I could probably wear one of these MAKER APRON's everyday...its heaven, the perfect pocket is always right there when you need it! Note: my store offers a paper and a PDF version.
way she drizzled the ribbon on the front as surface design and loops for buttons to hols up the soft, bottom pocket. Thanks for sharing your apron Marta!
Adding Recycled Garment Parts with hardware add an edge and patina to my design. For this one, I combined the stripe canvas with a kaki skirt and a 3rd orange piece of cotton for accents. Taking a que from the skirt- I added more machine and handstitching in the orange.
The mini-shirt wasn't alot of fabric, but just right for pockets. The giant vintage button is the perfect one for this apron...it was from my Mom's collection and it makes me smile when I look at it. The pattern includes an easy buttonhole to make and could be made in a variety of shapes....maybe a rectangle, triangle or maybe a leaf silhouette?Jumbo Snaps would be a fun closure idea too.
• Since the front is 1 layer, and should be strong enough to hold the pockets you design, pick a fairly sturdy fabric for the front apron piece. I suggest a rustic linen, or denim weight. Think Jacket weight. On my bLue apron, I like the look of reversing the black print and the blue linen on the apron back.
• Check the strap lengths as suggested in the pattern-If the button is to low: the back straps should be shortened. It should button at the small of the back.
• Once the shoulders are together, decide if you want to overlap the top of the side seam to shape it more-The overlap is shown on the side seam above. It just brings the underarm closer to the body.
I love how easily this apron comes together!
Armhole Bindings- Can either be a knit or a woven strip of bias. The blue apron has a length of t-shirt knit and the brown stripe canvas apron has a woven bias strip. It is fun to make it an accent fabric too.
• The Pockets can be divided any way you want...they can be stitched to hold your favorite tools. The pockets can be a more asymmetrical feature on the Apron front. I am excited to play with that on my next one out of the vintage denim and Black Rustic linen combo below.
Here is a creative tip: Look for children and infant denim for parts. The scale can be perfect for apron elements-pockets etc. They have smaller details. The ruffles on this mini jacket would be sweet on the edge of a pocket!
The accent ribbon can be straight up the center front or zig-zag randomly. What about printing your own ribbon...or more buttons? beads? etc? Really, in this lifetime....how are we ever going to use them all up if we don't start using them to decorate a cool apron!?!?
Sporting a decadent collection of pockets, it's a casual layering garment for everyday or in the studio.
I just wanted to let you know, your website took a little bit to load (just over 6 seconds), it could be my connection contributing to the delay, but most likely it is your hosting server or lack of resources available.
You may want to take a look and see where you can optimize it to speed your website up.
I was dealing with something similar and it is even more frustrating when you do not know this is happening, so I wanted to reach out and let you know.
It could be anything from a simple mysql query hanging to improper usage of resources through 3rd party scripts. If you have linux and terminal access, you can type "top" and see your current resource usage/allocation.
I don't envy your situation, hopefully your hosting team is ready to help you resolve this issue if you need them, mine wasn't.
If your hosting was like mine, then you should look at joining Red Line Web Hosting, they are offering a special for the first 100 customers. I believe it is 90% off any hosting plan, but you will have to check for yourself to be sure. They also offer domains for under a $1.00 sometimes.
In order to see the new customer discounts, you have to have the landing page link for new customers. I bookmarked it when I first joined, so I could use the deals again and share them with friends.
If you want the new customer link it is https://www.redlinewebhosting.com/?lp=newcustomer.
Like I said, I hope it was just my connection, but you may want to take a look for yourself to be sure.
Take care and best of luck to you!


