text:
draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-00.txt
Network Working Group V. Moreno Network Working Group V. Moreno
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems Internet-Draft Cisco Systems
Intended status: Experimental D. Farinacci Intended status: Experimental D. Farinacci
Expires: June 23, 2016 lispers.net Expires: October 23, 2016 lispers.net
Signal-Free LISP Multicast Signal-Free LISP Multicast
draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-00 draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-01
When multicast sources and receivers are active at LISP sites, the When multicast sources and receivers are active at LISP sites, the
core network is required to use native multicast so packets can be core network is required to use native multicast so packets can be
delivered from sources to group members. When multicast is not delivered from sources to group members. When multicast is not
available to connect the multicast sites together, a signal-free available to connect the multicast sites together, a signal-free
mechanism can be used to allow traffic to flow between sites. The mechanism can be used to allow traffic to flow between sites. The
mechanism within here uses unicast replication and encapsulation over mechanism within here uses unicast replication and encapsulation over
the core network for the data-plane and uses the LISP mapping the core network for the data-plane and uses the LISP mapping
skipping to change at page 1, line 45 ¶
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on June 23, 2016. This Internet-Draft will expire on October 23, 2016.
Copyright Notice Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved. document authors. All rights reserved.
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described in the Simplified BSD License. described in the Simplified BSD License.
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. General Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. General Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. General Receiver-site Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. General Receiver-site Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.1. Multicast receiver detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1.1. Multicast receiver detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.2. Receiver-site Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1.2. Receiver-site Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.3. Consolidation of the replication-list . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.3. Consolidation of the replication-list . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. General Source-site Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2. General Source-site Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1. Multicast Tree Building at the Source-site . . . . . 9 4.2.1. Multicast Tree Building at the Source-site . . . . . 10
4.2.2. Multicast Destination Resolution . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2.2. Multicast Destination Resolution . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. General LISP Notification Procedures . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.3. General LISP Notification Procedures . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Source Specific Multicast Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. Source Specific Multicast Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1. Source directly connected to Source-ITRs . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. Source directly connected to Source-ITRs . . . . . . . . 11
5.2. Source not directly connected to Source-ITRs . . . . . . 11 5.2. Source not directly connected to Source-ITRs . . . . . . 12
6. PIM Any Source Multicast Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6. PIM Any Source Multicast Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Signal-Free Multicast for Replication Engineering . . . . . . 11 7. Signal-Free Multicast for Replication Engineering . . . . . . 13
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix A. Document Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Appendix A. Document Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
A.1. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-00 . . . 16 A.1. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-01 . . . 18
A.2. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-04 16 A.2. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-00 . . . 18
A.3. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-03 16 A.3. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-04 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 A.7. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-00 19
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
When multicast sources and receivers are active at LISP sites, and When multicast sources and receivers are active at LISP sites, and
the core network between the sites does not provide multicast the core network between the sites does not provide multicast
support, a signal-free mechanism can be used to create an overlay support, a signal-free mechanism can be used to create an overlay
that will allow multicast traffic to flow between sites and connect that will allow multicast traffic to flow between sites and connect
the multicast trees at the different sites. the multicast trees at the different sites.
The signal-free mechanism here proposed does not extend PIM over the The signal-free mechanism here proposed does not extend PIM over the
RLOC. The combined function or replicating and encapsulating the RLOC. The combined function or replicating and encapsulating the
traffic to the RLOCs in the replication-list is referred to as "rep- traffic to the RLOCs in the replication-list is referred to as "rep-
encapsulation" in this document. encapsulation" in this document.
The document describes the General Procedures and information The document describes the General Procedures and information
encoding that are required at the Receiver-sites and Source-sites to encoding that are required at the Receiver-sites and Source-sites to
achieve signal-free multicast interconnectivity. The General achieve signal-free multicast interconnectivity. The General
Procedures for Mapping System Notifications to different sites are Procedures for Mapping System Notifications to different sites are
also described. A section dedicated to the specific case of SSM also described. A section dedicated to the specific case of SSM
trees discusses the implications to the General Procedures for SSM trees discusses the implications to the General Procedures for SSM
multicast trees over different topological scenarios. At this stage multicast trees over different topological scenarios. A section on
ASM trees are not supported with LISP Signal-Free multicast. ASM support is included to identify the constraints that come along
with supporting it using LISP Signal-Free multicast.
There is a section dedicated to Replication Engineering. A mechanism
to reduce the impact of head-end replication. The mapping system,
via LISP Signal-Free mechanisms, can be used to build a layer of
RTRs.
2. Definition of Terms 2. Definition of Terms
LISP related terms, notably Map-Request, Map-Reply, Ingress Tunnel LISP related terms, notably Map-Request, Map-Reply, Ingress Tunnel
Router (ITR), Egress Tunnel Router (ETR), Map-Server (MS) and Map- Router (ITR), Egress Tunnel Router (ETR), Map-Server (MS) and Map-
Resolver (MR) are defined in the LISP specification [RFC6830]. Resolver (MR) are defined in the LISP specification [RFC6830].
Extensions to the definitions in [RFC6830] for their application to Extensions to the definitions in [RFC6830] for their application to
multicast routing are documented in [RFC6831]. multicast routing are documented in [RFC6831].
skipping to change at page 5, line 5 ¶
Replication-list: Mapping-entry containing the list of RLOCs that Replication-list: Mapping-entry containing the list of RLOCs that
have registered Receivers for a particular multicast-entry. have registered Receivers for a particular multicast-entry.
Multicast-entry: A tuple identifying a multicast tree. Multicast- Multicast-entry: A tuple identifying a multicast tree. Multicast-
entries are in the form of (S-prefix, G-prefix). entries are in the form of (S-prefix, G-prefix).
Rep-encapsulation: The process of replicating and then encapsulating Rep-encapsulation: The process of replicating and then encapsulating
traffic to multiple RLOCs. traffic to multiple RLOCs.
Re-encapsulating Tunnel Router (RTR): An RTR is a router that
implements the re-encapsulating tunnel function detailed in Section 8
of the main LISP specification [RFC6830]. A LISP RTR performs packet
re-routing by chaining ETR and ITR functions, whereby it first
removes the LISP header of an ingress packet and then prepends a new
LISP header to an egress packet.
RTR Level: An RTR level is encoded in a Replication-List-Entry (RLE)
LCAF Type detailed in [I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf]. Each entry in the
replication list contains an address of an xTR and a level value.
Level values are used to create a replication hierarchy so that ITRs
at source LISP sites replicate to the lowest (smaller value) level
number RTRs in a RLE entry. And then RTRs at a given level replicate
to the next higher level of RTRs. The number of RTRs at each level
are engineered to control the fan-out or replication factor so a
tradeoff between the width of the level versus the number of levels
can be selected.
3. Reference Model 3. Reference Model
The reference model that will be used for the discussion of the The reference model that will be used for the discussion of the
Signal-Free multicast tree interconnection is illustrated in Signal-Free multicast tree interconnection is illustrated in
Figure 1. Figure 1.
MS/MR MS/MR
+---+ +---+
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
Src-1-----| R1|-----|ITR| | |ETR|------| R2|-------Rcv-2 Src-1 ----| R1|-----|ITR| | |ETR|------| R2|------ Rcv-2
+---+ +---+ | +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ | +---+ +---+
\ | / \ | /
Source-site-1 \ | / Receiver-site-2 Source-site-1 \ | / Receiver-site-2
Core Core
/ \ / \
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
Src-3 --------------|ITR| |ETR|------------------Rcv-4 Src-3 --------------|ITR| |ETR|----------------- Rcv-4
Source-site-3 Receiver-site-4 Source-site-3 Receiver-site-4
Figure 1: LISP Multicast Generic Reference Model Figure 1: LISP Multicast Generic Reference Model
Sites 1 and 3 are Source-sites. Sites 1 and 3 are Source-sites.
Source-site-3 presents a Source (Src-3) that is directly connected to Source-site-3 presents a Source (Src-3) that is directly connected to
the Source-ITR the Source-ITR
Once the Receiver-ETRs detect the presence of Receivers at the Once the Receiver-ETRs detect the presence of Receivers at the
Receiver-site, the Receiver-ETRs will issue Map-Register messages to Receiver-site, the Receiver-ETRs will issue Map-Register messages to
include the Receiver-ETR RLOCs in the replication-list for the include the Receiver-ETR RLOCs in the replication-list for the
multicast-entry the Receivers joined. multicast-entry the Receivers joined.
The Map-Register message will use the multicast-entry (Source, Group) The Map-Register message will use the multicast-entry (Source, Group)
tuple as its EID record type with the Receiver-ETR RLOCs conforming tuple as its EID record type with the Receiver-ETR RLOCs conforming
the locator set. the locator set.
The EID in the Map-Register message must be encoded using the The EID in the Map-Register message must be encoded using the
Multicast Information LCAF type defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf]. The Multicast Information LCAF type defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf].
R, L and J bits in the Multicast-info LCAF frame are not used and
should be set to zero.
The RLOC in the Map-Register message must be encoded using the The RLOC in the Map-Register message must be encoded using the
Replication List Entry (RLE) LCAF type defined in Replication List Entry (RLE) LCAF type defined in
[I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf] with the Level Value fields for all entries set [I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf] with the Level Value fields for all entries set
to 128 (decimal). to 128 (decimal).
The encoding described above must be used consistently for Map- The encoding described above must be used consistently for Map-
Register messages, entries in the Mapping Database, Map-reply Register messages, entries in the Mapping Database, Map-reply
messages as well as the map-cache at the Source-ITRs. messages as well as the map-cache at the Source-ITRs.
skipping to change at page 10, line 20 ¶
skipping to change at page 11, line 6 ¶
Updated Map-Notify messages should be issued every time a new Updated Map-Notify messages should be issued every time a new
registration is received from a Receiver-site. This guarantees that registration is received from a Receiver-site. This guarantees that
the source-sites are aware of any potential changes in the multicast- the source-sites are aware of any potential changes in the multicast-
distribution-list membership. distribution-list membership.
The Map-Notify messages carry (S,G) multicast EIDs encoded using the The Map-Notify messages carry (S,G) multicast EIDs encoded using the
Multicast Info LCAF type defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf]. Multicast Info LCAF type defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf].
Map-Notify messages will be sent by the Map-Server to the RLOCs with Map-Notify messages will be sent by the Map-Server to the RLOCs with
which the unicast S-prefix EID was registered. which the unicast S-prefix EID was registered. In the case when
sources are discovered dynamically [I-D.portoles-lisp-eid-mobility],
xTRs must register sources explicitly with the want-map-notify-bit
set. This is so the ITR in the site the source has moved to can get
the most current replication list.
When both the Receiver-sites and the Source-sites register to the When both the Receiver-sites and the Source-sites register to the
same Map-Server, the Map-Server has all the necessary information to same Map-Server, the Map-Server has all the necessary information to
send the Map-Notify messages to the Source-site. send the Map-Notify messages to the Source-site.
When the Map-Servers are distributed in a DDT, the Receiver-sites may When the Map-Servers are distributed in a DDT, the Receiver-sites may
register to one Map-Server while the Source-site registers to a register to one Map-Server while the Source-site registers to a
different Map-Server. In this scenario, the Map-Server for the different Map-Server. In this scenario, the Map-Server for the
receiver sites must resolve the unicast S-prefix EID in the DDT per receiver sites must resolve the unicast S-prefix EID in the DDT per
standard LISP lookup procedures and obtain the necessary information standard LISP lookup procedures and obtain the necessary information
Site Procedures for Multicast Tree building described in Site Procedures for Multicast Tree building described in
Section 4.2.1. Section 4.2.1.
In the SSM case, the IP address of the Source is known and it is also In the SSM case, the IP address of the Source is known and it is also
registered with the LISP mapping system. Thus, the mapping system registered with the LISP mapping system. Thus, the mapping system
may resolve the mapping for the Source address in order to send Map- may resolve the mapping for the Source address in order to send Map-
Notify messages to the correct source-ITR. Notify messages to the correct source-ITR.
6. PIM Any Source Multicast Trees 6. PIM Any Source Multicast Trees
LISP signal-free multicast will not support ASM Trees at this time. LISP signal-free multicast can support ASM Trees in limited but
A future revision of this specification may include procedures for acceptable topologies. It is suggested for the simplification of
PIM ASM support. building ASM trees across the LISP overlay to have PIM-ASM run
independently in each LISP site. What this means, is that a PIM
Rendezvous Point (RP) is configured in each LISP site so PIM Register
procedures and (*,G) state maintenance is contained within the LISP
PIM ASM in shared-tree only mode could be supported in the scenario The following procedure will be used to support ASM in each LISP
where the root of the shared tree (the PIM RP) is placed at the site:
source site.
1. In a Receiver-site, the RP is colocated with the ETR. RPs for
different groups can be spread across each ETR, but is not
2. When (*,G) state is created in an ETR, the procedures in
Section 4.1.2 are followed. In addition, the ETR registers
(S-prefix,G), where S-prefix is 0/0 (the respective unicast
default route for the address-family) to the mapping system.
3. In a Source-site, the RP is colocated with the ITR. RPs for
different groups can be spread across each ITR, but is not
4. When a multicast source sends a packet, a PIM Register message is
delivered to the ITR and the procedures in Section 4.2 are
followed.
5. When the the ITR sends a Map-Request for (S,G) and no Receiver-
site has registered for (S,G), the mapping system will return the
(0/0,G) entry to the ITR so it has a replication list of all the
ETRs that have received (*,G) state.
6. The ITR stores the replication-list in its map-cache for (S,G).
It replicates packets to all ETRs in the list.
7. ETRs decapsulate packets and forward based on (*,G) state in
their site.
8. When last-hop PIM routers join the newly discovered (S,G), the
ETR will store the state and follow the procedures in
Section 4.1.2.
7. Signal-Free Multicast for Replication Engineering 7. Signal-Free Multicast for Replication Engineering
The mechanisms in this draft can be applied to the LISP Replication- The mechanisms in this draft can be applied to the LISP Replication-
Engineering [I-D.coras-lisp-re] design. Rather than having the Engineering [I-D.coras-lisp-re] design. Rather than having the
layered LISP-RE RTR hierarchy use signaling mechanisms, the RTRs can layered LISP-RE RTR hierarchy use signaling mechanisms, the RTRs can
register their availability for multicast tree replication via the register their availability for multicast tree replication via the
mapping database system. As stated in [I-D.coras-lisp-re], the RTR mapping database system. As stated in [I-D.coras-lisp-re], the RTR
layered hierarchy is used to avoid head-end replication in layered hierarchy is used to avoid head-end replication in
replicating nodes closest to a multicast source. Rather than have replicating nodes closest to a multicast source. Rather than have
When a Map-Server receives (S,G) registrations from ETRs and When a Map-Server receives (S,G) registrations from ETRs and
(S-prefix, G-prefix) registrations from RTRs, it has the option of (S-prefix, G-prefix) registrations from RTRs, it has the option of
merging the RTR RLOC-records for each (S,G) that is more-specific for merging the RTR RLOC-records for each (S,G) that is more-specific for
the (S-prefix, G-prefix) entry or keep them separate. When merging, the (S-prefix, G-prefix) entry or keep them separate. When merging,
a Map-Server is ready to return a 'complete-format' Map-Reply. When a Map-Server is ready to return a 'complete-format' Map-Reply. When
keeping the entries separate, the Map-Server can decide what to keeping the entries separate, the Map-Server can decide what to
include in a Map-Reply when a Map-Request is received. It can include in a Map-Reply when a Map-Request is received. It can
include a combination of RLOC-records from each entry or decide to include a combination of RLOC-records from each entry or decide to
use one or the other depending on policy configured. use one or the other depending on policy configured.
Here is a specific example of (S,G) and (S-prefix, G-prefix) mapping +---+ +----+
database entries when a source S is behind an ITR and there are Src-1 --------------|ITR| |ETR1|----------------- Rcv-1
receiver sites joined to (S,G) via ETR1, ETR2, and ETR3. And there +---+ +----+
exists a LISP-RE hierarchy of RTR1 and RTR2 at level-0 and RTR3 and \ /
RTR4 at level-1: Source-site-1 \ / Receiver-site-1
\ /
+----+ \ / +----+
|RTR1| \ / |RTR2| Level-0
\ <^^^^^^^^^^^^^^> /
\ < > /
< Core-Network >
<vvvvvvvvvvvvvv>
/ / \ \
+----+ / / \ \ +----+
|RTR3| / \ |RTR4| Level-1
+----+ / \ +----+
/ \
+----+ +----+
Rcv-2 --------------|ETR2| |ETR3|----------------- Rcv-3
Receiver-site-2 Receiver-site-3
Figure 2: LISP-RE Reference Model
Here is a specific example, illustrated in Figure 2, of (S,G) and
(S-prefix, G-prefix) mapping database entries when a source S is
behind an ITR and there are receiver sites joined to (S,G) via ETR1,
ETR2, and ETR3. And there exists a LISP-RE hierarchy of RTR1 and
RTR2 at level-0 and RTR3 and RTR4 at level-1:
EID-record: (S,G) EID-record: (S,G)
RLOC-record: RLE: (ETR1, ETR2, ETR3), p1 RLOC-record: RLE: (ETR1, ETR2, ETR3), p1
EID-record: (S-prefix, G-prefix) EID-record: (S-prefix, G-prefix)
RLOC-record: RLE: (RTR1(L0), RTR2(L0), RTR3(L1), RTR4(L1)), p1 RLOC-record: RLE: (RTR1(L0), RTR2(L0), RTR3(L1), RTR4(L1)), p1
The above entries are in the form of how they were registered and The above entries are in the form of how they were registered and
stored in a Map-Server. When a Map-Server uses 'complete-format', a stored in a Map-Server. When a Map-Server uses 'complete-format', a
Map-Reply it originates has the mapping record encoded as: Map-Reply it originates has the mapping record encoded as:
Multicast Signaling", draft-farinacci-lisp-mr-signaling-06 Multicast Signaling", draft-farinacci-lisp-mr-signaling-06
(work in progress), February 2015. (work in progress), February 2015.
[I-D.ietf-lisp-crypto] [I-D.ietf-lisp-crypto]
Farinacci, D. and B. Weis, "LISP Data-Plane Farinacci, D. and B. Weis, "LISP Data-Plane
Confidentiality", draft-ietf-lisp-crypto-03 (work in Confidentiality", draft-ietf-lisp-crypto-03 (work in
progress), December 2015. progress), December 2015.
[I-D.ietf-lisp-ddt] [I-D.ietf-lisp-ddt]
Fuller, V., Lewis, D., Ermagan, V., and A. Jain, "LISP Fuller, V., Lewis, D., Ermagan, V., and A. Jain, "LISP
Delegated Database Tree", draft-ietf-lisp-ddt-03 (work in Delegated Database Tree", draft-ietf-lisp-ddt-04 (work in
progress), April 2015. progress), March 2016.
[I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf] [I-D.ietf-lisp-lcaf]
Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Snijders, "LISP Canonical Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Snijders, "LISP Canonical
Address Format (LCAF)", draft-ietf-lisp-lcaf-11 (work in Address Format (LCAF)", draft-ietf-lisp-lcaf-12 (work in
progress), September 2015. progress), March 2016.
[I-D.ietf-lisp-sec] [I-D.ietf-lisp-sec]
Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos-Aparicio, A., and D. Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos-Aparicio, A., and D.
Saucez, "LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)", draft-ietf-lisp-sec-09 Saucez, "LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)", draft-ietf-lisp-sec-10
(work in progress), October 2015. (work in progress), April 2016.
[I-D.portoles-lisp-eid-mobility]
Portoles-Comeras, M., Ashtaputre, V., Moreno, V., Maino,
F., and D. Farinacci, "LISP L2/L3 EID Mobility Using a
Unified Control Plane", draft-portoles-lisp-eid-
mobility-00 (work in progress), April 2016.
[RFC6830] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "The [RFC6830] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "The
Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)", RFC 6830, Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)", RFC 6830,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6830, January 2013, DOI 10.17487/RFC6830, January 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6830>. <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6830>.
[RFC6831] Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., Zwiebel, J., and S. Venaas, "The [RFC6831] Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., Zwiebel, J., and S. Venaas, "The
Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) for Multicast Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) for Multicast
Environments", RFC 6831, DOI 10.17487/RFC6831, January Environments", RFC 6831, DOI 10.17487/RFC6831, January
2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6831>. 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6831>.
[RFC6833] Fuller, V. and D. Farinacci, "Locator/ID Separation [RFC6833] Fuller, V. and D. Farinacci, "Locator/ID Separation
Protocol (LISP) Map-Server Interface", RFC 6833, Protocol (LISP) Map-Server Interface", RFC 6833,
Appendix A. Document Change Log Appendix A. Document Change Log
A.1. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-00 A.1. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-01
o Posted April 2016.
o Add text to define RTRs and indicate how RTR level number is used
for LISP-RE.
o Draw figure 2 that shows a LISP-RE topology.
o Indicate that PIM-ASM or (*,G) trees can be supported in LISP
Signal-Free Multicast.
A.2. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-signal-free-multicast-00
o Posted late December 2015. o Posted late December 2015.
o Converted draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-04 into LISP o Converted draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-04 into LISP
working group draft. working group draft.
A.2. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-04 A.3. Changes to draft-farinacci-lisp-signal-free-multicast-04
o Posted early December 2015. o Posted early December 2015.
o Update references and document timer. o Update references and document timer.
o Posted June 2015. o Posted June 2015.
o Posted December 2014. o Posted December 2014.
o Added section about how LISP-RE can use the mechanisms from o Added section about how LISP-RE can use the mechanisms from
signal-free-multicast so we can avoid head-end replication and signal-free-multicast so we can avoid head-end replication and
avoid signalling across a layered RE topology. avoid signalling across a layered RE topology.
o Changes based on implementation experience of this draft. o Changes based on implementation experience of this draft.
o Posted initial draft February 2014. o Posted initial draft February 2014.
Authors' Addresses Authors' Addresses
Victor Moreno Victor Moreno
Cisco Systems Cisco Systems
170 Tasman Drive 170 Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134 San Jose, California 95134
USA USA
End of changes. 26 change blocks.
60 lines changed or deleted
171 lines changed or added
This html diff was produced by rfcdiff 1.45. The latest version is available from http://tools.ietf.org/tools/rfcdiff/


