Why do infographics fail? » Data visualization and ROI return on investement - Part 1, recognize a great infographic, Six sure-fire suggestions, infographics, 91 percent, six basic issues you need to address, , Keep it simple Stupid » ComMetrics | measure. What is an infographic? Visualization has been used to interpret and present data for millennia, as evidenced by the stone carvings at Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. People have long known that using graphics or other visual aids facilitate comprehension and retention of information provided. But how can we best present such data for marketing and communication purposes? What makes a great infographic? Some time ago, I noted: "The question is, can viewers see the overall shape of the data more easily and quickly with infographics than any other visual aid?
Type 1: Datagraphic When presenting data, illustrating it with a graphic helps most readers grasp things quicker. Pie charts,line & bar graphs, anda ratio with a description next to it (e.g., Twitter vs. The basics Below are six basic issues you need to address before designing and producing your infographics. 1. Always remember the KISS principle, or Keep it simple, Stupid! 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bottom line. Cause and Effect Analysis.
There are several ways to look at operational risk but perhaps one of the most exciting and intuitive methods in use today is Cause-Effect Analysis. In this short post, we look at how Cause-Effect Analysis works and we extend the bow tie concept further for measuring operational risk directly. What is bow tie? The bow tie diagram is an easy concept to understand and it works in the following manner. On the far left hand side of the diagram (see figure 1), a risk manager will list root causes for an event and also draw-in relevant controls or "barriers" as they are more commonly termed when applied in the world of bow tie. Figure 1 : Bow tie Diagram | Martin Davies The use of the bow tie approach by risk analysts to conceptualize threats has been on the increase over the last few years and bow tie diagrams are now very popular risk assessment tools.
All these benefits aside, the bow tie diagram does have some drawbacks. .  The loss from an outcome also tends to increase through time. Business Process Improvement | Enterprise Risk Management Software. Business Process Foundation The foundation for effective enterprise risk management is identifying an organization's business processes and recognizing process owners as accountable for risk vulnerabilities, compliance and performance goals. Because all business activities are within business processes, all risks and mitigation activities also fall within processes. LogicManager recognizes that end–to–end processes consist of multiple levels of sub–processes and the level of granularity, meaning the extent to which processes are broken down into smaller processes, evolves over-time and our tool is built to support this evolutionary process.
You may choose to get granular in areas of greater priority to the company and fill out the others over time. LogicManager "ERM Plans" An ERM Plan is the basic communication platform that is used throughout LogicManager to gather, organize and report information. ROOT: The Open Source Everything Convergence. DefDog: The Open Source Everything Project. DefDog Open Source Everything Project The Open Source Everything Project would be one of the key mechanisms by which Foundation initially promotes the precepts of a Post-Industrial culture.
It would also be an eminently practical resource for its business and community development. The basic objective of the project is to establish a web site and associated media to host a vast and perpetually evolving archive of Open Source plans and instructions for the fabrication of the full compliment of artifacts on which a contemporary western standard of living is based. Media, including web sites, focusing on the subject of DIY fabrication are, of course, nothing new. However, there has generally been an avoidance in this field of project designs for practical useful artifacts that might compete directly in performance and economy with the products of commercial industry. Read full post and see additional links. Click on Image to Enlarge See Also: ROOT: The Open Source Everything Convergence Jul 7. Reciprocity, Not Reward, Drives Decision to Cooperate.
By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on July 7, 2012 A new study suggests the decision to cooperate with others comes from someone's mood and his or her history of cooperation. The finding overturns the long-held belief that a decision to cooperate is based upon the rewards an individual believes they will receive. In the investigation, Spanish researchers studied 1,200 students as they participated in an electronic game known as the "Prisoner's Dilemma." The game is oriented so that the greatest benefits occur when both individuals collaborate, but if one collaborates and the other does not, the latter will receive more benefits than the one who cooperates.
Analysis of the game results revealed that when cooperating with others is beneficial, the way the individuals involved are organized into one social structure or another is irrelevant. Researchers discovered the cooperation level among both of the networks were identical. 20120708 Open Source Everything Highlights.
Unfold Stuff 13. Defend Your Research: What Makes a Team Smarter? More Women. The finding: There's little correlation between a group's collective intelligence and the IQs of its individual members. But if a group includes more women, its collective intelligence rises. The research: Professors Woolley and Malone, along with Christopher Chabris, Sandy Pentland, and Nada Hashmi, gave subjects aged 18 to 60 standard intelligence tests and assigned them randomly to teams.
Each team was asked to complete several tasks—including brainstorming, decision making, and visual puzzles—and to solve one complex problem. Teams were given intelligence scores based on their performance. Though the teams that had members with higher IQs didn't earn much higher scores, those that had more women did.
The challenge: Are brainy people overrated? Woolley: We've replicated the findings twice now. Many factors you might think would be predictive of group performance were not. HBR: But gender does play a role? Malone: It's a preliminary finding—and not a conventional one.
Unfold Stuff 10. Unfold stuff 1bis. Unfold stuff 9. Unfold stuff 8. Unfold Stuff 7. UnfoldStuff 6. Unfold Stuff 1. Unfold stuff 4. Maryline's Dominoes Unfolfs Stuff 3. Marta Malo de Molina: Common notions, part 1: workers-inquiry, co-research, consciousness-raising. Authored by Marta Malo, Madrid, August 2004 Translated by Maribel Casas-Cortés and Sebastian Cobarrubias, of the Notas Rojas Collective Chapel Hill, August 2005 Edited by other members of Notas Rojas, on line, February 2006 Throughout contemporary history, it is possible to trace a persistent distrust, on the part of movements for social transformation, towards certain forms of knowledge production and distribution.
On the one hand, a distrust towards those sciences that aid a better organisation of command and exploitation, as well as distrust towards the mechanisms of capture of minor knowledges (underground, fermented in uneasiness and insubordinations, fed by processes of autonomous social co-operation or rebelliousness) on the part of those agencies in charge of guaranteeing governmentality. Certainly, these questions are not new, although the context in which they are asked may be. Worker Inquiry and Co-Research Consciousness-Raising Women's Groups and Feminist Epistemology.
Antonella Corsani: Knowledge production and new forms of political action. We need to learn in our bodies, endowed with primate colour and stereoscopic vision, how to attach the objective to our theoretical and political scanners in order to name where we are and are not, in dimensions of mental and physical space we hardly know how to name. So, not so perversely, objectivity turns out to be about particular and specific embodiment, and definitely not about the false vision promising transcendence of all limits and responsibility.
Donna Haraway What is an intermittent worker of the spectacle? "Manufacturing the sensory", an intermittent worker of the spectacle is a wage laborer discontinuously employed by multiple employers at rates that vary according to the projects and the employers. Some researchers, myself among them, have joined the movement. We did not bring with us the idea of collective expertise; it was already there, constitutive of the movement. Aldo Milohnic: ARTIVISM. Any man today can lay claim to being filmed.Walter Benjamin In the concluding paragraph of his legendary essay 'The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction' Walter Benjamin outlines a critique of the Fascist aestheticisation of politics. His crucial, and later frequently quoted, conclusion is encapsulated in the last two sentences: "This is the situation of politics which Fascism is rendering aesthetic.
Et nous, nous allons faire sauter la planète. C'est tout ce que nous aurons su faire. Les politiques sont irresponsables. . « Est-ce que tu penses qu'on peut y parvenir ? « Je crois que c'est foutu. . « N'y a-t-il pas d'espoir ? « Si. . « Est-ce cela que tu as envie d'écrire ?... « Oui. » Ce dialogue marque la naissance de l'ouvrage L'urgence de la Métamorphose, dernière publication de Jacques Robin, co-écrit avec Laurence Baranski. A travers ce livre, Jacques Robin souhaitait proposer aux lecteurs une synthèse actualisée de la pensée qu'il avait développée et enrichie tout au long de sa vie, à travers ses rencontres, ses échanges, ses lectures, ses actions et expériences.
Voilà comment Jacques Robin présentait cet ouvrage lors de ses interventions publiques, au printemps 2007. Expliquer l'urgence de la métamorphose Le constat dramatique Face à ce constat, trois propositions. Coups de semonce russes. Lors de la célébration de la victoire contre le nazisme, le 9 juin dernier, le président Vladimir Poutine a insisté sur la nécessité pour la Russie de se tenir prête à un nouveau sacrifice. Le président Vladimir Poutine a placé son troisième mandat sous le signe de l'affirmation de la souveraineté de son pays face aux menaces directement lancées contre la Fédération de Russie par les États-Unis et l'OTAN. Moscou a maintes fois dénoncé l'élargissement de l'OTAN, l'installation de bases militaires à ses frontières et le déploiement du bouclier antimissile, la destruction de la Libye et la déstabilisation de la Syrie.
Les jours suivant son intronisation, M. Poutine a passé en revue l'industrie militaire russe, ses forces armées, et son dispositif d'alliance . Toute interprétation de ce qui se passe actuellement au Levant en termes intérieurs syriens de révolution/répression est non seulement faux, mais dérisoire au regard des vrais enjeux et relève de la simple communication politique. Owl: A New Civilization Emergent? Twilight of the Psycopathic OverWorld.
Who? Who? "A Civilization of, by and for the Normal Human Being" While many articles on psychopaths have appeared in the last few years, few have anything interesting to say about psychopaths in politics and the military, except clichés and overly broad generalizations. This article, published in an obscure source in Idaho of all places, is one of the best I have ever seen on psychopaths, and it focuses on psychopaths in power and the military. "So-called conspiracy theorists, some of whom deserve the pejorative connotation of that much-abused term, often imagine that secret societies of Jews, Jesuits, bankers, communists, Bilderbergers, Muslim extremists, papists, and so on, are secretly controlling history, doing dastardly deeds, and/or threatening to take over the world. The author mentions a useful concept, what he calls the "criminal overworld" expressed in political/military psychopaths and their cliques: "And they are running scared.
For much more Twilight of the Psychopathsby Dr.
Marylines's dominoes Unfold Stuff 2.


