text:
\section{Introduction}
Unconventional superconductors can have multicomponent superconducting order parameters which transform in a multidimensional representation of the crystal symmetry group. In such cases, additional symmetries besides the $U(1)$ gauge symmetry --- such as time-reversal or rotation symmetry --- are broken in the superconducting state. Superconductors which break rotation symmetry can be called nematic superconductors (NSC), in analogy with rotational symmetry breaking in liquid crystals, whereas superconductors which break time-reversal symmetry are known as chiral superconductors. Nematic and chiral superconducting order parameters that belong to the same multiplet are degenerate at the superconducting transition temperature, while this degeneracy is lifted at lower temperature.

Recently, NSC have attracted a lot of attention following the discovery of rotation symmetry breaking in superconducting states of  doped topological insulators $\text{Bi}_2 \text{Se}_3$
in  Knight shift~\cite{G.Q.Zheng2016}, upper critical field~\cite{Maeno2017,Willaetal2018,deVisser2016,Nikitin2016,Lortz2017}, specific heat~\cite{Maeno2017,Willaetal2018}, magnetic torque~\cite{LuLi2017} and STM~\cite{TaoYanLiu2018} measurements. Importantly, no signatures of rotational symmetry breaking were found in the normal state, indicating that nematicity is a property of the superconducting state itself.
The observed features are consistent with a nematic superconductor with a two-component odd-parity SC order parameter ~\cite{Fu2015, FuBerg}.

The studies of NSC have mainly focused on strongly spin-orbit-coupled 3D materials and have considered odd-parity pairings~\cite{Venderbos2016,Martin2017,Zhang2015,deVisser2018,Snezhko2016,Welp2017,Smylie2017,VenderbosHc22016,Babaev2017,Martin2017vortex,Schmalian2018,Yao2018,Sauls2018}.
As shown by weak-coupling approach~\cite{Venderbos2016,Martin2017}, in the presence of strong spin-orbit coupling and odd-parity pairing, the nematic superconducting state can be energetically more favorable than the chiral one due to the difference in their gap structures.
In contrast, for two-dimensional (2D) systems without spin-orbit coupling, NSC is not expected from the gap structure: In 2D, the chiral $p+ip$ or $d+id$ SC states generally have a full superconducting gap on the Fermi surface, whereas the nematic $p_x$ ($p_y$) or $d_{x^2-y^2}$ ($d_{xy}$) states have point nodes. As a result, the chiral state has a lower energy compared to the nematic state within a weak-coupling treatment~\cite{Annica2007,ChengPRB2010,Chirolli,Nandkishoreetal.,NandkishorePRB2014}.

In this work, we propose a mechanism for  $p$- or $d$-wave nematic superconductivity in 2D systems with hexagonal symmetry  $D_6$. We focus on the vicinity of the superconducting transition temperature, which allows us to treat the problem within the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory. By going beyond the weak-coupling approach which only takes into account the energy of Bogoliubov quasiparticles, we show that sufficiently strong fluctuations of a density wave order  stabilize  the NSC. The energy of such fluctuations is affected by  the presence of a pairing potential and can thus  distinguish between different SC states. Usually, the corresponding contribution is small compared to the weak-coupling term; however, it becomes more significant as the strength of fluctuations grows. This effect is known as a feedback mechanism and was originally proposed by Anderson and Brinkman to explain the stability of nodal $A$-phase in superfluid He-3 due to strong ferromagnetic fluctuations \cite{andersonbrinkman,brinkmansereneanderson,leggett}.

We show that strong density wave fluctuations generically favor nematic superconductivity in 2D. Our results are largely independent of microscopic details of such fluctuations. We find that the nematic $d$-wave state is  stabilized more significantly by charge density wave (CDW) fluctuations, while the feedback contribution from spin density wave (SDW) is partially suppressed by the destructive interference in a coherence factor. Interestingly, the conclusion is dual in a case of two-component spin-triplet superconductivity, i.e., nematic $p$-wave SC is more stabilized by SDW.  We emphasize that our analysis is valid not far from the superconducting transition point, where GL theory is applicable.

Our work is motivated by recent experiments on twisted bilayer graphene (TBG), which observed superconductivity and strongly correlated insulating state at 'magic' angle $\theta \approx 1.1^{\circ}$ ~\cite{Cao12018,Cao22018,Dean2018}. The mechanism for superconductivity in TBG and the pairing symmetry are subject to intense theoretical study~\cite{IsobeYuanFu,Laksonoa2018,Balents12018,YouVishwanath2018,ZhuXiangZhang2018,Volovik2018,Senthil12018,Phillips2018,Phillips22018,Baskaran2018,Kivelson2018,Trivedi2018,Yang2018,Walet2018,Kaxiras2018,Stauber2018,Sherkunov2018,Bernevig22018,Lin2018,Fernandes2018,
Wu2018,Martin2018,LinNandkishore2018,KurokiPRB2018,Han2018,TangYangZhangWang2018,ChoiChoi2018}. In particular, Ref.~\onlinecite{IsobeYuanFu} showed that due to the Fermi surface nesting and the proximity to Van Hove singularity, unconventional superconductivity and density wave emerge as the two leading instabilities driven by Coulomb interaction. The most divergent superconducting instabilities are found in the two-component  $p$-wave and $d$-wave superconducting channels, which are nearly degenerate when the intervalley exchange interaction is small. Related results on superconductivity from density wave/antiferromagnetic fluctuations in graphene superlattices appear in Refs.~\onlinecite{Balents12018,YouVishwanath2018,ZhuXiangZhang2018} (which propose chiral $p+ip$ and $d+id$ pairings).
We thus expect that our strong-coupling theory of nematic superconductivity from density wave fluctuations is  directly applicable to TBG. The strength of density wave fluctuations, which are important for our theory, may be enhanced by, e.g., changing electron density or tuning the twist angle and the interlayer spacing. We predict that one can observe the transition between chiral and nematic $p$/$d$-wave superconducting states upon varying these parameters.

Our result sheds light on the  most recent measurements of in-plane upper critical magnetic field in TBG, which shows a pronounced two-fold anisotropy revealing the breaking of rotational symmetry~\cite{Pablounpublished}. This experimental finding suggests the possibility of nematic $p$-wave or $d$-wave superconductivity, instead of chiral $p+ip$ or $d+id$ states which are isotropic. We emphasize that in our study nematicity is an intrinsic property of the anisotropic superconducting state, and we assume there is no primary electronic order that breaks rotation symmetry in the normal state. This should be contrasted with the scenario considered in Ref.~\onlinecite{Kivelson2018}, where the anisotropy of the superconducting state originates from nematic orbital order that onsets at high temperature in the normal metal. Furthermore, the nematic superconducting state studied in Ref.~\onlinecite{Kivelson2018} is fully gapped and breaks time-reversal state, while the $p$- or $d$-wave nematic superconductor studied in our work is time-reversal-symmetric and has point nodes in the gap structure. This can be directly probed in future experiments, including thermal transport and tunneling spectroscopy.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{diagramscropped3.pdf}}
\caption{Two lowest-order diagrams describing coupling between CDW fluctuations $\phi_i$ and SC order parameter $\Delta$, see Eq.~(\ref{Eq:deltaFphiDelta}).  These diagrams are sufficient provided the system is close to the superconducting transition ($\Delta$ is small) and the CDW fluctuations are massive.}
\label{Fig:diagrams}
\end{figure}

\section{CDW modes coupled to SC}
To understand the essential physics of strong density wave fluctuations coupled to SC, we begin by considering a phenomenological GL theory. In GL theory the free energy $F_{\text{SC}}$ of the superconductor is expanded up to fourth order in the two-component (spin-singlet) $d$-wave order parameter  $\hat \Delta = \Delta \cdot (d_1, d_2)$, i.e., $F_{\text{SC}}=F^{(2)}_{\text{SC}} +F^{(4)}_{\text{SC}} $, with $F^{(4)}_{\text{SC}}$  for the hexagonal systems given by

\begin{equation}
F^{(4)}_{\text{SC}} = \alpha_1 \Delta^4(|d_1|^2 + |d_2|^2)^2 + \alpha_2 \Delta^4 |d_1^2 + d_2^2|^2, \label{Eq:FSC}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha_{1,2}$ are the GL expansion coefficients. The sign of $\alpha_2$ determines the SC state below $T_c$:
If $\alpha_2 > 0$, chiral superconducting state has lower energy, $(d_1, d_2) \sim (1, \pm i).$ This state breaks time-reversal symmetry, since $d_i \to d_i^*$ under time reversal, and is characterized by full pairing gap on the entire Fermi surface. In contrast, if $\alpha_2 < 0$, the order parameter is real and given by  $(d_1, d_2) \sim (\cos \theta, \sin \theta).$ This state defines a nematic superconductor, owing its name to the nonzero subsidiary nematic order
\begin{equation}
(N_1, N_2) = (|d_1|^2 - |d_2|^2, d_1^*d_2 + d_1 d_2^*),  \label{Eq:nematic-SC}
\end{equation}
which transforms as a nematic director; this state has nodes in the excitation spectrum. As shown below, calculating $\alpha_{1,2}$ within weak-coupling gives $\alpha_2 > 0$, selecting the chiral state.

Next, we introduce the coupling to density wave fluctuations. For the sake of definiteness, we consider CDW fluctuations, but note that the argument is similar for SDW fluctuations. In hexagonal systems CDW order is described by a three-component complex order parameter $\boldsymbol{\phi} = (\phi_1,\phi_2,\phi_3)$, where the fields $\phi_i$ correspond to CDW modes at ordering wave vectors ${\bf Q}_i$. These three wave vectors are related by sixfold rotation.  To the lowest order, the coupling of the SC order parameter ${\bf d}$ to the CDW modes $\boldsymbol{\phi}$, shown diagrammatically in Fig.~\ref{Fig:diagrams}, can be expressed as

\begin{equation}
F_{\phi-\Delta} = \beta_1 |\boldsymbol{\phi}|^2 |{\bf d}|^2 + \beta_2(P_1 N_1 + P_2 N_2). \label{Eq:deltaFphiDelta}
\end{equation}
Here $(P_1, P_2) = (2 |\phi_1|^2 - |\phi_2|^2 - |\phi_3|^2, \sqrt{3}(|\phi_2|^2 - |\phi_3|^2))$ is a subsidiary nematic order parameter quadratic in the fields $\phi_i$ and describes anisotropic CDW fluctuations which transform as partners under rotations, and ${\bf d} = (d_1, d_2)$. Since it has the same symmetry as $(N_1, N_2)$ in \eqref{Eq:nematic-SC} it couples linearly.