Recently, one of my clients advised that she was contacted by someone claiming to be a bank servicing representative with the mortgage company servicing her loan and further claimed that the bank was offering a modification and requested that my client immediately tender the new mortgage payment. My client was excited to hear this especially since the "new mortgage payment" was less than what she was previously paying. Unfortunately for my client, her excitement got the best of her and after she sent in the check which was quickly cashed, she realized that she had been taken advantaged of since the "servicing representative" had disappeared as quickly as she cashed my client's check. There are other types of scams to be on the outlook for, such as, an offer made by an alleged bank representative who states that the bank is going to "write off" the loan if you send in one lump sum payment. It is very tempting to think that the bank will write off the loan for pennies on the dollar, and in rare situations banks have been known to do this, but it is unlikely and before you rush to send out a check to make your mortgage obligation go away, think again and make sure you investigate to see if it's the real deal. Don't be fooled by any scam. This is another reason to entrust your foreclosure matter in the hands of an experienced foreclosure attorney who can minimize this kind of risk while at the same time fighting the foreclosure action.
In New York, a mortgage is a contract between the bank, as mortgagee and the homeowner/borrower, as mortgagor. The promissory note is also a contract as well as a personal guarantee by the person receiving the funds, the borrower/obligor. The mortgage is an agreement whereby the obligor permits the real property to be used as security for the repayment of the promissory note. If there is a default under the terms of the note and or mortgage, say for example nonpayment, then the bank can elect to sue on the note or instead, elect to foreclose on the real property securing the note. This is called an "election of remedies". Thus, the bank, as mortgagee, could elect to commence a mortgage foreclosure action, or commence an action on the promissory note. The bank can only choose one of the two remedies; therefore, if the bank commences a foreclosure action, it cannot later commence an action on the note and vice versa.
In New York, the promissory note and mortgage are contracts and the six-year statute of limitations is applicable. There is much confusion as to how the six-year statute of limitations applies in mortgage foreclosure cases. In order to know how to apply the statute, we need to know if the loan was accelerated or not. Acceleration occurs when the bank declares the entire loan balance immediately due and payable. Once the loan is accelerated, the bank has six years to sue and failure to commence an action within the six year time period may result in a bar to recovery. If, however, during the six year period the borrower or his/her spouse filed for bankruptcy, the statute of limitations would be tolled, meaning stayed during the bankruptcy along with an additional time period tacked on in favor of the bank. Additionally, if the borrower filed for mortgage assistance during the six year period, the bank may assert that the borrower reaffirmed the debt and that the six year statute of limitations should run from the date of reaffirmation, i.e., the date the mortgage assistance application was made.
If, however, the bank did not accelerate the loan but has merely demanded that the borrower pay the loan arrears (missed payments and/or escrow charges, late fees, etc.), then each month that goes by is deemed a continuous loan default. Under this scenario, if the bank waited longer than six years from the date of the first default to commence its foreclosure, the bank would still be able to foreclose since in this situation the six-year statute of limitations applies only to missed payments that accrued more than six years. Since the loan balance was never accelerated, the bank can still foreclose and demand payment for the unpaid principal balance and all charges that accrued less than six years prior to filing the action. It is therefore likely that banks will decide not to accelerate their loan balances until they commence suit. If the bank does commence suit more than six years after the first missed payment, it only forfeits missed mortgage payments and charges that accrued more than six years. As discussed above, if the bank declared the entire loan due and payable (acceleration) then the bank MUST commence suit within the six years, unless of course the statute was tolled by a bankruptcy filing.
So, let's assume the bank accelerated the loan three years prior to commencing foreclosure and the action has been inactive in court for another three years. If the borrower's attorney is able to have the action dismissed on the merits of the case then the bank may be barred from commencing a new foreclosure since the six year statute of limitations would apply. "On the merits" generally refers to substantive issues as opposed to procedural issues. For example, if an action is dismissed because the court determined that the homeowner was not properly served, this would not be deemed a trial on the merits of the case, and the bank would be permitted to recommence the same action within six months from the date of dismissal so long as it served process on the homeowner within that time period. If, however, the action was dismissed due to lack of standing then this would be on the merits, and the bank may be prohibited from refiling a new action so long as the borrower raises the statute of limitations defense in the answer.
Additionally, if the mortgage maturity date has passed, then the bank has six years from the maturity date to sue. This is not something we see often since most mortgages have a maturity date greater than 15 yrs, but it is something to consider.
Ultimately, the issues involving the statute of limitations in mortgage foreclosure actions are very complex and should only be handled by an experienced attorney.
Many times, either before or during the foreclosure process, the homeowner's insurance policy lapses, and the bank usually sends notification that unless the policy is renewed or replaced, it will purchase forced placement insurance to protect the bank's interest in the property. More often than not, such notices are ignored and the bank buys such insurance which is usually much more than the cost of the homeowner's original policy. In addition to the significantly higher cost in the premium, the cost is passed to the homeowner. Additionally, this forced placement insurance may not protect the homeowner from personal liability. For instance, if an injury were to occur on the mortgaged property then the forced placement policy may not insure the homeowner against a potential lawsuit. Furthermore, if there is any damage to the mortgaged property, the homeowner also may not be entitled to anything since the s/he may not be deemed an insured under the policy. Homeowners should seriously consider keeping the insurance current otherwise they may have big problems down the road. Homeowners in foreclosure should review their insurance policies and make sure they are covered. Recently, there have been some class actions against banks for purchasing forced placement insurance that did not insure the homeowners. Some of these class actions have resulted in large settlements and many affected homeowners have received notifications to join in the class action; however, these homeowners should seriously consider speaking with an experienced attorney before deciding to join the class. Joining the class in return for a small monetary award could backfire. This recommendation applies to any class action involving a bank. Speak to an experienced attorney before making any decision.
I was denied a mortgage modification a third time! What do I do now?
Many homeowners are denied a mortgage modification, mainly due to insufficient monthly income; however, sometimes the lenders deny a modification in error. It is difficult to comprehend, but the bank employees are not always 100 percent knowledgeable when it comes to knowing all the rules and regulations. There are numerous programs and each has its own set of rules and regulations. Without knowing your situation, I can only speculate that your application was declined due to insufficient income; however, I will be happy to review your matter should you wish to meet with me. You only have thirty days to appeal the denial, and you should contact a experienced New York Foreclosure/Loan Modification attorney ASAP to determine if the denial was improper.
What is the difference between a "deed in lieu" and a "short sale"?
A deed in lieu of foreclosure is when the homeowner (mortgagor/borrower) conveys the mortgaged property to the bank and then the homeowner vacates the house. In return the bank discontinues the foreclosure and the mortgage is cancelled out. This method will typically work if there are no other liens against the property. If the homeowner has a judgment lien or a second mortgage against the property then the bank holding the first mortgage will likely not agree to a deed in lieu but may however consider a short sale. Typically a short sale is done when the mortgage amount exceeds the fair market value of the property, and as a result, the homeowner will need to have the bank agree to take an amount less than the full amount owed on the mortgage. The bank is under no obligation to consent to accepting a lesser amount in satisfaction of its mortgage. If it will consider taking less then it will order an appraisal to determine the value of the property and then decide what the sale price of the property shall be. At this point, the homeowner will typically retain a real estate broker to list the house at the price set by the bank. If the homeowner gets offers less than the listing price, the Bank will have to be notified, and it will have to agree to accept a lower amount. This is usually time consuming since the banks are slow to respond and the delay can result in losing the offer. Most homeowners are not aware of the deed in lieu option and real estate brokers typically will not mention this option since they will not receive a commission. Incidentally, any homeowner considering a short sale should have an attorney review the listing agreement before it is signed. Brokers will usually try and get the homeowner to commit to a one year or more listing agreement when in fact the time period is negotiable and the homeowner is better served by having a much shorter listing period, say for a few months. The broker commissions, attorney fees and other costs associated with the sale of the property will likely be netted from the gross sale proceeds at time of closing and the balance would go to the bank in return for it issuing a satisfaction or a release. Typically, the borrower will not receive any part of the net proceeds at closing; however, it is possible to push the bank for a payment that will help the homeowner find alternative housing after the closing, and this is usually a few thousand dollars. This type of payment may also apply in the deed in lieu of foreclosure situation. With respect to both the deed in lieu of foreclosure and the short sale options, the bank will likely forgive the portion of the unpaid mortgage debt, but it is recommended that this be put in writing so that there is no issue later on; however, if the bank agrees to issue a satisfaction as opposed to a mere release of the mortgage lien then the borrower should be protected. Since a short sale and a deed in lieu will almost always involve situations where the mortgage sum is greater than the value of the property, the homeowner must be mindful that the IRS and NYS Department of Finance may deem the forgiveness of part of the mortgage debt by the bank as income and that must be carefully considered before moving ahead with either option. I have addressed this issue previously in my blog under the heading: Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act and Debt Cancellation or Discharge of Indebtedness.
Many clients have come to me and tell me about their terrible experiences dealing with the aftermath of Superstorm Sandy and how it drove them into foreclosure. It's bad enough to have a home severely damaged and then get swept up in red tape with insurance companies and home improvement contractors, but then have to move out and seek temporary housing so that the home can be rebuilt or renovated all along while paying rent and still having to pay the home mortgage is too much for anyone to bear. Although the government did impose a one year moratorium on foreclosures, many homes are still caught in the storm of red tape and delay in getting the home restored or rebuilt. Faced with this situation, what does one do? Is there a defense in the foreclosure action whereby one can claim that the storm was an act of nature and therefore, the court should excuse the mortgage default? Perhaps and maybe it should be a defense. However, the individual circumstances regarding each case will be of utmost importance in asserting this defense. It is equally of utmost importance to seek out advice and guidance from an experienced attorney who can navigate through the levels of complexity in such inexorable circumstances.
(9) any other transfer or disposition described in regulations prescribed by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board.
Based on the aforementioned situations, the examples I gave above where the owner conveys the mortgaged property to a grandchild or to a sibling may not be protected under the act.
Before making any transfer of mortgaged property, speak to an attorney who specializes in mortgage litigation.
I found a foreclosure summons and complaint at my front door! Is this legal?
A process server must always comply with the service of process rules as contained in section 308 of the CPLR (Civil Practice Law and Rules). Generally, a process server will serve a homeowner as a named defendant in a foreclosure summons and complaint by way of three means: 1. In hand delivery (the preferred choice), 2. substituted service on a person of suitable age and discretion (a person residing with you) or 3. nail and mail (the least preferred choice of the three). There are other less common methods of service which I will not discuss for purposes of simplicity. Each of the three methods of service mentioned require the process server to file an affidavit of service with the county clerk's office. Nail and mail service generally means that the process server tried to serve you or someone of suitable age and discretion at the property where your reside, but was unable. The standard generally requires that if the process server cannot effectuate in hand service or substituted service after three attempts, usually on three separate days and at various and reasonable times of day and/or evenings, then the process server can serve you utilizing the nail and mail method of service. This essentially means that if the process server made three reasonable attempts at serving you, but was unsuccessful then s/he can tape the foreclosure summons and complaint to your front door or leave it somewhere conspicuous near the door and within 20 days s/he must mail an additional copy of the foreclosure summons and complaint to your residence. The envelope containing the foreclosure summons and complaint must not indicate it is from an attorney's office and only indicate "personal and confidential" on it. The process server must then file the affidavit of service within another 20 days from the date of mailing. In your case, it appears that the process server may have chose the nail and mail approach, but I can't be sure until the affidavit of service is reviewed. If the affidavit of service indicates that the summons and complaint were served personally on you, via in hand delivery or via substituted service on someone residing with you, then it would appear that the service may be what is commonly referred to as "sewer service". If this is the case then you would be able to contest the service. An experienced New York foreclosure attorney can review your service and provide guidance on the best way to proceed. Call my office, and I will be happy to provide you with a free consultation. Best regards, Arnold M. Bottalico, Esq.
Long Island, NY Foreclosure: How does a foreclosing bank prove standing in a foreclosure action?
In a foreclosure action, a plaintiff generally has standing where it is both the holder or assignee of the mortgage and the holder or assignee of the underlying promissory note at the time the foreclosure action is commenced.
Sometimes, however, the mortgage may have been assigned to the foreclosing bank, but the promissory note was assigned to a different bank. In such cases, the courts generally deem that the mortgage passes with the promissory note despite the assignment into a different bank. The mortgage is deemed an inseparable incident to the note (see MERS, Inc. v. Coakley, 41 AD3d 674, 674 [2d Dept 2007]. Thus, an assignment of a mortgage without the underlying debt is a nullity ( see Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. v Barnett, 88 AD3d 636, 637 [2d Dept 2009].
Today, it is common for foreclosing plaintiffs to commence a New York Foreclosure action as trustee which was named in a pooling servicing agreement. These agreements add layers of complexity to the already complex law regarding standing. This is a separate matter that will be discussed in a future post by me. Always consult with an experienced New York foreclosure defense attorney.
My neighbor is moving off Long Island, NY and wants me to acknowledge that his fence is 1 ft over the property line. Should I sign anything stating that 1 ft beyond the fence belongs to my neighbor?
When I handle these type of cases, I will usually get a copy of the client's survey and a copy of his/her neighbor's survey along with copies of the deeds to both properties. I then review these documents against each other for discrepancies. If there are discrepancies then that opens up a whole set of issues for a later discussion. If we are dealing with property on Long Island, then it is likely that the property lots are on a subdivision map and more likely than not there is no real boundary dispute. It may just be a fence that is not properly placed on the record boundary line and the surveys may show this assuming the fence in its current location existed at the time the survey(s) were commissioned. Sometimes neighbors will agree that if the fence does encroach onto adjoining property then the fence can remain so long as it is standing and when it is replaced the new fence will be installed on the record line. This would likely apply in your situation. If, however, your neighbor wants you to acknowledge that the property line is to be where his fence is then that could be problematic. Signing a boundary agreement could potentially result in serious zoning law issues. Also, if there is a mortgage on your property, signing a boundary agreement with your neighbor could create issues with the bank. Lastly, depending on the circumstances, your neighbor may have a basis to assert adverse possession. I recommend that you speak with an attorney experienced in real estate litigation. My firm handles these situations, and I would be happy to help you.
Long Island, NY Foreclosure: In New York, can I redeem my house after it sold at a foreclosure auction?
Unlike other state jurisdictions, New York does not permit a foreclosed homeowner to redeem the home after a foreclosure auction. Despite this, if the homeowner can demonstrate for instance that the foreclosure sale was improperly conducted then the homeowner may have a basis to ask the court to set aside the foreclosure sale. There are numerous technical requirements that must be complied with when any foreclosed property is being auctioned off at a public sale. Another potential and independent basis for setting aside the foreclosure sale is when the homeowner filed for bankruptcy prior to the auction. This can get complicated if there were multiple bankruptcy filings which goes beyond this response. Lastly, if the homeowner can demonstrate that s/he was not served with a copy of the foreclosure summons and complaint, then this would serve as an independent basis to not only have the sale vacated but to also have the foreclosure action dismissed. It cannot be stressed enough that anyone faced with a New York foreclosure should consult with an experienced New York foreclosure lawyer. The home is the most important asset and needs to be protected to the fullest extent.
The discovery process is a vital step in defending against a foreclosure action, and it must be done with great care.
Long Island, NY Foreclosure: I was served with a complaint to reaffirm the mortgage which was never recorded. Do I have to answer the complaint?
Generally, if the bank never recorded the mortgage then the bank has an unsecured loan and it can potentially lose its priority over other liens if it does not do anything to protect its interest. If the bank has a duplicate original mortgage then it can record it in the land records where the property in located and it will have a secured mortgage as of the date it was recorded. If it does not have a duplicate original mortgage then it will need to commence a lawsuit seeking to confirm the mortgage. If the borrower received the loan proceeds at closing, then it is likely the bank will obtain the relief it is seeking. However, sometimes the homeowner has defenses that can prevent the bank from obtaining the relief it is seeking. If there are defenses, then they need to be raised otherwise they will be lost. It is best to consult with an experienced attorney to make sure there are no valid defenses before a decision is made to not answer the complaint.
Long Island, NY Foreclosure: Does the foreclosure answer need to be verified?
It depends. If the foreclosure complaint is verified then the foreclosure answer must be verified too. Sometimes the foreclosure complaint will not say it's verified so you need to check to see if there is an actual verification. If the foreclosure complaint is verified and the foreclosure answer is not, then the bank attorney can reject the foreclosure answer. The bank attorney must indicate the basis for the rejection and it must be done timely. If the foreclosure answer is rejected, then it is likely that the time period to answer would have already expired. If so, then the homeowner's foreclosure answer is treated as a mere notice of appearance and the homeowner will be deemed in default unless the bank attorney grants an extension ( unlikely at that point) or unless the homeowner brings a motion compelling the plaintiff to accept a late verified answer. In the latter case, the courts will generally grant this relief so long as the motion is timely made and there is a good reason for failing to verify the answer. Even if the foreclosure complaint is unverified, if the foreclosure answer is to have counterclaims against the foreclosing bank then the foreclosure answer will need to be verified so long as those counterclaims allege fraudulent conduct on the part of the bank. Bottom line is that New York foreclosure litigation is fraught with danger to the untrained; it is important to protect the home by making sure an experienced foreclosure attorney is representing you.


