Access: Take Washington State Ferry from Anacortes to Orcas Island. Then head north on Orcas Road turning left onto Nordstrom Lane. Continue to Crow Valley Road and turn right. Reach trailhead after 1.6 miles.
Stand atop Turtleback Mountain's head for one shell of a view. It's one the finest in the San Juan Islands. Stare out across the Salish Sea to countless islands extending to British Columbia's Gulf Islands. A great winter hike; be sure to return in the spring when brilliant wildflowers make this peak a painted turtle.
Start your hike on an old skid road that almost become a private drive to scores of showy ridge top homes. But this road to 1519-foot Turtleback Mountain and 1,578 acres surrounding it became one of the largest protected parcels in the San Juan Islands, thanks to a campaign spearheaded by the San Juan Preservation Trust, the Trust for Public Land, and the San Juan County Land Bank. In 2007 the Turtleback Mountain Conservation Area was officially opened to the public. And thanks to the San Juan Preservation Trust it has since grown to 1,718 acres.
Follow the old road now known as the North Trail. After some gentle climbing, come to a junction. The short spur right leads to the North Valley Overlook. Consider it for a good view of Orcas' Mount Constitution, Entrance Mountain, and Mount Woodard.
The North Trail continues climbing, winding through mature timber. The grade eases as the trail brushes up along a grassy wetland. At 1.6 miles, come to a junction with the Turtlehead Trail and the Waldron Overlook Spur. Check out the overlook first by hiking a short distance to a cliff top promontory with a stunning view of Waldron Island's impressive Disney Cliffs across President Channel. Keep children and dogs close by as it's a sheer drop behind the split rail fence.
When done viewing, return to the junction and continue hiking on the Turtlehead Trail. Opened in 2013 and built by a consortium of folks including the Washington Trails Association, Washington Conservation Corps and the Orcas Island Youth Conservation Corp; it traverses land acquired to expand the preserve to the Turtlehead (also known as Orcas Knob) with its stunning views.
Follow the well-built trail through a cedar grove gently descending to a gap. Then regain lost elevation winding around ledge and traversing attractive forest emerging on the grassy, rocky 1005-ft bald. The views from this prominent landmark are simply sublime. Stare out at San Juan, Shaw, Jones, Spieden and Stuart islands; and BC's Salt Spring, Moresby, Sidney and Vancouver Islands too. Savor this Salish Sea splendor!
100 Classic Hikes Washington (Mountaineers Books).
For detailed information on this hike and 135 others in the San Juan and Gulf Islands, pick up a copy of my Day Hiking the San Juans and Gulf Islands—the most comprehensive hiking guide to these islands.
Book also contains chapters on Anacortes and Victoria, BC, too. Get your copy today!


Otis Sallid, a choreographer and director, is offering Cleveland Schools ' students a chance to gain from classes in dance and acting. The classes are in cooperation with the Ohio Theatre, which is using the classes as a way to recruit for its upcoming productions. The classes will be held at the studios in the Playhouse Square.
Sallid is well qualified to teach these classes. He is a winner of the Bob Fosse L.A. Choreographers Dance Award, whose film credits include Spike Lee's School Daze, Do the Right Thing, and Malcolm X, and Disney's Sister Act II. Sallid has also done work for several television sitcoms like, Living Single, For Your Love, and Suddenly Susan. The Cleveland Schools' Director of Performing Arts endorses the classes fully.
At Cleveland Schools' South High School, students were able to learn about how to manage money for the future as part of the VISA, NFL and PLAYERS INC., "Financial Football" Program. This program teaches students about money management. The class will be taught by Cleveland Browns wide receiver Joe Jurevicius and Jason Alderman, director of Visa USA. The program is centered around the interactive computer game "Financial Football", an educational program that teaches about value and use of money. Cleveland Schools is one of seventeen school districts from across the country chosen to host the program.
The Cleveland Schools' 3R's Program Rights, Responsibilities and Realities is cooperation between the Cleveland Bar Association and the Cleveland Schools. This program has over 600 local attorneys, judges and law students to help offer support and advice to students about their future. This volunteer program aims to help tenth grade students in the Cleveland Schools increase their success rates on the Ohio Graduation Test by improving their understanding and respect for the rule of law and our Constitution and to provide practical career counseling to focus students on their potential beyond high school.
This is accomplished by teams visiting tenth grade social studies classes in twenty-one Cleveland Schools' high schools each month. The Ohio Graduation Test is only one part of the program, the volunteers will also help students make decisions about their future, help them set goals, prepare them for pre-college testing, guide them to resources for financial assistance and coach them in developing a strong resume. The first session of the 3Rs program was held Friday, September 22. Prior to the first session a rally was held to kick off the program. Key speakers at this rally were: Dr. Eugene Sanders, CEO, Cleveland Schools; Hugh McKay, President, Cleveland Bar Association; Lawrence Davis, Chairman, Cleveland Board of Education; Robert Triozzi, Director of Law, City of Cleveland; Louis Stokes, former U.S. Congressman; The Honorable Patricia Hemann, U.S. Magistrate Judge; and Joanne DeMarco, President, Cleveland Teachers Union. Cleveland Schools' John Marshall High School marching band and Cleveland School of the Arts choral singers, John F. Kennedy High School cheerleaders cheering on 3Rs and a dramatic presentation of the Constitution by students from various schools was the entertainment for the rally.


Adult Male (ZRC.ORT.468). This image was contributed by Mingkai Tan as part of his undergraduate final year project in NUS.
Tegmen in males highly modified as stridulatory apparatus. Differ fromo ther speceis by tegmen pale with black posterior margin; relatively small among other winged scaly crickets (BL around 5 mm).
This species is associated to mangrove but can also be found in adjacent habitats (Tan, 2013). It is so far known only from Singapore.


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You are here: Home > Arts&Culture
Archive | Arts&Culture
Willie Nelson walks off stage before NC show starts, blames illness
Monday, May 28, 2018 in Arts&Culture
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Nikki Bella admits she has baby fever after John Cena split
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Monaco win 'redemption' for 2016 loss - Ricciardo
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Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo wins Monaco Grand Prix
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Princess Diana says Prince Harry and Meghan Markle will have baby GIRL
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Why Khloe Kardashian's Latest Instagram Posts Could Signal Trouble with Tristan Thompson
On Friday, May 25, 2018, the Keeping Up With the Kardashians star took to her Instagram Stories to share a mysterious message with her fans,...
Ayesha Curry Claims Rockets Fan Bumped Her 8-Month Pregnant Belly
In response, Curry, according to TMZ , tweeted , "The fact you have the audacity to post this after this man bumped me in my 8-month pregnan...
'Sesame Street' Files Lawsuit Over Melissa McCarthy's 'The Happytime Murders'
The red band trailer released earlier in May features an explicit scene of two puppets having sex that involves (what appears to be) ejaculatio...
Meghan Markle's coat of arms announced
Royal commentator Katie Nicholl says Meghan's speech included affectionate tributes to her new husband, the royal family, and her mother Doria...
Cop crashes Adam Levine's 'Carpool Karaoke' segment
Sunday, May 27, 2018 in Arts&Culture
After the cop leaves, Corden says. The pair eventually discovered they were being trailed by a police officer, who proceeded to pull up besi...
Meghan Markle Was Given Her Own Coat Of Arms & It Broke Rules!
The poppies on the grass represent California's state flower while the wintersweets are the flowers which grow at Kensington Palace . Usually...
Harvey Weinstein surrenders to police, faces rape charges
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Rhymefest Accuses Kanye and Kim of Not Supporting Donda's House Charity
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Kim Kardashian Tried To Slander Rhymefest, He Responded Eloquently
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Repin's Ivan The Terrible Painting Damaged By Vandal
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Official anthem of Russia World Cup
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Fulham back in Premier League with playoff win over Villa
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Calculating the date from day-number? How would one go about calculating a date from a day-number in C++? I don't require you to write the whole code, I just can't figure out the maths to calculate the month and the day-of-month!
Example:
input: 1
output: 01/01/2012

input: 10
output: 01/10/2012

input: 365
output: 12/31/2012

It would always use the current year, if they exceeded 365, I would return 0. There is no need for a leap-year detection.

A: Use a date calc library as e.g. the fine Boost Date_Time library with which this becomes
using namespace boost::gregorian;
date d(2012,Jan,1);                     // or one of the other constructors
date d2 = d + days(365);                // or your other offsets

A: It's not even very hard with the standard library.  Forgive me if I write C++ code like a C programmer (the C++ <ctime> has no reentrant gmtime function):
#include <time.h>
#include <cstdio>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    tm t;
    int daynum = 10;

    time_t now = time(NULL);
    gmtime_r(&now, &t);
    t.tm_sec = 0;
    t.tm_min = 0;
    t.tm_hour = 0;
    t.tm_mday = 1;
    t.tm_mon = 1;
    time_t ref = mktime(&t);
    time_t day = ref + (daynum - 1) * 86400;
    gmtime_r(&day, &t);
    std::printf("%02d/%02d/%04d\n", t.tm_mon, t.tm_mday, 1900 + t.tm_year);

    return 0;
}

Sorry, I don't know a sane way to do this without leap-year detection.

