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resented here, for your enjoyment, is a magical and musical virtual Audio tour of the Happiest Place on Earth, both past and present. From this comprehensive collection of rare Audio recordings, the stay at home listener is granted their very own 'E' Ticket to adventures that recreate the ambiance and simulate the you-are-there sensation of an actual trip to the park. Just close your eyes and let your mind run free. It won't be hard to imagine you are really inside the Magic Kingdom for an exciting day at Disneyland, the place where dreams really do come true...
• FOR A COMPLETE LISTING OF ALL AVAILABLE TRACKS & NEW ADDITIONS: CLICK HERE
• A COMPLETE CHAPTER DIRECTORY IS LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF EACH PAGE •
CH 9 - Rivers of America
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CH 11 - Original Fantasyland
• SCROLL TO BOTTOM OF PAGE TO HEAR TRACKS IN CONTINUAL LONG-PLAY MODE •
1 - Bear Country Promotional Announcement 01:44
In the former home of the Indian Village, at the northwestern corner of the park, construction began on Disneyland's seventh themed land in 1971. One year and eight million dollars later, Bear Country welcomed its first "human" guests. This four acre pinewood village included three attractions, two eating locations and two gift shops.
2 - Bear Country Attraction Preview - Jack Wagner 02:14
Disneyland announcer Jack Wagner welcomes us to Bear Country to meet the comical cast of the Country Bear Jamboree. After the Bears premiered in Walt Disney World, this quiet settlement, snuggled within a shady northern pine forest, would replace the Native American Village in 1972 to become a new second home to the Country Bear Jamboree.
3 - A Day at Disneyland - Bear Country 01:56
In 1980 Walt Disney Home Entertainment released a 30 minute video souvenir of The Happiest Place on Earth. This was sold at retail locations throughout Disneyland and available for home rental at video stores nationwide. It included a look at the forested acreage of Bear Country and an introduction to the cast of Country Bear Jamboree.
4 - Bear Country Entrance - Rufus the Snoring Bear 01:22
Resonating from a cave, high atop the hill at the Bear Country entrance, passing guests heard the sleepy moans, growls and grunts of the perpetually hibernating Rufus the bear. When he was evicted from his lair, as this area transformed into the new home of Splash Mountain, Rufus found a new career as a stage hand at the Country Bear Playhouse.
5 - Bear Country - Area Background Music 24:27
The distinctive area music in Bear Country helped set the proper tone for this rustic little pine village, mixing traditional bluegrass with a contemporary beat. This rockabilly soundtrack provided the musical ambiance for the Wilderness Outpost, Mile Long Bar, Teddi Barra's Swingin' Arcade, and the lobby area inside the Country Bear theater.
6 - Mile Long Bar - Area Background Music 13:33
The Mile Long Bar was so named for its strategic positioning of opposing mirrors on either end of the room. Upon reflection, this created the mind-boggling optical illusion of infinity, making it the longest little bar in the whole frontier. However, it really was less of a bar and more of a snack counter, serving fountain beverages and light refreshments.
7 - Ursus H. Bear's Wilderness Outpost - Wurlitzer Player Piano 04:28
A few years after the Wurlitzer Music Store on Main Street closed, the antique player piano which had once been its predominant point of interest found a new home in Bear Country at Ursus H. Bear's Wilderness Outpost. In a back corner of this souvenir shop it would play the tune, "My Darling Clementine," on repeat for well over a decade.
8 - Teddi Barra's Swingin' Arcade - Hoofin' Henry 01:30
One of the loveliest stars of the Country Bear Jamboree, Swingin' Teddi Barra, was also the proprietress of a small arcade located next door to the Mile Long Bar. Its games were of the pre-video, mechanical variety, and included a miniature tap dancing bear that was set into motion using pulleys and wires operated by pressing buttons on a control panel.
9 - Teddi Barra's Swingin' Arcade - Johnny Rio Shooting Game 01:30
Another memorable game from the Bear Country arcade was added in the 1980's. Johnny Rio was a mechanical gunfighter who challenged those who passed his way to a draw, providing sarcastic insults to anyone unable to match his straight shooting abilities. The score was tabulated by reading a laser beam emitted from a toy pistol.
10 - Teddi Barra's Swingin' Arcade - Mad Dog McCree 07:18
Another late addition to the Teddy Barra arcade was the very first live-action laser-disc video game available in commercial venues. The player assumed the first-person role in a series of scenes revolved around an old west town. The challenge was to shoot at your enemies before they shot at you, while carefully avoiding any innocent bystanders.
11 - Cripple Creek 04:00
A small stream originating from a rocky waterfall flowed throughout Bear Country. Several bridges provided passageway over this trickling waterway, leading guests into the Golden Bear Lodge and Country Bear theater. It was named in honor of the original Cripple Creek in the state of Virginia, the subject of the classic Appalachian folk song
12 - The Golden Bear Lodge - Area Background Music 15:07
A major loss to Frontierland when New Orleans Square was added to the park was the amazing view of The Rivers of America afforded by the waterfront patio at the former Plantation House Restaurant. This was soon amended when Bear Country opened, with the addition of the new Golden Bear Lodge, positioned right along the river's edge.
13 - Hungry Bear Restaurant - Area Background Music 59:42
Originally called Golden Bear Lodge, today this establishment is known as The Hungry Bear Restaurant. Tucked in the northernmost corner of Disneyland, along the banks of the river, this is one of the most tranquil dining spots in the Magic Kingdom. A popular pastime for guests is feeding bread crumbs to the many ducks that congregate here.
- Country Bear Jamboree - The Genesis -
Country Bear Jamboree came about as the result of a never realized project planned for Mineral King valley near central California's Sequoia National Park. As legal battles and environmental concerns placed the plans for this ill-fated ski lodge on indefinite hold, a proposed animatronic show planned for the resort, involving a comical cast of performing bears, would evolve into an opening day attraction at Walt Disney World.
14 - Squaw Valley - 1960 Winter Olympic Games 04:41
15 - The Art of Skiing 07:51
16 - Mineral King Resort and Bear Country 11:27
17 - Mineral King - Preservation Documentary 24:03
18 - Bear Band Serenade - Original Demo Recording 02:55
19 - Cuddlesome Bubblesome Bear 02:08
20 - Project Florida - Country Bear Jamboree 02:24
21 - Country Bear Jamboree Piano Medley 03:22
This ragtime medley includes several of the tunes featured in the original Country Bear Jamboree. With few exceptions, the soundtrack to Country Bear Jamboree consisted of previously written music, including the folk ballads and bluegrass of the Appalachian Mountains and the contemporary country & western sounds direct from Nashville.
22 - Country Bear Jamboree - Pepsi & Frito Lay Sponsorship Intro 00:40
The practice of major corporations sponsoring Disneyland attractions was not new when the Country Bear Jamboree opened in 1972. Originally, Pepsi Cola and Frito Lay held dual sponsorship of the show. A few years later, after Wonder Bread took over the sponsorship position, the intro had to be slightly altered. Here is the original version.
23 - The Country Bear Jamboree 15:36
Master of ceremonies Henry, Teddy Barra, Big Al, Liver Lips McGrowl, Bunny, Bubbles, Beulah, The Five Bear Rugs, Sammy the Raccoon, Max, Buff, Melvin and a cast of many other talented bear-atones tickle your funny bone as they present a foot-stompin', knee-slappin', hand-clappin' hoedown sure to bring a smile to even the most grizzly among us.
24 - Bear Band Serenade - Instrumental 01:47
This introduction to the Five Bear Rugs is one of only two songs written originally for the Country Bear Jamboree. Henry first introduces us to each member of the band, then describes their individual musical prowess and somewhat unconventional instruments. Oscar, the band's unofficial 6th member, ends the number by tooting on his teddy bear.
- Original Artists of the Country Bear Jamboree -
The Country Bear Jamboree soundtrack was chosen from a line up of contemporary country tunes, originally performed by a roster of well-known recording artists of the day, which would have been instantly familiar to any follower of country music back in 1971. Today, a majority likely know these songs strictly from their usage in the Disney show. To provide a little background, here are the original versions of all these songs.
25 - Don Robertson - Pianjo 01:56
26 - Homer & Jethro - Fractured Folk Songs 07:20
27 - Tex Ritter - My Woman Ain't Pretty, But She Don't Swear None 02:35
28 - Wanda Jackson - Tears Will Be the Chaser for Your Wine 02:24
29 - Grandpa Jones - Pretty Little Devilish Mary 02:09
30 - Buck Owens - How Long Will My Baby Be Gone 02:13
31 - The Stonemans - You Take a Left / The Guys that Turn Me On 04:30
32 - Tommy Collins - If You Can't Bite Don't Growl 02:01
33 - Tex Ritter - Blood on the Saddle 03:00
34 - Jean Shepard - Heart, We Did All That We Could 02:37
35 - Johnny Horton - Ole Slew Foot 02:21
36 - The Best of The Stoneman Family 49:18
It is impossible to differentiate the soundtrack of The Country Bear Jamboree from the versatile talents of Donna, Roni, Patti, Jimmy and Van Stoneman. This musical family's unique bluegrass sound, full of old fashioned country twang with just a sprinkling of modern pop influence, became the signature sound of the original animatronic show.
37 - The Best of Homer & Jethro 58:30
Homer and Jethro were the stage names of Henry Haynes and Kenneth Burns, a country singing comedy duo that hit it big in the mid 1960's.Two songs from their hit 1964 album "Fractured Folk Songs" were covered in the Country Bear Jamboree. Henry, the show's master of ceremonies, may have even acquired his name from the aforementioned.
38 - Blood on the Saddle - Full Length Recording 02:48
The only piece of music in the Country Bear Jamboree that was not specifically recorded for the 1971 soundtrack was this 1966 recording of "Blood on the Saddle," by cowboy crooner Tex Ritter, heard here in its entirety. This was in fact the third time Ritter had recorded this song, first performing it on screen in the 1937 western, "Hittin' the Trail."
39 - Come On In / Come Again 01:58
One of only two completely original songs written for the Country Bear Jamboree, this was used as the musical underscore for both entering and exiting the auditorium, thusly giving it two titles, "Come On In," and "Come Again." At the end of each show it was performed by three mounted animal heads on the theater wall, Max, Buff and Melvin.
40 - Country Bear Jamboree Tribute - Disney on Parade 1973 02:18
Disney on Parade was an international traveling arena show inspired by Disneyland's annual holiday time procession, Fantasy on Parade, filled with imaginative costumes, lavish sets and big budget musical numbers. In 1973 a special segment was included featuring the characters from the new theme park attraction, Country Bear Jamboree.