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It may not exactly be mid-summer (and in Scandinavia that was actually June 21), but July Fourth seems to be the day that I finally say good-bye to last year's classes and start looking forward to next year's.
Yes, someone finally had to leave, but no one wanted to be the first. Block 4 was a blessing.
Looking forward. The summer emails just went out to my future students. The teaching wheel starts rolling. Sometimes I look at those people who do not have school-related jobs and wonder what it would be like to have their year-round schedule. They can take vacations in September (!) and they can even have free weekends in the fall (I'm a cross country coach), but will they ever experience that excited, first-day-of-school (or practice) feeling that comes with teaching and coaching?
Other post-7/4 questions start to rattle around in my brain. Will my next year's classes/team learn to work together and with me? Will I find new ways to present chemistry to make the classroom better for my students and to keep teaching interesting? Which of my students/athletes will attain the badge of legend? ("Legends" are those characters who for better or worse, usually worse, become part of my many stories of teaching.) Which block, if any, will transform into a Block 4?
So tonight we watch the fireworks over a lake in northern Michigan. As far away from my classroom in time and spirit as I will be this summer. But tomorrow starts the slide toward the new school year. The cycle begins again.
Ok LOVED This post. My classes become like little "families' too! And like you July 4th seems to be the time for me too that I really start thinking about next years kiddos! And you reminded me, I gotta get postcards out to my students! THANKS!


