012, pp. 63-64). In the second place, even though some commentators such as Burleson (2010) have affirmed that amending the existing refugee law framework will "[…] end the legal limbo that future ecomigrants face" (2010, p. 22), the lack of political will is evident and this option seems less plausible.5 Nowadays, the fundamental structure of refugee protection is in crisis, and rather than being willing to negotiate a new agreement to offer more protection to vulnerable populations, governments are negotiating agreements that allow them to circumvent principles as important as the principle of non-refoulement.6 In the third place, the legal possibility or even the convenience of using international refugee law to afford protection to climate migrants, also called by some scholars as "climate refugees,"7 is highly controversial.
With regard to this last issue, it is important to point out that under international refugee law, mostly the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees (hereinafter the 1951 Convention) and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the concept of refugee is very restrictive and even more so if it is considered that many States "tend to establish policies to keep refugees outside their jurisdiction, and, consequently, imperil the protection set up by the 1951 Convention" (Llain, 2015, p. 289). Consequently, it does not include persons in need of international protection beyond those individuals who possess a well- founded fear of being persecuted because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, and who for one of these reasons, are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence, and are unable or unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
The report of the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement stresses that "A fundamental concern is that while refugees from war and persecution are protected by international conventions, it is unclear what laws and policies protect people displaced across international borders by extreme weather events" (Norwegian Refugee Council, 2011, p. 3).
In addition, even though "climate refugees" have a well-founded fear for fleeing their countries and can be considered as members of a particular social group, (one can argue they share as a common characteristic being affected by climate change, e.g. extreme weather or some other extreme event), authors like McAdam (2011) have stated that the concept provided by the 1951 Convention does not apply to climate refugees because climate change cannot be characterized as "persecution." Thus, persecution is a fundamental element of the concept of refugees. In this case, there is not a "persecutor" who may be identified,8 and the persecution needs to be on account of one of the five motives set in the 1951 Convention. McAdam (2011), also reasoned that "[…] an argument that people affected by its impacts could constitute a 'particular social group' would be difficult to establish, because the law requires that the group must be connected by a fundamental, immutable characteristic other than the risk of persecution itself" (2011, p. 13).
A SEPARATE CHALLENGE: STATELESSNESS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Statelessness has become an imminent risk due to climate change, as the increase in sea levels may sink, in the future, low-lying States, known as Sinking Island States (Vidas, 2014). Nations such as The Maldives, Kiribati, Tuvalu, and the Marshall Islands have experienced examples of this reality. In those States, the population will have to leave their countries because of climate change and will become stateless when the existence of their State ends (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2009). Even though some authors doubt that this situation will actually happen soon (Barnett, 2017), the uninhabitability of certain territories is beginning to cause forced migration, considering cases such as the Carteret Islands, where 1,000 residents were evacuated to Bougainville as a consequence of storm-related erosion and saltwater intrusion (Brown, 2007).
This impact of climate change will particularly affect islands in the Pacific. Thus, by 2050, 665,000 to 1.7 million people in the Pacific Islands could be forced to migrate to another country. Estimates have indicated that Kiribati and The Maldives could disappear completely in the next 30 to 60 years, as well as Tuvalu, which may disappear in the following 50 years (Tomkiw, 2015).
Also, it is possible to say that the consequences of climate change, and particularly those related to rising sea levels, could begin before expected because the territory could become uninhabitable before its disappearance. Some States have already been affected by climate change impacts such as temporary floods, tropical storms, tides, and coastal erosion: phenomena that are able to destroy the territory of a State. For example, Tuvalu is affected periodically by floods causing contamination and the destruction of houses. Similarly, in 2004, The Maldives were almost completely submerged, as a result of a tsunami, equally since then the tides have flooded 80 of the islands (Park & UNHCR, 2011).
Statehood and Climate Change
As explained above, there is a probability that statelessness will increase due to the disappearance of certain States. Under Customary International Law, a State is considered as such, when it has: 1) a defined territory, 2) a permanent population, 3) a government, and 4) capacity to enter relations with other States. This concept has been established in international instruments such as the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.
