Avanafil 50mg is an oral drug that is used for treating impotence (the inability to attain or maintain a penile erection), also known as erectile dysfunction (ED). It in a class of drug called phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. It works by helping to increase blood flow into the stimulation. This helps you to achieve and maintain an erection.
Avaforce is an FDA-approved medication that treats erectile dysfunction in men. Introduced in 2012, this fast-acting pill is the newest treatment for erectile dysfunction. It can start working in as few as 15 minutes and lasts for up to 6 hours. In clinical trials, Avaforce price in india has been shown to work well for most men, no matter how long the patient has had difficulties with erectile dysfunction.


GEOVIA Minex™ is the recognized world leader of integrated geology and mine planning solutions for coal and other stratified deposits.
Minex ensures resources are evaluated accurately and mined efficiently from exploration to rehabilitation. As a single integrated solution, data and skills can be readily moved between teams at significant time and cost savings. Across the world, mining companies turn to Minex to more accurately design, plan and implement mining strategies which drive additional efficiencies, increase productivity, control costs and increase profitability.


text:
Samsung Unpacked
Prime Day 2021 will happen in Q2, says Amazon
By Louis Ramirez published 29 April 21
Get ready for Prime Day
(Image credit: Omar Marques/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images)
It's official. Prime Day 2021 will take place in the second quarter of 2021. Amazon confirmed the news during today's Q1 earnings call, a summary of which you can view via their press release. That means Prime Day will happen not in July, but possibly in June, just as previous rumors indicated.
During the earnings call, Amazon reps said the company wanted to experiment with the Prime Day date to avoid overlapping with the Olympics and summer travel. Unfortunately, Amazon didn't address the other Prime Day rumor.
today's best Amazon sales: cheap air fryers, Mother's Day sales, more
Earlier in the month, Recode reported that Amazon could hold two Prime Day events in 2021. The first Prime Day would occur in June, whereas the second Prime Day would occur in October, possibly as a lead up to the holidays.
Amazon has never held multiple Prime Day events, but the rumor suggests Amazon is breaking tradition so that it can bolster its Q2 sales, especially in light of last year's record-breading numbers bolstered by the pandemic. For shoppers, that means a double dose of Amazon deals. However, two Prime Day dates could also lead to Prime Day fatigue, as last year's October Prime Day was outshined by Black Friday, which is traditionally the best time of year for all types of deals.
Amazon Prime Day originally started in 2015 as a way to celebrate the company's then 20th birthday. Since its inception, the faux retail holiday has grown into a 48-hour event celebrated in 18 countries.
What is Amazon Prime: Perks and benefits of membership
Shop today's best Amazon sales
Amazon Fire TV Stick Lite (2020)
Amazon Echo Dot (4th gen)
Amazon Fire TV Stick 4K
Amazon Echo (4th gen)
As deals editor at Tom's Guide, Louis is constantly looking for ways to avoid paying full price for the latest gadgets. With over 10 years of deals-hunting experience, Louis price checks against multiple retailers and searches high and low for the best deals to bring readers. A born-and-bred New Yorker, Louis is also an avid swimmer and marathoner. His work has appeared on Gizmodo, CNET, and Time Out New York.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
#include "tensorflow/core/grappler/inputs/utils.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/platform/env.h"

#include <vector>

namespace tensorflow {
namespace grappler {

bool FilesExist(const std::vector<string>& files, std::vector<Status>* status) {
  return Env::Default()->FilesExist(files, status);
}

bool FilesExist(const std::set<string>& files) {
  return FilesExist(std::vector<string>(files.begin(), files.end()), nullptr);
}