41 - The New Mickey Mouse Club - Country Bears 01:37
Another happy result of the Country Bear Jamboree were its many lovable walk-around characters, based on the show's cast of bears, that began making frequent appearances in the Disney parks. The New Mickey Mouse Club, formed in 1977, performed a special musical number with these friendly, furry friends for their syndicated television series.
42 - Bear Country Tribute - Disneyland's 25th Anniversary 03:05
In 1980, Disneyland celebrated its 25th birthday with a special Family Reunion Parade. The parade was divided into seven sections, representing each of the park's seven themed lands. This naturally included the newest land, Bear Country. Several of the bears from the Country Bear Jamboree rode down Main Street USA in a horse-drawn hay wagon.
43 - Fantasy Follies - The Country Bears 04:27
Gosh, those bears sure were popular with Disneyland guests back in the day. In fact, they even guest starred in the long running Plaza Gardens daytime musical revue, Fantasy Follies. Near the midpoint of the show, several of the bears came out to perform a medley of country songs rounded off by the popular Disney tune, "The Bare Necessities."
44 - Country Bear Jamboree - Tokyo Disneyland 04:57
The Oriental Land Company, Japanese investors in Tokyo Disneyland, insisted that their Disneyland be an American Disneyland. Therefore, the majority of the park's opening day offerings were based on attractions that originated in the U.S. parks. This included The Country Bear Jamboree, a near clone of the original, but performed in Japanese.
45 - Country Bear Theater Medley 02:30
This upbeat medley includes several favorite tunes from The Country Bear Jamboree. The popularity of the original attraction in Florida necessitated that the follow up for Disneyland be constructed with two identical theaters in order to double the hourly capacity. It was presented in a rustic underground theater known as Grizzly Lodge.
- Bear Country Hoedown -
Bear Country once had a large open area in the center of the village that was the perfect setting for an old fashioned hoedown. In fact, this became a frequent occurrence during the park's peak seasons. Dances were held near a temporary stage, decked out in bails of hay, cornstalks and wagon wheels, and featured the finest in country entertainment. The Kids of the Kingdom often opened the show with a down home musical number.
46 - Bear Country Hoedown 04:15
47 - The Country Ramblers 18:30
48 - The Bluegrass Boys 32:57
49 - Danny Davis & The Nashville Brass 34:20
50 - Sonny Osborne & His Sunny Mountain Boys 19:22
51 - Earl Scruggs 23:40
52 - Roy Clark & Buck Trent 20:22
53 - Country Bear Vacation Hoedown - Press Kit Promotion 01:14
In the mid 1980's, Imagineers developed a new computer based system that allowed for the reprogramming and recording of multiple variations of an existing animatronic attraction. The first implementation of this new technology was 1984's Country Bear Christmas Special, followed in 1986 by the new Country Bear Vacation Hoedown.
54 - Country Bear Vacation Hoedown 16:49
In 1986, the original Country Bear show was replaced with a brand-new musical revue celebrating the great outdoors. Highlights included Liver Lips doing an Elvis Presley impersonation, Wendell's vacation photo slide-show, Teddy Barra caught in a summer rainstorm, Big Al lost in a coal mine and a surfside Sun Bonnet Trio in polka-dot bikinis.
55 - Country Bear Vacation Hoedown - Demo Recordings 05:38
Country Bear Vacation Hoedown celebrated the joys of summer and the great outdoors, blending original songs with popular country hits and golden oldies. The soundtrack was composed by George Wilkins, a one time protégé to legendary Disney composer Buddy Baker who later became the Director of Music for Walt Disney Imagineering.
56 - Country Bear Vacation Hoedown - Instrumental Score 07:25
The musical lineup of the Country Bear Vacation Hoedown included many recognizable pop tunes from a span of musical genres ranging from country, to easy listening and rock n' roll. Here are the original recordings of the songs featured in the show, as performed by Willie Nelson, The Beach Boys, John Denver, Vaughn Monroe, Cliff Edwards and more.
57 - Country Bear Vacation Jamboree - Tokyo Disneyland 10:45
The Tokyo Disneyland version of the Country Bear Vacation Hoedown is known as the Country Bear Vacation Jamboree, which premiered in 1994. Unlike the U.S. parks, it is still presented seasonally in Japan during the summer months. The musical program includes songs from the original and additional songs exclusive to the Japanese version.
58 - The Great Outdoors - Disney Sing-Along Songs 02:07
The catchy tune, that was once the theme song for the Country Bear Vacation Hoedown, was featured in a 1990 Disney home video release from the popular Sing-Along Songs series entitled "Disneyland Fun." As stated in the song, the video featured the great outdoors as the Country Bear cast and a gaggle of kids explored Tom Sawyer Island.
59 - The Great Outdoors - You'll Find Me on Main Street 02:54
The popularity of the Vacation Hoedown theme song, "The Great Outdoors," has far outlived its time in Disneyland, and with its inclusion in multiple Disney theme park compilation albums, it has achieved somewhat of a cult following. It should come as no surprise then that it was recently covered by Tammy Tuckey for her 2018 Disney album.
60 - The Critter Country 500 03:25
Before it was decided to replace the Country Bear Playhouse with a Winnie the Pooh dark ride, there was an earlier concept that would have repurposed the animatronic cast from the original attraction. Guests would have participated in an Indy 500 style road race featuring wacky cars driven by the famous bears, and Henry serving as announcer.
61 - The Country Bears - Motion Picture Musical Highlights 29:20
In 2002, Walt Disney Pictures released a musical fantasy-adventure based on the Disney theme park attraction The Country Bear Jamboree.The original score was written by film and television composer Christopher Young, and contained songs written by Brian Setzer, John Hiatt, Jimmy Tittle, Krystal Harris, Bela Fleck and Sir Elton John.
62 - A Tribute to Disney Bears 26:35
The Walt Disney Company has had a long fascination with bears, dating as far back as its earliest silent shorts produced in the 1920's. The roster of animated and live-action bears in the Disney canon is vast. Over the decades, many songs have been written about said Disney bears. Here is a collection of several tunes celebrating these cuddly friends.
- Walt Disney's Song of the South -
Disneyland's log flume adventure, Splash Mountain,was inspired by the Academy Award winning 1946 Walt Disney motion picture, "Song of the South." Based on a series of books by author Joel Chandler Harris, the picture is set during the reconstructionist period in the old south. It stars James Baskett as the kindly Uncle Remus, who shares his whimsical tales of Brer Fox, Brer Bear and Brer Rabbit to teach valuable life lessons.
63 - Song of the South - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 32:23
NEW 64 - Disneyland - A Tribute to Joel Chandler Harris 33:35
NEW 65 - Song of the South - Radio Promotions 22:43
66 - Song of the South - Theatrical Trailers 03:34
NEW 67 - Song of the South - Earning a Dollar a Minute 09:26
NEW 68 - Song of the South - The Tar Baby 13:47
NEW 69 - Song of the South - The Laughing Place 05:26
- Song of the South on Records -
The stories of Uncle Remus, as featured in Walt Disney's 1946 motion picture, "Song of the South," were a popular subject for many records produced from the 1940's through the 1970's. A 1947 album produced by Capital Records featured popular singer Johnny Mercer and the Pied Pipers who struck gold with their hit parade version of Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah. Over the years, Disneyland Records also released several story time albums.
NEW 70 - Capitol Records - Tales of Uncle Remus 18:52
71 - Song of the South - Performed by Legends of the Big Band Era 16:55
72 - Walt Disney Song Parade - Disneyland Critters 06:18
NEW 73 - Disneyland Records - Stories of Uncle Remus 25:49
NEW 74 - Disneyland Records - Brer Rabbit and the Tar Baby 09:23
75 - The Mickey Mouse Revue - Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox and Brer Bear 01:00
In the Walt Disney World opening day attraction, "The Mickey Mouse Revue," there was a brief appearance by Brer Fox, Brer Bear and Brer Rabbit singing, "Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah." These were in fact the very first animatronic representations of these characters, predating the animatronic figures created for Splash Mountain by eighteen years.
76 - America Sings - The Old South 03:11
All of the supporting players inside Splash Mountain originated from Tomorrowland's former animatronic carousel show, "America Sings." When the show closed in 1988, a good 90% of the figures were moved to Critter Country. Imagineer Tony Baxter came up with the Splash Mountain concept as a way to preserve these Marc Davis creations.
77 - America Sings - The Barbershop Geese 02:48
A recurring element of the former America Sings attraction were a barbershop quartet of musical geese which opened each act with a medley of recognizable tunes for each era of the carousel show. These geese are still present in Disneyland today. Many are found among the cast of Splash Mountain during the opening "How Do You Do" scene.
78 - Character Training - Brer Fox and Brer Bear 06:25
Those lovable rascals, Brer Fox and Brer Bear, were first introduced to Disneyland as walk-around characters in the late 1960's, and have been a park staple ever since. They made their early appearances in New Orleans Square as a tie in to its old southern theme, but stuck around long enough to find a long-lasting home in nearby Critter Country.
79 - Splash Mountain Imagineering 01:38
Hailed as what would be thee steepest, thee fastest and thee wettest log flume ride of all time, construction on Disneyland's Splash Mountain began in April of 1987. By then, the project budget had risen to well over $75 million, becoming the most expensive single theme park attraction ever produced by the designers at Walt Disney Imagineering.
80 - Splash Mountain Promotional TV Spots 03:32
Splash Mountain was the brain child of legendary Imagineers Tony Baxter and Bruce Gordon. A key role was also played by Dave Feiten, who had developed the animatronic reprogramming technology used for the Country Bears. These and other attraction developers made the usual rounds to promote the new attraction upon its premiere.
81 - Splash Mountain Grand Opening 04:56
With much fanfare, Splash Mountain celebrated its grand opening on July 17th 1989. The press event included speeches by Michael Eisner and other creatives involved in the project, a choreographed musical number, the release of thousands of balloons and daytime fireworks. The new 'E' ticket became an immediate hit with park guests.
82 - Ernest Goes to Splash Mountain 21:38
To promote the grand opening of Disneyland's latest 'E' Ticket attraction, this half hour 1989 television special featured popular comedian Jim Varney in his signature role as Ernest P. Worrell, who was selected to be the very first person to ride Splash Mountain. The program was presented as a live news event, with comical on the spot reporters.
83 - Splash Mountain Commercial 00:33
