It is recommended that dacarbazine be administered under the supervision of a qualified physician experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
1. Hemopoietic depression is the most common toxicity with dacarbazine (see WARNINGS).
2. Hepatic necrosis has been reported (see WARNINGS).
3. Studies have demonstrated this agent to have a carcinogenic and teratogenic effect when used in animals.
4. In treatment of each patient, the physician must weigh carefully the possibility of achieving therapeutic benefit against the risk of toxicity.
After intravenous administration of dacarbazine for injection, the volume of distribution exceeds total body water content suggesting localization in some body tissue, probably the liver. Its disappearance from the plasma is biphasic with initial half-life of 19 minutes and a terminal half-life of 5 hours.1 In a patient with renal and hepatic dysfunctions, the half-lives were lengthened to 55 minutes and 7.2 hours.1 The average cumulative excretion of unchanged dacarbazine in the urine is 40% of the injected dose in 6 hours.1 Dacarbazine is subject to renal tubular secretion rather than glomerular filtration. At therapeutic concentrations dacarbazine is not appreciably bound to human plasma protein.
Dacarbazine for Injection is indicated in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. In addition, Dacarbazine for Injection is also indicated for Hodgkin's disease as a second-line therapy when used in combination with other effective agents.
Dacarbazine for Injection is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated a hypersensitivity to it in the past.
Hemopoietic depression is the most common toxicity with dacarbazine for injection and involves primarily the leukocytes and platelets, although, anemia may sometimes occur. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia may be severe enough to cause death. The possible bone marrow depression requires careful monitoring of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelet levels. Hemopoietic toxicity may warrant temporary suspension or cessation of therapy with dacarbazine for injection.
Hepatic toxicity accompanied by hepatic vein thrombosis and hepatocellular necrosis resulting in death, has been reported. The incidence of such reactions has been low; approximately 0.01% of patients treated. This toxicity has been observed mostly when dacarbazine for injection has been administered concomitantly with other antineoplastic drugs; however, it has also been reported in some patients treated with dacarbazine for injection alone.
Anaphylaxis can occur following the administration of dacarbazine for injection.
Hospitalization is not always necessary but adequate laboratory study capability must be available. Extravasation of the drug subcutaneously during intravenous administration may result in tissue damage and severe pain. Local pain, burning sensation, and irritation at the site of injection may be relieved by locally applied hot packs.
Carcinogenicity of dacarbazine was studied in rats and mice. Proliferative endocardial lesions, including fibrosarcomas and sarcomas were induced by dacarbazine in rats. In mice, administration of dacarbazine resulted in the induction of angiosarcomas of the spleen.
Dacarbazine has been shown to be teratogenic in rats when given in doses 20 times the human daily dose on day 12 of gestation. Dacarbazine when administered in 10 times the human daily dose to male rats (twice weekly for 9 weeks) did not affect the male libido, although female rats mated to male rats had higher incidence of resorptions than controls. In rabbits, dacarbazine daily dose 7 times the human daily dose given on Days 6-15 of gestation resulted in fetal skeletal anomalies. There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Dacarbazine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for dacarbazine in animal studies, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Symptoms of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are the most frequently noted of all toxic reactions. Over 90% of patients are affected with the initial few doses. The vomiting lasts 1-12 hours and is incompletely and unpredictably palliated with phenobarbital and/or prochlorperazine. Rarely, intractable nausea and vomiting have necessitated discontinuance of therapy with dacarbazine for injection. Rarely, dacarbazine has caused diarrhea. Some helpful suggestions include restricting the patient's oral intake of food for 4-6 hours prior to treatment. The rapid toleration of these symptoms suggests that a central nervous system mechanism may be involved, and usually these symptoms subside after the first 1 or 2 days.
There are a number of minor toxicities that are infrequently noted. Patients have experienced an influenza-like syndrome of fever to 39°C, myalgias and malaise. These symptoms occur usually after large single doses, may last for several days, and they may occur with successive treatments.
Alopecia has been noted as has facial flushing and facial paresthesia. There have been few reports of significant liver or renal function test abnormalities in man. However, these abnormalities have been observed more frequently in animal studies.
Erythematous and urticarial rashes have been observed infrequently after administration of dacarbazine for injection. Rarely, photosensitivity reactions may occur.
Give supportive treatment and monitor blood cell counts.
Dacarbazine for Injection, USP 100 mg/vial and 200 mg/vial are reconstituted with 9.9 mL and 19.7 mL, respectively, of Sterile Water for Injection, USP. The resulting solution contains 10 mg/mL of dacarbazine having a pH of 3.0 to 4.0. The calculated dose of the resulting solution is drawn into a syringe and administered only intravenously.
The reconstituted solution may be further diluted with 5% Dextrose Injection or Sodium Chloride Injection and administered as an intravenous infusion.
After reconstitution and prior to use, the solution in the vial may be stored at 4°C for up to 72 hours or at normal room conditions (temperature and light) for up to 8 hours. If the reconstituted solution is further diluted in 5% Dextrose Injection or Sodium Chloride Injection, the resulting solution may be stored at 4°C for up to 24 hours or at normal room conditions for up to 8 hours.
Procedures for proper handling and disposal of anticancer drugs should be considered. Several guidelines on this subject have been published.7-13 There is no general agreement that all of the procedures recommended in the guidelines are necessary or appropriate.
Dacarbazine 100 mg/vial in 10 mL vials, in packages of 10.
Dacarbazine 200 mg/vial in 20 mL vials, in packages of 10.
STORE IN A REFRIGERATOR 2°-8°C (36°-46°F).
USE WITHIN 8 HOURS OF RECONSTITUTION.
Loo, T.J., et al.: Mechanism of action and pharmacology studies with DTIC (NSC-45388). Cancer Treatment Reports 60: 149-152, 1976.
Nathanson, L., et al.: Characteristics of prognosis and response to an imidazole carboxamide in malignant melanoma. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12: 955-962, 1971.
Costanza, M.E., et al.: Therapy of malignant melanoma with an imidazole carboxamide and bischloroethyl nitrosourea. Cancer 30: 1457-1461, 1972.
Luce, J.K., et al.: Clinical trials with the antitumor agent 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388). Cancer Chemotherapy Reports 54: 119-124, 1970.
Bonadonna, G., et al.: Combined Chemotherapy (MOPP or ABVD)-radiotherapy approach in advanced Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Treatment Reports 61: 769-777, 1977.
Santoro, A., and Bonadonna, G.: Prolonged disease-free survival in MOPP- resistant Hodgkin's disease after treatment with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD). Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacol, 2: 101-105, 1979.
AMA Council Report, Guidelines for Handling Parenteral Antineoplastics. JAMA, 1985; 253 (11): 1590-1592.
National Study Commission on Cytotoxic Exposure Recommendations for Handling Cytotoxic Agents. Available from Louis P. Jeffrey, ScD., Chairman, National Study Commission on Cytotoxic Exposure, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
Clinical Oncological Society of Australia, Guidelines and Recommendations for Safe Handling of Antineoplastic Agents. Med J Australia, 1983; 1: 426-428.
Jones RB, et al: Safe Handling of Chemotherapeutic Agents: A Report from the Mount Sinai Medical Center. CA - A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 1983; (Sept/Oct) 258-263.
American Society of Hospital Pharmacists Technical Assistance Bulletin on Handling Cytotoxic and Hazardous Drugs. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1990; 47:1033-1049.
OSHA Work-Practice Guidelines for Personnel Dealing with Cytotoxic (Antineoplastic) Drugs. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1986; 43: 1193-1204.


text:
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namespace xPaw;

class MinecraftQueryException extends \Exception
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	// Exception thrown by MinecraftQuery class
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Developer Charles Polidano, known as "Ic-Caqnu"
Businessman Charles Polidano, known as ic-Caqnu, has been cleared of criminal charges relating to an incident in which a three-year-old boy was grievously injured by a tiger at Montekristo Estate's Animal Park.
Polidano, together with Michael Mercieca and tiger handler Muhammad Saleem had been charged with criminal negligence as a result of the incident. Polidano alone had also been charged with keeping dangerous animals, running a zoo without a licence and relapsing.
The incident in question took place on 28 November 2015, when the young boy suffered facial injuries after being attacked by a tiger which was being taken for a walk by its handler.
The main duty of the court was to lead public opinion, not reflect it, he said. In a judgment which touches upon many legal points of scholarly interest, the court made particular emphasis on the importance of expert opinions, saying that the expert opinions are to be respected, but are not to be considered "dogmas of the faith" which bind the court.
Quoting from the relevant legislation, the court observed that zoos were defined as permanent establishments where animals of wild species are kept for exhibition for seven or more days a year. Magistrate Mifsud also noted that dictionary definitions of the word "zoo" all centred on it being a collection of animals.
But a single tiger does not a zoo make, said the court. Only one animal was photographed and no proof was brought of other animals being in the park, the court noted with annoyance, observing that nobody had been sent to make a list of the animals.
The prosecution had shot itself in the foot, said the magistrate, when it gave only one date and had not attempted to prove the place had been in operation for over seven days as required by law. As far as the charges were concerned, the public had only entered on one occasion, said the magistrate.
With regards to Polidano, it could not be said that sufficient evidence had been presented to show that he had ordered the tiger to be taken out for a walk on the day, thereby finding no vicarious liability on his part. Likewise with Mercieca, the court said that there was insufficient evidence that he was responsible for the incident. The tiger handler, Saleem, however was found to have acted with negligence when he took the tiger out for a walk in an area accessible to the public.
Noting that the accused had reached an out-of-court settlement with the victim, the court imposed a conditional discharge of three years on Saleem, ordering him to pay a third of the costs of the case.
Lawyers Jean Paul Sammut, Mark Vassallo and Edward Gatt appeared for Polidano and Saleem. Lawyer Albert Zerafa appeared for Mercieca.