Of all the parts of your body you might be concerned about keeping young, your gut probably isn't one of them. However, recent research suggests that healthy, youthful gut flora just may be one of the keys to healthy aging.
The research comes from Western University, Lawson Health Research Institute, and Tianyi Health Science Institute in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, and was published this month in the journal mSphere. In one of the largest microbiota studies ever conducted in humans, the researchers studied the gut bacteria in over 1,000 Chinese people ranging from 3 to 100 years old. All of the study participants were extremely healthy with no family history of disease.
The researchers concluded that a diverse microbiome in the gut should be considered a biomarker for healthy aging. In addition, they suggested that repopulating an older person's gut with the microbiota of a younger person might be a way to help promote health.
Unfortunately, our modern diet can be very hard on the gut. Sugary foods, unhealthy fats, caffeine, alcohol, and processed foods in general can lead to a proliferation of "bad" bacteria in the gut. These "bad" bacteria crowd out the "good" bacteria we need for healthy digestion and nutrient absorption. Plus, they can cause chronic inflammation, which is associated with many health problems such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and even certain cancers.
Fortunately, there are steps you can take right now to help shift the balance in your gut so that you have more "good" bacteria and fewer "bad" bacteria.
First of all, clean up your diet. You need to eliminate the sugary, processed foods that "bad" bacteria thrive on, and add more of the healthy fiber that the "good" bacteria need.
Secondly, start adding more "good" bacteria to your gut. There are two main ways to do this. You can eat fermented foods like miso, sauerkraut, kimchi, and live culture yogurt, or you can take a probiotic supplement. A supplement is typically the easiest way to add large numbers of beneficial bacteria to your system. For example, Renew Youth's Probiotic Plus contains 9 strains of beneficial bacteria, with 52.5 billion live cultures in each capsule.
To learn more, please contact us at 800-859-7511.


While it never feels like enough, this site has served its purpose well since we began it, and that was in getting me to draw a lot. I've not gotten back into the habit in recent months, but it's good to remind myself that I did complete a large chunk of sketches here, more than I've done in years.
Here is a mosaic of thumbnails for all my sketches for the first 50 topics of Today's Doodle. I hope this is the first of many half-century collections. You can never draw too much.
Well done Samir!! And still much more to come 🙂 congratulations!


There were three photos of flowers in the Unassigned Bin.
For the next three Fridays, I will provide the flowers.
Mary MacADNski: Thanks, Ray. Just the right time of year for some colour for us. That is why you bougainvillea is such a hit with me.
Flowers are always welcome! Both of these are lovely shots! I enjoyed this version of this song.
Mary MacADNski: Thanks you. QQQ is one of my favorite songs. I like this version but their are some awesome ones out there.
Mary MacADNski: Just what we need during this icy day.
How gorgeous, Mary! Bring them on.
Mary MacADNski: You will be seeing more from here.
Mary MacADNski: The mixed asters is from my magic garden. I will some day do a series on it.
Mary MacADNski: I love cutting flowers. I adore the indoors.
Mary MacADNski: You can't beat asters for autumn colour.
I am all in favour of that. We have one daffodil about to flower!
Mary MacADNski: Wow! We are having freezing rain; no daffodils.
The colours are superb. Love the music.
Mary MacADNski: You can't beat asters for autumn colour. QQQ is one of my favorite songs. I like this version but their are some awesome ones out there. This lady had no passion for the song.
Both are very good photo's. Thanks for sharing your flowers.
Mary MacADNski: We need to see colour in winter. Right now I have had roses that have lasted weeks and it is winter tulip season here.
With awful wet day we've got today your flowers strike a cheerful note to brighten the day up Mary.
Mary MacADNski: We have freexing rain today with everything closed and cancelled. Yes, I would rather look at fleurs.
a lovely reminder of summerdays - and a fine bunch of flowers on a winterday - they are encouraging!
Mary MacADNski: Our long winters make us need to see bright colours. The winter tulips are so welcome.
..and very pretty they are, too. I like the tulip arrangement in the snow.
Mary MacADNski: They grew out of their vase. Did you know tulips are the only plant that continues to grow after it is harvested? I usually have to change vases during a bouquet's lifetime.


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At least 20 Afghan border guards have been killed in a Taliban attack on their base in western Farah province. Taliban has been relentless targetting the Afghan security forces and even the NATO forces have not really managed to control the insurgents. The Afghan government has consistently accused Pakistan of sponsoring and harbouring the Taliban insurgents as state policy, which Islamabad rejects.
Abdul Samad Salehi, a provincial council member, says more than 45 border forces were at the base in Posht Koh district; only three of them could reach a nearby village, rest of them are either killed or arrested by the Taliban.
At least 20 soldiers were killed and a similar number were missing, most probably arrested by Taliban, said a senior army official said, who was not authorised to speak with the media.
The late Monday night gun battle lasted for more than two hours before insurgents overran the base and communications were lost, said the official. Zabihullah Mujahid, the Taliban spokesman, claimed responsibility for the attack.


© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017. Traditional high school mathematics curricula in the United States devote 2 years almost exclusively to development of student proficiency in the symbolic manipulations required for solving algebraic equations and generating equivalent algebraic expressions. However, recent design experiments have shown that a focus on functions, mathematical modeling, and computer algebra tools enables effective integration of algebra with the other core strands of high school mathematics.