}  // End namespace grappler
}  // end namespace tensorflow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
BHP's divide and conquer
BHP's divide and conquerMRAG2020-02-29T11:31:58+00:00
First published in The Ecologist
By Liz Downes
BHP is putting pressure on vulnerable ecosystems and communities in a mega-biodiverse region of Ecuador despite flaunting its commitment to environmental sustainability.
Toisan Forest. Image credit: Elizabeth Downes
The world's biggest mining company is publicly committing to a clean, green transition: promising to shift from one of the world's biggest carbon polluters to a top provider of resources for the renewable energy sector.
Andrew McKenzie, BHP's CEO, proudly unveiled the company's new climate investment program in July 2019: a US $400 million commitment to reduce Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions. Shareholders at their 2019 London and Sydney AGMs were regaled with reports of how well BHP is sticking to its coal reduction targets, and with its investment plans in copper to meet the world's growing demand for renewables.
What BHP left out of these reports is where all this copper is going to come from, and how the mining of it will impact on some of the world's most vulnerable ecosystems and communities.
BHP is currently reliant on production from the world's largest copper mine, Escondida in Chile, and from other big projects including Australia's Olympic Dam. But it is also interested in 'greenfields' explorations in one of the world's emerging copper hotspots, Ecuador.
This small country is one of the world's most biodiverse. The Andes runs like a spine down the middle, creating a diversity of altitudes, rainfall patterns and temperatures where endemism is unparalleled. These mountains are the primary source of water for the Amazon and Pacific Coast river systems. They are actively volcanic, high-rainfall and prone to frequent earthquakes. Ecuador is the last place anyone with any sense should put an open cut copper mine.
Unfortunately, over 2 million hectares of the country are plastered with mining concessions, predominantly owned by transnational companies. This land covers protected forests in the megadiverse Tropical Andes Biological Hotspot and almost a million hectares of indigenous territories.
Concessions were sold by the Ecuadorian government in 2016-2018 with zero public consultation, in a bid to save the country's stalled economy following an irreparable downturn in crude oil investments and diminishing reserves.
Now companies are beginning to explore the country's mineral assets. But they are meeting organised resistance from communities who are not only angry about the violation of their constitutional rights to consultation, but concerned about forced relocation, impacts on food production, water contamination, environmental damage and increased threats of illegal mining and organised crime.
Rock samples
In the northwest of the country, tensions are escalating as BHP's subsidiary Cerro Quebrado aggressively pushes into the long-embattled rural region of Intag, in efforts to begin copper exploration on schedule.
BHP owns five concessions in these parts: Santa Teresa 1 and 2, and slightly west, Sabaleta 1, 2 and 3. These cover agricultural communities, headwaters systems, and the last remnants of the megadiverse Chocó Andean cloud forest belt. The Sabaleta blocks take in part of two protected forest reserves, Los Cedros and Cebu, while the Santa Teresa concessions cover sections of the Toisán mountain range. In the region's forests, 279 species of animals in danger of extinction have been reported.
Ken MacKenzie, the chairman, was questioned at the AGMs about their activities in Intag - given the region's extreme ecological and social vulnerability. He assured shareholders that explorations were in early, low-impact stages in Ecuador and that the company was following the law and due diligence with regard to community consultation and environmental risk.
In August 2018, BHP shut down the website and social media pages of local activist Carlos Zorrilla. He accused the company of taking part in activities in Intag which were not properly or fully explained to shareholders through the Canadian Stock Exchange. The company denies Zorrilla's allegation.
In October that year, two unmarked cars were seen driving into the community of Puranquí. When pulled up by locals, the occupants of the car said they worked for Cerro Quebrado and were there to take rock samples. They said they had spoken to the community president. This was denied by the staunchly anti-mining president.
In the same community, one year later, a signed letter from BHP's Ecuador operations manager, Benjamin Mace, was delivered at a closed-door meeting. Most of the community, including the president, were not invited. Only a few pro-mining residents even knew about the meeting. The letter indicated that a license had been granted by the State Water Secretariat approving the commencement of explorations in the area. Under Ecuadorian law, a water license requires no environmental impact assessment.
In September 2019, a regional assembly of 1,500 people unanimously rejected mining in the area. In December, despite the assembly's outcome, BHP attempted to hold a closed-door meeting in the community of Cazarpamba. Some concerned residents of nearby communities found out about it and attended. On seeing the visitors, the BHP representatives promptly packed up and left.
In mid-January, community residents of Cazarpamba and Irubí, both situated in BHP's Santa Teresa 2 concession, got fed up with unauthorised night-time access by BHP vehicles and installed a chain across access roads into the communities. They prevented the entry of three BHP employees who arrived unannounced in the company of thirty police. The blockade remains in place, and police have vowed to return with reinforcements.
At a regional assembly on 18th January, representatives from the six communities in BHP's Santa Teresa 2 concession drafted a formal document of resolutions. This declares the Intag zone free of mining, demands the immediate exit of mining companies and their representatives, and requests support for development of local economies such as ecotourism and sustainable agriculture in place of mining.
A couple of days after these resolutions were passed, the Ecuadorian Vice Minister of Mines, Enrique Gallegos-Anda, invited the Apuela Parish government council to Quito to discuss the mining situation. During this meeting the Vice Minister allegedly threatened to take the Apuela and Cazarpamba presidents, president, Nelson Vetancourt,and Christian Gomez respectively, to court for 'opposing the development of the nation'.
Embattled
Residents have vowed to continue preventing blockading roads against BHP until their voices are heard and all resolutions are addressed. But there are fears that militarisation of the region may be inevitable, as the government arms up to force mining companies in.
People in Intag know what it's like to live in a militarized zone. The region has a 25-year history of opposing mega-mining projects. Their peaceful resistance is possibly the longest in Latin America. In 1997 they kicked out Japan's Bishimetals, and in 2010, Canadian Copper Mesa had to quit, stopping what would have been Ecuador's first open pit mine. But more companies kept coming.
Local leaders such as Carlos Zorrilla, who helped found the grassroots environmental organisation DECOIN, have lived through times where death threats and attacks on activists and their property were a regular occurrence. They anticipate the same things happening again as the mining crisis escalates.
"It's a David versus Goliath-on-steroids situation," Zorrilla says.
In the next couple of years, a major copper mine, Llurimagua, is set to open for business in the embattled area of Junín, unless it is stopped. Llurimagua is jointly operated by state company ENAMI and Chilean copper giant Codelco. The project's history is riddled with conflict.
In 2014, the companies began exploring in Junín, in forests where locals were running a successful ecotourism project and had resisted mining for fifteen years. They were escorted to the mining concession by hundreds of special police units and military personnel. Ecuador's government imposed a de-facto state of emergency on the entire Intag region.
Over the next several years, communities denounced violations of permits, licenses and the environmental impact study, and presented evidence of serious human rights violations, contamination of the Junín river, illegal logging, unauthorized land-use, and impacts to the community tourism business. Authorities, with their hands in corporate pockets, rejected or ignored the denunciations.
In early 2019, an investigation by the National Ombudsman produced a damning report of the project. It found deficiencies in regulation and control of the mining operations by government entities, resulting in serious long-term environmental consequences. Using this evidence, locals are now preparing for a legal battle against Codelco, based on violations of constitutional laws around prior consultation and the rights of Nature.
With all this going on, it is not surprising that communities are resisting newcomers like BHP.
BHP could learn from Llurimagua's history and the impending legal showdown if it really wanted to. A failure to 'socialise' resistant communities isn't the company's only problem in Intag. It could repeat Codelco's mistakes in Junín, if it decides to follow the money rather than be accountable to its own environmental policy.
All five of BHP's concessions lie within the Cotacachi-Capayas Ecological Reserve Buffer Zone as identified in Ecuador's national 2007-2017 Management Plan for National Parks. But due to weakened environmental laws, the Ecuadorian Government does not explicitly prohibit mining in these parts or in any other concession that covers protected areas.
BHP should though. The company's environmental policy states that it will not explore or extract resources within or adjacent to the boundaries of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Protected Areas. That is, unless a substantive plan is implemented "that meets regulatory requirements, takes into account stakeholder expectations and contributes to the values for which the protected area is listed."
In other words, if they can work around the laws, they will. But accountability still applies: if anything goes wrong in a protected area, such as a contaminated waterway or a species extinction, they are not only required by law to tell their shareholders, but are exposed to litigation based on Ecuadorian constitutional laws.
BHP also declares it will "not operate where there is a risk of direct impacts to ecosystems that could result in the extinction of an IUCN Red List Threatened Species in the wild." In spite of this promise, the company is at risk of demonstrating just how easy it is to eliminate a species in Ecuador.
In 2018, a new frog was discovered in Intag: the Manduriacu glass frog. Its only known habitat is a few square kilometres in the Río Manduriacu river catchment, a piece of remnant cloud forest close to the biologically intense Los Cedros Protected Forest, and Cotacachi-Cayapas National Park. BHP's Sabaleta 1 and 2 concessions overlap this area, and rock sampling is already taking place there. Citing the mining risk, scientists recommended the frog be IUCN-listed as critically endangered.
The area is the only home for another critically endangered amphibian, the Tandayapa Andean Toad. To highlight the area's extreme vulnerability, in the nearby Llurimagua concessions, two other endemic frogs were recently discovered. One of these, the Longnose Harlequin Frog, was deemed extinct until its unexpected rediscovery. The other, the Confusing Rocket Frog, is so rare the IUCN does not even list it. Even preliminary mining exploration activities have been found to pose serious risks to species with such limited range.
At the 2019 AGM in Sydney, members of the Rainforest Action Group spoke to a BHP board member about the perilous situation of the two amphibians living near the Sabaleta 1 and 2 concessions. The board member admitted that BHP can't always easily access this kind of information from the ground.
The problem with this statement is that information about both species is easily accessed through published scientists' reports, and in the case of the toad, a glance at the IUCN Red List. It is not hard to seek information if a company is truly concerned about its accountability.
The same criticism applies to BHP's socialisation process in Intag. The OECD's corporate guidelines lay out best practice standards for multinational corporations with regard to community consultation. If a company is only able to enter under the protection of military police, this indicates that consultation process has failed to follow best practice protocols.
When it comes to mining, local communities and environments are stakeholders; they should not be collateral damage in the race for profits. BHP needs to not just tell its investors it is doing the right thing by people, climate and the environment; it needs to prove it.
Liz Downes is a member of the Rainforest Action Group who is running a campaign investigating Australian mining companies' involvement in social conflicts and environmental damage in Ecuador. The Ecologist contacted BHP for comment at 9am on Thursday, 20 February 2020 but there has not been a response as yet.
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As the labour dispute between the BC Teacher's Federation and Christy Clark's Education Ministry marches on, parents and students are battling to have their voices heard.
On Monday, teachers in School District 20 were back on the streets for a second week of rotating strike action, and concerned parent, Shanna Tanabe, sought to coordinate a "Rally for Education" alongside the picket lines.
The purpose of the rally was two-fold for Tanabe who wanted to show teachers that community parents supported their goal of a "fair deal", and that British Columbians are growing frustrated by the government's continual disregard for education.
Rossland has suffered two school closures in recent years, both due to School Board attempts to balance perpetually shrinking budgets.
Attendance at the Rossland event wasn't what Tanabe had hoped, but she understood many people had to work. She was optimistic about the turn-out at Webster and Glenmerry schools, which had yet to be confirmed.
Based on feedback she had received in person, and on her Facebook page, Tanabe is confident that most parents feel the same way she does.
Last week, students from a Vancouver high school started a social media campaign in the hopes of organizing a walk-out for Wednesday, June 4. The trend spread to many districts throughout the province, with last tally at 11,000 students committing to attend.


On February 25th, the New York Times acknowledged that the "Old Hand Tries a New Approach to Jazz Festivals." I know my age, but for some strange reason I don't feel old and as far as a "new approach," nothing is really "new." It's just how you package what you already know. I have been producing festivals and concerts for over 60 years and I honestly don't think I ever had an original thought in my head. (I'm sure some writers will want to take this "out of context".) What I did was always try to "create" something a little different. There have been all kinds of festivals since the middle ages. All-star jazz concerts are part of jazz history, e.g. Benny Goodman at Carnegie Hall and JATP. I have managed not to copy others, but when you have been in the game for over 60 years, you often find it difficult not to copy yourself. That's what I'm trying to avoid with the CareFusion Jazz Festival New York (CFJFNY). It is a challenge.
A major event on the festival is a free concert at SummerStage which we have been able to produce with the sponsorship contribution of CareFusion and the cooperation of James Burke from the City Parks Foundation on June 23 at 7pm. This concert will be packed, so get there early and wait for the gates to be opened. SummerStage is in the heart of Central Park and it is a short walk to get there from the East and West 72nd Street entrances to the park.
The headliners are The McCoy Tyner Quartet and the Stanley Clarke Trio. But these famous leaders only indicate part of the story. Esperanza Spalding and Ravi Coltrane will be with McCoy and Hiromi is featured with Stanley.
Incidentally, many of my venue partners wanted Jenny Scheinman to be a part of the festival, but the love of my life, Lorraine Gordon, has booked her to appear at the Village Vanguard the week before the festival. So Jenny is not available to us.
A couple of years ago, I heard there was an exciting flamenco guitarist (Niño Josele), who loved the music of Bill Evans, playing at the Vanguard. I was advised to go see him. For me, going to the Vanguard is fun. (I was gratefully invited by Lorraine to a private party celebrating the 75th birthday of the Vanguard a week or so ago. Memories abounded. Professor Irwin Corey, my favorite comedian was there – 94 years old – and he was quick to remind me that he coined the phrase "You can get more with a kind word – and a gun, than you can with just a kind word.") I gingerly descended the steps into this hallowed cave while trying to hold on to the brass banisters, which have been pinned to the wall by the hands of the many millions of customers that have attended the Vanguard over the last 75 years. Reaching the bottom safely, I entered the room and took my usual seat next to Lorraine who probably told me immediately to shut up and listen to the music. The guitarist was wonderful, but on bass was a beautiful young lady I had never seen or heard of . I wondered, who is that playing the bass? Her intonation was exact, she played all the correct root notes and her time was perfect. Then she sang a song in Portuguese, which understandably made me think she might be Brazilian. Of course it was Esperanza, at that time, a 22-year old who taught at Berklee. After being introduced by Lorraine, I asked for her number and email. That same week, I was attending a concert of the Bechet Society and I heard a young Israeli lady on clarinet play a duet with guitarist Howard Alden on Jelly Roll Morton's "Shreveport Stomp." It was amazing and it was the first time I met Anat Cohen. I asked for her email.
The band I put together, two years ago, had Esperanza on bass (22 years old), Anat on sax and clarinet (32 years old), Howard Alden (49 years old), Randy Brecker on trumpet (62 years old) [someday I will show you the rider to his contract], Jimmy Cobb on drums (79 years old) and myself (82 years old). We had a ball for six nights, two shows a night. The spectrum of music that we covered was wide and with Mr. Cobb, the Jazz Master, we had a swinging time. So much for the gap in gender and age in jazz!
Now both Esperanza and Anat call me George. Everybody is now two years older. A few weeks ago, Esperanza asked if we could have a reunion of the band.
Hiromi, by chance, was in Bern playing a concert the night after we closed. I had become acquaintances with Hiromi because Ahmad Jamal had called me to tell me about her. Ahmad commands respect in all ways. I've known him since "Poinciana" was a hit record. He played at Storyville, my club in Boston in the 50's and has appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival.
Hiromi is a huge talent. That concert in Bern also featured Gerald Clayton. To hear those two young brilliant pianists go at each other made for an exciting musical evening. They each played solo and with a trio. The difference in styles, Clayton rooted in the jazz tradition of his musical family, and Hiromi, whose technique and imagination go beyond jazz, added to the thrill of a great concert.
Hiromi and I have become close friends. Her husband has made me a pair of shoes and we share sushi and sashimi.
In the past two years, these three ladies have become jazz luminaries and play all over the world. To have them on the CFJFNY is a coup. Hiromi, with Stanley Clarke, Esperanza with McCoy (Free concert with Central Park SummerStage) and Anat with her own group at the Jazz Standard.
An Important note: To promote a festival, it used to be all newspaper advertising. We still need newspapers, but now, just as important if not more so, is the website. The fact that in just this last year I have learned how to use the internet for information tells me that most everybody can find what they want on his or her laptop. The website for the CareFusion Jazz Festival New York is www.nycjazzfestival.com. Any help you can give in spreading the word would be appreciated.
The CareFusion Jazz Festival New York is a complex structure presenting over 45 events in a variety of venues from Carnegie Hall to Barbés, a club in Brooklyn that seats about 35 people. The schedule we put together is fun to study, but it is nycjazzfestival.com that will be continually updated with interesting information that should answer most of your questions. (Tickets for the Carnegie Hall concerts: Keith Jarrett, Jack DeJohnette, Gary Peacock (June 17); Chris Botti (June 19); Joao Gilberto (June 22); and Herbie Hancock's 70th Birthday (June 24), go on sale on March 22 By the time tickets go on sale, the website will be beginning to tell the story in detail of the CFNYJF.) As they used to say in Fenway Park when I went to Red Sox baseball games: "You can't tell the players without a scorecard." Our website is our scorecard.


