We believe in a nurturing community, which inspires confidence, engages critical thinking, and encourages collaboration with the goal of developing our children's life-long love of learning.
Our small class sizes enable us to give each student the needed attention and individualized learning experience, which may include differentiation by content as well as approach. This small classroom setting helps support each student's individual learning style, nurtures a student's interest in learning and ultimately builds the student's self-confidence. In addition, a small class size is conducive to small group work, where discussion and inquiry-based learning can freely occur.
Our school building is located in a family-friendly Auburn neighborhood, within walking distance to trailheads of the American River Canyon. Our classrooms are spacious offering ample space for creating collaborative work areas and allowing for student movement. The large windows allow natural light into the classrooms and provide a direct visual connection to the outdoors. Our campus offers two play structures, a basketball and play area, a grass field for soccer and other sports, and a nature trail.
The learning materials are selected for their effectiveness and are regularly evaluated to make sure that they support the students' learning. We attempt to select research-based, classroom-tested learning materials that provide opportunities for hands-on learning, critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. These skills are practiced by our students across our four learning areas: academic, physical, social and emotional. Our social emotional learning program focuses on age-appropriate management of ones own emotions and the management of ones interactions with others, as well as the practice of wise decision-making. These skills are practiced during the academic and physical components of our program as well, which include English, Math, Science, Social Science, Art, Music, PE and volunteering at school.
Our teachers are the cornerstones of our learning program. They select the learning materials, including hands-on tools that help students learn individually and through group activities. The learning content, pace and approach that the teachers take ensure success with our students, and instill confidence in tackling new challenges. Students are encouraged to master skills, through practice, trial and error, and understanding. On-going feedback from their teachers, verbal and written, give our students knowledge on where they are in each of their learning areas.
Our school practices a parent open door policy, welcoming all parents to be actively engaged in their children's learning, through class observation and volunteering. Parents are involved in the classroom, in the office, on campus, in the Bucks Booster Club (PTA), in the Governance Council and at home.
The school's administration and teachers ensure the physical and emotional safety of our children so that learning can occur. The staff regularly communicates with parents about all school and class related matters. The administration, teachers and parents work together to provide the learning environment that fits the lifestyle of each family. This includes providing an independent study program that allows students to do part of their learning in an out-of-school environment.


I have no idea if this story is actually true or if it's a fantastical story created during a time when Boston was at its most activist. The moral still rings true: there are no worthless people; there are only people willing to treat others like they are worthless because it's convenient. One doesn't have to be rich think ill of someone in differing circumstances than their own. We've all done it and we should all make the conscious, continuous effort to stop. Class warfare is real.
Like any city or town in any state in the US, Boston still has a large population of displaced individuals. Most of them are just like you and me. They are people trying to live, heal and grow as best they can with the lot life has given them. They are people trying to live, heal and grow as best they can with the lot life has given them. Stories Without Roofs: Writing Home tells their stories.
As told through poetry, dance, song and prose, Writing Home is a compilation of stories in six movements of women who have experienced homelessness and the despair, joys, hopes, invisibility and insights that come with the experience. They are strong and vulnerable, sincere and insightful. They have gone to college, raised families, read the right books and said the right things and still they became homeless. Video clips from the authors reading their own works are featured between several movements. These writers tell us that their story could be our story. There is a talk back featuring the writers and the cast after the performance.
The actors Kathleen Burke, Megan Dilworth, Aaluk Edwardson, Jasmine Rush, and Marjorie Tatum give sincere performances. Were I to find fault, it would be in their execution rather than characterization. It is the responsibility of the actor to deliver an objective performance as free as is possible from personal bias. There were moments when the deeply felt sympathy of the actors collided with the material they were presenting. Scenery was subtly chewed. While it didn't detract from the production, it interrupt the pacing and caused the audience to disconnect.
This production is a pleasantly painful experience. There are funny vignettes but most of the production relays the realities of homelessness in raw detail. The writing keeps focus on the experiences of being homeless and not the happy endings the media likes to package into pretty packages for Christmas. These are not Disney stories of penniless lasses who bloom into wealthy princesses of the realm. These are women who have been failed by the system and society and lived to tell the tale.
It is important that audience members remember that this is not an opportunity to navel gaze. This production should inspire the viewer to treat the Homeless with kindness, understanding, and most of all, respect. They are people. They deserve the benefit of the doubt and a sounding board for their woes. We must remember that this production is not about us. It is about them. The most important job for an ally is to listen and then act in ways to improve the lives of the displaced. If you want to help then help in the ways that the afflicted prefer.
If you'd like to help, more information can be found through On The Rise.
More Than Words is an excellent program that works with kids in the foster care system. Both are nonprofits and welcome donations of many types.
This entry was posted in Drama and tagged 2014, Aaluk Edwardson, Alexandria Victoria Wong, Angelica Potter, Boston, boston playrights theatre, Christnas, Dance, Denice Lowery, Dewey Square, Donna Daley, homelessness, Jasmine Rush, Jes Ryan, Kathleen Burke, MA, Marissa Wahkuna, Marjorie Tatum, Megan Dilworth, Misch Whitaker, More Than Words, Occupy Boston, Odelle Weaver, On The Rise, poetry, Pris Olivia, prose, Renee Luv, Shorty, song, Stories Without Roofs: Writing Home, the Homeless, Veronica Pruitt by Kitty Drexel. Bookmark the permalink.


There is nothing like excitement in the air! One reason I enjoy football so much is because it's a game where something big can happen at any moment: a 40-yard rush, a sack, or sometimes a goal-line stand.
How can I get so excited over sports and games and yet not have that enthusiasm every time I enter the church house to worship God? I am gathering with believers in the name of the resurrected Son of God, and someone is going to take the eternal word of God and declare it! People will be singing of God's greatness and glory, and prayers will be lifted up for grace to come down. Oh yes, this is far more infinite than a game. So, why do I find myself going through business as usual, instead of thinking – rather, instead of hungering and believing – that God is going to do a work?
Do I believe God is going to save a sinner that is very near Hell? Do I believe God is about to restore some backslider? Do I believe someone's heavy burden is about to be lifted – maybe even mine? Do I believe God is going to meet with me this day and speak to my heart while the preacher is preaching?
It seems that if my eyes were on Jesus, then I would have a spirit of expectancy. Like the man watching the final play of the Super Bowl, knowing something big is about to happen, where is my expectancy?
In many churches, there is no spirit of expectancy. We come, sit, endure, and go home. It is nothing to tell our friends about, and it is something we will go through again later because we are supposed to. There is no expectancy of God doing a work in hearts.
Every service should have a spirit of expectancy in the midst. People should enter the meeting house, knowing, praying, and believing that God is at work.
I do not want empty motions of religion! I believe God is great, and I want to have all He wants for me in every service!
So, what must I have if I would have a spirit of expectancy in every church service?
2 Timothy 3:15-4:2 (15) And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. (16) All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: (17) That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works. (4:1) I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom; (2) Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine.
• This is a belief that I need sound preaching.
• This is a belief that there is nothing like the Bible, and it will change my life! I get to hear it's truth declared!
• This is a belief that God has something for me, today, and He has me in the service for a reason!
Luke 11:9-13 And I say unto you, Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you. (10) For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. (11) If a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a stone? or if he ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent? (12) Or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion? (13) If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children: how much more shall your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to them that ask him?
• There is no substitute for prayer! The church must ask God to stir them!
• The First Century church believed that God would meet every need in answer to prayer. The Twenty-first Century church must have the same confidence!
For the church at Laodicea, the issue was a matter of their hearts. They had become lukewarm, neither hot nor cold. They were involved in activities, and they came to the church services. So, one could not call them cold. Yet, they did not burn with a spirit of expectancy, so one could not refer to them as hot. They were lukewarm, and it was a heart problem.
The only cure is to repent and return to the Lord. The church must, in their daily lives and especially in the meeting, come with a firm belief that God is at work, and that He desires to work in each person of the church individually and the church corporately.
Revelation 3:18-19 I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear; and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that thou mayest see. (19) As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore, and repent.
Every service, let me go to church, praying, believing, and expecting that God is doing something and that I cannot wait to see what it is!


