Article VI of The United States Constitution requires that certain public officers "shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to an office or public trust under the United States." What is an oath? What does it do and why is it required? How does it differ from a religious test?
In its most basic sense, an oath serves as the strongest guarantee of good faith performance that can be given between two parties. The oath creates a unity of intent, words and conduct. It binds the three together into one. Hugo Grotius, the distinguished father of international law has observed that "[t]he person who takes an oath is bound in two ways: that his words should agree with his intent, . . . and secondly, that his actions should be consistent with his words."25 If a man's words do not agree with his intent then he swears falsely. If his actions do not agree with his words then he perjures himself.
An oath is not a naked affirmation or promise. An oath is an affirmation or promise made "with an appeal to God." If no appeal to God is present, the affirmation cannot be solemn, nor the truth of what is affirmed made secure to remove controversy. What is the substance of such an appeal to God? The appeal to God implies that the person seeks God's favor to fulfill the terms of the oath. The appeal also implies that the person taking the oath renounces God's blessing and should rightfully come under God's direct judgment or punishment if there should be a failure to fulfill the terms of the promise.
Black's Law Dictionary mirrors this definition's essential features. "The central idea of an oath would seem to be, however, that of a recognition of God's authority by the party taking it, and an undertaking to accomplish the transaction to which it refers as required by his laws."27 The legal maxim Jus Jurandi Forma Verbis Differt, Re Convenit; Hunc Enim Sensum Habere Debet: Ut Deus Invocetur is instructive. "The form of taking an oath differs in language, agrees in meaning; for it ought to have this sense: that the Deity is invoked."28 The general sense of an oath or affirmation is that the Deity is invoked, his blessing is sought, and his vengeance is warranted if the deponent (or affiant) should fail to fulfill his or her obligations.
What can be gleaned from these observations? First, that an oath is by definition, a mechanism that is intended to demonstrate good faith performance by reference to something or someone greater than the affiant or deponent. Second, the something or someone reflects a divine being or his creation. Third, that in arm's length transactions (contract), parties were free to swear by anything or anyone greater, at their own discretion, though the general rule was to swear by Almighty God, the Creator. Fourth, that perjury triggered a penalty including curses or the divine judgment of God. Fifth, a naked unhallowed promise is not an oath in either form or substance for it invokes nothing or no one greater than the one who promises.
It has already been noted that Article VI of The United States Constitution contains an oath that certain public officers "shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to an office or public trust under the United States."31 This oath requires support for the federal Constitution as the supreme law of the land. Senators, Representatives, the members of state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers are required to take the oath to support the supremacy of the Constitution, and not their own opinions or the platforms of their political parties.
The oath is also a condition that must be met prior to assumption of an office of public trust. If an individual is elected or appointed to a public office, he or she must take an oath prior to entering into the office. If an official refuses or is unable to take the oath, then he or she fails to meet the condition and is ineligible to assume the office though he or she may otherwise be qualified. Thus, the requirement of an oath can preclude otherwise qualified individuals from assuming office. It is clear that an individual who refuses "to support this Constitution" will be ineligible for office.
In electing to secure fidelity to the Constitution, the framers recognized that civil government has a legitimate interest in ensuring officials support the Constitution, but could this interest be secured by requiring that the affiant to: 1) swear by God or "show respect for divinity under a general aspect," and/or 2) affirm various religious tenets?
It is clear that an oath is compulsory by definition. Anyone who seeks to hold public office must swear or affirm to its terms. On the question of compulsion, therefore, it must be acknowledged that requiring that the affiant to swear or affirm support for the Constitution was regarded by the framers as entirely appropriate. The only question that remained, therefore, pertained to the means of performance. What means would constitute a suitable guarantee of performance? What mechanism would best ensure that the oath to support the Constitution would be taken with integrity–that the unity of intent, words, and conduct would be bonded together to remove all doubt about performance?
At least three options were available. Let us consider them as questions. First, would an unhallowed naked promise be sufficient to guarantee support of the Constitution? Second, would acknowledgment of God or "respect for divinity under a general aspect" constitute a sufficient guarantor? Or third, should affirmation of various religious tenets be required unto the end of ensuring that the oath is taken with integrity and that good faith performance could be expected?
In answering these question the framers of the federal Constitution rejected the mechanism of an unhallowed naked promise as a sufficient guarantor of the integrity of swearing or of performance. By asserting that officials "shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution," they selected the legal device of an oath as a condition of eligibility, and therefore, by definition (or default), elected to make acknowledgment of God or "respect for divinity under a general aspect" a sufficient guarantor of performance. By adding, however, "but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to an office or public trust under the United States," they rejected affirmation of various religious tenets as a mechanism of ensuring that the oath would be properly performed with integrity.
The oath articulated in article VI therefore carries with it this sense: that God is invoked, his blessing sought and his vengeance justified if the deponent should fail to fulfill his or her obligation "to support this Constitution." The oath or affirmation "to support this Constitution," however does not incorporate an affirmation of religious tenets or doctrine and therefore avoids the indica of a religious establishment.
If the article VI oath is taken without the sense that God is invoked, then the oath is either sworn to falsely in that the words do not agree with the intent, or is susceptible to the charge of perjury if actions do not agree with words. If the unity of intent, words and conduct cannot be maintained then false swearing becomes perjurious. Upon conviction, removal from office is warranted for perjury because perjury renders the official's word hypocritical and untrustworthy. The official's guarantee becomes worthless.
If, on the other hand an individual takes the "oath" with the publicly declared intention that he is not making an appeal to God, or that God's blessing is not sought or that God's vengeance is not justified, then such an individual does not commit false swearing or perjury. Such an individual, however, has not taken an oath. For while the form of taking an oath may differ in language, it must have "this sense: that the Deity is invoked." An oath taken contrary to this sense is no oath at all. It is but an unhallowed naked promise and contains no guarantee of performance that satisfies the legal predicate.
Article VI of the Constitution requires more than a promise. It requires an oath. An unhallowed naked promise (irrespective of its form) will not suffice. If an individual fails to conform his declaration to the sense of an oath, he fails to take an oath in the sense the Constitution requires. Consequently, that individual must be denied admission to the public office he or she seeks.
of any particular religious teaching.
The federal Constitution, however, took a different approach. Public officials may not be required to, or prohibited from, professing "faith in Jesus Christ." A public official may not be required to subscribe or required to renounce the substance of any particular religious tenet. A public official may only be required to subscribe "to support this Constitution" and to do so by "Oath or Affirmation" which by definition requires an appeal to God the Creator.
The Declaration of Independence referred to the importance of the "Creator," the laws of "Nature's God," the "Supreme Judge of the World," and "divine Providence" in establishing the United States. The Declaration's reliance upon the "Creator," laws of "Nature's God," the "Supreme Judge of the World," and "divine Providence" was considered by its framers to be an entirely lawful and appropriate civil declaration. These were not the sum and substance of any religious establishment. The Constitution's article VI required an oath to support the Constitution that carried with it a necessary appeal to God as a guarantor of performance to support the Constitution. This requirement was also considered by its framers to be an entirely appropriate civil requirement. Article VI, however, prohibited the civil government from imposing a religious test. The imposition of a religious test was not considered a lawful or appropriate concern of civil government.
Justice Black was correct in pointing out that the state's constitutional requirement "was designed to . . . bar every person who refuses to declare a belief in God" from holding public office in Maryland. This, however, was not the issue. The issue was whether as a matter of federal Constitutional law under article VI, Maryland's belief and declaration requirement was a prohibited religious test. When Maryland's constitutional provision and its characterization are considered in light of the historical recognition that an oath by definition involves an appeal to God as a guarantor of performance, then emphatically neither Maryland's own constitutional characterization of its oath as an exempt religious test, nor its requirement that officials must declare a belief in God, can be said to control the construction of article VI.
The Court's holding in Torcaso cannot be reconciled with the purpose of an oath. An oath "ought to have this sense: that the Deity is invoked." If an oath is intended to be secured by an appeal to God as a mechanism to ensure the faithful discharge of the office, an official that refuses to acknowledge God's existence cannot be said to have complied with that means. Belief in or an appeal to God is a necessary prerequisite to taking an oath. The Torcaso Court, however, incorrectly equated an oath that by definition requires its terms to be affirmed by invocation of the Deity, with a sectarian or religious test.