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Mam Sonando picture held at protest for his release, file photo.
Independent radio station owner Mam Sonando is in a Cambodian prison awaiting trial on charges of insurrection.
PHNON PENH — Independent radio station owner Mam Sonando is in a Cambodian prison awaiting trial on charges of insurrection. He was Beehive Radio's sole reporter, and its main on-air personality. But while he is gone from the airwaves, he has not been forgotten - especially among the station's loyal listeners.
A few days a week, radio station owner Mam Sonando would go on air to talk to callers. Now, the station and its listeners have to do without him, as he sits in prison across town.
The DJ who's taking calls says Beehive is carrying on.
"There is no effect to the station's operations. It's a personal matter for the president. All the staff comes to work normally. Many staffers respect the station rules; we're not afraid at all," Phiev said.
Beehive is one of the few independent media outlets in Cambodia, where many stations are controlled by political parties. Its broadcasts have won praise from rights activists for championing causes that other stations ignore. It also carries Voice of America programming.
Callers used to have conversations with the owner about social issues and injustice. Now, Mam Sonando has become the subject of the shows he once hosted.
"I ask the government to release Mam Sonando, offer him freedom. We are his guarantors, we are 100,000 people and we will take his place in prison," one caller said.
This is a somewhat familiar situation for Mam Sonando, who was imprisoned twice before for his reporting. This time he faces up to 30 years in prison for allegedly attempting to form a secession movement.
His supporters say he is being targeted for criticism of the Cambodian government and of rights abuses by the powerful. Prime Minister Hun Sen dismisses the allegation.
Mam Sonando's wife, Din Phanara, has taken over leading the station. She says his absence has been a big change.
"Because Mam Sonando is like the heart of the station," she said.
She is dismissive of the court case against her husband - as well as even the idea that he could be planning a secession in rural Kratie in Cambodia's northeast.
"How do we lead an insurrection just with two, three farmers earning a living feeding chickens and pigs? How do we secede? It is not true. It is not possible," she said.
The court has not yet set a date for trial. And as Beehive goes on without its primary voice, the man behind it sits in pretrial detention, and his supporters worry about his health.