We further assume that the fields $\phi_i$ are massive and can be described by a Gaussian contribution $F_\phi$, the precise form of which is immaterial for present purpose. The free energy of the superconductor coupled to the CDW fluctuations can thus be expressed as $F= F_\Delta + F_\phi+F_{\phi-\Delta}$. Since the fields $\phi_i$ are massive they can be integrated out, which leads to an effective free energy for the superconductor given by
$ F_{\text{SC}}=F_\Delta  + \delta F_\Delta $; at fourth order, the correction $\delta F^{(4)}_\Delta $ is given by
\begin{equation}
\delta F^{(4)}_\Delta  \sim -\beta_1^2 |{\bf d}|^4 - 2\beta_2^2(N_1^2 + N_2^2).\label{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged}
\end{equation}
Using the identity $N_1^2 + N_2^2 = |d_1^2 + d_2^2|^2$, we observe that \eqref{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged} implies a lowering of the energy of the nematic superconducting state relative to the chiral state. This effect is enhanced as the fluctuations become stronger, thus exceeding the weak-coupling or any other fourth-order contribution and eventually leading to NSC. Remarkably, the argument leading to Eq. \eqref{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged} is general and does not rely on the nature of the fluctuating field.
In particular, as mentioned, it also applies to SDW fluctuations, which can be described by a vectorial order parameter $\vec{ \boldsymbol{\phi}} = (\vec \phi_1,\vec \phi_2,\vec \phi_3)$.
Finally, a similar argument was applied to demonstrate the existence of $s+d$-wave SC state in the presence of nematic fluctuations in systems with tetragonal symmetry~\cite{FernandesMillis}.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.\columnwidth]{FSvectorsgapscropped6.pdf}}
\caption{(a) Fermi surface of twisted bilayer graphene slightly away from Van Hove singularity. Blue and red parts originate from different valleys. (b) Hot spots are  connected by six inequivalent CDW/SDW wavevectors $\pm {\bf Q}_i$, related by six-fold rotations. For concreteness, we assume that $\pm {\bf Q}_i$ connect adjacent hot spots.  (c) Time-reversal-breaking chiral superconductivity is realized if $\alpha_2 > 0$, see Eq.~(\ref{Eq:FSC}), while (d) the rotational symmetry-breaking nematic state has lower energy provided $\alpha_2 < 0$. }
\label{Fig:hotspots}
\end{figure}

\section{General model for CDW fluctuations and SC}
While the above argument is physically compelling and correctly captures the  physical mechanism of fluctuation-induced NSC, it is based on a simplified approach which neglects the contribution of modes with nonzero momentum or frequency. To develop a theory of NSC which takes this into account, we now consider a more general model for a two-component $d$-wave superconductor in the presence of CDW fluctuations. The Hamiltonian of such a system is given by $H = H_\psi+ H_\phi + H_{\psi-\Delta}  + H_{\psi -\phi}$, where

\begin{equation}
H_\psi = \sum_{{\bf k} \alpha} \xi_{{\bf k}} \psi^\dagger_{{\bf k} \alpha}  \psi_{{\bf k} \alpha}, \quad H_\phi = \frac12\sum_{{\bf q}} \tilde V_0^{-1}({\bf q}) \phi_{\bf q} \phi_{-{\bf q}}   \label{Eq:H-A}
\end{equation}
describe the normal state electronic excitations $ \psi_{{\bf k} \alpha}$ with dispersion $\xi_{{\bf k}}$ and spin $ \alpha=\uparrow,\downarrow$, and the (bosonic) CDW fluctuations $\phi_{\bf q}$ governed by the bare propagator $\tilde V_0({\bf q})$, respectively. The propagator $\tilde V_0({\bf q})$ is peaked at the six symmetry-related CDW ordering vectors $\pm {\bf Q}_{i=1,2,3}$. The coupling of the fermions to the superconducting pair potential and the CDW fluctuations is given by

\begin{align}
&H_{\psi-\Delta} = \frac12\sum_{{\bf k}}\left(\psi^\dagger_{{\bf k} \uparrow} \psi^\dagger_{-{\bf k} \downarrow} - \psi^\dagger_{{\bf k} \downarrow} \psi^\dagger_{-{\bf k} \uparrow} \right) \Delta_{{\bf k}} + \text{H.c.}, \nonumber \\
&H_{\psi-\phi} = \lambda  \sum_{{\bf k}, {\bf q}} \psi_{{\bf k} + {\bf q} \alpha}^\dagger \psi_{ {\bf k} \alpha}  \phi_{\bf q}, \label{Eq:H-B}
\end{align}
respectively.  On the Fermi surface, the pairing potential of the two-component $d$-wave SC is given by $\Delta_{{\bf k}} = \Delta[2 d_1 \hat k_x \hat k_y + d_2 (\hat k_x^2 - \hat k_y^2)]$, where, again, $\Delta$ is the overall pairing strength and ${\bf d} = (d_1,d_2)$, which satisfies $|{\bf d}|^2=1$,  captures the structure of the two-component order parameter. This form of the pairing potential corresponds to the $E_2$  representation of the point group $D_6$.

The Hamiltonian $H$ of Eqs.~\eqref{Eq:H-A} and \eqref{Eq:H-B} defines a general model for a $d$-wave superconductor coupled to CDW fluctuations. To demonstrate how the (gapped) fluctuations can induce NSC via the so-called feedback mechanism, we proceed in two main steps: First, we integrate out the fermions and then the fluctuation fields $\phi_{\bf q}$. In this way, we obtain an effective free energy functional for the superconducting order parameter which includes the effect of CDW fluctuations and renormalizes the weak-coupling result. The latter is directly obtained from $H$ by neglecting the effect of CDW fluctuations altogether. More precisely, within weak-coupling the BCS free energy of the superconductor is given by $F_{\Delta} = -T \ln \left[\text{Tr} \exp(-H_0/T) \right]$, where $H_0 = H_\psi + H_{\psi-\Delta}$. After straightforward evaluation, we find $F_{\Delta}$ in hexagonal systems up to fourth order as (see Appendix~\ref{SMSec:CDW} for details)

\begin{equation}
F_{\Delta} = r \Delta^2 |{\bf d}|^2  + K_0 \Delta^4 \left(2 |{\bf d}|^4 + |{\bf d}^2|^2\right),  \label{Eq:F0}
\end{equation}
where $ r\sim (T-T_c)$, $K_0 = (T/16) \sum_{\omega_n, {\bf k}} ( \omega_n^2 + \xi_{{\bf k}}^2 )^{-2}$, and $\omega_n = \pi T (2 n+1)$ are fermionic Matsubara frequencies. Since $K_0 > 0$, we find that within weak-coupling the chiral state indeed has lower energy below $T_c$, in agreement with Ref.~\onlinecite{Nandkishoreetal.}. This applies very generally to systems with hexagonal symmetry and does not depend on microscopic details of Fermi surface.

\section{Fluctuation-induced NSC}
We now proceed to calculate the correction to the weak-coupling free energy originating from the CDW fluctuations. As an intermediate step, we consider the normal state electronic structure described by $\xi_{\bf k}$ of \eqref{Eq:H-A} in more detail. At low energies, the most important electronic excitations are located in the vicinity of those points on the Fermi surface which are connected by the CDW ordering vectors, the so-called hot spots. The hexagonal symmetry dictates that there are six such hot spots. Following the results of Ref.~\onlinecite{IsobeYuanFu}, we focus on CDWs with wavevectors that connect all adjacent hot spots, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:hotspots}(b), though this assumption is not important for our analysis. This hot spot model, which introduces six flavors of low-energy fermions $\psi_{i {\bf k} \alpha}$ ($i=1,\ldots,6$) with corresponding $\xi_{i {\bf k}}$, also establishes a natural connection with TBG~\cite{IsobeYuanFu,Laksonoa2018}. Note that within the hot spot model all momenta are measured with respect to the hot spots.

To calculate the feedback correction, we integrate out the CDW fluctuations, which we assume to be massive, and determine their contribution to the free energy. Importantly, this contribution depends on the SC order parameter and can be expanded in $\Delta$ to obtain renormalized GL coefficients. Since the full calculation is tedious but straightforward, we discuss only  the final result and present the details in Appendix~\ref{SMSec:CDW}. We find the correction to the free energy due to CDW fluctuations as

\begin{equation}
\delta F_{\Delta} = - T\text{Tr} \big( \hat V \delta \hat\chi  \big) - \frac{T}2\text{Tr} \big( \hat V \delta \hat\chi \big)^2+\ldots, \label{Eq:Fphi}
\end{equation}
where $\hat V$ is an effective propagator of the CDW fluctuations, and $\delta \hat \chi$ is the correction to the CDW susceptibility due to the coupling to $\Delta$. Note that in \eqref{Eq:Fphi} $\text{Tr}$ implies summation over frequencies, momenta, as well as patches.  Near $T_c$, $\delta \hat \chi$ can be expanded in powers of $\Delta$, with the lowest-order term proportional to $\Delta^2$. This term is diagrammatically shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:diagrams} and in the limit of zero frequency and momentum has exactly the form of Eq.~\eqref{Eq:deltaFphiDelta}. As a result, the term in Eq.~\eqref{Eq:Fphi} proportional to $\text{Tr} ( \hat V \delta \hat\chi )^2$ gives rise to a quartic correction $\delta F_{\Delta}^{(4)}$ to the free energy of the superconductor and shifts the energetic balance towards the nematic state,  in agreement with Eq.~\eqref{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged}. As we discuss in Appendix~\ref{SMSec:CDW}, the effect of the term proportional to $\text{Tr} ( \hat V \delta \hat\chi )$ is less important and can be neglected as the strength of fluctuations increases.