With my 10 easy tips to save time and get the most bang for your buck!
Do you wonder how much time you should be spending marketing yourself as an artist?
Allow me to teach you strategies on how to market yourself as an independent artist on instagram, pinterest, google, and facebook without spending a lot of time.
I'll show you how to GROW your design business on autopilot.
Discussed by real designers with special guest, Erica Ilene.
Are you curious why Pantone chose Living Coral as the 2019 Color of the Year? Read my blog post to find out why and what it means for your business.
Is Surtex really worth the time, MONEY, and energy that designers invest?
Check out my step-by-step guide to my Fabric Design Tutorial.
Learn how to design your own fabric in my easy step-by-step video tutorial. I dive into everything from trend research to design to uploading to Spoonflower.
With my 5 easy tips for getting started!
Learn how to become a Textile Designer in 5 easy steps. Hint: I did NOT major in Textile Design in school.
Add a Pinterest Widget to your website and your followers can get updated in REAL time on the trends you're obsessed with.
In this lesson, I teach you how to set up your file in Photoshop and the benefit of using Photoshop Layers. I offer an entire FREE 5 day email course on how to get started in Photoshop if you're a beginner. This blog posts walks you through the 1st lesson.
I was very excited to get a custom request to Illustrate MealEnders' new Website Pop-up.
Dana: Hi, we are looking for a design for our new website pop-up (MealEnders.com) to get people to subscribe to our mailing list that includes a newsletter and advice from our dietitian. We may also use it for her column in the newsletter. Thanks!
Lauren: Hi! Thank you for your order. Please send a photo and let me know of any other details you would like in your design. Thanks!
Here is the final design that Dana approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of MealEnders' dietitian in action.
This type of design works beautifully for chefs and nutritionists.
I was very excited to get a custom request from Marie, a Science Teacher.
I am looking to have an illustration made of me for my teacher blog and to perhaps use in my logo. I am a science teacher that lives and works in MA so I am looking for something with a nautical flair. I will attach some photos of me and the color palette of my teacher blog. Thank you very much, Marie.
Here is the final design that Marie approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her for her Teaching Blog.
This type of design works wonderfully for artists, teachers and anyone looking for a logo for their blog.
I was very excited to get a custom request from Mandy, a Real Estate Agent.
Yes, I can definitely do this for you. :) Please send a photo of yourself and any inspirations you may like. Thanks so much!
Mandy: Thank you so much, I'm looking forward to seeing what you come up with.
Here is the final design that Mandy approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her in her profession as a Real Estate Agent.
This type of design works beautifully as a logo for Realtor Companies.
I was very excited to get a custom request from Macey, a Cleaning Business owner.
Macey: Hi, I run a green cleaning business named Macey's Green Cleaning. I like this picture attached...I just would like the color changed to green. Let me know thank you!.
Here is the final design that Macey approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her Green Cleaning Business.
This type of Design works wonderfully for Cleaning Services.
IGTV is the new way to watch.
Remember when Snapchat used to be a thing? Haaa. Then Instagram Stories launched and all of a sudden people had the option to consolidate their platforms - and BAM! It worked.
Click on the Title to read more!
I was very excited to get a custom request from Jody, a Real Estate Agent.
Jody: Hi, I'm looking for a logo similar to the real estate agent you have shown. Of course I would like her to look like me. But I do want the same idea holding house keys with with a sold sign. I also would like my name and the word realtor under it. I plan to use this logo on all my advertisements. I would like the image to be cute, playful and approachable. I would like my hair darker than whats shown in my picture. light brown brown with highlights. The name in a fun and playful font.
Thanks for your message. I'd love to help you with this project.
Here is the final design that Jody approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her as a Real Estate Agent.
This type of design works wonderfully as a logo for Real Estate Agents.
I was very excited to get a custom request from Candace to design an Illustration for her agent, Caroline.
Candace: Hi Lauren! Its me again! I'm adding a buyers agent to my team and would love to get her one of these characters done. Same "My Agent Caroline" but maybe in front of a house or picket fence row instead... is that possible? I have attached a few images.
Lauren: Definitely! I would love to work on this for you!
Here is the final design that Candace approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her agent, Caroline.
I was very excited to get a custom request from Kim, a Blogger with Newborn Twins.
Kim: Hi! I am creating a blog and I am looking for someone to help with my logo :) do you create Wordpress blog templates as well? I love your illustrations.
Lauren: Hey Kim, I would love to create a logo for you! Thanks for your message. The way it works is you can describe some of your ideas in this thread and attach some images of yourself. You can also include any inspiration images so I can get a sense of your design style.
Here is the final design that Kim approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her and her Newborn Twins.
This type of Design works wonderfully for Blog Logos.
Join the live book club discussion of Jen Sincero's life-changing book, You Are a Badass at Making Money. We dive into book club questions that really force us to look at our limiting beliefs surrounding money.
ARE YOU TIRED OF BEING TOTALLY BROKE?
Being broke is stressful. Before I read Jen Sincero's You are a Badass at Making Money I had no idea that getting rich was something in my control. I thought ultra fancy "Rich" people were either lucky SOB's inheriting their family's heaping wealth, lucky SOB's with a world-changing invention or business idea, or lucky SOB's born with a genius-level brain.
I was very excited to get a custom request from Kelly, a Business Woman.
Kelly: Hi Lauren, could I get the Liz character with no glasses?
Kelly: Ok, I purchased a business woman Liz and ordered the revision. Was hoping to have her in the style of dress that I carry in my business.
Here is the final design that Kelly approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her as a Business Woman.
Victoria: Hi Lauren!, I am a celebrity makeup artist and I am launching a makeup line for my studio and clients. I work on Miss USA, Miss Universe and all of the red carpet events in LA, I need something girly glam but I always leave my clients with a motivation and inspiration message to empower them to find their magic and know that they are ENOUGH!
Here is the final design that Victoria approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her as a professional Makeup Artist for Celebrities.
This type of Design works beautifully for professional Business Babes.
I was very excited to get a custom request from Katie, a personal trainer, yoga teacher and pre- and post-natal fitness specialist.
Katie: Hi Lauren, I'm interested in having you make a custom character logo for me similar to this one. I am a personal trainer, yoga teacher and pre- and post-natal fitness specialist. I would like a logo with the avatar and then some me avatars like the fitness and yoga avatars you have.
Attached are three photos. I have green eyes. Let me know if you need anything else. Thanks so much!
Here is the final design that Katie approved. It is a beautiful vector illustration of her in her profession as a Fitness Specialist.
This type of design works wonderfully for Business Women in the Fitness or Health Profession.


text:
HollywoodNews.com > metal-clawed mutant
Tag Archives: metal-clawed mutant
Darren Aronofsky appeases fanboys with 'Wolverine 2' details
Sun, Nov 14 2010
Also tagged: Awards Movies News Award, Christopher McQuarrie, Darren Aronofsky, Entertainment, Entertainment/Culture, Fictional secret agents and spies, film, Hugh Jackman, Human Interest, Military personnel, Movieline, News Hollywood Awards, oscar, Twitter Inc, Wolverine, X-Men, X-Men films
HollywoodNews.com: Darren Aronofsky revealed more details about his directorial involvement with Fox's reboot of the "X-Men" character Wolverine on the big screen. The film which stars Hugh Jackman won't be a sequel to the 2009 film rather a tale unto itself. Script is being penned by Oscar-winning scribe Christopher McQuarrie.[...]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Do you hate waiting for your shower to warm up in the morning?
A common way to avoid this is to install a hot water ringmain. This type of system works by circulating hot water around your house to minimise the amount of waiting time when you turn on a tap.
Consider an ordinary hot water system. You'll have a hot water cylinder (or maybe a gas water heater) somewhere in your house. If you have a large home, the distance between your water heater and your bathroom might be quite a long way.
When you turn on a hot tap, water has to run from your water heater all the way down to the tap. If the pipes are cold, it'll cause the water to cool down along the way so you'll have cold water coming out of the hot tap until all the pipes have warmed up between your water heater and your tap.
Who's got time to wait for hot water?
The ring main solution has a small return pipe installed with allow water to flow back to the water heater. A circulating pump keeps the hot water moving slowly around the system, so that hot water is always available within a couple of metres of each hot water fixture.
The pump is controlled by a thermostat attached to the hot water pipe at the furthest point. This turns the circulating pump on when the pipe gets too cool.
The main drawback with a hot water ringmain system is that because the hot water is always circulating through the pipes, your system can lose heat if the pipes aren't properly insulated. This increases your water heating costs.
Make sure your installer is correctly lagging the pipework. It should be specified by your designer.
If properly designed and installed, a hot water ringmain will provides you with endless hot water at a moment's notice.