When Splash Mountain debuted in 1989, the Walt Disney Company launched a massive marketing campaign to excite the public about their new $75 million attraction. There were Splash Mountain themed McDonald's Happy Meals, AAA discount tie-ins, flashy magazine spreads, full page newspaper ads and national television commercials.
84 - Welcome to Critter Country - Critter Chorus 01:40
When Splash Mountain added a new peak to Disneyland's ever-growing mountain range of thrill rides, sleepy old Bear Country was transformed into Critter Country, an all new land suitable for all critters to call home. As you wander through this gentle woodland today, you may hear some of these friendly, furry critters as they hum a happy tune.
85 - Critter Country - Ambient Sounds and Background Music 12:14
The background music heard out and about Critter Country is adapted from the Academy Award winning musical score from the 1946 Walt Disney motion picture, "Song of the South." Throughout this vicinity, one finds tucked away under the shady foliage, the tiny dwellings of many woodland residents who have settled into this pinewood paradise.
86 - Splash Mountain - Queue Area Background Music 27:22
Like most of Disneyland's ride-through experiences, the music of Splash Mountain can be heard throughout the entire attraction, including what has become to be known as its rather lengthy queue. These pleasant easy listening instrumentals all come from Walt Disney's, "Song of the South." Some songs are very recognizable, others more obscure.
87 - Splash Mountain 23:56
Based on the tales of Uncle Remus and Walt Disney's 1946 motion picture, "Song of the South," this colorful, whimsical, magical and melodious journey through Brer Rabbit's Laughing Place, with a cast of dozens of animal friends, culminates with a hare-raising splash down Chick-a-pin Hill into a mighty satisfactual Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah finale.
88 - Splash Mountain Sing-Along 05:06
Water splashing, birds singing, critters laughing, bees buzzing, thunder clapping, these and other unusual tonalities make up the distinctive soundscape for the magical world of Splash Mountain. Many of these specialized effects were borrowed from a vast library of sounds first developed by legendary Disney sound effects wizard Jimmy MacDonald.
89 - Splash Mountain - Musical Score 16:27
Many fans of Disney theme park music would rate the soundtrack to Splash Mountain as their top favorite. Heard here are the studio released recordings of three songs from this much beloved musical score. These versions, which vary slightly from those in the actual attraction, were released on Walt Disney Records soon after the attraction premiered.
90 - Splash Mountain Breakdown Spiel 01:29
At Disneyland, the number one rule is safety first, but to keep the theme going, on those rare occasion when a ride has an operational glitch the recorded safety instructions will often weave in character voices and scenarios that fit the context of the attraction's story, such as these well-themed safety announcements delivered by one Brer Frog.
91 - Splash Mountain - Sooner or Later 02:30
In the pivotal scene just before the big climb to the climactic splash down, the matriarchs of both a rabbit family and a possum family appear, singing to their children a warning of the dangers to be found in the laughing place. The original music that was intended for this scene was the song, "Sooner or Later," from Song of the South, but was never used.
92 - Splash Mountain Suite 06:19
As guests race down Chick-a-pin hill, if they are not seeing their life flash before their eyes, they may notice a camera flash, as a hidden camera takes their picture. Near the end of the ride, a friendly animatronic owl invites everyone to visit his photography studio, located near the exit, to purchase a souvenir copy of their splashtacular photo.
NEW 93 - Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah - A Musical Celebration 2:59:26
Three songs that originated from Walt Disney's 1946 motion-picture "Song of the South" make up the musical soundtrack to Splash Mountain. The first act is accompanied by the sing-songy tune "How Do You Do." For act two the song is "Everybody Has a Laughing Place." For the grand finale we hear the beloved Disney anthem "Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah."
NEW 94 - Splash Mountain Area Music - Walt Disney World 1:53:55
Splash Mountain's enormity of success made it an inevitable addition to Walt Disney World, and the Florida sequel premiered in October of 1992. Unlike its California cousin, this version was located in the center of Frontierland. Therefore, the music around and about the Splash Mountain area was less Dixie and more American West.
95 - Splash Mountain - Walt Disney World 09:27
The Florida version of Splash Mountain differs from the Disneyland original in several ways. The most notable change was the soundtrack. Because this variation is now set in Frontierland, rather than on the outskirts of New Orleans Square, the style of music was adapted to fit the surrounding area, influenced by bluegrass twang and country rhythm.
96 - Splash Mountain - Tokyo Disneyland 10:33
Splash Mountain in Tokyo opened in October 1992, just one day before its premiere in Walt Disney World. Tokyo's Splash is a nearly identical, mirror image of the Florida version. The soundtrack is also very similar to Florida, but is performed in Japanese. Like Disneyland, Tokyo located the attraction in a new land called Critter Country.
97 - The Many Songs of Winnie the Pooh 16:41
The wealth of songs first penned by legendary Disney songwriters Richard and Robert Sherman, for Winnie the Pooh's many animated adventures are not just Disney classics, but they have become an integral part of every childhood. Here is a collection of the beloved little ear worms as they were first heard in their original theatrical releases.
98 - Fantasy on Parade - Winnie the Pooh 01:01
The first in park appearances by Winnie the Pooh, Owl, Eeyore, Rabbit, Piglet, Kanga and Roo was in the 1965 premiere edition of Disneyland's holiday festival, Fantasy on Parade. This was likely the public's first introduction to these characters as well. The first Winnie the Pooh cartoon short would not hit theaters until the following February.
99 - The Disneyland Band - Winnie the Pooh Medley 02:54
The undeniable catchiness of the many memorable songs from Winnie the Pooh made them an immediate addition to the regular repertoire of the world famous Disneyland Band, and this talented troupe of marching musical maestros has been performing these veritable ear worms all over the park nearly every day since as far back as the 1960's.
100 - Character Training - Winnie the Pooh and Friends 06:46
Those huggable friends from the Hundred-Acre Wood first arrived as Disneyland walk-around characters during the 1965 Christmas season, and were featured in the holiday spectacle Fantasy on Parade, predating the first Winnie the Pooh theatrical release by several months. They have since become park regulars beloved by children of all ages.
101 - Pooh for President 03:01
Disneyland celebrated the Pooh for President campaign in the election years of 1972 and 1976, running under the slogans, "Pooh in '72," and "A Honey of a Candidate." Mr. W.T. Pooh was treated to a ticker-tape parade down Main Street, and appeared in a special stage show where he promised honey in every pot and a smile on every face.
102 - Flights of Fantasy Parade - Winnie the Pooh 01:15
When the new Fantasyland opened in Disneyland back in 1983, a special parade was a big part of the fun. Flights of Fantasy included scenes and characters from Walt Disney's beloved animated classics. Winnie the Pooh and his Hundred-Acre friends had a big presence in this parade, as well as a wacky gang of inflatable Heffalumps and Woozles.
103 - Pooh's Thoughtful Spot - Rumbly In My Tumbly 01:33
Winnie the Pooh has become one of Disney's most popular characters of all time, so out of bear necessity, a designated meet and greet area opened in Critter Country, providing guests with a place they can always expect to find him and his friends from the Hundred Acre Wood at any time of the day, that is of course between Pooh's many honey breaks.
104 - The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - TV Ad 00:33
Winnie the Pooh has been a part of Disneyland since the 1960's, so his existence in the park is not anything new, but to spread the good news about Disneyland's all-new dark ride adventure featuring Winnie the Pooh and his friends, Disney launched a major advertising campaign in 2003, aimed at western U.S. media outlets and TV stations.
105 - Pooh Corner - Area Background Music 21:05
The Country Bears performed their final jamboree in 2001, and two years later a new attraction based on Winnie the Pooh and friends became its permanent replacement. The music now heard in the area surrounding this attraction is based on the orchestrations composed by Buddy Baker for the original Winnie the Pooh series of theatrical shorts.
106 - The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - Safety Spiel 01:05
After guests board beehive shaped vehicles, just before their adventure though the Hundred Acre Wood begins, the voice of Tigger, provided by original vocal performer Paul Winchell, gives out safety instructions in a manner that Tigger's do best. Winchell was a legendary ventriloquist and children's TV host throughout the 50's-60's.
107 - The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh 05:47
Winnie the Pooh's many adventures are brought to life in this beloved Critter Country dark ride. After breezing through a blustery day, and bouncing along with Tigger, guests encounter those frightfully bothersome Heffalumps and Woozles. The adventure ends happily with a Hip-Hip-Pooh-Ray celebration, reuniting Pooh with all his friends.
- Winnie the Pooh and Friends Around the World -
Every Disney resort around the globe has been touched by Winnie the Pooh and his friends. Dark rides similar to "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" in Disneyland can be found in every Magic Kingdom style park throughout Asia. Shanghai's honey pot variation of the teacup ride is also inspired by the Pooh franchise, and Disneyland Paris has had an enormously popular live stage show featuring the Pooh characters.
NEW 108 - Hundred Acre Wood: Tokyo Disneyland - Area Music 10:14
109 - Pooh's Hunny Hunt: Bee Chorus - Tokyo Disneyland 02:52
NEW 110 - Pooh's Hunny Hunt - Tokyo Disneyland 10:02
NEW 111 - Winnie the Pooh and His Friends Too - Disneyland Paris 27:21
112 - Winnie the Pooh Hunny Pot Spin - Shanghai Disneyland 01:38
CHAPTER TEN CONTINUAL PLAY
The Disneyland Main Gate • Town Square • Main Street USA • Central Plaza
Disneyland On Parade • Adventureland • New Orleans Square • Frontierland
Rivers of America • Bear & Critter Country • Original Fantasyland • New Fantasyland
Mickey's Toontown • Live Shows & Special Events • Original Tomorrowland: 1950's
New Tomorrowland: 1960's • Tomorrowland: 1970's & 1980's
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Q: How do I dynamically create an  in JavaScript that contains an HTML entity (— ... «)? I'd like to add an <option> element to a <select> element where the <option> element's text contains an HTML entity: —
In HTML, the code would look like this:
<select name="test" id="test">
    <option value="">— Select One —</option>
</select>