Remarkably, we find that $\delta F_{\Delta}$ always favors nematic SC, irrespective of the precise form of $\hat V(\Omega, {\bf q})$ or $\xi_{\bf k}$, provided CDW fluctuations are sufficiently strong. This result solely relies on the form of $\delta \hat \chi$, and is a direct generalization of Eq.~(\ref{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged}) for the case when CDW modes with nonzero $\Omega$ and $q$ are taken into account. Specifically,  for the model described by Eqs.~\eqref{Eq:H-A} and \eqref{Eq:H-B}, the leading contribution to the fourth-order
free energy feedback correction $\delta F_{\Delta}^{(4)}$ reads as
\begin{multline}
\delta F_{\Delta}^{(4)} = -\frac{3 T^3 (\lambda  \Delta)^4}{2} \left[ (Y_1 + 8 Y_2 + 8 Y_3 + 8 Y_4)|{\bf d}|^4 \right. \\ \left. + 2(Y_1 + 2 Y_2 + 2 Y_3 -  Y_4) |{\bf d}^2|^2  \right], \label{Eq:Fphigeneral}
\end{multline}
with
\begin{align}
&Y_1 \equiv \sum_{{\bf q}, \Omega_m} V^2({\bf q}) K_2^2({\bf q}), \, Y_3 \equiv \sum_{{\bf q}, \Omega_m} V^2({\bf q}) K_1({\bf q}) K_2({\bf q}), \nonumber \\ &Y_2 \equiv \sum_{{\bf q}, \Omega_m} V^2({\bf q}) K_1^2({\bf q}) , \, Y_4 \equiv \sum_{{\bf q}, \Omega_m} V^2({\bf q}) K_1({\bf q}) K_1(-M {\bf q}), \label{Eq:Y1-Y4}
\end{align}
and the functions $K_1$ and $K_2$ are defined as
\begin{align}
&K_1({\bf q},\Omega_m) \equiv \sum_{{\bf k}, \omega_n} \frac{\omega_n (\omega_n + \Omega_m) - \xi_{1{\bf k}} \xi_{2 {\bf k} - {\bf q}}  }{ \left[\omega_n^2 + \xi_{1{\bf k}}^2 \right]^2\left[ (\omega_n+ \Omega_m)^2 + \xi_{2 {\bf k} - {\bf q}}^2 \right]}, \nonumber \\
&K_2({\bf q}, \Omega_m) \equiv \sum_{{\bf k}, \omega_n} \frac{1}{ \left[ \omega_n^2 + \xi_{1{\bf k}}^2 \right]\left[ (\omega_n+ \Omega_m)^2 + \xi_{2 {\bf k} - {\bf q}}^2 \right]}. \label{Eq:K1K2}
\end{align}
Here $\xi_{1,2 {\bf k}}$ are the dispersions of the hot spot fermions, see Fig.~\ref{Fig:hotspots}, which are related by the mirror symmetry $M$ as $\xi_{2 {\bf k}} = \xi_{1 M {\bf k}}$. $\omega_n = \pi T (2n + 1)$ and $\Omega_m = 2\pi T m$ are fermionic and bosonic Matsubara frequencies, respectively, and we have suppressed $\Omega_m$ in \eqref{Eq:Y1-Y4} for brevity.
Since $V(\Omega,{\bf q})$ in \eqref{Eq:Y1-Y4} is the CDW propagator within the hot spot model it is peaked at ${\bf q} =0$; $V(\Omega,{\bf q})$ is related to the (effective) propagator of the full model  $\tilde V$ as $V(\Omega, {\bf q}) \equiv \tilde V(\Omega, {\bf Q}_1 + {\bf q})$, where ${\bf Q}_1$ connects hot spots 1 and 2, see Fig.~\ref{Fig:hotspots}.

Our claim that the feedback effect of CDW fluctuations always favors NSC now follows from Eq.~\eqref{Eq:Fphigeneral}: It is easily demonstrated that the coefficient of $|d_1^2 + d_2^2|^2$ is always positive, i.e., $Y_1 + 2 Y_2 + 2Y_3 -  Y_4 > 0$, thus proving our statement. Importantly, Eq.~\eqref{Eq:Fphigeneral} does not require any assumptions about the explicit form of $V(\Omega, {\bf q})$ or $\xi_{i{\bf k}}$, and only relies on the (rotation and mirror) symmetries relating the hot spots. Furthermore,
when $V(\Omega, q)$ is strongly peaked at $\Omega = q = 0$, we exactly recover Eqs.~\eqref{Eq:deltaFphiDelta}-\eqref{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged} with
\begin{align}
&\beta_1 = T (\lambda  T \Delta)^2 \left[ 4 K_1(0,0) + K_2(0,0)  \right], \nonumber \\ &\beta_2 = T (\lambda T \Delta)^2 \left[ K_1(0,0) + K_2(0,0)  \right]. \label{Eq:beta12}
\end{align}
The overall prefactor in Eq.~\eqref{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged} is proportional to $\sum_{{\bf q}} V^2(0,q),$ implying that the feedback contribution becomes more significant as the strength of CDW fluctuations grows. As such, Eq.~\eqref{Eq:Fphigeneral} in combination with \eqref{Eq:FphiDeltaaveraged} represents the central result of this paper.

Finally, we consider a specific model for twisted bilayer graphene to exemplify our results. We assume that the effective normal-state CDW propagator is given by  $V(q) = \chi_0/c^2(q_0^2 + q^2)$.  We use the Fermi surface reproduced from the band structure calculation for TBG with filling factor close to the filling of two electrons/holes per supercell~\cite{KimNanoLett}, see Fig.~\ref{Fig:hotspots}(a). The dispersion near the hot spots can be  approximated as $\xi_{i{\bf k}} = v ({\bf k} \cdot {\bf n}_i),$ where ${\bf n}_i$ is the unit vector in the direction $\Gamma \text{M}_i$. The feedback correction to free energy then equals
\begin{equation}
\delta F_{\Delta}^{(4)} = - \frac{13.46}{ (2\pi)^4}\left(\frac{\chi_0 T \lambda^2}{ q_0 v^2 c^2} \right)^2 \frac{\Delta^4}{T^3} \left( 1.16 |{\bf d}|^4 + |{\bf d}^2|^2  \right). \label{Eq:answer2}
\end{equation}

As the strength of the fluctuations increases, i.e., as $q_0$ becomes smaller, this correction becomes more significant, eventually exceeding the weak-coupling contribution and leading to NSC. We emphasize that while the numerical prefactors in \eqref{Eq:answer2} depend on the particular model chosen, the results given by Eqs.~\eqref{Eq:Fphigeneral}--\eqref{Eq:K1K2} were derived without specifying the normal-state dispersion $\xi_{i{\bf k}}$ and normal-state CDW propagator $V(\Omega, {\bf q})$, and thus apply very generally.
In particular, it can be used in the case when the Fermi energy is close to Van Hove singularity, and the hot spot dispersion (in proper coordinates) is given by $\xi_{{\bf k}} = A k_x^2 - B k_y^2$ with some constants $A, B >0$. In the latter case, we reach the same qualitative conclusion that sufficiently strong density wave fluctuations stabilize NSC (see Appendix~\ref{SMSec:specificmode2} for details).

The analysis for the case of strong SDW fluctuations in a $d$-wave superconductor is similar. The important difference, however, is the relative minus sign between two diagrams in Fig.~\ref{Fig:diagrams}. This leads to the destructive interference for the coherence factor in the expression for $\delta \hat \chi$~\cite{Tinkham}. It is straightforward to show that all results for  SDW fluctuations, apart from a possible overall numerical prefactor, can be obtained from the CDW case simply by changing $K_2({\bf q}, \Omega) \to -K_2({\bf q}, \Omega)$, which leads to the partial (but not complete) suppression of the feedback contribution to free energy (see Appendix~\ref{SMSec:SDW}).

\section{Conclusion}
In conclusion, by going beyond weak-coupling and including fluctuations of a density wave order we have presented a general mechanism for nematic multicomponent superconductivity in 2D. The theory we develop can be directly applied to twisted bilayer graphene, where density wave fluctuations are strong due to Fermi surface nesting and intertwined with $d$/$p$-wave superconductivity \cite{IsobeYuanFu}. Together with the recent observation of the upper critical magnetic field anisotropy in twisted bilayer graphene~\cite{Pablounpublished}, this serves as a main experimental motivation for our work.

As mentioned in the introduction, in our theory the onset of nematicity is tied to pairing.
Since  nematicity appears as the composite order parameter of Eq.~\eqref{Eq:nematic-SC}, we expect that the two transitions can be separated, i.e., the nematic transition can occur at a higher temperature than the superconducting transition, giving rise to a vestigial nonsuperconducting phase with broken rotation symmetry~\cite{Schmalian2018,Fernandes2018,FernandesOrthSchmalian2018}. To assess the possibility of a vestigial nematic phase one must go beyond the theory developed here and consider the fluctuations of superconducting order parameter. We leave this as a direction for the future.

Finally, we notice that, alternatively to the strongly-correlated scenario considered in this paper, NSC may, in principle, originate from the internal strain. Indeed, symmetry allows the coupling between the nematic subsidiary order~\eqref{Eq:nematic-SC} and the components of the strain tensor $u_{ij}$ of the form~\cite{VenderbosHc22016}

\begin{equation}
F_{\text{strain}} = g[(u_{xx}^2-u_{yy}^2)N_1 +2u_{xy}N_2].
\end{equation}
It is clear from this expression that in the presence of uniaxial strain, $u_{xx}^2 - u_{yy}^2 \ne 0,$ one of the superconducting components develops order at higher temperature than the other one, thus resulting in nematic superconductivity. If strain is not too strong, the effect of nematicity becomes weaker as one lowers the temperature~\cite{VenderbosHc22016}, and eventually NSC transits into a chiral superconductor at sufficiently small temperature. To distinguish between the scenarios for NSC from density wave fluctuations and from internal strain, as well as from the strain-induced nematicity in $s$-wave superconductor, a detailed study of the upper critical field behavior in different regimes is required.

\section{Acknowledgments}
We greatly acknowledge the discussions with Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, Yuan Cao, Daniel Rodan-Legrain, and Oriol Rubies-Bigorda, who shared with us their unpublished experimental data. We also thank Rafael Fernandes, Jonathan Ruhman, and Max Metlitski for numerous valuable discussions. This work is supported by DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Award DE-SC0018945. LF is partly supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. J.W.F.V. was supported by the National Science Foundation MRSEC
Program, under Grant No.~DMR-1720530.