In these terms, territory is a key element in the concept of State. Therefore, according to the terms set out by International Law, an entity cannot claim statehood without a territory. (Crawford, 1977; Zounuzy, 2012). Furthermore, it should be considered that without it, there is an impossibility to meet the other elements in the concept of State, especially because of the relationship between the territory and the permanent population, as inhabitants share an intimate bond with the territory they live in. This does not mean that the entire population must live in the territory of the State; considering that the criteria in the Convention are independent, at least a portion of the population must live in the territory, and that is why an implied nexus between the State's territory and the permanent population exists (Jan, 2011).
In this regard, the Sinking Island States case is unique, because of the lack of a successor State to replace the preceding one. Even when International Law applies to the continuity presumption, there are no precedents for the loss of the entire territory of a State or the migration of its entire population (McAdam, 2010), creating de jure statelessness for the people involved because they could not become nationals of other States according to the receiving State's laws (Park & UNHCR, 2011).
International law has not developed any precedence for the disappearance of a State; it has only regulated cases of: "(i) absorption (by another State), merger (with another State) and dissolution (with the emergence of successor States)" (McAdam, 2010, p. 2), and the difference between these cases and the extinction of a State because of climate change is that "[…] the territory it abandons will not (cannot) be assumed by any other State" (McAdam, 2010, p. 2). In this sense, the principle of presumption of continuity of State existence cannot overrule that the territory becomes uninhabitable, a necessary condition of statehood. If the population of a Nation-State with uninhabitable or disappeared territory has no other nationality, they will be de jure stateless, and the difficulty regarding statelessness is not just the right to nationality, but other rights that depend on the recognition as a national of a certain State (Alexander & Simon, 2014).
On the other hand, international human rights law has established the duty of readmission as an obligation regarding statelessness. The duty of readmission relates to the capability of Nations-States to readmitting their nationals as a minimal requirement to prevent statelessness. Considering this duty, it would be impossible for States with an uninhabitable or disappeared territory to have the capability of readmitting their nationals who suffered from the impacts of climate change (Alexander & Simon, 2017).
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS CLIMATE MIGRATION
To Explore Opportunities of Protection Within the International Human Rights Law Framework
Nation-States have concentrated their efforts on the design of prevention, mitigation, and adaptation plans to cope with climate change and its adverse impacts. In addition, international cooperation has been set in terms of funding those plans and projects in least developed countries. However, the main issue, concerning human lives, is how to provide legal protection to the populations affected by climate change to guarantee their fundamental human rights.
In this context, providing legal protection means not only establishing policies to ensure financial, logistical and technical assistance for adaptation, or even relocation, but also interpreting migration policies in accordance with international human rights obligations to facilitate the exercise of the climate migrant's rights. Therefore, it is important to explore opportunities of protection within the international human rights law framework, which will not need political will for amendments or the creation of new rules and which can be implemented through the regional human rights systems.
Concurring with this idea, Chapman (2010) stated that regional systems (European, Inter- American and African systems) have the potential to be used to address issues in regard to climate change and, "[…] in evaluating the potential fate of a petition based on human rights violations resulting from climate change, each of the three established systems has its own strengths" (2010, p. 37).
For instance, in the Inter-American Human Rights System, the general duty of prevention is well developed in the doctrine and jurisprudence of both the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). The IACtHR has ruled that the Contracting States (of the American Convention on Human Rights) have the obligation to take reasonable steps to prevent violations of human rights.9 This means that in a situation of real, actual, and immediate risk of violation of human rights, known by the State and its authorities, the State must take all the necessary and reasonable legal, political, administrative, and cultural measures to prevent and avoid that risk.10
Applying this reasoning, climate change can be considered a genuine, present, and immediate risk to the human rights of the individuals forced to flee their places of origin on account of this factor: a risk that is known by Nation-States. Therefore, they have the responsibility to take actions to prevent the impacts of climate change (United Nations, 2015) in regard to forced migration, adopting legal norms as well as other types of acts to assist those affected in maintaining their rights.11
In addition, regional instruments such as the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights "Protocol of San Salvador" in its Article 11, recognizes the right to a healthy environment, which also had been used as the base for petitions before the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR), an entity that has found States in violation of their associated obligations (Chapman, 2010).
In the Inter-American System, although few cases exist on this subject,12 the IACtHR has noted that an undeniable link between the protection of the environment and the enjoyment of other human rights can be found.13 Also, the IACtHR (2009) has said that "the ways in which the environmental degradation and the adverse effects of climate change have impaired the effective enjoyment of human rights in the continent has been the subject of discussion by the General Assembly of the Organization of American States and the United Nations"14 (para. 148).