While these arguments carry some weight as policy measures, they do not make any inroads on the proposition that the framers were free to select among the means which they considered best to secure performance of the office's obligations. They could have adopted any one of a number of mechanisms to remove doubt from among the people about whether or not a given official would actually perform the obligations of his or her office or simply be a tyrant. They elected, however, to achieve this objective by an appeal to God as reflected in the choice of an oath. They rejected religious tests since such were too amenable to partisan abuse. They rejected naked promises since such were not guarantors of much of anything (as any first year contracts student should know). The framers selected the oath as the mechanism and figured that this would serve as the strongest guarantee of good faith performance that can be given between two parties. Whether the framers chose wisely or foolishly is an interesting question. It is not, however, a question over which an Article III court has jurisdiction.
If Maryland, however, wished to select a simple naked promise as a guarantor of its own state functions and for some reason thought it wise to do so, it could certainly do so without interference from article VI. If Maryland simply adopted a promise as its guarantee mechanism, its officials would nevertheless be required to also conform to the federal standard of article VI which invokes God because that article applies to officers both of the United States and the several states. Maryland, however, could not adopt the more rigorous religious test criteria without running afoul of article VI.
The practical effect of the Court's reasoning in Torcaso is two fold. First, the Court obliterated the definition of an oath through secularization. The oath was obliterated through secularization by mistakenly equating belief in God with specific religious tenets and tests. The word "but" in article VI was intended to preclude such a result, but it was neglected.
Second, the Court voided the oath's purpose of guaranteeing performance of a civil office through invocation of the Creator. This occurs when the deponent, no longer required to swear or affirm before the Creator, now only promises that he will guarantee his own performance on the weight of his own word. This "guarantee" has the practical effect of reducing an oath taken with an appeal to God, into an unhallowed naked promise–precisely what the Constitution avoids. How wise is it for a nation to be governed by public officials whose promise of constitutional fidelity is based only upon an unhallowed naked promise? Not even the performance of contracts are assured in such a pointless manner. Consideration is needed. What nation, therefore, would willingly choose to be governed by such hollow promises?
In effect, the Court has declared the broader evolutionary and humanistic principle that the Creator of the Universe is Constitutionally constrained to a narrowing and centripetal sphere of religious dogma. Having abandoned the roots of the American Order in the laws of nature and of nature's God, the Court no longer has an adequate legal framework for distinguishing between the universal necessary and proper relationship between God and civil government discussed in sections I and II supra, and the Constitutionally impermissible relationship between religion and the civil government.
The laws of nature, the Declaration's rule of equality and unalienable rights, and article VI's requirements and prohibition are conceptual preludes to the first amendment. The Declaration's reliance on equality and unalienable rights, and article VI's recognition of God, yet prohibition on a religious test, contain the seeds that also animate the first amendment.
Article VI's prohibition on religious tests protected public officers from compulsory profession or renunciation of religious belief as a prerequisite to holding public office, thereby protecting their unalienable right to the free exercise of religion and effectuating the no-establishment principle. Moreover, by providing that no one religious body or sectarian teaching could be made orthodox in matters of civil administration, the prohibition on religious tests equally disestablished official sectarian control over the faith of civil officials. The idea that civil governments were instituted to protect religious liberty on an equal basis and prohibit civil coercion or interference with the free exercise of religion was effectively in place.
The foundations of the first amendment were laid in article VI to the extent that it Constitutionalized the decisive and controlling distinction between the proper relationship of God to civil government, and the prohibited relationship of religion to civil government. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court in Torcaso blurred this distinction early on and therefore the distinction is not clearly understood today. Consequently, cases decided under the first amendment follow obscure conceptual suit with a vengeance.
* Copyright © 2004, 2006 Kerry L. Morgan. Used with permission.
24. For an expression of the equality principle in the context of state constitutions, see supra note 10. For an expression of the unalienable rights principle in the context of state constitutions, see supra note 15 and Appendix A.
25. H. Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace, (The Legal Classics Library, 1984)(Oxford 1925) 370.
26. N. Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (New Haven 1828).
27. Black's Law Dictionary (4th ed. 1968).
28. This maxim appears to be derived from that which Hugo Grotius wrote: "In regard to form, oaths differ in words, but agree in substance. An oath ought to contain this element, that God is invoked, as, for example, in this way: 'God be my witness', or 'God be my judge', two expressions which amount to the same thing." H. Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace, (The Legal Classics Library, 1984) (Oxford 1925) 370.
31. Article II also contains an oath requiring the President to "solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." U.S. Const., art. 2, § 1.
32. South Carolina recommended that the clause [article VI] be amended to read that certain public officers "shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution, but no other religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to an office or public trust under the United States." The addition of the word "other" indicates that from South Carolina's point of view, the taking of an a oath to support the Constitution was a religious test, presumably because it equated accountability to God with religion per se. Even inclusion of the word "other," however, does not indicate that the oath was something to be properly stripped of recognition that the affiant was accountable to God. See Ratification of the Constitution by The Legislature of the State of South Carolina, May 3, 1788, in Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, H.R. Doc. No. 398, 69th Cong., 1st Sess. at 1023 (1927) (hereinafter Documents).
Maryland's Constitution of 1776 recognized that sectarian religious differences were not to defeat the administration of an oath. Article 36 provided for attestation of the "Divine Being" without prescribing any specific form or manner of oath. See R. Perry, supra note 9 at 350.
33. The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, (Section 34, April 25, 1682) in R. Perry, supra note 9 at 220. See also The Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, (Article First, October 28, 1701), Id. at 256. The question of whether a state can require one to swear or affirm "faith in Jesus Christ" as a necessary qualification to public office as did Pennsylvania, on the grounds that Jesus is God, is a question upon which the colonies were divided. The central concern about the oath, however, and one which must be observed, is that God the Creator is invoked. Emphasis on God as Creator of mankind (as distinguished from Jesus Christ as redeemer of mankind) tips the question to the negative because it is in the capacity as created beings that men as God's creation are answerable to God and his laws, and which as a consequence of the Declaration's restatement and the Constitution's incorporation of those laws or the principles derived therefrom, permit the civil government to pre-condition public service upon an oath taken with acknowledgment of accountability to God in his capacity of Creator. See infra note 179.
34. See McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 (1978). McDaniel involved a Tennessee constitutional and a statutory provision which precluded ministers from serving in certain public offices. Tennessee took the ignorant position that it had a compelling interest in maintaining separation of church and state that warranted the clergy disqualification. The assumption was that anyone holding religious convictions and expressing them by choosing a vocation as a clergyman, would have to renounce that calling in order to qualify for public office. The Court disagreed with this assumption and struck down Tennessee's statutory provision on first amendment grounds, a plurality holding that the mere status of being a clergyman was not related to any danger to the political process. While concurring in the result, three Justices reasoned that imposition of restrictions upon one's status as a clergyman also penalized religious belief and religious practice. Id. at 629, 633 (Justices Brennan, Marshall and Stevens, concurring).
any citizen as unworthy [of] the public confidence by laying upon him an incapacity of being called to offices of trust and emolument, unless he profess or renounce this or that religious opinion, is depriving him injuriously of those privileges and advantages to which, in common with his fellow citizens, he has a natural right.
R. Cord, supra note 1 at 250. Jefferson also recognized that religious tests tended to degrade religion itself and noted that compulsory profession or renunciation "tends also to corrupt the principles of that very religion it is meant to encourage, by bribing, with a monopoly of worldly honors and emoluments those who will externally profess and conform to it." R. Cord, supra note 1 at 250 (emphasis in original).
36. 367 U.S. 488 (1961).
requirement. Any who fail to meet the condition irrespective of their sectarian belief or lack thereof is barred from the office.
Aug. 1, 1876, 19 Stat. 665; Hawaii, Mar. 18, 1959, P.L. 86-3, 73 Stat. 4; Montana, Feb. 22, 1889, c. 180, 25 Stat. 676, Nov. 8, 1889, No. 7, 26 Stat. 1551; Nebraska, Apr. 19, 1864, c. 59, 13 Stat. 47, Feb. 9, 1867, c. 36, 14 Stat. 391, Mar. 1, 1867, No. 9, 14 Stat. 820; Nevada, March 21, 1864, c. 36, 13 Stat. 30, Oct. 31, 1864, No. 22, 13 Stat. 749; New Mexico, June 20, 1910, c. 310, 36 Stat. 557, §§1 to 18, Aug. 21, 1911, No. 8, 37 Stat. 39, Jan. 6, 1912, 37 Stat. 1723; North Dakota, Feb. 22, 1889, c. 180, 25 Stat. 676, Nov. 2, 1889, No. 5, 26 Stat. 1548; South Dakota, Feb. 22, 1889, c. 180, 25 Stat. 676, Nov. 2, 1889, No. 6, 26 Stat. 1549; Utah, July 16, 1894, c. 138, 28 Stat. 107, Jan. 4, 1896, No. 9, 29 Stat. 876; Washington, Feb. 22, 1889, c. 180, 25 Stat. 676. Vermont, admitted, Feb. 18, 1791, c. 7, 1 Stat. 191, adopted a constitution that recited much of the Declaration of Independence therein. See generally E. Dumbald, The Declaration of Independence and What it Means Today 63 (1950).