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Siddikur Rahman finished second in the 3rd edition of $300,000 Bashundhara Bangladesh Open which concluded at Kurmitola Golf Club on Saturday.
Thai young talent Jazz Janewattananond clinched the title maintaining prime position in all- through the tournament.
To bag his maiden Asian Tour title, the 21-year-old Jazz tallied overall 17-under-par 267 while two-time Asian Tour winner Siddikur moved up to the 2nd from joint 3rd collecting 13-under-par 271, stayed four shots behind than the champion.
Jazz started the day with previous collection of 13-under-par 200 while Siddikur eight-under-par 205.
Jazz carded four-under-par 67 in the 4th and final round, traded four-birdies, while Siddikur carded five-under-par 66, traded six birdies and one bogey on Saturday.
However, in the first two editions of this Asian Tour event, the Tiger Woods of Bengal, Siddikur finished 38th and 35th respectively.
Dodge Kemmer of USA upward one step to place 3rd scoring overall 11-under-par 273 while Indian golfer Shubhankar Sharma who was in the 2nd slot after the 3rd round on Friday, slipped to joint 4th scoring nine-under-par 204.
Among the nine other Bangladesh's golfers in the tournament placed: Dulal Hossain (placed joint 15th; carded 5-under-par 279); Zamal Hossain Mollah (placed joint 26th; carded even-par 284); Sajib Ali (placed joint 38th; carded 2-over-par 286); Md Nazim (placed joint 38th; carded 2-over-par 286); Robin Miah (placed joint 47th; carded 4-over-par 288); Badal Hossain (placed joint 47th; carded 4-over-par 288); Akbar Hossain (placed joint 65th; carded 10-over-par 294); Md ZIA (placed 72nd; carded 15-over-par 299) and Shomrat Shikder( placed bottom 73rd; carded 20-over-par 304).
A total of 39 Bangladesh golfers took part in the tournament while 10 made their successful cut among the total participants of 131 from 23 countries.


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We assist Kentucky residents bringing a loved one into the U.S.
On behalf of Law Offices of Dennis M. Clare, PSC posted in Family Immigration on Friday, November 24, 2017.
Love knows no bounds, not even geographically. It is not unusual for a resident of the United States, including people in Kentucky, to fall in love with someone from another country. When the relationship becomes serious and the couple is engaged or married, the couple may wish to live in the U.S. However, to legally have a foreign-born fiancé or spouse live in the U.S., the foreign-born fiancé or spouse will need a visa.
Starting the process of getting a visa can be overwhelming, especially if it is a person's first time doing so. Obtaining a marriage visa is complicated, and those who are in love will want to make sure that no steps in the process are overlooked. Fortunately, help is available for those who are petitioning for a K-3 spousal visa or a K-1 fiancé visa.
At our law firm, we provide assistance to those in Kentucky who are seeking family-based visas. We aim to give our clients the information they need as they go through the process of applying for a family or marriage-based visa. We believe it is important for our clients to have clear answers from an attorney that is truly vested in their futures.
Love makes the world go around, so for those who wish to live in the U.S. with their foreign-born fiancé or spouse, obtaining the appropriate visa is essential. However, it is equally important that these individuals understand what it takes to apply for a visa, so they can increase their chances of success. To learn more about how an attorney can help with the visa application process, feel free to visit our family immigration website.


text:
La route nationale 9 est un nom utilisé pour plusieurs routes :
 Route nationale 9 en Afrique du Sud ;
 Route nationale 9 en Algérie ;
 Route nationale 9 en Argentine ;
 Route nationale 9 en Belgique ;
 Route nationale 9 au Bénin ;
 Route nationale 9 au Burkina Faso ;
 Route nationale 9 au Cameroun ;
 Route nationale 9 au Congo-Kinshasa;
 Route nationale 9 à Djibouti ;
 Route nationale 9 en Estonie ;
 Route nationale 9 en Finlande ;
 Route nationale 9 en France métropolitaine ;
 Route nationale 9a en France métropolitaine ;
 Route nationale 9c en France métropolitaine ;
 Route nationale 9 en Guadeloupe ;
 Route nationale 9 en Martinique ;
 Route nationale 9 en Guinée ;
 Route nationale 9 en Italie ;
 Route nationale 9 en Inde ;
 Route nationale 9 à Madagascar ;
 Route nationale 9 au Maroc ;
 Route nationale 9 en Pologne ;
 Route nationale 9 en Slovénie ;
 Route nationale 9 en Tunisie.

Voir aussi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


BVP CET 2019 conducted by Bharati Vidyapeeth University for admission to various courses offered by the university. Bharati Vidyapeeth University Admission related information for UG and PG courses are given here. This page contains BVP Admission information like BVP Entrance Exams, Dates, Application Forms, Eligibility and other similar information.
Bhartiya Vidyapeeth University conducts BVP CET every year for the admission in various courses. Here we mentioned the exam schedule for the BVP CET 2019 for the both UG and PG courses.
* There are two exam dates for B.Tech, B.Sc Nursing, BHMCT, B.Pharma & D.Pharma, B.Optom, B.Sc Biotech, BASLP. We are clarifying the confusion with the University. Keep visiting for further updates.
* There are two exam dates for MBA, MCA, MHA. We are clarifying the confusion with the University. Keep visiting for further updates.
Below are the links for various entrance exams. Click on the exam name to view more details regarding the exam.
Direct Admission to IInd Year B.Pharm.
Candidates can apply for various courses for the BVP CET 2019 from the Public domain: www.bvuniversity.edu.in. Online application form for the B.Tech (Engineering),BBA/BCA, B.B.A.LLB (5 Years), LLB (3 Years), BALLB (5 Years), B.Sc. Biotechnology, B.Optomtometry, BASLP, B.Sc. Nursing, M.Tech, M.Sc. Nursing, M.Pharm/Pharm D (PB), M.Sc. Environment and M.Sc. Geoinformatics are available now. Candidates can fill the same from the direct link which is given on the "application form" page.
After Successful Payment, you will get admit card to your account or it will be sent on the email address you have entered while registering for BVP CET. If a candidate has obtained different examination centre which may be far from their residence.


Natural Stripe Rug 8'-0" X 11'-0"
This item will ship via freight in 6-10 weeks.
80% Wool,20% Jute. Hand woven in India.
Stocked furniture and large items will deliver via standard, white glove delivery (inside home/room of choice, light arrangement, unpack and remove packaging, no assembly ) by freight in 2-4 weeks in most metropolitan areas. Out of stock items will ship via freight in 8-12 weeks.


The program is under review. Therefore, we will not admit students until further notice.
The primary aim of the graduate diploma is to provide students with both a strong conceptual foundation for understanding and analyzing problems of governance and an effective tool-kit of skills and techniques required to operate in an increasingly complex managerial and organizational environment.
Governance is about effective coordination and decision-making in a world where knowledge and power are increasingly distributed. In this perspective, governance challenges are increasingly important to public, private and civic organizations – both within such organizations and across them.
This program was created for students who wish to increase their skills and knowledge in public management by adding an interdisciplinary dimension via courses from the Telfer School of Management and the School of Political Studies.
Candidates must meet the normal requirements for admission in a master's level program at the University of Ottawa (namely, an honour's baccalaureate degree, or its equivalent, with at least second class "B" standing from a recognized post-secondary institution). Advanced standing for up to 4.5 units will be given to qualified students in recognition of comparable studies as determined by the Program Committee. To be eligible, the units in question must not have counted towards the requirements of a previously conferred diploma or degree.
Candidates are required to submit a resume as well as a narrative statement. In the narrative statement, we recommend that they identify and explain the reasons why this program is of interest to them, and highlight elements of their current or past professional experience (paid or voluntary) that may have given them some insights or sparked interest in public management and/or governance. The candidates may also wish to identify what they hope to gain from the diploma in terms of learning and/or endeavors that they believe the diploma will better position them to undertake. The statement should be between 300 and 500 words in length.
A maximum of three units in equivalencies or advanced standing may be granted. Candidates who have already successfully completed some of the compulsory units may be allowed to replace those units with elective units. For details, consult section B.2.7. of the general regulations in effect for graduate studies.
Students enrolled in the graduate diploma program can request to transfer to the Master of Arts (MA) in public administration in accordance with section A.7.1 of the general regulations in effect for graduate studies.
Proficiency in either English or French is required. Applicants whose first language is neither English nor French must provide proof of proficiency in one or the other. The list of acceptable proofs is indicated in the "Admission" section of the general regulations in effect for graduate studies.
Enrollment in the ADM or the PAP project depends on the Faculty / School of the project supervisor.
The requirements of the diploma are usually fulfilled within three years of initial enrollment to the program.


Just be careful do not act violent towards them, because the evil alien machine can attack you more,,, look,try to be professional and talk to them in a very smart way, and maybe the make the choice to get the evil machine out of your body, look, if you have some questions you can send me a message to jjalfonzo77@Gmail.com or to my facebook profile just type: Juan Alfonzo Jinez and you can leave a message in messenger,,, hope you get the help you are looking for, take care and god bless you,,, good bye….
I believe you, I went through getting yank off my bed, to levitation and slam around. No one in my family would believe me until this one nite my sister thought I was having a party in my room.
She didn't know that I was being slam against my walls. Until I got away & ran towards her room that was a many feet away from my outside room.
So much to tell & so little time I have left in my life.
I've experience this as a kid when I was in the bathroom. I also experience being held down in my sleep. These are demonds, if you notice when you screem Jesus it will remove it self or even fly off you. I'm still experiencing it as an adult. I dream of things and it will happened, when I look at a person in there eyes or touch them I can tell if they're a good or a bad person. I can feel people emotions and I can hear what they are thinking sometime. My gift was a lot stronger before I cry to god one day and told him it's too much and don't want it. Now it happens to me when I need to know something.