A: A simple snippet from a program, assuming 365 days in a year:
int input, day, month = 0, months[13] = {0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334, 365};

while (input > 365) {
    // Parse the input to be less than or equal to 365
    input -= 365;
}

while (months[month] < input) {
    // Figure out the correct month.
    month++;
}

// Get the day thanks to the months array
day = input - months[month - 1];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
August 13, 2004 August 13, 2004 tedmills Film
Dir: Wes Craven
Craven's second film, and one based on the Sawney Bean legend, the 17th century family of cannibals that preyed on hapless travelers near Edinburgh. (You can hear a great rendition of this legend on Snakefinger's "Night of Desirable Objects" album.)
Unfortunately, this wasn't as horrific or downbeat as I'd hoped from a 1977 horror film, just sort of quaint and low budget. There's only two moments where the film breaks through its genre safety zone, the first being the camper attack on the family in which the older sister and the mother is shot, the younger sister raped (or rather dry humped for ten seconds), and the baby kidnapped. This trades in its "afraid of the dark" scare tactics (of which there are too many) for terror and violence–scary marauding loonballs don't need fancy tools to kill, a gun does just as well. (This reminded me again of how short and ultimately non-terrifying slasher films would be if the killer had a machine gun.) The loose handheld camera presents the chaos well. The second moment is the finale where the brother-in-law (Martin Speer), a Sonny Bono lookalike, stabs to death the cannibal Mars in revenge for the death of his wife and for kidnapping the baby. And keeps stabbing, plunging the knife over and over into the guy's chest. Wes Craven wants us to see this as a sort of critique of how savage we all are underneath, but the circumstances stop this from being ethically dubious (it's not like he's going to perform a citizen's arrest on the guy). If, on the other hand, the brother-in-law had taken it out on one of the more innocent members of the cannibal family without provocation, we might have had to think a bit. In this case, I'm with Mr. Bono all the way.
This was the Anchor Bay re-release and once again, Anchor Bay is the company to beat when it comes to horror DVD. No matter the quality of the movie, they always assume somebody is a huge fan and throw in lots of documentary extras. The making-of doc reunites most of the cast (except, strangely, Speer) and they talk about what was a quite rough shoot in the desert. Craven, as usual, is a very pleasant guy, very smart ("Last House on the Left" is a remake of a Bergman film, for example, just much more unpleasant), the son of fundamentalist Baptists who didn't get to see much film in his early years and who gave up a doctorate degree to get into filmmaking. I was never much a fan of Freddy Krueger, but if you've never seen it, "Wes Craven's New Nightmare" is self-reflexive, smart, and quite dark.
How the Irish Save Civilization – Thomas Cahill


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In this work, we tackle the problem of crowd counting in images. We present a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based density estimation approach to solve this problem. Predicting a high resolution density map in one go is a challenging task. Hence, we present a two branch CNN architecture for generating high resolution density maps, where the first branch generates a low resolution density map, and the second branch incorporates the low resolution prediction and feature maps from the first branch to generate a high resolution density map. We also propose a multi-stage extension of our approach where each stage in the pipeline utilizes the predictions from all the previous stages. Empirical comparison with the previous state-of-the-art crowd counting methods shows that our method achieves the lowest mean absolute error on three challenging crowd counting benchmarks: Shanghaitech, WorldExpo'10, and UCF datasets.
This work was supported by SUNY2020 Infrastructure Transportation Security Center. The authors would like to thank Boyu Wang for participating on the discussions and experiments related to an earlier version of the proposed technique. The authors would like to thank NVIDIA for their GPU donation.


text:
GOVERNOR AND MRS. LAMONT INVITED BY PRESIDENT BIDEN TO ATTEND WHITE HOUSE STATE DINNER ON THURSDAY
(HARTFORD, CT) – Governor Ned Lamont and First Lady Annie Lamont today announced that they have been invited by President Joe Biden to attend the state dinner that is being held at the White House on the evening of Thursday, December 1, 2022.
This is the first state dinner to be hosted by the Biden-Harris administration. It will highlight the long-standing ties between the United States and France and include invited guests President Emmanuel Macron and Mrs. Brigitte Macron of France.
"It is an honor to be invited to this administration's first White House state dinner and we are appreciative of President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden for including Connecticut as part of this important event," Governor Lamont said. "This is a significant opportunity to represent our state and reinforce the strong cultural and economic ties we have with our French partners. While in Washington, I look forward to meeting with other federal partners to discuss critical priorities for our state."
Governor Lamont will remain in Washington, D.C. on Friday, December 2, 2022, for the purpose of holding meetings with U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg and U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo.
State Police Final 2022 Thanksgiving Weekend traffic stats
ATTORNEY GENERAL TONG ANNOUNCES MULTISTATE SETTLEMENT WITH CARMAX OVER THE DISCLOSURE OF SAFETY RECALLS


Ask an Expert: Where do you change the algorithms in IDLE?
Where do you change the algorithms in IDLE?
Where do you modify the algorithims in IDLE?
Re: Where do you change the algorithms in IDLE?
and read the comments in the crack_password.py file that you download. There are four algorithms in the program labeled Methods 1 through 4, which you will see in the comments.


B2B stands for "business-to-business" and refers to companies that sell products or services to other businesses. The customer is an entire company or a division and the dynamics of selling to this unit as opposed to individual customers can be quite different. The company's account management teams usually interact with individual businesses that form their supply chain. Traditional marketing has its place, but B2B client nurturing occurs through professional meetings and referrals.
Vegetable farmers utilise a B2B setup. They usually harvest large quantities of fresh produce and sell it by weight value to retailers like green grocers or supermarkets. For a farmer, dealing with the customer might involve discussions with the procurement team of a large supermarket or a supply chain manager of smaller grocery shops.


text:
DATA443 ENTERS ANOTHER RECORD YEAR – RENEWS LEADING INSURANCE COMPANY IN MULTI–YEAR DEAL
Data443 Risk Mitigation, Inc.
January 4, 2021, 1:40 PM ·5 min read
Hosted Secure Archiving and Privacy Platform Leading Multi-Year, Six-Figure Deal
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC, Jan. 04, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Data443 Risk Mitigation, Inc. (OTCPK: ATDS), the leading data security and privacy software company for ALL THINGS DATA SECURITY™, is pleased to announce its latest customer win for its leading Global Privacy Manager™ suite of products anchored by its award winning ArcMail™ Secure Data Archiving hosted platform.
The multi-year subscription-based agreement is another six figure deal for the growing SaaS-based offering that Data443 offers.
Jason Remillard, CEO of Data443 commented, "Even in one of the most challenging years on record, both teams worked hard together to continue to bring the whole project together. An enormous amount of data is involved, which was greatly complicated by the events of 2020 – however we enacted every trick in the book to move forward and are very pleased with the positive outcome and look forward to enabling more technology with the customer in 2021 and beyond!"
About Data443 Risk Mitigation, Inc.
Data443 Risk Mitigation, Inc. (OTCPK: ATDS), is the de facto industry leader in Data Privacy Solutions for All Things Data Security™, providing software and services to enable secure data across local devices, network, cloud, and databases, at rest and in flight. Its suite of products and services is highlighted by: (i) ARALOC™, which is a market leading secure, cloud-based platform for the management, protection and distribution of digital content to the desktop and mobile devices, which protects an organization's confidential content and intellectual property assets from leakage — malicious or accidental — without impacting collaboration between all stakeholders; (ii) DATAEXPRESS®, the leading data transport, transformation and delivery product trusted by leading financial organizations worldwide; (iii) ArcMail™, which is a leading provider of simple, secure and cost-effective email and enterprise archiving and management solutions; (iv) ClassiDocs® the Company's award-winning data classification and governance technology, which supports CCPA, LGPD, and GDPR compliance; (v) ClassiDocs™ for Blockchain, which provides an active implementation for the Ripple XRP that protects blockchain transactions from inadvertent disclosure and data leaks; (vi) Data443® Global Privacy Manager, the privacy compliance and consumer loss mitigation platform which is integrated with ClassiDocs™ to do the delivery portions of GDPR and CCPA as well as process Data Privacy Access Requests – removal request – with inventory by ClassiDocs™; (vii) Resilient Access™, which enables fine-grained access controls across myriad platforms at scale for internal client systems and commercial public cloud platforms like Salesforce, Box.Net, Google G Suite, Microsoft OneDrive and others; (viii) Data443™ Chat History Scanner, which scans chat messages for Compliance, Security, PII, PI, PCI & custom keywords; (ix) the CCPA Framework WordPress plugin, which enables organizations of all sizes to comply with the CCPA privacy framework; (x) FileFacets™, a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platform that performs sophisticated data discovery and content search of structured and unstructured data within corporate networks, servers, content management systems, email, desktops and laptops; (xi) the GDPR Framework WordPress plugin, with over 30,000 active users and over 400,000 downloads it enables organizations of all sizes to comply with the GDPR and other privacy frameworks; and (xii) IntellyWP, a leading purveyor of user experience enhancement products for webmasters for the world's largest content management platform, WordPress. For more information, please visit http://www.data443.com.
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Auto CEO Little Known in Detroit Takes Over a $51 Billion Empire


We hope the documents and articles on this page provide information that help you and your greyhound. If you have any questions about greyhounds please call (727) 595-7852 and leave a message, we'll call you back!
Quick Start Guide - A great article from the perspective of an adoptive greyhound. See what they may be thinking as they make their way into a whole new world of retirement.
Our Adoption Manual - Greyhound Pets of America / Tampa Bay's manual which includes health tips, feeding information, and behavioral tips.
Let Sleeping Dogs Lie - A great article about the need to give greyhounds some space while they are sleeping or lying in their beds. A must read!
Schedule for changing food - When changing your greyhound's food, it's ease into the transition. This document outlines a schedule that will be easy.
For years, veterinarians struggled with the oftentimes difficult and sometimes lethal outcomes when dealing with greyhounds and surgeries. Greyhounds have unique body chemistry and even the most routine dental can end in tragedy if your veterinarian is not aware of the specific protocol(s) developed to prevent greyhounds from "crashing" during surgery and post operative. Fortunately, our pets have benefited greatly from these new ways of dealing with anesthesia, and their likelihood of safely recovering have increased tremendously. If you are a greyhound owner, we highly recommend downloading the document above on Anesthesia Protocol for Greyhounds, and keep one for yourself, give one to your vet, and keep one in your automobile in case of an emergency. It could save your greyhound's life.