text:
WPP Author Interview: John David Anderson
John David Anderson is the author of Sidekicked, in stores now!
Tell us a little bit about the book(s) you published with Walden.
Sidekicked tells the story of Drew Bean, a superhero sidekick with a lameoid power and a hero/mentor who can't get off his seat long enough to save him because he (the hero) is carrying way too much emotional baggage. Drew struggles to find a space for himself in two worlds, facing the equally daunting trials of surviving middle-school and fighting crime simultaneously.
But that makes it sound like a Saturday morning special, so I will also say there are explosions and pools of acid and masked villains and epic showdowns (or near-epic, anyways) and at least one incident involving flatulence. Girl troubles, secret identities, samurai swords, sloppy-joe-avoidance–there's a little something for everyone.
What brought you to Walden Pond Press?
The ghost of Henry David Thoreau visited me on Christmas Eve and showed me what my life would be like as an author, and yet despite his warnings, I went ahead and tried to publish with Walden anyways (in your face, ghost of Henry David Thoreau!).
The great thing about Walden is how much attention it pays to both its authors and its audience. As a smaller imprint, they make space for books to grow, and evolve, and find their readers. Writing the book is the easy part. It's everything that comes after that is challenging, and the editors and support staff at Walden recognize cluelessness when they see it and compensate nicely.
What are middle grade books, to you, and why do you write for this age level?
Middle grade books are books that are too profound and imaginative for adults to handle. Essentially I think they are all coming-of-age stories: places where identities are shaped; moral codes are in flux; boys are still strange and gross, girls are enigmas, parents are forces to be challenged, yelled at, snuck out on, loved, hated, hugged, and accepted. School lunches are still horrible. Gym is still mandatory. And deodorant use is rapidly on the rise. It's a great audience to write for because you don't have to include vampires, witches, or dystopian dictatorships like you would in YA. But you also don't have to know how to draw, which is nice, because my drawing sucks.
I like writing these books because I can still count on a sense of wonder on the part of my reader, but also because that is the age where I think reading as a hobby, as a lifelong passion, usually buries itself in the brain. It's hard for the written word to compete in our digitally submersed society and I always get a spine-tickle when I see a twelve year old hunched over a novel instead of an iPhone.
How did your experiences growing up influence your writing?
I grew up? When? Why doesn't anyone ever tell me these things? That doesn't mean I have to get a job, does it?
What is the most challenging part of writing for children?
I actually don't think of myself as writing for children, even though I realize the physical age range of my intended audience. I write to a certain mindset–the kind that appreciates a dose of fantasy and escapism but still sees tremendous power in fable and myth to reframe our experience into something meaningful. Not to say that my book does that. It's just for funsies. But those of us with child-like spirits are more easily transported by the kinds of narratives that interest me.
I will say that dialogue in middle-grade fiction can be thorny at times. I try to listen in on conversations among tweens and teens to stay in touch with the lingo, but so many "conversations" nowadays seem to occur in text messages, which are harder to eavesdrop on. So to compensate I just use the word "dude" a lot, as in, "Dude, who is that strange man standing behind you trying to read your text messages?" See? Effective.
What were your favorite books as a kid?
My first literary memories are of Nate the Great, Shel Silverstein, and Dr. Seuss—a sucker for the canon. When I could handle chapters I gorged myself on fantasy: C.S. Lewis, Lloyd Alexander, Madeleine L'Engle. (In my day there was no such thing as Harry Potter. When we wanted our fantasy fix we grabbed our copy of Tolkien on our way to the outhouse in the snow and we liked it!) I was probably influenced most during my tween and teen years by satirists. Mark Twain and Kurt Vonnegut were huge. I read The Hitchhiker's Guide books over and over again. Strangely I didn't get into comics until I was in college (and yes, I had a girlfriend).
Now as a father of twins I of course have new favorites. Mo Willems and Nick Bruel tickle me. I dig the work of M.T. Anderson, and not just cause we share last names. That's one of the perks of parenthood: the excuse to read children's books. Kafka on the Shore was great and all, but sometimes you just want to dig into some Elephant and Piggie.
Do you visit schools to speak about your books? Do you Skype with classrooms? Where can interested parties find more information about setting up a visit with you?
I only visit the cool schools. The ones that somehow make time to read books for fun. And I am more than happy to transmit myself digitally for the ease and technological bewonderment of all parties involved. Anyone interested in setting up a visit is welcome to e-mail me at johndavidandersonauthor@gmail.com. (I tried johndavidandersonsupremedictatoroftheknownuniverse, but it was too long).
What are you working on next?
The laundry. And I have to make dinner. Did you know kids are supposed to eat three meals a day! Who comes up with this stuff?
I'm also currently working on several new writing projects, including a middle-grade novel that serves as a kind of juxtaposition to Sidekicked. Not a sequel, but a return to some of the same themes and concerns faced by Drew and his friends, except from the other side this time (everybody loves a good villain). It's called Minion and it should find its ways to bookshelves in the wake of Sidekicked. Feel free to check out my website (www.johndavidanderson.org) for more information about my books and eating habits as well.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ottawa, Canada – Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecological cancer, claiming the lives of more than 50% of women who are diagnosed with the disease. A study involving Ottawa and Taiwan researchers, published in the influential Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), provides new insight into why ovarian cancer is often resistant to chemotherapy, as well as a potential way to improve its diagnosis and treatment.
It is estimated that 2,700 Canadian women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2014 and that 1,750 Canadian women will die from the disease, according to Ovarian Cancer Canada. This cancer is often diagnosed late and develops a resistance to chemotherapy.
"What we've discovered will help clinicians to better treat women with ovarian cancer," says Dr. Ben Tsang, senior scientist at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and professor at the University of Ottawa. "The key is understanding the role of a protein called gelsolin. With our colleagues from National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, we found that an increased level of this protein is associated with aggressive forms of ovarian cancer that are more likely to be resistant to chemotherapy and lead to death."
The researchers showed how gelsolin works at the molecular level to protect cancer cells against a widely used chemotherapy drug called cisplatin.
The findings are important because they will help clinicians to determine the most effective treatment plan based on the level of gelsolin. Work still needs to be done to determine exactly how much gelsolin indicates a cancer that is chemo-resistant and would require different treatment options.
In addition, this same protein that makes ovarian cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy can be used to overcome this treatment obstacle. By cutting gelsolin down to a specific fragment and putting it into chemo-resistant cancer cells, the international team discovered they could make these cells susceptible to the cancer-killing effects of cisplatin.
"We believe this discovery is a promising avenue for developing a new therapy to reduce chemo-resistance in women with this deadly disease," said Dr. Dar-Bin Shieh, collaborative partner from National Cheng Kung University of Taiwan. Shieh is currently leading the International Institute of Macromolecular Analysis and Nanomedicine Innovation (IMANI), which is focused on translating molecular discoveries to the clinic.
Based on 2009 estimates, approximately one in 72 Canadian women will develop ovarian cancer in her lifetime and one in 93 will die from it.
The full article "Cell Fate Regulation by Gelsolin in Human Gynecologic Cancers" was published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the National Science Council of Taiwan.
The University of Ottawa is home to almost 50,000 students, faculty and staff, who live, work and study in both French and English. Our campus is a crossroads of cultures and disciplines, where bold minds come together to inspire game-changing ideas. We are one of Canada's top 10 research universities — our professors and researchers explore new approaches to today's challenges. One of a handful of Canadian universities ranked among the top 200 in the world, we attract exceptional thinkers and welcome diverse perspectives from across the globe.
National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) is a research-led comprehensive university in Tainan City, Taiwan. Since its establishment in 1931, NCKU has nurtured countless social elites and leaders under the trailblazing efforts of its former faculties and staffs. NCKU is one of the most prestigious universities in Taiwan, with a high reputation in science, engineering, medicine, management, planning and design. The university is a role model for the transformation of Taiwan's higher-educational institutes, and is also an important pillar of the country's economic and industrial structure.