Be respectful to all staff, students, and other parents.
Value and be involved in their child's education.
Get their child to school every day and on time.
Provide their child with a consistent routine for completing homework.
Be respectful of staff, students, and parents.
Be organized, prepared, and productive in class.
Be responsible for their own actions and behaviors.
Communicate openly and honestly with teachers and staff.
Be respectful of students, parents and staff.
Provide and meet clear goals and objectives as it relates to the standards.
Encourage students to succeed academically and socially..
Communicate with students and parents.
Be sensitive to the students' needs.


Lincoln, D. T., Snyder, J. R., Sinowatz, F. and Waters, M. J. (1999). Adaptation of growth hormone receptor expression to tumour growth. In Kent B. Pandolf, N. Takeda and Pawan K. Singal (Ed.), Adaptation Biology and Medicine 2nd ed. (pp. 119-138) Delhi, India: Narosa.
Guevara-Aguirre, Jaime, Teran, Enrique, Rosenfeld, Ron, Montufar, Carlos, Grunauer, Michelle, Rapaport, Robert, Waters, Michael J., Carter-Su, Christin, Hwa, Vivian, Kopchick, John J., Von Stein, Thorsten, Yakar, Shoshana, Rosenfeld, Ron G., Rosenbloom, Arlan L., Laron, Zvi, Wit, Jan M., Bright, George M., Longo, Vatter, Sperling, Mark A., Guevara-Aguirre, Jaime, Chaves, Jaime, Munoz Juan, Pablo, Ostrer, Harry and Montufar, Carlos (2015) The 2015-USFQ Biennial Meeting on Growth Hormone Research. Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews, 12 4: 396-407.
Waters, M. J. and Shang, C. A. (2002) Physiology of normal growth hormone receptor function. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 15 5: 1443-1446.
Young, W. G., Li, H., Xiao, Y., Waters, M. J. and Bartold, P. M. (2001) Growth-hormones-stimulated dentinogenesis in Lewis dwarf rat molars. Journal of Dental Research, 80 8: 1742-1747.
Ong, C. K. L., Joseph, B. K., Waters, M. J. and Symons, A. L. (2001) Growth hormone receptor and IGF-1 receptor immunoreactivity during orthodontic tooth movement in the prednisolone-treated rat. Angle Orthodontist, 71 6: 486-493.
Kaiser, H. E., Lincoln, D. T., Raju, G. P. and Waters, M. J. (2000) Growth hormone and colorectal carcinoma: Localization of receptors. In Vivo, 14 1: 41-50.
Waters, M. J. and Thompson, B. J. (1999) Growth hormone: New insights into a multi-talented hormone. Today's Life Science, 11 6: 32-39.
Leung, K. C., Waters, M. J., Baumbach, W. R. and Ho, Kky (1997) P-121. Insulin and IGF-1 down-regulate translocation of GH receptors in osteoblasts: A novel mechanism of GH receptor regulation. Endocrinology and Metabolism, Supplement, 4 A: .
Lobie, Peter E, Morel, Gerard, Mertani, Hichem, Morales-Bustos, Orlando, Wood, Timothy J.J., Waters, Michael J and Norstedt, Gunnar (1995) The growth hormone receptor, growth hormone and the nucleus. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2 SUPPL. 2: 61-72.
Lobie, Peter E., Wood, Timothy J. J., Chen, Chang Min, Waters, Michael J. and Norstedt, Gunnar (1994) Nuclear translocation and anchorage of the growth hormone receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269 50: 31735-31746.
Barnard, R, Mulcahy, J, Garciaaragon, J, Wyse, B, Owens, PC, Rowlinson, SW, Talamantes, F, Baumbach, WR and Waters, MJ (1994) Serum Growth-Hormone Binding-Protein and Hepatic Gh Binding-Sites in the Lewis Dwarf Rat - Effects of Igf-I and Gh. Growth Regulation, 4 4: 147-154.
Baumgartner, J. W., Wells, C. A., Chen, C. -M. and Waters, M. J. (1994) The role of the WSXWS equivalent motif in growth hormone receptor function. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269 46: 29094-29101.
Lincoln, DT, Elhifnawi, E, Sinowatz, F and Waters, MJ (1994) Immunohistochemical Localization of Growth-Hormone Receptor-Binding Protein in the Mammalian Cerebellum. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 176 5: 419-427.
Lobie, Peter E., Mertani, Hichem, Morel, Gerard, Moralesbustos, Orlando, Norstedt, Gunnar and Waters, Michael J. (1994) Receptor-mediated nuclear translocation of growth hormone. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269 33: 21330-21339.
Joseph, BK, Savage, NW, Young, WG and Waters, MJ (1994) Prenatal Expression of Growth-Hormone Receptor/binding Protein and Insulin-Like Growth-Factor-I (Igf-I) in the Enamel Organ - Role for Growth Hormone and Igf-1 in Cellular Differentation During Early Tooth Formation. Anatomy and Embryology, 189 6: 489-494.
Joseph, BK, Savage, NW, Young, WG and Waters, MJ (1994) Insulin-Like Growth-Factor-I Receptor in the Cell Biology of the Ameloblast - An Immunohistochemical Study On the Rat Incisor. Epithelial Cell Biology, 3 2: 47-53.
Joseph, BK, Savage, NW, Young, WG, Gupta, GS, Breier, BH and Waters, MJ (1993) Expression and Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in the Rat Incisor. Growth Factors, 8 4: 267-&.
Lobie, P. E., Barnard, R. and Waters, M. J. (1991) The nuclear growth hormone receptor-binding protein, antigenic and physicochemical characterization. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266 33: 26645-26652.
LOBIE, PE, BARNARD, R and WATERS, MJ (1991) THE NUCLEAR GROWTH-HORMONE RECEPTOR-BINDING PROTEIN - ANTIGENIC AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266 33: 22645-22652.
Veldhuis, JD, Iranmanesh, A, Ho, Kky, Waters, MJ, Johnson, ML and Lizarralde, G (1991) Dual Defects in Pulsatile Growth-Hormone Secretion and Clearance Subserve the Hyposomatotropism of Obesity in Man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 72 1: 51-59.
Spencer, Steven A., Hammonds, R. Glenn, Henzel, William J., Rodriguez, Henry, Waters, Michael J. and Wood, William I. (1988) Rabbit liver growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, characterization, and sequence. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263 16: 7862-7867.
Leung, David W., Spencer, Steven A., Cachianes, George, Hammonds, R. Glenn, Collins, Carol, Henzel, William J., Barnard, Ross, Waters, Michael J. and Wood, William I. (1987) Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: Purification, cloning and expression. Nature, 330 6148: 537-543.
Asakawa, K, Hedo, JA, McElduff, A, Rouiller, DG, Waters, MJ and Gorden, P (1986) The Human Growth-Hormone Receptor of Cultured Human-Lymphocytes - Structural Characteristics and Glycosylation Properties. Biochemical Journal, 238 2: 379-386.
Waters, MJ, Lusins, S and Friesen, HG (1984) Immunological and Physicochemical Evidence for Tissue Specific Prolactin Receptors in the Rabbit. Endocrinology, 115 1: 1-10.
McDonald, BJ, Waters, MJ, Richards, MD, Thorburn, GD and Hopkins, PS (1983) Effect of Epidermal Growth-Factor On Wool Fiber Morphology and Skin Histology. Research in Veterinary Science, 35 1: 91-99.
Thorburn, GD, Waters, MJ, Young, IR, Dolling, M, Buntine, D and Hopkins, PS (1981) Epidermal Growth-Factor - a Critical Factor in Fetal Maturation. Ciba Foundation Symposia, 86 172-198.
VANDERGUGTEN, AA, WATERS, MJ, MURTHY, GS and FRIESEN, HG (1980) STUDIES ON THE IRREVERSIBLE NATURE OF PROLACTIN BINDING TO RECEPTORS. Endocrinology, 106 1: 402-411.
Waters, Michael J. and Friesen, Henry G. (1979) Purification and partial characterization of a non-primate growth-hormone receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254 14: 6815-6825.
Waters, Michael J. and Friesen, Henry G. (1979) Studies with anti-growth hormone receptor antibodies. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254 14: 6826-6832.
WATERS, MJ (1979) CORRECTION. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254 22: 1761-1761.
Deng, Luqin, Jiang, Jing, Yang, Ning, Waters, Michael J., Hwa, Vivian and Frank, Stuart J. (2010). Evaluation of GH Receptor Dimerization Interface Mutants.. In: Endocrine Reviews. 92nd Meeting and Expo of the Endocrine Society (ENDO 2010), San Diego Ca, (). Jun 19-22, 2010.
Rietze, R. L., Waters, M. J. and Reynolds, B. A. (2005). Growth hormone receptor regulates symmetric cell divisions of neural stem cells. In: Mechanisms of Development. , , (S137-S137). .
Gentili, S, Waters, MJ and McMillen, IC (2005). Tissue specific expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 during fetal development. In: Faseb Journal. Experimental Biology 2005 Meeting/35th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, San Diego Ca, (A742-A742). Mar 31-Apr 06, 2005.
Gentili, S, Schwartz, J, Waters, MJ and McMillen, IC (2005). The fetal adrenal is a novel prolactin target: Prolactin stimulates expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3) in the fetal adrenal during late gestation.. In: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Gynecologic-Investigation, Los Angeles Ca, (178A-179A). Mar 23-26, 2005.
Gentili, S, Waters, MJ and McMillen, IC (2004). Differential expression of SOCS-3 in fetal tissues during late gestation and the regulation of organ growth.. In: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 51st Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Gynecologic-Investigation, Houston Tx, (241A-241A). Mar 24-27, 2004.