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Pittsburgh area PGA Junior League begins playoffs | TribLIVE.com
Pittsburgh area PGA Junior League begins playoffs
Michael Love
Sun., June 24, 2018 11:03 p.m. | Sunday, June 24, 2018 11:03 p.m.
The Pittsburgh region's PGA Junior League golf program, part of The First Tee Pittsburgh, began its playoffs Sunday afternoon at the Bob O'Connor Golf Course at Schenley Park.
The teams are named after The First Tee's core values: respect, perseverance, confidence, judgment, sportsmanship and integrity, which are printed on the back of the jerseys.
In head-to-head matches, Team Respect beat Team Perseverance, 10-2; and Team Judgment defeated Team Integrity, 6.5 to 5.5.
The PGA Junior League allows boys and girls of all backgrounds and skill levels to learn and play the game in a two-person scramble format that combines a duo's different abilities toward a successful outcome.
Each contest has four matches which are played for three points with a maximum of 12 points being awarded.
Two other teams met for an exhibition match Sunday, and Team Confidence topped Team Sportsmanship, 8.5 to 3.5.
Team Respect and Team Judgment will meet July 8 at the Bob O'Connor Golf Course to decide the season championship.
An all-star team will be selected that day to compete in section play in August with the hopes of qualifying for regional action in September. The 12-team national tournament will be in Arizona in November.
This year, more than 70 boys and girls ages 7 to 14 from the Pittsburgh region took part in the local PGA Junior League program.
The PGA Junior League is driven by PGA Reach, the national philanthropic arm of the PGA.
For more information, visit thefirstteepittsburgh.org.
Michael Love is a Tribune-Review staff writer. Reach him at [email protected] or via Twitter @Mlove_Trib.
Under the Hood: Repeated failure of ignition control module