My JavaScript code looks like this:
function selectOne() {
  var e = document.getElementById('test');
  e.options[0] = new Option('— Select One —', '');
}

However, as you will see if you test this, the — becomes escaped. I had the same outcome when I tried:
e.options[o].text = '— Select One —';

(Observed behavior was in Internet Explorer 7 ... did not test with Firefox, Safari, etc. -- Internet Explorer 7 is the only browser I need at the moment.)

A: You don't need to escape the entity - it works like this:
function selectOne() {
      var e = document.getElementById('test');
      e.options[0] = new Option('— Select One —', '');
}

A: text property doesn't get unescaped, as it is meant to be taken literally. If you use innerHTML, the entities get converted to corresponding characters.
e.options[o].innerHTML = '— Select One —';

A: I just realized I could use a Unicode JavaScript escape:
e.options[0] = new Option('\u2014 Select One \u2014', '');

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text:
Updated 18 February, 2021 - 13:53 Caleb Strom
Junapani Stone Circles: India's Astronomical Megalithic Tombs
India has a rich historical and archaeological record. Something that may be less known about the Indian subcontinent is its many megalithic sites. Many of these sites are found across India. The megalithic monuments in that region are believed to have been constructed during the Iron Age (1500 BC-200 AD). The Junapani stone circles of Maharashtra are a particularly important network of megalithic structures. Moreover, the Junapani stone circles offer interesting insights as they may have astronomical significance, reflecting the earliest astronomical knowledge of ancient India.
Junapani stones at the Napo megalithic site in Jharkhand, eastern India, which have been marked with cup marks or cupules. (Subhashis Das / Research Gate )
What We Know About The Junapani Stone Circles
The Junapani stone circles are located about 10 kilometres northwest of the city of Nagpur in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The stone circles consist of boulders. Most are true circles, but some are more oblong. The boulders are basalt and appear to have been transported from a considerable distance.
The stone circles are sepulchral, meaning that they mark burial places. The deceased were probably buried within the stone circles and covered with stony material. There are some circles that were not covered with material and appear to be circles that were constructed for a clan or family burial, which were ultimately left unused. There are over 150 stone circles in India, which were probably constructed between 1000 BC and about 300 AD.
What is notable about the megalithic Junapani stone circles are cup marks, or cupules, that are cut into some of the stones making up the circles. The stones that have the cupules are positioned around the circles in a way that suggests that they mark specific directions, such as the direction of the winter solstice sunrise. This has led archaeologists to suggest that the site has astronomical significance. However, researchers also admit that these could be chance alignments.
Iron tools like this axe head made it easier to work the huge stones used in megalithic structures. The Junapani cup marks were likely made with iron tools. (The Walters Art Museum / CC0)
The Historical Context Of The Junapani Stone Circles
The reason that people in the Maharashtra region started building these megalithic monuments remains enigmatic. One reason could be technological advances. By 1000 BC, stone and copper tools had been replaced by iron tools . Iron is stronger than stone or copper and would have made it easier to cut into stone. With the appearance of iron tools, the quantity of artifacts and features related to iron increase dramatically in the archaeological record. Although megalithic structures can be constructed without iron implements the development of iron tools would have made the process easier.
There appears to be a precedent in India for constructing megalithic monuments and not just in Maharashtra. Examples of megalithic structures include menhirs, rock-cut chambers, stone circles, dolmens, and cairns. The construction of the earliest stone monuments in India dates to around 3000 BC in the Indus Valley. This practice may have spread from northern India to the south or independent traditions may have developed in different parts of the subcontinent. Either way, what stands out about the megalithic Junapani stone circles is the potential role of astronomy in their construction.
Summer solstice sunrise over Stonehenge. Many megalithic monuments including those in India are astronomically aligned. (Andrew Dunn / CC BY-SA 2.0 )
Megalithic Structures And Indian Astronomy
The Junapani stone circles may reflect an astronomical tradition in India that dates to before 1000 BC. The earliest Indian astronomical text is the Vedanga Jyotisha , said to have been written by an astronomer by the name of Lagadha. The text was written around 1350 BC, a date based on internal information about the recorded celestial positions of the winter solstice and the summer solstice at the time, several centuries before the first stone circles in Junapani were probably built.
In the Vedanga Jyotisha , the author defines a yuga as consisting of five years, 1,830 days, 1,835 sidereal days, 67 lunar sidereal cycles, and 62 synodic lunar months. The author also describes a lunisolar calendrical system in which intercalary months are added to keep the calendar from falling out of sync with the motion of the sun.
Incredible Megaliths of India: Menhirs, Temples and Sky Religion – Part II
Ancient Astronomical Alignments: Reading and Mapping the Stars at Early Advanced Civilization Sites
European Standing Stones: The Mute Witnesses of Forgotten Times
The Vedanga Jyotisha arguably laid down the foundations of ancient Indian astronomy, which reached its zenith with the remarkable astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata.
Aryabhata the famous Indian astronomer who used the ideas of India's earliest astronomical theories to build his more comprehensive view of astronomy. (See page for author / Public domain )
The Link Between Aryabhata And The Junapani Stone Circles
Aryabhata was born around 476 AD and probably lived in the vicinity of the city of Pataliputra near modern-day Patna. He lived during the Gupta dynasty . The Gupta dynasty of northern India began in the early 4th century AD and lasted until the late 6th century AD.
Although now disputed, the Gupta dynasty has been considered by some historians to have ushered in a golden age of intellectual learning, including astronomy. In the centuries after the invasion by Alexander the Great, Greek and Babylonian astronomy came to the Indian subcontinent and Indian astronomers and mathematicians incorporated aspects of Babylonian and Hellenistic astronomy into their native astronomical traditions.
In traditional Hindu cosmology, the likely cosmological beliefs of the Iron Age inhabitants of Maharashtra who built the Junapani stone circles, the universe had three levels, the netherworld, the earth where humans lived, and the heavens. Each level consisted of seven sublevels. The netherworld had seven levels inhabited by demons and serpents. The heavens had seven levels, the highest of which was the realm of Brahman. The earth had seven continents. The middle continent was the one on which humans lived which was surrounded by water. At the centre of this continent was the world mountain and at the southernmost part of this continent was India.
After the conquests of Alexander the Great , a dialogue between Indian and Mediterranean intellectuals began in earnest. This inspired developments in both Mediterranean astronomy and Indian astronomy. It also probably helped to make Greek cosmological ideas about the shape of the earth and the universe more common, although there may also have been native Indian astronomical traditions that already believed in a spherical earth as well. Many Indian rulers, including the Gupta rulers, were patrons of astronomy and other natural sciences. Aryabhata was no doubt one of their beneficiaries. Aryabhata also may have been a professor at the University of Nalanda and may have directed the observatory there.
In his writings, which became seminal works for later Indian and Islamic astronomers, Aryabhata described the motion of the planets and modified the yuga system, among other accomplishments. Aryabhata believed that the universe was geocentric with Earth at the centre. He also used epicycles to explain the motion of the planets as they orbited the centre of the universe.
For Aryabhata, the position of the celestial bodies in order of decreasing distance from Earth was the celestial sphere, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the moon. Despite his geocentric views, he appears to have believed that Earth was rotating on its axis. This is also a view that can be found in ancient Chinese astronomical texts.
a Junapani stone circle in Maharashtra, India, which are now increasingly viewed as astronomically aligned burial sites. (Ganesh Dhamodkar / CC BY-SA 3.0 )
In addition to astronomy and cosmology, Aryabhata also contributed to timekeeping. In ancient India, the current age of the world was called the Kaliyuga. Aryabhata argued that the Kaliyuga and the other yugas in the Indian yuga system should be based on the motion of the planets and other celestial bodies, which could be modelled mathematically. He also divided the yugas into equal lengths of time. Furthermore, he calculated that the current age of the world began in 3102 BC on February 17th or 18th. It is not clear, however, how he determined this date.
Aryabhata lived thousands of years after the Junapani stone circles were made. Nonetheless, he worked with an astronomical tradition that probably had some continuity with the builders of the stone circles. The astronomical knowledge that the builders of the stone circles used to give the graves of their dead cosmic significance may have eventually been incorporated into a way to scientifically understand the cosmos.
The Junapani stone circles, if they contain astronomical alignments , reveal the depths of the roots of astronomical inquiry in India which continues today as modern India is becoming a leader in space exploration through the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
The Chirakkal taluk megalithic burial tomb of Kuttikunnu, Kerala, India. (Narayananknarayanan / CC BY-SA 3.0 )
The Junapani Circles Are Likely Megalithic Burial Structures
Megalithic structures are found across the globe including western Europe, the Americas, and Africa. It is possible that some of these megalithic sites have important astronomical alignments. One of the main purposes in the ancient world for astronomy was probably for telling time and also for the purposes of astrology. The position of the sun, the moon, and certain stars were important for determining the seasons. This was increasingly important in agricultural societies which relied on timekeeping to know when to plant and when to harvest crops. This may be one of the purposes of Stonehenge. Many of the megalithic structures are also associated with burial of the dead.
The Junapani stone circles are probably sepulchral megalithic structures, meaning that they were intended to be tombs. Sepulchral megalithic structures in the area include stone markers to indicate where the dead are interred, such as cairns or stone circles. They also tend to be of human dimensions and often an abstract imitation of some sort of domicile built for the living. The bodies interred may have also been placed in a sarcophagus.
The stone circles appear to have had a dual use as tombs and observatories. India is not the only part of the world where megalithic tombs are thought to have doubled as astronomical observatories. The passage tombs in Ireland are believed to have astronomical alignments marking the position of the sun at the winter solstice. In addition to alignments with celestial bodies, builders of the stone circles also aligned the bodies of the interred to be oriented north-south or east-west. This alignment with the cardinal directions as well as with the celestial bodies suggests a desire to connect deceased relatives or ancestors with the cosmos.
One reason for this connection between the dead and astronomy could simply be that megalithic structures tend to be sturdy and durable, so they are ideal for timekeeping and for monumental tombs. It is possible, however, that there is another less practical connection. It is possible that the tombs were given astronomical alignments to give the lives of the people interred in the tombs a cosmic significance.
Most human individuals are forgotten in a few generations. One way to preserve their memory is through making a significant change to the landscape where they are buried. The Egyptian workers who built the pyramids have long since been forgotten. The pharaohs for whom the pyramids were built continue to be remembered even after thousands of years. Also, even if their names are forgotten, their legacy will continue until the pyramids are finally destroyed either by natural processes or by human actions, such as war.
The people who built these megalithic tombs did not leave any written records and the names of those interred in these sepulchral megalithic tombs have been forgotten. Their legacy, however, has lived on for thousands of years as people continue to notice the mark that they left on the landscape. Astronomical alignments of these tombs also might have functioned to mark the time that they passed away, or at least the time of year. This way, something about the person, or the people, buried there could be remembered by the community.
Additionally, connecting the resting place of the dead to the celestial bodies may have simply added a cosmic significance to their lives. Humans have a deep longing to feel connected to the cosmos. The structure of a person's tomb aligned with the motion of the celestial bodies would be one way to accomplish that.
India has a long history of astronomical observation and the Junapani stone circles are clearly part of this tradition. (Aishwarya.kotam / CC BY-SA 4.0 )
The Junapani stone circles are part of a megalithic tradition in India which began around 3000 BC with the Indus River Valley civilization and continued until around 900 AD. The stone circles themselves were all constructed between 1000 BC and 300 AD. They were most likely sepulchral megalithic structures that were constructed to bury the dead. They also appear to have astronomical alignments which make them significant for the history of cultural astronomy in India.
The Junapani stone circles represent an early manifestation of Indian astronomy, a tradition of astronomy that has continuity today in modern India. The true meaning of the stone circles and their hypothetical celestial alignments will probably never be known, but the circles do seem to evoke themes that include immortality and being part of the cosmos.
Megalithic burial structures tend to last for millennia, granting a sort of immortality through a lasting, if enigmatic, legacy. Alignment of stone markings with the motion of the celestial bodies creates a connection with the cosmos.
As such megalithic stone circles may represent the yearnings of humans across all times and cultures for surviving death and being connected to the universe.
Top image: One of the Junapani stone circles in Maharashtra, India, which are now increasingly viewed as astronomically aligned burial sites. Source: Ganesh Dhamodkar, CC BY-SA 3.0
By Caleb Strom
Abbas, R. 2014. Cup Marks: Rock Art of Megalithic Junapani stone circles. Open Access Library Journal.
Ansari, S. M. R. 1977. Aryabhata I. His Life and his Contributions . Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. Available at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1977BASI....5...10A
"ARCHAEO ASTRONOMY IN INDIAN CONTEXT." N.D. Available at: https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/ReviewCommitteeFiles/Report%20for%20review%202010.pdf
Friedlander, M. Wulf and James Evans et al . 2019. Astronomy. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/astronomy
Gold, A. G., and Wendy Doniger e t al . 2020. Hinduism. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism
Hayashi, T. 2021. Aryabhata. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aryabhata-I
Hill, Bryan. 2015. Adam's Calendar: Oldest Megalithic Site in the World? Ancient Origins. Available at: https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa/adam-s-calendar-oldest-megalithic-site-world-003160
"Indian Space Research Organization." Available at: https://www.isro.gov.in/
Kak, S., 2003. Greek and Indian cosmology: review of early history . Available at: https://cds.cern.ch/record/607500/files/0303001.pdf
Misra, V.N., 2001. Prehistoric human colonization of India. Journal of Biosciences. Available at: https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531
Mookerjee, Sitanshu and Wanmali, Sudhir Vyankatesh. 2020. Maharashtra. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Maharashtra.
"Newgrange." N.D. World Heritage Ireland. Available at: https://www.worldheritageireland.ie/bru-na-boinne/built-heritage/newgrange/
Pearson, M. Parker. 2020. Stonehenge. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stonehenge
"Prehistoric Calendar Revealed at Stonehenge." 2016. Ancient Origins, Available at: https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/prehistoric-calendar-revealed-stonehenge-006119
Sankalia, H.D., 1985. Studies in Indian Archaeology: Professor HD Sankalia Felicitation Volume . Popular Prakashan.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2019. Gupta dynasty . Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gupta-dynasty
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2019. Adena culture . Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adena-culture
Vahia, M.N. and Yadav, N. N.D. Origin and growth of Astronomy in Indian context . Available at: https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/General/Origin%20and%20growth%20of%20Astronomy%20in%20India.pdf
Vahia, M.N., Menon, S.M., Abbas, R. and Yadav, N., 2011. Megaliths in ancient India and their possible association with astronomy. Proceedings of ICOA-7 (eds Orchiston, W. et al.), National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo. Available at: https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Megaliths%20in%20Ancient%20India.pdf
"Vedanga Jyotisha." N.D. Encyclopedia of India. Available at: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vedanga-jyotisha
Junapani stone circles
cup marks
cupules
Megalithic
Indus Valley
Vedanga Jyotisha
Aryabhata
sepulchral
Caleb Strom has a bachelor's degree in earth science and a minor in anthropological archaeology. He has participated in an archaeological field school and archaeological excavations in Greece and San Diego. He is especially interested in classical Greek history and... Read More
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Bruce Nowakowski wrote on 19 February, 2021 - 11:03
Stone circles seem to be everywhere the Indo-European culture has put down roots. Wonder if this is a coincidence or not.