before syd left we really wanted to take family pictures. we hadn't gotten any done since jarman has been an official part of the family. we decided to just try to take them using a tripod and a clicker. it was actually a lot harder than i thought it would be- my clicker wouldn't work if we were too far from the camera, but my good lens makes it so we have to be kind of far. so the ones with the whole family were literally timer pictures where i was running in my six inch heels in the sand to get back to the camera. it was totally worth it though because i love how the pictures turned out.
we decided we wanted to do a boho shoot (which not only provided our stylistic choices but also lots of jokes from the boys). we all tried to wear longish or flowy dresses with big heels. we also brought down a bunch of furs to wear for some of the pictures. we like to choose outfits that loosely go together, rather than things that are obviously matching (like white shirts and jeans). i love the bright blues that pop out of some of the outfits, and we also had creams and browns and black and few others.
we took the pictures in oceanside (this little outing was on sydney's last day so she got to see the beach and eat at phil's as well). some of them are just in front of people's houses, and the others were on some rocks and stairs that we found. we went down with some ideas of places, but nothing set. it was fun to drive around and find the cutest places we could (we ended up parking the car only once though- all of these locations are within walking distance of each other).
seriously though, how cute is my family? my sisters get prettier and prettier, my mom looks younger and younger, and jarman is handsomer and handsomer. you better believe we will have lots of these pictures all over our house!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This really is, finally, the end. Though I've just noticed that I've not one but two later JIB articles about German brewing. It's going to be a long, dark winter.
You may remember that I ran a long series about bottling in Britain. I'm weirdly fascinated by the process of making non-bottle-conditioned beers. It's an area where there was a great deal of progress in the first half of the 20th century, mostly following the lead of the US brewing industry.
But I digress. We're supposed to be discussing German bottling.
As a result of pasteurization and the increase in storage times, particular interest is being shown in the oxygen contents of bottled beer. Filter-sterilized beers are also oxygen sensitive, but not to the same degree as flash-pasteurized or bottled pasteurized beers.
Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Volume 72, Issue 1, January-February 1966, page 23.
By longer storage times it doesn't mean lagering at the brewery, but the greater length of time packaged beer spent in the distribution change with the move from pub to home consumption. The more oxygen in the beer, the quicker the bottle would spoil.
What's a ring-canal bottling machine? I would tell you, had I any idea. But a search on the internet came up with zilch. Please tell me if you know what the hell it is and how it differs from a tank type bottling machine.
Isn't filling the bottle with CO2 the way to keep oxygen out? Apparently not.
"Prefilling of the bottle with CO2 has little success unless the bottle has previously been evacuated or the old Seitz method of CO2 rinsing is used. With this system, the air-CO2 mixture in the bottler is used to prefill the bottle entering the bottling machine.
Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Volume 72, Issue 1, January-February 1966, pages 23 - 24.
Bottling on foam is what that's called. Which seems to be the desirable way to go. I discussed this with a brewer in the US recently. Where was it? Their old bottling machine only achieved the right level of foam on some of the filling heads. It meant that some bottles had a very short shelf-life and couldn't be shipped very far. A new machine with capped every bottle on foam greatly increased shelf-life and had opened up new distribution possibilities.
How much air was acceptable in a bottle?
Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Volume 72, Issue 1, January-February 1966, page 24.
"Brewing: science and practice", by Dennis E. Briggs, Chris A. Boulton, Peter A. Brookes and Roger Stevens, 2004, page 761.
What did the future hold?
"Brewing: science and practice", by Dennis E. Briggs, Chris A. Boulton, Peter A. Brookes and Roger Stevens, 2004, page 779.
That really does sound weird, spraying water into a newly filled bottle. But I suppose it must work.
And that's us done with Narziss. And German post-war brewing. For the time being. There are those other two articles.
The water jet method is still being used at Brouwerij Van Steenberge N.V.
I saw it in use myself when I visited the brewery as part of a press trip organised for the launch of St Stefanus to the UK. The head brewer also explained the process to us so I'm doubly sure.
As mentioned, a tiny jet of water was shot into each bottle causing the beer to foam up just before the cap was added.
that's interesting. Any idea how olfd the machine is?
When you come to London next, make sure you leave a bit of time to come to Greenwich and I'll show you our bottling machine (made in the DDR!) - it's a ring duct filler.
It was huge a fully automated, modern system.
Des de Moor was on the trip too and may be able to shed more light than me.


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text:
Defending Van Halen's Much-Maligned 'Diver Down'
Matthew Wilkening
Matthew Wilkening Published: April 14, 2015
Van Halen's fifth album should have been a disaster. Yet 1982's Diver Down, despite being a hastily recorded collection featuring only four full-length original songs, turned out to be one of the band's most fun records.
Van Halen were looking forward to taking a break after barely completing an exhausting world tour in support of their 1981 album Fair Warning, their fourth record in as many years. But first, singer David Lee Roth reportedly convinced the group to release a cover of Roy Orbison's "(Oh) Pretty Woman" as a time-buying, stand-alone single.
This move backfired in the best possible way. The track became a sudden hit, and Warner Bros. pressured the band to record an LP – and fast.
Short on new material, Van Halen whipped together a 31-minute hodgepodge featuring five cover songs (including their brief album-closing take on Dale Evans' "Happy Trails"), three short Eddie Van Halen-showcasing instrumentals and just four full-length original songs.
Some critics refused to grade on the curve to account for the rushed recording schedule, criticizing the album's lack of original material: Rolling Stone said that it appeared the group was "running out of ideas." But the four original songs on Diver Down prove this was hardly the case.
The album's two new rockers, "Hang 'Em High" and "The Full Bug," the latter of which featured Roth on acoustic guitar and harmonica, have stood the test of time. The group even treated fans to occasional renditions of both of these dusted-off gems on later-era tours.
Even more impressively, the album features two of Van Halen's most textured and mature tracks: the lilting, Spanish-influenced "Secrets" and the exotic pop-rock guitar symphony "Little Guitars."
Even though Eddie Van Halen told Guitar Player at the time that putting together Diver Down at such a hectic pace was "fun" – he and his brother Alex even got to recruit their father Jan to play clarinet on "Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now)" – he later revealed displeasure with the album's reliance on outside material, and for having to graft a riff he had planned for an original song onto the band's synth-pop cover of "Dancing in the Street."
This realization led to a change in how Van Halen operated. In an effort to retain more control over his music, Eddie built a recording studio – named 5150 – at his home and has used it to create at least part of every one of the band's albums ever since.
Van Halen would go on to record one more album with Roth, the career- and genre-defining 1984, before splitting with the singer and entering an entirely different phase of their career with Sammy Hagar at the mic.
Roth immediately kicked off his solo career with the audacious Eat 'Em and Smile, but after a couple of decades, the Van Halen brothers and Roth apparently realized they brought out the best in each other. They reunited, toured (minus bassist Michael Anthony) and released A Different Kind of Truth in 2012.
The Best Song on Every Van Halen Album
See Rock's Epic Fails: Van Halen Edition
Van Halen's Best Keyboard Songs
Source: Defending Van Halen's Much-Maligned 'Diver Down'
Filed Under: Van Halen
Sammy Hagar Names Favorite Van Halen Album, Says Unreleased Song Exists
Sammy Hagar Says Alex Van Halen Won't Return His Calls or Emails – 'I've Done it About Five Times Now'
Rock Stars Celebrating Birthdays in October
Poll: What's the Best Van Halen Album? – Vote Now
Hear David Lee Roth's Cover of Van Halen's 'Dance the Night Away'
Sammy Hagar Not Interested in Rumored Van Halen Tribute Tour
The 10 Weirdest Van Halen Songs
David Lee Roth Is Holding Up Van Halen Tribute Show, Eddie Trunk Explains
Gary Cherone Says Eddie Van Halen Hinted at 'Kitchen Sink' Tour

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Researchers have found that when pharmaceutical sales visits were restricted, doctors changed the way they prescribed drugs to their patients.
Marketing pharmaceuticals to physicians by sending sales representatives to clinics is one of the most powerful promotional tools available to drug companies. However, critics of the practice have expressed concerns that these visits could have an inappropriate influence over physician prescribing behaviour.
Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), have now found that when pharmaceutical sales visits were restricted, doctors changed the way they prescribed drugs to their patients. The results of the study were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The researchers studied the impact of practice-mandated restrictions on pharmaceutical representative visits to doctors' offices at 19 different academic medical centers. They found that once these restrictions were put in place, physicians were more likely to prescribe cheaper generic drugs over their expensive branded counterparts.
Pharmaceutical sales representatives use a technique known as detailing when they visit doctors' offices. Detailing involves providing physicians with free meals and small gifts, and is expensive for pharmaceutical companies, however these efforts can be rewarded if they help persuade a doctor to prescribe their medication to patients.
To shed light on the influence of restrictions on detailing and prescription writing, the researchers compared the prescribing behavior of thousands of physicians before, and after, their academic medical centers implemented restrictions on sales rep visits. They also collected data on a control group of physicians practicing in the same geographical area, but without restrictions on detailing.
In all, 25,000 physicians prescribing 262 drugs – including sleep aids, statins and antidepressants – worth over $60 billion in US sales, were included in the study. The study is considered to be the largest, most comprehensive research conducted on the practice to date.
Before the academic medical centers implemented restricted detailing policies, the average drug prescribed by the physicians had a 19.3 percent market share; after implementation of the restrictions, this number dropped by 8.7 percent. According to Larkin and his colleagues, pharmaceutical sales visits could also have indirect influences on prescribing physicians.
The researchers believe that regulators may need to step in to better manage these conflicts of interest among pharmaceutical companies and prescribing physicians. The study authors warn that relying on individual physicians to regulate this practice may not be sufficient to solve the problem.


The Office of Institutional Effectiveness and Research (IER) is responsible for maintaining, analyzing, and publishing data relating to USCB's students, faculty, staff, and educational programs for use in the conduct of official university business.
Per the USC Policy on Private Requests for University Data, "requests for the generation of new data or reports about the institution from private parties or for private use..., in which either the requesting party is not an employee of the university, or the intended use of data is not in pursuit of the conduct of official university business" should contact USCB's Advancement Office at 843.208.8030.
If you have an urgent data request for a University purpose, please complete the Data Request Form and contact Brian Mallory (ext. 4137) or Kevin Bessent (ext. 4178) to discuss.
To insure privacy of student data, The Office of Institutional Effectiveness and Research is now placing data in a shared space that only you and we can access. Once the Data Request Form is completed, an IER staff member will contact you with procedures on how to access the requested data.
To request a user specific Cognos report, please submit a request with USC at servicedesk@sc.edu.


text:
Daughter of Dr. Jekyll is a low-budget black-and-white 1957 American horror film produced by Jack Pollexfen, directed by Edgar G. Ulmer and released by Allied Artists. The film is a variation on the 1886 gothic novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It stars Gloria Talbott, John Agar and Arthur Shields. In the film, Janet Smith (Gloria Talbott) learns that she is not only the daughter of the infamous Dr. Henry Jekyll, but is convinced by her guardian, Dr. Lomas (Arthur Shields), that she has inherited her father's transformative condition. Janet begins to believe that she turns into a monster after two local women are found horribly killed and nearly takes her own life because of it. However, all is not what it seems.