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Ibn
Ibn sentence example
It originated with Mahommed ibn Tumart, a member of the Masmuda, a Berber tribe of the Atlas.
Ibn Tumart, who had been driven from several other towns for exhibitions of reforming zeal, now took refuge among his own people, the Masmuda, in the Atlas.
He then came forward as the lieutenant of the Mandi Ibn Tumart.
The Ibn Tibbon family thus rendered conspicuous services to European culture, and did much to further among Jews who did not understand Arabic the study of science and philosophy.
It was mainly accident which determined that from the 12th to the 17th century Avicenna should be the guide of medical study in European universities, and eclipse the names of Rhazes, Ali ibn al-Abbas and Avenzoar.
For Avicenna's life, see Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, translated by McG.
There is considerable reason to think, however, that the more frequent ports of call in the Straits of Malacca were situated in Sumatra, rather than on the shores of the Malay Peninsula, and two famous medieval travellers, Marco Polo and Ibn Batuta, both called and wintered at the former, and make scant mention of the latter.
Amongst his contemporaries were Istakhri, who travelled through all the Mahommedan countries and wrote his Book of Climates in 950, and Ibn Haukal, whose Book of Roads and Kingdoms, based on the work of Istakhri, was written in 976.
Ibn Batuta, the great Arab traveller, is separated by a wide space of time from his countrymen already mentioned, and he finds his proper place in a chronological notice after the days of Marco Polo, for he did not begin his wanderings until 1325, his career thus coinciding in time with the fabled journeyings of Sir John Mandeville.
Ibn Batuta went by land from Tangier to Cairo, then visited Syria, and performed the pilgrimages to Medina and Mecca.
Ibn Batuta made the voyage through the Malay Archipelago to China, and on his return he proceeded from Malabar to Bagdad and Damascus, ultimately reaching Fez, the capital of his native country, in November 1349.
Menahem's system of bi-literal and uni-literal roots was violently attacked by Dunash ibn Labrat, and as violently defended by the author's pupils.
His treatises on the verbs, written in Arabic, were translated into Hebrew by Moses Giqatilla (11th century), himself a considerable grammarian and commentator, and by Ibn Ezra.
His system was' adopted by Abu'l-walid ibn Jannah, of Saragossa (died early in the nth century), in his lexicon (Kitab al-usul, in Arabic) and other works.
There the most prominent figure was that of Samuel ibn Nagdela (or Nagrela), generally known as Samuel the Nagid or head of the Jewish settlement, who died in 1055.
Among others he was the patron of Solomon ibn Gabirol (q.v.), the poet and philosopher.
His relative Abraham ben Ezra, generally called simply Ibn Ezra,4 was still more distinguished.
The man, however, who shares with Ibn Gabirol the first place in Jewish poetry is Judah Ha-levi, of Toledo, who died in Jerusalem about 1140.
His greatest work is the commentary on the Pentateuch in opposition to Maimonides and Ibn Ezra.
In the first half of the 13th century, Abraham ibn Ilasdai, a vigorous supporter of Maimonides, translated (or adapted) a large number of philosophical works from Arabic, among them being the Sepher ha-tappuah, based on Aristotle's de Anima, and the Mozene Zedeq of Ghazzali on moral philosophy, of both of which the originals are lost.
Somewhat earlier in the 13th century lived Judah al-IIarizi, who belongs in spirit to the time of Ibn Gabirol and Judah ha-levi.
The fact that many of the most important works were written in Arabic, the vernacular of the Spanish Jews under the Moors, which was not understood in France, gave rise to a number of translations into Hebrew, chiefly by the family of Ibn Tibbon (or Tabbon).
The first of them, Judah ibn Tibbon, translated works of Bahya ibn Paqudah, Judah ha-levi, Seadiah, Abu'lwalid and Ibn Gabirol, besides writing works of his own.
His son Moses, who died about the end of the 13th century, translated the rest of Maimonides, much of Averroes, the lesser Canon of Avicenna, Euclid's Elements (from the Arabic version), Ibn al-Jazzar's Viaticum, medical works of IIunain ben Isaac (Johannitius) and Razi (Rhazes), besides works of less-known Arabic authors.
Both the 14th and 15th centuries in Spain were largely taken up with controversy, as by Isaac ibn Pulgar (about 1350), and Shem Tobh ibn Shaprut (about 1380), who translated St Matthew's gospel into Hebrew.
Another great historical movement, headed by a leader who proclaimed himself the mandi (Mahommed ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart), was that of the Almohades.
In 1881 Mahommed Ahmed ibn Seyyid Abdullah, a Dongolese, proclaimed himself al-mandi and founded in the eastern Sudan the short-lived empire overthrown by an AngloEgyptian force at the battle of Omdurman in 1898.
His later life was spent in various parts of the Moslem world, in Aleppo with Saif-ud-Daula (to whom he dedicated the Book of Songs), in Rai with the Buyid vizier Ibn `Abbad and elsewhere.
Astarabad owes its origin to Yazid ibn Mohallab, who occupied the province early in the 8th century for Suleiman, the seventh of the Omayyad caliphs (715-717), and was destroyed by Timur (Tamerlane) in 1384.
A development of ideals and a growth of spirituality can be traced which render the biblical writings with their series of prophecies a unique 1 This is philosophically handled by the Arabian historian Ibn Khaldun, whose Prolegomena is well worthy of attention; see De Slane, Not.
From Hasdai ibn Shaprut in the 10th century and Samuel the nagid in the 11th the line of Jewish scholar-statesmen continued till we reach Isaac Abrabanel in 1492, the date of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
But it is to Spain that we must look for the best of the medieval poets of the synagogue, greatest among them being Ibn Gabirol and Halevi.
On the Arab invasion this work was in great danger of perishing at the hands of the iconclastic caliph Omar and his generals, but it was fortunately preserved; and we find it in the 2nd century of the Hegira being paraphrased in Arabic by Abdallah ibn el Mokaffa, a learned Persian who had embraced Islam.
Other Guebres occupied themselves privately with the collection of these traditions; and, when a prince of Persian origin, Yakub ibn Laith, founder of the Saffarid dynasty, succeeded in throwing off his allegiance to the caliphate, he at once set about continuing the work of his illustrious predecessors.
Mahmud ibn Sabuktagin, the second of the dynasty (998-1030), continued to make himself still more independent of the caliphate than his predecessors, and, though a warrior and a fanatical Moslem, extended a generous patronage to Persian literature and learning, and even developed it at the expense of the Arabic institutions.
Ibn Haukal goes on to say that finally the Hamdanids took possession of the town, confiscated the estates of those who had emigrated, and compelled those who remained to substitute corn for their profitable fruit crops.
It is from the Second Crusade that William of Tyre, representing the attitude of the Franks of Jerusalem, begins to be a primary authority; while on the Mahommedan side a considerable authority emerges in Ibn Athir.
Side by side with Beha-ud-din's life of Saladin, Ibn Athir's work is the most considerable historical record written by the Arabs.
He here continued to render great service to Abu Salem (Ibrahim III.), Abu Inan's successor, but, having offended the prime minister, he obtained permission to emigrate to Spain, where, at Granada, he was received with great cordiality by Ibn al Ahmar, who had been greatly indebted to his good offices when an exile at the court of Abu Salem.
On the fall of Abu Abdallah Ibn Khaldun raised a large force amongst the desert Arabs, and entered the service of the sultan of Tlemcen.
When Timur had become master of the situation, Ibn Khaldun let himself down from the walls of the city by a rope, and presented himself before the conqueror, who permitted him to return to Egypt.
Ibn Khaldun died on the 16th of March 1406, at the age of sixty-four.
The Autobiography of Ibn Khaldun was translated into French by de Slane in the Journal asiatique, ser.
The history, Tarikh Bulgar, said to have been written in the 12th century by an Arabian cadi of the city Bolgari, has not yet been discovered; but the Arabian historians, Ibn Foslan, Ibn Haukal, Abul Hamid Andalusi, Abu Abdallah Harnati, and several others, who had visited the kingdom, beginning with the 10th century, have left descriptions of it.
In 922, when they were converted to Islam, Ibn Foslan found them not quite nomadic, and already having some permanent settlements and houses in wood.
Ibn Dasta found amongst them agriculture besides cattle breeding.
The centre of the traffic in Morocco was Sidi Hamed ibn Musa, seven days' journey south of Mogador, where a great yearly fair was held.
Here are buried the seventh and ninth of the successors of Ali, recognized by Shi`as, namely Musa Ibn Ja`far el-Kazim, and his grandson, Mahommed Ibn Ali el-Jawad.
He was favoured by Ibn uz-Zaiyat, the vizier of the caliph Wathiq.
At an early age he entered into a close friendship both with Nizgm-ul-mulk and his schoolfellow IJassan ibn Sabbgh, who founded afterwards the terrible sect of the Assassins.
From this city as their base the Arabs, under Kotaiba (Qotaiba) ibn Moslim, early in the 8th century brought under subjection Balkh, Bokhara, Ferghana and Kashgaria, and penetrated into China as far as the province of Kan-suh.
Amasia has extensive orchards and fruit gardens still, as in Ibn Batuta's time, irrigated by water wheels turned by the current of the river; and there are steam flourmills.
To these must be added the Neoplatonically inspired Fons Vitae of the Jewish philosopher and poet Ibn Gabirol, or Avicebron.
A native of the city, Thabit ibn Kurra, in a passage from a Syriac work of his (now lost) quoted by Barhebraeus, 2 speaks of the paganism of IHarran as distinguished by its steadfast resistance to Christian propaganda.
The more important, besides Jacob of Edessa and Barhebraeus, are `Ananisho` of Hedhaiyabh, Uonain ibn Ishak, his pupil Bar 'Ali, Bar Saroshwai (early 10th century), Bar Bahlul (middle of 10th century), Elias of Tirhan (t1049), Elias bar Shinaya (above), John Bar Zo'bi (beginning of 13th century) and Jacob bar Shakko.
Abenezra (Ibn Ezra) >>
Syracuse has been a place of comparatively little importance since the year 878, when it was destroyed by the Saracens under Ibrahim ibn Ahmad.
Of these the earliest is Avenzoar or Abumeron, that is, Abu Merwan `Abd al-Malik Ibn Zuhr (beginning of 12th century), a member of a family which gave several distinguished members to the medical profession.
The name Hindu Kush is used by Ibn Batuta, who crossed (c. 1 33 2) from Anderab, and he gives the explanation of the name which, however doubtful, is still popular, as (Pers.) Hindu-Killer, "because of the number of Indian slaves who perished in passing" its snows.
Another work of Ibn Tufail, the Kitab Asrar ulIjikma ul-mashragiyya ("Secrets of Eastern Science;"), was published at Bulaq (1882); cf.
The name Kinsai, which appears in Wassaf as Khanzai, in Ibn Batuta as Khansa, in Odoric of Pordenone as Camsay, and elsewhere as Campsay and Cassay, is really a corruption of the Chinese King-sze, capital, the same word which is still applied to Peking.
Commissioned by Mehemet Ali to inform him about the situation in Nejd brought about by the rising power of Abdallah Ibn Rashid, Wallin left Cairo in April 1845, and crossing the pilgrim road at Ma`an, pushed on across the Syrian desert to the Wadi Sirhan and the Jauf oasis, where he halted during the hot summer months.
Following Wallin's route across the desert by Mean and Jauf, Palgrave and his companion, a Syrian Christian, reached Hail in July 1862; here they were hospitably entertained by the amir Talal, nephew of the founder of the Ibn Rashid dynasty, and after some stay passed on with his countenance through Kasim to southern Nejd.
Here the sheikh found some of his relations and the matrimonial alliance was soon arranged; but though the object of the journey had been attained, the Blunts were anxious to visit Hail and make the acquaintance of the amir Ibn Rashid, of whose might and generosity they daily heard from their hosts in Jauf.
The amir was away from his capital settling the affairs of his newly acquired territory; Nolde therefore, after a short halt at Hail, journeyed on to Ibn Rashid's camp somewhere in the neighbourhood of Shakra.
The town, which has risen with the fortunes of the Ibn Rashid family to be the capital of Upper Nejd, is at the mouth of the valley between the twin ranges, about 2 m.
Hanifa is its principal watercourse; its course is marked by an almost continuous series of palm groves and settlements, among which Deraiya the former, and Riad the present, capital of the Ibn Saud kingdom are the most extensive.