Furthermore, as explained by the Asociación Americana para la Defensa del Ambiente (Inter-American Association for Environmental Defense) (2008), the recognition of this right, as a human right, implies that States must make resources available and take actions to guarantee this. In addition to the above, it is noteworthy that in the Inter-American Human Rights System, the right to a healthy environment reaches a connotation beyond being a human right, as the Inter-American Democratic Charter, in its Article 15, also recognizes it as an aim of democracy (Asociación Americana para la Defensa del Ambiente, 2008).
Consequently, an approach based on human rights needs to guide the design and implementation of the law and policy as well as the political discourse. According to Aminzadeh (2007), this approach "[…] would integrate the theoretical and advocacy approaches of environmental law and human rights law" (2007, p. 258). In this respect, strategies such as "[…] 1) the application of procedural rights found in International Human rights Law to climate change litigation; 2) the recognition of a distinct right to environmental well-being; and 3) the re-interpretation of existing human rights in the environmental context" may be viable to offer an effective solution for the aforementioned protection of climate migrants (Aminzadeh, 2007, p. 245).
Evolutionary Interpretation of the Principle of Non-Refoulement
As explained earlier the current international refugee law framework does not fit climate migrants. Under this scenario, the most cost-effective solution is to give the principle of non- refoulement an evolutionary interpretation, in order to expand the protections offered by the principle to climate migrants.15 In this regard, it is important to point out that for purposes of the interpretation of international human rights law treaties, the same should be done attending the pro homine principle "[…] that is, that they should be interpreted in the way which is most protective of human rights" (Lixinski, 2010, p. 588).
Thus, an evolutionary interpretation of the principle of non-refoulement, based on the concept of respect to human dignity, may lead to the establishment of international responsibility of States in this topic and to create a cause of action for climate migrants when they are denied protection. Regarding this topic, the IACHR has stated that respect for the inherent dignity of the person is the principle on which the fundamental protections of the right to life and the preservation of physical well-being are based. The conditions of severe environmental pollution, which can cause serious physical illness, disability, and suffering to the local population, are incompatible with the right to be respected as a human being (Asociación Americana para la Defensa del Ambiente, 2008, p. 54).
Accordingly, the evolutionary interpretation of the rights consecrated in international human rights law instruments must play an important role in giving the principle of non- refoulement an extended scope. International human rights bodies, such as the IACtHR (1999), have used this form of interpretation, explaining that "[…] human rights treaties are living instruments whose interpretation must consider the changes over time and present- day conditions"16 (1999, para. 114).
As a consequence, when considering the protection that may be provided to climate migrants, the applicable international instruments should be connected with the circumstances of the case; that climate change is a real and imminent risk, as explained earlier, known by States; and that these circumstances cause several violations to human rights. According to Naser (2010), migrants in this situation are especially affected in their rights to life, health, food, and shelter. For that reason, there is a growing insistence that a "policy framework should be developed to protect, respect, and promote the human rights of the affected people" (2010, p. 119).
On this subject, McAdam (2011) stated that the best way to apply the principle of non- refoulement to climate change is by connecting it to the right to life and the right to not to be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment because those rights "[…] are clearly recognized in International Law as giving rise to such an obligation, and which have been incorporated into a number of domestic complementary protection regimes" (2011, p. 18). As a result, States will have the general duty to protect and not return or expel vulnerable populations to places where their lives will be at risk of harm due to the effects of climate change.
Finally, changes over time and present-day conditions have been a cause to urge for an expansion of the concept of refugee. For instance, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has exhorted States to implement expanded refugee definitions such as those adopted in the Cartagena Declaration or the OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (Llain, 2015, p. 290). Under those instruments, additional reasons may trigger the international protection available for refugees, such as external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either a part or the whole country of origin or nationality, and the massive violation of human rights (added by the Cartagena Declaration). It is an unresolved task to analyze whether factors such as "events seriously disturbing public order" may be interpreted in favor of giving international protection under the status of refugee to those suffering from the adverse impacts of climate change.17 However, Warren (2016) has pointed out that "under either expanded definition, a natural disaster could arguably constitute a circumstance that "disturb[s] the public order," but neither was explicitly intended to cover environmental displacement" (2016, p. 2123). Consequently, it is time, once again, to call for a broader interpretation that may introduce, at both municipal and international law levels, considerations related to the status of climate migrants.