For junior golfers everywhere, their schedule seems to never slow down. Tournaments, practice, homework, and workouts can really add up, making It easy for a junior golfer to become overwhelmed. Let's discuss the junior golf calendar and what a player should focus on each given season to set you up for the most success.
During the winter months, use this time to focus on your golf fitness. You do not need to spend hours in the gym to be successful, but instead can use these simple and effective workout routines that focus on your core strength and flexibility.
This time of the year is very important when pursuing a college golf scholarship and talking to college coaches. The winter months are one of the most active times for coaches when it comes to recruiting. Two of the most important items for you to accomplish this winter are to create a college golf resume and and to send introduction emails to coaches that you are interested in. Set a goal of reaching out to at-least 2-3 programs every week and ensure that each email is detailed and personalized.
If you have already started to email college coaches, be sure to follow up via phone call within 2-3 weeks after initial contact. Always keep in mind that it will take more than one touch-point to get through to a college coach.
During the spring months, it is important to remember college golf coaches are busy with the spring season. Rather than sending off countless emails, be strategic about your outreach, look at their tournament schedule before emailing or calling a coach – avoid reaching out on days they are at tournaments or days prior to the event.
One of the most important items to send over to a college coach is your upcoming summer tournament schedule. Create a simple word document with dates of your tournaments, name of the event, and what courses it will be on. A goal of yours should be to have a college coach watch you play in the summer, but you need to get your schedule in front of them months in advance.
Summer means one thing for a junior golfer, tournament time! Where there is not a perfect number of events to play in over the summer, Competing in at-least 7-10 events is usually sufficient. Set your focus and goal on competing in multi day events (36 holes or longer) at yardages close to 7,000 yards for boys and 6,000 yards for girls with a field size of 30 or more players. Events such as the 2019 High School Golf National Invitational will look great on your tournament resume and will stand out to college coaches.
Since college golf is a two season sport, the same advice from spring applies to the fall months. I would suggest following up with coaches you have been in touch with over the summer months to learn of opportunities to come for a campus visit. Seeing a school up close and in person can either make or break your decision to attend.
If you are a senior, it is important to make sure that you have filled out your FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) and that you have applied to the college to ensure you are accepted (GPA and test scores). If a college coach offers you a scholarship, it's important to ask what the decision timeline is so you can weigh your other college options.
The junior golf calendar is a 365 day a year operation, and if you are able to strategize your tournaments, school work, fitness, and outreach to college coaches, you can be successful. If you have specific questions regarding what to do during a certain season, feel free to contact me directly at chris@highschoolgolf.org.


text:
The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex: A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions
Juan F. van der Maelen, Mario Ceroni, Javier Ruiz
Química e Ingeniería Química
Departamento Académico de Química Inorgánica
Síntesis química
Cristalografía, edafología, arqueometría y nuevos materiales
The synthesis and X-ray structure determination of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-SC(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex (1) are described. The C-Br...Br dihalogen bond present in 1 has been characterized by means of topological studies of the electron density. Both the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and the electron localization function approaches have been applied to several theoretically calculated wavefunctions as well as to an X-ray constrained wavefunction. In addition, a number of theoretical techniques, such as the source function, the reduced density gradient method and the interacting quantum atoms approach, among others, have been used to analyse the dihalogen bond as well as several intramolecular interactions of the type C-H...Br-C which have also been detected in 1. The results show clearly that while bonding in the latter interactions are dominated by electrostatic components, the former has a high degree of covalency.
Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials
Publicada - 1 oct. 2020
© 2020 International Union of Crystallography
Profundice en los temas de investigación de 'The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex: A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions'. En conjunto forman una huella única.
Wave functions Ingeniería y ciencia de los materiales 100%
Electron Localization Compuestos químicos 96%
Quantum Theory Compuestos químicos 92%
Atoms Ingeniería y ciencia de los materiales 74%
Electron Density Compuestos químicos 65%
X rays Ingeniería y ciencia de los materiales 65%
Quantum theory Ingeniería y ciencia de los materiales 52%
Carrier concentration Ingeniería y ciencia de los materiales 51%
van der Maelen, J. F., Ceroni, M., & Ruiz, J. (2020). The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex: A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions. Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 76, 802-814. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520620009889
van der Maelen, Juan F. ; Ceroni, Mario ; Ruiz, Javier. / The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex : A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions. En: Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials. 2020 ; Vol. 76. pp. 802-814.
@article{e7fd04350a344292981a7fd850f19657,
title = "The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex: A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions",
abstract = "The synthesis and X-ray structure determination of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-SC(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex (1) are described. The C-Br...Br dihalogen bond present in 1 has been characterized by means of topological studies of the electron density. Both the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and the electron localization function approaches have been applied to several theoretically calculated wavefunctions as well as to an X-ray constrained wavefunction. In addition, a number of theoretical techniques, such as the source function, the reduced density gradient method and the interacting quantum atoms approach, among others, have been used to analyse the dihalogen bond as well as several intramolecular interactions of the type C-H...Br-C which have also been detected in 1. The results show clearly that while bonding in the latter interactions are dominated by electrostatic components, the former has a high degree of covalency.",
keywords = "Electron localization function (ELF), Halogen bonds, Noncovalent interactions, Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), X-ray constrained wavefunction (XCW)",
author = "{van der Maelen}, {Juan F.} and Mario Ceroni and Javier Ruiz",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 International Union of Crystallography",
journal = "Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials",
van der Maelen, JF, Ceroni, M & Ruiz, J 2020, 'The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex: A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions', Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, vol. 76, pp. 802-814. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520620009889
The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex : A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions. / van der Maelen, Juan F.; Ceroni, Mario; Ruiz, Javier.
En: Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, Vol. 76, 01.10.2020, p. 802-814.
T1 - The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex
T2 - A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions
AU - van der Maelen, Juan F.
AU - Ceroni, Mario
AU - Ruiz, Javier
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2020 International Union of Crystallography
N2 - The synthesis and X-ray structure determination of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-SC(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex (1) are described. The C-Br...Br dihalogen bond present in 1 has been characterized by means of topological studies of the electron density. Both the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and the electron localization function approaches have been applied to several theoretically calculated wavefunctions as well as to an X-ray constrained wavefunction. In addition, a number of theoretical techniques, such as the source function, the reduced density gradient method and the interacting quantum atoms approach, among others, have been used to analyse the dihalogen bond as well as several intramolecular interactions of the type C-H...Br-C which have also been detected in 1. The results show clearly that while bonding in the latter interactions are dominated by electrostatic components, the former has a high degree of covalency.
AB - The synthesis and X-ray structure determination of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-SC(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex (1) are described. The C-Br...Br dihalogen bond present in 1 has been characterized by means of topological studies of the electron density. Both the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and the electron localization function approaches have been applied to several theoretically calculated wavefunctions as well as to an X-ray constrained wavefunction. In addition, a number of theoretical techniques, such as the source function, the reduced density gradient method and the interacting quantum atoms approach, among others, have been used to analyse the dihalogen bond as well as several intramolecular interactions of the type C-H...Br-C which have also been detected in 1. The results show clearly that while bonding in the latter interactions are dominated by electrostatic components, the former has a high degree of covalency.
KW - Electron localization function (ELF)
KW - Halogen bonds
KW - Noncovalent interactions
KW - Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM)
KW - X-ray constrained wavefunction (XCW)
JO - Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials
JF - Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials
van der Maelen JF, Ceroni M, Ruiz J. The X-ray constrained wavefunction of the [Mn(CO)4{(C6H5)2P-S-C(Br2)-P(C6H5)2}]Br complex: A theoretical and experimental study of dihalogen bonds and other noncovalent interactions. Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials. 2020 Oct. 1;76:802-814. doi: 10.1107/S2052520620009889


Built in the surroundings of Magione, the castello di Zocco overlooks Lake Trasimeno. Over the centuries, it represented the most powerful military settlements in the area, having seven towers, of which five remain today, three gates and imposing fortified walls.
It was built in 1274, next to a Franciscan convent and was probably given the name Zocco because of its shape, which is very similar to a "zoccolo di cavallo"- a horse hoof.
In 1403 the first modifications were made to it, indeed, before this date, the castle was called "villa" and had one hundred and fifty inhabitants. Once the defences had been strengthened, it took the title of "castrum" and as early as 1456, housed hundreds of people from Perugia who had fled a serious plague epidemic that raged through the city.
In 1479, it endured a violent siege by some Florentine troops, as many fortresses in the area did, including the nearby Rocca Monaldi.
A few years later, in 1486, a well was built at a cost of twenty-five florins inside the castle that had been built for defence purposes.
From the 16th century onwards began a period of slow decline for the castle, which was being improperly run by the camerlenghi (chamberlains) of the lake. Another contributing factor was the rising of the lake waters, which meant that Zocco found itself, in just a few years, on the shores of the lake. Once the castle was connected to a little port, an active community of fishermen quickly formed which, over time, however, gradually decreased.
At the beginning of the Twentieth century it was inhabited by a small community of farmers, but for decades, it has belonged to the Palombaro family of Rome, who are producers of a well-known extra-virgin olive oil.
Its church of San Macario, on whose walls you could once read an ancient Latin inscription next to a painting depicting a gentlewoman, is particularly noteworthy.