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Михайловка (Александровский район, Донецкая область)
 Михайловка (Александровский район, Кировоградская область)
 Михайловка — село, Александровский район, Оренбургская область, Россия

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Straight from the "Mother City", Andy Maqondwana will add a fresh beat to daytime listening with boundless energy. Andy is familiar with the Primedia Broadcasting brand, having been a presenter on 947's sister station Kfm 94.5. She'll oversee the workday soundtrack from 9am to 12pm.
As a new girl in Joburg, Andy says she is ready for the fast-paced life of the vibrant city.
On weekends 947 will continue its formula of combining hit music and engaging personalities as the perfect soundtrack to Joburg's weekend lifestyle. A new introduction to the line-up: the new 947 Weekend Breakfast show will be hosted by Lusky Nkohla and our latest recruit, Hulisani Ravele.
Station Manager Thando Makhunga is excited about the new line-up.
947 is excited to welcome new talent to the station and will continue to provide Joburg audiences with engaging and entertaining personalities on their favourite radio station.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{SI}

Spin waves (SWs) at microwave frequencies are of current potential interest for wireless communications technologies, since they can carry and handle information in a unique way.\cite{Demokritov12,Chumak15}
Such waves are able to carry pure spin currents (currents without charge transport which can be then properly converted into measurable charge currents), even in magnetic insulators.\cite{Kajiwara10}
This relevant property of magnon based technologies has the key advantage of substantially reducing the energy waste due to Joule heating, one of the main drawbacks inherent of conventional electronics.
In this way, spin waves provide a new way to exploit the collective behavior of the electrons in a solid.
SWs have further been proposed as building blocks for computational architectures allowing to perform logic operations.\cite{Khitun05,Khitun10,Jamali13}
One of the potential aspects of spin-wave based technologies is that both the amplitude and the phase of spin waves may encode information.\cite{Kostylev05,Tacchi15}
Besides, the non-linearity of the spin waves permits the realization of a magnon transistor, whose basic principle relies on four-magnon scattering processes.\cite{Chumak14}

Manipulating spin-wave propagation by means of periodic modulation of the magnetic properties within thin films nowadays can be regarded as an important research field in magnetism.\cite{Vasseur96,Nikitov01,Puszkarski03,Kruglyak06,Gubbiotti07,Krawczyk08,Neusser08,Chumak09,Lee09,Neusser09,Wang09,Kim09,Serga10,Kruglyak10,Wang10,Gubbiotti10,Cao10,Ding11,Lenk11,Tacchi11,Tacchi12,Chumak12,Yu13,Krawczyk14,Korner13,Gallardo14,Sebastian15}
Such research area is currently named magnonics or magnon-spintronics, and it is based on the control of spin waves in periodic magnetic structures called magnonic crystals (MCs).\cite{Demokritov12,Chumak14,Chumak15}
The possibility of such system to act as a spin wave filter with a pronounced discretization of the SWs frequency turns out key for applications in signal processing and storage-recovery mechanisms.\cite{Kim09,Chumak12}
In this context, MCs have been extensively studied, since they exhibit adjustable frequency band gaps (BGs), which can be optimized by modulating the magnetic parameters or changing the geometry and arrangement of periodic scattering centers.\cite{Vasseur96,Nikitov01,Puszkarski03,Kruglyak06,Gubbiotti07,Krawczyk08,Neusser08,Chumak09,Lee09,Neusser09,Wang09,Kim09,Serga10,Kruglyak10,Wang10,Gubbiotti10,Cao10,Ding11,Lenk11,Tacchi11,Tacchi12,Chumak12,Yu13,Krawczyk14,Tacchi15,Sebastian15}
The design of the MCs can be realized by artificial modulation of the magnetic properties, either in the form of dipolarly coupled nanowires\cite{Gubbiotti07}, bicomponent magnonic crystals,\cite{Wang09,Wang10,Tacchi12} width-modulated waveguides,\cite{Chumak09,Lee09,Kim09,Ding11,Ciubotaru12} antidot lattices,\cite{Neusser08,Gubbiotti10,Lenk11,Klos12,Krawczyk13} step-modulated thickness nanowires,\cite{Gubbiotti14} or by means of ion-implantation.\cite{Barsukov11,Obry13,Landeros12,Gallardo14}
Furthermore, dynamic magnonic crystals have also been investigated, where the periodic magnetic field, for instance, originates from a meander-like current-carrying wire,\cite{Chumak09b,Chumak14b} or even by locally heating the magnetic material.\cite{Vogel15,Grundler15}

A large variety of studies based on Brillouin light scattering (BLS) have been carried out on magnonic crystals, where the presence of frequency band gaps has been confirmed and accomplished with theoretical results.\cite{Gubbiotti07,Chumak09,Wang09,Wang10,Gubbiotti10,Ding11,Lenk11,Tacchi11,Tacchi12}
Moreover, bi-component MCs have been studied,\cite{Krawczyk08,Wang09,Lin11,Sokolovskyy11,Mruczkiewicz13} where periodic properties originate from a different saturation magnetization $M_s$, anisotropy $K$ or exchange constant $A$.
Thus, modification of these parameters allows for controlling the BG position and the localization of SWs.
For instance, increasing the difference of $M_s$ of a bi-component MC can lead to a broadening of the BG frequency range and enable the concentration of a spin-wave excitation within the zone of lower or higher saturation magnetization.
However, experimentally defining material parameters such as magnetization or exchange length with laterally well-defined periodicities often is not straightforward and suffering from limitations of the range in which variations are possible for a given material.
Therefore, a periodic geometrical modulation is an interesting alternative to create a kind of magnonic crystal, where the role of the contrast between material can be replaced by the size of the periodic modulation of the surface.

In this paper, a periodically surface modulated ferromagnetic thin film is studied theoretically, as described in Sec. \ref{SII}, and corroborated with results obtained by micromagnetic simulations.
The theory is based on the plane-wave method (PWM) (see e.g. Refs. \onlinecite{Krawczyk08} and  \onlinecite{Sokolovskyy11}) and the small wave vector limit is directly compared with the numerical simulations.
The discussion of the results is presented in Sec. \ref{SIII}, while the final conclusions are highlighted in \ref{SIV}.

\section{Theoretical description}
\label{SII}
In bi-component magnonic crystals,\cite{Wang09,Wang10,Tacchi12} the periodic properties originate from the contrast between different ferromagnetic materials with different magnetic parameters, for instance the saturation magnetization $M_s$ or the micromagnetic exchange constant $A$.
Nevertheless in surface-modulated magnonic crystals the periodic properties arise from the periodic magnetic charges created at the edges of the etched zones, as shown Fig. \ref{Fig1}($b$) for a one-dimensional surface-modulated thin film.
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{Fig1ES.pdf}
\caption{In ($a$) the top view is shown, where two reference systems are depicted.
The coordinates ($x$,$y$,$z$) are defined by the periodic structure, while ($X$,$Y$,$Z$) is defined according to the equilibrium orientation of the magnetization, which points along $Z$.
Because the magnetization lies in the film's plane, $y$ and $Y$ are matching.
In (b) the cross section is depicted, where the main geometrical parameters are defined.
Figure (c) shows the periodic dipolar field [see Eq. (\ref{H(0)Z})] created by the static magnetic charges at the edges of the etched zone for $\delta=2$ nm.
Additional parameters are given in section \ref{SIII}.}
\label{Fig1}
\end{figure}