The amir Mahommed Ibn Rashid used to send down about one hundred young horses yearly.
The first certain prince of the Jafnid house was Harith ibn Jabala, who, according to the chronicle of John Malalas, conquered Mondhir (Mundhir) of Hira in 528.
Arabian tradition tells of their prince Jabala ibn Aiham who accepted Islam, after fighting against it, but finding it too democratic, returned to Christianity and exile in the Roman empire.
In 640 `Amr-ibn-el-Ass (Amr ibn al-`As) invaded Egypt and the following year took Alexandria and founded Fostat (which later became Cairo).
Muhajir, with the help of Ikrima, succeeded with difficulty, but thoroughly, in defeating Amr ibn Ma'dikarib and Qais ibn `Abd Yaghuth in Yemen and Ashath ibn Qais in Hadramut.
In 1624 a new dynasty arose in the interior, when Nasir ibn Murshid of the Yariba (Ya`aruba) tribe (originally from Yemen) was elected imam and established his capital at Rustak.
Its originator, Mahommed Ibn Abdul Wahhab, was born (1691) at Ayana in Nejd, and after studying in Basra and Damascus, and making the pilgrimage to Mecca returned to his native country and settled down at Huremala near Deraiya.
A rival state had, however, arisen, under Abdallah Ibn Rashid in Jebel Shammar.
Driven into exile owing to a feud between his family and the Ibn Ali, the leading family of the Shammar, Abdallah came to Riad in 1830, and was favourably received by the amir Turki.
He set himself to work to establish law and order throughout the state, to arrange its finances, and to encourage the settlement in Hail of artificers and merchants from abroad; the building of the citadel and palace commenced by Mehemet Ali, and continued by Abdallah Ibn Rashid, was completed by Taal.
His uncle Obed, to whom equally with Abdallah is due the foundation of the Ibn Rashid dynasty, laboured to extend the Shammar boundaries.
Warned by a hurried sign by Hamud that his life was in danger, Mahommed at once attacked Bandar, stabbed him and took possession of the citadel; a general massacre of all members of the house of Ibn Rashid followed, and next day Mahommed appeared with his cousin Hamud in the market-place of Hail, and announced his assumption of the amirship. A strong and capable ruler, he soon established his authority over all northern and western Nejd, and in 1872 the opportunity arrived for his intervention in the east.
Owing to the dissensions among the ruling family of Riad, the towns of eastern Nejd gradually reverted to their former condition of independence, but menaced in turn by the growing power of Hail, they formed a coalition under the leadership of Zamil, sheik of Aneza, and in the spring of 1891, Aneza, Bureda, Shakra, Ras and Riad assembled their contingents to contest with Ibn Rashid the supremacy in Nejd.
This victory placed the whole of northern and central Arabia under the supremacy of Mahommed Ibn Rashid, which he held undisputed during the rest of his life.
In the meantime Sheik Mubarak had found useful allies in the Muntafik Arabs from the lower Euphrates, and the Wahhabis of Riad; the latter under the amir Ibn Saud marched against Ibn Rashid, who at the instigation of the Porte had again threatened Kuwet (Koweit), compelled him to retire to his own territory and took possession of the towns of Bureda and Aneza.
Sheik Mubarak and his allies continued their advance, defeated Ibn Rashid in two engagements on the 22nd of July and the 26th of September 1904, and drove him back on his capital, Hail.
The Persian occupation, which followed that of the Portuguese, came to a end in the middle of the, 8th century, when Ahmad Ibn Said expelled the invaders and in 1759 established the Ghafari dynasty which still reigns in Oman.
While, however, these measures were in early use, they were not systematically analysed or their rules enunciated until the time of Khalil ibn Ahmad in the 8th century.
This is Umayya ibn Abi-s-Salt, a Meccan who did not accept Islam and died in 630.
C. aandberg's Primeurs arabes, 1, aeiden, 1886), and Jarwal ibn Aus, known as al-IIutai`a, a wandering poet whose keen satires led to his imprisonment by Omar (Poems, ed.
Qais ur-Rugayyat was the poet of `Abdallah ibn uz-Zubair (Abdallah ibn Zobair) and helped him until circumstances went against him, when he made his peace with the caliph.
One of the earliest of these poets, Muti' ibn Ayas, shows the new depth of personal feeling and refinement of expression.
On the other hand Ibn ul-Mo`tazz (son of the caliph) was the writer of brilliant occasional verse, free of all imitation.
Yet Abu-l-`Ala, ul-Ma'arri (q.v.) was original alike in his use of rhymes and in the philosophical nature of his poems. Ibn Farid is the greatest of the mystic poets, and Busiri (q.v.) wrote the most famous poem extant in praise of the Prophet.
In the 8th century Ibn Mofaddal compiled the collection named after him the Mofaddaliyat.
In the 10th century, however, it was revived, occurring almost simultaneously in the Sermons of Ibn Nubata (946-984) and the aetters of Abti Bakr ul-Khwarizmi.
Thus government, war, friendship, morality, piety, eloquence, are some of the titles under which Ibn Qutaiba groups his stories and verses in the `Uyun ul Akhbar.
It is told, however, that Moawiya summoned an old man named `Abid ibn Sharya from Yemen to Damascus to tell him all he knew about ancient history and that he induced him to write down his information.
The original work of Ibn Ishaq seems to be lost.
Waqidi had much more copious materials than Ibn Ishaq, but gives way much more to a popular and sometimes romancing style of treatment.
Nevertheless he sometimes helps us to recognize in Ibn Ishaq's narrative modifications of the genuine tradition made for a purpose, and the additional details he supplies set various events before us in a clearer light.
Apart from this his chief merits lie in his studies on the subject of the traditional authorities, the results of which are given by Ibn Sa`d, and in his chronology, which is often excellent.
And that Ibn Ishaq agrees with Wagidi in certain main dates is important evidence for the trustworthiness of the former also.
Ibn Muqaffa` translated the great Book of Persian Kings, and others followed his example.
Tabari and his contemporaries, senior and junior, such as Ibn Qutaiba, Ya`gubi, Dinawari, preserve to us a good part of the information about Persian history made known through such translations.'
Ya`qubi (Ibn Waeiih) wrote a short general history of much value (published by Houtsma, aeiden, 1883).
Ibn Khordadhbeh's historical works are lost.
Gottwaldt, St Petersburg, 1844); Ibn al-Qutiya wrote a History of Spain; Ibn Zulaq (d.
Ibn ul-Jauzi, who died in the same year, has been already mentioned.
Ibn `Adhari's History of Africa and Spain has been published by Dozy (2 vols., aeiden, 1848-1851), and the Qartas of Ibn abi Zar` by Tornberg (1843).
Of Ibn Kathir's History the greatest part is extant.
Fliigel has published Ibn Kotlubogha's Biographies of the Hanifite Jurists.
Ibn Khordadhbeh, in the middle of the 9th century, wrote a Book of Roads and Provinces to give an account of the highways, the posting-stations and the revenues of the provinces.
Khalil ibn Ahmad (718-791), an Arab from Oman, of the school of Basra, was the first to enunciate the laws of Arabic metre and the first to write a dictionary.
Other members of the school of Basra were Abu `Ubaida (q.v.), Asma`i (q.v.), Mubarrad (q.v.) and Ibn Duraid.
In the fourth century of Islam the two schools of Kufa and Basra declined in importance before the increasing power of Bagdad, where Ibn Qutaiba, Ibn Jinni (941-1002) and others carried on the work, but without the former rivalry of the older schools.
Ibn Ali Talib, anxious to perpetuate their severance from the orthodox church and the Byzantine empire, confirmed these privileges by charter and in 762 the patriarchate was removed to Bagdad.
This evidence is confirmed by (a) the canon of Theodore of Edessa (800) allowing metropolitans of China, India and other distant lands to send their reports to the catholikos every six years; (b) the edict of Wu Tsung destroying Buddhist monasteries and ordering 300 foreign priests to return to the secular life that the customs of the empire might be uniform; (c) two 9th-century Arab travellers, one of whom, Ibn Wahhab, discussed the contents of the Bible with the emperor; (d) the discovery in 1725 of a Syrian MS. containing hymns and a portion of the Old Testament.
These caves (called by the Arabs Kulat ibn Ma'an) are apparently natural, but were enlarged and fortified.
Their king Joseph, in answer to the inquiry of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut of Cordova (c. 958), stated that his people sprang from Thogarmah, grandson of Japhet, and the supposed ancestor of the other peoples of the Caucasus.
The official titles recorded by Ibn Fadlan are those in use amongst the Tatar nations of that age, whether Huns, Bulgarians, Turks or Mongols.
Some too amongst the medieval authorities (Ibn Haugal and Istakhri) note a resemblance between the speech in use amongst the Khazars and the Bulgarians; and the modern Magyar - a Ugrian language - can be traced back to a tribe which in the 9th century formed part of the Khazar kingdom.
When Ibn Fadlan visited Khazaria forty years later, Itil was even yet a great city, with baths and market-places and thirty mosques.
He was a physician, and Ibn Abi Usaibia, in his treatise on Arabian doctors, mentions him as the author of a medical work.
The ancient college (medressa) where many learned Arabs taught - of whom Ibn Khaldun, author of a History of the Berbers, may be mentioned - has entirely disappeared.
Besides the walls and towers, and the minaret of the mosque, little remains of Mansura, of which Ibn Khaldun has left a contemporary and graphic sketch.
In 1080 the Almoravide sovereign Yusef ibn Tashfin, after besieging and sacking Agadir, built a new town on the site of his camp. The new town, called Tagrart, became the commercial quarter, whilst Agadir remained the royal residence.
A curious passage on the subject, by Ibn Khaldun, an Arabian medieval savant, is quoted by Mr Thomas from the printed Extracts of MSS.
Removed from his office by Othman in 647, who replaced him by Ibn abi Sarh, he sided with Moawiya in the contest for the caliphate, and was largely responsible for the deposition of Ali and the establishment of the Omayyad dynasty.
According to Ibn Khaqan, a contemporary writer, he became a student of the exact sciences and was also a musician and a poet.
Ibn `Usaibi ` a gives a list of twenty-five of his works, but few of these remain.
Abubekr's successor was Mahommed III., Ahmed ibn Ibrahim el-Ghazi (1507-1543), surnamed Gran (Granye), the left-handed.
Bukhari [[[Mahommed Ahmed Ibn Seyyid Abdullah|Mahommed ibn]] Isma`il al-Bukhari] (810-872), Arabic author of the most generally accepted collection of traditions (hadith) from Mahomet, was born at Bokhara (Bukhdra), of an Iranian family, in A.H.
His theological position was conservative and anti-rationalistic; he enjoyed the friendship and respect of Ahmad Ibn IJanbal.
By the Arabs the name was changed to Kolambu, and the town was mentioned by Ibn Batuta in 1346 as the largest and finest in Serendib.
The consecration of Samuel has also its Arabic parallel in the dedication of an unborn child by its mother to the service of the Ka'ba (Ibn Hisham, p. 76; Azraki, p. 128).
The "spacious arches of stone and other vestiges of departed majesty," with which Ker Porter found it surrounded in 1818, were possibly remains of the college (medresseh) and monastery (zavieh) where Ibn Batuta found shelter during his visit to the locality.
Even rarer than these rare perceptions of the evidence of the quasi-historical books to their origin are such half-perceptions of the literary origin of the prophetical books as is betrayed by Ibn Ezra, who appears to question the Isaianic authorship of Is.
Buhturi [al-Walid ibn `Ubaid] (820-897), Arabian poet, was born at Manbij (Hierapolis) in Syria, between Aleppo and the Euphrates.
Other mosques of some note are those of Ibn Yusef, El Mansur and El Mo`izz; the chapel of Sidi Bel Abbas, in the extreme north of the city, possesses property of great value, and serves as an almshouse and asylum.
The hostile attitude of Khalaf ibn Ahmad, governor of Seistan, called Mahmud to that province for a short time.
In Doi I Mahmud, after a short campaign against the Afghans under Mahommed ibn Stir in the hill country of Ghur, marched again into the Punjab.
The biography of the poet Osema ibn Murkidh (1095-1188), edited by Derenbourg (Paris, 1886), gives an invaluable picture of Eastern life.
Later Arabian authorities are Ibn Khallikan (1211-1282) and AbuShama (born 1267).
Ibn Jubair, p. 237 sq., followed by Ibn Batuta, ii.
Darby in the following year; and Ahmad ibn Mohammed ibn Abdallah, al Dimashki, al `Ajmi, commonly called Ibn 'Arabshah, author of the Arabic `Ajaibu '1 Makhlnkat, translated by the Dutch Orientalist Golius in 1636.