Is it safe to travel to Kosovo?
Yes. Kosovo is among the safest countries in Europe. In general, there is hardly any crime in the streets. Because of that, you can travel through the countries without worrying about pickpockets or becoming a victim of violence. Kosovars like foreigners. Yes, Kosovo used to be in a war, but that conflict ended in 1999.
Do I need a visa for Kosovo?
Kosovo asks for a visa for citizens from certain countries. In general, people living in Western countries do not need a visa to enter Kosovo, and can travel up to three months within the country (that is enough to see every corner of this place). Make sure that you are not part of one of the 87 countries that does need visa.
Yes, Kosovo has a number of beautiful mountains. In most of the places, you are surrounded by beautiful mountains. Of course, you can also climb some of the these mountains, and do hiking. At the tourism in Kosovo page, you find a beautiful drone video and some tips about the most interesting places to spend your holiday in Kosovo.
Does Kosovo have a beach?
No. Kosovo does not have a shore. But the beach is always close by, since the famous Albanian and Montenegrin shores are close by. Within a couple of hours, you can travel from Kosovo to the sea.
What are nice places to visit in Kosovo?
Best places in Kosovo to visit are the traditional town of Prizren, the capital Kosovo, and the Rugova Valley. Of course, there are many other beautiful sights to see and to visit. See our best tips for a holiday our tourism page.


Scott shot a wedding and was told I could come after he was done shooting. I put Meadow to bed and Emma came over so I could meet Scott. Let's just say I was pretty tired the next day.
After the wedding we sort of celebrated our fifth anniversary by going over to our favorite bar, the Aster Cafe. Brooke drank too much.
I made her a hangover cure breakfast: hash browns, eggs and bacon. Only I made twice as much hash browns than we needed.
Earlier this week we went to Costco to get our tires rotated. We mentioned our air pressure signal kept going off. It turns out we had a nail in our side wall.
I kind of figured there was a leak of some sort.
They put our spare on and said they would call us when a new tire came in. That was Wednesday and today is Sunday. Our plans to go apple picking were shot down. I guess we did have some yard work to do.
Digging up tulips turned into digging up a new side garden.
Brooke loves adding gardens. I only help because I love her.
Meadow had too much fun running in the dirt singing, "Squishy, squishy, squishy."
She also helped me gather some garden worms and a few nightcrawlers. Now we need to go fishing.
She then got a much deserved bath.
I made beef lo mein for dinner. Brooke and Meadow loved it. I did a pretty good job at being a dad and husband today.
Since we had dinner early, I was pretty tired to do anything else we decided to watch a movie and have popcorn.
We watched The Little Prince.
We only got started, but it was so good that I had to put my phone down.


Sure, there are the clothes, but New York Fashion Week is also about random celebrity sightings. It's only day two, but we've already spotted the Jonas brothers engaging in front row banter with Zach Quinto, Zosia Mamet wearing a sparkly pink dress that even Shoshanna would have second thoughts about, the Olsen twins almost smiling, and Alcide Herveaux.
And, thanks to Swagger New York, Lisa Simpson wearing a pair of Marc Jacobs hotpants.
The fashion and culture website collaborated with Italian designer Michele Moricci to create "Fantasy Fashion Week," a world where 1990s cartoon characters like Daria, Sailor Moon, and Beavis and Butthead are among the stars at the shows. Click on to see the animated fashion crowd in their designer duds.
Rugrats brat Angelica Pickles wears a Diane von Furstenberg sheath with a cropped jacket and matching purple platform heels, and her signature pigtails.
Looking like they're ready to stir up some trouble outside the Jeremy Scott show, Beavis and Butthead rock the designer's wild prints.
Captain Planet shows off his buff body in separates from Hood By Air.
Lisa Simpson ditches her orange dress, flats and pearls for a pair of high-waisted shorts, a button-down shirt, and peep-toe stilettos, all from designer Marc Jacobs .
Dressed in a gauzy cutout dress and an oversized blazer, Sailor Moon takes a coffee break before heading to the Rodarte show.
Tell us: Which cartoon character's Fashion Week look is your favorite?