text:
Twitter Power Dominate Market Tweet PDF 715a61ee5
Author: admin01 Published Date: July 12, 2021
[Pub.93ORC] Download :
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by Joel Comm : Twitter Power: How to Dominate Your Market One Tweet at a Time
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: How to put the first word of the following page in a footer? Latex/LuaLatex I'd like to place the first word on a page in the footer of the preceding page.  The purpose being is for someone reading the paper aloud can see what the next word on the following page is going to be without having to turn the page.  I know this sounds odd - but this is the specification and I can't find any clues as to how TeX can give me a reference as to the words being shipped out.

A: Use the continue package. For example:
% continueprob.tex SE 577702
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage[word,allpages]{continue} \renewcommand{\flagend}{}
\usepackage{lipsum}

\setlength{\textheight}{0.5\textheight}
\begin{document}
\lipsum[1-10]
\end{document}

Read the documentation (> texdoc continue) to see how to control the results.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Q: Generate 100K dataset that the features and class are only 0 and 1 and is linear Is there a way to generate a dataset that only contains 0 and 1? I want to create a dataset that has 4 features with 0s and 1s and also this dataset to be labelled with 0 and 1. The data should be 50% labelled as 0 and 50% labelled as 1 and to be linear.
Example of dataset:
A B C D Class
0 0 0 0   0
0 0 0 1   1
0 0 1 1   1
1 1 1 1   0

A: Basically you can cook your task down to generating random integers in range [0,15] and map them back to their binary represantation. Then you can give them your labels for example as 0 for numbers <= 7 and 1 else or 0 for odd numbers and 1 else, or some custom mapping.


Ms. Daly will discuss how abandoned derelict vessels (ADVs) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta impede navigation, interfere with boating traffic, and leak toxic chemicals into waterways.
Ms. Daly, who worked with the Delta Protection Commission and CDFW's Office of Spill Prevention and Response, will present her research that examined aerial and on-water survey data, costs for vessel removal, and how other states handle ADVs. This information will help managers anticipate the resources needed to address the problem.
The informational flyer is available by clicking here.


I wrote yesterday about the value of personal contact in a legal world dominated by fast communication that is mostly high-tech, not high-touch. Patrick Lamb was kind enough to pick up on this topic and offer that his firm's client surveys show that clients appreciate lawyers who care enough to look them in the eye from time-to-time.
Today, a few thoughts about what this may mean for office location and space design for the forward-looking law firm.
First, I need to add an assumption to the "clients appreciate face time" one: most face-to-face contact is at the client's place of business (or perhaps at some other location like a court). My informal sampling of GCs indicates that less than 25% of personal meetings with lawyers are at the lawyer's office. The main reasons for such visits are for things like deposition prep or to negotiate or close a transaction. Hardly the time (or place) for asking a client some open-ended questions and listening.
If we accept that lawyers need to spend more time with clients and clients rarely visit their law firm's offices, a question pops up: why do most firms in large cities persist in putting all their people in pricey high-rise space under long-term leases?
— Clients are impressed. (But they never visit! And if they do, they understand why they just got their notice of a rate increase in 2006).
Some large firms in large cities have partly addressed this issue by putting back-office staff in lower cost areas nearby (or even offshore). What the next step may be is for firms to have a main location in a city (but with less space and less "cachet"), and some satellite locations in suburbs where the rents may be cheaper and staff commutes would be shorter. Or just bite the bullett and allow some lawyers to telecommute. If you don't have an hour long commute each way to work, perhaps you have a little more time for maintaining balance–or even the occasional client visit.
But wait! I thought yesterday we found that telecommuting was so yesterday? You need face-to-face interaction in the firms just as much as you need it for clients, right?
And you do–but I'd wager that on many days lawyers who are on the same floor of a large-footprint building on Fifth Avenue communicate mostly by email anyway. The firm could have a weekly practice-group meeting on one day and a skills development meeting later in the week Both 60 minutes or so. Then a large room of smaller office spaces that provide laptop hookup and phone access. These offices could spur interaction among lawyers and you wouldn't need a dedicated office for everyone, because of vacations and travel. And the legal tech vendors who have sold the virtues of investing in digitizing files and firm records finally have a legitimate chance at providing some payback.
Tomorrow, I'll close out the year by stepping back from face and place and provide a GC-eye view of what lawyers do instead of client visits. A preview: It's typically called legal marketing or client development–and it ain't either of 'em.