Complementary Protection, Durable Solutions: Voluntary Repatriation, Resettlement, and Integration
The principle of non-refoulement provides an additional obligation that could be a solution to climate migrants, considering the universal refugee instruments and customary international refugee law. The complementary protection refers to the mechanism to grant international protection to persons who do not meet the established requirements to be considered as a refugee in the scope of the 1951 Convention (Mandal, 2005).
This obligation is based on the provisions prohibiting the expulsion of individuals from the territory of a Nation-State, and the international responsibility of a State on acts or omissions when individuals are in need of international protection because of the risk to their human rights (Mandal, 2005).
In this sense, Nation-States must develop systems of complementary protection, which seek to apply international law obligations and prevent the violation of the human rights of those facing the climate change impacts. Even though the complementary protection could need a substantial development to address climate change challenges, it does not preclude climate change from being recognized as a source of inhuman treatment to obligate Nation- States to grant the protection (McAdam, 2011). In the words of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015):
The measures of complementary protection make it possible to regularize the stay of persons who are not recognized as refugees but whose return would be contrary to the general obligations of non-refoulement, contained in various human rights instruments ( Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 2015, para. 133 ).
Also, the durable solutions for refugees that could be applied to address climate forced migration, voluntary repatriation, local integration, and resettlement, are measures that may help to mitigate the climate change impacts on migration. Nation-States should operationalize solutions for climate migrants based on the needs of international protection, considering:
Undertaking activities to facilitate voluntary repatriation and sustainable reintegration, in cooperation with relevant partners, as well as post-return monitoring.
Exploring local integration options for certain groups, such as leave to remain and naturalization.
Exploring resettlement options and quotas for specific groups, using resettlement strategically and coordinating resettlement needs with a view to adopting a region- wide approach (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2007, p. 187).
Preventive Measures in Case of Statelessness
As mentioned above, statelessness as a consequence of climate change will be difficult to address, considering the lack of regulation and the novelty of the new situation of statelessness. Therefore, it is particularly important to take preventive measures that involve: 1) reduction of the impact of climate change, and 2) preparation for the moment when different States become uninhabitable. The fact that climate change is a reality cannot be ignored and international law must be prepared, according to the existing regulation on international human rights laws. In this sense, "the severity of the challenges would depend on the progression of sea-level rise. Initially, drastic consequences would affect only some low-lying States—in particular, several Pacific and Indian Ocean island-States" (Vidas, 2014, p. 73).
Consequently, international regulation concerning stateless persons as a result of climate change should be based on the importance of having a nationality, with the purpose of creating a special system of protection in receiving States, giving obligations and rights allowing the stateless person to keep his or her life and to adapt in the receiving State.
Also, the recognition of the stateless status is not enough to guarantee the protection of human rights of the person forced to migrate as a consequence of the uninhabitability or disappearance of the territory of their State, but it should be the beginning point for the development of legal measures to address this challenge.
As has been mentioned before, the impacts of climate change are starting to be revealed before the world expected them "[…] climate change continues unabated, there is a growing population of displaced men, women, and children whose homes have been rendered unlivable thanks to a wide spectrum of environmental disasters" (Lam, 2012, para. 1). That spectrum includes damage to settlements and infrastructure; alteration of ecosystems; disruption of water supply and food production; mortality; incidence of diseases and poor health, as a result of floods, wildfires, cyclones, heatwaves, and droughts caused by climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, p. 6), all of which have an impact on human society.
The number of environmentally affected and future stateless people in the world has started to rise and will continue to increase. Native Alaskans and low-lying island States of Oceania are the first communities facing climate change because of their geographic location and the traditional livelihoods that make them vulnerable to the difficulties of a warming world (Mellino, 2016, para. 3).
In the future, the estimation is that there will be "[…] from 25 million to 1 billion environmental migrants by 2050, moving either within their countries or across borders, on a permanent or temporary basis, with 200 million being the most widely cited estimate" (International Organization for Migration, n.d., para. 15). Furthermore, considering the estimate of 200 million environmental refugees by 2050, this number:
[…] represent[s] nearly a four-fold increase in the number of displaced persons and refugees currently eligible for protection under the UNHCR mandate. And in 2007, the IPCC suggested that more than 600 million people currently living in low-lying coastal zones –438 million in Asia and 246 million in least developed countries– will be directly at risk to potential threats of climate change in this century. The so-called 'climate hotspots' – low-lying islands, coastal regions, large river deltas, and underdeveloped regions– remain in danger of catastrophic environmental change. Under current International Law, any climate-induced, cross-border migrations from these areas would trigger little if any protections or assistance mechanisms that could help provide aid to them ( Glahn, 2009, para. 13 ).
In view of the above, it is possible to say that the principal cause of statelessness is not only rising sea levels but also, environmental disasters, the lack of natural resources, and problems with food production and water supply.
The impacts of climate change are real and cannot be ignored. Millions will be internally displaced or will have to flee their countries on account of climate change. Also, entire populations could be forced to move to other countries since the disappearance of their States seems inevitable. Nevertheless, the relevant issue here is to prevent this catastrophe through the adoption of legislative measures at both the internal and international law levels to provide appropriate legal protection in accordance with present and future human rights standards.
3According to Toscano (2017) forced migration within and across the borders "will become increasingly commonplace due to the repercussions of climate change" (p. 140).
4Even though different estimations have been made by several scholars such as Meyers (1997), Stern (2007), Aid (2007), and UNCHR (2012), the complexity of climate change makes very difficult to determine an exact number of environmentally displaced people (Fujibayashi & Nakayama, 2017, p. 1; Toscano, 2017, p. 474).
5According to Thornton (2012), "A new generation of legal and policy scholarship has questioned the likelihood or utility of new or revised treaty instruments and with it a protection-based approach" (2012, p. 154). At the same time, Warren (2016) expresses that some commentators fear that amending the Convention will diminish the current protection for refugees (2016, p. 2125).
6The most recent example of this situation is the European Union-Turkey agreement on refugees that allows Greece to return "irregular migrants" to Turkey. As reported by Rankin (2016), the Council of Europe has condemned the agreement claiming that "[…] [it] exceeds the limits of what is permissible under International Law" (para. 1).
7This term, along with "environmental refugees," is normally used to refer to "[…] people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption that jeopardized their existence and/or seriously affected the quality of their life'' (Essam El-Hinnawi, 1985, p. 4. Quoted by Bates, 2002, p. 466).
8See also: Wyman (2013) who considers that climate change is not a form of persecution (p. 179). Also, Gogarty, (2011), explaining that advocacy to have climate migrants be recognized within the 1951 Convention has been futile because critics do not consider climate change the main factor for displacement, and which it is the main factor, it only causes temporary displacement (2011, p. 172).
9See Case of Osorio Rivera and Family members v. Peru (IACtHR, 2013b)
10Cf. Case of the Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community. v. Paraguay (IACtHR, 2010), Case of Luna López v. Honduras (IACtHR, 2013a), and Case of the Pueblo Bello Massacre v. Colombia (IACtHR, 2006a).
11Naser (2010) considered that in light of the obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill set up under international human rights law, governments have "[…] to adopt legal measures at the local and national levels to coordinate disaster response and relocation management" (p. 114)
12The pronouncements of the Court about the right to a healthy environment relates to Indigenous Communities issues and their view with respect to the right of property of their lands and natural resources, as reflected in the Cases of Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua (IACtHR, 2001), Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay (IACtHR, 2005), and Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay (IACtHR, 2006b).
13In its recent Advisory Opinion OC 23/17, the IACtHR (2017) highlighted this link, as a result of the interdependence and indivisibility between human rights, the environment, and the sustainable development. The Court quoted the resolution 35/17 of the Human Rights Council to emphasize that climate change produces adverse effects in the rights to life, health, food, water, adequate housing, and self-determination (2017, para. 54).
14See Case of Kawas Fernández v. Honduras (IACtHR, 2009).
15Analogously, for Kälin and Schrepfer (2002), "[…] the Non-Refoulement provisions of human rights law may prove particularly significant in this regard" (2002, p. 25).
16IACtHR (1999). The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the due Process of Law. Advisory Opinion OC-16/99 of October 1, 1999. Series A No. 16. Para. 114. In this Advisory Opinion the IACtHR (1999) stated that other courts such as the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights, in Tyrer v. United Kingdom (1978), Marckx v. Belgium (1979), and Loizidou v. Turkey (1995) have used this criterion.
17In this regard, the Brazil Declaration in the frame of the Cartagena Declaration, states that "[…] in light of the new challenges posed by climate change and natural disasters, as well as by displacement of persons across borders that these phenomena may generate, UNHCR is requested to prepare a study on the subject with the aim of supporting the adoption of appropriate national and regional measures […], within the framework of its mandate" (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2004, p. 18).
Received: February 16, 2018; Accepted: July 02, 2018