text:
micetimes.asia
Home sports NBA: "Houston" beat "San Antonio", defeat "Oklahoma" and "Toronto»
NBA: "Houston" beat "San Antonio", defeat "Oklahoma" and "Toronto»
In the strongest basketball League in the world continues regular season.
Head coach Houston Mike D'anthony-in the away match against "San Antonio" used only eight players that did not stop the rockets to win. Guests, playing without Eric Gordon and Trevor Ariza, won the first half with 17-point margin and kept the gained advantage.
Player of the match: James harden (28, 11 assists).
Three-pointer, Gary Harris brought "to Denver" important victory over the "Oklahoma". The nuggets in the final quarter lost a 17-point advantage, but still snatched victory in a dramatic ending. Defender thunder Paul George scored a record in the season 43 points and Russell Westbrook scored a rare double double-double (20+9 rebounds+21 gear). From the owners to triple-dublu Nikola Jokić 33 points added Jamal Murray.
Player of the match: Nikola Jokic (29+13 rebounds 14 assists).
Washington, despite the loss of John wall, in the home match lost "Toronto". Once eight players have scored at least 10 points, and the main architect of the victory was Bradley Beal.
Player of the match: Bradley Beal (27+6 rebounds+6 assists).
The former leader of the "clippers" Blake Griffin made his debut in "Detroit." The pistons won a labour victory over "Memphis", and Griffin has issued a double-double.
Player of the match: Blake Griffin (24+10 rebounds+5 assists).
The results of the matches of the day:
Washington – Toronto 122:119 (27:34, 28:28, 33:25, 34:32)
The Detroit – Memphis 104:102 (27:25, 24:26, 31:25, 22:26)
San Antonio – Houston 91:102 (14:27, 24:27, 32:28, 21:20)
Minnesota – Milwaukee 108:89 (23:17, 37:22, 19:22, 29:28)
Denver – Oklahoma 127:124 (40:33, 32:24, 32:32, 23:35)
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NBA: "Houston" defeated "Cleveland", "Golden state" conceded "to Denver»
NBA: wins the "Golden State, Boston and Toronto»
NBA: Washington and Toronto win on home ice
NBA: record Harden, the defeat of the "Cleveland" and "Golden State»
NBA: victory "Cleveland", "Houston" and "Oklahoma»
NBA: "Golden state" defeated "Boston", "Oklahoma" took care of "Detroit»
China reports better-than-expected macroeconomic figures
The stock exchange meters in the Asian region showed a mixed picture on Monday. Investors processed a series of macroeconomic figures from China. Growth in the second largest economy in the world was higher than expected in the fourth quarter. Industrial production also increased...
Trump impeachment is unlikely act of revenge
Last night, in addition to all 222 Democrats in the House of Representatives, ten Republican members of the United States Congress turned against president Trump. Never before did a president get so many fellow party members against him in an impeachment vote. The big question...
Tom Enders joins Lilium board of directors in quest to present a miraculous electric air taxi
Former Airbus CEO Tom Enders joins the board of Directors of the German start-up Lilium. That company is targeting cleaner regional air transport with some kind of electric-powered flying taxis. Enders was at the helm of Airbus before seven years. He resigned from the...
Asia is a leading player in economical development of the World. Thus everything that happens in our region is bound to produce an impact on the rest of the planet. Our team is closely monitoring, translating and investigating news story for our readers. We are well informed in the regional and global news. We do our best to keep the pace of rapidly evolving World. Greetings from Singapore&Bangkok.
The incident
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The Queensland State of Origin team made a flying visit to Mackay's rescue helicopter hangar late this afternoon.
The team had been in town for the Mackay Fan Day and took the opportunity to pop into RACQ CQ Rescue hangar to meet the crew and sign some merchandise before boarding their flight back to Brisbane.
Former Mackay player Dane Gagai was particularly interested in speaking with the RACQ CQ Rescue crew about their lifesaving work across the region and many players, including Queensland State of Origin captain Cameron Smith and Jonathan Thurston, took the opportunity to jump into the pilot seat of the Bell 412 helicopter.
Others well-known rugby league identities who visited the service included Allan Langer, Queensland coach Kevin Walters and Trevor Gillmeister.
RACQ CQ Rescue CEO Ian Rowan said it was a huge thrill for the service to welcome the team ahead of the second State of Origin clash next week.


This is in reply to your letter dated August 9, 1996, on behalf of your client, Anchor Hocking Corp., requesting a country of origin determination for certain carrying cases for cookware which will be imported into the United States.
- materials are sourced (exterior flake 600D, interior 210 nylon, PE foam, sponge, PVC patch, clear PVC, thread, ink, zipper teeth, zipper pull, webbing, inside PVC label).
The subject merchandise is classifiable in subheading 4202.92.9040, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS). As the subject merchandise is wholly assembled in a single country, China, the country of origin is China.
The country of origin of the subject carrying cases for cookware is China.


Source note: First published in the August 2013 issue of The Real Deal. Data comes from a survey of property management companies and divisions, from the Real Estate Board of New York and from industry reports. List includes only "third-party" managing agents, or companies that own less than half of the buildings in their portfolio.


Get dinner on the table in minutes with this classic clam sauce recipe.
Sunny fries plantains in butter for a delicious, naturally sweet side dish.
Simply pan sear some cilantro chicken and presto - its pesto chicken!