Contains extract from 50 grams of Piper Methysticum (KAVA). Only for use as a Botanical Specimen. Shake well before dispensing.
Read Entire Label Before Dispensing.
These statements have not been evaluated by the food and drug administration this product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
By purchasing this product you certify and agree that you are over 18 years of age and that the products purchased are to be used solely by persons over the age of 18.
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text:
funeral homes in brownwood tx
By clicking "I Accept", you agree that you read and agree to our Terms of Use, including our use of cookies. Funeral homes offer a wide variety of services. Netherton Funeral Home. It includes basic services fee and transportation of the body from the place of death to the cemetery. Mr. Barrera passed away Friday morning at his home. Check with Heartland Funeral Home about which type of funeral services and products the funeral home, mortuary or memorial chapel provide at their Brownwood, Texas location. We've already negotiated a discount for you with . Plan a funeral, find contact information and more. Arrangements are under the direction of Blaylock Funeral Home of Brownwood. A Funeralocity Excellence Provider has met a designated set of criteria, agrees to meet our standards of quality and transparency and guarantees to extend a discount exclusive to Funeralocity families. Private Family Services for Geneva will be held at a later date. 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text:
using System.Configuration;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace AdventureWorks.Repositories.IntegrationTests
{
    public static class DatabaseSnapshot
    {
        private const string SpCreateSnapShotName = "SnapshotBackup_Create";
        private const string SpCreateSnapShot =
@"CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[" + SpCreateSnapShotName + @"]
    @databaseName        varchar(512),
    @databaseLogicalName varchar(512),
    @snapshotBackupPath  varchar(512),
    @snapshotBackupName  varchar(512)
AS
BEGIN
    SET NOCOUNT ON;

    DECLARE @sql varchar(500)
    SELECT @sql = 'CREATE DATABASE ' + @snapshotBackupName +
                  ' ON (NAME=[' + @databaseLogicalName +
                  '], FILENAME=''' + @snapshotBackupPath + @snapshotBackupName +
                  ''') AS SNAPSHOT OF [' + @databaseName + ']'
    EXEC(@sql)
END";

        private const string SpRestoreSnapShotName = "SnapshotBackup_Restore";
        private const string SpRestoreSnapShot =
@"CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[" + SpRestoreSnapShotName + @"]
    @databaseName varchar(512),
    @snapshotBackupName varchar(512)
AS
BEGIN
    SET NOCOUNT ON;

    DECLARE @sql varchar(500)
    SET @sql  = 'ALTER DATABASE [' + @databaseName + '] SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE'
    EXEC (@sql)

    RESTORE DATABASE @databaseName
    FROM DATABASE_SNAPSHOT = @snapshotBackupName

    SET @sql = 'ALTER DATABASE [' + @databaseName + '] SET MULTI_USER'
    EXEC (@sql)
END";

        private const string SpDeleteSnapShotName = "SnapshotBackup_Delete";
        private const string SpDeleteSnapShot =
@"CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[" + SpDeleteSnapShotName + @"]
    @snapshotBackupName varchar(512)
AS
BEGIN
    SET NOCOUNT ON;

    DECLARE @sql varchar(500)

    SELECT @sql = 'DROP DATABASE ' + @snapshotBackupName
    EXEC(@sql)
END";

        private static string _masterDbConnectionString;
        private static string _dbName;
        private static ConnectionStringSettings _dbConnectionStringSettings;

        private static ConnectionStringSettings DbConnectionStringSettings
        {
            get
            {
                if (_dbConnectionStringSettings == null)
                    _dbConnectionStringSettings = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["SnapshotBackup"];

                return _dbConnectionStringSettings;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Stored procedures should be executed against master database
        /// </summary>
        private static string MasterDbConnectionString
        {
            get
            {
                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_masterDbConnectionString))
                {
                    var sqlConnection = new SqlConnection(DbConnectionStringSettings.ConnectionString);
                    _masterDbConnectionString = DbConnectionStringSettings.ConnectionString.Replace(sqlConnection.Database, "master");
                }
                return _masterDbConnectionString;
            }
        }

        private static string DbName
        {
            get
            {
                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_dbName))
                    _dbName = new SqlConnection(DbConnectionStringSettings.ConnectionString).Database.TrimStart('[').TrimEnd(']');

                return _dbName;
            }
        }

        public static void SetupStoredProcedures()
        {
            using (var conn = new SqlConnection(MasterDbConnectionString))
            {
                conn.Open();

                // Drop the existing stored procedures
                SqlCommand cmd;
                const string dropProcSql = "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'[dbo].[{0}]') AND type in (N'P', N'PC')) DROP PROCEDURE [dbo].[{0}]";
                foreach (var spName in new[] { SpCreateSnapShotName, SpDeleteSnapShotName, SpRestoreSnapShotName })
                {
                    cmd = new SqlCommand(string.Format(dropProcSql, spName), conn);
                    cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
                }

                // Create the stored procedures anew
                foreach (var createProcSql in new[] { SpCreateSnapShot, SpDeleteSnapShot, SpRestoreSnapShot })
                {
                    cmd = new SqlCommand(createProcSql, conn);
                    cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
                }

                conn.Close();
            }
        }

        public static void CreateSnapShot()
        {
            var databaseName = new SqlParameter { ParameterName = "@databaseName", SqlValue = SqlDbType.VarChar, Value = DbName };
            var databaseLogicalName = new SqlParameter { ParameterName = "@databaseLogicalName", SqlValue = SqlDbType.VarChar, Value = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["DatabaseLogicalName"] };
            var snapshotBackupPath = new SqlParameter { ParameterName = "@snapshotBackupPath", SqlValue = SqlDbType.VarChar, Value = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SnapshotBackupPath"] };
            var snapshotBackupName = new SqlParameter { ParameterName = "@snapshotBackupName", SqlValue = SqlDbType.VarChar, Value = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SnapshotBackupName"] };

            ExecuteStoredProcAgainstMaster(SpCreateSnapShotName, new[] { databaseName, databaseLogicalName, snapshotBackupPath, snapshotBackupName });
        }

        public static void DeleteSnapShot()
        {
            var snapshotBackupName = new SqlParameter { ParameterName = "@snapshotBackupName", SqlValue = SqlDbType.VarChar, Value = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SnapshotBackupName"] };

            ExecuteStoredProcAgainstMaster(SpDeleteSnapShotName, new[] { snapshotBackupName });
        }

        public static void RestoreSnapShot()
        {
            var databaseName = new SqlParameter { ParameterName = "@databaseName", SqlValue = SqlDbType.VarChar, Value = DbName };
            var snapshotBackupName = new SqlParameter { ParameterName = "@snapshotBackupName", SqlValue = SqlDbType.VarChar, Value = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SnapshotBackupName"] };

            ExecuteStoredProcAgainstMaster(SpRestoreSnapShotName, new[] { databaseName, snapshotBackupName });
        }

        private static void ExecuteStoredProcAgainstMaster(string storedProc, SqlParameter[] parameters)
        {
            using (var conn = new SqlConnection(MasterDbConnectionString))
            {
                conn.Open();
                var cmd = new SqlCommand(storedProc, conn) { CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure };
                cmd.Parameters.AddRange(parameters);
                cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
                conn.Close();
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Commodities declined after a report showed that the eurozone economy contracted. Eurostat reported that eurozone gross domestic product fell 0.3 percent in the fourth quarter of 2011. The negative data hurt most commodities, including crude oil, corn, sugar, and wheat.
Crude oil also declined on the speculation that the European Union may resume negotiations with Iran about the Iranian nuclear program. Forecasters predict that today's report will show an increase of the US stockpiles, adding to the downside factors for crude. As of agricultural commodities, experts forecast that supply will outpace demand for most of crops, decreasing prices even further.
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text:
Q: How to route to same location in angular 10? I have a really weird problem , After a successful api call I want to refresh my page. I am using the below code
 this.router.routeReuseStrategy.shouldReuseRoute = () => false;
 this.router.onSameUrlNavigation = 'reload';
 this.router.navigate(['fund/initiation/create']

Interestingly this changes all the url links in the menu bar to point to this above given url and then I can navigate to other pages. How to avoid this?