An evolving blog about… well, eating, playing, dreaming and thinking. I guess, really, the same stuff most of us have been doing since we were children. And maybe, somewhere down deep inside, we still are. One of the original tenants of the blog was, and remains, that it is about "99% that is 'right' in life instead of focusing on the 1% that is "wrong". Of course, I could always change my mind.
Much ado about nothing – Military Support for Obama?
Colin Powell, along with four (4) other retired military officers recently announced his support for Barak Obama to great fanfare.
Contrast that level of support with the list at the link below. How about this list?
500 retired Generals and Admirals thought it was important enough to pay for the ad supporting Governor Romney. 66% of our active military members support Romney.
500 retired top military brass. 66% of active Military.
I know whose opinion I am giving more weight to.
Please make sure you vote tomorrow.
He makes too much money and doesn't pay enough taxes.
Why shouldn't a person get to donate to the charity they choose? So the charitable giving only counts when the money goes to the charities you want?
He had more women on his cabinet and they did better financially than women have done under Obama.
So you make a protest, then it turns out he has done what any civil person would hope, and that isn't good enough? What exactly do you want from him?
Do you know what the Mormon religion stands for?
Really? You are going to use that as an argument? No, I guess not. I know what they don't stand for. They don't want to kill people who don't believe as they do. I haven't seen them involved in any fiery highly divisive speeches like, say, Trinity United or Jeremiah Wright. Oops. Didn't want to discuss that?
Well, what it comes down to …. He could fail once in a while. He is hardworking, successful, charitable and civil.
Why is this such an offense?
Well, it is awfully difficult to divide a population with fear, resentment and jealousy when you have a candidate the earned his success through hard work and determination.
Thanks President Obama. That is a heck of lesson and quite a legacy.
When the people find that they can vote themselves money, that will herald the end of the republic. Sell not liberty to purchase power.
Today, there is a $1 trillion gulf between spending on major entitlement programs and the money we devote to public investments.
To be clear, this means we spend more on entitlements than public investments. Does that concern you?
Indeed, federal welfare spending actually totals more than $14,848 for every poor man, woman and child in this country. For a typical poor family of three, that amounts to more than $44,500. Combined with state and local spending, government spends $20,610 for every poor person in America — or $61,830 per poor family of three.
More than 10.5 million people — about 5.3 percent of the population aged 25 and 64 — received disability checks in January from the federal government, the Post wrote, an 18 percent jump from before the recession.
Additionally, the USDA reported this past summer Food Stamps usage hit a record high, and is up ~51% since 2008 – an expense of over $71 Billion dollars.
Where does the money come from? If you are wondering about the much ballyhooed 47%, take a look at the percentage of each income group that does NOT pay taxes.
If Benjamin Franklin's quote wasn't enough for you, I will close with a quote from a famous Democrat.
Letter Advising to Ignore the WARN Act!
Letter disagreeing with WARN Act advice – READ!
Why would anyone vote for Obama?
Are these really your values?