text:
Q: function in onCreate i want to know how the function work in onCreate or onCreateView
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_book);

        functionOne();
        functionTwo();
}

I want to know that functionOne and functionTwo work parallel or step by step.Thanks

A: Clearly you don't quite understand how methods in Java work. functionOne and functionTwo are not "functions", they are methods. Java methods is generally executed one after another. That means when functionOne finishes (returns), functionTwo starts being executed. I said generally because you can create a new thread to execute functionTwo. That way functionTwo is executed asynchronously.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


How many lockers do we need at our store?
The best way to estimate how many lockers you'll need is to know your current site-to-store order volume. When we have the estimated package volume, we will evaluate your shopper demographics and daily shopper volume, and come up with a number of lockers for your store. Because site-to-store use volume is growing by about 20% per year, we will also help you plan for inevitable growth in the future.
What are your installation requirements (space, volume, etc.)?
Who loads the packages in the lockers?
Generally, your staff will be responsible for placing site-to-store items in the lockers.
How do you onboard/train our staff on how to use the lockers?
Luxer One will provide a comprehensive training session with managers, along with flyers, stickers, and other marketing materials to educate shoppers and employees. It is the responsibility of store management to fully onboard its staff.
Do we need an employee to staff the lockers during business hours?
No. The purpose of the Luxer One for Retail click & collect lockers is to minimize your staff's time spent managing and retrieving site-to-store orders.
How are shoppers notified of a delivery?
Residents will continue to receive their order-related emails as usual. The email that notifies the resident that their parcel is ready for pick-up will include instructions on how to find the lockers and retrieve their item.
How do shoppers retrieve their item (passcode, barcode, etc)?
Shoppers will be presented with two options for picking up from the lockers: 1) a QR code in their email that they can scan at the touchscreen station, or 2) a one-time access code that they can type in.
If a shopper cannot retrieve their item, who do they contact and how? If it is with your company, what are the staffed service hours?
Shoppers may reach out to Luxer One's staffed support 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Can shoppers get reminders to pick up their item?
Yes. The store may send additional email reminders that include the original locker QR code and access code as a pick-up reminder.
Can our system come with multiple touchscreen stations?
Yes. We can add as many touchscreens and lockers as you need. We can even provide hand held devices for your team to load in packages.
What are the power and networking requirements for the lockers?
The lockers will require a 110v outlet and a wired Internet connection with at least 500k upload speed.
What color/style/shape of lockers are available?
The lockers are fully customizable and modular. We will work with you to configure a solution with the right locker sizes and colors for your needs.
Is the system ADA compatible?
Yes. The touchscreen is below 48″ and we ensure all locker sizes are available between 15" and 48" high. Shoppers will need to specify if they need a low locker, so that items are only delivered to the accessible lockers for them.
Is video/audio surveillance included in the system?
Yes. Luxer One maintains 10 days worth of video and audio surveillance.
Can Luxer One customize the software to fit our brand and our desired customer experience?
Does Luxer One integrate with our backend systems?
Yes. Luxer One offers Basic and Advanced integration options. With Basic integration, Luxer One associates access codes to order numbers and provides this data for you to notify customers. With Advanced integration, the same applies, plus the option to show relevant promotional messages at the touchscreen. With all software integration options, Luxer One provides photographic proof of pick-up, signatures, and timestamps; other than this information, Luxer One never has access to any other customer data.
Can Luxer One include offers to buy additional products during the package retrieval process?
Yes. With our Advanced Integrations option, retailers have the option to show customizable information on the screen during pick-up.
Can someone other than the listed recipient pick up an item on a shopper's behalf?
Yes, shoppers can have someone else pick up their item on their behalf by simply entering the access code or QR code at the lockers.
What involvement will Luxer One have post-installation?
Luxer One will continue to help you use the system after installation is complete. With our support contract, we will provide support for shoppers and employees via phone, remote monitoring, and email.
What is the warranty on the system?
With our required support contract, we provide a lifetime warranty. Customer support, hardware repairs, and software upgrades are provided as long as your account is current.
How long does it take to make a delivery?
It takes 15 to 20 seconds to deliver one item to a locker. We have found that this per-item time decreases as delivery staff becomes more familiar with the process.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Neutron stars (NSs) are unique astrophysical objects offering
an opportunity to probe the properties of the superdense matter under the most extreme conditions
far beyond those reproduced in terrestrial experiments.
These properties can be constrained, in particular, by confronting various observational
manifestations of stellar oscillations with the theoretical models \citep{sw09,sm14,ajh14,sio18,maselli20,kgd20}.

An NS can start oscillating
either as a result of an internal instability
or external perturbation.
Whether an oscillation mode
can actually be excited
depends on the interplay between the excitation rate
and on how efficiently dissipative mechanisms
in the stellar matter counteract this excitation.
Shear and bulk viscosities are the most paid attention to
dissipative agents, operating in the NS matter \citep{cl87,mhh88}.
Generally, at temperatures $T\lesssim 5\times 10^8\,\rm K$, it is the shear viscosity,
that appears to be the strongest one,
while the effects due to bulk viscosity are comparatively weak
and can be ignored
(\citealt{cls90,gyg05,gg18}; but see \citealt{oghf19}).

Although the chemical composition of the stellar matter
is rather complex and includes different particle species, such as neutrons (n), protons (p), electrons (e), and muons ($\mu$) in the simplest case,
and also such ``exotic'' particles
as hyperons and quarks in the more sophisticated models,
the effect of particle diffusion on NS
oscillations,
as far as we know, has not yet been investigated.
In this Letter we take a first look into the role of the diffusion
as a dissipative agent that can
damp
NS oscillations (in analogy to how the diffusion
dissipates
the stellar magnetic field, see \citealt{gr92}).
Below we restrict ourselves to the case of
npe/npe$\mu$ matter and ignore exotica.
It is believed that neutrons and protons in NS interiors can be
in the superfluid state \citep[see][]{ls01,plps13}.
According to microscopic calculations \citep{gps14, drddwcp16, sc19},
the maximum critical temperature $T_\text{cn}$ of neutron
superfluidity onset is substantially lower than the proton one, $T_\text{cp}$.
Therefore, for simplicity, neutrons in this initial study
are treated as normal,
while for protons we consider two possibilities,
assuming that they are either  normal (normal matter) or
completely superfluid (superconducting matter; all protons form Cooper pairs).
As we demonstrate,
in superconducting matter diffusion becomes
the leading dissipative mechanism that strongly accelerates  the
dissipation of various oscillation modes
and thus makes questionable our current vision of a number of aspects of NS life.
We expect that our basic conclusions will remain unaffected for not too cold NSs even in the presence of neutron superfluidity, $T\lesssim T_\text{cn}$ (see a comment in the end of Sec.\ 4).