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Media, politics and the threats to journalists in Pakistan
This article examines how the fundamental right of freedom of expression for news media in Pakistan continues to be threatened both by the government and conflicting parties, an issue that is compounded by the threat to the journalists' safety and...
Responsible conflict reporting: Rethinking the role of journalism in Fiji and other troubled Pacific societies
This article moots the idea of 'responsible conflict reporting' in Fiji and the South Pacific. Prolonged conflict, including three coups since 1987, has resulted in a pattern of social and economic decline in Fiji. In Melanesia as a whole, internal...
Manipulation that we now take for granted
It cannot have been a coincidence that the bombs and missiles that rained down on Baghdad at the beginning of the American invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 fell just where the world's television cameras could capture the resulting explosions....
Peace journalism: A paradigm shift in traditional media approach
Power, politics and profit have been the key factors in determining the media's traditional approach towards conflict. But in recent decades, the debate on 'peace journalism' as an approach to conflict has gained momentum and several scholars (...
'Flickers of peace' enter the media ethics agenda
The book draws on the work by academics, international writers, journalists, theorists and campaigners. Commentary on the reporting of conflict includes Afghanistan, the Balkans, Cyprus, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Palestine, Rwanda, and Sri...
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The decade-long civil war in Bougainville, sporadic warfare in the Papua New Guinea Highlands, ethnic conflict in the Solomon Islands, and human rights violations during four coups and deaths in custody in the wake of a military barracks mutiny have...
Media and global conflict: An International Crisis Group case study
The Pacific region is part of a larger world, far from being as isolated from centres of global power as a glance at the map might imply, but instead caught up in a web of multilateral relations with binding effects on its future progress and...


YFM's DJ Sabby just dropped a new single titled Inghudu featuring Red Button, Jovislashand the late Flabba. The high energy joint was produced by Phat Pro and makes reference to the large beer bottles that your drunk uncle usually prefers to sip from Where I'm from we call them quarts.
The song made its way onto social media this morning and amongst the hype that usually surrounds a song release these days a separate debate began to rage on about why Inghudu was spelt with an H.
Once again please continue to check in with your favourite African Hip Hop Blog as we attempt to ascertain what the correct spelling of Ing(h)udu really is in our effort to bring you the best coverage of all things Hip Hop and song title related.
Also the song is pretty dope ad anything with a posthumous verse from Flabba gets an immediate from me.
Jovislash -- TEMPLΛTE & STYLiNG BY - Le FREΛKΛ... Powered by Blogger.