Rietze, R. L., Reynolds, B. A. and Waters, M. J. (2004). Growth hormone receptor modulates adult neural stem cell proliferation. In: F. Murakami and Masaya Toyama, Neuro 2004. Neuro 2004, Osaka International Convention Center, (175-175). 21-23 September.
Lincoln, DT, Temmim, L, Al-Jarallah, MA, Abul, HT, Clarke, F and Waters, MJ (2002). Human colorectal carcinoma is a direct target tissue for growth hormone: Evidence of receptor adaptation. In: Moravec, J, Takeda, N and Singal, PK, Adaptation Biology and Medicine, Vol 3: New Frontiers. 6th World Congress of the International-Society-for-Adaptive-Medicine, Lyon France, (267-288). Aug 30-Sep 02, 2000.
Ramirez, G. O., Young, W.G. and Waters, M. J. (2002). Influence of growth hormone on mandibular condylar cartilage with incisor disocclusion. In: Journal of Dental Research: Abstracts of the 80th General Session of the IADR. 80th General Session of the IADR, San Diego, Calafornia, (A384-A384). 6-9 March 2002.
Conway-Campbell, B., Gordon, D., Monks, T. A. and Waters, M. J. (2001). Evidence for a functional role of the nuclear growth hormone receptor (GHR) in cellular proliferation. In: P. Nagley, Proceedings of the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Combio 2001, Canberra, (1053-1053). 1-4 October 2001.
Waters, M. J., Millard, K. N., Behncken, S.N., Rowlinson, S. W. and Brown, R. J. (2001). Transmembrane signalling by the GH receptor. In: P. Nagley, Proceedings of the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. COMBIO 2001, Canberra, (35-01-35-01). 1-4 October 2001.
Li, H., Young, W., Xiao, Y., Bartold, P. M. and Waters, M. J. (2001). Osteogenic actions of growth hormone may be mediated through BMPS - an in vivo study. In: C. Scheck, Proceedings of the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society. 83rd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Denver, USA, (179-179). 20-23 June.
Brown, R. J., Millard, K. N., Nielsen, K. J. and Waters, M. J. (2001). Alteration of growth hormone receptor transmembrane. In: C. Scheck, Proceedings of the Endocrine Society 83rd Annual Meeting. 83rd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Denver, USA, (179-179). 20-23 June 2001.
Waters, M. J., Conway-Campbell, B., Gordon, D. and Robinson, P. (2001). Growth hormone receptor: nuclear localisation. In: P. Nagley, Proceedings of the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular BIology. COMBIO 2001, Canberra, (15-02-15-02). 1-4 October 2001.
Conway-Campbell, B., Gordon, D., Monks, T. A. and Waters, M. J. (2000). Evidence for a functional role of the growth hormone receptor extracellular domain (GHBP) in the nucleus. In: 11th International Congress of Endocrinology. 11th International Congress of Endocrinology, Sydney, Australia, (92). 29 Oct - 2 Nov, 2000.
Kaye, P. L., Markham, K. E., Djiane, J. and Waters, M. J. (2000). Growth hormone and prolactin in preimplantation physiology. In: S.G. Hillier, Journal of Endocrinology. 191st Meeting Of The Society For Endocrinology, Royal College of Physcians, London, (). 20 - 21 November, 2000.
Shang, C. A., Thompson, B. J. and Waters, M. J. (2000). Identification of growth hormone inducible genes in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. In: 11th International Congress of Endocrinology. 11th International Congress of Endocrinology, Sydney, Australia, (36). 30 Oct - 2 Nov, 2000.
Stevens, M., Young, W., Bartold, P. M. and Waters, M. J. (2000). Growth hormone and IGF-1 in dentine repair. In: Journal of Dental Research. 39th Annual Meeting of IADR ANZ Division, Adelaide, (1049-1049). 27-29 September 1999.
Leung, K., Doyle, N., Ballesteros, M., Waters, M. J. and Ho, K. K. (1999). Insulin regulation of human hepatic GH receptors: Divergent effects on biosynthesis and surface translocation. In: Proceedings of the Australian Endocrine Society. Australian Endocrine Society Annual Conference, Melbourne, (). 27 - 29 September, 1999.
Shang, C., Clarkson, R. M., Levitt, L., Howard, T. K. and Waters, M. J. (1999). Ternary complex factors Elk-1 and Sap-1a mediate growth hormone induced transcription of Egr-1 (early growth response factor-1) in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. In: United States Endocrine Society Proceedings. 81st Annual US Endocrine Society, San Diego, USA, (). 12 - 15 June, 1999.
Tam, S., Lau, W. F. P., Djiane, J. and Waters, M. J. (1999). Tissue specific induction of socs gene expression by prolactin may provide a means to maximize the lactation stimulus. In: United States Endocrine Society Proceedings. 81st Annual US Endocrine Society, San Diego, CA, USA, (). 12 - 15 June, 1999.
Shen, B., Wan, Y., Behncken, S. and Waters, M. J. (1999). Porcine GH/GH receptor interactions differ from those for human GH/GH receptor. In: United States Endocrine Society Proceedings. 81st Annual US Endocrine Society, San Diego, CA, USA, (). 12 - 15 June, 1999.
Waters, M. J. (1999). Growth hormone and prolactin receptor signalling. In: Proceedings of the Australian Endocrine Society. Australian Endocrine Society Annual Conference, Melbourne, (). 27 - 29 September, 1999.
Symons, A. L., Leong, K., Waters, M. J. and Marks, S. C. (1999). Growth factor expression during tooth eruption in the incisor-absent rat. In: Mark C Herzberg, Journal of Dental Research. 38th Annual Scientific Meeting of ANZ Division of IADR, Brisbane, (950-950). 27-29 September 1998.
Symons, A. L., Leong, K., Waters, M. J. and Marks, S. C. (1998). Growth factor expression associated with odontogenesis and tooth eruption in the incisor absent (osteopetrotic) rat. In: Z. Davidovitch and J. Mah, Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Eruption, Resorption and Replacement by Implants. Second International Conference, Toledo, Spain, (55-64). 22-24 Oct, 1997.
Symons, AL, Leong, K, Waters, MJ and Seymour, GJ (1997). Growth factor immunolocalisation in molar roots from Lewis Dwarf rats.. In: Journal of Dental Research. , , (943-943). .
Li, H, Young, WG, Zhang, CZ, Clarkson, R, Waters, MJ and Bartold, PM (1997). Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 & -4 in pulp fibroblasts.. In: Journal of Dental Research. , , (944-944). .
Sinowatz, F, Kolle, S, Lincoln, D, Plendl, J, Amselgruber, W and Waters, MJ (1996). Expression of growth hormone receptor (GH-R) in the bovine embryo and placenta. In: Molecular Biology of the Cell. , , (3752-3752). .
Zhang, CZ, Li, H, Young, WG, Bartold, PM and Waters, MJ (1995). Expression and Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Messenger-Rna by Growth-Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth-Factor-I in Cultured Dental-Pulp Cells. In: Journal of Dental Research. , , (761-761). .
Bartold, PM, Raben, A and Waters, MJ (1995). Differential-Effects of Growth-Hormone, Igf-I and Pdgf On Fibroblasts. In: Journal of Dental Research. , , (574-574). .
Zhang, CZ, Li, H, Young, WG and Waters, MJ (1994). Growth-Hormone Regulates Epidermal Growth-Factor Receptor in Rat Incisor. In: Journal of Dental Research. , , (244-244). .
Mertani, HC, Waters, MJ, Gossard, F and Morel, G (1994). Growth hormone receptor binding protein in the intermediate and posterior pituitary. In: Jouffrey, B and Colliex, C, Electron Microscopy 1994, Vols 3A and 3B. 13th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Paris France, (329-330). Jul 17-22, 1994.
Mertani, HC, Lobie, PE, Waters, MJ and Morel, G (1994). Internalization process of I-125-bovine growth hormone in rat liver. In: Jouffrey, B and Colliex, C, Electron Microscopy 1994, Vols 3A and 3B. 13th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Paris France, (327-328). Jul 17-22, 1994.
Werther, GA, Haynes, K, Oakes, S, Buchanan, CR, Herington, AC and Waters, MJ (1993). Distribution and Ontogeny of Growth Hormone Receptors On Human Tissues. In: Cowell, CT, Ho, KKY and Werther, GA, Growth and Sexual Development. Novo Nordisk International Conference on Growth, South Pacific Region, Sydney Australia, (29-36). Oct 25-27, 1992.
Owens, PC, Brinsmead, MW, Waters, MJ and Thorburn, GD (1981). Solubilization of the Ovine Fetal Liver Receptor for Multiplication-Stimulating Activity (Msa). In: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. , , (385-386). .
Vandergugten, AA, Waters, MJ, Murthy, GS and Friesen, HG (1979). Studies On the Irreversible Nature of Prolactin Binding to Receptors. In: Acta Endocrinologica. , , (298-298). .
Waters, MJ and Friesen, HG (1978). Purification of a Growth-Hormone Receptor, and its Use to Generate Specific Antibodies. In: Proceedings of the Australian Biochemical Society. , , (101-101). .
VANDERGUGTEN, AA, WATERS, MJ, MURTHY, GS and FRIESEN, HG (1977). STUDIES ON IRREVERSIBLE NATURE OF PROLACTIN BINDING TO RECEPTORS. In: , , (A685-A685). .
Waters, MJ and Armstron.JM (1973). Inhibition of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Growth-Hormone Derived Peptides. In: Proceedings of the Australian Biochemical Society. , , (43-43). .