\section{The effect of diffusion}
Let us first discuss the effect of diffusion
on the damping of sound waves
perturbed in
the initially homogeneous unmagnetized
npe-matter.
Each particle species $\alpha$ ($\alpha=$n, p or e)
is characterized by the electric charge $e_{\alpha}$,
number density $n_{\alpha}$,
relativistic chemical potential $\mu_{\alpha}$ (including the rest mass),
and the velocity $\pmb{v}_{\alpha}$.
In superconducting matter $\pmb{v}_\text{p}$ is the velocity
of proton Bogoliubov thermal excitations.
Proton superconductivity adds one more velocity field to the system --
the proton superfluid velocity $\pmb{v}_\text{sp}$.
Thanks to the electromagnetic interaction protons and electrons move together,
so that, to a very high precision, their number densities and currents coincide \citep[see][]{braginskii65,mendell91,gd16,dgs20}
\begin{equation}
n_\text{e}=n_\text{p}, \quad \quad n_\text{e} {\pmb v}_\text{e}=n_\text{p ex} {\pmb v}_\text{p}+(n_\text{p}-n_\text{p ex}) {\pmb v}_\text{sp},
\label{quasi}
\end{equation}
where $n_\text{p ex}$ is the number density of proton thermal excitations;
in normal matter $n_\text{p ex}=n_\text{p}$.
An unperturbed matter is supposed to be in $\beta$-equilibrium, $\delta \mu_0\equiv \mu_{\text{n}0}-\mu_{\text{p}0}-\mu_{\text{e}0}=0$ (hereafter index `0' refers to the unperturbed quantities).
Beta-processes are too slow \citep{ykgh01} to affect oscillations in sufficiently cold matter
and will be neglected in what follows.

Within the framework developed in \cite{braginskii65},
the friction force between the species $\alpha$ and $\beta$ is
$J_{\alpha\beta} \pmb{w}_{\alpha\beta}$,
where $\pmb{w}_{\alpha\beta} \equiv \pmb{v}_{\alpha}-\pmb{v}_{\beta}$
and $J_{\alpha\beta}$ is the momentum transfer rate.
The energy leakage due to diffusion equals the work done by the friction force per unit time
and can be written as an integral over the stellar volume $V$ \citep[see][]{braginskii65,gko17}
\begin{gather}
\dot{E}_\text{diff}=-\frac{1}{2}\int \sum_{\alpha\beta} J_{\alpha\beta} w_{\alpha\beta}^2 ~\text{d}V. \label{Ediff}
\end{gather}
Although \cite{braginskii65} discussed Eq.\ (\ref{Ediff})
in application to the
normal matter,
the same expression,
 in principle,
is
valid in the superfluid/superconducting matter
provided that the proton velocity in Eq.\ (\ref{Ediff})
is that of the proton thermal excitations
(because only thermal excitations can scatter from other particle species; see, e.g., \citealt{aggk81}).

Relative velocities in Eq.\ (\ref{Ediff})
depend on the efficiency of particle collisions
(more effective collisions correspond
to smaller relative velocities)
and  should be expressed
through other variables
describing perturbation.
When particle collisions are much more frequent than
the oscillation frequency $\omega$,
the system is in the hydrodynamic regime.
In this regime the linearized Euler-like equations governing
perturbations in the {\it normal} matter take the form
\citep{braginskii65,gr92,dgs20} ($\alpha=$n,p,e)
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{Brag_eqs_red}
\frac{n_{\alpha 0}\mu_{\alpha 0}}{c^2}\frac{\partial\pmb{v}_\alpha}{\partial t}=e_{\alpha} n_{\alpha 0}\pmb{E}-n_{\alpha 0}\pmb{\nabla}\mu_{\alpha}-\sum_{\beta}J_{\alpha\beta}\pmb{w}_{\alpha\beta},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\pmb{E}$ is the electric field
and $c$ the speed of light.
The hydrodynamic limit corresponds
to large values of $J_{\alpha\beta}$
such that ${w}_{\alpha\beta}$ is much smaller
than a typical hydrodynamic velocity $v$.
Thus, in what follows ${w}_{\alpha\beta}$ can be set to zero
{\it unless} it is multiplied by $J_{\alpha\beta}$.

Eqs.\ (\ref{Brag_eqs_red}) are widely known
in the neutron-star and plasma literature (e.g., \citealt{gko17} and references therein)
and can be derived from the Boltzmann transport equations for each particle species $\alpha$ in a manner,
completely analogous to the derivation in \cite{ys91}.
Note that, in these equations only diffusion dissipation is allowed for, while other
dissipative mechanisms (e.g., viscosity) are ignored.
This is justified in the hydrodynamic regime, in which effects of different
dissipation mechanisms can be studied separately (e.g., \citealt{ll87}).

Summing up Eq.\ \eqref{Brag_eqs_red} divided by $n_{\alpha 0}$ for protons and electrons and subtracting Eq.\ \eqref{Brag_eqs_red} for neutrons divided by $n_{\text{n}0}$, we, using Eq.\ (\ref{quasi})
and the $\beta$-equilibrium condition $\delta \mu_0=0$,
arrive at the equation
\begin{gather}
\label{eq4}
-\frac{\mu_{\text{n}0}}{c^2}\frac{\partial\pmb{w}_\text{np}}{\partial t}=\pmb{\nabla}\delta \mu+\left[\frac{J_\text{np}}{n_{\text{p} 0}}+\frac{J_\text{en}}{n_{\text{e}0}}+\frac{J_\text{np}+J_\text{en}}{n_{\text{n}0}}\right]\pmb{w}_\text{np}.
\end{gather}
The inertial term in the left-hand side of this equation, which can be estimated as
$-\mu_{{\rm n}0} \omega{\pmb w}_{\rm np}/c^2$,
is much smaller than the last term in the right-hand side
if $\mu_{{\rm n}0}\omega/c^2 \ll J_{ni}/n_{i}$ ($i=n$, $p$, $e$).
Taking into account that $J_{ni}\sim (10^{24}-10^{30}) (T/10^8~{\rm K})^2$~g~cm$^{-3}$~s$^{-1}$
(see, e.g., Section VII in \citealt{dgs20}),
this inequality is always satisfied for typical neutron-star conditions,
so that we can neglect the inertial term in (\ref{eq4}).
This allows us to
express the relative velocities through $\delta \mu$
and transform the energy loss rate due to diffusion (\ref{Ediff}) into
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{E}_\text{diff}
\approx-\int\frac{1}{J_\text{np}}\biggl[\frac{n_{\text{n}0}n_{\text{e}0}}{n_{\text{b}0}}\pmb{\nabla}\delta\mu\biggr]^2 \text{d}V,
\label{Edot_diff}
\end{eqnarray}
where $n_\text{b}=n_\text{n}+n_\text{p}$ is the baryon number density.
To derive (\ref{Edot_diff})
we neglected $J_{\rm en}$ compared to $J_{\rm np}$
since in normal matter collisions between protons and neutrons are extremely efficient
due to strong interactions and $J_{\rm np}/J_{\rm en} \sim 10^5$ \citep[see][]{dgs20}.

In what follows, we
consider the case of strong proton superconductivity,
$T \ll T_{\rm cp}$, suitable for not too young NSs.
At $T \ll T_{\rm cp}$ $n_{\rm p\, ex} \rightarrow 0$ and Eq.\ (\ref{Brag_eqs_red}) for protons
should be replaced with
the Josephson equation for the superconducting proton component \citep{putterman74}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{sf_eq}
\frac{\mu_{\text{p} 0}}{c^2}\frac{\partial\pmb{v}_\text{sp}}{\partial t}=e_\text{p} \pmb{E}-\pmb{\nabla}\mu_\text{p}.
\end{eqnarray}
Moreover, in this limit
superconductivity strongly suppresses
scattering processes involving protons
(the number of proton thermal Bogoliubov excitations
is exponentially suppressed),
so that the proton-related momentum transfer rates tend to zero, $J_{\text{p}\alpha}=0$.
In these conditions Eq.\ (\ref{Ediff}) reduces to
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{Edot_diff_sf1}
\dot{E}_\text{diff}=-\int\frac{1}{J_\text{en}}\biggl[\frac{n_{\text{n}0}n_{\text{e}0}}{n_{\text{b}0}}\pmb{\nabla}\delta\mu\biggr]^2 \text{d}V.
\end{eqnarray}
To derive (\ref{Edot_diff_sf1}) we make use of Eq.\ (\ref{quasi}) with $n_{\rm p\, ex}=0$,
Eq.\ (\ref{Brag_eqs_red}) for neutrons and electrons,
Eq.\ (\ref{sf_eq}), and the equality $\delta \mu_0=0$.

When dissipation is weak, the imbalance
$\delta \mu$ in Eqs.~(\ref{Edot_diff}) and (\ref{Edot_diff_sf1})
can be calculated using the equations of nondissipative hydrodynamics
(see, e.g., Section 3.1),
which are the same
in normal and superconducting matter.
Then Eqs.~(\ref{Edot_diff}) and (\ref{Edot_diff_sf1}) imply that dissipation
in superconducting matter
is by a factor of
$\sim J_\text{np}/J_\text{en}\sim 10^5$ more efficient than in normal matter.

It can be shown that Eqs.\ (\ref{Edot_diff})
and (\ref{Edot_diff_sf1}) are equally applicable to the
inhomogeneous npe-matter of Newtonian stars.
Similar equations valid in General Relativity (GR)
can
be derived within the framework of
relativistic multi-fluid dissipative hydrodynamics
developed
in \cite{dgs20,dg21}.

\section{Oscillation damping times}

To estimate the effect of diffusion on damping of sound waves, as well
as on damping of global
f-, p-, g-, and r-modes,
we
confront here
the damping (e-folding) times due to diffusion,
$\tau_{\rm diff}=-2E/\overline{\dot{E}}_{\rm diff}$,
with those due to shear viscosity,
$\tau_\eta=-2E/\overline{\dot{E}}_\eta$,
where
$\overline{\dot{E}}_\eta$ and $\overline{\dot{E}}_{\rm diff}$ are the corresponding dissipation rates averaged over the oscillation period and $E$ is the oscillation energy \citep{ll87}.