text:
Q: How to add an entry to Datagrid in GWT I know the way that initialize datagrid with data.
But I want to be able to add entry at runtime with add button and a form.

A: You have to create a List of the objects which your DataGrid should contain. Also you can append an object to the list, if you want to add a new entry.The objects should be of the same type as your DataGrid,you are defining it when you create or extend the Datagrid (between the < > ) . Then call the .setRowData(list) and the datagrid will be filled up. If you want to add a new list, clear the datagrid before and call .setRowCount(0).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Charlotte Leslie, de son vrai nom Rosetta Aiello, alias Rosa Borg ou Catherine Alfa née le 18 décembre 1945 à Gabès en Tunisie, est une chanteuse française.

Biographie
Cadette d'une famille italienne de dix enfants, elle passe son enfance à Lens et quitte l'école à 13 ans pour travailler dans un atelier de confection.
À 19 ans, elle remporte avec sa chanson "Le ciel d'Italie" écrite par son père le tremplin annuel organisé dans sa ville par La Voix du Nord et parrainé par Lucien Morisse des disques AZ.

Elle enregistre, en 1964, ses deux premiers disques sous le pseudoyme de Catherine Alfa :"Tu es pris au piège" et "Tu m'as trahie" qui passent régulièrement sur Europe 1.

Elle signe ensuite, en 1966, chez Polydor pour sortir plusieurs 45T EP sous le nouveau pseudo de Charlotte Leslie. Le  Les filles c'est fait pour faire l'amour choque et est déprogrammé par plusieurs radios.
Par la suite, elle sort "L'hiver en été" (1967) puis "Poupée sans âme" et effectue de nombreuses tournées: dans toute la France avec Claude François, en Belgique avec Adamo et en tête d'affiche en Europe de l'Est.

Après la sortie de "Mr. Harisson", en 1970, elle se retire de la chanson avant de tenter un bref retour, au début des années 1980, sous le pseudo de Rosa Borg (nom de jeune fille de sa mère) mais sans grand succès.

Discographie
 1963, Tu es pris au piège
 1964, Tu m'as trahie
 1967, L'ennuie en robe dorée
 1968, Sur la montagne
 1968, L'enchaînée
 1971, On est heureux quand on se quitte
 1981, Recuerdos de mi vida