The temporal evolution of the system can be described using the Landau-Lifshitz (LL) equation $\mathbf{\dot{M}}(\mathbf{r};t)=-\gamma \mathbf{M}(\mathbf{r};t)\times\mathbf{H}^{e}(\mathbf{r};t)$.
Here, $\gamma$ is the absolute value of the gyromagnetic ratio, $\mathbf{M}(\mathbf{r};t)$ is the magnetization and $\mathbf{H}^{e}(\mathbf{r};t)$ is the effective field.
For small deviations around the equilibrium, both the magnetization and the effective field are written as $\mathbf{M}(\mathbf{r};t)=M_s\hat{Z}+\mathbf{m}(\mathbf{r};t)$ and $\mathbf{H}^{e}(\mathbf{r};t)=\mathbf{H}^{e0}(\mathbf{r})+\mathbf{h}^e(\mathbf{r};t)$, respectively.
Note that $\hat{Z}$ points along the equilibrium orientation of the magnetization, which lies in-plane and $\mathbf{h}^e(\mathbf{r};t)$ is proportional to the dynamic magnetization $\mathbf{m}(\mathbf{r};t)$.
Thus, in the linear regime, the LL equation reads
\begin{subequations}
\begin{eqnarray}
i\Omega m_X(\mathbf{r})&=&-m_Y(\mathbf{r})H^{e0}_Z(\mathbf{r}) +M_sh^{e}_Y(\mathbf{r})
\\
i\Omega m_Y( \mathbf{r})&=&m_X(\mathbf{r})H^{e0}_Z(\mathbf{r}) -M_sh^{e}_X(\mathbf{r})
\end{eqnarray}
\label{LL1}
\end{subequations}
wherein it has been assumed $\mathbf{h}^e(\mathbf{r};t)=\mathbf{h}^e(\mathbf{r})e^{i\omega t}$, and then $\mathbf{m}(\mathbf{r};t)=\mathbf{m}(\mathbf{r})e^{i\omega t}$,  and we have also defined $\Omega=\omega/\gamma$.
Moreover,  note that $H^{e0}_{\eta}$ ($h^{e}_{\eta}$) is the $\eta$-component of the static (dynamic) effective magnetic field.
The effective field is defined as $\mathbf{H}^{e}(\mathbf{r})=\mathbf{H}+\mathbf{H}^{ex}(\mathbf{r})+\mathbf{H}^d(\mathbf{r})+\mathbf{H}^{I}(\mathbf{r})$, where $\mathbf{H}$ is the external field, $\mathbf{H}^{ex}(\mathbf{r})=(D_{ex}/M_s)\nabla^2\mathbf{M}(\mathbf{r})$ is the exchange field with $ D_{ex}(\mathbf{r})=2A/\mu_0 M_s$, wherein $A$ is the exchange stiffness constant.
Furthermore, $\mathbf{H}^d(\mathbf{r})$ is the dipolar field of the flat film and $\mathbf{H}^{I}(\mathbf{r})$ is the dipolar field induced by the periodic magnetic charges, which reside at the edges of the etched zones.
According to Fig. \ref{Fig1}, the periodic distribution of the etched regions of thickness $\delta$ over the top surface of the ferromagnetic film induces a periodic stray field that interacts with the magnetization of the nominal film of thickness $d$.
In this way, according to Bloch's theorem, the dynamic components of the magnetization can be expanded into Fourier series as $\mathbf{m}(\mathbf{r})=\sum_{\mathbf{G}}\mathbf{m}(\mathbf{G})e^{i(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})\cdot\mathbf{r}}$, where $\mathbf{G}=G_q\hat{x}+G_n\hat{z}$ denotes a reciprocal lattice vector, with $G_q=(2\pi/a_x)q$, $G_n=(2\pi/a_z) n$ and both $n$ and $q$ are integer numbers.
The above picture considers a general two-dimensional periodic modulation of the etched zones, which can be easily adapted to one-dimensional periodic structures by setting $G_q=0$, as depicted in Fig. \ref{Fig1}.
Thus, the dynamic components of the dipolar field averaged over the film's thickness are
\begin{eqnarray}
h^{d}_{Y}(\mathbf{r})&=& -4\pi\sum_{\mathbf{G}}m_{Y}(\mathbf{G})\zeta(\mathbf{G})e^{i(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})\cdot\mathbf{r}}
\label{hdY}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{equation}
h^{d}_{X}(\mathbf{r})= 4\pi\sum_{\mathbf{G}}m_{X}(\mathbf{G})\xi(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{k})^2 \frac{\zeta(\mathbf{G})-1}{\vert \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k}\vert^2}e^{i(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})\cdot\mathbf{r}},
\label{hdX}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\zeta(\mathbf{G})&=&\frac{2\sinh[\vert \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k}\vert d/2]e^{-\left\vert \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k} \right\vert d/2}}{\vert \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k}\vert d}
\label{ZZ}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{k})&=&(G_n+k_z)\sin\varphi-(G_q+k_x)\cos\varphi.
\label{Xi}
\end{eqnarray}
In previous works, the dynamic dipolar fields (\ref{hdY}) and (\ref{hdX}) are evaluated at the middle of the film thickness ($y=d/2$),\cite{Sokolovskyy11,Klos12,Krawczyk13} where $\zeta( \mathbf{G})$ reduces to $e^{-\left\vert \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k} \right\vert d/2}$.
Nevertheless, under this simplifying assumption, systematic deviations from the simulation cannot be removed.
Likewise, the exchange dynamic field components are
\begin{equation}
h^{ex}_{X,Y}(\mathbf{r})=- \frac{D_{ex}}{M_s}\sum_{\mathbf{G}}(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})^2m_{X,Y}( \mathbf{G})e^{i(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})\cdot\mathbf{r}}.
\label{hEX}
\end{equation}

In order to obtain the periodic static field $\mathbf{H}^{I 0}(\mathbf{r})$, it is noted that the static magnetization components in the range $d+\delta>y>d$, can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
 M_{z} &=&M_s\cos \varphi\sum_{\mathbf{G}}C_{\mathbf{G}}(y)\exp \left[i\mathbf{G}\cdot \mathbf{r}\right]
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{x}& =&M_{s}\sin \varphi\sum_{\mathbf{G}}C_{\mathbf{G}}(y) \exp \left[ i\mathbf{G}\cdot \mathbf{r}\right].
\label{M7}
\end{eqnarray}
Then, following Ref.\ \onlinecite{Gallardo14}, the magnetostatic potential is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi(\mathbf{r}) &=&-i M_s \sum_{\mathbf{G}}\chi(\mathbf{G})\int C_{\mathbf{G}}(y^{\prime })\frac{e^{i\mathbf{G}\mathbf{\cdot r^{\prime }}}}{\left\vert \mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime }\right\vert }\mathrm{d}^{3}\mathbf{r}^{\prime },
\end{eqnarray}
where $\chi(\mathbf{G})=G_{n}\cos \varphi+G_{q}\sin \varphi$. Besides, note that $C_{\mathbf{G}}(y^{\prime })=0$ for $y^{\prime }>d+\delta$ and $y^{\prime }<d$.
Therefore, an analytical expression can be derived for the magnetostatic potential, which is
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi(\mathbf{r}) &=&i2\pi M_s\nonumber
\sum_{\mathbf{G}}C_{\mathbf{G}}
\chi(\mathbf{G})
\frac{e^{\vert \mathbf{G}\vert (y-d-\delta)}\left(1-e^{\vert \mathbf{G}\vert \delta}\right)}{\vert \mathbf{G}\vert^2}
e^{i\mathbf{G}\mathbf{\cdot r}}.\nonumber
\label{PP1}
\end{eqnarray}
Now, the components of the static field are
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{X}^{I 0}(\mathbf{r}) &=&-2\pi  M_s\sum_{\mathbf{G}}C_{\mathbf{G}}\chi(\mathbf{G})\xi(\mathbf{G},0) \eta(\mathbf{G})
e^{i\mathbf{G}\mathbf{\cdot r}},
\label{H(0)X}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{Z}^{I 0}(\mathbf{r}) &=&-2\pi  M_s\sum_{\mathbf{G}}C_{\mathbf{G}}\chi(\mathbf{G})^2 \eta(\mathbf{G})
e^{i\mathbf{G}\mathbf{\cdot r}},
\label{H(0)Z}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{Y}^{I 0}(\mathbf{r}) &=&i2\pi M_s
\sum_{\mathbf{G}}C_{\mathbf{G}}
\chi(\mathbf{G})\eta(\mathbf{G})
\vert \mathbf{G}\vert
e^{i\mathbf{G}\mathbf{\cdot r}}.
\label{H(0)Y}
\end{eqnarray}
Here, the following definition was used
\begin{eqnarray}
\eta(\mathbf{G})&=&\frac{e^{-\vert \mathbf{G}\vert (d+\delta)}}{\vert \mathbf{G}\vert^3 d}(e^{\vert \mathbf{G}\vert d}-1)(e^{\vert \mathbf{G}\vert \delta}-1).
\label{eta}
\end{eqnarray}

In expressions (\ref{H(0)X})--(\ref{H(0)Y}), an average over the nominal FM film thickness $d$ has been performed, in such a way that at $d=0$, the magnetostatic potential $\phi(\mathbf{r})=0$.
On the other hand, the dynamic magnetization components in the etched part can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
m_{X,Y}(\mathbf{r})&=&\sum_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}m_{X,Y}(\mathbf{G})C_{\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}e^{i(\mathbf{G} +\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k})\cdot \mathbf{r}},
\label{MM1}
\end{eqnarray}
where it is assumed that the dynamic magnetization is uniform along the thickness.
This approximation is valid for small values of depth $\delta$, nevertheless, when $\delta$ increases the boundary conditions may produce a modulation of spin waves along the thickness and therefore Eq.\ (\ref{MM1}) is not valid anymore.
By using the same procedure to derive Eqs. (\ref{H(0)X})--(\ref{H(0)Y}), the components of the dynamic dipolar field $\mathbf{h}^{I}(\mathbf{r})$ derived from (\ref{MM1}) and averaged over the nominal film are
\begin{eqnarray}
h^{I}_{Y}(\mathbf{r})&=&2\pi\sum_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}C_{\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}e^{i(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k})\cdot \mathbf{r}}\left\{m_{Y}(\mathbf{G})
\eta(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k})\right.\nonumber
\\
&-&\left.i m_{X}(\mathbf{G})\xi(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime},\mathbf{k})
\frac{\eta(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k})}{\left\vert  \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k}\right\vert}\right\},
\label{hYY}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
h^{I}_{X}(\mathbf{r})&=&-2\pi\sum_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}C_{\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}e^{i(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k})\cdot \mathbf{r}}\times\nonumber
\\
&&\left\{ m_{X}(\mathbf{G})
\xi(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime},\mathbf{k})^2\frac{\eta(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k})}{\left\vert  \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k}\right\vert^2}\right.\nonumber
\\
&+&\left.i m_{Y}(\mathbf{G})\xi(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime},\mathbf{k})
\frac{\eta(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k})}{\left\vert  \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{G}^{\prime}+\mathbf{k}\right\vert}\right\}.
\label{hXX}
\end{eqnarray}