As part of 'Celebrating Syria' Festival 2018, on 13 October, Syrian calligraphist Abdullah Al-Anezi led a workshop on the art of Arabic calligraphy in Longsight Library. Participants learned the basics of Arabic artistic handwriting and practised used a reed pen (qalam) and ink.
As part of 'Celebrating Syria' Festival 2018, on 12 October 2018, Dr Alessandro Columbu of Manchester University presented a talk on the life and oeuvre of the Syrian short story writer Zakaria Tamer. Widely considered the father of the modern Syrian short story, Tamer's works have influenced entire generations of Arab writers and readers.
As part of "Celebrating Syria" Festival 2018, the Syrian activist Sana Yazigi gave audience a tour on Friday 12 October 2018 of our 3-week long art exhibition 'The Creative Memory of the Syrian Revolution'.
As part of 'Celebrating Syria' Festival 2018, on 11 October 2018, Syrian artist, Maya Youssef presented a night of music with Qanun (the Arabic 78-string zither) at the Royal Northern College of Music.
As part of 'Celebrating Syria' Festival 2018, a thought-provoking discussion took place on 11 October at 'HOME'. Panellists, graphic designer and curator Sana Yazigi and film maker and activist Muzna Al-Naib, explored how Syrian women artists advanced the cause of the revolution and how the Revolution shaped their creative work and gave them a defiant voice.