This deals with an extremely rare edges where there are extra newlines characters between blockettes. I'm not even sure this is valid SEED but F-Net serves some of these files and in my testing it does not hurt our ability to read other SEED files.
Deal with a newline between blockettes.
WARNING (process_volh):  unknown blockette type 1 found in record 1.
CORRECTION: retry reading SEED record, byte shifted by one.
I guess this is a workaround for files breaching the SEED conventions, but looks like it won't hurt in case of good files.
Thanks for the review. It is true that these are not valid files but I also cannot imagine a scenario where this can hurt our ability to read valid files.


text:
He Walks With Us
December 12, 2013 / Don Allison
My wife, Iris, and I have been healing as we continue our journey together after the death of our daughter, Crystal, who died from leukemia eight years ago. Moments of sadness and heartache often come unannounced and unexplained. Grief doesn't follow a logical course. Sometimes we don't know what brings the tears. Sometimes there is joy in moments of remembering. Always there is regret that we can no longer share the memories with our daughter ever again in this life, and that thought can bring unimaginable pain at times.
We both miss her very deeply. It's hard to believe she's gone.
We'd like to think she'll be there, when we wake up in the dawn.
Of course, we know that isn't so. Our daughter is no longer here.
But that she still lives on in us is also Crystal clear.
I penned those words in a poem I wrote to Iris a few months after Crystal's death. Christmas is coming soon and that day can be especially difficult for bereaved parents. We'd all like to think our missing child would be there when we wake up on Christmas morn.
My mind flashes back to the many Christmas mornings as our family woke up and our children appeared near the Christmas tree , excited to find out what was in all the presents under the tree. What happy times of laughter and joy as presents were opened. Pictures, videos and scenes sketched in our memories still touch us.
But once again, we deal with the reality that Christmas will never be the same again, but even then I know I have a Friend who walks with me. In Matthew 28:20 Jesus said, "And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age."
That reminds me of a special card we received that meant so much to Iris.
The road of life may take us where we do not care to go, up rocky paths, down darkened trails, our steps unsure and slow.
But our dear Lord extends His hand to hold, to help, to guide us. We never have to feel alone, for He walks close beside us.
This Christmas we hold on to Jesus' promise in John 11: 25-26:
"I am the one who raises the dead and gives them life again. Anyone who believes in me, even though he dies like everyone else, shall live again. He is given eternal life for believing in me and shall never perish."
December 12, 2013 / Don Allison/
Don Allison
Hidden In Our Hearts
A Lesson From The Magi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On October 11, 2018, a U.S. Congressional briefing entitled "A Final Attempt to Defend Human Rights in China" was held on Capitol Hill, Washington. Christians from The Church of Almighty God(CAG) were invited to attend and speak to congressional staff and foreign policy experts on the ongoing situation of persecution of Christians of this Church by the CCP. A number of representatives of other groups suffering brutal suppression by the Chinese government also spoke. Ms Tina L. Mufford, Deputy Director of Research and Policy at the US Commission on International Religious Freedom, also attended as a special guest and spoke on the dire state of human rights in China.
Recommend: The Origin of the Eastern Lightning's Prosperity, Singing and Dancing Videos from the Church of Almighty God: festively singing and dancing to praise the incarnated Lord Jesus in the end time – Almighty God.


Renthome.ru, a marketplace for short-term vacation rentals across Russia and the CIS, has raised approximately $1 million in seed funding.
The names of the backers were not disclosed, only that participants in the round included 'Russian and foreign entrepreneurs, as well as investors from the real estate market and finance sector'.
I was going to call it yet another Russian Airbnb clone (*cough* TravelRent *cough*), but it wouldn't be totally fair since Renthome.ru appears to work directly with real estate agencies to increase the number of listed properties on its website.
Coincidentally, both Renthome.ru and TravelRent are backed by Russian Internet startup incubator Fast Lane Ventures.
The majority of the fresh capital will be used to develop a regional network – Renthome.ru plans to expand its presence to 10 additional Russian cities aside from Moscow, as well as Kiev, Ukraine.
The startup says there will be at least one regional representative of Renthome.ru operating in every city.
Currently, Renthome.ru says, its database contains nearly 17,000 active properties (including up to 2,000 European properties) which are located in over 700 Russian, CIS and European locations. It aims to grow that number to 25,000 by year's end.


text:
Weather Alert: Click for More Information
Select campus Plano Campus North Campus
BELIEFS | MISSION
GROUPS | MINISTRIES
MESSAGES | WORSHIP
DONATE | SERVE
Home > Media > Radio & TV
PowerPoint Ministries
PowerPoint Ministries is the radio and television broadcast ministry of Prestonwood Baptist Church and Dr. Jack Graham. PowerPoint Ministries has grown to an expansive network of local, national and international television and radio broadcasts. In fact, PowerPoint can be seen or heard by a potential audience of millions of television viewers and radio listeners across the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, Iraq, Israel and more.
Visit Powerpoint.org
Find a radio or TV Station
PowerPoint Today Devotional
Ignite your prayer life and walk with the Lord with Senior Pastor Graham's free Monday-Friday email devotional. The PowerPoint Today devotional is an easy way to ensure you're reading and meditating on Scripture every weekday. And it's a great step to building a habit of seeking God's Word for hope, peace, guidance, and power. So please sign up and start living a power-filled life today!
SIGN UP FOR THE POWERPOINT TODAY DEVOTIONAL
PLANO CAMPUS
Sundays: 9:30 & 11:00 a.m.
Sundays: 8:30, 10:00 & 11:30 a.m.
Sundays: 2:00 p.m.
Saturdays: 5:00 p.m.
Lewisville Campus
North View Baptist Church


text:
Q: How to increase the font size of Tab Bar title? Can I increase the font size of Tabbar title?

A: It's not possible; you'd have to build your own tab bar and design the tabs yourself. And if you do, how you'll get that to work with UITabBarController or some other way would be a completely different question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
La estación de Biarriz, (en francés: gare de Biarritz), es la principal estación ferroviaria de la ciudad francesa de Biarritz. Por ella circulan tanto trenes de alta velocidad, como de grandes líneas, media distancia y regionales.

En 2006, fue utilizada por cerca de medio millón de pasajeros.

Historia
Aunque en la actualidad es la principal estación de la ciudad, durante mucho tiempo no fue así. De hecho en 1911, y de cara a acercar el ferrocarril al centro de la ciudad se creó una nueva estación llamada Biarriz-Ciudad que se encontraba al final de un pequeño ramal de 3,5 km que partía de la línea férrea Burdeos-Irún. Por esta nueva estación transcurrieron trenes históricos como el Sud-express, que unían Francia con España y Portugal y el Côte basque. Sin embargo la estación fue perdiendo protagonismo y sus vetustas instalaciones fueron cerradas el 14 de septiembre de 1980. Todos sus servicios fueron trasladados a la estación de Biarriz que dejó de llamarse Biarritz-La Negresse, para distinguirse de Biarriz-Ciudad.

Descripción
La estación de Biarriz es un clásico y sobrio edificio de piedra de planta rectangular recubierto por una tejado de pizarra de varias vertientes. La parte central se compone de dos pisos y está adornada en su parte más alta por un pequeño frontón que contiene un reloj de agujas.

Se compone de dos andenes, uno laterales y otro central al que acceden tres vías.

Servicios ferroviarios

Alta Velocidad
Los trenes TGV que transitan por la estación permiten enlazar los siguientes destinos:

 Línea Hendaya / Irún  ↔ París / Lille.

Grandes Líneas
A través de sus Lunéas, la SNCF recorre desde Biarriz:

 Línea Irún ↔ París.
 Línea Hendaya / Irún  ↔ Ginebra. Fines de semana y periodos vacacionales.

Media Distancia
Los trenes Intercités enlazan las siguientes ciudades:

 Línea Irún ↔ Toulouse.
 Línea Hendaya ↔ Burdeos.

Regionales
Los siguientes trenes regionales circulan por la estación:

 Línea Hendaya ↔ Burdeos.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1864
Estaciones de la línea Burdeos-Irún
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Francia inauguradas en el siglo XIX
Estaciones de ferrocarril del departamento de Pirineos Atlánticos
Estaciones de alta velocidad de Francia
Francia en 1864

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Publication - Statistics
Housing statistics 2018: key trends summary
Housing and Social Justice Directorate
Annual statistics up to 31 March 2017 on total new housing supply in Scotland across all sectors, along with information on various elements of local authority housing such as stock, lettings, house sales, evictions, housing lists, and housing for older people and people with disabilities.
31 page PDF
Accessibility: This document may not be fully accessible.
This publication is available to download in other formats. More…
Tables (XLSX 237.5 kB )
Stock by Tenure
Housing Statistics for Scotland 2018: Key Trends Summary
New Housing Supply
New House Building
Local Authority Housing Stock
Sales of Local Authority Housing to Sitting Tenants (Right to Buy)
Local Authority Vacant Stock
Housing for Older People and People with Disabilities
Scheme of Assistance
Local Authority Lettings
Local Authority Evictions
Housing Lists
Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMO)
A National Statistics publication for Scotland
In 1981, less than 40% of dwelling stock (0.72 million dwellings) was owner occupied. By 2000 this had risen to 63% (1.47 million) although the proportion has fallen again in the last few years so that, in 2017, 58% (1.50 million) of dwelling stock was owner occupied (excluding vacant private dwellings and second homes).
The number of dwellings in Scotland has increased by 615,000 in the last 3 and a half decades from 1.97 million in 1981 to 2.59 million in 2017. This has coincided with an increasing Scottish population and the increased prevalence of smaller households[2].
Two factors have contributed to the shift toward owner occupation: the introduction of the right to buy for public authority tenants in 1979 coupled with the decline of local authority new build, and the increased contribution of private sector house building. Chart 6a illustrates the changes in the size of private rented sector stock, compared with councils and housing associations over the time period from 2001 to 2017.
Chart 6a: Numbers of stock by private rented, council housing, and housing associations, 2001 to 2017
The reduction in owner occupation between 2008 and 2014 has coincided with an increase in the number renting privately or living rent free from 10% (around 248,000 dwellings) in 2008 to 15% (around 382,000 dwellings) in 2015, as shown in Chart 6b. This may have been partly caused by the economic downturn and the difficulty potential home owners have subsequently experienced in securing a mortgage. In the latest year however, the proportion renting privately or living rent free has remained at a similar level of 15% (393,000 in 2017).
Chart 6b: Estimated stock of dwellings by tenure, 1981 to 2017
Local authority level tenure estimates are shown in Chart 7. The rate of owner occupation varies from 79% in East Renfrewshire to 41% in Dundee. In general, as expected, cities have lower owner occupation rates. The proportion of dwellings rented privately ranges from 6% in the Shetland Islands to 26% in Dundee, with cities tending to have higher rates of households in the private rented sector. Percentages of households that are social renting range from 12% in East Renfrewshire and East Dunbartonshire to 34% in Glasgow and 37% in West Dunbartonshire.
Chart 7: Tenure in Scotland by local authority 2017
Link to tenure tables: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Housing-Regeneration/HSfS/KeyInfo
The Scottish Household Survey website presents information on housing stock by tenure. Chapter 3 on Housing contains tables on tenure of household by year and by household age group: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/16002/PublicationAnnual
Statistics on housing stock in the other UK nations can be found through the following link to the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government website: http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingstatistics/housingstatisticsby/stockincludingvacants/livetables/
Katrina Caldwell: housing.statistics@gov.scot