Al-Mufaddal was a contemporary of IIammad ar-Rawiya and Khalaf al-Ahmar, the famous collectors of ancient Arab poetry and tradition, and was somewhat the junior of Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala, the first scholar who systematically set himself to preserve the poetic literature of the Arabs.
In 762 he took part in the rising led by Ibrahim ibn 'Abdallah ibn al-IIasan, the 'Alid, called "The Pure Soul," against the caliph al-Mansur, and after the defeat and death of Ibrahim was cast into prison.
AlMansur, however, pardoned him on the intercession of his fellowtribesman Musayyab ibn Zuhair of Dabba, and appointed him the instructor in literature of his son, afterwards the caliph al-Mandi.
The collection, in its present form, contains 126 pieces of verse, long and short; that is the number included in the recension of al-Anbari, who had the text from Abu `Ikrima of Dabba, who read it with Ibn al-A`rabi, the stepson and inheritor of the tradition of al-Mufaddal.
It is curious that this tradition is ascribed by al-Marzugi and his teacher Abu 'Ali al-Farisi to Abu `Ikrima of Dabba, who is represented by al-Anbari as the transmitter of the correct text from Ibn al-A`rabi.
There is no mention of it in al-Anbari's work, and it is in itself somewhat improbable, as in al-Asma`i's time the schools of Kufa and Basra were in sharp opposition one to the other, and Ibn al-A`rabi in particular was in the habit of censuring al-Asma`i's interpretations of the ancient poems. It is scarcely likely that he would have accepted his rival's additions to the work of his step-father, and have handed them on to Abu `Ikrima with his annotations.
An interesting feature of the work is the treatment in it of the two poets of Bakr ibn Wa'il, uncle and nephew, called al-Muraqqish, who are perhaps the most ancient in the collection.
This extraordinary man, associated by tradition with Omar Khayyam, the well-known mathematician and free-thinking poet, and with Hassan (ibn) Sabbah, afterwards the founder of the sect of the Assassins (q.v.), was a renowned author and statesman of the first rank, and immortalized his name by the foundation of several universities (the Nizamiyah at Bagdad), observatories, mosques, hospitals and other institutions of public utility.
His descendants, therefore, took the style of "Ibn Danishmand," often without their own name.
El Motamid went, however, considerably further in patronage of literature than his father, for he chose as his favourite and prime minister the poet Ibn Ammar.
In the end the vanity and featherheadedness of Ibn Ammar drove his master to kill him.
When Alphonso took Toledo in 1085, El Motamid called in Yusef ibn Tashfin, the Almoravide (see Spain, History, and Almoravides).
After the conquest by Amr ibn el-`Asi, inland Cyrenaica regained some importance, lying as it did on the direct route between Alexandria and Kairawan, and Barca became its chief place.
Mesopotamia fell partly under the power of Ahmad ibn Tulun of Egypt and his son; but before the end of the 9th century the Hamdanids, descendants of the Arab tribe of Taghlib,.
Thus in 1330 Ibn Batuta found a son of the amir of Mecca reigning in Suakin over the Beja, who were his mother's kin.
The undated book on moles and naevi by " Merlin Britannicus, " after the model of `Ali ibn Ragel, is of about the same date.
Jabiz held him to be the most learned scholar in all branches of human knowledge, and Ibn Hisbam accepted his interpretation even of passages in the Koran.
The titles of 105 of his works are mentioned in the Fihrist, and his Book of Days is the basis of parts of the history of Ibn al-Athir and of the Book of Songs (see Abulfaraj), but nothing of his (except a song) seems to exist now in an independent form.
See Life in Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, trans.
The special feature of Ibn Ilazm's teaching was that he extended the application of these principles from the study of law to that of dogmatic theology.
Tiaret (Berber for "station") was a town of note at the time of the Arab invasion of North Africa in the 7th century and is stated by Ibn Khaldun to have offered a stubborn resistance to Sidi-Okba.
In 761 it was taken by Abdurrahman ibn Rostem, the founder of the dynasty of the Beni Rustam (Rostem).
Their empire, which during the reign of Abdurrahman (761-784) and his son Abdul Wahab (784-823) extended over the greater part of the modern Algeria, was known as the Ibadite Empire from Abdallah ibn Ibad, the founder of the heretical sect to which Abdurrahman belonged.
Two years later Tiaret was captured by Massala ibn Habbus of the Miknasa dynasty of Morocco, and after his death in 924 two other princes of the same house maintained their independence, but in 933 the Fatimites again gained the mastery.
He composed an apologetic work under the title Sefer Ha-Berith ("Book of the Bond"), a fragment of which is extant, and translated into Hebrew the ethico-philosophical work of Balhya ibn Paquda ("Duties of the Heart").
Moses Kimhi also composed commentaries to the biblical books; those on Proverbs, Ezra and Nehemiah are in the great rabbinical bibles falsely ascribed to Abraham ibn Ezra.
The movement, recognized by Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd, had taken definite shape after 1910; and in 1921 it still seemed likely to have far-reaching effects upon the attitude of the people of Central Arabia towards other Arabian communities and even to the outer world.
Among the more possible explanations is that the name is derived from that of Mahommed ibn Nusair, who was an Isma`ilite follower of the eleventh imam of the Shiites at the end of the 9th century.
But the manifestation of the 7th age is not a Mandi who is yet to come, but the historical person `Ali ibn abu Talib.
In the northern quarter stands the great mosque founded by Sidi Okba ibn Nafi, and containing his shrine and the tombs of many rulers of Tunisia.
Munk, who showed that selections made by Shem Tobh Palqera (or Falgera) from the Megor Hayyim (the Hebrew translation of an Arabic original) by Ibn Gabirol, corresponded to the Latin Fans Vitae of Avicebron.
The other important work of Ibn Gabirol is .141äh al-akhlaq (the improvement of character), a popular work in Arabic, translated into Hebrew (Tigqun middoth ha-nephesh) by Judah ibn Tibbon.
The collection of moral maxims, compiled in Arabic but best known (in the Hebrew translation of Judah ibn Tibbon) as Mibhar ha-peninim, is generally ascribed to Ibn Gabirol, though on less certain grounds.
From Panormus the amir or lord of Sicily, Mahommed ibn Abdallah, sent forth his plunderers throughout Sicily and even into southern Italy.
But in 875 the accession of Ibrahim ibn Ahmad in Africa changed the face of things.
The amir in Sicily, Ja`far ibn Ahmad, received strict orders to act vigorously against the eastern towns.
Ibn Hisham is said to have written a work explaining the difficult words which occur in poems on the life of the Apostle, and another on the genealogies of the Himyarites and their princes.
About the year 1040 or a little earlier, one of their chiefs, Yahya ibn Ibrahim, made the pilgrimage to Mecca.
By the good offices of the theologians of Kairawan, one of whom was from Fez, Yahya was provided with a missionary, `Abd-Allah ibn Yazin, a zealous partisan of the Malekis, one of the four orthodox sects of Islam.
Their first military leader, Yahya ibn Omar, gave them a good military organization.
They then came in contact with the Berghwata, a Berber people of central Morocco, who followed a heresy founded by Salah ibn Tarif 300 years previously.
The Berghwata made a fierce resistance, and it was in battle with them that `Abd-Allah ibn Yazin won the crown of martyrdom.
In 1061 Abu Bakr made a division of the power he had established, handing over the more settled parts to his cousin Yusef ibn Tashfin, as viceroy, resigning to him also his favourite wife Zainab, who had the reputation of a sorceress.
Ibn Tashfin, who was largely guided by Zainab, had in the meantime brought what is now known as Morocco to complete subjection, and in 1062 had founded the city of Marrakesh ("Morocco City").
The Caliph laid the duty on Zaid ibn Thabit, a native of Medina, then about twenty-two years of age, who had often acted as amanuensis to the Pro het in whose service Zaid s First p ?
The bravest of their warriors sometimes knew deplorably little about it; distinction on that field they cheerfully accorded to pious men like Ibn Mas`ud.
In particular we have some information about the codex of Ubay ibn Ka`b.
If the list which gives the order of its suras is correct, it must have contained substantially the same materials as our text; in that case Ubay ibn Ka`b must have used the original collection of Zaid.
The same is true of the codex of Ibn Mas`ud, of which we have also a catalogue.
The only man who appears to have seriously opposed the general introduction of Othman's text is Ibn Mas`ud.
Ibn 'Abbas, a cousin of Mahomet, and the chief source of the traditional exegesis of the Koran, has, on theological and other grounds, given currency to a number of falsehoods; and at least some of his pupils have emulated his example.
There are four other mosques within the citadel walls, the chief being that of Ibn Kalaun, built in A.D.
It continued the royal residence of his successors; but was sacked not long after the fall of the dynasty and rapidly decayed., A part of the present Cairo occupies its site and contains its great mosque, that of Ahmed Ibn Tulun.
He found a rival in Egypt in the person of Ibn al-Modabbir, the finance minister, who occupied an independent position, and who started the practice of surrounding himself with an army of his own slaves or freedmen; of these Ibn Tulun succeeded in depriving the finance minister, and they formed the nucleus of an army by which he eventually secured his own independence.
The disaffected in Egypt kept up communications with the Fatimites, against whom the Ikshid collected a vast army, which, however, had first to be employed in resisting an invasion of Egypt threatened by Ibn Raiq, an adventurer who had seized Syria; after an indecisive engagement at LajUn the Ikshid decided to make peace with Ibn Raiq, undertaking to pay him tribute.
The favor afterwards shown to Ibn Raiq at Bagdad nearly threw the Ikshid into the arms of the Fatimite caliph, with whom he carried on a friendly correspondence, one letter of which is preserved.
In 941, after the death of Ibn Raiq, the Ikshid took the opportunity of invading Syria, which the caliph permitted him to hold with the addition of the sacred cities of Mecca and Medina, which the TUlunids had aspired to possess.
He is said at this time to have started (in imitation of Abmad Ibn Tulun) a variety of vexatious enactments similar to those afterwards associated with the name of Hgkim, e.g.
He occupied the post little more than three years, and on his death in 968 the aforementioned Alimad, called Abul-Fawgris, was appointed suc,cessor, under the tutelage of a vizier named Ibn Furt, who had long served under the Ikshidis.
The accession of this prince was followed by an incursion of the Carmathians into Syria, before whom the Ikshidi governor fled into Egypt, where he had for a time to undertake the management of affairs, and arrested Ibn Furt, who had proved himself incompetent.
Befoie his arrival the administration of affairs had again been committed to Ibn Furat, who, on hearing of the threatened invasion, at first proposed to treat with Jauhar for the peaceful surrender of the country; but though at first there was a prospect of this being carried out, the majority of the troops at Fostat preferred to make some resistance, and an advance was made to meet Jauhar in the neighborhood of Giza.
The new reign began by an armed struggle between two commanders for the post of vizier, which in January 1150 was decided in favor of the Amir Ibn Sallr.
The administration of Najm al-din is highly praised by Ibn Khallikan, who lived under it.
Among Egyptian mystics the most famous as authors are the poet Ibn al-Farid, d.
Of Egyptian miscellaneous writers two of the most celebrated are Ibn Daqiq al-id, d.
The haggadic passages of the Talmud were collected in the Eye of Jacob, a very popular compilation completed by Jakob ibn Habib in the 16th century.
Some authorities, however, hold that it commemorates the red flare of the torches by whose light the work of construction was carried on nightly for many years; others associate it with the name of the founder, Mahomet Ibn Al Ahmar; and others derive it from the Arabic Dar al Amra, " House of the Master."
A story of Mahommedan origin, which is probably no more historical than the oath of Santa Gadea, tells of how he allowed himself to be tricked by Ibn Ammar, the favourite of Al Motamid, the king of Seville.
They played chess for an extremely beautiful table and set of men, belonging to Ibn Ammar.
If Ibn Ammar gained he was to name the stake.
A tradition is extant to the effect that Singapore was an important trading centre in the 12th and 13th centuries, but neither Marco Polo nor Ibn Batuta, both of whom wintered in Sumatra on their way back to Europe from China, have left anything on record confirmatory of this.