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Home > Journals > Biomedical & Life Sciences > OJGen
Open Journal of Genetics > Vol.8 No.2, June 2018
The Syhomy of the Genetic Code Is the Path to the Real Speech Characteristics of the Encoded Proteins ()
Peter P. Gariaev, Ekaterina A. Leonova-Gariaeva
Institute of Quantum Genetics LLC, Moscow, Russia.
DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2018.82003 PDF HTML XML 951 Downloads 2,454 Views Citations
The following is the theoretical and experimental analysis of the role of the third nucleotide in codons during protein biosynthesis. Its role is largely enhanced compared to the existing understanding. Third nucleotide functionally and symmetrically divides codon families in 32 synonyms and 32 SYnonymous-HOMonymous hybrid codons—SYHOMs. Wherein, the syhoms function is to initiate nonlocal ribosome analysis of mRNA, representing real context in DNA language. Such analysis is a natural necessity for selection of one amino acid from two different amino acids, and between amino acids or a stop position, in situations when a ribosome interacts with syhom codons which have dual coding. This was theoretically substantiated earlier [1] [2] [3]. Experimental work [4] confirmed this theory: It was demonstrated that two different amino acids, selenocysteine and cysteine, are coded by a single UGA-syhom-codon for Euplotes crassus infusoria. This result does not call into question the dogma of unambiguity of amino acids and stop position coding by the cells genome, but it requires amendments to the existing model of genetic coding. These amendments are based on an enhanced understanding of the special linguistic/semantic role of the third nucleotide in codons and on the acceptance of the idea of real, rather than metaphorical, textuality of protein genes (mRNA). Such comprehension of the speech-similarity of genes (mRNA) and the role that third nucleotide in codons plays in this, leads to a simple statement about the quasi-consciousness (biocomputing) of the protein-synthesizing-system and its ability to recognize the context (meaning) of mRNA to make the correct choice of amino acids and stops in a syhom situation, based on the meanings of gene texts (mRNA).
Genetic Information, Codons, Syhoms, Syhomy
Gariaev, P. and Leonova-Gariaeva, E. (2018) The Syhomy of the Genetic Code Is the Path to the Real Speech Characteristics of the Encoded Proteins. Open Journal of Genetics, 8, 23-33. doi: 10.4236/ojgen.2018.82003.
1. The Wobble Hypothesis by F. Crick
A lot has been written about the hypothesis of F. Crick, including the works of the author himself, but most of the judgments are based on a formulation from F. Crick's book "What a Mad Pursuit" 1988. [5]. Here are the key words: "An important point to notice is that although the genetic code has certain regularities―in several cases it is the first two bases that encode one amino acid, the nature of the third being irrelevant―its structure otherwise makes no obvious sense."
However, there are some significant additional issues that stem from this brief message. This is what this article is about. "The standard" genetic protein code was obtained by M. Nirenberg's group as a result from studying protein synthesis in E. coli. This work resulted in the table of the standard genetic code. It reflects the functions of protein genes as a static code structure, where all codons UNAMBIGUOUSLY encode amino acids and stop positions. It is important that according to the Wobble Hypothesis, half of the known 64 codons, i.e. 32, are redundant for 20 known amino acids. As for the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine and its coding―it will be explained later in this article. Redundant codons are synonyms that, in varying degrees of repetition, code the same, but different, amino acids and stop positions. These are the main provisions in M. Nirenberg's model, later followed by F. Crick. This understanding has prevailed for 50 years, since M. Nirenberg received the Nobel Prize for this model in 1968. Now, theoretical and experimental results have accumulated, that suggest the introduction of amendments to this understanding of protein genetic coding. They are as follows.
2. Unambiguity and Degeneracy Factor of the E. coli Protein Code
The table of the standard code is functionally divided into two symmetric and equal parts, where 32 codons UNAMBIGIUOSLY and REDUNDANTLY encode only amino acids. These codons are synonyms. 32 other codons (not synonyms), called homonyms [1] [2] [3] , AMBIGIOUSLY encrypt amino acids and stop positions, and not always in accordance with the standard code table. Namely, each codon homonym encrypts simultaneously two different amino acids, or an amino acid and a stop position. This means, that to ensure correct protein synthesis, it is necessary to make a CHOICE from two different amino acids―either choose one amino acid or choose an amino acid or a stop position. The deciphered amino acids or stop positions in this case may not correspond to the table of the standard code, since they are recognized and selected by the ribosome according to codons-homonyms DYNAMICALLY while the ribosome is reading and logically analyzing the context of mRNA. This contradicts M. Nirenberg's and F. Crick's dogma of unambiguous coding, which was accepted as 'carved in stone' up to the works [1] [2] [3] and the article [4] , which experimentally proves that codon of the selenocysteine amino acid simultaneously encrypts another amino acid―cysteine. This provided reason to doubt the evidence of the dogma and called for a search to explain this phenomenon so not to break the dogma of unambiguous coding, but to confirm it from the standpoint of the linguistic principle of homonymy, that is, the real (not metaphorical) textuality of genes (mRNA). This occurs in the process of protein biosynthesis as opposed to the contrary position of synonymy (also linguistic), about the codification of one amino acid by many codons. The latter corresponds to F. Crick's Wobble Hypothesis and is experimentally proven by the presence of isoacceptor tRNAs. The ultimately general definition of synonymy and homonymy can be formulated as follows. Synonymy is when one meaning is represented (coded) by many different words. Homonymy is when one word represents many different meanings. This is demonstrated in the new view of Table 1 of the genetic code, where you can see the functional and symmetrical division of the code into codons-synonyms and codons-homonyms. Groupings of codons by family are carried out according to the Lagerkvist scheme [6] , where the family-forming factor is the first two nucleotides in codons (triplets). The families themselves are grouped by us differently―on the basis of synonymy and homonymy.
The table is symmetrically divided into codons-synonyms (in blue) and
Table 1. The table of the genetic (protein) code.
syhoms (in red). Table adapted from article [3].
3. The Choice of Amino Acids and Stop Positions in the Case of Ribosome Interaction with the Codon-Homonyms on mRNA
Such a CHOICE is made by the ribosome due to the fact that it (and/or the whole cell) takes into account the context of the given mRNA. This choice automatically implies quasi-consciousness of the protein synthesizing system, more precisely, its biocomputer functions [7]. Quasi-consciousness is present because mRNA (gene copy) is a text in a literal, non-metaphorical sense [1] [2] [3].
The situation of UNAMBIGUOUS coding by synonyms is determined by the fact that in each of the 8 codon families, ALL TRIPLETS (codons) are DIFFERENT. For this reason, in the triplet families, coding is performed by ALL three letters (nucleotides) and all triplets in each family encode only one amino acid. This coding is UNAMBIGUOUS AND REDUNDANT. Replacement of the third nucleotides in codons does not change the coding.
The situation of PRIMARY UNAMBIGUITY of coding by HOMONYM-triplets from the beginning (before ribosome reading of mRNA) is available in half of the codons―which are not synonyms (i.e., in fact, homonyms). This depends on the fact that the 3rd codon nucleotide―the key participant in the work of the genome-biocomputer of each cell―before the act of reading mRNA by the ribosome, in a static state, "does not plan" participation in the coding and can potentially be any of the 4 possible ones. Let me remind you that F. Crick did not comment on such cases of ribosome dynamics. So, the first two nucleotides (doublets) are coded. At the same time, in 6 homonym-families, it happens that the pairs of IDENTICAL doublets encode different amino acids. Wherein, in two families, it happens as follows... The doublet of TA-family encodes tyrosine and stop twice. In two TG-doublets: One doublet pair encodes cysteine; the other doublet pair encodes stop and tryptophan. In general, this means that in this case, there is also a homonymy factor, but with important additional characteristics. This phenomenon was discovered by the group of M. Nirenberg and F. Crick on the example of T(U)T(U) codon family [8] , when the triplet UUU simultaneously encodes phenylalanine and leucine. This simultaneity was not understood by F. Crick and M. Nirenberg. So, they did not see it as contradictory to their postulate about the UNAMBIGUITY of coding by all 64 codons of amino acids and stops. This was believed until the work of Turanov et al. [4] , where they demonstrated the same simultaneity of coding for selenocysteine and cysteine, which similarly had long ago been detected by Crick and Nirenberg for the UUU codon [8]. This work [4] experimentally demonstrated and theoretically substantiated the phenomenon of UGA codon ambiguity [1] [2] [3]. This work [4] brought the first doubts in the evidence of dogma on unambiguous
Table 2. Synonymous-homonymous two-dimensionality of the genetic code.
coding of amino acids and stop positions by all 64 codons. A new representation (Table 2) of the Genetic Code presents this new and significant information―regarding the homonymy of half the codons―in a clearly visible way. The Table is taken from work [1].
The biofunction of such synonymous-homonymous dualism (within the mixed codon families), perhaps, is about providing even more flexibility to the code. This duality actually means hybridization of code capabilities in eight mixed codon families. Therefore, it would be more convenient to call them SYHOM-families (portmanteau from the words SYnonym and HOMonym), and to call this characteristic SYHOMY.