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Another 1.0 release! except for MegaStar games, all others are dumped or are awaiting tape conversion.
If you do have any more MTX images, especially the MegaStar games.. PLEASE get in touch. Get this at the Good Utilities page.


text:
apology • Gleaves Whitney • Plato • Socrates • Stephen Tonsor series
Socrates and Free Government ~ The Imaginative Conservative
A free government is simply sustainable if residents can govern themselves. Socrates patiently revealed, by means of conversations that held a mirror up to fellow citizens, that they did not sufficiently understand such primary ideas as justice, piety, virtue, fact, and goodness when applied to themselves. Yet they presumed to control others?
At present's offering in our Timeless Essay collection affords our readers the chance to hitch Gleaves Whitney, as he considers the position of Socrates and the pursuit of advantage and knowledge in our trendy polis. —W. Winston Elliott, Writer
Writer's Observe: Following is my revised lecture on Socrates. It was initially composed once I was a graduate scholar underneath the tutelage of Stephen Tonsor on the University of Michigan.
The core concept: Socrates gives a compelling reply to the question of the right way to be completely satisfied and reside a superb life.
I. Introduction to Socrates
There was an historic Athenian who lived 2,400 years ago, but he stays a positive guide for the perplexed to today. His identify was Socrates and he took up the question many individuals within the historic world requested: How can I be comfortable and reside a superb life?
The answer Socrates provided may shock many people as we speak because it has nothing to do with having a fantastic career, accumulating awards, or proudly owning issues. For Socrates, the important thing to being pleased and to dwelling a superb life was to love wisdom above all else. Loving knowledge leads us to act with relentless advantage and to seek the unvarnished fact.
We know, for example, that we can't be pleased if we act badly and are stricken by a responsible conscience. Instinctively we sense a connection between virtue and happiness.
Socrates additionally knew that there have been social penalties to the search for knowledge. Because moral and intellectual discipline is so onerous, as a result of the "long, arduous apprenticeship of self-mastery" never ends,[1] citizens may start to query their religion in democracy, for residents must study to control themselves before they will presume to control others.
II. A Big of the Earth
In a current Time journal survey of probably the most consequential human beings who've ever lived, Socrates ranks sixty-eighth. That will not sound spectacularly excessive until you understand that he is 68th out of 107 billion people who have ever lived.[2] When expressed mathematically—68/107,000,000,000—Socrates peers down on us like an enormous of the earth (due to course he is).
It's perhaps shocking that he ranks so high. In the first place, Socrates didn't depart behind any of his personal writings. We only know this enigmatic man by way of the observations of others—Plato, Xenophon, Aristophanes, Aristotle—and these sources are hardly in settlement concerning the man.
Moreover, Socrates didn't do the issues that get most individuals into the historical past textbooks. He never based a religion, never founded a nation, by no means led a military, never held excessive workplace, never discovered a new world, never wrote an epic poem, and in reality did not depart us one word in his personal hand. He had no profession, no cash, no faculty, and doubtless held public office only once, and then only briefly. He was a person of straightforward habits who spent most of his waking hours roaming the streets of Athens in search of people that may train him something essential.
What Socrates did have was a keen intellect that he generously shared with college students. By way of his students, especially by way of Plato, this lover of wisdom turned one of the consequential human beings who ever lived.
III. Three Contexts
Historians and biographers like to write down of the "life and times" of a person. Framing a biographical narrative in its broader context helps readers see things which may in any other case be missed. There are at the very least three necessary contexts that help us understand what it was wish to be Socrates.
First is the fifth century BC, a time of exceptional synchronicity throughout Eurasia. Along with Socrates in Athens, there additionally lived right now the Buddha in India, Confucius in China, Zoroaster in Persia, and a few of the great Jewish prophets in the Center East including Ezra, Nehemiah, Malachi, and Esther. Countless tens of millions of people down to the current day have been impressed by these spiritual and philosophical leaders, a number of of whom never wrote a word. So necessary was this era to the ethical and religious improvement of humankind that the thinker Karl Jaspers put the fifth century BC at the middle of the "axial age," which saw human history turn.
Second is the Greek mental revolution that occurred not simply in Athens however in Ionia in Asia Minor. There arose numerous thinkers who at present can be referred to as scientists, as they didn't resort to the gods to elucidate what occurred in nature however as an alternative used cause to look out what prompted earthquakes, storms, seasons, and the proliferation of life. Socrates was not a scientific thinker. He didn't use cause because the pre-Socratic philosophers did, to research nature and propose a complete view of the cosmos. Quite, he used cause to explore man's search for the great life, the best way ethicists may at present.
Third is the Golden Age of Athens. This flowering of culture occurred after Athens gained a conflict towards the superpower of the day, Persia—not once however twice (490 and 480 BC). Socrates lived by way of a lot of the Golden Age. But the splendor of democratic Athens pale relatively all of the sudden when she and her allies began preventing their fellow Greeks, the Spartans and her allies, in the devastating Peloponnesian Warfare (431-404 BC), which exhausted each polis that received caught up within the conflict. The last 5 years of Socrates's life coincided with a terrible time in Athens. The conflict had ended, however there have been recriminations over who made Athens lose both the struggle and the peace. An annoying gadfly who was essential of the Institution made himself a simple goal to swat.
IV. Lifetime of Socrates
Historiographically we can't keep away from the "Socrates problem." Because this gadfly didn't himself depart behind any writings, our portraits of him have been coloured by others. It turns out the sources lead to two divergent views of the man.
On the unfavorable aspect, the comic playwright Aristophanes poked enjoyable of Socrates as a silly however harmful sophist who was all the time putting the mistaken concepts in individuals's heads. Based on Aristophanes, Socrates was simply one other sophist. For a payment he would train students find out how to be clever and confound his listeners, making the more severe argument look higher and the better argument look worse. Other detractors have been indignant that Socrates tore down the authority of the greatest democrats of Athens in the course of the postwar years when the polis desperately wanted stability. As a result of Socrates challenged the established order, he was considered impious, a revolutionary who created new gods. Crowning all these causes was the charge that Socrates corrupted the youth and thus the future of the weakened city-state. The dastardly Alcibiades had been his scholar, in any case.
On the constructive aspect, Socrates was usually worshiped by his pupils Plato and Xenophon, who wrote of his sterling character, unimpeachable integrity, and relentless pursuit of virtue. Additionally they admired the truth that their instructor was a skeptic of all acquired opinion when it got here to the Huge Ideas—justice, advantage, piety, love, information, and different notions. Because Socrates was an excellent conversationalist, he attracted many youth who felt he put the romance within the search for wisdom: The "long, arduous apprenticeship of self-mastery,"[3] based on Socrates, was the noblest thing we human beings undertake.
Historians will never be capable of reconcile these two totally different views of Socrates. However based mostly on Plato's early dialogues and different source materials, the following is what we will say with a point of certainty:
He was born in Athens in 470 BC. His identify means "master of life." His father Sophronicus was a stone mason. His mother Phaenarete was a midwife. Later in life, Socrates would examine himself to a midwife: as a midwife mastered the talent or artwork of delivering infants, so the lover of knowledge mastered the art of giving delivery to the reality.
For the first forty years of Socrates's life, it was superb to be an Athenian. The current defeat of the Persians from the east gave the upstart democrats within the West the arrogance and power to unleash their skills. The outcome was the Golden Age. All by means of Socrates's childhood and early maturity, Athens was experiencing an awesome cultural flowering on the best way to turning into the freest, most advanced civilization on the earth.
Regardless of all the gorgeous statues sculpted through the Golden Age, Socrates didn't fit the bodily perfect of the Greek man. The sometime stonemason was brief, stocky, and ugly.
As an alternative of spending his life plying his commerce, Socrates was intent on pursuing wisdom. What was information? Opinion? Virtue? Vice? There was no consensus in historic Greece. Perhaps most hanging of all have been the irreconcilable teachings of Parmenides and Heraclitus. The former noticed reality when it comes to being; the latter, when it comes to turning into. Confronted with these contradictory doctrines, Socrates managed to hold each in dynamic pressure. This reality is important to understanding how his thoughts labored. Socrates was no ideologue. His accommodation of irreconcilable intellectual tensions led to his trademark skepticism and love of paradox.
The turning point in Socrates's life came when his pal, Chaerephon, went to Delphi to consult the Oracle of Apollo there. The priestess, who was inhaling hallucinatory vapors, informed Chaerephon that Socrates was the wisest of males. When Chaerephon later reported this delphic utterance to Socrates, the standard stonemason didn't consider it. He hardly felt sensible and he definitely fell in need of fulfilling the delphic command to "know thyself." From that time ahead, Socrates's mission in life was to determine whether or not the oracle about his knowledge have been true. He went about Athens, within the agora and the neighboring workshops of craftsmen, questioning the neatest individuals he might find; citizens who, by status, have been thought-about sensible.
Somewhat late in life, Socrates married Xanthippe. She was thought to not have an excellent temperament and was known as a shrew. Her husband apocryphally stated of marriage, "By all means marry. If you marry well you will be happy. If you don't marry well you will become a philosopher!" He also urged restraint when criticizing other individuals's marriages: "No one but the husband and wife knows where the sandal pinches."
In the Apology, Socrates tells us that he and Xanthippe had three sons. At seventy years of age, he reported having a son who was virtually grown and two different boys who have been significantly younger. Meaning he started having youngsters after the age of fifty.
The second most essential lady in his life was apparently Diotima, who he claimed taught him the whole lot he knew about love. I do not know what that basically means and shall depart his mysterious reference to her to your imagination.
For most of Socrates's early years, life in Athens was good. Then got here the Peloponnesian Conflict, the devastating civil conflict from which Greece never recovered. Within the conflict, Socrates fought on the aspect of the Athenian alliance towards the Spartans and their alliance. He was what People would name a "grunt," a heavily armed infantry soldier or hoplite.
Up to the age of seventy, this combat veteran, Socrates, would have little question felt strain to remain in pretty good physical condition because it was anticipated that men might defend their polis. However, he was displaying signs of previous age at his trial.
Despite bodily limitations, Socrates walked the speak. He didn't scold others for failing to train temperance and self-control whereas excusing himself from the identical rigors. He had the capacity to endure Herculean bodily discomforts for others' sake. One story relates how he gave his sandals to a fellow hoplite who was struggling in the snow. Socrates, barefoot, endured the ordeal cheerfully and with out grievance.
Socrates all the time consumed wine carefully and by no means received drunk. This trait could also be one purpose that he was in a position to withstand sexual advances and by no means be seduced. In Plato's Symposium, the reader will get the concept Alcibiades had a crush on Socrates and tried to seduce his instructor on numerous occasions, without success. Indeed, Socrates urged individuals to maintain romantic love in proper perspective. A a lot better outlet for the heat of passion is to pursue fact and virtue, knowledge and beauty—relentlessly pursue them like a man in love. Finally he argues that probably the most worthwhile endeavor a human being can undertake is the arduous seek for wisdom, for knowledge is the inspiration of the great life.
Socrates was a self-described gadfly who believed it his obligation to sting Athenians with their own hypocrisy and smallness of soul. But he did so with an exquisite sense of humor, typically ironic and self-deprecating, typically slicing and sarcastic. His humorous approach of questioning authority attracted an estimable following among the many youth of Athens.
Amongst Socrates's students, as we have now seen, was Alcibiades, who was no democrat and who led a naval expedition to ignominious defeat in the Peloponnesian Conflict. Guilt by association was counted towards Socrates within the robust years following the warfare. The relationship with Alcibiades and other critics of democracy little question harm Socrates at his trial.
Since Socrates was relentlessly virtuous, the cowards who needed to take him down needed to fabricate costs. Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon accused Socrates variously of atheism, of believing in gods not sanctioned by the state, and of corrupting the youth of Athens together with his personal idiosyncratic spiritual beliefs. Socrates was introduced before a courtroom. After listening to the testimony of each side, the jury voted 281 to 220 to convict the previous man and sentence him to demise.
About one week after his trial in 399 BC, Socrates drank the cup of poison hemlock in jail, the victim of judicial homicide. Quickly he turned famend as a martyr for knowledge.