Can you tell I don't like plain doors?
If you've visited my blog very much, you know that we seat 30 or more family members for holiday dinners. You may also know that my coffee table raises to dining height when I need to use it for extra guests. In addition, the tables and the desk in the next 3 pictures can be made into tables for extra dinner guests.
What a beautiful room. It is so warm and inviting. I could write a number of paragraphs on so many of your pieces! Love and envy all your shelving especially.
BEAUTIFUL HOME!!!!!!! You can tell it is loved and so warm and a lived in home...while very beautiful, it is not staged and you have thought about the comfort of every one that comes to visit you..."The Perfect Hostess" who never feels she does enough and yet goes beyond. You are a unique lady, always thinking of other people.
I love...love...everything. Your shelves and the way you have them displayed with some artwork hanging from the shelf...very chic.
I love the picture of the Eiffel tower...I love the colors of your home......you should be proud.
I have said a prayer for everyone on your list and thank you for praying for Amy and her friend Leila...this is Amy's appointment day with the surgeon Dr. Medina in Okc....I have never been to bed for praying and doing some art work to relax. I will let you and Barbara from the purple goat, and sheila, the magpie,Penniwig,karen harvey cox,gloria, and keetha and just everyone who is praying for Amy.
your prayer list is really growing.
have a wonderful day sweet lady.
I loved your tour of your Family Room ! I know whatcha mean with blogging and I do work people ! I also am picky about my home photos...If there is anything in the background (like stuff my hubby hasn't finished yet...) I can't post it...so I get really creative on the angles of my photo shots...LOL ! Your home is gorgeous and I love the way you decorate - I love all your stuff ! A few months ago I didn't have alot of stuff - you know that more to dust thing...now I love it cuz my home makes me feel great with all the stuff I love surrounding me !
Laurie, I know I have asked to see more of your home so you made my morning! Let me just say,that family room looks like it's out of a magazine. You have beautiful pieces of furniture and accessories! I love how you've situated the furniture pieces. It's beautiful. I'll be revisiting this room, for sure!
Laurie... I love your warm and welcoming room... and you did a wonderful job with your mosaics too!
Laurie I love your home! It's beautiful and authentic!!! The absolute authenticity, is a huge part of what makes a home!
I enjoyed seeing the mosaics! Thanks so much, for sharing more of your lovely home! Please continue to do so.
Try moving the chair two inches to the left and second plate from the left looks like it is one inch too far. Hahaha, just a little RMS humor! Seriously, your home is lovely. If I sat down in your family room, I would never get up and leave. I'm a big fan of "hodge podget" myself. Don't change a thing and thank you for sharing!
Laurie, this is a great post--of a great, beautiful room. You've posted many wonderful things on your blog, but I agree with Cindy: this is awesome. Give Mary Gay and Paul a big, ole hug.
You're room is so--I can't find a work to describe it that hasn't already been used. I think anyone who is lucky enough to be entertained in that room is indeed one fortunate person. It's spectacular!
Laurie...I knew it would be lovely...I just knew it!!! I am so thrilled that you posted your family room this morning...what a great way to start the week!!!
I just had a feeling your room would look this way from the little peeks we got from previous posts. It is sooo you...so warm, inviting and wonderful!!! I love all of the details too...some old some new...perfection!!! It is such a beautiful blend of collections and furnishings...wonderful!!!
The room itself has such gorgeous architecture. I love it!!! The beams and the built-ins are so beautiful and the fireplace is stunning!!!
I am so glad that you shared this...I am your biggest fan;)!!!
Oh...your mosaics are amazing!!! I love that you used the shots from your room!!!
Have a wonderful Monday sweet Laurie!!!
Your family room is beautiful!!
Are you kidding?? You don't know how to decorate?? Your room is absolutely gorgeous!! I love the warmth of the colors, your accessories are to die for....Oh my, I cannot even begin to say how beautiful everything is! I even showed my husband...and he loved it all!! What a beautiful place to entertain family and friends...you've got it girl!
Oh, and you had me with the dog mosaic - I LOVE COCKERS!
My first visit to your blog! Your house looks beautiful! What's all that nonsense about not knowing about decorating? You've done a pretty good job with some very lovely pieces. I spied the Eiffel Tower! Look at my blog...I just got back from Paris & will be posting more pictures of my trip.
I love your family room. It looks like quite a big room. I love how you have it set up & have it decorated. Your room is very warm & inviting. I feel at home looking at photos of your room. Thanks for sharing your photos.
I am by no means, sorry! Your home is another affirmation that you are as warm and sincere of heart, as I think you are..!
No way am I sorry that I asked! I love all the angles you took of your humoungous family room! So much eye candy, I'll have to go back again for seconds! Funny, I just took pictures this morning of my family room in anticipation of some before and afters, and I know what you mean about not liking what you see. I had to take it at strategic angles so as to not show the mess in the background. But I can't see anything in your family room that I didn't like. You're much too critical of yourself. I've seen pictures in magazines that don't own up to yours! Great post!
I am so glad you stayed up last night and made this post happen. Your photos are wonderful and your home is so inviting. Now I keep looking around my house and want to redecorate my house big time:) Are you free this week to jet over and do a redo on my house?
what a huge space!!! I love it. It is so warm and cozy...you have done a wonderful job...that book case is outstanding...and you have such a great style!
That is some room! You can fit the whole fam damily in there! It looks wonderful...Who dusts all those shelves...that would take me a week to do..and then it would be time to do it again!
Your family room is gorgeous! Love your mosaics, so much to see!
Oh, thank you Laurie for the tour of your most beautiful family room! I adore your home! I love all of your pretty things! Man, what a big room, too! I could shop for days in here.
Thanks again for sharing your home!
Your family room is delightful. I adore those built-ins. If I could have those to accessorize my check book would really scream! Your mosiacs are great!
I'm truly serious, tho~~~ your home is just SO INCREDIBLY CHARMING... to the max~~~ warm, loving, inviting, genuine, personal, comfy, sentimental, etc... it's JUST AS I "SEE" YOU!!!
bothering me more than losing the blog.
As usual, your posts are gorgeous !
Take care of yourself busy lady.
Laurie...you have a simply stunning family room. Warm and cozy....I love it.
I so wish you had the confidence of the talent and warmth that comes from you! Your home is beyond comforting, welcoming and embracing. YOU do have good decorating tastes and your home exudes that. I think its beautiful!
Laurie, everyone is right; your family room is one beautiful place to be in! Glad you shared it and what a feast for the eyes! I love all of your botanical prints and hutch and lamps, ok, all of it! You have one great looking family room!
What program do you use for your collaages?
You know I love your family room because I have told you 100 times..
there is a chest I am really coveting(sorry)(chest envy)..and something I want to know what it is..
Your family room looks so inviting. I just love the exposed beams. And you have such wonderful things to decorate with. Thanks for sharing.
Hot glue the fringe! You are a genius. Yes, that's what I need to do (I was going to TRY and sew--I was a failed home ec major, so it would take years and years to sew anything).
Oh wow - what a huge family room! We would love to have your built in book shelves but ours would be loaded down with books! Your family room reminds me of an English sitting room with that lovely fireplace and your most comfortable looking furniture. You don't need to apologize for your STUFF. Many of us have parents and in-laws that have passed and I know I couldn't throw out everything they had. My hubby says I should "rotate" the stuff but the problem is I don't have enough storage (cupboards, cabinets and/or closets...) to store it properly. I would never have those CLEAN HOUSE folks at my place telling me that the stuff passed down isn't my beloved relative and to get rid of it. Thanks for sharing your lovely home with us.
I am just drooling over your family room Laurie! Wow what great pieces you have in here, lovely collections and the colors are just like I would like too.
Great ceiling height, wish we had that. Just a great room to relax in, I will be right over, LOL!!
Laurie - thanks so much for the photo program tip - I downloaded it and have played around with it all evening. Just what I need - new stuff on the computer!
Wow - this is sooooooooo gorgeous! I love the size of it and yet how cozy it is!!! I am overwhelmed!!! it's beautiful.
Oh, Laurie, your house is beautiful. Those built -ins are to die for, and that rooster chair...oh my. Great idea that the coffee table raises. Love that.
Yes, I am from right outside of Memphis.


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By the AP, as published by NYPo, Chesapeake Bay 'dead zone' has 200 million tons of pollutants
When the Conowingo Dam opened to fanfare nearly a century ago, the massive wall of concrete and steel began its job of harnessing water power in northern Maryland. It also quietly provided a side benefit: trapping sediment and silt before it could flow miles downstream and pollute the Chesapeake Bay, the nation's largest estuary.
The old hydroelectric dam spanning the lower Susquehanna River is still producing power, but its days of effectively trapping sediment in a 14-mile (22.5-kilometer) long reservoir behind its walls are over. Behind the 94-foot (29-meter) high barrier lies a massive inventory of coal-black muck — some 200 million tons (181 million metric tons) of pollutants picked up over decades from farmlands, industrial zones and towns.
How big a threat this sediment stockpile poses to the Chesapeake Bay or whether anything can even be done about it depends on who one talks to. With Maryland pushing to curb pollution in dam discharges, the issue has become a political football as Conowingo's operator seeks to renew its federal license to operate the dam for 46 more years after its old license expired.
And as negotiations drag on, the lack of agreement about curbing runoff pollutants following the wettest year on record imperils hard-won gains in restoring the Chesapeake Bay. . .
Do you see the problem here?
The so called "Dead Zone" in the Chesapeake Bay is the bottom water in the deep channel that runs out of oxygen in summer, forming a hypoxic (with less than 2 ppm oxygen), or in some cases anoxic (without oxygen) zone in the water that is deadly to organism. I reported on that last night; good news that it wasn't, at time they checked, as bad as they feared it would be based on the amount of rain we have had.
The 200 million tons that AP reports in the "Dead Zone" are the sediments safely, for now, captured behind Conowingo Dam. A pain, but not a current problem. The problem is that Conowingo pool is full, and is no longer catching new sediment that comes down. Those are a problem, but not 200 million tons worth.
We have no idea how many pounds of "pollutants" there are in the Bay; that rather depends on the definition. Certainly nutrients, mainly fixed nitrogen and phosphorus, are regarded as the primary problem. But they do not constitute 200 million tons. The annualized TMDL for nitrogen in the Bay is only 186 million pounds, phosphorus 12.6 million lbs. Even the TMDL for sediment is only 3.2 million tons.
They have part of the story right, and part dead wrong: Behold the Gell-Mann Amnesia Effect:
Briefly stated, the Gell-Mann Amnesia effect is as follows. You open the newspaper to an article on some subject you know well. In Murray's case, physics. In mine, show business. You read the article and see the journalist has absolutely no understanding of either the facts or the issues. Often, the article is so wrong it actually presents the story backward — reversing cause and effect. I call these the "wet streets cause rain" stories. Paper's full of them.
In any case, you read with exasperation or amusement the multiple errors in a story, and then turn the page to national or international affairs, and read as if the rest of the newspaper was somehow more accurate about Palestine than the baloney you just read. You turn the page, and forget what you know.
Labels: anoxia, Chesapeake Bay, hypoxia, nitrogen, phosphorus, pollution, sediment


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Personal Loan Kanpur, 21 January 2022 from RBL Bank
Advance Salary Loan from RBL Bank in Kanpur
Kanpur is an Indian city in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It was earlier known as "Cawnpore." It closely follows the state capital Lucknow in terms of area and population. The city is of utmost religious, historical and commercial importance. Kanpur stands on the banks of the eternal Ganga and is considered to be one of the major industrial centers of India. This industrial town excels in basic metal, chemicals and rubber products. Kanpur has a bunch of defense factories for Field guns, ordnance equipment, small arms and ordnance parachutes. The leather industry in Kanpur is also quite famous. Kanpur previously had a huge yield of cotton and was often called the "Manchester of India." Besides being the most industrialized region of UP, Kanpur is also recognized as an important educational center. The city hosts prestigious institutions like IIT Kanpur and Harcourt Butler Technological Institute. Moreover, Kanpur is closely following Kota and has recently become a hub of coaching center. Innumerable coaching institutes have sprouted in the Kakadeo area of Kanpur. The infrastructural facilities in Kanpur are under development. The city has a domestic airport, but people need to travel to the neighboring city of Lucknow for international flights. Kanpur Central is an important and busy railway station with rail routes connecting to all major Indian cities. The local roads in Kanpur are not well appreciated although many highways pass through the city. A peripheral Outer Ring Road is under-construction to allow the heavy vehicles to bypass the city and prevent traffic congestion in the city. Kanpur is famous for its pollution. According to WHO, it is the worlds most polluted city and thus hinders the development of the city.
Low interest rate Premium Bike Loan in Kanpur, 21 January 2022 from RBL Bank