text:
Home » Reviews » The General vs. The President
The General vs. The President
Author: H. W. Brands
Reviewed by Neal Ferguson
History, Military History, Nonfiction, Reviews, U.S. History
"Reminiscences" by Gen. MacArthur, Douglas MacArthur, Korean War, President Harry Truman
THE GENERAL vs. THE PRESIDENT: MACARTHUR AND TRUMAN AT THE BRINK OF NUCLEAR WAR
"I should have fired him [General MacArthur] six months sooner." If Truman had done so, the history of both the Korean War and the last two years of Truman's presidency might well have been different. But he didn't, and no amount of wishing could change the fact that he procrastinated.
For those not familiar with this intriguing story, Brands lays out the narrative with clarity and verve. With brilliant finesse, General Douglas MacArthur, commander of United Nations forces in Korea, resisted President Truman and his administration's policies regarding the conduct of the war. He never crossed the lines laid down by the administration. He never was insubordinate if one defines insubordination as defying a direct, written order. But he pushed the line with his toe. And he did step on the line when he engaged in his own foreign policy in defiance of a clear policy that military officers should leave such pronouncements to their civilian masters.
The story is not a simple one. Nothing connected to the long, illustrious career of Douglas MacArthur was ever simple or clear. No one doubted his courage, knowledge, intellect or personal charm. But he conducted his entire military career in the shadow of politics, from the time as a young lieutenant when he served as an aide to his Three Star General father, to fifty years later in 1951 when President Truman fired him because of his political intrigues. During the last decade of his fifty-year Army career, he qualified as one of the most famous Americans never elected President although not for lack of desire on his part. He explored a possible Republican Party candidacy for POTUS in 1944, '48, and '52.
The Korean War is largely a forgotten conflict (whether technically a war or not is immaterial) falling as it does between America's overwhelming victory in World War II and its overwhelming defeat in Viet Nam. It was the first occasion when we as a nation had to learn how to fight a limited but intense war despite our having access to hundreds of atomic bombs. It was also a time when President Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, Secretary of Defense George Marshall and many others sculpted policies aimed at containing the Soviet threat and keeping the Cold War cold.
Brands, an award-winning biographer and historian, gives each of the major characters—Harry Truman and Douglas MacArthur—ample space and opportunity to relate their perspectives on the story. He quotes extensively from their memoirs and once-classified documents. In most historical works, I'd find the extensive quotations to be distracting and indicative of a dawdling pace. For reasons I'm not entirely clear about, his method succeeds in this book. In part, each protagonist has a distinctive voice. MacArthur's is stentorian, polysyllabic, and at times melodramatic. Still, at his best, MacArthur could paint dramatic moments in high contrast both with his brains and his emotions. By contrast, Truman's voice is spare, concise, and direct. Rarely is he obscure, although he sometimes sounds tougher in his memoirs than he did in real time. The same can't be said of MacArthur. One needs a fact checker when reading his memoir, Reminiscences. I would have liked Brands to be more critical of MacArthur's creative memoir, but he does let the reader know that the General's recollections were sometimes askew. At the same time, Brands skewers Major General Courtney Whitney, MacArthur's forever personal secretary and apologist.
The General vs. the President reminds us that the U.S. Constitution makes civilians supreme over our generals. FDR once described MacArthur as the most dangerous man in American. Not even the vain, arrogant Douglas MacArthur, however, denied that his president, his Commander in Chief, could hire and fire him at will. – Neal Ferguson
Also available by H. W. Brands: The First American, The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin; The Age of Gold; Traitor to His Class; American Colossus; The Man Who Saved the Union; Andrew Jackson; American Stories, A History of the United States; T.R., The Last Romantic; The Money Men; Lone Star Nation; American Dreams, America Since 1945; The Reckless Decade; Master of Enterprise; The Strange Death of American Liberalism; The Murder of Jim Fisk; The Devil We Knew; What America Owes the World; The Wages of Globalism; Bound to Empire; Woodrow Wilson; Greenback Planet; Cold Warriors; Inside the Cold War; Into The Labyrinth; America, Past and Present; The Heartbreak of Aaron Burr.
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Neal Ferguson
Neal Ferguson is a self described Anglo-phile. After studying for a PhD in British history and doing research for a year in various British archives, he came to the University of Nevada in 1970 to teach. Soon he found himself in administration where he remained until 2003. After returning to full-time teaching a decade ago, he decided to concentrate his teaching energies on Medieval British history and various global aspects of World War II. Dedicated to Ambrose Bierce's proclamation that the purpose of war is to teach Americans geography, Neal insists that his students accompany him (in class) to sundry east European rivers and steppes, African deserts and jungles, south-east Asian mountain ranges and peninsulas, and small islands and coral reefs in the Pacific. Currently he is writing a book about the ups and downs of General Douglas MacArthur's military reputation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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what does four plank around it mean
People think that a standard front plank is core 101. For example, a cat can weight 6#. Beveled edges on laminate planks add a natural style reminiscent of hardwood floors to the flooring, giving it a more authentic wood look. to relinquish something, as a position, office, etc., under compulsion: We suspect that … It's the first minute of my first plank and there's nothing but me, my living room floor, dead silence, … The main plank of a particular group or political party is the main principle on which it bases its policy, or its main aim . That's why we carry vinyl planks with four main types of installation: interlocking, peel and stick, glue down, and loose lay. one of the policies in a political party's programme, to be forced by pirates to walk to one's death off the end of a plank jutting out over the water from the side of a ship, to cover or provide (an area) with planks, to cook or serve (meat or fish) on a special wooden board, Jessie Diggins's Killer 8-Minute Core Workout, The Hell of the Hamptons: Why the Exclusive Hotspot Is a Mind-Numbing Drag, Putin Vs. Obama—In Spandex: Wrestling's New Cold War, The Bill Nye-Ken Ham Debate Was a Nightmare for Science, The '12 Years a Slave' Book Shows Slavery As Even More Appalling Than In the Film. something to stand on or to cling to for support. 12.3456. The Dictionary.com Word Of The Year For 2020 Is …. Some types can be installed with a perimeter glue bond that secures the flooring only around the edges and along the seams. Why Do "Left" And "Right" Mean Liberal And Conservative? Box house is a good descriptive term as the method of construction reminds me of old wooden shipping crates. And for good reasons: Planks and plank variations require constant abdominal stabilization and, in some variations, body rotation… "Epidemic" vs. "Pandemic" vs. "Endemic": What Do These Terms Mean? The plank, or planking, is an exercise that involves your core muscles, improving your strength, balance and endurance. I mean, it's great that this is getting out there, but to me, this is just a plank! This notation is often used in email, text messages, and other postings to communicate emotional context that would otherwise be lost or unclear. 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You can also browse our wide selection of beveled edge laminate flooring. How To Plank The Right Way: Imagine my shock when on day three, break five, my arms hurt and I almost had to drop after 40 seconds. Standard vinyl tile is always secured with a glue-down bond. Perhaps Ham will dedicate a plank in the replica ark to his bowtied benefactor. You will often find a normal bevel, micro-bevel, or even deep bevel edge. … Northup slept on a plank 12 inches wide and 10 feet long, with a stick of wood as his pillow. Describe 2020 In Just One Word? Cheap Flooring Ideas to Spice Up Your Decor. Armstrong vinyl plank products like Plank Bamboo Carbonized have a guaranteed wear layer of 20 mil, which comes out to 0.5 mm. To have four decimal places is to have four (or fewer) digits to the right of the decimal point when written in decimal notation e.g. Every home is different and one installation might work better than other installation types. American English is not always as it appears to be ... get to know regional words in this quiz! Glad to have confirmed this one that I've got right early on. What Does It Mean To Be Four, from child psychologist Jennie Lindon, will give you the tools you need to ensure that your work with children, whether in a school, nursery or home setting, is relevant to their individual stages of development. Each plank is constructed to display its own distinct look presenting an individual separation, unlike square edges which create a seamless and transitioning look. a long, flat piece of timber, thicker than a board. Proper usage and sense of the word/phrase Every Four Weeks. The oldest plank house village found is located in Kitselas Canyon at the Paul Mason Site in western British Columbia, Canada.This village is estimated to be 3000 years old. 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Conspiracy theory also overcomes the strictures of literalism and the problems of simplistic thinking by experimenting with multiplicity of meaning. Normal Beveled Edges: These edges exhibit a noticeable V-groove on all four sides of the plank or tile. Definition of Every Four Weeks in the Titi Tudorancea Encyclopedia. The plank is a popular exercise in many exercise routines. Post your question in the comments or call us at 1-800-520-0961. on a wooden board. Micro-Beveled Edges: These edges exhibit a very fine V-groove on all four sides of the plank or tile. Question: "What does it mean that love is not proud (1 Corinthians 13:4)?" Expansion gaps are spaces left around the perimeter of rooms, against fixed objects such as columns, thresholds, hearths, baseboard, and other stationary items built or secured into the framing structure of the home. We will be happy to help! What do they mean? It's all about the glutes and holding that PPT and always has been. 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I would like to install vinyl plank flooring or other water-resistant laminate flooring in a small, 3/4 bathroom. We all jumped from our seats and stood rigid as plank boards. Meaning of Plank house. What Is The Difference Between "It's" And "Its"? Waking up at a certain time during the night or in the early morning could mean your body is communicating physical or emotional issues related to your overall well-being. What Are Pros and Cons Of Vinyl Plank Flooring? Each edge is slightly rounded to give a V-groove between each plank. x 4 1/2 inches. Beveled laminate flooring edges are nothing more than a little grooves between laminate flooring planks. July 9, 2014	Quick-Step Quadra Mocha Latte has a micro-beveled edge. Beveled edges can offer a variety of styles – whether they are rustic, traditional, or even modern or contemporary you will see this edge type on many different floors. It's aspirational, it's inspirational. The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. Sound control materials used for impact sound insulation are engineered to absorb and attenuate sound generated by footsteps, dropped objects etc. Leave a comment to be forced, as by pirates, to walk to one's death by stepping off a plank extending from the ship's side over the water. 4. Definition of Plank house in the Definitions.net dictionary. Vinyl plank flooring has a ton of installation options. Beaulieu had placed a battery of thirty cannon so as to completely sweep every plank of the bridge. There's no other way. What are beveled laminate flooring edges? The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary Facts become more than the sum of their parts. "Alligator" vs. "Crocodile": Do You Know The Difference? Do you have additional questions we can answer for you? Never overlook what kind of warranties you'll receive in your vinyl plank floor. WHY DOES A PLANK OF WOOD LIE AROUND? Ordinary events, people and signs become symbols bristling with complex, malleable, even contradictory meanings. the upper edge of the side or bulwark of a vessel. Even though wood flooring used is no longer living and breathing, it still reacts to moisture changes in the environment. Go as far as you can while maintaining a strong plank position—no lifting, sagging, or rotating the hips—and keep your core engaged throughout the movement. "A hundred aces," broke in Plank's heavy voice as he played the last trick and picked up the scoring card and pencil. History. How to Calculate Square Footage of a Room. Populist parties can be anywhere on the political spectrum. What does Every Four Weeks mean? Mystery is revived and idealized. A plank hold engages multiple muscles at once, thereby benefiting the core strength of your body. Information and translations of Plank house in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. At the Maurer site in British Columbia the remains of a rectangular building have been excavated, providing artifacts which date the site to between 1920 and 2830 BCE. What does Plank house mean? We hope to make your home remodeling and maintaining a more positive experience. In Spain, there is the Podemos party, and in … A Pressed Bevel and Rolled Bevel planks are a less dramatic bevel design, as the slope is smoother and displays a softer transition between boards. Your core muscles tend to contract isometrically, and the Forearm Plank mimics this contraction so that your core muscles work to stabilize your spine in everyday life. We Asked, You Answered. A plank is a long, flat, rectangular piece of wood . Your email address will not be published. Jesus warns us in Matthew 7:5 - "You hypocrite, first take the plank out of your eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother's eye. It's an idea, it's a theory, it's a meaning, it's how you carry yourself. IT'S JUST BORED. Bestlaminate's blog is dedicated to you by making the home improvement process easier and more affordable. The :-) notation is known as a smiley, and means that the statement it follows was intended as humor. Reading Time: 4 minutes If you have hardwood, engineered wooden flooring, or wood laminate floors in your home, you might notice some unusual sounds coming from them. The pound sign (#) has been around much longer than that concoction of Twitter. The sub-floor is OSB with a ventilated crawl space beneath it. – popular memes on the site ifunny.co d : an exercise in which a prone person balances on the toes and forearms while holding the rest of the body up and off the ground Do two to three sets of these moves two days a week: push-ups (work up to 25) to build chest, shoulder and triceps strength; plank (support your body on your forearms and toes for up to 60 seconds) to build ab and back strength …. to bake or broil and serve (steak, fish, chicken, etc.) A new line of battle was formed on the plank road west of Chancellorsville, and on the turnpike east. Beveled edges are desirable as they offer a real and genuine flooring look and are easy to maintain with a quick sweep. Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water (or air) that are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind). Definition of plank. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition Dictionary.com Unabridged the sheer strake of a wooden vessel; the uppermost strake beneath the plank-sheer. 12″ vinyl floor tile was glued to the OSB in the bathroom during construction in 2002 but the tile has released from the adhesive, I would assume as a result of the extreme heat. any one of the stated principles or objectives comprising the political platform of a party campaigning for election: They fought for a plank supporting a nuclear freeze. Required fields are marked *. Beveled laminate flooring edges can come in different styles with different depths of the grooves. Discover the three most common annoying floor sounds you might hear in your home and what they mean. Loose Lay Reviews. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Your email address will not be published. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Answer: First Corinthians 13 offers tremendous insight regarding the Christian perspective of love. Definition of 'plank'. Bestlaminate This type of house, most commonly built between 1870s to 1910s, was known as a plank house, box house or battened box house. When you tilt your head to the side, you see that : is the eyes, - the optional nose, and ) is the mouth.
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what does four plank around it mean 2020