In all numerical calculations below we employ the BSk24 equation of state
\citep{gcp13},
allowing for muons, and adopt shear viscosity coefficients
and momentum transfer rates from \cite{shternin18} and \cite{dgs20}.
In the case of superconducting matter we use
equation (28) of \cite{shternin18}
for the shear viscosity
and neglect the effect of proton superconductivity on $J_\text{en}$.

\subsection{Sound waves}

To calculate $\tau_{\rm diff}$ for sound waves,
we expand
$\delta \mu$ in Eqs.~(\ref{Edot_diff}) and (\ref{Edot_diff_sf1})
[which is, generally, a function of all particle number densitities,
$\delta \mu=\delta\mu(n_{\rm n},n_{\rm p},n_{\rm e})$]
as
\begin{align}
	\delta \mu = \sum_\alpha
	   \frac{\partial \delta \mu}{\partial n_\alpha}
	   \delta n_\alpha =
	\sum_\alpha
	\frac{\partial \delta \mu}{\partial n_\alpha}
	 \frac{n_{\alpha 0} v k}{\omega},
	\label{dmu}
\end{align}
where $k$ is the wave number, and we used the
continuity equations,
$-\omega \delta n_\alpha+k n_{\alpha 0}v=0$,
to express the particle number density perturbations $\delta n_\alpha$ ($\alpha=\rm n,p,e$)
through the fluid velocity $v=v_0 \, {\rm cos}(k x -\omega t)$
(which is the same for all particle species in the nondissipative limit).
For sound waves, the oscillation energy per unit volume is
$E=\sum_\alpha \mu_{\alpha0} n_{\alpha0} v_0^2/(2c^2)$,
thus
\begin{align}
\tau_{\rm diff}=\mathcal{J}\frac{2\omega^2}{k^4}\left(\frac{n_{\rm b0}}{n_{\rm n0}n_{\rm e0}}\right)^2 \left(\sum_\alpha \frac{\partial \delta \mu}{\partial n_\alpha}n_{\rm \alpha 0}\right)^{-2}\sum_\alpha
\frac{\mu_{\alpha 0} n_{\alpha0}}{c^2},
\label{tdiff}
\end{align}
where $\mathcal{J}$ stands for $J_{\rm np}$ in normal matter and for $J_{\rm en}$ in superconducting matter.

In order to proceed to higher densities,
where muons are present,
we generalize the results derived above
to the case of npe$\mu$ matter.
The ratio $\tau_{\rm diff}/\tau_\eta$
is plotted in Fig.\ \ref{sound} as a function of $n_\text{b}$
for normal (dashes) and strongly superconducting ($T\ll T_\text{cp}$, solid line) matter.
In superconducting matter $\tau_{\rm diff}$ and $\tau_\eta$
obey almost the same temperature dependence ($\propto T^2$)
and their ratio is almost temperature-independent
($\tau_{\rm diff}$ is approximately $\propto T^2$ because $J_{\rm en}$ and $J_{\rm \mu n}$ are $\propto T^2$, see \citealt{dgs20};
small deviation from this scaling is caused by the coefficient $J_{\text{e}\mu}$, which has a more complicated behavior, but whose contribution is small).
This is not the case in normal matter for which we present
$\tau_{\rm diff}/\tau_\eta$ for
$T=10^7$ and $10^8$~K.
The curves do not vary with
$k$ or $\omega$,
since both damping times scale as $k^{-2}\propto\omega^{-2}$
(see \citealt{ll87}
and note that $\omega\propto k$ for sound waves).
In normal npe-matter particles are locked to each other:
neutrons are locked to protons due to frequent collisions caused by strong interaction,
while electrons are locked to protons by electromagnetic interaction.
As a result, diffusion is inefficient.
Appearance of muons allows charged particles to move with respect to each other,
and the efficiency of diffusion increases strongly.
However, our results imply that, anyway,
diffusion is less effective in normal matter in the whole range of densities than the shear viscosity.
At the same time, in superconducting matter neutrons are free to move with respect to protons
and it is the diffusion, that becomes the dominant channel of energy losses.
As we demonstrate below, this conclusion remains correct
also for global oscillatory modes of NSs.

\begin{figure}
\center{\includegraphics[width=0.77\linewidth]{pic1}}
\caption{$\tau_{\rm diff}/\tau_\eta$ versus $n_\text{b}$ for sound waves.
Vertical dots denote the muon onset density.}
\label{sound}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Global oscillation modes}

Using the formalism developed in \cite{dgs20} and \cite{dg21},
we calculate the damping times
of relativistic f-, p-, and g-modes, and Newtonian r-modes for an NS
in the Cowling approximation (e.g., \citealt{ls90}).
We consider a three-layer NS consisting of the barotropic crust,
npe outer core, and npe$\mu$ inner core.
We assume that protons are strongly superconducting,
$T_\text{cp}\gg T$, while neutrons are normal.
The oscillation eigenfunctions and eigenfrequencies in the absence of dissipation
(in particular, the imbalance $\delta \mu$)
are calculated with our codes developed in \cite{kg14,kg17}.

{\bf f-, p-, and g-modes: }
Damping times
versus eigenfrequency $\sigma\equiv \omega/(2\pi)$
are shown in Fig.\ \ref{modes}
for the first ($l=2$, $m=0$) eigenmodes
of an NS with the mass $M=1.4M_\odot$
and redshifted
internal stellar temperature $T^\infty=10^8\,\rm K$
(as seen by a distant observer).
Upper points represent dissipation due to shear viscosity,
$\tau_{\eta}$, while lower points show diffusion damping times, $\tau_{\rm diff}$.

\begin{figure}
\center{\includegraphics[width=0.77\linewidth]{pic2}}
\caption{Damping times for the first ($l=2,\,m=0$) f-, p-, and g-modes in superconducting NS due to shear viscosity (upper red points) and diffusion (lower black points) versus the mode eigenfrequency.}
\label{modes}
\end{figure}

One can see that for p-modes $\tau_{\eta}$
exceeds $\tau_{\rm diff}$ by approximately two orders of magnitude.
The same result was obtained for sound waves (Fig.\ \ref{sound}),
which is not surprising since p-modes are their close relatives.
In analogy to sound waves, both damping times fall simultaneously
with increasing number of nodes in a p-mode,
or, equivalently,
with increasing $\sigma$: $\tau_{\eta}\propto \tau_{\rm diff}\propto \sigma^{-2}$.

For g-modes the difference between $\tau_{\eta}$
and $\tau_{\rm diff}$ is even larger --- almost four orders of magnitude.
For these low-frequency oscillations $\sigma\propto L$,
where $L$ is the lengthscale of the perturbation,
while higher harmonics are dominated
by the $\theta$-component of the velocity $v_\theta \sim v_r\sigma_0/\sigma$,
where $v_r$ is the radial velocity and $\sigma_0$ is the eigenfrequency of the main harmonic.
Moreover, the Eulerian perturbation of the pressure is very small,
which leads to $\nabla \delta \mu \propto v_r/(\sigma L)$.
As a result, $\tau_{\eta}\propto \tau_{\rm diff}\propto \sigma^2$ for g-modes.
Note that
in case of g-modes
diffusion remains the most powerful dissipation mechanism even for normal NSs,
e.g.  $\tau_{\eta}/\tau_{\rm diff}\approx 4.8$ for the main g-mode harmonic.
In turn,
the efficiency of diffusion for the f-mode
is strongly suppressed
($\tau_{\eta}$ and $\tau_{\rm diff}$ almost coincide)
since this mode is almost incompressible and chemical potential imbalances
are practically not perturbed in the course of oscillations.

{\bf r-modes: }
The rotational, predominantly toroidal modes -- r-modes --
puzzle NS community since 1998,
when they were predicted to be unstable
due to gravitational radiation \citep{andersson98,fm98}.
Confronting the r-mode excitation and dissipation timescales
defines
the
instability window, that is the region
on the
$\nu-T^\infty$ plane,
where dissipation cannot counteract the r-mode growth \citep{haskell15}
($\nu$ is the NS rotation frequency).
Despite predictions of the modeling
that an NS cannot stay in the instability window for
any considerable amount of time \citep[see][]{levin99},
numerous sources have been observed there \citep{gck14a}.
Revealing
some strong dissipative mechanism, that
has not yet been
identified
could reconcile theory and observations.
Here we examine whether diffusion could serve as such a mechanism.