History as compiled by Nila Durfee and Rilla Nielsen.
This is a history of Inger Marie Caspersen (Olsen) as related by her and her daughter Cecilia Anna Olsen (Gee) to her granddaughter Rilla Milinda Gee (Johnson Neilsen).
This document is incomplete, and it is believe other parts are in the possession of other family members.
J. LeRoy Kimball, Nauvoo Restoration Pioneer: A Tribute - By Jame LeRoy Kimball, Jr.
This is a reference that gives numerous relations and seems to be a treasure trove of information. That is until one diagrams the information and realizes that it does not fit. Many of the names are the same, but where Catherine Emmens last name is quite sure via the birth records of the children, she cannot be the Catherine Robeson who happens to mary a Nathaniel Westfall as well. Strangely one of Catherine Robeson's sisters, Rachel happens to marry an Emmons adding further confusion to the mix. In the end though, it is unlikely that this will is referencing our Nathaniel Westfall and Catherine.
I have not deleted the reference so that this doesn't get confused again in the future.
A Summary of the life of Samuel Priday.
A history of William Gee, Sr., Ann Smith and Mary Ann Walsom.


"Hi Don ... I took the Instrument Knowledge Test yesterday (Monday) in St. Louis, Passed with a 93%. The four questions I missed had nothing to do with HSI, VOR, DME Arcs, or holding pattern entries!!! THANKS FOR TEACHING A GREAT COURSE. I've encouraged my 182 partners to attend when they're ready to start their IFR training in earnest."
"92% on my written and I got my instrument ticket last weekend. Thanks for helping me achieve this lifetime goal. I got my first IFR flight in yesterday!"S.M., Raleigh, N.C.


text:
Q: How to update old C code? I have been working on some 10 year old C code at my job this week, and after  implementing a few changes, I went to the boss and asked if he needed anything else done. That's when he dropped the bomb. My next task was to go through the 7000 or so lines and understand more of the code, and to modularize the code somewhat. I asked him how he would like the source code modularized, and he said to start putting the old C code into C++ classes.
Being a good worker, I nodded my head yes, and went back to my desk, where I sit now, wondering how in the world to take this code, and "modularize" it. It's already in 20 source files, each with its own purpose and function. In addition, there are three "main" structs. each of these structures has 30 plus fields, many of them being other, smaller structs. It's a complete mess to try to understand, but almost every single function in the program is passed a pointer to one of the structs and uses the struct heavily.
Is there any clean way for me to shoehorn this into classes? I am resolved to do it if it can be done, I just have no idea how to begin.

A: I guess that the thinking here is that increasing modularity will isolate pieces of code, such that future changes are facilitated. We have confidence in changing one piece because we know it cannot affect other pieces.
I see two nightmare scenarios:

*

*You have nicely structured C code, it will easily transform to C++ classes. In which case it probably already is pretty darn modular, and you've probably done nothing useful.

*It's a rats-nest of interconnected stuff. In which case it's going to be really tough to disentangle it. Increasing modularity would be good, but it's going to be a long hard slog.

However, maybe there's a happy medium. Could there be pieces of logic that important and conceptually isolated but which are currently brittle because of a lack of data-hiding etc. (Yes good C doesn't suffer from this, but we don't have that, otherwise we would leave well alone).
Pulling out a class to own that logic and its data, encpaulating that piece could be useful. Whether it's better to do it wih C or C++ is open to question. (The cynic in me says "I'm a C programmer, great C++ a chance to learn something new!")
So: I'd treat this as an elephant to be eaten. First decide if it should be eaten at all, bad elephent is just no fun, well structured C should be left alone. Second find a suitable first bite. And I'd echo Neil's comments: if you don't have a good automated test suite, you are doomed.

A: I think a better approach could be totally rewrite the code, but you should ask your boss for what purpose he wants you "to start putting the old C code into c++ classes".
You should ask for more details

A: Surely it can be done - the question is at what cost? It is a huge task, even for 7K LOC. Your boss must understand that it's gonna take a lot of time, while you can't work on shiny new features etc. If he doesn't fully understand this, and/or is not willing to support you, there is no point starting.
As @David already suggested, the Refactoring book is a must.
From your description it sounds like a large part of the code is already "class methods", where the function gets a pointer to a struct instance and works on that instance. So it could be fairly easily converted into C++ code. Granted, this won't make the code much easier to understand or better modularized, but if this is your boss' prime desire, it can be done.
Note also, that this part of the refactoring is a fairly simple, mechanical process, so it could be done fairly safely without unit tests (with hyperaware editing of course). But for anything more you need unit tests to make sure your changes don't break anything.

A: It's very unlikely that anything will be gained by this exercise. Good C code is already more modular than C++ typically can be - the use of pointers to structs allows compilation units to be independent in the same was as pImpl does in C++ - in C you don't have to expose the data inside a struct to expose its interface. So if you turn each C function
// Foo.h
typedef struct Foo_s Foo;
int foo_wizz (const Foo* foo, ... );

into a C++ class with
// Foo.hxx
class Foo {
    // struct Foo members copied from Foo.c
    int wizz (... ) const;
};

you will have reduced the modularity of the system compared with the C code - every client of Foo now needs rebuilding if any private implementation functions or member variables are added to the Foo type.
There are many things classes in C++ do give you, but modularity is not one of them.
Ask your boss what the business goals are being achieved by this exercise.
Note on terminology:
A module in a system is a component with a well defined interface which can be replaced with another module with the same interface without effecting the rest of the system. A system composed of such modules is modular.
For both languages, the interface to a module is by convention a header file. Consider  string.h and string as defining the interfaces to simple string processing modules in C and C++. If there is a bug in the implementation of string.h, a new libc.so is installed. This new module has the same interface, and anything dynamically linked to it immediately gets the benefit of the new implementation. Conversely, if there is a bug in string handling in std::string, then every project which uses it needs to be rebuilt. C++ introduces a very large amount of coupling into systems, which the language does nothing to  mitigate - in fact, the better uses of C++ which fully exploit its features are often a lot more tightly coupled than the equivalent C code.
If you try and make C++ modular, you typically end up with something like COM, where every object has to have both an interface (a pure virtual base class) and an implementation, and you substitute an indirection for efficient template generated code.
If you don't care about whether your system is composed of replaceable modules, then you don't need to perform actions to to make it modular, and can use some of the features of C++ such as classes and templates which, suitable applied, can improve cohesion within a module. If your project is to produce a single, statically linked application then you don't have a modular system, and you can afford to not care at all about modularity. If you want to create something like anti-grain geometry which is beautiful example of using templates to couple together different algorithms and data structures, then you need to do that in C++ - pretty well nothing else widespread is as powerful.
So be very careful what your manager means by 'modularise'.
If every file already has "its own purpose and function" and "every single function in the program is passed a pointer to one of the structs" then the only difference made in changing it into classes would be to replace the pointer to the struct with the implicit this pointer. That would have no effect on how modularised the system is, in fact (if the struct is only defined in the C file rather than in the header) it will reduce modularity.

A: First, you are fortunate to have a boss who recognizes that code refactoring can be a long-term cost-saving strategy.
I've done this many times, that is, converting old C code to C++. The benefits may surprise you. The final code may be half the original size when you're done, and much simpler to read. Plus, you will likely uncover tricky C bugs along the way.  Here are the steps I would take in your case. Small steps are important because you can't jump from A to Z when refactoring a large body of code. You have to go through small, intermediate steps which may never be deployed, but which can be validated and tagged in whatever RCS you are using.

*

*Create a regression/test suite. You will run the test suite each time you complete a batch of changes to the code. You should have this already, and it will be useful for more than just this refactoring task. Take the time to make it comprehensive. The exercise of creating the test suite will get you familiar with the code.

*Branch the project in your revision control system of choice. Armed with a test suite and playground branch, you will be empowered to make large modifications to the code. You won't be afraid to break some eggs.

*Make those struct fields private. This step requires very few code changes, but can have a big payoff. Proceed one field at a time. Try to make each field private (yes, or protected), then isolate the code which access that field. The simplest, most non-intrusive conversion would be to make that code a friend function. Consider also making that code a method. Converting the code to be a method is simple, but you will have to convert all of the call sites as well. One is not necessarily better than the other.

*Narrow the parameters to each function. It's unlikely that any function requires access to all 30 fields of the struct passed as its argument. Instead of passing the entire struct, pass only the components needed. If a function does in fact seem to require access to many different fields of the struct, then this may be a good candidate to be converted to an instance method.

*Const-ify as many variables, parameters, and methods as possible. A lot of old C code fails to use const liberally. Sweeping through from the bottom up (bottom of the call graph, that is), you will add stronger guarantees to the code, and you will be able to identify the mutators from the non-mutators.

*Replace pointers with references where sensible. The purpose of this step has nothing to do with being more C++-like just for the sake of being more C++-like. The purpose is to identify parameters that are never NULL and which can never be re-assigned. Think of a reference as a compile-time assertion which says, this is an alias to a valid object and represents the same object throughout the current scope.

*Replace char* with std::string. This step should be obvious. You might dramatically reduce the lines of code. Plus, it's fun to replace 10 lines of code with a single line. Sometimes you can eliminate entire functions whose purpose was to perform C string operations that are standard in C++.

*Convert C arrays to std::vector or std::array. Again, this step should be obvious. This conversion is much simpler than the conversion from char to std::string because the interfaces of std::vector and std::array are designed to match the C array syntax. One of the benefits is that you can eliminate that extra length variable passed to every function alongside the array.