An important point, the standard genetic code table of the E. coli protein code, adopted by the scientific community, is STATIC and does not reflect the most important factor of dynamics in the process of protein biosynthesis in vivo. This a reason why the majority has an incomplete understanding of the key linguistic function of the third nucleotide in the syhom-codons, the codons which take the genome to the level of real, non-metaphorical, textual constructions of DNA and RNA. Syhomy provides endless horizons of semantic (quasi-speech) coding to the protein-synthesizing-system. This is especially important for the functions of human brain neurons, where the acts of thinking and consciousness are realized, probably, along the way of materialization of short-lived DNA-RNA-PROTEIN texts in the form of physical fields as materialized equivalents of thoughts [9].
Thus, we see synonymous-homonymic degeneracy (SOHOMY) of the protein genetic code, which is amending the previous code model. This fact reflects the unity of the opposite codon functions of codons-synonyms and codons-syhoms, where synonyms stand for redundancy and coding accuracy, and syhoms―for flexibility and adaptability of code to environmental changes
4. Amendment to F. Crick's Wobble Hypothesis
For synonyms, all 4 different nucleotides (T, C, A, G) in the 3-position in codons can change places in any way. This does not affect their coding functions. But for syhoms, this fundamentally contradicts the official standard genetic code table. This does not mean the denial of unambiguous coding. Unambiguity is achieved by contextual orientations of ribosomes on mRNA. In syhoms, at the level of mRNA translation into proteins in cases of reading frame shifts, the substitutions of 3rd nucleotides may lead to anomaly context dependent choices of amino acid coding and/or stop positions. This will happen, if during reading frame shift, the syhom 3rd nucleotide will take the position of the 1st or 2nd syhom nucleotides.
Such substitutions are random and not indifferent to the biosynthesis of proteins, as required by F. Crick's Wobble Hypothesis. The values of the first two nucleotides of syhoms are dictated by mRNA contexts, and the third nucleotide roles are reduced to: 1) participation in the coding with a "delegated function", 2) (in addition) physically strengthen the codon-anticodon pair on the ribosomes.
What is a "delegated function"? Since the order of nucleotides in the protein gene and, consequently, in mRNA, is rigid (hereditary), when a ribosome is reading mRNA and interacting with a codon-syhom doublet (with the 1st and 2nd triplet nucleotides), it brings about a situation of uncertainty, associated with the 3rd wobbling nucleotide, according to F. Crick (and the Nature of the code). What is the 3rd nucleotide's linguistic/semantic role in the codon-syhom text? Probably, it is actualized by means of "delegation" of missing linguistic/semantic function to the 3rd syhom nucleotide, according to the scheme of contextual orientations. Here is an example from linguistics. In the sentences: 1) "He heard the caS mewing"; 2) "Tom usually wears a cowboy hat, but today he's wearing a baseball caL". Proceeding from the contexts, in the first sentence in the word caS, the letter S should be delegated the function of the letter T, and in the second sentence, the letter L should delegate the function of the letter P. As a result, the syhom-doublets lose their semantic uncertainty and, as a part of the integral triplet (the former syhom), acquire the only correct and unambiguous semantics of the coding triplet―the choice of the amino acid and/or stop position―syhom dualism is lost, resulting in unambiguity. Unambiguous coding is acquired, but in a dynamic act of ribosome reading of mRNA. This is the strategic consequence of synonymous-homonymous degeneracy (two-dimensionality, syhomy) of the protein code. The principle is simple, like all ingenious "invented" by Nature. This is akin to the reassignment (recodification) of codons when a biosystem is in a stressful state (heat shock, the presence of exogenous antibiotics, amino acid starvation), this has been known about for a long time, however is not yet understood with respect to temporarily ambiguous doublets within codons-syhoms. In linguistics, there is a canonical example of the role of word endings in a sentence (within the context) for delegating meaning to previously incomprehensible "words": "The iggle squiggs trazed wombly in the harlish hoop"1. It seems like nonsense, but in fact intuitively you may sense the meaning. Endings of the "words" provide, delegate them relatively clear meaning. It is possible that it is similar in DNA and mRNA texts. The
Table 3. Two-dimensional synonymous-homonymous redundancy (syhomy) of the protein triplet code.
synonymous-homonymous two-dimensionality of codons-syhoms can be seen in Table 3, with the TA codon family as an example, where paired synonymy takes place. For the TG family, paired synonymy works only partially: for codons TGA and TGG, there is no synonymy, they encode Stop and Trp, this is an exception. Paired synonymy as well as a paired opposing homonymy is observed for all other syhom families.
In syhom-codons, substitution of the third (3') nucleotide will result in context dependent choices of amino acid and/or stop positions. Such substitutions are random and can only occur from accidental radiation, chemical or artificially induced mutations, only these can replace, or rather, damage the third (3') nucleotides in the syhom-codons, which are hereditarily rigid.
One may propose the following rule: the third nucleotides in syhom-codons take upon them delegated meanings of the four nucleotides―A, U, G, C―chosen by the ribosome nanobiocomputer in the course of reading the mRNA context. In turn, this choice determines which "amino acid-tRNA-anticodon:codon-syhom" complex will be involved for the inclusion of the selected amino acid in the growing peptide chain.
5. Why Stop Codons Are in Syhom Families
Termination―the end of protein synthesis, is carried out when one of the stop codons―UAG, UAA, UGA―appears in the A-site of the ribosome. Due to absence of tRNAs, corresponding to these codons, peptidyl-tRNA remains bound to the P-site of the ribosome. Here, specific RF1 or RF2 proteins are involved that catalyze the separation of the polypeptide chain from mRNA, as well as RF3, which causes dissociation of mRNA from the ribosome. RF1 recognizes in the A-site UAA or UAG; RF-2 - UAA or UGA.
This is preceded by an important event―the decision to stop protein synthesis with three stop codons (syhoms). The "solution" in this case is not an empty metaphor, but the result of the work of a nanobiocomputer, which probably a protein synthesizing system is [7]. It is the nanobiocomputer that analyzes the CONTEXT of mRNA sequences, and then, and only then, one of the three ambiguous syhom triplets (either stop, or amino acid) acquires the value of either stop or amino acid.
Why so? Imagine that stop functions belong to some codons-synonyms. Then the strategic function of analysis of the textual, semantic component of genes (mRNA) is lost. After all, synonyms strictly, unambiguously and redundantly encode amino acids, which follows from the invariance of natural native gene texts (mRNA). In contrast to the strict unambiguity of codons-synonyms, the stop-syhoms exist in mRNA in a 'standby mode' of meaning of mRNA (gene) context. Depending on context, a decision is made on the exact meaning of the ambiguous codon-syhom: to be the amino acid code and continue protein synthesis, or to stop, as it is meant to be a stop codon.
The study presents a logically non-contradictory idea that ribosomes (or the entire protein-synthesizing-system) "choose" necessary amino acids and stop positions: When the ribosome traverses non-synonymous codons (syhom-codons), it actually reads and considers the meanings of mRNA contexts. A choice is made between two similar tRNA anticodons, which carry different amino acids. These anticodons are recognized, considered and selected by the complex "ribosome + syhom-codons within the mRNA context", based on the meaning of the mRNA context. The choice of the semantics of the syhom-codons and, respectively, one of the two tRNAs, carrying two different amino acids, or alternatively the option of an amino acid or stop signal, occurs due to the semantic orientation of the ribosome within the mRNA contexts, functioning as a nanobiocomputer. It might seem that this contradicts the genetics canon about unambiguous genetic coding of all amino acids. However, this "choice" does not negate the correct key thesis about unambiguous amino acid coding during proteins biosynthesis. The apparent contradiction is removed by a special function of the third nucleotide in the 32 non-synonymous syhom-codons, the strategic importance of this fact is that protein coding is passed into governance by the laws of linguistics, previously unknown in relation to genome operation. The function of the third nucleotide in 32 syhom-codons is a distinctive semantic marking of synonymous and synonymously-homonymous (syhoms) triplet-nucleotide-families involved in proteins biosynthesis. This process involves linguistic (human speech-like) laws for constructing protein texts (speech) from amino acid letters. Such understanding of genome operation now ceases to be metaphorical and acquires an exact meaning, based not only on pure logic, but also on experimental proof of the complex mixed semantic duality of syhom-codons [4].
The metaphor "choice" of amino acids and stop positions in protein biosynthesis ceases to be a metaphor and becomes one of the scientific facts of more developed Mendelian genetics and molecular biology. The role of the third (3') nucleotide in syhom-codons during protein biosynthesis is based on theoretical analysis [1] [2] [3] and experimental work [4]. Its role is seen from a broader view compared to existing understanding. Third (3') nucleotide functionally and symmetrically divides the codons into 32 synonyms and 32 syhom-codon families. Wherein, syhom-codons have a strategic function to participate in activation of nonlocal nanobiocomputer ribosomal analysis of mRNA as a real context in the mRNA language. Such an analysis is a natural necessity for selection of one amino acid from two different amino acids or between an amino acid and a stop position in a situation where a ribosome traverses syhom-codons which have a function of double-coding. This was theoretically substantiated earlier [1] [2] [3]. Experimental work [4] confirmed this theory: It was demonstrated that two different amino acids, selenocysteine and cysteine, are coded by a single UGA-syhom-codon for Euplotes crassus, which to a certain extent, is principally applicable to the human genome. This result does not call into question the dogma of unambiguous coding of amino acids and stop positions by the cells genomes, but it requires us to introduce some significant corrections into the long-accepted and uncontestable model of genetic coding. These amendments are based on a broadened understanding of the special linguistic (semantic) role of the third (3') nucleotide in codons and on the acceptance of the idea of real rather than metaphorical textuality of protein genes. Recognition of the speech-like nature of genes (mRNA) and the role of the codon's third (3') nucleotide in this process leads to a simple statement about the quasi-intelligence (biocomputing) of the protein-synthesizing-system and its ability to consider the specific (actual) mRNA context (meaning) for the decision-making choice between amino acids and stops in syhom situations, based on gene text (mRNA) meaning.