We calculate damping times for the most unstable $l=m=2$ r-mode,
treating perturbations within the Newtonian framework in the Cowling approximation,
and adopting the same stellar model and microphysics input as above.
In our calculations we assume that
$\nu$ is small compared to the Kepler frequency, $\nu_{\rm K}$,
and expand all the perturbations
in the parameter $\nu/\nu_{\rm K}$.
Fig. \ref{r-modes} shows the resulting instability curves (boundaries of the instability window),
where the r-mode excitation is balanced by
the shear viscosity only (dashes) and by the combined action of
shear viscosity and diffusion (thick solid line).
Above the curves the r-mode is unstable.

\begin{figure}
\center{\includegraphics[width=0.77\linewidth]{pic3}}
\caption{Instability curves for $l=m=2$ r-mode in superconducting (but nonsuperfluid) NS. We extend the temperature range to extremely low values
to
illustrate the behaviour of the curves at large $\nu$.}
\label{r-modes}
\end{figure}

Note that for the r-mode $\sigma\propto \nu$,
while perturbations of thermodynamic quantities,
in particular chemical potentials, are suppressed by a factor of $\nu^2/\nu_{\rm K}^2$.
As a result, $1/\tau_{\rm diff}$ turns out to be $\propto \nu^2$
[see Eq.\ (\ref{Edot_diff_sf1})],
while $1/\tau_\eta$ does not depend on $\nu$.
Thus, while at high $\nu$ diffusion is as effective as shear viscosity%
\footnote{Similarly to f-mode, the r-mode is almost incompressible \citep{lmo99}
and the effect of diffusion is not so pronounced.},
at lower $\nu$ diffusion is negligible.
Consequently, in the Newtonian framework
the effect of diffusion on the instability curve
is smaller at higher $T^\infty$,
since the curve
$\nu(T^\infty)$ in Fig.\ \ref{r-modes}
is a decreasing function of temperature.

Notice, however, that in GR perturbations
of chemical potentials are $\propto\nu/\nu_{\rm K}$
(see equation 17 in \citealt{lfa03} and also \citealt{laf01}),
hence $1/\tau_{\rm diff}$ does not scale with $\nu$.
We have not carried out r-mode calculations in full GR yet.
However, to get an impression of how efficient diffusion in GR may be,
we assumed that Newtonian approach and GR
give similar results for $\tau_{\rm diff}$ at $\nu=\nu_{\rm K}$
(since chemical potential perturbations are not suppressed at $\nu=\nu_{\rm K}$).
Note that, while the expansion parameter
$\nu/\nu_{\rm K}$ is not small at $\nu=\nu_{\rm K}$,
we can still formally solve the expanded oscillation equations
at $\nu=\nu_{\rm K}$ and rescale the result to smaller $\nu$.
Then we calculate $\tau_{\rm diff}$ at $\nu=\nu_{\rm K}$
in the Newtonian framework and assume that in GR $\tau_{\rm diff}$ equals this value at any $\nu$.
The resulting GR instability curve due to diffusion and shear viscosity is shown by thin solid line
and noticeably differs from the thick one.
We emphasize that this is only an estimate,
an accurate calculation will be published elsewhere.

\section{Conclusions}
We propose that
particle diffusion
can be a very efficient dissipative mechanism in NSs.
In contrast to the mutual friction dissipation (e.g., \citealt{haskell15}),
this mechanism does not need superfluid vortices in order to operate.
We compare damping of sound waves, as well as of f-, p-, g-, and r- modes
due to diffusion and shear viscosity
in NSs composed of neutrons, protons, and leptons.
We find that, when protons are normal,
the effect of diffusion on stellar oscillations is relatively small
and can be ignored for all modes except for g-modes.
In contrast,
for superconducting protons
diffusion leads to the very fast damping of oscillations,
especially in the case of sound waves, p- and g- modes,
leaving shear viscosity (which is believed to be the key dissipative mechanism) far behind.

Our results imply that damping times of all oscillation modes should be revisited.
Every physical phenomenon,
dealing with the development of one or another hydrodynamic instability
--- for example, resonant excitation of modes \citep{yw17}
and $p$-$g$ tidal instability \citep{weinberg16,ah18,pg19}
during NS-NS and NS-BH binary inspirals;
excitation of r-modes in rapidly rotating NSs \citep{haskell15};
saturation of r-modes due to non-linear coupling
to the inertial-gravity modes \citep{btw07};
instability onset due to precession \citep{gaj09};
glitch models based upon the excitation of
hydrodynamic instabilities in the core (e.g., \citealt{ga09})
and others --- has to be reconsidered in order to check whether
these instabilities can survive in the presence of the discussed here powerful diffusion dissipation.
Further, strong
dissipation
due to diffusion
may reduce the excitation time of the viscosity-driven secular instability in NSs \citep{lindblom87,sl96,andersson03,shapiro04}.
We therefore conclude that diffusion may have an important effect on the interpretation of gravitational signal produced in binary NS late inspirals, glitches, as well as on the interpretation of observational properties of rapidly rotating NSs.

Finally, let us briefly discuss how the magnetic field and possible neutron superfluidity may affect our results.
If protons form a type-II superconductor,
then the magnetic flux is confined to flux tubes.
Particles may scatter off the magnetic field of the tubes
or off the
proton excitations localized inside the tubes.
Both these mechanisms tend to reduce $w_{\alpha\beta}$ and hence decrease dissipation.
However, our estimates show that the relative particle velocities {\it along}
the magnetic field lines
will not be substantially reduced
for not too high magnetic fields $B\ll H_\text{c2}$,
where $H_\text{c2}\sim 10^{15}-10^{16}$~G is the second critical magnetic field.
Since the velocity field of a generic oscillation mode has a component along the magnetic field lines, diffusion at $B\ll H_\text{c2}$
should remain almost as effective as in the absence of the magnetic field.
Similar conclusion also applies to the situation when protons form
type-I superconductor, which is likely the case in the inner NS cores.
As for neutron superfluidity, it
could increase diffusive dissipation,
since it suppresses $J_{\text{n}\alpha}$
(i.e., suppresses neutron scattering from other particles).
However, this effect can be compensated by the reduction in the number of ``normal''
neutrons participating in the scattering processes.
Moreover, neutron superfluidity modifies the hydrodynamic flows,
which can also affect diffusion.
A combined study of all these
effects is important and deserves a special consideration.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
MEG was partly supported by RFBR [Grant No. 19-52-12013].