*Convert malloc/free to new/delete. The main purpose of this step is to prepare for future refactoring. Merely changing C code from malloc to new doesn't directly gain you much. This conversion allows you to add constructors and destructors to those structs, and to use built-in C++ automatic memory tools.

*Replace localize new/delete operations with the std::auto_ptr family. The purpose of this step is to make your code exception-safe.

*Throw exceptions wherever return codes are handled by bubbling them up.  If the C code handles errors by checking for special error codes then returning the error code to its caller, and so on, bubbling the error code up the call chain, then that C code is probably a candidate for using exceptions instead. This conversion is actually trivial. Simply throw the return code (C++ allows you to throw any type you want) at the lowest level. Insert a try{} catch(){} statement at the place in the code which handles the error. If no suitable place exists to handle the error, consider wrapping the body of main() in a try{} catch(){} statement and logging it.

Now step back and look how much you've improved the code, without converting anything to classes. (Yes, yes, technically, your structs are classes already.) But you haven't scratched the surface of OO, yet managed to greatly simplify and solidify the original C code.
Should you convert the code to use classes, with polymorphism and an inheritence graph? I say no. The C code probably does not have an overall design which lends itself to an OO model. Notice that the goal of each step above has nothing to do with injecting OO principles into your C code. The goal was to improve the existing code by enforcing as many compile-time constraints as possible, and by eliminating or simplifying the code.
One final step.
Consider adding benchmarks so you can show them to your boss when you're done. Not just performance benchmarks. Compare lines of code, memory usage, number of functions, etc.

A: With "just" 7000 lines of C code, it will probably be easier to rewrite the code from scratch, without even trying to understand the current code.
And there is no automated way to do or even assist the modularization and refactoring that you envisage.
7000 LOC may sound like much but a lot of this will be boilerplate.

A: Really, 7000 lines of code is not very much. For such a small amount of code a complete rewrite may be in order. But how is this code going to be called? Presumably the callers expect a C API? Or is this not a library?
Anyway, rewrite or not, before you start, make sure you have  a suite of tests which you can run easily, with no human intervention, on the existing code. Then with every change you make, run the tests on the new code.

A: Try and see if you can simplify the code before changing it to c++.   Basically though I think he just wants you to convert functions into class methods and convert structs into class data members (if they don't contain function pointers, if they do then convert these to actual methods).  Can you get in touch with the original coder(s) of this program?  They could help you get some understanding done but mainly I would be searching for that piece of code that is the "engine" of the whole thing and base the new software from there.  Also, my boss told me that sometimes it is better to simply rewrite the whole thing, but the existing program is a very good reference to mimic the run time behavior of.  Of course specialized algorithms are hard to recode.  One thing I can assure you of is that if this code is not the best it could be then you are going to have alot of problems later on.  I would go up to your boss and promote the fact that you need to redo from scratch parts of the program.  I have just been there and I am really happy my supervisor gave me the ability to rewrite.  Now the 2.0 version is light years ahead of the original version.

A: I read this article which is titled "Make bad code good" from http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-03-2001/jw-0323-badcode.html?page=7 .  Its directed at Java users, but all of its ideas our pretty applicable to your case I think.  Though the title makes it sound likes it is only for bad code, I think the article is for maintenance engineers in general.
To summarize Dr. Farrell's ideas, he says:

*

*Start with the easy things.

*Fix the comments

*Fix the formatting

*Follow project conventions

*Write automated tests

*Break up big files/functions

*Rewrite code you don't understand

I think after following everyone else's advice this might be a good article to read when you have some free time.
Good luck!

A: This shoehorning into C++ seems to be arbitrary, ask your boss why he needs that done, figure out if you can meet the same goal less painfully, see if you can prototype a subset in the new less painful way, then go and demo to your boss and recommend that you follow the less painful way.

A: First, tell your boss you're not continuing until you have:
http://www.amazon.com/Refactoring-Improving-Design-Existing-Code/dp/0201485672
and to a lesser extent:
http://www.amazon.com/Working-Effectively-Legacy-Michael-Feathers/dp/0131177052
Secondly, there is no way of modularising code by shoe-horning it into C++ class.  This is a huge task and you need to communicate the complexity of refactoring highly proceedural code to your boss.
It boils down to making a small change (extract method, move method to class etc...) and then testing - there is no short cuts with this.
I do feel your pain though...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: pod with React app failing with with status CrashLoopBackOff on kubernetes I am new to kubernetes. I am running my kubernetes cluster inside my Docker Desktop VM. Below are the versions
Docker Desktop Community : 2.3.0.4 (Stable)
Engine: 19.03.12
kubernetes: 1.16.5
i created a simple react app. below is the Docker file.
FROM node:13.12.0-alpine

WORKDIR /app
ENV PATH /app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH

COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install

# add app files
COPY . ./

# start app
CMD ["npm", "start"]

I built a docker image and ran it. it works fine. I added the image in the below deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: test-deployment
  labels:
    app: test-react-app
  namespace: dev
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: test-react-app
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: test-react-app
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: test-react
          image: myrepo/test-react:v2
          imagePullPolicy: Never
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80

---
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: test-service
  namespace: dev
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 80
      protocol: TCP
      nodePort: 31000
  selector:
    app: test-react-app

The pod never starts. Below is the events from describe.
Type     Reason     Age                  From                     Message
  ----     ------     ----                 ----                     -------
  Normal   Scheduled  <unknown>            default-scheduler        Successfully assigned dev/test-deployment-7766949554-m2fbz to docker-desktop
  Normal   Pulled     8m38s (x5 over 10m)  kubelet, docker-desktop  Container image "myrepo/test-react:v2" already present on machine
  Normal   Created    8m38s (x5 over 10m)  kubelet, docker-desktop  Created container test-react
  Normal   Started    8m38s (x5 over 10m)  kubelet, docker-desktop  Started container test-react
  Warning  BackOff    26s (x44 over 10m)   kubelet, docker-desktop  Back-off restarting failed container

Below is the logs from the container. It looks as if the container is running..
> react-cart@0.1.0 start /app
> react-scripts start

[34mℹ[39m [90m「wds」[39m: Project is running at http://10.1.0.33/
[34mℹ[39m [90m「wds」[39m: webpack output is served from
[34mℹ[39m [90m「wds」[39m: Content not from webpack is served from /app/public
[34mℹ[39m [90m「wds」[39m: 404s will fallback to /
Starting the development server...

A: It worked!!!
I build the react app into a production app and then copied the docker file. I followed the technique given in this link https://dev.to/rieckpil/deploy-a-react-application-to-kubernetes-in-5-easy-steps-516j.