After the trial and crucifixion of Jesus, the trial and execution of Socrates is arguably probably the most well-known case of judicial murder in world history. Like Jesus, he's a supreme instance of someone who lived by his rules, even unto dying.
Within the common creativeness, Socrates is often remembered for two issues: for saying, "The unexamined life is not worth living," and for consuming the cup of poison hemlock at his judicial murder. As we've seen, the two are related: The Institution, feeling the sting of Socrates's rebuke after years of conflict, made him the scapegoat for its incompetence and troubles.
V. Philosophy of Socrates
Regardless of his humble origins, Socrates turned a man for the ages. He is justly thought-about one of many founders of Western philosophy. Even his identify is critical, dividing an historic period in two: the pre-Socratics and what adopted.
To be a philosopher in the unique, literal sense is to be a "lover of wisdom." Socrates was most undoubtedly that. He was not an educational thinker in the best way we understand the time period at this time; he didn't earn degrees or pursue a college career or write articles for peer-reviewed journals. Quite, he was profoundly curious and largely self-taught, and that made him an unique.
Socrates didn't create a cosmology or metaphysical system, as most of the pre-Socratic thinkers had. Fairly, he pursued the definitions of phrases that he believed have been important to dwelling a very good life—piety, justice, virtue, fact, goodness, magnificence, love. To define a factor nicely is the prerequisite to understanding it.
Socrates distinguished himself from two varieties of public intellectuals in his day, the sophists and the pre-Socratics. Regardless of being accused by Aristophanes of being a sophist, Socrates truly had no respect for their ilk. For a payment the sophists taught the sons of the rich how you can use rhetoric and emotion in self-serving ways. Sophists thought-about it sport to control individuals out of their convictions, power, or wealth. In democratic Athens, these cunning males targeted on manipulating others as an alternative of doing the exhausting work of reforming themselves.
Socrates was also totally different from the pre-Socratics. These "scientists" in Asia Minor have been doing one thing new, looking for pure explanations for phenomena that had beforehand been explained by myths since day trip of thoughts. As pioneering as these thinkers have been, Socrates didn't present much curiosity in them. He didn't dedicate his energies to learning from nature; nor from historical past. He targeted somewhat on easy methods to reside the great life within the polis he beloved. He stated his "teachers" have been his conscience (his daemon), the lads of Athens, and a lady named Diotima. He discovered each by listening to his daemon when it warned him away from doing or saying one thing; and by conversing with the residents of Athens, putting inquiries to them, to see in what ways they spoke in error and in what methods fact.
In the pages of Plato, Socrates's conversations tended to comply with a sample.
Socrates would strategy a respected citizen or recognized professional in some area—say, the regulation. Whom he approached was necessary. The individual needed to command social respect. Socrates didn't want intellectually to "punch down."
He would open the dialog by saying he needed to study extra about some Massive Concept—for instance, justice—because he was not sensible when it came to figuring out what it was. He'd profess ignorance concerning the Huge Concept, the what of the conversation.
Socrates would then ask primary questions concerning the concept of justice to see what the skilled would say. Often the first round of questions would try to set up a philosophically sound definition that all the time and all over the place utilized, one which didn't admit of any exceptions. But because Socrates was a skeptic, no answer provided by his interlocutor ever settled the matter. Each so-called answer just led to extra questions. Such dialectical dialog is probably by no means ending—but that's the point. It is arduous work to call (and outline) things rightly.
Endless inquiry was simply what Socrates sought. Listening rigorously to his interlocutor, Socrates would all the time hear issues with the traditional definitions. Socrates would interact in cross-examination (Greek elenchus) during which he would point out the holes in the skilled's definition, or clarify why an illustration may be inadequate or an analogy fallacious. At no level in the process would he nastily accuse his interlocutor of being poorly educated—au contraire. Typically he was flattering. But the irony was rich, for the dialog would maintain a mirror up to his interlocutor's mind and reveal that the interlocutor was not as educated as he thought he was. Socrates merely let his interlocutor's personal words convict him of his ignorance.
For the Establishment, it was maddening the best way Socrates inadvertently humiliated outstanding citizens. However it was precisely these democratic leaders who have been answerable for the disastrous Peloponnesian Struggle and irreparable decline of an incredible polis. The end result was not good for Socrates: He made enemies within the Establishment and this may prove essential at his trial. Keep in mind, he both implied or informed individuals to their face that "the unexamined life is not worth living." That might be taken as an insult. His persistence in saying such a thing led, when he was seventy years previous, to 280 of 501 jurors sentencing him to demise by consuming poison hemlock.
In sum, we will say of Socrates the philosopher:
He needed us to know the truth to the extent that conversation, purpose, and elenchus might uncover it (the concern of epistemology).
He needed us to take heed to our conscience and to behave in a relentlessly ethical method (the priority of ethics).
And in the polis, he needed to reside in a group that pursued the great life, the virtuous life (the domain of knowledge), because that is the biggest factor men and ladies can do.
VI. Influence of Socrates
To the everlasting chagrin of his enemies, demise did not silence Socrates. He would proceed to teach, era after era, wherever we encounter the Huge Ideas—of philosophy, of liberal schooling, of the great life. We get an concept of the size of Socrates's long-term influence when viewing the Renaissance portray by Raphael, The Faculty of Athens.
Decisive for Socrates's future influence was the fact that his pupil, Plato, worshipped him. As Henry Adams observed, there are two ways we influence eternity: One is by having youngsters; the other is by educating. And did Socrates ever influence eternity by educating Plato. Plato would memorialize Socrates in some three dozen dialogues. Alfred North Whitehead would say that each one subsequent philosophy is just a collection of footnotes to Plato.
Socrates isn't solely a founding father of the liberal arts custom within the West. Scholars who have studied him are discovering ever stronger hyperlinks to a variety of later giants within the canon. There's proof, for example, that Shakespeare wove Socrates's educating into Timon of Athens. "Shakespeare's genius," writes Darly Kaytor, "is at least in part due to his uncanny ability to transform [Socratic] wisdom into fully realized dramatic action."[4]
Socrates was a grasp of irony, of the space between what seems to be and what is. Socrates typically strikes the pose that he knows less than everyone else, when it's fairly clear from his conversations with Athenians that he is aware of more than anyone else. He doesn't go around pounding individuals over the top together with his superior information. Slightly he lets others arrive at that conclusion after making an attempt to reply his questions.
Shakespeare was likewise a grasp of irony, the space between what seems to be, and what is.[5]
Some twenty-four centuries after his demise, Socrates continues to inspire academics and thinkers due to the scenes from his life and the best way he teaches us at the moment. Once more and again in Plato's dialogues, we see that Socrates perfected the art of dialectical conversation with its keen listening and close questioning. Because of his skepticism towards "conventional wisdom," due to his capacity to query each straightforward reply, he's the "patron saint" of each academics and students who take pleasure in drilling deep into a subject within the classroom. He's a everlasting rebuke to the sophist, a rejection of the one that could make the dangerous seem good and the great appear dangerous. Socrates stands for fact.
Indeed, Socrates's life—his witness, unto demise, to fact and virtue—would make him a hero to all who value a liberal schooling. A liberal schooling is that which befits a free human being. This level is value elaborating. The worth of a liberal schooling isn't just that it imparts certain expertise—deep reading, essential considering, clear communication, and analysis of complicated issues by way of the lenses of various disciplines.
Above and past these admirable expertise, a liberal schooling ought to impart critically essential values—the values Socrates taught by example. His life is a testament to the proposition that "one becomes free only through a long, arduous apprenticeship of self-mastery, generally under the tutelage of those more in possession of the requisite excellences" than the scholars are. These, then, are the last word values of a liberal schooling: fact and goodness, virtue and beauty, wisdom and the lifelong quest to know.
So I end on the query that considerations us in this class: Does Socrates need to be a task model on your era? Should valuable hours in Western Civ 101 be devoted to educating future legal professionals, engineers, and enterprise leaders who this gadfly was, what he taught, and why he was martyred? I consider so, and my confidence is strengthened each time I reread Plato's Apology and the other early dialogues that tell us about Socrates's life. In Plato's exquisite portrait of his instructor you will come face-to-face with an incredible human being—a hero of the liberal arts who implores us to value what is greatest in us.
What can we value?
Hopefully we value our conscience. With regards to conscience, Socrates speaks of the importance of listening to and obeying that inside voice, that "still small voice" that urges us to do the suitable factor.
Hopefully we worth our character. Relating to character, Socrates implores us to protect this most valuable possession of ours by means of the relentless pursuit of advantage. You don't promote your soul for a fast buck.
Hopefully we worth our information. Relating to information, Socrates prompts us to hunt the reality regardless of where it'd lead, even when it hurts or confounds.
Hopefully we value witnessing to others. Relating to witnessing, Socrates exhibits us how a besieged man however reveals the courage to stand up to malicious accusers and a corrupt society.
Hopefully we value the democratic way of life, but with due caution. In relation to democracy, Socrates challenges a few of the givens of our day—above all, our unquestioning religion in fashionable sovereignty. At the moment we hold a scorecard on the progress of democracy around the globe and consider democracy as one of many nice achievements of Greek civilization. That's why all democratic leaders like a photograph op atop the Acropolis, with the Parthenon because the backdrop. But Socrates was pessimistic about democracy, a critic of mass rule. In Guide 6 of the Republic (by Plato), Socrates has a conversation with Adeimantus through which he compares democracy to a ship. Out at sea, with a storm on the horizon, who do you need to captain the ship? Simply anyone? Or would you like somebody who's nicely educated in piloting and navigation? Letting residents vote and not using a correct schooling is as irresponsible as letting simply anyone sail from port and not using a chart or training and experience as a captain. Now, Socrates can be tried by a jury of 501 of his friends and unjustly convicted and executed. This isn't the best way a free authorities should operate. A free government is simply sustainable if residents can govern themselves. Socrates patiently revealed, by way of conversations that held a mirror up to fellow residents, that they didn't sufficiently understand such primary concepts as justice, piety, virtue, fact, and goodness when applied to themselves. Yet they presumed to control others?
Do we presume to control others?
Our nation needs the gadfly's sting right right here, proper now, to awaken us from the complacency in our soul and the corruption in our society.
This essay can also be revealed on Dr. Whitney's private website and is a component of a collection of conversations with the late Stephen J. Tonsor, who was Professor of History on the University of Michigan.
This essay in our collection of "Timeless Essays" was first revealed right here in October 2017.
The Imaginative Conservative applies the principle of appreciation to the discussion of tradition and politics—we strategy dialogue with magnanimity quite than with mere civility. Will you help us remain a refreshing oasis within the increasingly contentious area of recent discourse? Please contemplate donating now.
[1] This discerning phrase is from R. J. Snell, "Betraying Liberal Education: A Response to President Paxson of Brown University," Public Discourse, October 2, 2017.
[2] Because the unique lecture was composed some three many years ago, I felt it essential to update the historical rating in mild of the world's larger cumulative inhabitants. Skiena, Steven and Ward, Charles "Who's Biggest? The 100 Most Significant Figures in History" (Time December 10, 2013). Concerning the survey: "Historically significant figures leave statistical evidence of their presence behind, if one knows where to look for it, and we used several data sources to fuel our ranking algorithms, including Wikipedia, scanned books and Google n-grams…. When we set out to rank the significance of historical figures, we decided to not approach the project the way historians might, through a principled assessment of their individual achievements. Instead, we evaluated each person by aggregating millions of traces of opinions into a computational data-centric analysis. We ranked historical figures just as Google ranks web pages, by integrating a diverse set of measurements about their reputation into a single consensus value."
[3] Snell, "Betraying Liberal Education."
[4] See Darly Kaytor, "Shakespeare's Political Philosophy: A Debt to Plato in Timon of Athens" (Philosophy and Literature Quantity 36, No 1, April 2012).
[5] Alexander, Mark Andre, "Shakespeare and Plato: The Poet-Dramatist" (Mark Andre Alexander July 30, 2015).
Editor's Observe: The featured picture is "The Acropolis at Athens" (1846) by Leo von Klenze (1784-1864), courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.