With tax time upon us, here are some handy tips to help minimise your taxable income and potentially save you thousands of dollars.
It's important for all property investors to know what they can claim as a tax deduction to ensure their income, and subsequently personal wealth, are maximised. Knowing what you're entitled to claim could save you hundreds or even thousands of dollars.
Here are some basic property investment tax tips to help maximise your returns this financial year.
Property investors can claim "plant and equipment" items on investment properties as depreciable articles – these are treated separate to the dwelling.
Items are considered "plant and equipment" depending on a number of factors, such as how permanently the item is attached to the land or building.
A list of items considered "plant and equipment", as well as their depreciation rates, is available from the Australian Tax Office.
If you have purchased an investment property, any of these existing items considered "plant and equipment" can be claimed depreciable. However, you first have to determine the purchase cost of these individual items.
There are three ways you can do so.
Momentum Wealth recommends in most cases that clients obtain an independent valuation from a depreciation expert.
Aside from "plant and equipment", property investors can claim some items associated with the dwelling in certain circumstances.
The dwelling on an investment property is not normally considered to be a depreciable item because it's not "plant and equipment". However, some provisions have made the cost of constructing buildings, and other capital items incurred in rental properties, to be depreciable in certain circumstances.
For example, "construction expenditure" on an investment property that produces an income can be written off at 2.5% per annum. For residential property, this applies if the construction commencement date was after 15th September 1987 .
The term "construction expenditure" is related to expenditure on the dwelling and includes preliminary expenses, such as architect and engineering fees, among other items. This does not include demolition costs, clearing of land or landscaping, though.
Property investors can also claim travel expenses in some instances.
Transportation, meals and accommodation can be deductible for numerous reasons, including preparing the property for rent, rent collection or for inspections and maintenance.
This is even the case with investment properties located interstate. Property investors can claim the cost of flights and accommodation as a tax deduction in some instances. Be careful though – if you take a holiday at the same time, the ATO may argue the dominant purpose was to have a holiday and the trip may not be deductible.
Please note: Momentum Wealth and its affiliated entities are not accountants or financial planners. While all information is provided in good faith, you should seek your own independent advice in relation to all tax matters.