The coefficients $C_{\mathbf{G}}$ accounts the geometry of the periodic structure, which may be in the form of stripes, circular dots, squares, etc.\cite{Gallardo14}
In general, the static field component $H_{Z}^{I0}(\mathbf{r})$ and $h^{I}_{X,Y}$ enter directly in the dynamics of the system through Eq. (\ref{LL1}), while the $H_{X}^{I0}(\mathbf{r})$ and $H_{Y}^{I0}(\mathbf{r})$ components affect the static properties of the system, as will be discussed in Sec. \ref{SIII}.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Fig2ES.pdf}
\caption{($a$), ($b$) and ($c$) show the dispersion relation in the backward volume configuration for $\mu_0H=$ 15 mT and $\delta=$ 0, 0.5 and 1 nm, respectively.
Also, the circles depict the dispersion of the thin film without periodic modulation.
($d$), ($e$) and ($f$) depict spin-wave profiles at $\delta=1$ nm for the cases $k=0$, $k=\pi/(2a)$ and $k=\pi/a$, respectively.
Note that the modes have been labeled as I for the lower frequency mode and II, III, etc. for the upper frequency ones.}
\label{Fig2}
\end{figure*}
Now, inserting all field contributions into Eq. (\ref{LL1}), the following eigenvalue problem is obtained:
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\mathbf{A}}\ \mathbf{m}^{\rm T}_{\mathbf{G}}&=&i\Omega \ \mathbf{m}^{\rm T}_{\mathbf{G}}
\label{BT}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathbf{m}^{\rm T}_{\mathbf{G}}=[m_X(G_1),...,m_X(G_N),m_Y(G_1),...,m_Y(G_N)]$ is the eigenvector and $\tilde{\mathbf{A}}$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\mathbf{A}}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
 \tilde{\mathbf{A}}^{XX}
& \tilde{\mathbf{A}}^{XY}
\\
 \tilde{\mathbf{A}}^{YX}
& \tilde{\mathbf{A}}^{YY}
\end{array}\right).
\label{subM}
\end{eqnarray}
After a calculation the submatrices in Eq.\ (\ref{subM}) are given by
\begin{widetext}
\begin{subequations}
\begin{eqnarray}
 \mathbf{A}^{XX}_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}  &=&
 - \mathbf{A}^{YY}_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}=-i 2\pi M_s C_{\mathbf{G}-\mathbf{G}^{\prime}} \xi(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{k})
\frac{\eta(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})}{\left\vert  \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k}\right\vert}
\\
 \mathbf{A}^{XY}_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}  &=&- \left[D_{ex}(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})^2 +4\pi M_s\zeta(\mathbf{G})+H\cos\varphi\right]\delta_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}+F^{I}_{XY},
\\
 \mathbf{A}^{YX}_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}   &=& \left[D_{ex}(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})^2 +4\pi M_s\xi(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{k})^2 \frac{1-\zeta(\mathbf{G})}{\vert \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k}\vert^2}+H\cos\varphi\right]\delta_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}+F^{I}_{YX}.
\end{eqnarray}
\label{AA}
\end{subequations}
\end{widetext}
Here, the functions $F^{I}_{XY}$ and $F^{I}_{YX}$ come from the dipolar interaction between the etched zone and the thick part and are given by:
\begin{equation}
F^{I}_{XY}=2\pi M_{s} C_{\mathbf{G}-\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}\left[\chi(\mathbf{G}-\mathbf{G}^{\prime})^2 \eta(\mathbf{G}-\mathbf{G}^{\prime})+\eta(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})\right],
\label{BT1}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
F^{I}_{YX}&=&2\pi M_{s} C_{\mathbf{G}-\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}\left[-\chi(\mathbf{G}-\mathbf{G}^{\prime})^2 \eta(\mathbf{G}-\mathbf{G}^{\prime})\right.\nonumber
\\ &+&
\left.\xi(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{k})^2\frac{\eta(\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k})}{\left\vert  \mathbf{G}+\mathbf{k}\right\vert^2}\right].
\label{BT2}
\end{eqnarray}
Then, by using standard numerical methods and a convergence test to check the reliability of the results, the eigenvalues  and eigenvectors of Eq.\ (\ref{BT}) can be obtained.
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{Fig3ES.pdf}
\caption{In ($a$), the in-plane angular dependence of the first three band gaps in surface-modulated magnonic crystals with a larger defect depth, $\delta=4.5$ nm are shown.
Here, the inset shows the dispersion relation for the Damon-Eshbach modes (solid lines) and backward volume modes (dashed lines).
Fig. ($b$) depicts band gaps width as a function of the depth $\delta$ in the BV geometry, while the inset shows the first gap against $\delta$ for DE configuration.}
\label{FigNEW}
\end{figure}
\section{Results and discussion}
\label{SIII}

The theoretical model will be applied now to thin films with one-dimensional stripe-like modulations, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig1}.
For such geometry, the Fourier coefficient is given by $C_{\mathbf{G}}=(w/a){\rm{sinc}}[(w/a)\pi n]$, where $w$ and $a$ are previously defined in Fig. \ref{Fig1}($b$).
Also, at $N$ = 50, a convergence of the numerical solutions is reached.
Typical permalloy parameters are used, namely a saturation magnetization $M_{s}=797$ kA/m, stiffness constant $D_{ex}=24.67$ T nm$^{2}$ and the gyromagnetic ratio $\gamma =184.764$ GHz/T.
Moreover, the geometrical parameters of the etched zones are $d = 27$ nm, $a=299$ nm and $w=163$ nm, which are chosen for a comparison with micromagnetic simulations.

In Fig. \ref{Fig2}($a$)--($c$), dispersion relations in backward volume (BV) geometry ($\varphi=0$) for $\mu_0H=$15 mT and $\delta=$0, 0.5 and 1 nm are shown, respectively.
The circles indicate the dispersion of the perfect film without periodic modulation.
Here, it is clearly visible that the periodic stray field $H^{0I}(\mathbf{r})$, created by the static magnetic charges, opens frequency band gaps, whose strength can be controlled through the depth $\delta$ of the surface modulation.
Note that the widths of the first three frequency band gaps are given by ${\rm{BG1}}=f^{(\rm{II})}(\pi/a)-f^{\rm{I}}(0)$, ${\rm{BG2}}=f^{(\rm{III})}(2\pi/a)-f^{\rm{II}}(2\pi/a)$, and ${\rm{BG3}}=f^{(\rm{IV})}(3\pi/a)-f^{\rm{III}}(3\pi/a)$, as shown Fig. \ref{Fig2}($b$)--($c$).
The first band gap BG1 is an indirect gap, where the lower frequency mode [solid lines in Fig. \ref{Fig2}($b$)--($c$)]  keeps a finite group velocity at $k=0$.
The spatial profiles of spin waves for the case $\delta=1$ nm are shown in Fig. \ref{Fig2}($d$)--($f$), where the wave vectors $k=0$, $\pi/(2a)$ and $\pi/a$ were selected.
One can see that in the first Brillouin zone ($k=\pi/a$), the three lower modes 1, 2 and 3 are standing modes, namely the group velocity for all of them is zero, as shown Figs. \ref{Fig2}($c$) and \ref{Fig2}($f$).
In Fig. \ref{Fig2}($e$), the group velocity is non zero and therefore spin-wave propagation is present, either with positive or negative group velocities.
At $k=0$, the lower mode presents a non-zero group velocity, while the group velocity of the two upper ones is zero.
Furthermore, one can see that in Fig. \ref{Fig2}($d$) the dashed mode has an antisymmetric behavior, while the dot-dashed and solid ones are symmetric, thus, the detection of either symmetric or antisymmetric modes or both depends on the excitation geometry. For conventional FMR and BLS measurements, most of the time, the detection is restricted on the symmetric modes only.