text:
Actualités & médias : Archives presse
FENSTERBAU FRONTALE 2016
Synergies for customers – profine to continue successful compatibility strategy with new 88 mm premium system
The largest exhibitor, profine Group, system provider of the profile brands KBE, Kömmerling, and Trocal, can again expect over 4,000 business partners from all over the world at its exhibition stand in Hall 7.
By presenting significant new developments at the exhibition in Nuremberg, the company will be underscoring its target as the leader for innovations in the sector. The common thread running through the central new developments is the profine platform strategy with compatible systems giving rise to valuable synergies for the customers.
88 mm premium system offers passive house solutions as standard
The focus is placed on the presentation of the new 88 mm premium system that the company intends to use to continue the resounding success of System 76 launched two years before. Also like System 76 for the high volume market segments, the new premium system has been developed on a system platform common to all three brands. Under the names KBE 88, Kömmerling 88, and Trocal 88, it will become available to manufacturers from July 2016 and replace the three independent 88 mm systems of the brands.
The central link between the two platforms with 76 mm and 88 mm installation depths is the exceptionally high level of system compatibility – through the use of identical steels, seals, glazing beads, connecting profiles, and the optional profine upgrade technologies. This raises production efficiency for window makers and reduces purchasing and storage costs.
Similar to System 76, the new premium system 88 is an extensive end-to-end system with about twenty main geometries, developed with the aim of setting new standards.
Insulating values that redefine thermal insulation
Consisting of a high-insulation seven-chamber system, even the standard version of this new development exhibits a Uf value of 0.95 W/(m²K), fulfilling passive house requirements. And these thermal insulation values can be raised even higher with additional insulators or prefoamed proEnergyTec profiles.
In addition, the system presents an extraordinary stability for extremely large glazed areas. Besides solar gains, one further advantage is the potential for realising generously sized window designs in unique architectures.
Presentation of the 76 mm system in many facets
At the exhibition, profine is presenting not only the new premium system, but, of course, its successful 76 mm system and its many facets as well, including special profiles for a great many markets abroad. This flagship system has carved out a unique position in the standard market segment. Not least owing to the high versatility of its components despite the reduced complexity, many profine customers have already converted to this system. Yet profine is also showing an encouraging balance in its new customer line as well: A proof of quality par excellence is furnished by the high double-digit number of new customers that the company has gained for its System 76.
PremiDoor 76 – barrier-free, new lift/sliding door
As part of the changeover to the new 76 mm system platform, profine will be presenting the lift/sliding door "PremiDoor 76" as the successor system to "PremiDoor 70". Available from the summer of 2016, this new development is a system integrating consistently five-chamber design perfected in every detail, a system whose installation depth of only 179 mm makes it ideal for renovations, yet also for glazing up to 48 mm thick. A high passage of light is ensured by the slender sight lines – 65 mm at the casement, 100 mm at the sash, and 103 mm at the centre fastener. Even the standard version of this new development exhibits a Uf value of 1.4 W/(m²K), among the best of its kind for lift/sliding doors. The standard range also includes a barrier-free threshold system. The advantages of this system find their culmination in the optional combinations with aluminium-design upgrade technologies and with the "lux design" sash with its particularly slender sight line of 40 mm.
Also presented again will be the "PremiDoor 88", a lift/sliding door with 88 mm installation depth and flush-mounted five-chamber sash and casement profile, characterised by an outstanding thermal insulation value of Uf = 1.2–1.3 W/(m²K).
AluClip Zero: Innovative aluminium cladding for System 76
"AluClip Zero" is a design variant that is unique on the market and has already been tried and tested in a number of building projects. Two different covers are available for the window line: one presenting a completely flush-mounted look and virtually flush glazing plane, and a second with classical wood-aluminium look and the same glass plane as fixed glazing. The specially matched residential door variant is designed for a completely flush-mounted look, and its technical highlights include a "floating" fastener for the panelling. Warping under the effects of heat is therefore eliminated. Compatibility enjoys high priority for this product as well: all of the key components from the 76 mm system can be used.
Virtually unlimited diversity of surfaces
The profine presence at the exhibition will also be focusing on the presentation of many colour, laminate, and aluminium solutions. The highlight here is "proCoverTec" – an upgrade technology for profile surfaces that is unique on the market and that is to provide lasting proof of profine's power of innovation. Coated with an innovative liquid synthetic material, the upgraded surface offers a valuable contribution to added value by providing profiles with efficient and permanent protection against external effects.
Ancillaries programme and products from the Semifinished Products Business Unit
The shutter system products of the Semifinished Product Business Unit will be presented as integral components of the profine window and door exhibits. For instance, the different versions of the innovative "VariNova" add-on box, with optional integrated extension blinds or pleats, as well as the individual shutter system "Naxos".
The product presentations at the exhibition will be rounded off with an extensive range of ancillaries and a great many other products from the Semifinished Products Business Unit, including e.g. building profiles and systems like the gate and fence system "KömaTerra Scala", a portico as a highlight, and a great many products from the PVC-U sheets line for the home and windows.
"Kömmerling + Fenster-Profis" with its own presentation
At its own presentation area, the partner alliance "Kömmerling + Fenster-Profis", a cooperation of dedicated window manufacturers founded over twenty years ago, will be demonstrating its wide range of trade marketing activities. The objective here is to support partner companies in their marketing and sales activities – specifically with respect to the growing number of cheap providers from Germany and abroad.
Dr Peter Mrosik: "We look forward to a successful presence at the exhibition."
Dr Peter Mrosik, owner and CEO of profine Group, is brimming with confidence in the runup to the world leading exhibition: "After our 88 mm premium system has closed the last gap in our portfolio of systems geared to market requirements, we are well on the way towards redefining profine in terms of strong products and excellent services. We are therefore in an outstanding position for the future and look forward to an exhibition presence of certain success."


A kid's bedroom closet organizer in white. A walk in master closet from our Sherwood Collection. Master bedroom closet in Wenge (a special order colour). Jewelry Tray insert. Shoe shelving with shoe fences. Oil rubbed bronze hanging rod. Reach-in bedroom closet. Closet organizer in Antique White. Tilt-out hamper basket. An organized bedroom closet Closet organizer shelving. Walk in closet for Master bedroom - Sherwood collection. Fold out ironing board in master bedroom closet. Tilt-out hamper basket in master closet. Candlelight (one of our standard colours). Antique White (standard colour) reach-in closet. Master walk-in closet done in White (standard colour). Slide out hampers in master closet. Master bedroom walk in closet in Cherry Blossom (a standard colour). Ironing board Amati (standard colour) walk in master closet.
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The drought that South Africa and particularly the Western Cape is facing has meant that many people have installed rainwater tanks to their homes, to supplement their water supply. BIGBrave wanted to do something to help! So using the learnings of our Beverage Insights product and the mad coding skills of one of our resident wizards, GuyDelta, we put together this awesome DIY IoT project with some easily sourced electronics and some free online tools.
Adafruit IO and Arduino IDE are our two not-so-secret weapons.
Adafruit Huzzah ESP8266 with an ultrasonic sensor to measure water tank volumes and connected to an MQTT feed.
This project provides the ability to calculate and report the total litres of water within cylindrical water-tanks, more specifically rainwater tanks connected to a rainfall-gutter-collection system. Using the Adafruit Feather Huzzah ESP8266 and an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor communicating to an Adafruit IO dashboard via MQTT, this provides the ability to collect and monitor tank volume in real time in any web-browser on any device, as well as providing the ability to set notification triggers.
The following are component and tool lists that is used to build this project, however, the project is flexible enough to be utilized with many alternate configurations. If you are only interested in the setting-up of the ESP8266, installation of its code, and communication with the Adafruit IO dashboard, you can skip to step 2. Setup below.
Setup and create an Adafruit IO account at https://io.adafruit.com/ and make note of your username and key.
The remainder of the setup will require your WIFI SSID and Password.
#define WLAN_SSID       "... Your WIFI SSID here ..."
#define WLAN_PASS       "... Your WIFI Password here ..."
#define AIO_USERNAME    "... Your Adafruit Username here ..."
#define AIO_KEY         "... Your Adafruit Access Key here ..."
If you are a bit more adventurous and have multiple tanks connected in series, then a simple multiplication in the whatis_volume function will give the total volume, provided each tank is the same volume. Change return liters; to return liters * x; where x is the number of tanks e.g. return liters * 3;.
Upload this code to the device using the Arduino IDE.
Connect the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor to the Adafruit Feather Huzzah ESP8266 digital pins 13, 16, GND and USB as per the table below.
The rain water tank system that we kitted out has 3 tanks connected in series. We installed the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor in a tank that did not have a water inlet connected to it so we didn't need worry about splashes etc. The image gallery shows the install and setup.