text:
New Study Shows CUNY's ASAP Program Boosts Two-Year Graduation Rate of Community College Students Who Need Remedial Education
(New York, January 8, 2014) — MDRC, a nonprofit, nonpartisan education and social policy research firm, released encouraging findings today from a rigorous evaluation of the City University of New York's (CUNY's) Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP), an ambitious three-year intervention to encourage and support community college students to attend school full time and graduate. After two years, ASAP has increased the proportion of developmental education students who have completed an associate's degree by 5.7 percentage points (14.5 percent for ASAP students vs. 8.7 percent for students in CUNY's regular programs) — a 66 percent increase.
Community colleges across the country confront a clear challenge: too many students arrive on campus unprepared, get placed into developmental courses where they stagnate, attend only part time (because of work or other responsibilities), and never complete a credential, graduate, or transfer to a four-year institution. At the same time, community colleges are subject to increasing expectations — and increased scrutiny — about their ability to develop a better-educated and credentialed workforce.
What Is ASAP?
In 2007, The City University of New York (CUNY), with the support and funding from the New York City Center for Economic Opportunity (CEO), launched Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) at all six CUNY community colleges. ASAP requires students to attend college full time and provides them with a rich array of supports for three full years, including a tuition waiver that covers any gap between a student's financial aid and tuition and fees, special seminars and block-scheduled classes, enhanced advising, career services, free MetroCards for use on public transportation, and free use of textbooks. In 2009, CUNY, in partnership with CEO and CEO's evaluators, conducted an internal evaluation of ASAP and found very promising effects for participating students. At that point, CUNY decided to expand the program and commissioned MDRC to conduct an external study to test ASAP's effects using a random assignment design, the "gold standard" methodology in program evaluation.
What Did MDRC's Study Find?
MDRC's study focuses on three CUNY community colleges: Borough of Manhattan, Kingsborough, and LaGuardia. For the study, ASAP targets low-income students who need one or two developmental courses to build their reading, writing, or math skills. The study compares ASAP with regular services and classes at the colleges. MDRC's report provides results for the first two years of the three-year program. Key findings include effects on:
Semester-to-semester retention. After the first semester, ASAP consistently increased the likelihood that students would enroll in each subsequent semester by 8 to 10 percentage points. The effect on enrolling in shorter intercessions (winter or summer) was even larger.
Credits earned. ASAP increased the average number of credits earned over two years by 7.6 credits (37.9 for ASAP students vs. 30.4 for control students), a 25 percent increase that represents 13 percent of the college-level credits required to earn a degree.
Graduation. ASAP increased the proportion of students who earned an associate's degree in two years by 5.7 percentage points (14.5 percent for ASAP students vs. 8.7 percent for the control group). It's important to note that these students had to fulfill developmental education requirements before earning at least 60 college-level credits to graduate. In fact, data from the first cohort of students in the study shows that this effect grows substantially by the two-and-a-half-year mark: 33.3 percent of program group members had earned an associate's degree, compared with 18.2 percent of control group members — for an impact of 15.1 percentage points.
"These positive effects are among the largest we've seen in a community college setting, and they provide strong evidence that ASAP's package of supports and services — and its strong message about full-time attendance — is making a real difference for students with developmental education needs," said Gordon Berlin, President of MDRC.
"MDRC's findings give us even more confidence in the decision we reached with the city and state to finance an 1,800-student expansion of ASAP to 3,225 students this fall. With the addition of 2,000 new students next year to fill the slots of those who will graduate, we'll grow to 4,000 students in Fall 2014," said CUNY Interim Chancellor William P. Kelly. "Quite simply: ASAP works."
"By significantly improving graduation rates for participating students, CUNY ASAP has set a new standard of success for community colleges nationwide," said Kristin Morse, Executive Director of the New York City Center for Economic Opportunity. "A college degree is the best pathway out of poverty, and ASAP makes that path a reality for many more students."
MDRC will publish three-year results from its evaluation of ASAP in 2014, including findings on the implementation and cost of ASAP.
MDRC's study is supported by the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust and Robin Hood Foundation.
Contact: John Hutchins, Communications Director, 212-340-8604, [email protected].
Headquartered in New York City, with a regional office in Oakland, CA, MDRC is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research organization with 40 years of experience designing and evaluating education and social policy initiatives.
More Graduates
Two-Year Results from an Evaluation of Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) for Developmental Education Students
Evaluation of Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) for Developmental Education Students