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Posted on Sun, Dec 4th, 2016 by Rmuse
Trump's Emboldened Religious Right Will Wreak Havoc on America
*The following is an opinion column by R Muse*
Over the course of the last several years no small number of pundits and commentators have trumpeted the demise of the religious right and their masters at the Vatican. As the recent election appeared to look bleak for Trump, and by extension the Republican Party and evangelical movement, it did appear to many that Trump would take down the religious right along with the Republican Party. Of course none of that transpired as predicted. Instead, as this column warned, the religious right turned out in force to increase their power and authority over government and even if the results were different, the religious right would have transformed an electoral defeat into a new and improved persecution complex that a sympathetic Republican majority would take advantage of.
No matter how one assesses the Trump-evangelical love-fest, it is obvious that the religious right was more than willing to install a lying sexual predator, one who specifically admits to never asking forgiveness, if he pledged to give them what they wanted: power to impose compliance to their religious beliefs over the government and the people. Those beliefs included three specific areas the evangelicals demand be implemented according to their, and the Vatican's, dogmata. They want a Supreme Court justice who will repeal Roe v. Wade, something Trump promised is a priority of any nominee and something that will "happen automatically." They also demand that Planned Parenthood be defunded, legal protections to discriminate against any American who doesn't embrace evangelical dogma, and the requirement that health insurance plans cover birth control is abolished. Of course they want much, much more, but those are first on their agenda to set the stage for inserting their religion into all aspects of government; there is no other legitimate reason for any of their demands.
Like much of the damage a Trump administration will wreak on the people and the nation, the idea of religion driving legislation and policy comes from a minority of the population. Evangelical malcontents only make up 26 percent of the population, but since they turned out in force at the ballot box for their chosen candidate their agendas are going to be implemented – from a very significant minority position. However, it was a big enough minority position to carry Trump to victory. According to the chief executive of the Public Religion Research Institute and author of "The End of White Christian America," Robert P Jones, "The wall of white Christian voters held." And according to Mr. Jones; the religious right "held" because so-called "values voters" were not turned off by Trump's sexual harassment and predation of women, pathological lying, refusing to pay taxes or stiffing subcontractors, and not because Christians are the forgiving type, they are not. As Mr. Jones said,
"Trump has really changed their entire political ethic. It's moved from a principled basis to more of a utilitarian ethic, where the ends justify the means." Translation: Christians embraced the sinner and his sins as their own as long as he pursues their theocratic agenda. It is an agenda Trump will pursue with urgency because it will not affect his wealth one way or the other, and because his choice for vice president is an avowed evangelical fanatic.
With Pence advising Trump and a stellar evangelical record of supervising legislation against women's choice and marriage equality, evangelical leaders are confident and are finally resting assured that not only will they have access to the White House, they will have a supervisory role along with their seat at the domestic policy table. And, it is worth noting that with a Republican-controlled Congress and Supreme Court, they will wield substantial authority over the population from their 26 percent minority position.
As the fanatical chairman of the Faith and Freedom Coalition, Ralph Reed said, "I am confident he will do as president what he said he would do as a candidate." As one of the primary motivators responsible for mobilizing the evangelical right responsible for Trump's victory, Reed knows Trump will have to deliver or face the evangelicals' religious wrath. Trump is highly unlikely to ignore evangelicals because both evangelicals and Catholics turned out to for Trump "at even higher rates than they voted for the last two Republican presidential nominees, John McCain and Mitt Romney," according to Pew Research Center analysis.
For far too long people have written off the religious right, values voters, social conservatives, moral majority, or whatever the Dominionist theocracy movement wants to call itself only to see it emerge with renewed stamina. And now they are boasting an earned sense of entitled authority over the direction of the nation and the population – from a minority position.
It is worth reiterating, yet again, that the evangelical movement was in its death throes several decades ago when it persisted in segregating schools in the South only to find a new cause célèbre to elect Republicans courtesy of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). It was the USCCB that encouraged the religious right to abandon its support for contraception and Roe v. Wade and convinced them it was in Republicans' best interests to oppose them vehemently as an abomination to their god. Unfortunately for Americans, evangelicals find most of the country an abomination to their god and now that they are co-owners of the entire government, there is more to fear than just a corrupt celebrity sitting in the White House ruling to increase his personal wealth and power.
Rmuse
Audio engineer and instructor for SAE. Writes op/ed commentary supporting Secular Humanist causes, and exposing suppression of women, the poor, and minorities. An advocate for freedom of religion and particularly, freedom of NO religion.
Born in the South, raised in the Mid-West and California for a well-rounded view of America; it doesn't look good.
Former minister, lifelong musician, Mahayana Zen-Buddhist.
CategoriesCommentary, Featured News, Issues TagsDominionism, equality, Mike Pence, Moral Majority, Planned Parenthood, Religious Right, Roe v. Wade, Theocracy, trump
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The San Miguel County Public Services Division is comprised of three (3) divisions providing services within San Miguel County. Those include the Solid Waste Division, Road Division and Crusher Operation.
The Solid Waste Division is responsible for operation of nine (9) staffed solid waste convenience centers availabel to County residents for disposal of solid waste five days per week. There are additional six (6) drop off bin sites where County customers may dispose of solid waste. The Solid Waste Division also transports solid waste from those convenience centers and bin sites to the Northeastern Regional Landfill and the Santa Fe Caja Del Rio Landfill.
The Road Division is responsible for the general maintenance and upkeep of over five hundred (514) miles of roads throughout the County. Additionally, the Division is responsible for managing Road improvement projects which may be funded through other funding sources.
To report issues on county road conditions call (505) 425-3664 or email Public Services Supervisor Morris Madrid.
The Crusher Operation is responsible for providing base course material to apply to county roads.