Daughter of Dr. Jekyll was released in theaters in the US on a double bill with The Cyclops.

Plot
In the mid-1910s, Janet Smith (Gloria Talbott) and fiancé George Hastings (John Agar) arrive at the English manor house that Janet will inherit the next day, when she turns 21. They meet Mrs. Merchant (Martha Wentworth), the housekeeper; Jacob (John Dierkes), the groundskeeper; and Maggie (Molly McCard), Janet's personal maid. Oddly, Maggie is frightened and in a hurry to get home before the moon rises. Janet and George also meet Dr. Lomas (Arthur Shields), Janet's soon-to-be ex-guardian.

Janet surprises Lomas by revealing that she and George have decided to marry as soon as possible. Lomas says that their decision is "rash and ill-advised," but then announces that in addition to the house, Janet is inheriting a "sizable fortune" and a huge estate. He also says, ominously, that he has another inheritance to explain in the morning.

The next morning, Janet and George discover a hidden laboratory in the house. When they ask Lomas about it, he refuses to say anything until George leaves the room. George does, but when Janet returns from the lab, she tells him that the wedding is off because Lomas has told her that she's the daughter of the werewolf Dr. Jekyll. After Lomas takes them to the family crypt to see Jekyll's tomb, Janet says that she fears passing on "this madness" to her and George's future children. When George asks if that's possible, Lomas says that there's no proof one way or the other.

Lomas hypnotizes Janet that night under the pretence of checking her for shock. Before Janet goes to bed, Maggie tells her that tomorrow night's full moon marks the night that "the monster Jekyll rises from his tomb." Janet has a nightmare in which she sees a monster-woman kill another woman. Once awake, she finds blood on her hands and nightdress, and when she looks in the mirror, she sees the monster-woman looking back.

Merchant serves breakfast the next morning, complaining that Maggie and Jacob are late for work. Jacob then appears, carrying Maggie's body. She was killed on her way home last night, according to Jacob, by a werewolf. That night, the night of the full moon, Lomas doses Janet with brandy- and drug-laced milk before she goes to bed. Janet has second, longer nightmare, in which the monster-woman kills Lucy (Reita Green) in the woods, while leaving the young man (Marcel Page) she's with unharmed. Janet awakens and again finds blood on herself.

In the morning, Jacob glares accusingly at Janet as he says, "We've found Lucy. With her throat torn out. Torn out by her!" Merchant resigns, too afraid to stay in the manor house any longer. Janet is by now in deep distress. She begs George to lock her up or put her "in a nuthouse," then hysterically cries, "If you love me, please kill me," threatening that if he won't, she will. George puts her back to bed, but she slips away. As they search for her, Lomas dismisses George's worries about Janet killing herself, saying that most suicide threats are "just talk." They find Janet at the family crypt, Jacob sitting nearby sharpening a wooden stake.

Lomas hypnotizes Janet again and leads her back to the crypt. George follows, unseen, unheard. Lomas tells Janet that she'll kill another woman that night and then hang herself over her father's tomb in regret. As George watches, Lomas transforms into a werewolf. They fight, the werewolf knocks George unconscious, then goes to the village and kills a woman (Marjorie Stapp) as she dresses.

Armed village men shoot the werewolf and chase it toward the crypt. George rouses Janet from her trance and explains that Lomas is the werewolf, not her, and that he's framing Janet, just as he framed her father, because he wants the estate for himself.

While the wounded werewolf and George fight in the crypt, Jacob skewers the werewolf with the wooden stake. The werewolf reverts to Lomas as it dies.

Cast
Gloria Talbott as Janet Smith
John Agar as George Hastings
Arthur Shields as Dr. Lomas
John Dierkes as Jacob
 Molly McCard as Janet's maid, Maggie
Martha Wentworth as Mrs. Merchant
 Marjorie Stapp as Woman Getting Dressed
 Reita Green as Young Woman in Woods (in credits as Rita Green)
 Marel Page as Young Man in Woods

Production
Production of the film began in early November 1956, about eight months before its release. It was filmed in widescreen format with an aspect ratio of 1.85:1. Talbott said in an interview that the actual shooting time was "something like five to seven days" and that most of the filming took place "not on a stage, but in a house" on 6th Street in Los Angeles, near Hancock Park. She said that passing traffic can occasionally be seen through a window in the background of interior shots.

The car John Agar is seen driving to the manor house at the beginning of the film is a 1912 Ford Model T.

Daughter of Dr. Jekyll has a virtually identical prologue and epilogue. In the beginning, after a voice-over informs viewers that Dr. Jekyll is dead, the camera cuts to a werewolf, sitting in a smoky lab, who cackles "Are you sure?" in what sounds like a high-pitched woman's voice. At the end, after the werewolf is killed, the same scene is repeated, but this time "Are you sure?" is asked in a more masculine-sounding voice. British film scholar Phil Hardy speculates that this was done in the belief that Daughter of Dr. Jekyll would be the first film in a series. It was not.

In the fight scene between Agar and the werewolf, uncredited stuntman Ken Terrell stood in for Shields. The monster-woman version of Talbott during the nightmare scenes was played by an unnamed stunt double. To produce an unreal effect during the nightmares, Ulmer set the action in a wooded region that had recently been burned, then filmed it using ultraviolet film. Reflecting the film's low budget, screams heard during the nightmares came from the "convenient and valuable resource known as the Sound Effects Library."

Daughter of Dr. Jekyll is one of 35 films thematically related to the Stevenson novella and released between 1908 and 2005, according to a filmography compiled by Dr. Michael Delahoyd of Washington State University. It is one of only three werewolf movies made in the US during the 1950s, the other two being The Werewolf (1956) and I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957).

Release

Daughter of Dr. Jekyll was released in the US as the second half of a double feature with The Cyclops, in which Talbott also starred, on 28 July 1957. The movie opened over a period of years in different countries: in Mexico during 1957, in Italy in 1959 and in Austria and West Germany in 1963. The film was released to theaters at unspecified dates in Belgium, France, Brazil, Greece, Serbia and Spain. It was re-released to US theaters in 1964, two years after it had been syndicated to television by Allied Artists as part of a 22-film package called "Sci-Fi for the 60s."

Allied Artists distributed the film in the US for its initial release in 1957 and again upon its re-release in 1964. Allied Artists de Mexico distributed the film to theaters there, while Mercator Filmverleih Boho Gaus handled it in Germany.

The television release was somewhat unusual as the film's running time of 67, 69 or 71 minutes, depending on which version was used, was considered to be too short for "late night time slots." As a result, the film was expanded to approximately 75 minutes by double-printing "some of the film's frames to stretch out the action" and lengthening Janet's nightmares "with footage from Frankenstein 1970 (1958)."

Daughter of Dr. Jekyll has been available for home viewing for a number of years. Fox Video, Key Video and World Beyond Video all released the film on VHS in the US, although release dates have not been established. DVDs of the film were put out in the US by All-Day Entertainment in 2000 and by Image Entertainment in 2003. Outside the US, DVDs of the movie were released by Punto Zero in Italy in 2008, and in 2009 by BAC Films in France and L'Atelier 13 in Spain. In 2012, a DVD version was released by an unspecified company in Germany. Scenes, trailers and clips from the film are featured in the 1991 VHS documentary Wolfman Chronicles and in two episodes of the TV series 100 Years of Horror - "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" and "Girl Ghouls," both from the series' first season in 1996.

Reception
Reviewers seem to have not been overwhelmed by the quality of the film at the time of its release. BoxOffice magazine summarized reviews in its standing feature "Review Digest" in the issue of 26 October 1957. Harrison's Reports, Film Daily, The Hollywood Reporter, Parent's Magazine and The New York Daily News all called the film "fair." Variety and BoxOffice itself rated it as "poor." About two months earlier, BoxOffice suggested to theater owners in its regular "Exploitips" feature that to drum up business, "At the curb in front of the theatre, have an ambulance bearing a sign: 'For the convenience of those who are overcome by the dual chiller-thrillers,'" a reference to the pairing of The Cyclops and Daughter of Dr. Jekyll.

Later critics have tended to focus on the film's inconsistencies and shortcomings. American critic Andrew Sarris notes that the film has a "scenario so atrocious that it takes forty minutes to establish that the daughter of Dr. Jekyll is indeed the daughter of Dr. Jekyll." Hardy calls the film "bizarre" and "the most unorthodox treatment of Stevenson's theme to date" (i.e., 1985) but also says that "Ulmer's direction is as hypnotic as ever but producer Pollexfen's script leaves him little room for genuine creativity." Ken Hanke, film critic for the MountainXpress on-line newspaper, notes in a 2014 review of the movie, then being shown as part of a film series, that while "there are obvious attempts of someone making the best film possible given the script and budget," the film makes little sense. For example, he notes that "It somehow manages to confuse Mr. Hyde with a werewolf [and] comes up with the screwy idea that being a drug-induced monster could be an inheritable trait." Likewise, American sci-fi film scholar Bill Warren points out the inconsistency of having the werewolf killed with a stake through the heart "like a vampire." He also writes that "To make a Jekyll-Hyde movie and leave out Hyde seems perverse."

Other critics, however, have more deeply explored the subtext of the film. Robert Singer suggests in a book chapter titled "Nothing to Hyde: Reading The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll" that the film "may be read as a critically significant text within the melodramatic crisis of female identity cinema of the 1950s," with Janet treated simultaneously as a child and an adult, being "dressed, undressed, put to sleep, given pills, hypnotized and, when all else fails, she is nearly led to suicide." Singer describes the film as "an identity quest set in a dark fairy tale" and calls George "an oafish white knight" who "in fairy tale fashion, saves his princess, the innocent persecuted heroine."

Similarly, Craig makes note of the sexual and patriarchal undertones of Daughter of Dr. Jekyll that are reflected in Janet, who by the end of the film is legally an adult (i.e., age 21) and very soon to be married. He writes that "Janet's first 'victims' are young women, easily seen as sexual rivals, reinforcing the notion that this 'alter ego' of hers is fueled in part by sexual desire suppressed." Moreover, "she readily believes herself literally cursed by the 'sins of the father.' This notion follows the time-honored patriarchal script in which the female is blamed for the sins of the male, even unto potential self-destruction."