Liens externes

Chanteuse française du XXe siècle
Naissance en décembre 1945
Naissance à Gabès

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Cuyahoga Valley National Park: A User's Guide
Clint Williams
Brevard College
Clint Williams is a freelance writer and editor whose deep love of screenwriting has earned him several honors and whose broad range of coverage topics runs from chemtrails to clean coal.
QUICK TRIP: The lower viewing area offers the best angle of Brandywine Falls, which can be reached via a short hike. (Photo: Miriam Poling/Flickr.
Cuyahoga Valley National Park — a swath of green river valley stretching from Akron north to the southern edge of Cleveland — is Ohio's only national park and serves as a very big backyard for a megalopolis. There are natural delights such as the thundering Brandywine Falls (above) and the elegant Blue Hen Falls. And you'll find fragments of living history such as the Everett Road Covered Bridge and the Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail once used by barge-towing mule teams and now used by hikers, runners, equestrians and cyclists.
President Gerald Ford signed a bill creating Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area on Dec. 27, 1974. The name was changed to Cuyahoga Valley National Park in 2000.
About 20 miles of the 81-mile Towpath Trail runs through Cuyahoga Valley National Park as a level, hard-packed, crushed limestone. The Towpath Trail follows the path where mules from 1827 to 1913 pulled canal boats loaded with people and cargo up and down the Ohio & Erie Canal. The Towpath Trail is open to all non-motorized uses.
There are a number of family friendly hikes that are not too long and have a big payoff. It's just a 30-minute roundtrip to Brandywine Falls, at 65 feet the second highest falls in Ohio. Putting together sections of the Haskell Run Trail and the Ledges Trail takes you along the base of the 105-foot high sandstone Ritchie Ledges to Ice Box Cave. While dark and cool, Ice Box Cave isn't a true cave, but a deep, narrow slit in the rock. It's still an adventure for the pre-teen set.
Be sure to bring your fishing gear. Horseshoe Pond, a popular spot for bass and bluegill, features a fully accessible fishing pier. There is also fishing along the Cuyahoga River and at a number of ponds in the park; however, eating fish from the river is not recommended because of poor water quality.
Why you'll want to come back
The newly renovated Stanford House opened this spring. The nine rooms that can sleep 29 people, with exclusive whole house booking for large groups, or individual room booking starting at $50 per night with a continental breakfast included.
Water means life and with 22 miles of the Cuyahoga River winding through the park there is an abundance of wildlife found here despite being surrounded by urban development. More than 900 species of plants provide food and cover for 194 species of birds and 32 mammal species. This portion of the Cuyahoga River contains 43 different kinds of fish.
Beavers — once extirpated from the valley — are again thriving. River otters have been observed back in the park, too. As many as 150 coyotes now live in Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Visitors may also spot whitetail deer, woodchucks, raccoons and an assortment of different squirrels.
Birders will be able to spot eastern meadowlarks, bobolinks and Henslow's sparrows in the grasslands where the Richland Coliseum once stood.
In the fall, monarch butterflies migrating to Mexico stop to feed on goldenrod and New England aster.
Website: Cuyahoga Valley National Park
Park size: 32,855 acres or 51.3 square miles
2010 visitation: 2,492,670
Funky fact: No poisonous snakes have been found in the park, although the northern copperhead and Massasauga rattlesnake have been identified in nearby counties.
This is part of Explore America's Parks, a series of user's guides to national, state and local park systems across the United States.
Inset of Twin Oaks Bridge, one of three steel bridges along the along the Old Carriage Trail: Cuyahoga jco/Flickr
6 Beautiful Trips That Combine Bikes and Trains
A Dog Owner's Guide to Visiting National Parks
Zion National Park: A User's Guide
Rocky Mountain National Park: A User's Guide
Grand Canyon National Park: A User's Guide
Franconia Notch State Park: A User's Guide
Golden Gate National Recreation Area: A User's Guide
10 U.S. Cities With Freshwater Appeal
9 Extremely Challenging but Worthwhile Hikes
9 Stunningly Picturesque Oases
18 Eye-Popping Pedestrian Bridges
From Sea to Sea: 11 of the Most Beautiful Places I've Traveled in Canada
10 Knockout North American Ferry Routes
Obama's National Monuments Are a Big Deal
The 7 Natural Wonders of the World
30 of the Most Beautiful Places in the World


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text:
Rufāʾīl Hawāwīnī (en  ; anglicisé en Raphael Hawaweeny), en religion Saint Raphaël de Brooklyn, né en 1860 à Beyrouth (Empire ottoman) et mort en 1915 à Brooklyn, est un prélat américain d'origine syrienne, devenu en 1904 le premier évêque grec-orthodoxe consacré en Amérique du Nord, par Tikhon de Moscou. Il est fêté par l'Église orthodoxe d'Antioche le premier samedi de novembre et par l'Église orthodoxe en Amérique le .

Liens externes

Patriarcat orthodoxe d'Antioche
Naissance en novembre 1860
Décès en février 1915
Décès à 54 ans


January is National Blood Donor Month, and on Tuesday, Jan. 29, the Monticello Rotary Club is sponsoring a community blood drive for the American Red Cross. The blood drive will be held at the Monticello Berndes Center from 11:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. To make an appointment, call 1-800-RED-CROSS (1-800-733-2767) or visit redcrossblood.org. Walk-ins are always welcome. You can save up to 15 minutes when you donate blood by using RapidPass. Visit redcrossblood.org/RapidPass fore more information.


A Boston fan who moved to Minneapolis in 1978.
He was a member of Minn-Stf, NESFA, MCFI, and the Boston in '80 Worldcon bid. He was one of the founders of RISFA. He worked on a variety of regionals in the Boston and Minneapolis areas.
He published The Collector's Poul Anderson and Anne McCaffrey: A "Dragondex" and Bibliography. He was one of the editors of Rune and of the Proper Boskonian.
He worked at The Science Fantasy Bookstore.


Physical Description 1 print : lithograph, b&w ; image 9 x 7.1 cm., sheet 24.1 x 15.3 cm.
Summary Vignetted bust-length portrait of Morgan Lewis (1754-1844), governor of New York from 1804-1807 and major general in the War of 1812. Purchased January 1986. #1986.15 (no.8).