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text:
This is an article from the September - October 1997 issue: The Jesus Film Project Takes on the World
September 01, 1997 by Ralph D. Winter
Four Men, Three Eras
College students around the world used to be bowled over by Marxist thought. One powerful reason was that Communism had a "long look." Communists claimed to know where history was heading, and that they were merely following inevitable trends.Recently, evangelicals, too, have thought a lot about trends in history and their relationship to events to come. The massive response a while back to Hal Lindsey's books and films about possible events in the future has shown us that people are responsive to a "where are we going?" approach to life.
In comparison to the Communists, Christians actually have the longest look, backed up by a mass of hard facts and heroic deeds. Yet for some reason, Christians often make little connection between discussion of prophecy and future events, and discussion of missions. They see the Bible as a book of prophecy, both in the past and for the future. Yet, as Bruce Ker has said so well, "The Bible is a missionary book throughout… The main line of argument that binds all of it together is the unfolding and gradual execution of a missionary purpose."
Did I ever hear Ker's thought in Sunday School? Maybe. But only in later years have I come to a new appreciation of the fact that the story of missions begins long before the Great Commission. The Bible is very clear: God told Abraham he was to be blessed and be a blessing to all the families of the earth (Gen. 12:1-3). Peter quoted this on the day he spoke in the temple (Acts 3:25). Paul quoted the same mandate in his letter to the Galatians (3:8).
Yet some Bible commentators imply that only the first part of that verse could have happened right away. They agree that Abraham was to begin to be blessed right away, but somehow they reason that two thousand years would have to pass before either Abraham or his descendants could begin "to be a blessing to all the families on earth." They suggest that Christ needed to come first and institute his Great Commission—that Abraham's lineage needed to wait around for 2,000 years before they would be called upon to go the ends of the earth to be a blessing to all the world's peoples (this could be called "The Theory of the Hibernating Mandate."). Worse still, one scholar, with a lot of followers in later decades, propounded the idea that in the Old Testament the peoples of the world were not expected to receive missionaries but to go to Israel for the light, and that from the New Testament and thereafter it was the reverse, that is, the peoples to be blessed would not come but those already having received the blessing would go to them. This rather artificial idea gained acceptance partially by the use of the phrase, "Centripetal mission in the Old Testament and Centrifugal mission in the New Testament." The fact is, both patterns operated in both periods, and it is very confusing to employ an essentially mickey mouse gimmick to explain a shift in strategy that did not happen. God used Abraham as a witness in Canaan, Jacob's family as a testimony in Egypt, Jonah to bless the Ninevites, and dispersed Jews to reach "god-fearers" far and wide. Meanwhile, the existence of 137 different languages in Los Angeles makes clear that now, in the New Testament-and-after period, nations are still coming to the light.
Israel, as far back as Abraham, was accountable to share the blessing with other nations (Is. 49:6). And every nation with a significant number of "children of Abraham's faith" has been similarly accountable (although both Israel and the other nations have mainly failed to carry out this mandate).
The greatest scandal in the Old Testament is that Israel tried to be blessed without trying very hard to be a blessing. However, let's be careful: the average citizen of Israel was no more oblivious to the second part of Gen. 12:1-3 than the average Christian today is oblivious to the Great Commission! How easily our study Bibles overlook the veritable string of key passages in the Old Testament which exist to remind Israel (and us) of the missionary mandate: Gen. 12:1-3, 18:18, 22:18, 28:14, Ex. 19:4-6, Deut. 28:10, 2 Chron. 6:33, Ps. 67, 96, 105, Isa. 40:5, 42:4, 49:6, 56:3, 6-8, Jer. 12:14-17, Zech. 2:11, Mal. 1:11.
Likewise, today, nations which have been singularly blessed by God may choose to resist and try to conceal any sense of their obligation to be a blessing to other nations. But that is not God's will. "Unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall much be required" (Luke 12:48).
Thus, how many times in the average church today is the Great Commission mentioned? Even less often than it comes up in the Old Testament! Yet the commission applies. It applied then, and it applies today. I believe it has been constantly applicable from the very moment when it was first given (Gen. 12:1-3). As individual Christians and as a nation we are responsible "to be a blessing to all the families of the earth."
This mandate has been overlooked during most of the centuries since the apostles. Even our Protestant tradition plugged along for over 250 years minding its own business and its own blessings (like Israel of old)—until a young man of great faith and incredible endurance appeared on the scene. In this chapter we are going to focus in on the A.D. 1800-2000 period which his life and witness kicked off. No other one person can be given as much credit for the vibrant new impetus of the last two hundred years. He was one of four such influential men whom God used, all of them with severe handicaps. Three great "eras" of fresh outreach into newly perceived frontiers resulted from their faith and obedience (two of them helped launch the third and final era). Four stages of mission strategy characterized each of these eras. Two perplexing "transitions" of strategy inevitably appeared as the fourth stage of one era contrasted with the first stage of the next. It is easier to see this in a diagram. Better still, the story.
The First Era
Coastlands William Carey 1792
An "under thirty" young man, William Carey, got into trouble when he began to take the Great Commission seriously. When he had the opportunity to address a group of ministers, he challenged them to give a reason why the Great Commission did not apply to them. They rebuked him, saying, "When God chooses to win the heathen, He will do it without your help or ours." He was not permitted to speak again on the subject, so he patiently wrote out his analysis, "An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens."
The resulting small book convinced a few of his friends to create a tiny missions agency, the "means" of which he had spoken. The structure was flimsy and weak, providing only the minimal backing he needed to go to India. However, the impact of his example reverberated throughout the English-speaking world, and his little book became the Magna Carta of the Protestant mission movement.
William Carey was not the first Protestant missionary. For years the Moravians had sent people to Greenland, America and Africa. But his little book, in combination with the Evangelical Awakening, quickened vision and changed lives on both sides of the Atlantic. Response was almost instantaneous: a second missionary society was founded in London; two in Scotland; one in Holland; and then still another in England. By then it was apparent to all that Carey was right when he had insisted that organized efforts in the form of missions societies were essential to the success of the missionary endeavor.
In America, five college students, aroused by Carey's book, met to pray for God's direction for their lives. This unobtrusive prayer meeting, later known as the "Haystack Prayer Meeting," resulted in an American "means"—the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. Even more important, they started a student mission movement which became the example and forerunner of other student movements in missions to this day.
In fact, during the first 25 years after Carey sailed to India, a dozen mission agencies were formed on both sides of the Atlantic, and the First Era in Protestant missions was off to a good start. Realistically speaking, however, missions in this First Era was a pitifully small shoestring operation, in relation to the major preoccupations of most Europeans and Americans in that day. The idea that we should organize in order to send missionaries did not come easily, but it eventually became an accepted pattern.
Carey's influence led some women in Boston to form women's missionary prayer groups, a trend which led to women becoming the main custodians of mission knowledge and motivation. After some years women began to go to the field as single missionaries. Finally, by 1865, unmarried American women established women's mission boards which, like Roman Catholic women's orders, only sent out single women as missionaries and were run entirely by single women at home.
There are two very bright notes about the First Era. One is the astonishing demonstration of love and sacrifice on the part of those who went out. Africa, especially, was a forbidding continent. All mission outreach to Africa, prior to 1775, had totally failed. Of all Catholic efforts, all Moravian efforts, nothing remained. Not one missionary of any kind existed on the continent on the eve of the First Era. The gruesome statistics of almost inevitable sickness and death that haunted, yet did not daunt, the decades of truly valiant missionaries who went out after 1790 in virtually a suicidal stream cannot be matched by any other era or by any other cause. Very few missionaries to Africa in the first 60 years of the First Era survived more than two years. As I have reflected on this measure of devotion I have been humbled to tears, for I wonder—if I or my people today could or would match that record. Can you imagine our Urbana students today going out into missionary work if they knew that for decade after decade 19 out of 20 of those before them had died almost on arrival on the field?
A second bright spot in this First Era is the development of high quality insight into mission strategy. The movement had several great missiologists. In regard to home structure, they clearly understood the value of the mission structure being allowed a life of its own. For example, we read that the London Missionary Society experienced unprecedented and unequaled success, "due partly to its freedom from ecclesiastical supervision and partly to its formation from an almost equal number of ministers and laymen." In regard to field structure, we can take a note from Henry Venn who was related to the famous Clapham evangelicals and the son of a founder of the Church Missionary Society. Except for a few outdated terms, one of his most famous paragraphs sounds strangely modern:
Regarding the ultimate object of a Mission, viewed under its ecclesiastical result, to be the settlement of a Native Church under Native Pastors upon a self-supporting system, it should be borne in mind that the progress of a Mission mainly depends upon the training up and the location of Native Pastors; and that, as it has been happily expressed, the "euthanasia of a Mission" takes place when a missionary, surrounded by well-trained Native congregations under Native Pastors, is able to resign all pastoral work into their hands, and gradually relax his superintendence over the pastors themselves,
'til it insensibly ceases; and so the Mission passes into a settled Christian community. Then the missionary and all missionary agencies should be transferred to the "regions beyond."
Note: no thought here of the national church launching its own mission outreach to new pioneer fields! Nevertheless, we see here something like stages of mission activity, described by Harold Fuller of SIM in the alliterative sequence:
A Pioneer stage - first contact with a people group.
A Paternal stage - expatriates train national leadership.
A Partnership stage - national leaders work as equals with expatriates.
A Participation stage - expatriates are no longer equal partners, but only participate by invitation.
Slow and painstaking though the labors of the First Era were, they did bear fruit, and the familiar series of stages can be observed which goes from no church in the pioneer stage to infant church in the paternal stage and to the more complicated mature church in the partnership and participation stages.
Samuel Hoffman of the Reformed Church in America Board puts it well: "The Christian missionary who was loved as an evangelist and liked as a teacher, may find himself resented as an administrator."
Lucky is the missionary in whose own career this whole sequence of stages takes place. More likely the series represents the work in a specific field with a succession of missionaries, or it may be the experience of an agency which in its early period bursts out in work in a number of places and then after some years finds that most of its fields are mature at about the same time. But rightly or wrongly, this kind of succession is visible in the mission movement globally, as the fever for change and nationalization sweeps the thinking of almost all executives at once and leaps from continent to continent, affecting new fields still in earlier stages as well as old ones in the latter stages.
At any rate, by 1865 there was a strong consensus on both sides of the Atlantic that the missionary should go home when he had worked himself out of a job. Since the First Era focused primarily upon the coastlands of Asia and Africa, we are not surprised that literal withdrawal would come about first in a case where there were no inland territories. Thus, symbolizing the latter stages of the First Era was the withdrawal of all missionaries from the Hawaiian Islands, then a separate country. This was done with legitimate pride and fanfare and fulfilled the highest expectations, then and now, of successful progress through the stages of missionary planting, watering and harvest.
The Second Era
Inland Hudson Taylor 1865
A second symbolic event of 1865 is even more significant, at least for the inauguration of the Second Era. A young man, after a short term and like Carey still under thirty, in the teeth of surrounding counter advice established the first of a whole new breed of missions emphasizing the inland territories. This second young upstart was given little but negative notice, but like William Carey, brooded over statistics, charts and maps. When he suggested that the inland peoples of China needed to be reached, he was told you could not get there, and he was asked if he wished to carry on his shoulders the blood of the young people he would thus send to their deaths. This accusing question stunned and staggered him. Groping for light, wandering on the beach, it seemed as if God finally spoke to resolve the ghastly thought: "You are not sending young people in the interior of China. I am." The load lifted.