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La canalización es una medida de la capacidad de un genotipo de producir el mismo fenotipo a pesar de la variabilidad de su entorno. El término canalización fue acuñado por C. H. Waddington, que también ayudó a explicar sus mecanismos de desarrollo. También introdujo el concepto de paisaje epigenético, en el que un carácter canalizado queda ilustrado mediante un valle encerrado entre altos riscos, "guiando" al fenotipo hacia su "destino".

Ejemplo molecular
Recientemente, y partiendo de los experimentos llevados a cabo por Waddington en 1953, Rutherford y Lindquist aportaron un ejemplo molecular. La Hsp90 es una proteína chaperona que monitoriza el correcto plegamiento de algunos polipéptidos para formar proteínas. Rutherford y Lindquist sometieron a choque térmico a embriones de drosophila, convocando así a una enorme cantidad de Hsp90 citoplásmico para responder al estrés. La disminución en la normal actividad de monitorización de la Hsp90 produjo muchos cambios morfológicos en las moscas adultas. Las mutaciones homozigóticas del gen Hsp83, que codifica a la proteína Hsp90, son letales en Drosophila, pero las mutaciones heterozigóticas aumentan la proporción de anormalidades en el desarrollo, dando lugar a ojos, extremidades y alas deformes.

Lo sorprendente del experimento fue que todas estas malformaciones desaparecieron en la siguiente población, en ausencia del estrés. Ante este resultado, Rutherford y Lindquist postularon la siguiente hipótesis: la Hsp90 está actuando de tampón para las mutaciones: las moscas han acumulado muchas mutaciones, pero su efecto queda suprimido por la Hsp90. Para probar esta hipótesis, cruzaron moscas que mostraban cambios morfológicos, emulando la acción de selección natural cuando hay grandes cambios ambientales. Las moscas resultantes mostraban cambios morfológicos incluso en ausencia de choque térmico: la cantidad de mutaciones acumuladas en estas moscas había superado a la capacidad de tampón de la Hsp90, por lo que estas moscas habían cambiado su valle epigenético.

Este tipo de mecanismos podrían ser responsables de las huellas de radiación adaptativa que encontramos en el registro fósil.

Referencias

Véase también
Biología del desarrollo
Norma de reacción
Paisaje adaptativo

Canalizacion (genetica)
Fenología
Canalizacion (genetica)


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Facebook Ad Specs | Complete 2019 Guide for Image Sizes, Aspect Ratios & Video Length
August 22, 2019 Posted at August 22, 2019 in Facebook, PPC, Social Media	by	Nick Barden
Facebook gives advertisers unparalleled options for targeting unique audiences and designing custom ad content for each audience. That being said, building content to accommodate all the different ad sizes across Facebook, Instagram and Messenger can be daunting. Facebook offers a helping hand with its built-in ad automation that can dynamically adjust your creative to fit different placements. However, it's still best practice to manually design content that's optimized for each placement.
But, what ARE the recommended image sizes for different ad types? Does Facebook have video length limits? What's the difference between an ad format and a placement? If you're asking questions like this, you're in the right place! In this post, we'll explain the different Facebook and Instagram ad format and placement options, define some key terms you should know, and provide you with all the ad specs you need to start designing your image and video ads.
Just Want the Facebook Ad Specs?
If you are already familiar with formats and placements, use these thumbnails to go straight to the ad specs cheat sheets further down the page.
Facebook Ad Formats Explained
Facebook Ad Placements Explained
Facebook Ad Specs Cheat Sheets
Key Terms (Aspect Ratio, Resolution, Dimensions, Text Limit)
Formats and Placements
Understanding an ad's format and placement are critical factors in designing ad creative that has the highest impact on your specific audience demographics. Formats (or ad types) are the overarching style which the ad will carry throughout any of its available placements. Placements are the specific locations where the ad will appear, each with unique specs and features.
If you are already familiar with formats, placements, and the key terms, feel free to skip directly to the Facebook Ad Specs Cheat Sheets.
Single Image or Video Ads
The single image/video is the standard Facebook ad format and is the most versatile of the three as it is open to the most aspect ratios, not limited on placements, and can run with or without links. Utilizing this format, advertisers can upload an image or video for each individual placement or upload a single image/video and allow Facebook to adjust the creative as best it can to work it into as many placements as possible.
Acting as a slideshow, Carousel ads allow advertisers to host 2-10 "cards" in one ad placement. Within each card, advertisers can host an image or video, each with its own link and ad text. Carousels can be used to provide details on one product (like showing it from different angles), promote different variations of a product (color, size, configuration, etc.), promote several complementary products, or tell a story as the user progresses through the cards. Carousel ads are more limited than the single image/video format. They're available for most placements but are limited to a 1:1 aspect ratio for every placement, with the exception of stories (9:16 ratio). Additionally, stories are limited to only 3 carousel cards. Facebook recommends utilizing carousel ads whenever possible since they provide more content and interactivity for users per ad.
Collection Ads
Collection ads provide advertisers with a specialized ad experience designed to make the user jump from discovery to purchase as seamlessly as possible. This format displays a large "hero" image or video alongside a grid of specific products pulled directly from your uploaded catalog. By utilizing the collection format, advertisers can get users to discover, browse, and purchase their products all without leaving the Facebook or Instagram app. As the format offering the most robust experience, Collection ads sacrifice flexibility. Their availability is limited by objective (only available with Conversions, Traffic, Catalog Sales, and Store Traffic) and placement (only available with Facebook mobile news feed, Facebook marketplace, and Instagram feed).
Lead Generation Ads
While not technically a format since these are selected at the campaign level (under the Consideration Objective), lead generation ads act similarly to a format in practice. When interacted with, these ads load an in-app form for users to respond to questions selected by the advertiser. By keeping users on platform (in both desktop and mobile) and pre-populating certain fields using the users' Facebook contact information, these ads see better response rates with reduced drop-offs compared to forcing users to an outside website.
Pro Tip: Regardless of format, Facebook recommends a mobile-first focus when creating ad content. If you can't customize for every ad placement, design your ads for a mobile experience as your first priority.
News Feed ads are the standard Facebook ad placement. They are structured like a user post, appear in the feed for both desktop and mobile, and consist of an image or video. The most versatile of the ad placements as far as accepted content, feed ads are a good place to start with Facebook and Instagram advertising.
These ads appear only on desktop devices and currently only support image ads. As the name suggests, Right Column ads appear to the right of the Facebook feed and track with the page as the user scrolls up or down.
A feature for the Facebook mobile app, Instant Articles are a way for publishers to serve articles hosted within the app. Advertisers can serve image or video ads to users viewing these articles.
Marketplace is, essentially, Facebook's version of Craigslist where users can buy and sell new and used items locally. Advertising in Marketplace is mobile-only and structured like feed ads. They're not designed to sell individual items, but rather for advertisers to run brand ads among the product listings to reach users that already have an intent to purchase.
Available on Facebook, Facebook Messenger, and Instagram, stories are temporary images and videos hosted as causal updates. Ads are hosted between user stories and typically last 5-15 seconds. Users can interact with Stories ads by choosing to watch or learn more. While Facebook stories are available on desktop, this format is heavily mobile-focused.
Pro Tip: For Stories, it is recommended to build content in the vertical 9:16 aspect ratio and to leave the top and bottom 14% of the content blank to allow for the app overlay.
Messenger Inbox
Facebook's messenger app is separate from its standard app and can be used even without the standard app downloaded. Ads are served on the Messenger home screen between the user's conversations and appear in a minimized format that's fitting of the platform. Selecting the ad expands the content into a more typical format.
Facebook Suggested Video
When a user clicks a video on their desktop or mobile News Feed, Facebook opens a video player that includes the standard post caption and interactions along with suggested videos for the user to keep watching. Advertisers can serve video ads between these suggested videos.
The Audience Network is a collection of Facebook approved mobile apps and websites which allow advertisers to serve Facebook managed ads to users even when they are not on a Facebook platform.
Native, Banner, and Interstitial
-Native ads aim to seamlessly integrate into the design of the app.
-Banner ads are implemented as small bars at the bottom or top of the screen.
-Interstitial ads appear full-screen during natural transitions in the app usage (e.g. between menus).
Utilizing In-Stream, advertisers can reach users with a targeted video before, during, or after video content on both desktop and mobile.
Reward Video
Primarily found in mobile games, Reward Videos play a video ad that the user can opt-into watching in exchange for in-game benefits like coins or lives.
Facebook has published its limitations and recommendations for each ad format and placement, but that information can be quite difficult to find, as there are many different Facebook articles and help pages that cover this topic. We put together these comprehensive cheat sheets to give you a one-stop-shop for image sizes, dimensions, and aspect ratios and all the other ad specs you need to know for each ad format and placement.
Facebook Image Ad Specs Cheat Sheet
View a summary of the ad specs below or for the more comprehensive guide, explore the Facebook Image Ad Specs Cheat Sheet where you can easily filter for the specific ad formats and placements you're designing for. Enjoy!
FACEBOOK IMAGE AD SPECS
Channel: Facebook
Other Accepted
Aspect Ratios
Min. Size for
Best Resolution
News Feed 1:1 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 4:5 / 2:3 / 9:16 1080 x 1080px Both
News Feed w/Link 1:1 1.91:1 / 16:9 1080 x 1080px Both
Right Column w/Link 16:9 or 1:1 1.91:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 / 9:16 1200 x 1200px Desktop
Instant Articles 1:1 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 4:5 / 2:3 / 9:16 1200 x 1200px Mobile
Instant Article w/Link 1:1 None 1200 x 1200px Mobile
Marketplace 1:1 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 4:5 / 2:3 / 9:16 1200 x 1200px Mobile
Marketplace w/Link 1:1 None 1200 x 1200px Mobile
Stories 9:16 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 1:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 1080 x 1920px Mobile
Channel: Messenger
Messenger Inbox 1:1 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 4:5 / 2:3 / 9:16 1200 x 1200px Mobile
Messenger Stories 9:16 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 1:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 1080 x 1920px Mobile
Channel: Instagram
Feed 4:5 (1:1 Carousel) 1.91:1 / 16:9 1080 x 1350px Mobile
Stories 9:16 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 1:1 / 4:5 1080 x 1920px Mobile
Channel: Audience Network
Native, Banner,
+ Interstitial 9:16 (1:1 Carousel) 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 4:5 / 2:3 1080 x 1920px Both
+ Interstitial w/Link 9:16 (1:1 Carousel) None 1080 x 1920px Both
Medium Rectangle w/Link 1:1 1.91:1 1200 x 1200px Both
*Accepted File Types: JPG or PNG
*No file size limit
Looking for more information? View the Complete Guide.
Facebook Video Ad Specs Cheat Sheet
View a summary of the ad specs below, or for the more comprehensive guide, explore the Facebook Video Ad Specs Cheat Sheet where you can filter for specific results.
FACEBOOK VIDEO AD SPECS
Mobile Orientation
Length Limits
News Feed Vertical 4:5 16:9 / 1:1 / 2:3 / 9:16 240 Minutes 27.3 GB
Instant Articles Vertical 4:5 16:9 / 1:1 / 2:3 / 9:16 240 Minutes 27.3 GB
Marketplace Vertical 4:5 16:9 / 1:1 / 2:3 / 9:16 240 Minutes 27.3 GB
Stories Vertical 9:16 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 1:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 120 Seconds
(15s Carousel) No Info
from FB
In-Stream Horizontal 16:9 1:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 / 9:16 5-15 Seconds No Info
Messenger Stories Vertical 9:16 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 1:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 15 Seconds No Info
Suggested Video Horizontal 16:9 1:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 / 9:16 240 Minutes 27.3 GB
Feed Vertical 4:5 1.91:1 / 16:9 / 1:1 120 Seconds 30MB
Stories Vertical 9:16 16:9 / 1:1 / 4:5 120 Seconds 30MB
+ Interstitial Vertical 9:16 16:9 / 1:1 / 4:5 / 2:3 120 Seconds No Info
In-Stream Horizontal 16:9 1:1 5 – 120 Seconds No Info
Reward Video Vertical 9:16 None 15 – 30 Seconds No Info
Rectangle Either 1.91:1 1:1 120 Seconds No Info
*Recommended Minimum Resolution: 1080 x 1080px
*Recommended File Types: MP4, MOV, or GIF
Key Terms (w/Link, Aspect Ratio, Resolution, Dimensions, Text Limit)
When navigating these cheat sheets and creating Facebook ad content, there are a few key terms necessary to understand both in the context of Facebook's ad manager and with graphic design in general.
w/Link
Quick Definition: A shorthand to indicate a certain placement has the option to include a call to action link directing users away from the app.
Whether an ad will have a link can be determined at the ad level or campaign level. When selecting the ad's objective, Consideration and Conversion objectives will require links to be included while the Awareness objective makes link inclusion optional. Without a link, ad content has more freedom when it comes to aspect ratio, but when a link is included ads are typically restricted to a 1:1 ratio. This is due to the space the link occupies at the bottom of the post. Within this space, advertisers can include a call to action button with phrases like "Learn More," "Subscribe," and "Shop Now" to further entice ad interactions.
Quick Definition: The relationship between an image or video's width and height.
Playing into Facebook's mobile-first focus, designing content for the correct aspect ratio ensures that the ad will maximize screen usage without cutting off any content. Facebook leans heavily into aspect ratio as their primary measurement for optimized ad placement since it is easy to measure and scale up or down. It doesn't matter if an image is 800×1000 pixels or 3.33×4.16 inches, since both are in a 4:5 width to height aspect ratio, they will be able to fit in the same placements. Facebook wants to serve the same image and video experience regardless of device and prioritizing aspect ratios is the best way of achieving that.
Pro Tip: If resources are limited, making a single piece of creative in a 1:1 aspect ratio will give you the most placement options with a minimal amount of work.
Quick Definition: How clear an image or video looks.
The other critical factor in image scaling is resolution, which is the measurement of how many details are clearly visible and how crisp the image appears. The higher the resolution, the more details are present at the cost of larger file sizes. With the strength of Facebook's servers, large images with high resolutions can be uploaded without impacting performance.
Pro Tip: Create and upload your ad content at the highest resolution available that meets the other requirements of the ad placement. Larger is always better so Facebook can scale for placements and devices. Don't worry about your file sizes being too large to upload to Facebook. For images, Facebook doesn't have any file size limits, and for videos, the file size limits are fairly large.
How does this apply to scalability? While a low-resolution image may look fine in smaller placements, if it needs to be scaled up to fit a larger screen, the lack of details will become more apparent. A high-resolution image will retain its clarity better as it is expanded. An easy test to get a general idea of how an image will look once expanded is to zoom in on it. Below are examples of the same image saved at the highest and lowest quality settings in Photoshop. While they look relatively fine at normal size, once we zoom in, the difference is obvious.
Quick Definition: The measured size of an image or video broken down into width and height.
Typically, as long as the content abides by the required aspect ratio, the dimensions will work out, but there are a few factors to keep in mind. Facebook has minimum image dimensions, but whenever possible, content should be made well above these limits. An image with small dimensions will need to be stretched to fit larger screens and placements. A small image puts the burden on the image's resolution, requiring a very high resolution to ensure the content will still be clear. It is better to allow Facebook to shrink a larger image to fit a smaller screen than it is to have a smaller image stretched to fit a larger screen. Basically, dimensions and resolution work together to make each other's jobs easier.
Text Limit
Quick Definition: If a promoted image or video has too much text on it, Facebook will limit its reach.
Text limits are a factor to keep in mind while building and strategizing ad content. Facebook has an algorithm-based limit for how much text can be included in a promoted image. In an effort to reduce low-quality, text-heavy ads, Facebook will not serve violating promoted content as frequently, reducing its reach while charging the same amount. Thankfully, Facebook has created a tool to easily check your image text overlay to test your images before you upload them to Facebook ads manager.
Pro Tip: The text limit for a video ad is only determined off of the thumbnail. If the limit is being hit, you can upload a new thumbnail with less text and circumvent the penalty on the exact same video. This is done through the "Customize Video" button in ads manager.
Want to improve your social media advertising efforts? We at Effective Spend specialize in building, supporting, and optimizing social media advertising. Reach out today to see how we can help.
Facebook, ppc, social media
Nick Barden
Born and raised in Southwest Michigan, Nick left the snowy north to join the Effective Spend team in 2019 as a Marketing Strategist for the newly formed Internal Marketing team. Before moving to Austin, Nick attended the University of Michigan, graduating with a degree in English, and lived on Long Island, New York, for a few years, working in marketing for an eCommerce plumbing and heating company. Outside of work, Nick plays hockey, watches too much television, and holds a deep affinity for pizza.