 According to the model presented, band gaps are opened by the static and dynamic dipole fields created respectively by the static and dynamic magnetizations.
In the linear regime the gaps in backward volume configuration are induced only by static magnetic charges, while the gaps for Damon-Eshbach (DE) spin waves are originating from the dynamic magnetic charges.
Interestingly, at intermediate angles between $\mathbf{M}$ and $\mathbf{k}$, both kinds of magnetic charges contribute to the opening of the magnonic band gaps.
This is evident from Fig. \ref{FigNEW}($a$), where the widths of the first three band gaps are plotted as a function of the in-plane angle in a surface-modulated magnonic crystal with a depth $\delta=4.5$ nm.
Here, one can clearly see that band gap widths induced by static magnetic charges (at $\varphi=0$) are substantially larger than the BG widths induced by the dynamic magnetic charges (at $\varphi=\pi/2$).
Note that there are intermediate angles (around $\varphi \approx 50-70$ deg) where the BG width vanishes.
The inset in \ref{FigNEW}($a$) shows the dispersion relations of the SWs for both DE modes (solid lines) and BV modes (dashed lines).
Note that the BV configuration shows almost dispersionless modes, since the frequency BGs are strong enough to suppress the SW propagation, confining the SW modes to some narrow frequency bands.
Dispersionless SW modes have been observed in magnetic microwire arrays in the DE configuration, where the geometrical confinement of the spin waves leads to the quantization of the modes.\cite{Mathieu98,Jorzick99}

The evolution of the BG width as a function of modulation depth $\delta$ is shown in Fig \ref{FigNEW}($b$) for SWs in the BV geometry.
Overall, it is possible to see that the gaps increase with $\delta$, because the magnetic dipole fields that create the gaps become stronger for larger modulation depths.
Nevertheless, a peculiar modulation of the third band gap is noted, since the BG3 decreases up to $\delta=2$ nm and then increases again.
In DE configuration the BGs slightly increases almost linearly with $\delta$, as shown the inset in Fig. \ref{FigNEW}($b$), where the first BG is depicted.
It can be concluded that the BGs in backward volume configuration are considerable larger than the gaps for surface waves, which is clearly visible for any modulation depth.

According to Eq. (\ref{AA}), it is possible to show that if the SW profile along the thickness is uniform (dynamic magnetization components are independent of $y$-axis), the frequency of spin waves only depends on the square of $\xi(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{k})$ and,  hence, two counterpropagating spin waves are present, which exhibit a full reciprocity, namely $f(\mathbf{k})=f(-\mathbf{k})$.
This can be demonstrated from the diagonal elements $\mathbf{A}^{XX}_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}$ and $\mathbf{A}^{YY}_{\mathbf{G},\mathbf{G}^{\prime}}$ defined in Eq. (\ref{AA}a), which are dependent on the sign of the wave vector through function $\xi(\mathbf{G})$ defined in Eq. (\ref{Xi}).
Nevertheless, if the so-called first perpendicular standing spin-wave mode, which has an antisymmetric profile across the film thickness, is taken into account the SW frequency becomes dependent of the wave vector orientation and non-reciprocal features appear, i.e. $f(\mathbf{k})\neq f(-\mathbf{k})$.
This effect has been observed in Refs. \onlinecite{Dib15} and \onlinecite{Gladii16} for FM films with different top and bottom surfaces.
Note that in the one-dimensional case $\xi(\mathbf{G},\mathbf{k})=(G_n+k_z)\sin\varphi$ and therefore the non-reciprocal properties are enhanced in the Damon-Eshbach geometry ($\varphi=90^{\circ}$).
Such non-reciprocal features of spin waves are important since they allow for performing logic operations that may be useful for insulators and circulators,\cite{Grundler15} and such non-reciprocity has recently been observed in thin films with Dzyaloshinskii--Moriya interaction.\cite{Zakeri10,Cortes13,Kai15,Zhang15,Cho15,Nembach15,Belmeguenai15}

Additionally, to get insight about both the frequency-dependence of the modes and the SW profiles in the long wavelength limit, micromagnetic simulations have been carried out using the \emph{MuMax$^3$} code.\cite{Vansteenkiste14}
Here, a magnetic film was built up in the ($x$;\;$y$;\;$z$) dimensions (100~nm;\;27~nm;\;299~nm) with a mesh size of (4.5~nm;\;4.672~nm;\;6.25~nm). Next, a 163~nm wide wire of 4.5~nm thickness was centrally put on top of the film forming the intact film part. To consider the reality of an extended surface modulated film, periodic boundary conditions were chosen along the $x$- and $z$-directions. The external field was applied in the $z$-direction whereas the excitation field was chosen in $x$-direction. The simulation of the FMR response was carried out according to the approach presented in Ref.~\onlinecite{Wagner15} with a continuous wave excitation for a swept external field at a given frequency.
The dynamic magnetization component $m_x$ can be employed to obtain both, the FMR response $m_x(H)$ for a given frequency as well as the respective spin-wave profile $m_x(z)$.
The magnetic parameters are the same used in the analytical approach, with a damping constant $\alpha = 6.5\times 10^{-3}$.
Fig. \ref{Fig3}($a$) shows a comparison between theory and numerical simulations, where the mode frequency is shown depending on the external field $\mu_0 H$, demonstrating the reliability of the developed theory based on the plane-wave method.\cite{Sokolovskyy11}
Such behavior was previously obtained using linear response theory and two-magnon scattering in the limit of perturbative modulation depths.\cite{Landeros12,Gallardo14}
It is worth mentioning that in Fig. \ref{Fig3}($a$) no fitting parameters were used, since all geometrical and magnetic parameters have been used accordingly to the simulation input.
Noticeably, there is a good agreement between both approaches.
The mode-profiles extracted from numerical simulations can be directly compared to the ones obtained from the theoretical model as shown Figs. \ref{Fig3}($b$)--($e$).
In Figs. \ref{Fig3}($b$) and ($c$), the spin-wave amplitudes $m_x$  for the modes A1, A2 and A3 are shown, where both theory and simulations manifest a good agreement.
Notice that the three modes are symmetric, since the excitation of antisymmetric modes requires an inhomogeneous excitation.
Here, modes A1 and A2 are mainly localized in the thicker part of the periodic structure, while the third one is localized in the thinner part.
This behavior can be explained by the periodic modulation of the stray field shown in Fig. \ref{Fig1}($c$), acting as demagnetizing (magnetizing) field for the local magnetization in the thicker (thinner) part.
Therefore, at a fixed applied field the internal field in the thick (thin) part decreases (increases) the effective field, such that the mode is shifted to lower (higher) frequencies.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{Fig4ES.pdf}
\caption{Results from the plane wave-based theory and the FMR simulations are shown for $\delta=$ 4.5 nm.
In ($a$) the resonance frequency as a function of field is shown by using both methods.
The solid (dashed) lines depict the symmetric (antisymmetric) modes.
Figs. ($b$) and ($d$) depict theoretical results for the spin-wave amplitude $m_x$, while in ($c$) and ($e$) the numerical counterpart is shown.}
\label{Fig3}
\end{figure}

It is worth highlighting that the good agreement between the FMR numerical simulations and the results from the theoretical plane-wave method regarding the frequency-dependence as well as the spin-wave profiles allows for further interpretations.
The theoretical model provides access to the $k \neq 0$ spin waves of the system and thus, for estimating the position and width of band gaps.
The benefit would be to circumvent complicated BLS measurements, which is one of the main techniques that provides access to such kind of information.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{SIV}
Spin waves in surface-modulated ferromagnetic thin films were theoretically studied using a model based on the plane-wave method and micromagnetic simulations.
The theory shows that the dipolar interaction produced by surface geometrical modulation is capable to open magnonic band gaps either in the backward volume or Damon-Eshbach configurations, whose magnitude can be controlled by the etching height.
Band-gap widths created by static magnetic charges is found to be broader than the one created by dynamic magnetic charges.
The approach agrees very well with FMR numerical simulations in the long wavelength limit, which allows to  validate the theoretical model.
A comparison with numerical simulations of the frequency versus field dependence as well as the spin-wave profiles was conducted showing a good agreement.
Consequently, the model applied to periodically etched thin films provides further key-information about band gaps modulation, spatial localization of the modes and the dispersion of the spin waves.
Therefore, the results obtained in this work offer a better understanding of such systems paving the way for further developments of magnonic crystal based devices.
\\

We acknowledge financial support from CONICYT PAI/ACADEMIA 79140033,  CONICYT/DAAD PCCI140051, FONDECYT 1161403, and Centers of excellence with Basal/CONICYT financing, grant FB0807, CEDENNA.
Funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant no. 2443/5-1) and DAAD PPP ALECHILE (grant no. 57136331) is highly acknowledged.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Nikolai Grigorievici Cebotariov (în , în , n. 15 iunie [] 1894 - d. 2 iulie 1947) a fost un matematician rus sovietic.
A adus contribuții în special în domeniul algebrei formulând teorema de densitate care-i poartă numele.

A dezvoltat tradițiile școlii de algebră a lui Dmitri Grave în URSS.