With only trade school medicine, without any university experience much less missiological training, and a checkered past in regard to his own individualistic behavior while he was on the field, he was merely one more of the weak things that God uses to confound the wise. Even his early antichurch-planting missionary strategy was breathtakingly erroneous by today's church-planting standards. Yet God strangely honored him because his gaze was fixed upon the world's least-reached peoples. Hudson Taylor had a divine wind behind him. The Holy Spirit spared him from many pitfalls, and it was his organization, the China Inland Mission—the most cooperative, servant organization yet to appear—that eventually served in one way or another over 6,000 missionaries, predominantly in the interior of China. It took 20 years for other missions to begin to join Taylor in his special emphasis—the unreached, inland frontiers.
One reason the Second Era began slowly is that many people were confused. There were already many missions in existence. Why more? Yet as Taylor pointed out, all existing agencies were confined to the coastlands of Africa and Asia, or islands in the Pacific. People questioned, "Why go to the interior if you haven't finished the job on the coast?"
I am not sure the parallel is true today, but the Second Era apparently needed not only a new vision but a lot of new organizations. Taylor not only started an English frontier mission, he went to Scandinavia and the Continent to challenge people to start new agencies. As a result, directly or indirectly, over 40 new agencies took shape to compose the faith missions that rightly should be called frontier missions as the names of many of them still indicate: China Inland Mission, Sudan Interior Mission, Africa Inland Mission, Heart of Africa Mission, Unevangelized Fields Mission, Regions Beyond Missionary Union. Taylor was more concerned for the cause than for a career: at the end of his life he had spent only half of his years of ministry in China. In countless trips back from China he spent half of his time as a mobilizer on the home front. For Taylor, the cause of Christ, not China, was the ultimate focus of his concern.
As in the early stage of the First Era, when things began to move, God brought forth a student movement. This one was more massive than before—the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, history's single most potent mission organization. In the 1880's and 90's there were only 1/37th as many college students as there are today, but the Student Volunteer Movement netted 100,000 volunteers who gave their lives to missions. Twenty-thousand actually went overseas. As we see it now, the other 80,000 had to stay home to rebuild the foundations of the missions endeavor. They began the Laymen's Missionary Movement and strengthened existing women's missionary societies.
However, as the fresh new college students of the Second Era burst on the scene overseas, they did not always fathom how the older missionaries of the First Era could have turned responsibility over to national leadership at the least educated levels of society. First Era missionaries were in the minority now, and the wisdom they had gained from their experience was bypassed by the large number of new college-educated recruits. Thus, in the early stages of the Second Era, the new college-trained missionaries, instead of going to new frontiers, sometimes assumed leadership over existing churches, not reading the record of previous mission thinkers, and often forced First Era missionaries and national leadership (which had been painstakingly developed) into the background. In some cases this caused a huge step backward in mission strategy.
By 1925, however, the largest mission movement in history was in full swing. By then Second Era missionaries had finally learned the basic lessons they had first ignored, and produced an incredible record. They had planted churches in a thousand new places, mainly "inland," and by 1940 the reality of the "younger churches" around the world was widely acclaimed as the "great new fact of our time." The strength of these churches led both national leaders and missionaries to assume that all additional frontiers could simply be mopped up by the ordinary evangelism of the churches scattered throughout the world. More and more people wondered if, in fact, missionaries weren't needed so badly! Once more, as in 1865, it seemed logical to send missionaries home from many areas of the world.
For us today it is highly important to note the overlap of these first two eras. The 45 year period between 1865 and 1910 (compare 1934 to 1980 today) was a transition between the strategy appropriate to the mature stages of Era 1, the Coastlands era, and the strategy appropriate to the pioneering stages of Era 2, the Inland era.
Shortly after the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh in 1910, there ensued the shattering World Wars and the worldwide collapse of the colonial apparatus. By 1945 many overseas churches were prepared not only for the withdrawal of the colonial powers, but for the absence of the missionary as well. While there was no very widespread outcry, "Missionary Go Home," as some supposed, nevertheless things were different now, as even the people in the pews at home ultimately sensed. Pioneer and paternal were no longer the relevant stages, but partnership and participation.
In 1967, the total number of career missionaries from America began to decline (and it has continued to do so to this day). Why? Christians had been led to believe that all necessary beachheads had been established. By 1967, over 90 percent of all missionaries from North America were working with strong national churches that had been in existence for some time.
The facts, however, were not that simple. Unnoticed by most everyone, another era in missions had begun.
The Third Era
Unreached Peoples Cameron Townsend 1934 (Linguistic Barriers)
This era was begun by a pair of young men of the Student Volunteer Movement: Cameron Townsend and Donald McGavran. Cameron Townsend was in so much of a hurry to get to the mission field that he didn't bother to finish college. He went to Guatemala as a "Second Era" missionary, building on work which had been done in the past. In that country, as in all other mission fields, there was plenty to do by missionaries working with established national churches.
But Townsend was alert enough to notice that the majority of Guatemala's population did not speak Spanish. As he moved from village to village, trying to distribute scriptures written in the Spanish language, he began to realize that Spanish evangelism would never reach all Guatemala's people. He was further convinced of this when an Indian asked him, "If your God is so smart, why can't he speak our language?" He was befriended by a group of older missionaries who had already concluded the indigenous "Indian" populations needed to be reached in their own languages. He was just 23 when he began to move on the basis of this new perspective.
Surely in our time one person comparable to William Carey and Hudson Taylor is Cameron Townsend. Like Carey and Taylor, Townsend saw that there were still unreached frontiers, and for almost a half century he has waved the flag for the overlooked tribal peoples of the world. He started out hoping to help older boards reach out to tribal people. Like Carey and Taylor, he ended up starting his own mission, Wycliffe Bible Translators, which is dedicated to reaching these new frontiers. At first he thought there must be about 500 unreached tribal groups in the world. (He was judging by the large number of tribal languages in Mexico alone). Later, he revised his figure to 1,000, then 2,000, and now it is closer to 5,000. As his conception of the enormity of the task has increased, the size of his organization has increased. Today it numbers over 4,000 adult workers.
Unreached Peoples
Donald McGavran 1935 (Social Barriers)
At the very same time Townsend was ruminating in Guatemala, Donald McGavran was beginning to yield to the seriousness, not of linguistic barriers, but of India's amazing social barriers. Townsend "discovered" the tribes; McGavran discovered a more nearly universal category he labeled "homogeneous units," which today are more often called "people groups." Paul Hiebert has employed the terminology of "horizontal segmentation" for the tribes which each occupied their own turf, and "vertical segmentation" for groups distinguished not by geography but by rigid social differences. McGavran's terminology described both kinds even though he was mainly thinking about the more subtle vertical segmentation.
Once such a group is penetrated, diligently taking advantage of that missiological breakthrough along group lines, the strategic "bridge of God" to that people group is established. The corollary of this truth is the fact that until such a breakthrough is made, normal evangelism and church planting cannot take place.
McGavran did not found a new mission (Townsend did so only when the existing missions did not properly respond to the tribal challenge). McGavran's active efforts and writings spawned both the church growth movement and the frontier mission movement, the one devoted to expanding within already penetrated groups, and the other devoted to deliberate approaches to the remaining unpenetrated groups.
As with Carey and Taylor before them, for twenty years Townsend and McGavran attracted little attention. But by the 1950's, both had wide audiences. By 1980, 46 years from 1934, a 1910-like conference was held, focusing precisely on the forgotten groups these two men emphasized. The Edinburgh-1980 World Consultation on Frontier Missions was the largest mission meeting in history, measured by the number of mission agencies sending delegates. And wonder of wonders, 57 Third World agencies sent delegates. This is the sleeper of the Third Era! Also, a simultaneous youth meeting, the International Student Consultation on Frontier Missions, pointed the way for all future mission meetings to include significant youth participation.
As happened in the early stages of the first two eras, the Third Era has spawned a number of new mission agencies. Some, like the New Tribes Mission, carry in their names reference to this new emphasis. The names of others, such as Gospel Recordings and Mission Aviation Fellowship, refer to the new technologies necessary for the reaching of tribal and other isolated peoples of the world. Some Second Era agencies, like Regions Beyond Missionary Union, have never ceased to stress frontiers, and have merely increased their staff so they can penetrate further—to people groups previously overlooked.
More recently many have begun to realize that tribal peoples are not the only forgotten peoples. Many other groups, some in the middle of partially Christianized areas, have been completely overlooked. These peoples are being called the "Unreached Peoples" and are defined by ethnic or sociological traits to be people so different from the cultural traditions of any existing church that missions (rather than evangelism) strategies are necessary for the planting of indigenous churches within their particular traditions.
If the First Era was characterized by reaching coastland peoples and the Second Era by inland territories, the Third Era must be characterized by the more difficult-to-define, non-geographical category which we have called "Unreached Peoples"—people groups which are socially isolated. Because this concept has been so hard to define, the Third Era has been even slower getting started than the Second Era. Cameron Townsend and Donald McGavran began calling attention to forgotten peoples over 40 years ago, but only recently has any major attention been given to them. More tragic still, we have essentially forgotten the pioneering techniques of the First and Second Eras, so we almost need to reinvent the wheel as we learn again how to approach groups of people completely untouched by the gospel!
We know that there are about 10,000 people groups in the "Unreached Peoples" category, gathered in clusters of similar peoples, these clusters numbering not more than 3,000. Each individual people will require a separate, new missionary beachhead. Is this too much? Can this be done? Is there any realism in the slogan gaining currency, "A Church for Every People by the Year 2000?" The AD2000 Movement adds "and the Gospel for every person…" which, of course, cannot be accomplished unless each people is first penetrated.
Can We Do It?
The task is not as difficult as it may seem, for several surprising reasons. In the first place, the task is not an American one, nor even a Western one. It will involve Christians from every continent of the world. In 1988, we knew of over 400 mission agencies in the non-western world, which are sending over 20,000 missionaries—and the number is increasing.
More significant is the fact that when a beachhead is established within a culture, the normal evangelistic process which God expects every Christian to be involved in replaces the missions strategy, because the mission task of "breaking in" is finished. Thus, establishing a beachhead in each "Unreached People" group by the year 2000 is a goal readily within our grasp.
Furthermore, "closed countries" are less and less of a problem, because the modern world is becoming more and more interdependent. There are literally no countries today which admit no foreigners. Many of the countries considered "completely closed"—like Saudi Arabia—are in actual fact avidly recruiting thousands of skilled people from other nations. And the truth is, they prefer devout Christians to boozing, womanizing, secular Westerners.
Thus certain exciting meetings in 1980—the COWE meeting in Thailand, the World Consultation on Frontier Missions in Edinburgh, and the Associated International Student Consultation on Frontier Missions in the same city—are all flash points of new departure in the heating-up of the Third Era.
Meanwhile, key Second Era mission agencies like the Sudan Interior Mission are turning their attention to new fields. SlM's Gerald Swank has located over a dozen new beachheads where SIM is seeking to begin again. The Missouri Synod Lutheran Church voted to triple its missionary force by 1990 in order to open ten major fields where they will reach Unreached Peoples. The Baptist General Conference, as a denomination chose Unreached Peoples to be its highest denominational priority. Dozens of examples could be given. More than 70 mission agencies are now working with the Adopt-A-People Clearinghouse. In well over half of all remaining 10,000 groups work has already begun or is soon to begin.
But our work in the Third Era has many other advantages. We have potentially a worldwide network of churches that can be aroused to their central mission. Best of all, nothing can obscure the fact that this could and should be the final era. No serious believer today dare overlook the fact that God has not asked us to reach every nation, tribe and tongue without intending it to be done. No generation has less excuse than ours if we do not do as He asks.
"Four Men, Three Eras" was first printed in Mission Frontiers in February 1981.