Montuïri is a village located 5 kilometers from Gossalba, 172 meters high and with 2850 inhabitants.
We'll head towards Sant Joan to take the paved walk that leads to the Sanctuary of Consolació. The original temple, located on a hill of 172m, it dates from the 13th century, since there was a chapel documented in 1249 that became the first parochial temple of San Juan in 1298, until in the sixteenth century it was transferred to the center of the village. From this first construction, possibly part of the exterior walls remain, the portal that communicates to the courtyard and the belfry. It has undergone several restorations throughout the centuries. The two sundials, dating from 1986, were designed by Rafel Soler.
From here we'll head for Puig de Sant Miquel. Before arriving there are a few meters that the track seems to enter the highway, but it never happens and soon we'll start a short ascent of 300 meters. The Puig de Sant Miquel is a mountain of 259m, at the top of which is the oratorio of La Mare de Déu de la Bona Pau, built by the Order of the Temple. Montuïri celebrates the third Easter feast up there. A restaurant is currently by the side.
We shall pass through the town of Montuïri where we can visit the Son Fornés Archaeological Museum and then, towards Pina, we'll find the impressive Talaiotic complex, before returning to Gossalba.
Recommended route to do from Agroturisme Gossalba by bike or on foot. The path runs along rural tracks and one short section on a secondary road with very little traffic.
You could also do the route by car with a few minor alterations to the route.
Track of the route in GPX format.
Track of the route in PDF format.