Stars Talbott and Agar appear to have disagreed about the worth of the movie, speaking about it in separate interviews. Talbott said that "I was amazingly surprised at it. I didn't think it was going to be anything - it was another of those 'wham-bam-thank-you-ma'am' shoots' - and yet it turned out to have a lot more content than I might have hoped." Agar, though, said that "I did that picture strictly for the bread. I didn't fluff it - I did the best I could with what I had to work with - but it wasn't my cup of tea. I just didn't believe it."

Nonetheless, despite its shortcomings, some critics still find the movie enjoyable, calling it "immensely silly" and "more amusing than anything" as well as "delightfully daffy" and "an awful lot of fun."

See also
 The Son of Dr. Jekyll

References

External links

1957 films
1957 horror films
Films directed by Edgar G. Ulmer
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films
1950s English-language films
American science fiction horror films
Allied Artists films
Films set in England
American werewolf films
1950s American films


You won't believe the secret ingredient that makes a perfect pie crust. It's not frozen butter or special flour. You'll be shocked–don't tell Grandma!
What's the secret to perfect pie crust? That tender, flaky taste that melts in your mouth? You're never going to believe this.
Yep, the very same vodka we used to make Homemade Vanilla Extract is the secret ingredient for perfect pie crust. Vodka has no flavor, evaporates quickly, and prevents gluten from forming–so you end up with a tender, flaky crust.
And how cool would it be to bring a homemade pie to your next family gathering? Pretty amazing, I'd say. Let's go!
Put the flour and salt in your food processor. Cut the butter into chunks and put it on top.
Pulse it together until the butter is incorporated and looks like little pebbles in the flour.
Add the water and the vodka, then mix in short bursts. It will look like a crumbly mess and then will magically hold together.
Dump the dough onto the counter, form it into a disk, and wrap in plastic wrap. Place in the fridge to chill for about 30 minutes. This will allow the butter (which has probably softened through all that mixing) to firm up again.
After 30 minutes, sprinkle a little flour on the counter, unwrap the disk and start rollin'.
Don't worry about making a perfect circle, just roll it out as best as you can. Every now and then, set your pie plate on top to see if the crust will fit.
I called this "good enough," smooshed the cracks together, and prepared to Make The Transfer.
Transferring the dough to the pie plate is usually the toughest part. I've had the best luck with rolling the dough onto my rolling pin and unrolling it over the pie plate.
Add the pie fixings of your choice and bake according to that recipe. You could even freeze the crust, unbaked, if you won't need the pan for a bit–just don't put a frozen glass pan into a hot oven. Yipes!
But do me a favor, OK? Don't tell Grandma I put vodka in my pie crust or I'll get a lecture about eternal damnation.
After 30 minutes, sprinkle a little flour on the counter, unwrap the disk and start rollin'.
Don't worry about making a perfect circle, just roll it out as best as you can. Every now and then, set your pie plate on top to see if the crust will fit.
Transferring the dough to the pan is usually the toughest part. I've had the best luck with rolling the dough onto my rolling pin and unrolling it over the pan.
Press the dough gently into the pan. You can either make scalloped edges with the crust, or just cut the excess off like I did.
Add the pie fixings of your choice and bake according to that recipe. You could even freeze the crust, unbaked, if you won't need the pan for a bit--just don't put a frozen glass pan into a hot oven. Yipes!
Do you like making things instead of buying them? You'll love my weekly newsletter.
How does the vodka keep gluten from forming?
Try rolling out the dough on wax paper. Once it's rolled out — just flip it over and it peels right off. I'll have to try the Vodka though!
I'm excited to try this! I don't bake very much but I have been making quiche and pot pies recently using FROZEN crusts (god help me). I needed to see this article to get that boost just make it myself! Thank you!
I can't believe it…finally a pie crust that rolls out without sticking to everything and cooks up amazingly! I LOVE IT! Thank you!! My only goal this baking season was to find a pie crust that I could make and this is it!! I've only been trying for 20 years!! Now to find a good biscuit recipe lol….
Lol!!! Same with my grandma, alcohol equals hellfire 🙂 going to make this today!!!
Curious (and excited at the same time to give this a whirl), but what does the VODKA add to the crust? How much of it do you taste (if at all?). Does it give the crust a little 'feel good' kick? or is it barely noticeable? Can't wait to try! Been scouring the Web looking for 'alcohol-infused' recipes….
How much sugar should I add if I want a slightly sweet crust?
Pie dough is tricky! Good luck–let me know how it turns out!
Soooo, this makes only one pie crust and you'd have to make another one for a 2-crust pie?
It makes two crusts, but I have a terrible time rolling them thin enough. So for the example, I only made one crust.


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Home/The Installation of Dr. Gerry Turcotte
The Installation of Dr. Gerry Turcottestmarysadmin2016-10-04T15:35:43-06:00
The Installation of Dr. Gerry Turcotte
President of St. Mary's University
(October 14, 2011) — Dr. Gerry Turcotte was officially invested with the powers and responsibilities of the office during his installation today as St. Mary's University's third President and Vice-Chancellor.
Students, staff, faculty, the Board of Governors, and friends of St. Mary's filled St. Mary's Cathedral to witness the historic event, giving Dr. Turcotte and his family a warm welcome during the installation.
The installation opened with a procession of academic dignitaries, including St. Mary's faculty and presidents and representatives from colleges and universities across Canada, followed by the liturgical procession.
Mr. Joe Ladouceur, Chair of St. Mary's Board of Governors, presented Dr. Turcotte to the Most Reverend Bishop Frederick Henry, St. Mary's Chancellor, for the declaration of office. Dr. Turcotte then took his Oath of Office and was robed in the presidential regalia by Presidents Emeriti Dr. David Lawless and Dr. Terrence Downey.
The installation concluded with Dr. Turcotte delivering an inaugural address outlining his vision for the institution. "St. Mary's finds itself today: a tower of strength, a model of stability and creativity, ready to build and grow towards its second 25 years. And to do this we will soon be developing new academic programs, building new facilities, crafting new alliances, and all this in the context of a small, student-centred, faith-based Catholic institution that prides itself on small class sizes, attention to the whole person, and a deep concern for social justice and the ethics of responsibility."
Following the ceremony, guests were invited to celebrate with Dr. Turcotte, students, staff and faculty at a reception. Guests came together while enjoying the delicious food of St. Mary's own Tim Babey.
Dr. Gerry Turcotte
Email: Gerry.Turcotte@stmu.ca
Articles by Dr. Gerry Turcotte
President's Volunteer Team
About St. Mary's


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A Chicago Teacher Is Accused of Arranging a Brutal Beating for Her 4th Grade Student. Now, His Parents Are Suing the School Board
Filed to: Chicago Public SchoolsFiled to: Chicago Public Schools
Chicago Board of Education
George Tilton Elementary School
corporal punishment in Chicago public schools
From left: Joseph Champ, Jomaury Champ, and Asia Gaines. Jomaury's family has filed a civil suit against the Chicago Board of Education for its role in an alleged beating orchestrated by his 4th grade teacher.
Photo: Law Offices of Al Hofeld Jr.
The family of a 9-year-old Chicago boy has filed a civil complaint against the city's Board of Education for their role in an incident where the child's teacher invited another woman into the school to beat him. According to Jomaury Champ's family, his teacher, Kristen Haynes, arranged for a friend of hers to beat the child in a school bathroom using two belts the teacher kept in her classroom closet. The complaint was filed in a federal court Thursday morning.
The alleged beating happened on Sept. 20, 2018, when Haynes allowed her friend, Jaunita Tyler, into George W. Tilton Elementary School to discipline Jomaury.
According to a press release written by the family's legal representatives, "Tyler slapped [Jomaury] twice before she and Haynes lifted the child off his feet by his wrists and dragged him down the hallway to the second floor boys' bathroom."
"Jomaury's teacher then left the child alone–and unsupervised by [Chicago Public School] staff–and walked back to her classroom during the beating. His screams could be heard in her classroom, according to classmates," the family's attorney, Al Hofeld, Jr., writes. Tyler allegedly struck the 9-year-old with two large belts—provided by Haynes—about 20-30 times across his body, breaking the skin and leaving abrasions on the child's body.
Once he returned to class, "Jomaury sat at his desk and sobbed uncontrollably for hours," Hofeld says.
Jomaury Champ's parents say these injuries across their son's back were the result of a beating arranged by his 4th grade teacher
But Jomaury's case is far from isolated. Chicago Public Schools have been pressed before about disturbing claims that its teachers and staff members have physically abused students. Over the years, CPS has been opaque about how many such incidents of corporal punishment have been investigated—and how many teachers and staff members have been disciplined as a result.
Hofeld told The Root that his office sent Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to the Chicago Board of Education to release data on corporal punishment complaints—including any instances where disciplinary action was taken, or incidents where a corporal punishment complaint resulted in a termination. Hofeld says the board has declined releasing that data because those records are kept separately, and it would be too much administrative work to compile.
What makes Jomaury's case particularly bizarre is Tyler, the woman accused of beating him in the boy's restroom, is a distant relative of his. But his parents say Tyler has been estranged from the family for years, and Jomaury never met Tyler prior to the day of the beating—nor did Tyler identify herself as his relative to the child. She's not listed as a contact in any of his school records, Jomaury's family says.
Tyler confirmed to a Chicago CBS affiliate that she was at school the day of the beating, but denies touching the child, telling reporters that she simply talked to him about his behavior.
"Auntie's gonna pay you $5 a week if you be good in school," she claims she told Jomaury. She said she had the conversation with him in the school's bathroom because of a medical condition that causes her to urinate every 5 minutes.
Tyler has a history of battery; the 56-year-old woman, who has worked as a foster parent, been charged with child endangerment previously, and charged with domestic battery five times. She was convicted once on domestic battery charges, in 2005.
Jomaury's parents didn't know about Tyler's confrontation with their son until later that day, after he came home from school and told them what happened. They also don't know why Haynes singled out their son to be disciplined in the first place. The suit claims Jomaury had no notable history of discipline or disruption in school.
"What's striking to me about this case is the amount of trauma that Jomaury is now suffering as a result of his teacher's cooperation and assistance in this beating," Hofeld told The Root, noting that Jomaury was enrolled in a hospitalization program 5 days a week for about 2 months after the incident took place.
While the family awaits a criminal trial against Haynes and Tyler slated for later this month (the pair are facing charges of child endangerment and battery), the civil complaint identifies the Board of Education as the defendant for its role in condoning and enabling Haynes' behavior.
Jomaury's mother, Asia Gaines, says Haynes showed her the belts during a parent-teacher meeting weeks before the alleged beating. According to her, the two belts—one black, one brown—were conspicuously displayed in a classroom closet. Haynes explicitly told her she made the belts available to parents who wanted to come into the school and discipline their kids.
According to Hofeld, Tilton Principal Sylvia Yvette Hodge was aware of the belts and condoned Haynes' use of them.
Since September, Haynes has been reassigned, pending a CPS investigation into the event. However, it's unclear what the investigation found—or if it's even been completed.
Jomaury continues to attend Tilton because CPS refuses to pay for transportation to a new school, and his parents can't afford to pay out of pocket for the transportation costs themselves, Hofeld says. He's been bullied at school since the incident, with a lack of support from his teachers and administrators.
He's also been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome following the incident, and takes multiple medications for anxiety and insomnia, as well as weekly psychotherapy sessions. Hofeld says the child regularly suffers from panic attacks, insomnia, and night terrors—and he fears the trauma could very well be long-lasting.
In his eyes, CPS has failed Jomaury—breaching the trust between him, his family, and the school system.
"This teacher has a history of using belts on students and threatening students with belts. She keeps them in her classroom. She's done this to other students herself," Hofeld said. "The Board of Education and CPS failed to adequately discipline her or address this situation to prevent it from happening to kids like Jomaury."
New York State Department of Education to Investigate Alleged Strip-search of Four Black Middle School Girls
ACLU Sues Entire School District For Being Racist AF
'She's Black. I Hate That': Dance Coach Told Student Her Skin Was 'Too Dark,' Suit Claims
Staff writer, The Root. Sometimes I blog slow, sometimes I blog quick. Do you have this in coconut?
Recent from Anne Branigin
Trump Says Racist Nonsense Because He Means It and Because He Knows He Can Win on It
Women Rappers Drag Jermaine Dupri By His Nose Hairs After He Alleges They All Sound 'Like Strippers'
Doctor Told to Cover Up Romper on Flight From Jamaica Says American Airlines' Apology Isn't Enough