Biografie
Și-a manifestat talentul pentru matematică încă din școala primară.
În 1911, la 17 ani a scris prima sa lucrare științifică, care a atras atenția profesorilor săi.

În perioada 1912 - 1916 a audiat cursurile Universității din Kiev.
Între 1916 și 1927 a funcționat ca profesor la Catedra de Matematici Superioare la școlile din Kiev, Saratov, Odessa, apoi la Universitatea din Kazan (din 1928).
În 1923 intră ca profesor la Școala Sovietică de Partid.

După o călătorie la Moscova și Leningrad, a fost invitat la Catedra de Matematică a Institutului de Ingineri Civili, unde s-a împrietenit cu profesorul V. V. Stepanov.

În 1925 a participat la Congresul Matematicienilor de la Danzig, apoi la Göttingen, cu care ocazie a cunoscut mai mulți oameni de știință străini, cu care ulterior a purtat corespondență.

În 1927 Cebotarev a devenit membru al Academiei Ruse de Științe.
În 1943 a primit titlul de Om de știință emerit din RSFSR, iar în 1948 a primit Premiul Stalin.

Activitate științifică
A întreprins cercetări asupra realității rădăcinilor funcțiilor întregi transcendente, a rezolvat parțial problema lui Frobenius, a rezolvat problema existenței numerelor prime aparținând diferitelor clase de substituții.

În 1924 a dat o demonstrație teoremei Kronecker-Weber (toate corpurile cu grup Galois abelian sunt corpuri de diviziune circulară).

A dezvoltat criteriul lui Cramer privind criteriile de realitate a rădăcinilor ecuațiilor transcendente.
A dat o demonstrație generală teoremei lui Hadamard pentru funcțiile uniforme, pe care a completat-o M. G. Krein.

De asemenea, a demonstrat că cele cinci lunule reprezinta unicele lunule în care pătratele razelor arcului interior și exterior sunt într-un raport rațional.

A aplicat funcțiile întregi de variabilă complexă în probleme de mecanică teoretică.

Scrieri
Cebotariov a scris o serie de lucrări în diferite domenii matematice.
Printre cele mai valoroase sunt: Teoria algebraiceskih funcții (1948) și Autobiografia matematika, în care a expus cercetările sale.

Note

Legături externe
  Biografie la Apprendre-math.info

Nașteri în 1894
Decese în 1947
Membri corespondenți ai Academiei Ruse de Științe
Specialiști în teoria numerelor
Oameni de știință ruși
Matematicieni sovietici
Matematicieni ruși
Matematicieni ucraineni
Ucraineni de origine rusă
Oameni de știință ruși din secolul al XIX-lea


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text:
Art Noise was founded in February 2011, starting life as a series of quarterly live music and art exhibitions. The first of these shows took place at Riki-Tik's (RIP), with a small crowd of 20 or so people showing up to view the photography on display while a selection of DJ's played.
The first Art Noise, hosted at Riki-Tik's, Brighton in February 2011
After listening to feedback the brand changed course slightly, and in July 2011 moved venues to the Green Door Store. Live bands were booked to provide the musical entertainment, with art and photography projected on the wall behind the acts. The bar area was filled with mini art exhibits, with live screen-printing and an arthouse magazine launch.
In July 2011 Art Noise moved to The Green Door Store, expanding in scope.
The success of this event lead to several more throughout the following year, moving to The Blind Tiger Club (again, RIP) with an expansion of the concept to include interactive art exhibits as part of the show. Art Noise even launched a monthly series of mini-events at The Sidewinder in Kemp Town, called 'Pint-Size' that featured a selection of artworks projected on the screens while DJ's spun a few tunes.
The last Art Noise event: Wonderland, in December 2012 at The Blind Tiger Club
When I had to depart Brighton for university I put Art Noise on hold, and upon returning to Brighton 2 years later I no longer found the time to put into the meticulous planning and execution of live events. Despite this my passion for art and music within the city, and the UK in general, lead me to keep developing the brand. In 2014 Art Noise became what it is today – a hub of live music and art reviews from Brighton, London and beyond. I now have an amazing team of dedicated photographers and writers to work alongside me in making sure the talented people of Brighton and the wider UK are found.
– Stewart Hicks, Founder / Editor, Art Noise
Stewart Hicks – Editor / Founder
Stewart founded Art Noise as an event company in 2011, before steering it into the music and arts focused blog it is today. He is passionate about finding new artists to tell the world about, no matter their medium.
Gili Dailes – Photographer / Writer
Gili joined Art Noise in 2015 and since then has contributed a lot to the photography side of things, covering big festivals such as Wild Life and Love Supreme as well as smaller gigs by our beloved locals.
Gili is also a UX designer and a bassist, and loves surrounding herself by everything related to music.
Terri Witherden – Writer
Want to know more? Get in touch
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Presence of Pitching
A couple months ago when I started with Kings of Kauffman I wrote a post introduce myself on both a personal and baseball level. In my closing I made a prudent point that Dayton Moore would need to add established starting pitching in order for "Mission 2012" to really take off. That point is no less true now than it was two months ago.
It's hardly a profound thought, just a matter of fact. Most who follow the team had been saying this at the beginning of the season. And most Royals fans are now beginning to come around to that notion. However, what's changed is the belief that this is truly the only thing missing from a team that has a chance to compete for the AL Central next season.
I was optimistic about the young bats in the system, but I never thought that the offense would come together the way it has this season.
Lets face it, Alex Gordon was on his last leg in an otherwise disappointing career before his sudden outbreak this season. Jeff Francouer had turned into one of baseball's journeymen and the move to bring him in was solely based off of his relationship with GM Dayton Moore, yet his performance this season has been a revelation and a bargain at 1 yr./$2.5 million. (Some have their skepticism about extending him, but you can't argue his value for this season.) The Melky Cabrera signing was widely criticized and it has turned out to be yet another great move by Moore this season and once again it came at the bargain of 1 yr./$1.25 million.
The outfield has been a historic success for the franchise defensively and offensively and it is comprised of lowly-sought after free agents and a revitalized once-upon-a-time star prospect that appeared to be at the end of his road.
Around the diamond there is complete turnover at every position. And that turnover is younger and much better than the product before it. Hosmer is a star and no one could have expected this kind of success from him right away—after all we are Royals fans. Alcides Escobar has almost gone unnoticed lately at shortstop, and that's a good thing. He makes the difficult play seem routine and the routine play, look, well, routine. Mike Moustakas and Johnny Giavotella have struggled a little with the bat and the glove, but both have shown enough flashes that their spots are secure in the line-up next season.
Sal Perez is the biggest success of this franchise's youth movement so far in my opinion. For a franchise that has had very little success at the catcher position, Sal Perez' peripherals are fantastic at this point. No one had concerns about his ability behind the plate, it was his ability at the plate that raised question marks. Perez' line of .344/.381/.488 in 33 games with the Royals answered a lot of those questions and surprised a lot of people. To give you a larger sample size for this season his numbers between the three levels are .308/.357/.385. Still very encouraging.
I bring up all these offensive superlatives, because I think it lends notion to the increased importance of adding an established arm for next season's rotation. I thought the Royals would need to add an arm, but I didn't think the line-up would look this good this early. And I truly think the only thing standing between this team and an AL Central title is starting pitching.
Luke Hochevar has been very good in the latter part of the season. Since July 19 he is 6-3 with a 3.73 ERA with 64 strikeouts and 21 walks over 71.2 innings. Felipe Paulino has established himself as a part of next year's rotation and with be a valuable workhorse and innings eater. Danny Duffy, quite frankly, wasn't very good in his 20 starts. But it's not for a lack of stuff. He averaged more than seven strikeouts per nine innings, but also walked more than four batters per nine innings. He will be a part of the rotation next season, but is still clearly adjusting to big-league hitting and figures to be a back end of the rotation guy next season. Everett Teaford has shown some flashes as a guy that could possibly figure into the rotation next season. Mike Montgomery improved toward the end of the Storm Chasers' season, but his numbers are almost identical to Duffy's and he's a level lower. Montgomery can and will come around and at some point will figure into the rotation next season.
There are many other options at the Royals' disposal for the rotation next season, but they all have one thing in common: They aren't front-line starting pitchers. Montgomery has the ability to be that, but he isn't that right now and most likely won't be by next season. Jake Odorizzi is in the same boat.
This is the part where Dayton Moore comes in. C.J. Wilson, C.C. Sabathia, Mark Buehrle, Hiroki Kuroda and Roy Oswalt are the early 2012 free agency names that jump out. C.J. Wilson and Hiroki Kuroda are the most likely options from that list, however, it wouldn't be the big splash most Royals fans are looking for.
In next week's post, after the season is over, I will weigh the options of a free agent pickup vs. trading for a proven starter. And which is more likely and why I'm not confident Dayton Moore will do either.
Until next time.