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People - Ancient Greece: Stilpo
(c. 360-c. 280 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher of the Megarian school.
Stilpo in Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) (Στίλπων). A celebrated philosopher, who was a native of Megara, and taught philosophy in his native town. He is said to have surpassed his contemporaries in inventive power and dialectic art, and to have inspired almost all Greece with a devotion to the ethical Megarian philosophy, dwelling especially upon the conception of virtue and its consideration (Diog. Laert. ii. 113-118; Epist. 9).
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D18%3Aentry%3Dstilpo-harpers
Stilpo in Wikipedia Stilpo (or Stilpon, Greek: Στίλπων; c. 360-c. 280 BC[2]) was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school. He was a contemporary of Theophrastus, Diodorus Cronus, and Crates of Thebes. None of his writings survive, he was interested in logic and dialectic, and he argued that the universal is fundamentally separated from the individual and concrete. His ethical teachings approached that of the Cynics and Stoics. His most important pupil was Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. Life He was a native of Megara. He probably lived after the time of Euclid of Megara, which makes it unlikely that he was a pupil of Euclid, as stated by some;[3] and others state that he was the pupil of Thrasymachus of Corinth,[4] or of Pasicles, the brother of Crates of Thebes.[5] According to one account, he engaged in dialectic encounters with Diodorus Cronus at the court of Ptolemy Soter; according to another, he did not comply with the invitation of the king, to go to Alexandria. We are further told that Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, honoured him no less, spared his house at the capture of Megara, and offered him indemnity for the injury which it had received, which, however, Stilpo declined.[6] Uniting elevated sentiment with gentleness and patience, he, as Plutarch says,[7] was an ornament to his country and friends, and had his acquaintance sought by kings. His original propensity to wine and voluptuousness he is said to have entirely overcome;[8] in inventive power and dialectic art to have surpassed his contemporaries, and to have inspired almost all Greece with a devotion to Megarian philosophy. A number of distinguished men too are named, whom he is said to have drawn away from Theophrastus, Aristotle of Cyrene, and others, and attached to himself;[9] among others Crates the Cynic, and Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school.[4] Among his followers were Menedemus and Asclepiades, the leaders of the Eretrian school of philosophy. One of his pupils, Nicarete, was also said to have been his mistress.[10] Stilpo was praised for his political wisdom, his simple, straightforward disposition, and the equanimity with which he tolerated his rebellious daughter.[11] Cicero describes him as a man of the highest character.[12] Philosophy Of the dialogues ascribed to him, we know only the titles. He belonged to the Megarian school of philosophy, but we learn only a little about his doctrines in the few fragments and sayings of his which are quoted. Logic Stilpo argued that the genus, the universal, is not contained in the individual and concrete. "Whoever speaks of any person, speaks of no-one, for he neither speaks of this one nor that. For why should it rather be of this one than that? Hence it is not of this one."[13] One of his examples was that "the vegetable is not what is here shown. For a vegetable existed ten thousand years ago, therefore this here is not a vegetable."[13] According to Simplicius, "the so-called Megarians took it as ascertained that what has different determinations is different, and that the diverse are separated one from the other, they seemed to prove that each thing is separated from itself. Hence since the musical Socrates is another determination from the wise Socrates, Socrates was separated from himself."[14] Thus one thing cannot be predicated of another, that is, the essence of things cannot be reached by means of predicates. Plutarch quotes Stilpo as arguing: To be a horse differs from to be running. For being asked the definition of the one and of the other, we do not give the same for them both; and therefore those err who predicate the one of the other. For if good is the same with people, and to run the same with a horse, how is good affirmed also of food and medicine, and again (by Jupiter) to run of a lion and a dog? But if the predicate is different, then we do not rightly say that a person is good, and a horse runs.[15] Plutarch remarks here that Colotes attacked Stilpo in a bombastic manner as though he ignored common life: "for how shall we live, if we cannot style a man good, nor a man a captain, but must separately name a man a man, good good, and a captain a captain." But Plutarch, in turn, replied, "but what man lived any the worse for this? Is there any man who hears this said, and who does not understand it to be the speech of a man who rallies gallantly, and proposes to others this logical question to exercise their mind?" Ethics Stilpo seems to have been interested in Virtue,[16] and its self-sufficiency. He maintained that the wise man ought not only to overcome every evil, but not even to be affected by any, not even to feel it,[17] showing, perhaps, how closely allied Stilpo was to the contemporary Cynics: For Stilpo, after his country was captured and his children and his wife lost, as he emerged from the general desolation alone and yet happy, spoke as follows to Demetrius, called Sacker of Cities because of the destruction he brought upon them, in answer to the question whether he had lost anything: "I have all my goods with me!" -Seneca, Wikisource-logo.svg Epistles, 9.18. This story was an inspiration for Friedrich Klinger's Sturm und Drang play Stilpo und seine Kinder (Stilpo and his Children) written in 1777 and published in 1780.[18] A one-page fragment or paraphrase from a work concerning exile is preserved in the writings of Teles of Megara, a 3rd-century BC Cynic. In this fragment, Stilpo divides the good into three parts: goods of the soul, goods of the body, and external goods. He then demonstrates that exile does not deprive a person of any of these three goods.[19]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilpo


Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase: An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE and cellotetraose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ends of beta-D-glucosides with release of CELLOBIOSE.Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.Cellulose, Oxidized: A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is commonly used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation.Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.Gluconacetobacter xylinus: A species of acetate-oxidizing bacteria, formerly known as Acetobacter xylinum.Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate: Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium: A cellulose derivative which is a beta-(1,4)-D-glucopyranose polymer. It is used as a bulk laxative and as an emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a stabilizer for reagents.Cellulases: A family of glycosidases that hydrolyse crystalline CELLULOSE into soluble sugar molecules. Within this family there are a variety of enzyme subtypes with differing substrate specificities that must work together to bring about complete cellulose hydrolysis. They are found in structures called CELLULOSOMES.Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.Glucosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.Trichoderma: A mitosporic fungal genus frequently found in soil and on wood. It is sometimes used for controlling pathogenic fungi. Its teleomorph is HYPOCREA.Microfibrils: Components of the extracellular matrix consisting primarily of fibrillin. They are essential for the integrity of elastic fibers.Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.Xylans: Polysaccharides consisting of xylose units.Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Acetobacter: A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in FLOWERS and FRUIT. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.Clostridium thermocellum: A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.beta-Glucosidase: An exocellulase with specificity for a variety of beta-D-glycoside substrates. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of GLUCOSE.Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form. These include binders, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc.Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.Cellulosomes: Extracellular structures found in a variety of microorganisms. They contain CELLULASES and play an important role in the digestion of CELLULOSE.Glycoside HydrolasesGlucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.DextrinsClostridium cellulolyticum: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is a cellulolytic, mesophilic species isolated from decayed GRASS.


Category: Social Sciences History and Philosophy Tags: feminism, Politics society and law, post-feminism by Bryony.
There is not a definite aneswr to that question. It really just depends on a man or women's outlook and views in life, and how they show that in their actions. If a women spends her life believing she is dominated and a level lower to men then she probably is; therefore men have it better off in that situation. If you look at it in that the man is the one who is supposed to take care of the family and support then then maybe the women has it better off. If women think of themselves as equals then they truly are. There are pros and cons to being goth either a man or women and there are just as many educated and brilliant women as there are men. There are women that are physically stronger than man and mentally as well. It just depends on your outlook on equality.


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Q: How to get vertex neighbors in Unity I am trying to create an advanced shader for an AR application in Unity. Therefore I need all vertices and their neighbors from my gameobject (within a C# script). Getting the vertices is not the problem, but how do I get their neighbors(maybe with an indexbuffer)?
I am not new to shaders, but to shaders within Unity.
After I got the neighbors I would like to pass them from a C# script to a function within a shader file. I guess that should be possible in Unity, is it not?

A: The easiest way I can think of is by searching the triangle index. The pattern is always the same, always 3 indices define a vertex. since you know the index of your vertex, you can just search the triangle array and return the other two of any triangle, which will give you all vertices within the range of the desired one.


A hand thrown stoneware beaker by London based Edmund Davies. A generous mug for drinks or a pot for storing small items. The dark British clay rich in manganese is fired at around 1000 degrees with a translucent glaze to make every mug unique.
Dark browns and milky greys are layered with layered striped textures across the surface.
Each mug's glaze varies slightly due to the positioning in the kiln.