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Minimum Wage: Senate Committee concur with Reps, approves N30,000
14th March 2019 Temilade	Leave a comment
The Senate Adhoc Committee on a New National Minimum Wage Bill, 2019, has agreed with the House of Representatives, recommending N30,000 as the accepted minimum wage for the Nigerian workers as against N27,000 proposed by the Federal Government.
The Committee which is chaired by the Deputy Chief Whip of the Senate, Senator Francis Alimikhena, All Progressives Congress, APC, Edo North, met yesterday at Senate Room 431 New Building has concurred with the members of the House of Representatives that had earlier recommended a wage of N30,000 that was later adopted by the lower chamber. A source told Vanguard yesterday that at the meeting of the Committee, the Chairman, Senator Alimikhena asked all the members to make contributions one after the other on the new minimum wage.
According to the source, all the Senators who spoke one after the other agreed, for a new minimum wage of N30,000, just as they were said to have taken the bill clause by clause whereby they also agreed with the issues raised in the bill.
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Aquarium resource
Does a fish get thirsty
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What Is The Best Canister Filter For My Fish Tank
Fluval 406 canister filter review
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Bubble Magus Curve 9 review
You've gone thirsty before, right? I bet you have. Depending on how thirsty you are, you usually drink water to quench your thirst. If the weather is hot, you drink more frequently than if it was cooler. To avoid dehydration, adults say.
You've probably also seen your pet dog on a hot day, panting with its tongue hanging out. And you can tell your dog is thirsty. Watch how he'll lap excitedly on his water bowl when you pour water in it or on a water hose when you offer it to him. But have you ever wondered about fish, if they ever get thirsty. Have you ever asked the question, Does a fish get thirsty?
So, does a fish get thirsty? No, a fish does not get thirsty. It sounds simple, but it's more complicated than that. Fish don't feel thirst in the same way that you and I, and our pet animals (like dogs, cats, horses, birds, etc.) experience thirst.
When you say you're thirsty, it's your body telling your brain about the lack of water and triggers the urge to fill it. When you've filled the lack, with a glass or two of water or fluids, you say that you're thirst has been quenched, and you feel refreshed.
The same is true for your pet (four-legged and two-legged) animals. But fish don't get thirsty. And you may be right in thinking, "How can fish ever get thirsty when they live all their lives in the water?!" Now, let's swim deeper into the aquatic life of a fish and see how fish interact with the water it lives in, and find out more.
Do fish drink water?
The balance of salt and water.
Fresh water fish.
Salt water fish.
Do sharks drink water
Adaptability of other fish.
What does a thirsty fish look like, anyway?
Do fish drink water? The simple answer is: some fish do and some fish don't. The fish that drink water are different from the fish that don't.
The fish that drink water live most of their aquatic lives in the sea, where the water is salty. The fish that don't drink habitually, live most their aquatic lives in fresh water.
There is a reason for this, and it has little to do with their feeling thirsty or not. Can't really tell if fish ever feel thirsty unless you ask one, right? But from the looks of it, they never appear thirsty, ever. But why do they drink or not drink water?
Salt. Salt??? Yes, salt. The reason why fish drink water is in order to maintain the delicate balance of salt and water in its body. But not only that. The fish needs to maintain the delicate balance of salt and water in its body as it interacts with the surrounding water it lives and swims in.
Have you ever seen a high-wire act? It's where a professional acrobat walks on a tightrope (high-wire) way above the ground, sometimes holding a long pole in his hands across his body, sometimes just walking with his arms extended sideways. It's a delicate balancing act -- the acrobat can fall on either side, on the right or on the left. But happily he doesn't.
Our fish also walks (oops, swims!) a tightrope, On the one hand if it gets too much water in its body, if it drinks too much water its blood will get too diluted. Remember, fish blood is a little salty. A liter (1,000 ml) of fish blood contains some 2 teaspoons (9 grams) of salt. These salts (sodium, potassium, calcium) are important in regulating a fish's heart, nerves, and muscles. That's right. So, if the fish's blood gets diluted with excess water, it will make the fish weak. On the other hand, if it gets too much salt in its body, the fish will suffer from dehydration because the excess salt will attract water molecules. It could shrivel and die. This all happens as the fish interacts with the water it lives and swims in. That's why it's very important for fish to constantly keep a balancing act.
Let's work this out. It will help us if we think of fish belonging to three different teams. The first team is fresh water fish. Then, salt water fish, or fish that live in the sea. Then, lastly, sharks. But try not to forget that the fish's body is always trying to achieve the salt and water balance to remain alive (instinct), or for its continuing survival. Let's look at them one by one.
Fresh water fish have more salt in its body than the water it swims in. If it continuously drinks or absorbs fresh water, its blood will get too diluted (already mentioned above). What does the fresh water fish do? In order to survive, fresh water fish have adapted to its aquatic environment by not drinking water. See? Not all fish drink water. Or if it drinks or absorbs water, which is quite unavoidable because it lives in water, its gills have developed a mechanism to trap whatever salt is present in the water. It reserves this salt to help maintain its body's salinity (saltiness). Fresh water fish also developed kidneys that excrete a very diluted urine, which eliminates more water than salts.
So, do fish drink water? Fresh water fish don't. And if they do, it's not because they're thirsty!
Salt water fish have less salt in its body than the sea water. Sea water is four times more salty than fish or fish's blood. What happens to a fish if the water it swims in is four times more salty than its body? It loses water to the sea, and the result is the salt in its body increases in concentration. This will lead to dehydration. So, the fish needs to drink (instinct) in order to regain the water it loses. But all it can drink is salt water. Won't this add more salt to its body?! Yes, it definitely will.
But the wonder of nature! Marine (sea water) fish have gills that process and eliminate salt. One problem solved. Also, they have kidneys and rectal glands that get rid of excess amounts of salt in the body. The urine of salt water fish is very concentrated with salts. This is how salt water fish maintain the salt and water balance in its body and survive in the salty waters of the seas and oceans.
Then, the shark. What's unique about the shark? According to scientists, the shark's body is more salty than the sea (true also for other cartilaginous fish). Therefore, a shark can drink all the sea water it wants and still maintain its salt and water balance without suffering any health problems. Not really, just kidding.
The truth is, sharks don't drink water. They don't need to drink water. Because their body is more salty than the sea, pure water flows into the shark's body through its gills via osmosis. Osmosis is water flowing from a higher concentration (less salty) to a lower concentration (more salty). Since the shark's body is more salty than the sea water, it draws pure water in. The shark doesn't literally drink it.
Some fish like salmon have the ability to survive in fresh water while young and continue their lives until maturity in the sea's salty waters. They have developed the ability to regulate osmosis as they adapt to the salty environment.
Bass and flounder have the ability to adapt to varying salinity of water. Other fish are less adaptable to changes in the salinity of their aquatic environment. Tuna, although it lives in the sea; if you transfer it to an environment with a different salinity than where it's been accustomed, it will not survive. Tuna lacks the flexibility to adapt. Goldfish and trout, on the other hand, are fresh water fish that do not have the ability to adapt to the salinity of sea water. They will die if they're transferred to a salty environment.
Different fish have different capacities to adapt to the salinity of their environment. Some would have a hard time achieving the delicate balance of salt and water in their bodies, while others have evolved to adapt.
So, we've seen how fish maintains the delicate balance of salt and water in their body. In the case of humans like you and me, and our pet animals (four-legged and two-legged), we have the bodily mechanism of thirst and the urge to drink water. We manifest obvious physical signs of thirst.
We asked the question, Does a fish get thirsty? and returned a negative answer. No, a fish doesn't get thirsty. It's mechanism of keeping the balance of salt and water is dictated by internal signals and instinct. You also just can't imagine them getting thirsty because they were born in the water and live all their lives in the water.
We also asked, Do fish drink water? We answered, yes, some do, but some don't. Those that do, do so not because they feel thirsty (maybe they do feel thirsty, but we can never find out how they feel) but because their fish brains sense a need to balance out the salt and water equation to survive. Those that don't also don't drink because their fish brains know that too much water will dilute the salinity of their blood and make them weak. Others that don't drink, like sharks and cartilaginous fish, don't do so because pure water flow through them via osmosis.
Now, what does a thirsty fish look like, anyway?