The plural rabbanim was employed to describe the later Jewish scholars (so, for example, in the historian Ahraham Ibn Daud, 12th century).
The Emir of Nejd, 'Abd el 'Aziz ibn Saud, ejected them from the first-named districts; the war has put an end to their claims elsewhere in the Gulf.
Harith Ibn Hilliza Ul-Yashkuri, pre-Islamic Arabian poet of the tribe of Bakr, famous as the author of one of the poems generally received among the Mo 'allakat (q.v.).
The modern name, as above-mentioned, is Merj Ibn `Amir (" the meadow-land of the son of `Amir "); in ancient times it was known as the Valley of Jezreel, of which name Esdraelon is a Greek corruption; and by another name (Har-Magedon) derived from that of the important town of Megiddo - it is referred to symbolically in Rev. xvi.
The Tawahhid (The Unity of God), said to have been written in Moroccan Berber and believed to be the oldest African work in existence, except Egyptian and Ethiopic, was the work of the Muwahhadi leader, Ibn Tumart the Mandi, at a time when the officials of the Kairawan mosque were dismissed because they could not speak Berber.
Of some 289 works said to have been written by Ibn `Arabi 150 are mentioned in C. Brockelmann's Gesch.
Hasan and Ibn Abbas opened, each for himself, negotiations with Moawiya.
The probability is that Abdarrahman was ill when returning from the frontier, that Moawiya sent him his own medical man, the Christian doctor Ibn Othal, and that the rumour arose that the doctor had poisoned him.
In the month Ramadan this Omar was made governor of Medina and sent an army against Ibn Zobair.
This army was defeated, and from that time Ibn Zobair was supreme at Mecca.
Ibn Zobair profited greatly by the distress caused by Hosain's death.
Ibn Hanzala was made commander.
Nomair arrived before Mecca in September 683 and found Ibn Zobair ready to defend it.
It is said that on the news of the death of Yazid a conference took place between Hosain and Ibn Zobair, and that the former offered to proclaim the latter as caliph provided he would accompany him to Syria and proclaim a general amnesty.
Ibn Zobair refused haughtily, and Hosain, with a contemptuous criticism of his folly, ordered his army to break up for Syria.
Hitherto Ibn Zobair had confined himself to an appeal to the Moslems to renounce Yazid and to have a caliph elected by the council (shura) of the principal leading men.
Against the accusation of being a drinker of wine he himself protested in verses which he recited when he sent the army against Ibn Zobair.
Decisive is also the testimony of Ibn al-Hanafiya, who declared that all the accusations brought by the Medinians were false.
The amir of the Kalb, Ibn Balidal, persuaded probably by Obaidallah b.
Meanwhile Dahhak had declared himself openly for Ibn Zobair.
An army sent to the rescue by Ibn Zobair under the command of his brother Mus`ab was beaten in Palestine by `Amr Ashdaq.
Meanwhile Mokhtar (son of that Abu `Obaid the Thaqifite who had commanded the Arabs against the Persians in the unfortunate battle of the Bridge), a man of great talents and still greater ambition, after having supported Ibn Zobair in the siege of Mecca, had gone to Kufa, where he joined the Shiites, mostly Persians, and acquired great power.
He claimed that he was commissioned by Ali's son, Mahommed ibn al-Hanafiya, who after the death of Hosain was recognized by the Shiites as their Mandi.
Afterwards Ibn al-Hanafiya seems to have acknowledged him distinctly as his vicegerent.
Ibn Zobair's representative in Kuf a was compelled to flee, and all those who had participated in the battle of Kerbela were put to death.
Mokhtar was now at the zenith of power, but Ibn Zobair, determined to get rid at all costs of so dangerous an enemy, named his brother Mus`ab governor of Basra and ordered him to march against Kufa.
The troops of Basra had been, since the death of Yazid, at war with the Kharijites, who had supported Ibn Zobair during the siege of Mecca, but had deserted him later.
Ashtar, Mokhtar's governor of Mesopotamia, submitted and acknowledged the Caliphate of Ibn Zobair.
Ibn Zobair, however, was occupied at Mecca with the rebuilding of the Ka`ba, and Mus`ab was harassed not only by the Kharijites, but also by a noble freebooter, Obaidallah b.
Ashtar, the brave son of a brave father, who, after the fall of Mokhtar, had become a faithful supporter of Ibn Zobair.
Yusuf at the head of 2000 Syrians against Ibn Zobair in Mecca, and despatched a messenger toTariq b.'Amr, who 1 Formerly the capital of the homonymous province of Syria; it lies a day's march west from Haleb (Aleppo).
Ibn Zobair employed against him Abyssinians armed with Greek-fire-tubes, who, however, quitted him soon under the pressure of famine.
Mecca being thus left without defenders, Ibn Zobair saw that ruin was inevitable.
With Ibn Zobair perished the influence which the early companions of Mahomet had exercised over Islam.
Nomair, Ibn Zobair had rebuilt and enlarged the house of God.
Thus the protracted war against Ibn Zobair was brought to an end; hence this year (71) also is called the "year of union" (jama'a).
Not long after his arrival in Sijistan, Ibn Ash`ath, exasperated by the masterful tone of Hajjaj, the plebeian, towards himself, the high-born, decided to revolt.
The soldiers of Irak, who did not love the governor, and disliked the prospect of a long and difficult war far from home, eagerly accepted the proposition of returning to Irak, and even proclaimed the dethronement of Abdalmalik, in favour of Ibn Ash`ath.
Ibn Ash`ath drove him back to Basra, entered the city, and then turned his arms against Kufa, of which he took possession with aid from within.
Ibn Ash`ath encamped not far from him at Dair al-Jamajim with a far more numerous army.
Ibn Ash`ath fled to Basra, where he managed to collect fresh troops; but having been again beaten in a furious battle that took place at Maskin near the Dojail, he took refuge at Ahwaz, from which he was soon driven by the troops of Hajjaj under `Omara b.
Several of these were faqihs, students of Koranic science and law, and all these seconded Ibn Ash`ath with all their might.
Eutychius and others pretend that he desired to substitute Jerusalem for Mecca, because Ibn Zobair had occupied the latter place, and thus the pilgrimage to the Ka`ba had become difficult for the Syrians.
But the reputation of Omar attracted to the two holy cities a great number of the inhabitants of Irak, who had been deeply involved in the rebellion of Ibn Ash`ath.
To his unflagging constancy was due the suppression of the dangerous rebellion of Ibn Ash`ath.
Hajjaj was a sincere Moslem; this, however, did not prevent him from attacking Ibn Zobair in the Holy City, nor again from punishing rebels, though they bore the name of holy men.
A still more questionable measure of Ibn Hobaira was his ordering the successor of Said Harashi to extort large sums of money from several of the most respectable Khorasanians.
This very able man, who under Hajjaj had been prefect of Mecca, belonged properly neither to the Qaisites nor to the Yemenites, but as he took the place of Ibn Hobaira and dismissed his partisans from their posts, the former considered him as their adversary, the, latter as their benefactor.
Merwan immediately ordered Ibn Hobaira to stop his march and to wait for him at Durin, and marched with the main force against Suleiman, whom he utterly defeated at Khosaf in the district of Kinnesrin.
Ibn Omar did not acknowledge Merwan as caliph.
For the moment Merwan could do no more than send a new governor, Ibn Sa'id al Ilarashi.
This officer was supported only by the Qaisite troops, the Kalbites, who were numerically superior, maintaining Ibn Omar in his residence at Hira.
Ibn Omar and Ibn Sa`id al IIarashi tried to defend their province, but were completely defeated.
Jomhur was the first to pass over to the Khawarij; then Ibn Omar himself took the oath of allegiance.
Ibn Omar was rewarded with the government of eastern Irak, Khuzistan and Fars.
Ibn Omar was taken prisoner; Mansur b.
Jomhur fled to Ibn Moawiya.
Ibn Hobaira was at last free to send Ibn Dobara with an army to Mesopotamia.
Ilanzala defeated his army; Ibn Moawiya fled to Khorasan, where he met his death; the chief of the Kharijites, Shaiban Yashkori went to eastern Arabia; Suleiman b.
In vain he had entreated Merwan and Ibn Hobaira to send him troops before it should be too late.
Ibn Hobaira was overtaken and compelled to retire to Wasit.
Ibn Hobaira, who had been besieged in Wasit for eleven months, then consented to a capitulation, which was sanctioned by Abu'l-Abbas.
Immediately after the surrender, Ibn Hobaira and his principal officers were treacherously murdered.
At Kuf a a certain Ibn Tabataba placed an army in the field under Abul-Saraya, who had been a captain in the army of Harthama.
Sahl was defeated, and Abu`l-Saraya, no longer content to play a second part, poisoned his chief, Ibn Tabataba, and put in his place another of the family of Ali, Mahommed b.
The upper cadi Ibn abi Da`ud, the leader of the movement against orthodoxy, who had stood in great esteem with Mamun and had fulfilled his high office under the reigns of Motasim and Wathiq, had a stroke of paralysis in the year 848.
In the year 848-849 Ibn Ba`ith, who had rendered good service in the war against Babak, but had for some cause been arrested, fled from Samarra to Marand in Azerbaijan and revolted.
Not without great difficulty Bogha, the Turkish general, succeeded in taking the town and making Ibn Ba`ith prisoner.
He was compelled to send Wasif, the personal enemy of Ibn Khasib, to the frontier for a term of four years, and then to deprive his two brothers Motazz and Mowayyad, who were not agreeable to them, of their right of succession.
The Turkish soldiery, now the chief power in the state, chose, by the advice of Ibn Khasib, in succession to Montasir, his cousin Ahmad, who took the title of al-Mosta`in billala (" he who looks for help to God").
The party which had placed Mosta`in on the throne, led by Ibn Khasib and Otamish, were soon overpowered by Wasif and Bogha.
Ibn Khasib was banished to Crete, Otamish murdered.
Motamid's flight was stopped by his vizier Ibn Makhlad, and the caliph himself was reconducted to Samarra as a prisoner in the year 882.
The vizier Ibn Moqla tried to maintain his authority at least in Irak and Mesopotamia, but without success.
In this extremity the caliph bade Ibn Raiq, who had made himself master of Basra and Wasit, and had command of money and men, to come to his help. He created for him the office of Amir al-Omara, "Amir of the Amirs," which nearly corresponds to that of Mayor of the Palace among the Franks.'
At the time of his accession the Amir al-Omara was the Turkish general Bajkam, in whose favour Ibn Raiq had been obliged to retire.
Ibn Raiq came back and reinstated himself as Amir al-Omara.
This prince, still more than his predecessors, was a mere puppet in the hands of Tuzun, who died a few months later, and his successor Ibn Shirzad.
Not long before that event the wellknown Spanish traveller Ibn Jubair visited the empire of Saladin, and came to Bagdad in 580, where he saw the caliph himself.
Ibn Batuta saw him when he visited India, and says that he was very avaricious.
For life of Asma`i, see Ibn Khallik5n, Biographical Dictionary, translated from the Arabic by McG.
Ibn Batesta notices two destructive pestilences in the 14th century, and Ferishta one in 1443, which he calls ta'un, and describes as very unusual in India.
In the sultan's service Ibn Batuta remained eight years; but his good fortune stimulated his natural extravagance, and his debts soon amounted to four or five times his salary.
The mission party was to embark in Chinese junks (the word used) and smaller vessels, but that carrying the other envoys and the presents, which started before Ibn Batuta was ready, was wrecked totally; the vessel that he had engaged went off with his property, and he was left on the beach of Calicut.
Ibn Batuta died in 1378, aged seventy-three.
Ibn Batuta's travels have only been known in Europe during the 19th century; at first merely by Arabic abridgments in the Gotha and Cambridge libraries.
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was an Arab historian, philosopher, and statesman whose treatise, the Muqaddima, in which he pioneered a general sociological theory of history, shows him as one of the most original thinkers of the Middle Ages.
Solomon ben Judah ibn Gabirol
Solomon ben Judah ibn Gabirol (ca. 1021-ca. 1058) was an outstanding Spanish Hebrew poet and philosopher of the Middle Ages.
wahhabism
sevener
Wah·ha·bi
iamms
A·li
Sal·a·din
Al·haz·en
Av·i·cen·na
uthmanic
A·ver·ro·ës
al·go·rithm
Words near ibn in the Dictionary
IBM Z
Ibn al-Haytham
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Our xenon arc chamber reproduces the damage caused by full-spectrum sunlight and rain. In a few days or weeks, the Q-SUN tester can reproduce the damage that occurs over months or years outdoors.
enables testing of large samples.