\section*{Data availability}
The data underlying this article are available in the article.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home > Funny, Weird, Macabre
Explorations and Curiosities
Funny, Weird, Macabre
Explorer J.W. Ocker's quest for what remains
by Nell Porter Brown [1]
September-October 2019 [2]
Click on arrow at right to view full image gallery
(1 of 8) The "Rocking Horse Graveyard," in Lincoln, Massachusetts— "It's a fun, whimsical thing with a flea- market feel," Ocker says. "But at night it's one of the creepiest sights on the planet."
Photograph courtesy of J.W. Ocker/OTIS
(2 of 8) Buildings at the historic Medfield State Hospital complex
(3 of 8) USS Albacore, in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Photograph by Harvard Magazine/JC
(4 of 8) Spray-painted skull mural on climbable rockface near the Lynn Woods Reservation
(5 of 8) The Phoenix (1999), made by Latvian artist Janis Karlovs from granite found on the property of the Andres Institute of Art, stands 15 feet high and weighs 11 tons.
Photograph by Randy Duchaine/Alamy Stock Photo
(6 of 8) The "Clinton Train Tunnel," built in 1903 near the Wachusett Reservoir, goes "from nowhere to nowhere."
Photograph by Lindsey Ocker
(7 of 8) The Hannah Duston statue in Haverhill memorializes the axe-wielding English colonist.
Photograph by North Wind Picture Archive/Alamy Stock Photo
(8 of 8) At a Catholic retreat center on Enders Island, in Mystic, Connecticut, the chapel holds a relic: the severed right arm of Saint Edmund, a learned archbishop of Canterbury who died in 1240.
Photograph courtesy of J.W. Ocker
New England is filled with peculiar places, and J.W. Ocker plans to find them all. The New Hampshire-based explorer—and creator of the OTIS: Odd Things I've Seen [6] travel blog, podcast, and related books—gravitates to anything offbeat, haunting, or macabre. "It's just my aesthetic," he says on a crisp morning stroll among the 40 shuttered red-brick buildings of historic Medfield State Hospital [7]—once a pioneering institution that housed chronically ill patients for more than a century.
OTIS began in 2007 as a hobby that got Ocker away from the TV and out of the house, and now features his funny, slightly snarky accounts of many of the more than 1,000 such sites and objects he has visited—across the country and abroad, including hundreds in New England. Old mills, factories, and esoteric inventions fit his catch-all "odd" criterion, as do cemeteries, ruins, historic literary haunts, movie-set locales, kitschy attractions, and purported centers of paranormal events.
Ocker, out and about at the ruins of Bancroft Castle, in Groton, Massachusetts
Mostly because he's an introvert, Ocker seeks eccentric physical sites and objects—not live people, unless they collect oddities—that concretize the complexities, absurd and sorrowful alike, of human nature and history. That explains his fascination with the Medfield site. "Thousands of people walked and worked around here, were in these wards—some for their entire lives," he says. "It's not a story in a book. It's this unique, abandoned world that anybody can access."
Opened in 1896 as the Medfield Insane Asylum, the Massachusetts institution featured an innovative "cottage-style" design: smaller buildings, a chapel, and a central common—all meant to provide restorative fresh air, sunlight, walking paths, and occupations, such as laboring on its affiliated farm, in a village-like setting. Unlike similar institutions that were closed, razed, or turned into condominiums, the Medfield property was bought by the town in 2014 and opened as a public park. Plans are in the works to re-develop the complex, which includes buildings on the National Registry of Historic Places, while preserving some open space as well as aspects of its critical role in the history of mental-health care in the United States.
Ocker also recommends stopping at the hospital's cemetery down the road. More than 800 patients were buried there under small plaques bearing only numbers, until the grounds were refurbished, starting in 2005. Then names replaced the numbers on new headstones, and a sign was installed: "Remember us for we too have lived, loved and laughed." Cemeteries not only reflect local history, they are often "beautiful, quiet places, with funerary art, animals, plants, and trees," Ocker notes. "Every family trip, I try to squeeze one in."
Strange monuments are another unofficial OTIS subgenre. Take the two statues of Hannah Duston, an English colonist from Haverhill, Massachusetts, who was captured in 1697 by Native Americans toward the end of King William's War. She finally managed to escape by killing and scalping nine of her captors, and her story was recorded by the prominent Puritan minister Cotton Mather, A.B. 1678. "Was she a hero, or not?" Ocker asks. "This is about the history of survival. But it's also the story of a woman killing people. And these are believed to be the first official statues of a woman in the United States." The bronze figure in her hometown wields an axe, and in the granite monument on a Merrimack River island north of Concord, New Hampshire, she holds scalps—for which she was paid.
Not everything on OTIS is as grim. Ocker raves about the whimsical "Rocking Horse Graveyard" (a.k.a. Ponyhenge), in Lincoln, Massachusetts. Nobody's sure what engendered the herd of more than 30 plastic and wooden horses in a field on Old Sudbury Road, but around 2010 one appeared, and, over time, "as a sort of community in-joke or light-hearted art display, people have added to it," he says. "Sometimes I'll go and someone's rearranged it all—into lines facing each other, like in battle, or in a circle, or paired off."
Nature reclaiming the stones of Madame Sherri's Castle, in New Hampshire
Photograph by Erin Paul Donovan/Alamy Stock Photo
Similarly, he appreciates the creative drive behind the Andres Institute of Art, [8] a 140-acre sculpture park in Brookline, New Hampshire. Scattered along trails on Big Bear Mountain, contemporary works offer an active day out, tinged with culture. As Ocker puts it: "Just the fact that there's something around the next bend beyond poison ivy makes it a much more pleasurable experience than your average hiking trail." It's open daily, year-round, from dawn to dusk—and it's free. Ocker's picks tend to cost nothing more than gas money.
The idea for OTIS arose when Ocker, out of college and an aspiring writer living in his native Maryland, just wasn't that happy. "I didn't really like my life. I didn't really like me," he says. To help break a sense of inertia, he began driving to unusual places. Digital cameras were becoming popular, so he took pictures and posted them online with humorous, informative texts. It provided a focus, even meaning, and became "a life-changing time of discovering the world outside myself."
Kindred curated urban explorer or "off-the-beaten-path" sites like Atlas Obscura, [9]Roadside America, [10] and Roadtrippers [11] are slicker; they have cinematic visuals and battalions of scouts and writers across the globe. OTIS is personal and homegrown—one man's nearly obsessive project.
By 2008, Ocker had moved to New England, where he was thrilled to find that "Everything is old!" Now living in Nashua, New Hampshire, with his wife, Lindsey, a professional photographer, and three young daughters, he adds, "Just going to the grocery store, I pass three historic cemeteries.My friends who grew up here don't even know any of this stuff—but it's all so ripe for exploring."
He has a full-time day job, as an executive at a digital creative agency in Boston, but OTIS has also morphed into far more than a pastime. He still travels for it, often taking along willing family members, like five-year-old Hazel. In addition to The New England Grimpendium: A Guide to Ghostly and Macabre Sites, and a sister volume focused on New York State (both won top awards from the Society of American Travel Writers Foundation), his book on Edgar Allan Poe-related sites earned an Edgar Award from Mystery Writers of America. A Season with the Witch chronicles the month-long Halloween extravaganza in Salem, Massachusetts, and due out for the holiday this year is his adult horror novel, Twelve Nights at Rotter House. It's about a travel writer drawn to the paranormal who plans to produce a bestseller based on his time in a haunted mansion. Sound familiar? Ocker laughs. "Yeah, I originally conceived of it as a nonfiction account of staying in a haunted house for a few weeks, and then I realized that would be boring, so I turned it into fiction."
His worldview easily flexes both ways. Researching his sixth book, now titled Cursed Objects, has brought him closer than usual to notions of psychic phenomena and the spirit realm. He's intrigued by the staying power of claims like "Ötzi's curse," the idea that people linked to the "iceman" found preserved in the Alps "come to a bad end," he intones melodramatically. "You can try and go see him. Or maybe not. Maybe play this one safe."
Does he believe in ghosts? He laughs. "I don't, unfortunately. I like the paranormal, the stories, and the people who chase phenomena. But I just don't believe in it—and this is coming from a guy who's spent the night in an abandoned prison in West Virginia, at Lizzie Borden's House in Fall River, Massachusetts, [12]and in all kinds of graveyards—all the places that ghosts are supposed to be, and there's not even a single experience that's even twistable into a real paranormal phenomenon."
What he likes about the "Dana Ghost Town," [13] among the communities disincorporated to construct the Quabbin Reservoir in central Massachusetts, is walking through the forest and finding a stone marker: "SITE OF DANA COMMON 1801-1938 To all those who sacrificed their homes and way of life." Only cellar foundations remain, he explains, but many are posted with placards and images of the buildings that comprised a thriving community—the church, school, and blacksmith. "So it's another family-friendly place, where you can wander around and understand what was there," he says. "Some of the cellar holes even have doors you can walk through."
He typically doesn't get scared, at least not anymore. Perhaps as a secondary gain from founding OTIS, Ocker has inured himself to common human fears, such as mortality—or small, tight spaces. A big guy, he confesses to having claustrophobia, yet he boarded the pioneering research vessel USS Albacore, [14] now installed on land and open for tours in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Used from 1953 to 1972, the submarine's design helped revolutionize the capabilities of underwater military maneuvers. "It's much smaller than those giant nuclear subs," he reports, "and it's terrifying. You see where they slept, on shelves on top of each other, and even just walking around is hard." One section holds a few multipurpose, foldout tables with checkerboards; "You squeeze yourself out from some tiny slot, and you get to go play checkers. That's what keeps you from going bonkers," Ockers says. "It takes a certain special mindset to do that job."
Over the years, he has become increasingly cautious, traveling to isolated or potentially dangerous places only in the daytime—and he does not condone trespassing or other illegal urban-exploring activities; even so, he has been escorted from a few sites. It's legal to scramble around Skull Cliff, [15] the ghoulish 2001 mural painted on a 30-foot rockface on a ridge in Saugus, Massachusetts. "To get to it you have to go through car dealerships on Route 1," Ocker says, "but at the top you can look out over an old quarry and see the Boston skyline."
He plays with "pushing beyond the fear" factor at many site visits, and knows that getting active outside on weekends and learning something new about the world benefit himself and his children. Not long ago the family explored the "Clinton Train Tunnel," built in the early 1900s near the Wachusett Reservoir in Massachusetts. At two-tenths of a mile, it "literally goes from nowhere to nowhere," he says, but as you walk through it, graffiti-covered concrete walls eerily shift to raw rock, dripping with slimy earthy wetness. And it's dark. A flashlight was required in the disorienting space as he and his little daughter moved toward a porthole of light at the far end. She somehow lost the head of her doll along the way, and Ocker had to go back to find it.
The Quabbin Reservoir's "Dana Ghost Town" is an archaeological landscape.
Photograph by James M. Hunt/ Alamy Stock Photos
More hauntingly beautiful is Madame Sherri's Castle, [16] within a forest that bears her name in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. A visit to the once majestic stone chateau, built by a theatrical New York City costume designer, can easily be combined with Mount Monadnock-region hiking, because it only takes a few minutes to take in all that remains of her home, destroyed by fire in 1963: a foundation, a few pillars, and a crumbling, winding staircase. "I tell everyone to go now,"Ocker says, "because places like this don't stick around forever."
OTIS rarely veers into such sentimentality. Ultimately, "if it's truly 'odd,' there's something macabre about it," Ocker clarifies, toward the end of the visit to Medfield State Hospital. "For instance, there's this island off Connecticut that has the severed arm of Saint Edmund in a glass case. And it's a sacred religious object, which I respect and is interesting, but, at the end of it all, it's macabre. It's a body part."
"Dad?"
Hazel, who's been gamely trotting along, collecting pinecones, interrupts the adults to ask for a ride on Ocker's shoulders.
"Maybe later," he says gently, and then adds, "Look around, see this? This is an abandoned hospital." He gestures toward the boarded-up chapel, the wards, and the swathes of open lawns. "This entire thing is a playground."
And he means it in the most serious sense. OTIS allows his—and anyone else's—imaginations to run free.
Source URL: https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2019/09/new-england-oddities?page=all
[1] https://www.harvardmagazine.com/profile/Nell-Porter-Brown
[4] https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2019/09/new-england-oddities
[6] http://www.oddthingsiveseen.com
[7] https://www.nps.gov/places/medfield-state-hospital.htm
[8] http://andresinstitute.org
[9] https://www.atlasobscura.com
[10] https://www.roadsideamerica.com
[11] https://roadtrippers.com
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Borden_House
[13] https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/dana_common.html
[14] http://www.ussalbacore.org
[15] http://www.oddthingsiveseen.com/2010/08/new-england-grimpendium-skull-cliff.html
[16] https://forestsociety.org/property/madame-sherri-forest