Why are the additional characteristics of the protein code proposed here more pragmatic than M. Nirenberg's and F. Crick's code model [8] that is tactically correct, but strategically incomplete? And why were the attempts to see more within the code than its creators unsuccessful? These attempts were made in the works of Lagerkvist [6] and Rumer [10]. Lagerkvist was mistaken, believing that mixed2 codons (syhoms, according to new terminology) appear with low probability in mRNA. Rumer saw symmetry in the genetic code, classifying it according to the strength of codon-anticodon hydrogen bonds, which is quite close to the division of codon families into synonyms and the syhoms. However, they did not see that the synthesis of proteins would be correct if the codons were functionally divided into two mutually complementary symmetric groups, as it actually is. One of them, synonymous, provides the accuracy and redundancy of amino acid coding. The other, syhoms, provides flexibility and adaptability of synthesized proteins to environmental changes, due to changes in the amino acid composition and sequences of synthesized proteins. This is the wisdom of protein code.
For this representation of the genetic code model, the publication of Lolle et al., about the recurrent genetics of some plants, is worth reviewing [11]. This study demonstrated that there are no differences in the DNA sequences of the wild-type of Ler gene and the HTH gene of the mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plant, which are responsible for the direct relationship between the biological properties of the cuticle, cell adhesion and reproduction of Arabidopsis. The authors write: "In every case, the sequence of the reverted HTH allele matched the Ler wild-type sequence exactly" (In each case, the sequence of the returned HTH allele corresponded exactly to the sequence of the wild type Ler). This means that Lolle and Pruitt found the effect of a return to part of the ancestral genetics of Arabidopsis. This fact is fantastic because the returned "wild" gene and the mutant gene are identical in sequences, which is inexplicable in Mendelian genetics. But this can be explained from the standpoint of linguistic-wave genetics. Why does the same gene manifest in different phenotypes?
To obtain an answer within the framework of the considered amendments of the protein code model, it is necessary to check the collinearity of mRNAs and their protein products in wild and mutant genes. It can be predicted that the amino acid sequences of the products of these genes will be different. Amino acid sequences will differ in amino acid composition, since adjacent DNA sequences from the 3' and 5' ends of the wild and mutant genes are different, which results in context variations and, hence, variations of meanings for the same codons in mRNA of the wild and mutant genes. The authors write that a high level of reversion from mutant to the wild type at the nucleotide level, was an exact duplicate of the wild-type gene observed in previous generations. Unfortunately, the nucleotide sequences given by the authors of the wild and mutant coding regions of the genome are not divided by codons. But the other point is obvious: Adjacent DNA sequences from the 3 'and 5' ends of both genes are different, hence, the contextual content of both their mRNAs is different. This allows to predict different amino acid sequences of the protein products of both "pseudo identical" genes and, naturally, the different morphogenesis of the plant regions encoded by these genes.
A detailed analysis of the work by Lolle et al. [11] , together with the study of Turanov et al. [4] , are interesting, since their main results encourage geneticists to research genetic protein coding strategies further. As you can see, much more needs to be clarified. This new understanding in genetics facilitates the anticipation of possible faults in recombinant technologies of artificial hybridization of various genes. Such artificial hybridization may lead to semantic uncertainty at the level of mRNA meanings, which determine the choice and accuracy of amino acid and stop position coding by syhom-codons. The paradox of the situation in genetics is that over the 50 years of existence of the protein code model, it has never been checked on a large-scale: on hundreds of proteins, with all the statistics, and "proteins - mRNA codons" collinearity. If within the standard code table, any inconsistences for E. coli proteins are found, then, this would not deny the code model of M. Nirenberg and F. Crick. This would mean that the principles of genetic coding of proteins, especially in a linguistic, quasi-speech direction, are unlimited.
1Translator's note: This is an English equivalent by H.A.Gleason to the original Russian example given by Acad. V.S. Shcherba "Глокая куздра штеко будланула бокра и курдячит бокрёнка".
2The term "mixed" was introduced by Lagerkvist.
[1] Gariaev, P.P. (1997) Wave Genetic Code. Monograph. Institute of Control Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 107 p. (In Russian).
[2] Gariaev, P.P. (2009) Linguistic-Wave Genome. Theory and Practice. Monograph, 216 p. (In Russian).
[3] Gariaev, P.P. (2015) Another Understanding of the Model of Genetic Code Theoretical Analysis. Open Journal of Genetics, 5, 92-109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojgen.2015.52008
[4] Turanov, A.A., et al. (2009) Genetic Code Supports Targeted Insertion of Two Amino Acids by One Codon. Science, 323, 259.
[5] Crick, F. (1988) What Mad Pursuit. A Personal View of Scientific Discovery, 90.
[6] Lagerkvist, U. (1978) "Two out of Three": An Alternative Method for Codon Reading. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 75, 1759-1762.
[7] Gariaev, P.P., Birshtein, B.I., Iarochenko, A.M., Marcer, P.J., Tertishny, G.G., Leonova, K.A. and Kaempf, U. (2001) The DNA-Wave Biocomputer. "CASYS"—International Journal of Computing Anticipatory Systems, 10, 290-310.
[8] Сriсk, F. and Nierenberg, M. (1964) The Genetic Code. Successes of Physical Sciences, v.LHHH11. (In Russian)
[9] Gariaev, P. and Leonova-Gariaeva, E.A. Nonlocal functions of DNA-RNA Proteins in Brain and Consciousness-Thinking. (Is Being Prepared)
[10] Rumer, Yu.B. (1968) The Codification of Codons in the Genetic Code. Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 183, 225-226.
[11] Lolle, S.J., Jennifer, L.V., Young, J.M. and Pruitt, R.E. (2005) Genome-Wide non-Mendelian Inheritance of Extra-Genomic Information in Arabidopsis. Nature, 434, 505-509.
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Entries / Polovtsov, House of
Mansion of A.A.Polovtsev. Oak Hall (The Main Library). Photo, early 20th century.
Polovtsov, House of
Categories / Architecture/Architectural Monuments/Mansions
POLOVTSOV HOUSE (52 Bolshaya Morskaya Street), an architectural monument of Neoclassicism and Eclecticism. Since the 1710s the site belonged to chancellor G.I. Golovkin, whose son built a manor on it. In 1804, the house was bought by Count P.I. Gagarin and totally reconstructed in 1835-1836 (architect A.H. Pehl). The main detail of the austere two-storied building is a balcony-bay window. In 1864, the house was acquired by Baron A.L. Stieglitz, who presented it to his son-in-law, A.A. Polovtsov (hence the name). In the second half of the 19th century new interiors were created and the outbuildings were reconstructed. The works were supervised by architects F.I. Eppinger (1858), G.E. Bosse (1850s), N.F. Bryullov (1870-74), L.L. Peterson (1875-85), L.H. Marschner (1880-90s). In 1888-92 architect M.E. Messmacher carried out the reconstruction of facades overlooking the courtyard, remodelled interiors of the first floor and portraits room (now a library) on the second floor, attached a second storey, where a gala bronze hall, decorated with bronze panels, moulding, marble and tapestries were hung. The marble entrance staircase (architect Pehl) and oak hall (architect Bryullov) are also worth special mention. Under Polovtsov the house was a centre of St. Petersburg cultural life. In the 1920s, it was adjusted to accommodate a trade union school, since 1934 it has hosted the Architect's House. In the 1980s large-scale reconstruction works was carried out.
Reference: Житенева Н. В. Особняк А. А. Половцова (Санкт-Петербургский дом архитектора). СПб., 1997.
V. G. Isachenko
Bosse G.A. (see Bosse Yu.A.)
Bryullov Nikolay Fedorovich
Eppinger Fedor Ivanovich
Gagarin P.I., Duke
Golovkin Alexander Gavrilovich, Count
Marschner Ludwig Christophorovich
Messmacher Maximilian Egorovich
Pehl Alexander Hristoforovich
Peterson Ludwig Ludwigovich
Polovtsov Alexander Alexandrovich
Stieglitz Alexander Ludwigovich, Baron
Bolshaya Morskaya St./Saint Petersburg, city, house 52
The subject Index
Historical style (Eclecticism)
Mentioned in articles (5)
Messmacher M. E. (1842-1906), architect
MESSMACHER Maximilian Egorovich (1842, St. Petersburg 1906), architect, associate academy member of architecture (1872). Graduated from Peterschule, the School of Painting of the St. Petersburg Society of Artists, in 1867 - the Academy of Fine Arts
Morskaya Bolshaya Street
MORSKAYA BOLSHAYA STREET (in 1920-93 - Herzen Street, after A.I. Herzen), located from the General Staff Arch to Kryukov Canal. It was constructed in the early 18th century, in Morskaya settlement (hence the name)
Pehl A. K. (1809-1902), architect
PEHL Alexander Khristoforovich (1809, St. Petersburg 1902, ibidem), architect. Graduated from the Academy of Arts (1833), associate academy member of architecture (1847), adherent of late Neoclassicism and Eclecticism. Assisted architect А.А
Polovtsov А.А. (1832-1909) statesman, entrepreneur
POLOVTSOV Alexander Alexandrovich (1832, estate in Rapti Luzhsky Uyezd, St. Petersburg Province - 1909, same place), statesman, entrepreneur, patron of arts, Actual Privy Counsellor (1885), Secretary of State (1883)
Union of Architects
UNION OF ARCHITECTS, St. Petersburg Branch (52 Bolshaya Morskaya Street), creative association of architects, formed in 1932-33 (the statute was ratified in 1937, to be changed repeatedly). The first president was architect M