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The curious case of Dr. Pettenkofer
Posted on October 29, 2012 in Uncategorized // 3 Comments
By: James Gurney
I want you to come back in time with me to the end of the 19th century. Science was becoming increasingly important in people's daily lives and it had a lot to say about almost every aspect of life. Cities had grown massively in the past 100 years thanks to the products of the industrial revolution, which were fueled by the application of science. Cogs and belts whizzed and steel lurched to preform the work of a 1000 horses. But something else lurks in the shadows; there are dreadful unknown killers abound. Coughing, wheezing and the sounds of people groaning can be heard as they die slowly throughout the cities. Contagious diseases wrought havoc and destruction on the lives of people all over Europe.
Two of the main ideas about what was causing the increase in disease rates were hotly debated. Infection via organism like bacteria or Miasma (dirty air) which suggested that filth and dirt caused illness. We now know that contagious diseases are caused by viruses and bacteria; but naturally at some point people didn't know what was the cause of disease. The miasma theory of infection had been wildly accepted for many centuries and took some of sciences best minds to demonstrate that it was incorrect. In fairness which would make more sense to you, that unimaginably small things that you have never seen and can't see (with out very special equipment) can get inside your body and make you unwell or that things that look and smell bad have a way of passing on their quality of badness on to you. Miasma is still found in our use of language as well, we say to small children that things are dirty or unclean when what we really mean is that certain things might harbor vicious bacteria!
So we had two competing hypothesis and what is the best way to deal with two competing ideas? Do an experiment! The main two players in this story I wish to share, are a one Dr Koch who biology students know from, and giggle at, Koch's postulates and the singular Dr Pettenkofer who very few biology students know about. This should give you some idea of who was routing for which idea! But there is a twist! During the end of the 19th century on the verge of an outbreak of Cholera in Hamburg which Koch was suggesting based on carful observation and statistical analysis. He even purported that a certain bacteria Vibrio cholerae (which had been independently discovered nearly 30 years earlier) was responsible for Cholera. While Pettenkofer was convinced that the outbreak was due to the high levels of pollution in the city and that infection require 3 separate conditions an x,y and z and only when all 3 were present could V. choleraebecome poisonous. In a way he was right, the pollution allowed for effective transmission of the bacteria but Pettenkofer was of a mind to try prove his point of a tirade of infection and in a big way!
Everyone looked like they did magic in the 19 century
Pettenkofer wrote to Koch and requested he send him a sample of his newly identified bacteria something which microbiologist still do these days. Once Pettenkofer received it, he had an experiment which he thought would prove his point; he was going to drink it! If Koch was right that Cholera was caused by the ingestion (fecal to oral) of this bacteria, then by drinking large amounts of it he would surely get Cholera. So he, a colleague and independent witnesses neutralised his stomach acid (removing this as a factor) and administered the vial of V. cholerae. Pettenkofer learnt something from this, that the V. choleraebacteria did not cause Cholera. All that happened was he felt a little unwell. He certainly did not get Cholera! Pettenkofer thought that this disproved the germ theory of disease. Quite rightly too, he took all the correct precautions to remove any bias from his self experiment.
Koch also spent time trying to develop psychic powers
A little back ground of Cholera may be needed at this point, it is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, as few as 10 Colony forming units (CFUs are the living and healthy bacteria) are capable of infecting a healthy person. Pettenkofer drank as many as a billion CFU's! V. cholerae releases a toxin which alters how cells hold on to water leading to horrific diarrhea. One of the only real treatments is fluid replacements. Cholera is still deadly and a big problem in confounding issues like earthquakes and other natural and manmade disasters.
So the question is how did Pettenkofer survive or at least come out with his trousers clean! Allow me to put forward my own pet theory, V. cholerae has a interesting life style. It is highly infection at low levels. Once the level of V. cholerae bacteria builds up in an infected person a change occurs in the biology of the bacteria. Instead of becoming more virulent (how sick a bacteria makes you) V. cholerae turns off its virulence; it shuts down its toxin production and turns on its little out board motor known as flagellum and swims off down stream off to infect another person. I've mentioned this process before, its known as quorum sensing. Bacteria release a small molecule into the environment (soil, petri dish or intestines), they use these molecules as a census in which they chose how to act as a group. Most bacteria, to our knowledge, use these molecules, and many use it in order to work out when to become virulent. V. cholera however works the other way around; it counts these votes and when a certain level is reached it turns off its virulence.
So Pettenkofer could have survived by this little biological trick. If the V. cholerae he drank was at a high enough density its virulence would have been turned off leading to it just passing right through him. If he hadn't played fair and had failed to neutralised his stomach acid then he might have become fully infected and suffered greatly at his own self experiment or at the very least would have required a new pair of trousers.
So what became of Pettenkofer, his results were largely ignored and moved into obscurity after some very good work promoting hygiene. Koch had just been consulted on a new water system for the city of Munich. In the city there were certain streets where one side had their water supplied by the newly designed water system, developed by Koch which could filter out the V. cholerae, while on the other side of the street water came from the V. cholerae infused local stream. This lead to situations where one side of some streets had Cholera while the new water system side was clear of Cholera. Pettenkofer carried on working in to his old age until depression took over and he ended his own life alone one evening. Koch isolated the bacterium that causes TB, discovered a way to isolate anthrax from blood samples, rediscover the Vibrio cholera and went on to win the Noble prize in 1905 for "his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis".
Although Pettenkofer was wrong about his idea which could only have been confounded by his positive results disproving the germ theory I greatly admire his bravery. Even knowing in far greater detail then either man knew of bacteria in their days, I would never dream of drinking a vial of live V. cholerae. Pettenkofer's principles of testing his ideas is the foundation on which Science progresses and we should, for at least that, recognise him.
James Gurney
3 Comments on The curious case of Dr. Pettenkofer
Cheap Shamballa Beads // June 2, 2013 at 7:56 pm // Reply
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Selma // March 2, 2015 at 1:32 am // Reply
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Ronald // September 25, 2017 at 10:23 pm // Reply
So, your pet theory would implicate there's a simple method to prevent/treat cholera: neutralize the patient's stomach acid and administer a vial of V. cholerae… ;-)


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Q: Cron doesn't find PHP I am setting my cronjob as:
 */5 * * * * /usr/local/lib/php /home/..app/webroot/cron_dispatcher.php /devices/checkForAlert

whereas in checkForAlert function of devices controller i've just printed 'hi' but mail from cronjob only contains this
/bin/sh: /usr/local/lib/php: is a directory

Can you please tell me that is going wrong here…

A: /usr/local/lib/php: is a directory

You have provided the path to a directory called php, rather than the php binary.
Try typing whereis php and replacing the above path with the one returned:
> whereis php
php: /usr/bin/php /usr/share/man/man1/php.1.gz

For example, that would be /usr/bin/php in the above output.

A: To have a portable solution you can use env :
 */5 * * * * /usr/bin/env php /home/..app/webroot/cron_dispatcher.php /devices/checkForAlert

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The American Association for the Advancement of Science and the journal Science will present a free, one-hour webinar about CRISPR/Cas9 in drug discovery at noon Eastern on May 11.
The importance of carrying out binding studies following gene editing.
The speakers will be Lorenz Mayr of AstraZeneca and Ralph Garippa of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.


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Lophosia jiangxiensis är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Sun 1996. Lophosia jiangxiensis ingår i släktet Lophosia och familjen parasitflugor.

Artens utbredningsområde är Jiangxi (Kina). Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Parasitflugor
jiangxiensis

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