text:
Fancy, feathered, and fascinating, these birds surprised portrait photographer Alex ten Napel with their beauty and charisma.
In the Netherlands, Alex ten Napel makes miniature runways in barns and backyards to capture the essence of chickens such as this Polish rooster. "I consider them walking pieces of art," he says.
ByJason Bittel
Photographs ByAlex Ten Napel
A chicken "is not just an animal that gives us eggs," says Alex ten Napel, who's been roaming his home country of the Netherlands in search of farm fowl since 2014. Taking inspiration from Melchior d'Hondecoeter, a 17th-century Dutch artist known for his work with birds, ten Napel uses lighting, backdrops, and an elevated, catwalk-like stage to bring chickens out of the coop and into an entirely new context. (Rent-a-chicken trend spikes during pandemic.)
Left: A Twentse rooster takes his turn on the runway. While breeders prioritize conformation, ten Napel prizes character.
Right: The Brabanter breed has been associated with the Netherlands since Dutch artist Melchior d'Hondecoeter depicted some of the birds in 1676.
"What I hope you see in the photos is that chickens can be proud beings or funny beings," he says. "They can be like gymnasts or ballerinas. Not what most people think of when you talk about chickens." (What are animals thinking? They feel empathy, grieve, seek joy just like us.)
Left: It may seem as if this Polish hen is missing a face, but she's simply shying away from the camera.
Right: Like a singer belting out a show tune, this Dutch bantam rooster uses his time in the spotlight to crow.
Compared with people, chickens like the Polish hen above are quite patient models, ten Napel says.
Left: Polish roosters and other showy chickens are bred for competition, not consumption.
Right: Scientists think humans first domesticated chickens between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago. Pictured here, a Polish hen.
While each animal has different characteristics, ten Napel has noticed the emergence of some patterns throughout his travels. Roosters, or male chickens, tend to be large, visually striking, and imposing, he says. But it's the females ten Napel finds himself drawn toward. "I have a heart for the hens. They're so vulnerable," he says. "They move me in a way that I want to protect them." (This chicken has black bones, organs, and meat: Here's why.)
Left: Appearing to sport a ceremonial headdress, a Polish rooster stands tall for his portrait.
Right: Show chickens, such as this Polish hen, are bred for their external attributes, including color patterns and feather shapes.
Left: Ten Napel first came face-to-face with a chicken while he was camping in the Pyrenees Mountains about 10 years ago. He felt an immediate connection to the species, which then became his main photographic muse. Pictured here, a Polish chicken.
Right: The European Association of Poultry, Pigeon, Cage Bird, Rabbit, and Cavy Breeders recognizes more than a hundred breeds of chickens, from the Polish (shown here) to the Brabanter and the Dutch bantam.
A specialist in portrait photography, ten Napel focused on people—usually children and older adults—for 25 years. The chickens, he says, have reignited his passion for this type of photography. "I can't direct them. I have to be patient and feel how they will show themselves," he adds. "Everything they give you is a gift." (A behind-the-scenes look at capturing intimate animal portraits.)
On his bird-friendly runway, ten Napel coaxes a model to strut its stuff for the camera.
Though ten Napel has occasionally tried to train his lens on other subjects since falling for fowl, nothing else seems to capture his interest so completely. "This year I went back to the breeders," he says, "and I'm shooting the next series until, well, I can't photograph anymore." (The surprising ways that chickens changed the world.)
This story appears in the February 2023 issue of National Geographic magazine. A version of this story was originally published in the Dutch edition of National Geographic magazine.


During your first visit to the Law Offices of Grey and Mourin you will meet with one or more of our attorneys for a personalized consultation.
Find answers to our most frequently asked questions about consultations below.
How can I request a consultation?
You can schedule a consultation by contacting our office at (305) 325-8119.
Your initial consultation with our attorneys is always free of charge.
During your consultation you will meet with one or more of our attorneys and discuss your case. The attorney(s) will explain how our firm can help and answer questions you have about your case.
Please bring to your consultation any documents or court notices related to your case.
Such documents could include (for a criminal case) arrest forms, hearing notices; (for an immigration case) a Notice to Appear, immigration status documents; or (for an insurance claim) your insurance policy and any notices related to your loss.
Can I request a consultation on behalf of an incarcerated or detained family member or friend?
Yes, you may request a consultation on behalf of an incarcerated family member or friend. You will need to provide his/her full name and date of birth. If the detained person has an immigration hold, please bring his/her alien number.
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We accept payment in cash, check, or credit card, and we offer payment plans for criminal and immigration cases.


← August at The Inspired Mic!
Jim just completed his second novel, The Extraordinary Banana Tree, about the fall of Saigon in 1975. Again it is semi-autobiographical. The author was Manager of Flight Operations for Air America. The main character, Billy Dobson, is Manager of Flight Operations for Air America. The reader will also fall in love with Cheryl Flynn, the heroine, and a beautiful, amazing woman. Jim seems to fall in love with all his heroines.


The US dollar has risen before the start on Tuesday of a Federal Reserve policy meeting expected to raise US interest rates while eurozone government bond yields headed higher as investor nerves over an election in the Netherlands appeared to ease slightly.
Sterling hit an eight-week low against the dollar after the British government won parliamentary approval to trigger talks on leaving the European Union, reversing Monday's gains when Scotland's leader demanded a referendum on independence.
European shares dipped. Stocks in Asia had risen and Wall Street traded in tight ranges on Monday before the Fed meeting.
Traders were also looking ahead to Wednesday's election in the Netherlands, seen as a test of populist sentiment in Europe.
A poll on Monday showed Prime Minister Mark Rutte's conservatives taking 27 seats in the 150-seat parliament, three more than in the pollster's previous survey and slightly outpacing gains for nationalist Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom (PVV).
Wilders has advocated a referendum on the country's euro membership.
Yields on benchmark 10-year German government bonds , which are seen as among the world's safest assets, briefly hit 14-month highs above 0.5 per cent.
Higher US Treasury yields due to the Fed outlook, signs of recovery in the eurozone economy, and an easing of concern that the French and Dutch votes could bring populist, anti-euro leaders to power have pushed yields higher in recent weeks.
"At the start of this year yields were trending higher, and then there were escalating nerves about upcoming political risks that pulled yields back down. Now investors have revised these political risks somewhat and now we are heading back towards those yield levels seen in January," DZ Bank strategist Daniel Lenz said.
The US dollar index, which measures the greenback against six other major currencies, rose 0.3 per cent.
The euro fell 0.1 per cent to $US1.0640 ($A1.4093) while the yen fell 0.1 per cent to 115.03.
Sterling fell 0.7 per cent to $US1.2129, having dropped as far as $US1.2107, its weakest since January 17.
A Fed rate rise on Wednesday is seen as all but certain and investors will focus on new economic forecasts and any clues to how many rate hikes can be expected this year.
While higher rates would raise companies' costs, they are also seen as evidence of economic recovery.
"March's Fed meeting, even if it does suggest that FOMC members want a faster pace of rate hikes, is looking unlikely to cause market panic, and instead we could see US stocks actually rise on Wednesday night, and the dollar and US yields retreat," City Index Research Director, Kathleen Brooks, said in a note.
The pan-European STOXX 600 share index fell 0.3 per cent, led lower by a 0.8 per cent fall in banks. Sterling weakness helped Britain's FTSE 100 gain 0.1 per cent.
MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan was up 0.2 per cent, while Japan's Nikkei closed down 0.1 per cent.
Shares in Toshiba Corp closed up 0.5 per cent after plunging as much as 8.8 per cent, their biggest one-day loss for almost a month.
Toshiba failed to submit audited third-quarter earnings for a second time on Tuesday, gaining a one-month extension, and said it would speed up looking at whether to sell a majority of its US nuclear unit Westinghouse.
China's blue-chip CSI300 index dipped 0.1 per cent after data showing investment was higher than forecast in the first two months of the year.
Oil prices held near three-and-a-half month lows hit on Monday on worries about a global glut of crude as investors awaited a series of reports on output.
Brent, the international crude benchmark, traded 7 cents higher at $US51.41 a barrel.
Gold was flat at $US1,203 an ounce.


On behalf of Executive Alliance, it is with immense pleasure that we welcome you to the 2019 Security Leaders Summit. At the Boston program, you will have the opportunity to collaborate with a community of industry leaders and engage in powerful conversations on the many challenges and successes you are seeing. As organization leaders, you have the vision, the knowledge, the wherewithal and the experience to help shape this industry as it continues to evolve. We are looking forward to the day's dialogue and we know you will inspire and be inspired!


Tidal stream power is a very environmentally attractive renewable energy source whose exploitation is being hindered by operation and maintenance problems which cause very low availability times, as poor as 25%. The REMO project goal is to provide an enabling technology for tidal stream energy, by reducing the projected life cycle maintenance costs of tidal stream energy by 50% and the generator downtime to a level comparable with wind turbines ie to achieve availability times > 96%.
This strategy will reduce present projected costs of tidal stream energy production down to levels comparable with life cycle wind turbine electricity costs 0.058€/kWh) thus ensuring the economic viability of tidal generators. Energy providers will then be attracted to investing in tidal stream energy, so that its full economic potential and environmental advantages are realised.
The REMO system will remotely and permanently monitor the entire frequency spectrum of structural vibrations generated by all the rotating components of a tidal stream turbine, by combining a site of accelerometer and acoustic emission sensors for the low and high frequency regime respectively. The system will determine the vibrational signature of a healthy turbine and the evolution of that signature during the turbine life cycle. It will then discover any significant change in that signature that could be a symptom of a structural health problem at any point in the life cycle, including the build-up of marine fouling, and then issue an automatic warning.