Jellytelly – Buck Denver Asks...What's In the Bible?
Newscaster Buck Denver and his friends go on a wacky, wonderful, educational and musical journey through the whole Bible – from Genesis to Revelation! Learn how all the stories of the Bible fit together to tell God's great rescue plan.
This episode covers Joshua and tricky questions about fighting and killing in the Bible.
1 Samuel and the life of Saul as Israel's first king.
What's a prophet? And where do these 17 books fit in the history of Israel?


text:
History of Salem
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The William Jenning Bryan Birthplace Museum was built in 1852, when Bryan's parents were married, his father having hewed some of the timbers that went into it. The family lived in this house until Bryan was six years old.
When Bryan was six years old, the family moved to the north edge of Salem where his father owned a 600 acre farm with a 13 room, two story brick house. This house burned in the early 1940's. If you were to drive to the east end of Bryan Lane today, you would be in the approximate location of the Bryan home. In 1991, Rick Moore built a new home on the site, utilizing bricks from the original home to pave the circular drive. There was a large deer park in the area of the farm, which is where our present street, Deer Path Drive, is located.
We have a pretty accurate record of Salem in 1870, when Bryan was ten years of age. The town's home sites were considerably larger than they are today. Each lot had a garden, a barn, fruit trees, etc. There were generally two horses, a cow, some chickens and a pig or two. People raised most of their own food, and the women sewed most of the clothing worn by the family.
The division of retail stores reflected this arrangement. In 1870, there were five grocers, five butchers, and fourteen dry goods merchants in Salem. The grocers furnished spices, surgar, coffee, etc.
On a visit to Bryan Birthplace Museum, you will see many pictures of Williams Jennings Bryan, newspaper clippings, as well as a variety of awards he received. You will enjoy seeing a flatiron and fire tongs from his boyhood home. There are "life masks" of Bryan and his wife, made about 10 years before his death. Furniture that belonged to his parents, including a bookcase, washstand, and a desk, are on display as well. Bryan's Spanish American war uniform is on display, along with Bryan's chair from his office in Washington, D.C.
Bryan died on July 26, 1925, just five days after the Scopes trial ended. He had just returned to Dayton, from Chatanooga. On Sunday morning, he went to church, had lunch with his wife, and retired upstairs for a nap. When he didn't come back as soon as she expected, his wife (who was an invalid by this time) sent the chauffeur to wake him. Bryan was found dead, having died very peacefully in his sleep. William Jennings Bryan is buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Both Bryan's mother (Mariah Jennings Bryan) and father (Silas Lillard Bryan) are buried in Salem's East Lawn Cemetery, Section D, Row B (near the Veteran's Memorial).
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Salem, IL 62881
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