Antiretrovirals used to treat HIV include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, also called nucleoside analogs or nucleosides, interfere with the life cycle of HIV by preventing the transcription of viral RNA into DNA.
Most 3- and 4-drug regimens involve 2 nucleoside analogs, chosen on the basis of convenience, potential side effects, and patient preference. Certain drugs should not be used together because of the way they interact. For example, idovudine and stavudine should not be used together, and zalcitabine should not be combined with didanosine, stavudine, or lamivudine.
Drug studies are a very active area of HIV/AIDS research, and information is updated continually. It is important for patients to find a health care provider who specializes in HIV/AIDS medicine and knows about current clinical studies. Patients who are on antiretroviral therapy must be followed closely for treatment of related side effects.
Nucleosides can cause lactic acidosis (severely elevated blood lactate level) and liver enlargement (hepatomegaly; a rare but very serious side effect that can result in death). Lactic acidosis occurs more often in women and causes fatigue, belly pain, and shortness of breath. Nucleosides should be used with caution in patients who are at risk for liver disease, and treatment should be stopped if there is any indication of lactic acidosis or liver damage. Obesity increases the risk for side effects.
This medication was the first FDA-approved antiretroviral drug and was the first ray of hope in the AIDS epidemic. A pivotal 1987 study showed how 6 months of AZT treatment could dramatically decrease AIDS deaths.
Initially, AZT was used alone. Today, like all nucleosides, AZT is used with 2 or more other antiretroviral medications. It is usually combined with lamivudine, didanosine, or zalcitabine. AZT should not be combined with stavudine.
The usual dose of AZT is one 300 mg pill twice a day, taken with or without food. AZT is also combined with lamivudine in a single pill called Combivir®, which is also taken twice a day. A second combination pill, Trizivir contains abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine.
Side effects, which may include fatigue, nausea, and headache, usually improve or disappear a few days to a few weeks after starting therapy. AZT is sometimes associated with a decrease in the number of red blood cells (anemia) and prolonged use can lead to myopathy.
Didanosine, which was approved by the FDA for the treatment of AIDS in 1991, usually is combined with AZT, stavudine, or lamivudine. It is sometimes combined with the anticancer drug hydroxyuria, which increases its effectiveness and side effects. This combination should be used with extreme caution.
The usual dose of didanosine is two 200 mg pills per day or one 400 mg daily, taken on an empty stomach. The pills have to be chewed or crushed and dissolved in water. A newer form of swallowable didanosine (Videx EC) is also available.
Side effects or didanosine include upset stomach and diarrhea. It can also cause painful neuropathy and pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Pancreatitis is a serious, potentially life-threatening complication that is more likely to develop in patients who have advanced HIV infection. If there are any signs of pancreatitis, this drug should not be used.
This medication (also known as ddC) is the third nucleoside drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and usually is combined with AZT. The usual dose is 0.375–0.75 mg three times a day, taken with or without food.
Main side effects of zalcitabine are severe peripheral neuropathy; oral and, to a lesser extent, esophageal ulcers; and, rarely, pancreatitis. Neuropathy, which can be irreversible, occurs as a side effect in as many as one-third of all patients with advanced HIV/AIDS. If numbness, burning, tingling, or pain progresses beyond moderate discomfort, the drug should be discontinued. Zalcitabine should be used with extreme caution in patients with a history of neuropathy.
If there are signs or indications of pancreatitis, the drug should be stopped. In rare cases, liver failure and death have occurred, possibly due to underlying hepatitis B.
Three-time daily dosing and the high incidence of neuropathy have made zalcitabine a second- or third-choice medicine in the treatment of HIV.
Stavudine (also known as d4T) is the fourth nucleoside drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and is usually combined with didanosine and lamivudine. It should not be used with AZT because those two drugs work against each other.
The usual dose is one 30 or 40 mg pill twice daily, taken with or without food. The main side effect is neuropathy and it should be used with caution when combined with didanosine or zalcitabine, because those drugs also cause neuropathy. Neuropathy is more likely to develop in people with advanced HIV/AIDS. If a patient feels any symptom of neuropathy, they should tell their physician. Rarely, stavudine causes headaches or stomach upset.
This drug (formerly 3TC), which was approved in 1995 to treat AIDS, is usually combined with AZT, abacavir, stavudine, or didanosine. The usual dose is one 150 mg pill twice daily, taken with or without food. Some studies show that the entire 300 mg dose can be taken once a day. Lamivudine is combined with AZT in a single pill called Combivir, which is taken twice a day. A second combination pill, Trizivir is also available. It contains AZT, lamivudine, and abacavir.
Lamivudine has very few side effects. Pancreatitis is a potentially fatal risk in pediatric patients. If a child has a history of pancreatitis or other significant risk factors for pancreatitis, the drug should be used with caution. If signs or symptoms of pancreatitis develop, lamivudine should not be used.
Abacavir was the sixth nucleoside drug approved to treat HIV infection and was approved in 1998. Studies have shown that it is 5 to 10 times more potent than the other nucleosides. It is especially effective when used with AZT and lamivudine plus a protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside.
The usual dose of Abacavir is one 300 mg pill twice daily, taken with or without food. A second combination pill, Trizivir, is also available. It contains contain AZT, lamivudine, and abacavir.
In clinical studies, about 5 percent of people who take abacavir develop a hypersensitivity reaction that may be fatal. This reaction causes fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, upset stomach, skin rash, body aches, and fatigue; usually develops within the first 6 weeks of treatment; and gets worse with every dose. If a patient develops hypersensitivity, he or she must contact to his or her physician immediately, stop taking the drug, and never take it again.
Because of the serious, possibly fatal consequences of a hypersensitivity reaction, it is important for patients who are taking abacavir to be closely monitored by a health care practitioner.
This nucleoside, which is also called TDF, was approved in 2001 to treat HIV/AIDS. A combination pill, Truvada is also available. It contains tenofovir and emtricitabine.
This drug is approved to treat HIV-1 infection in adults. It is taken as a tablet once a day, with or without food, and is used in combination with other antiretrovirals. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Viread may cause serious liver or kidney problems and lactic acidosis (severely elevated blood lactate level), and may worsen hepatitis B infections.
In January 2012, an NIH study indicated that vitamin D supplements may help prevent hormonal changes and reduce the risk of bone loss in young adults being treated with tenofovir. A 2-year follow-up study is planned.
This drug received FDA approval in July 2003. It is also available in a combination pill, Truvada, which contains tenofovir and emtricitabine. Emtriva should not be used with some other antiretrovirals (e.g., Atripla, Combivir, Epivir, Epzicom). It is available in tablets and an oral solution, and is used to treat children and adults. Side effects include headache, nausea, vomiting, and skin rash. This drug can also cause lactic acidosis and severe liver and kidney problems.
This NRTI was approved in 2004 to treat HIV/AIDS in adults. It is used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs and can be taken with or without food and liquids.
Patients who have experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir should not take Epzicom. This drug may cause lactic acidosis and severe liver and kidney problems.
In August 2011, Complera was approved to treat HIV-1 infection in adults who are just starting antiretroviral therapy. Complera is a fixed-dose-combination mediation that contains emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir DF. The recommended dosage is one tablet, once a day, taken orally with food.
The FDA approved a fixed-dose combination drug that contains elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (Genvoya) in November 2015 to treat HIV-1 infection in adults and children over the age of 12 (weighing at least 77 lbs) who have never been on antiretroviral therapy.
This medication, which can be used in patients with moderate kidney problems but is not recommended for those with severe renal impairment, can reduce viral loads. It was developed to reduce side effects and contains a newer form of tenofovir not previously approved that results in lower levels of the drug in the bloodstream and higher levels in cells where the virus replicates. In clinical studies, Genvoya was associated with less kidney toxicity and decrease in bone density. Patients should be closely monitored for liver problems, lactic acid build-up, kidney damage, and other side effects during treatment.