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Home ›› Marketing Leverage Times ›› Summer 2006
Marketing Leverage Times – Summer 2006
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Welcome to the latest edition of the Marketing Leverage Times. Our goal is to provide you with provocative information and thought-provoking commentary on marketing and business issues to help you better leverage your investment in marketing programs, processes and people. We hope you will enjoy this regular collection of tips, tidbits and tools and we welcome your input and feedback. Tell us what you like and don't like and what you'd like to see in future editions.
WHY COKE IS NOT THE REAL THING TO PEPSI
In a great example of juxtaposition, the same day that convicted former Enron President Ken Lay died of a massive coronary attack, the media reported that three people who tried to sell the ultra-secret, century-old formula for Coke to Pepsi were arrested after being turned in – by Pepsi.
Unlike Enron in the Lay-Skilling days, Pepsi is to be commended for having a culture where individuals understand the legal implications of this kind of illicit action and feel the company will support them for taking the moral high ground and doing the right thing. Legally and ethically, participating in this transaction was clearly wrong.
Beyond that, however, consider that Pepsi had everything to lose and nothing to gain by accepting access to its rival's closely guarded trade secrets.
GREAT SALES LINES
On a recent trip to the San Diego area, we took a day to make the cross-border trip to Tijuana, Mexico. The journey by bus from the US border parking lot to the downtown Tijuana shopping district is no more than a mile or two in length, but the two locations feel worlds apart.
As we walked through the numerous shops and stalls that exist primarily to reach tourists like us, it quickly became apparent that there are a very limited amount of product types for sale, and that within these limited categories (t-shirts, blankets, pottery, jewelry, clothing, etc.), most of the shops are selling more or less the exact same things.
So what makes a tourist chose one shop over the other?
Leverage2Market's President, Linda Popky, was quoted in the Society for the Advancement of Consulting (SAC) June 2006 news release. Linda offers three keys to success in a highly competitive environment. Her article, "Marketing Product YOU: Creating a Marketing Campaign from Your Client's Point of View" was published in the July issue of the Women in Consulting (WIC) Best Practices Consultant Newsletter.
We are in the process of booking our Fall speaking schedule. If your business or association could use a dynamic, thought-provoking presentation or workshop on marketing or business strategy, please contact us at info@leverage2market.com.
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It's both bittersweet and devilishly unfair that Lucifer's best episode might be its last.
Monday night, three days after announcing the show's cancellation, Fox aired the last episode of its third season, "A Devil of My Word." And what an episode it was.
Having wrapped up the arc of Charlotte and Amenadiel's redemption last episode, "A Devil of My Word" ties up many of the plotlines that have been (slowly) building this season: Cain, the relationship between Chloe and Lucifer (affectionately dubbed "Deckerstar"), Chloe learning the truth about Lucifer, Maze's arc of finding herself, and the theme of identity. And it does that all with pathos, humor, the best acting this show has seen to date – and an excruciating cliffhanger.
"A Devil of My Word" picks up right where "Quintessential Deckerstar" left off: with our leads reeling from Charlotte's murder and looking for her killer. It soon becomes apparent that Marcus Pierce (Tom Welling) is the culprit – and could he be acting any more suspicious? I mean, really, Cain. You've had millennia of being devious. You'd think you'd be better at it.
That makes the first half of the episode procedural fare, but elevated to a higher level. This isn't just another murder for Dan, Lucifer, and Chloe; it's the loss of a friend and a colleague, and the emotions brimming within them are palpable as they chase down leads.
But the episode really turns into satisfying, emotional fare midway through, with Lucifer confronting Pierce regarding the murder. Tom Ellis has stated that this is the best episode the show has done, and it's at this moment that it becomes clear why. Granted, Ellis brings his acting A-game in every episode, but this one truly gave him the opportunity to show a darker side of Lucifer that's been hinted at for three seasons, but that we never got to truly see. Lucifer is angry, and that means he's truly the Devil – and only an actor of Ellis' caliber can pull off the seething, barely-contained anger of the Devil himself without devolving into the territory of melodrama.
It's also this moment that confirms what Deckerstar fans already knew, and yet which was nonetheless a relief to hear: that Chloe was never truly in love with Pierce, because it's been Lucifer all along. Cain's mark disappeared not because of Chloe's love, but because he fell in love with her – and, for the first time in his life, was selfless. That same sense of self-worth is also, apparently, the reason Lucifer lost his Devil face and gained his wings.
This brings to a satisfying completion the theme of identity that has haunted the season, as all the characters struggled to find themselves: Lucifer to figure out who he is in spite of his wings and his Father's expectations, Maze to understand how she fits in around humans, Amenadiel and Charlotte to redeem themselves. In an echo of Maze's powerful second-season statement, "self-worth comes from within," all the characters, Lucifer included, learn that your identity also comes from within. It is your actions, your choices, that make you who you are, not the reputations or expectations others impose upon you.
A powerful lesson for the Devil to learn, indeed, and one that makes this finale not only exciting and action-packed, but also emotionally powerful and deeply satisfying.
But even greater things are yet to come – both for the characters, and the actors, who have the opportunity to exhibit all their talent and versatility and remind us why this show's cancellation is such a heart-rending loss.
Having let Cain escape, Lucifer returns to the penthouse to regroup with Dan, Chloe, and Ella. They have a lead: one of Cain's subordinates and a scene of Dan (Kevin Alejandro) questioning him is yet another powerful moment. Dan is a character who hardly wears his heart on his sleeve, but whose loyalty and love run deep, a fact that again calls for a delicate balance from whatever actor portrays him, and Alejandro delivers. Dan is heartbroken and angry and deeply terrifying, but again there's pathos without the melodrama.
Meanwhile, Lucifer and Ella (Aimee Garcia) share a touching scene. For the first time, Ella – whose key characteristic has always been her faith, both to her friends and to a higher power – expresses skepticism in God's plan. And, shockingly, it is Lucifer who comes to God's defense, insisting that the evil in the world is not on Him, but rather, our choices. Another powerful lesson, and one that's deeply reminiscent of another show full of angels and devils: Supernatural.
All too soon, the episode reaches its climax as Chloe (Lauren German) and Lucifer follow down the last lead – but not before they have a conversation that turns out to be, in retrospect, heart-rending. Chloe insists, once again, that she does see Lucifer as the Devil – a fact with which Lucifer agrees, suggesting that he's finally growing beyond the guilt and self-hatred that have haunted him for, quite literally, millennia.
But they don't have much time to dwell on this, as there's a murderer on the loose, and the lead Chloe and Lucifer are following turns out to be an ambush from Cain. This is the climax of both the episode and the season, and you'll want to take a few deep breaths before you watch it.
Lucifer and Chloe face Cain together – as partners, just like they've always been. Offered a chance to save her own life, Chloe refuses, shielding Lucifer's body with her own. And yet, when the guns are drawn, it is Lucifer shields Chloe from an onslaught of Cain's bullets with his wings – a poignant nod to the first episode, where he shielded Chloe from a similar hailstorm of bullets with his body. He then whisks her away to a distant rooftop – far enough that there's no possible other way they could have gotten there so fast besides flying, and far enough away that when Lucifer returns for a final confrontation with Cain, he's invulnerable. Cain, on the other hand, is newly mortal.
And so, the Father of Murder and the Fallen Angel finally face off. It's obvious how it will end, of course – on Lucifer, the good guys always win, even if they're fighting with Maze's demon blades. But that doesn't make the fight any less breathtaking. Again we see the Devil inside Lucifer as he faces Charlotte's murderer, but we also see the angel – that is, the warrior, fearlessly fighting evil. Fury and righteousness are perfectly delivered, and in particular the gleeful and yet somehow utterly terrifying line "I am a Devil of my word!" is, possibly, one of the best acting moments on the entire show.
And so, after millennia of having walked the Earth, Cain finally dies at Lucifer's hand, and, as Lucifer insists, goes straight to Hell. And yet, apparently, Cain wasn't the only monster in the room: having taken a human life for the first time, Lucifer's Devil face returns. If the theme of the season has been that you are the source of your identity, then the choice Lucifer has made clearly carries with it the guilt that makes him believe, once again, that he is the Devil.
It's at this moment that Chloe returns. Dozens of fanfictions have speculated about how the truth will be revealed to her, and now we have an answer.
And that's where our answers end, for this final scene – which, as Tom Ellis has stated, was his favorite to film – is deeply ambiguous and would have made the perfect episode to over-analyze during the summer hiatus. Does Lucifer even know his Devil face has returned? Perhaps, for how could he not, in between Cain's cruel laugh and his own face literally lighting up on fire? And then there's that moment, after Chloe returns when he kneels at Cain's body for a moment too long before turning around – as if preparing himself to face her. And yet, the way he says "Detective?" once she seems him suggests that perhaps he doesn't realize. This, too, is what the showrunners have suggested in post-episode interviews.
And then there's Chloe. In the last episode, she responded to Lucifer's "I am the Devil' by insisting "no, you're not. Not to me," a sentiment she re-iterated earlier in this episode. She has clearly fallen in love with Lucifer, and come to trust him – but that was when she thought it was all an elaborate metaphor. Now that she knows he actually is the Devil, will that stay true? In the final moments, we see her backing away in shock, but not screaming or fleeing. Will she see the man Lucifer is, beyond his Devil face and reputation?
Whether we'll ever learn the answers to these questions is being decided over the next few days. After outrage from fans, cast, and crew over the cancellation, the show is being shopped around to other networks – and it's the ratings that will likely decide its fate. So if you'd like to know the answer to that question, as well as where the story goes from here, tune in and watch the episode through official channels, including Fox and Hulu, where it's streaming.


text:
OC man who overcame poverty gives to hometown on Christmas Day
By Jessica De Nova
SANTA ANA, Calif. (KABC) -- Volunteers and a young man with firsthand experience with homelessness came together on Christmas Day to bring a little joy in Orange County.
Hundreds at a Santa Ana strip mall received free pancakes, toys, raffle giveaways and laundry service.
Dazzling Garcia and Angel Trejo were grateful for the 11th annual Operation Warm Wishes.
"It's just a random person that is helping our community," Garcia said.
It turned out the man behind Operation Warm Wishes was no stranger to the area around First and Lyon streets. Tyron Jackson is the founder and president. He grew up around here, struggling financially.
"For two years in high school I was homeless and I lived in various motels around Tustin and Santa Ana and it was just hard you know, and I understand what it feels like to have dirty clothes, that's why we're doing the free laundry. I understand what it feels like to be hungry, that's why we're doing the free pancake breakfast. I understand what it feels like not to have toys, that's why we're doing the free toy giveaway. So all this is because of my own experience and I want people to know if I can overcome it, they can too," Jackson said.
Though the gifts were exciting, for many here, it was about a community coming together, to share love and kindness.
Raymundo Tellez wanted to give his free gift to his nephew.
"It's better to give on instead of having it for yourself," Tellez said.
"Some of us don't know each other, but we get to know each other and we end up being good friends," Trejo said.
Evelia Vasquez said she was excited, "because I never got a lot of toys in my life because my mom doesn't really like buying them."
Jackson said 300-400 people benefited from the event.
societysanta anaorange countycharityholidayhomelessact of kindnesschristmas