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This is a list of Albanian film directors.

Male directors
 Gëzim Erebara (1929-2007)
 Hysen Hakani (1932-2011)
 Kristaq Dhamo (1933)
 Saim Kokona (1934)
 Dhimitër Anagnosti (1936)
 Ibrahim Muçaj (1944-2010)
 Saimir Kumbaro (1945)
 Kujtim Gjonaj (1946)
 Kristaq Mitro (1948)
 Isa Qosja (1949)
 Kujtim Çashku (1950)
 Edmond Budina (1952)
 Zehrudin Dokle (1952)
 Leon Qafzezi (1953)
 Shaqir Veseli (1957)
 Besnik Bisha (1958)
 Xhovalin Delia (1959)
 Arian Çuliqi (1960)
 Gjergj Xhuvani (1963)
 Valmir Tertini (1993)

Female directors
 Xhanfize Keko (1928-2007)
 Shqipe N. Duka (1980)
 Luljeta Hoxha
 Drita Koci

Albanian-American directors
 Stan Dragoti (1932)
 Thomas Logoreci
 Vilma Zenelaj
 Greta Zenelaj

References

Albanian film directors


Yeah, It's a Nerd Rant. Don't Say I Didn't Warn Ya.
This is by no means a personal confession. Just an observation that it's really not comfortable weather for this sort of thing until late June. I blame climate change because we used to have temperate springs. Carry on.


To A'ctuate. v.a. [from ago, actum, Lat.] To put into action; to invigorate or encrease the powers of motion.
The light made by this animal depends upon a living spirit, and seems, by some vital irradiation, to be actuated into this lustre. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 6.
Such is every man, who has not actuated the grace given him, to the subduing of every reigning sin. Decay of Piety.
Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition; and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least actuated by it. Addison's Spectator № 255.
Our passions are the springs which actuate the powers of our nature. Rogers, Sermon iii.
Cite this page: Johnson, Samuel. "Actuate (verb)." A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson. Edited by Brandi Besalke. Last modified: December 17, 2013. https://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/actuate-verb/.


Bank of Finland Bulletin 2/2014: Financial stability. Pentti Hakkarainen, Deputy Governor. Themes of the stability report. Owing to the weak outlook for the real economy, particular attention needs to be devoted to the vulnerabilities of the domestic financial system.
Owing to the weak outlook for the real economy, particular attention needs to be devoted to the vulnerabilities of the domestic financial system.
Risks can be created by: housing price developments and households' considerable debt levels, effects of low interest rates and transmission of bank lending.
As demonstrated by the financial crisis, Finland also needs internationally comparable instruments for prevention of systemic risks.
Banking union marks an important step forward. Supervision and resolution should be on the same cross-border level as the actual operations of financial institutions.
The development of the international economy and financial markets has a great impact on the prospects and risks for the Finnish economy and financial system.
Emergence of renewed instability on international financial markets.
Long-sustained low level of interest rates and excessive rise in asset prices.
Impact of geopolitical tensions on the Finnish economic outlook.
The outer values reflect higher systemic risks.
Sources: NASDAQ OMX Helsinki, banks, Statistics Finland and Bank of Finland.
Finnishbankingsector'sdegree of concentrationamong the highest in the EU.
Stronginterconnectednesswithin the Nordicbankingsystem. Large amount of assets in the Nordiccountries, onlysmall amount in the higher-riskcountries.
Significantshare of the Finnishbankingsector in the ownership of Nordicparentbanks.
Domesticbanks' foreignassets and liabilitieshaveincreased in the 2000s.
Insurance sectorprofitability and solvencyhaveremainedgood, but considerable differencesbetweencompaniescanbeobserved.
Insurance companieshavebeenable to adjusttheir business models in the lowinterestrateenvironment.
Unexpectedshocks in the investmentmarketpose the main risk to profitability and solvency.
An internationally comparable set of instruments is necessary; use of the instruments to be determined separately.
The twokeyelements of bankingunion – single supervision of banks and single resolution – areabout to start.
The resolutionmechanism and bail-inremove/reduce the costs of bankingcrises to taxpayers.
Also in Finland, resolutionlegislation and the relatedpowers for authoritiesmustbeimplementedpromptly in allrespects.
Searching for Causal Models with L atent V ariables -. peter spirtes, richard scheines, joe ramsey, erich kummerfeld , renjie yang. what is the causal relation between economic stability and political stability?. economical stability. ?.


text:
"Coming To Life" and Intermediality in the Tableaux Vivants of Magic Mirror and Confessions To The Mirror
Pucill, S. 2018. "Coming To Life" and Intermediality in the Tableaux Vivants of Magic Mirror and Confessions To The Mirror. in: Smith, V. and Hamlyn, N. (ed.) Experimental and Expanded Animation: New Perspectives and Practices Switzerland Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 231-255
Pucill, S.
Smith, V. and Hamlyn, N.
Drawing upon the recent writing by Agnes Petho, the text examines the films Magic Mirror and Confessions To The Mirror in terms of their intermedial language. The main focus in the analysis is on the tableaux vivants that re-enact photographs by Claude Cahun, which according to Petho are the supreme examples of intermedial intensity.
A questioning of the duality of traditional categories of "animation–live action" is examined through the writing of Tomas Lamarre. This is applied to the way in which Cahuns's photographs are enlivened or animated in the film. Borrowing Lamarre's concept, what the tableaux vivants add to the original still image (Cahun's photograph) is time, rather than movement. This idea is developed in the examples described where the re enacted image holds still, whilst voices and a soundscape create the movement within the film. Literal movement of the image, the agitational serves not to signify but to keep our attention to stay with the prolonged image.
Particular instances of intermediality are discussed both generally and through examples. This includes a theory of the auratic through the touch of the filmmaker. Finally, a discussion is had of the idea of inhabiting the place of Cahun as performer, which is heightened through the disorientation that is a consequence of the intermedial. Crossing time period and authorship is a central focus of the writing, which points to the significance of an artist animating the historical archive in film where uncovered historical narrative has the potential to be be brought into the present through direct means.
Intermedial, Tableaux Vivants, Claude Cahun, Experimental Film, Expanded Animation
Experimental and Expanded Animation: New Perspectives and Practices
Page range
https://research.uca.ac.uk/3893/
A Dialogue with the work of Claude Cahun: Between Photography and Film in Magic Mirror and Confessions to the Mirror
Pucill, S. 2020. A Dialogue with the work of Claude Cahun: Between Photography and Film in Magic Mirror and Confessions to the Mirror. in: Schmid, M. and Knowles, K. (ed.) Cinematic Intermedialities Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press.
The provocation of intermediality in the tableaux vivants in Magic Mirror and Confessions To The Mirror
Pucill, S. 2017. The provocation of intermediality in the tableaux vivants in Magic Mirror and Confessions To The Mirror . Pratschke, K. and Tode, T. (ed.) Photofilm: Sampling the Archive. GUGA (Centre of Architecture), in co-operation with the Metropolitan University, Budapest, Hungary. 19 Sep - 19 Nov 2017
Confessions To The Mirror
Pucill, S. 2016. Confessions To The Mirror. London Film Festival Official Selection: Premiere Screening, October 2016.
Pucill, S. 2015. Magic Mirror. The Nunnery Gallery, London
Pucill, S. 2013. Magic mirror.
Phantom rhapsody
Pucill, S. 2010. Phantom rhapsody.
Fall in frame
Pucill, S. 2009. Fall in frame.
Taking my skin
Pucill, S. 2007. Taking my skin. Toronto, Canada
Blind light (2007)
Pucill, S. 2007. Blind light (2007). 66 East 4th Street, New York, NY 10003
The 'autoethnographic' in Chantal Akerman's news from home, and an analysis of almost out and stages of mourning
Pucill, S. 2006. The 'autoethnographic' in Chantal Akerman's news from home, and an analysis of almost out and stages of mourning. in: Hatfield, J. (ed.) Experimental film and video: an anthology Eastleigh, UK John Libbey. pp. 83-92
Stages of mourning
Pucill, S. 2006. Stages of mourning. 66 East 4th Street, New York, NY 10003
The question of the subject and the autobiographic in artists moving image practice
Pucill, S., Hatfield, J. and Reynolds, L. 2004. The question of the subject and the autobiographic in artists moving image practice. Filmwaves Magazine. 24 (2), pp. 5-9.
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