text:
Home Newswire Far-right attack on Roma camp in Kiev
Far-right attack on Roma camp in Kiev
May 4, 2018: 2:44 am
Jason Melanovski
Members of the far-right Ukrainian paramilitary group C14 recently attacked a Roma camp in Kiev, forcing families and children to flee. The incident was just one of many assaults in Ukraine committed by right-wing groups against ethnic minorities and those opposed to the oligarchic government of Petro Poroshenko.
A report released days after the attack by Amnesty International pointed to the involvement of local government officials: "On the night of April 20-21, representatives of the radical organization C14 committed a pogrom of the Roma camp on the Lysi mountain in the Holosiivskyi district of Kiev. The pogrom was preceded by several visits to the camp of representatives of the C14 and workers from the Holosiivskyi district administration, who demanded that the Roma leave the site. According to eyewitnesses, during the pogrom against the Roma, gas cartridges, cutting items and, possibly, firearms were used. According to reports, children were among the injured."
In a video posted to YouTube, Roma families are seen fleeing with children and personal items in their arms, as they are chased and attacked by the fascists with rocks and tear gas. C14 later posted photos of members burning the families' tents. The group boasted about the attack on Facebook.
C14 is an offshoot paramilitary group of the right-wing nationalist Svoboda Party. The "14" in its name refers to the 14-word white supremacist slogan, "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children."
Despite the fact that C14 carried out the attack in broad daylight near several busy metro stops and bragged about it on social media, a police investigation was not opened until five days later. While…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
nf3 lewis structure molecular geometry
To identify and have a complete description of the three-dimensional shape of a molecule, we need to know also learn about state the bond angle as well. This info can then be used to determine the Lewis Dot Structure. What is the conflict of the story of sinigang? Draw the Lewis structure for NF3. Lewis Structures, Formal Charges, and Molecular Geometry: As scientists we can predict a lot about how molecules react chemically and their physical properties by looking at Lewis structures and molecular geometry. Solution for Three molecules, BF3, NF3, and CIF3 are all unique in geometry a. What is plot of the story Sinigang by Marby Villaceran? Step 5: The rest are nonbonding pairs. In the formal way we find how many electrons we have (step 1), how many each atom needs (step 2), how many of those are bonding (step 3 & 4), and how many are lone pairs (step 5). Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons between the atoms and are stronger than ionic bonds, which are much more of an electrostatic interactions. Is evaporated milk the same thing as condensed milk? Use information from step 4 and 5 to draw the NF3 lewis structure. Then, with the Lewis structure, we apply the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSPER) theory to determine the molecular geometry and the electron-group geometry. All Rights Reserved. Arrange electrons until both nitrogen and fluorine get 8 electrons. Draw the Lewis electron structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion. What Is The Best Description Of The Molecular Geometry? Which Molecule Has Exactly Two Unshared (lone) Pairs Of Electrons On The Central Atom? [1] What would the bond order be for N2? Electron Geometry. Methanamide, CH3NO, is a liquid at 25 oc. How long does it take to cook a 23 pound turkey in an oven? Using Lewis Structures for the three molecules, detern molecules How long will the footprints on the moon last? check_circle Expert Solution. AP Chemistry Free Response 1. Step 1: Find valence e- for all atoms. Most Lewis structures will follow the octet rule, … So, nitrogen has four pairs of electrons. F: 7×3=21. It has 3 bonds and one lone pair. Most Lewis structures you encounter will be covalent bonds. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. So, nitrogen has four pairs of electrons. Determine the electron group arrangement around the central atom that minimizes repulsions. Inter state form of sales tax income tax? Bent Square Square Pyramidal Tetrahedral 2. What is the hybridization of the nitrogen atom? Describe the molecular geometry. You may have heard about the chemical compound that lacks C-H bonds. arrow_back. Check out a sample textbook solution. With all 4 elements (the 3 covalent bonds plus the lone pair) Consider The Lewis Structure Of CH3Cl. STOP . Calculate the total valence electrons in the molecule. BF3 Lewis Structure, Molecular Geometry, Hybridization, and Polarity. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Subtract bonding electrons (step 3) from valence electrons (step 1). arrow_forward. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. What is the birthday of carmelita divinagracia? 2 (because each bond is made of 2 e-). Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound, and its formula is BF3. Trigonal Pyramidal - 107.5 degrees Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule that determines the general shape of a compound. How long will it take to cook a 12 pound turkey? the Lewis structure of the molecule. Using Lewis Structures for the three molecules, detern molecules Such compounds are known as 'inorganic compounds' as they are not the organic ones because of lacking Carbon. 2. the number of electron pairs around the central atom.of the molecule. Predicting molecular geometry ¾To determine the molecular geometry Find number of valence electrons Draw the Lewis structure Count the number of electron pairs (bond pairs and lone pairs but count multiple bonds as one pair) Arrange electron pairs to minimise repulsion Name the geometry … Add them together. Knowing the arrangement of atoms, distribution of electrons, and the shape of the molecule is vastly important in chemistry. There are MANY exceptions to this rule, but it should be used as a general guide for creating Lewis structures. Solution for Three molecules, BF3, NF3, and CIF3 are all unique in geometry a. Chapter 9, Problem 1PS. Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons between the atoms and are stronger than ionic bonds, which are much more of an electrostatic interactions. See solution. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. Chapter 9, Problem 3PS. Put nitrogen in center and arrange fluorine atoms on the sides. What is the contribution of candido bartolome to gymnastics? What details make Lochinvar an attractive and romantic figure? BF3 NF3 OF2 XeF2 3. Alternatively a dot method can be used to draw the NF3 Lewis structure. A brief closing summary: The Lewis structure is used to represent bonding in a molecule, whether that be covalent or ionic. Molecular geometry for each molecule CF4 NF3 OF2 H2S. Step 2: Find octet e- for each atom and add them together. Who of the proclaimers was married to a little person? NF3 has a tetrahedral geometric structure and a trigonal pyramidal shape (one nonbonding electron pair on Nitrogen). Molecular Geometry ... Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory. 2. the number of electron pairs around the central atom.of the molecule. A brief closing summary: The Lewis structure is used to represent bonding in a molecule, whether that be covalent or ionic. Subtract step 1 total from step 2, Step 4: Find number of bonds by dividing the number of bonding electrons by Tetrahedral- CF4 Trigonal Pyramidal- NF3 Bent- OF2 and H2S. Step 3: Find the bonding e-. … Want to see the full answer? Most Lewis structures will follow the octet rule, which states that the outer (valence) shell is stable when it has eight electrons. the Lewis structure of the molecule. In NF3, each F is joined to N with multiple bonds, whereas in BF3, each F is joined to B with single bonds b. N-F bonds are polar whereas B-F bonds are nonpolar c. NF3 is an ionic compound, whereas BF3 is a molecular compound pa 10. For NF3, N is the central atom and it has 5 valence electrons three of which are shared with three fluorine atoms. There is an EASY way, and a FORMAL way to draw the Lewis structure of NF3:
Most Lewis structures you encounter will be covalent bonds. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? 0 53,885 2 minutes read. What orbitals on N and F overlap to form bonds between these elements? This leaves nitrogen with an unshared pair of electrons. What are its electron-pair and molecular geometries? For NF3, N is the central atom and it has 5 valence electrons three of which are shared with three fluorine atoms. N: 5 Assign an AX m E n designation; then identify the LP–LP, LP–BP, or BP–BP interactions and predict deviations in bond angles. you would think it was Tetrahedral, with 109.5 degrees betw, What is the correct molecular shape for NF3. How many electron groups there are. Janice Powell August 17, 2018. This leaves nitrogen with an unshared pair of electrons. Remember that nitrogen usually has 3 bonds and one lone pair and fluorine usually has one bond and three lone pairs. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? What is the correct molecular shape for NF3? How will understanding of attitudes and predisposition enhance teaching? What Is The Shape Of The XeF4 Molecule?
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nf3 lewis structure molecular geometry 2020


BRIDGEPORT — Homicide victim Myoshi Bagley was known to loved ones as someone with a perpetually positive attitude who would help anyone in need.
Police have not released the name of the person killed by gunfire Wednesday night, but friends and family confirmed the woman shot while standing on Howard Avenue was Bagley, 41.
Bagley was shot shortly after 11 p.m. Wednesday. Police Capt. Brian Fitzgerald said the bullets that killed her were probably intended for another target, likely the 28-year-old man she was with whose name was not released by police.
He was also shot and was listed in "extremely critical condition" Thursday, Fitzgerald said. An updated condition was not available by 6 p.m.
"He got hit four or five times, maybe more," Police Chief Armando Perez said.
The two were taken to St. Vincent's Medical Center by ambulance where Bagley succumbed to her injuries, Fitzgerald said.
Bagley became the city's eighth murder of 2018, and the first since August. Last year, the city saw 23 killings.
Perez said police were looking at "excellent video footage" in the area that might have captured the shooting.
"It's inconceivable, a terrible act of violence like that," Perez said.
Thursday afternoon, at the site of the shooting in the 800 block of Howard Avenue, two candles stood as a tribute to a life fondly remembered.
According to Bagley's Facebook page, she attended Housatonic Community College. The page indicated she lived in Stratford and had previously lived in Bridgeport. Her page also said she was a licensed cosmetologist.
Hewitt said Bagley was a great sister and a great mother to two children — a son and a daughter. She said she didn't know the exact age of Bagley's children.
Hewitt said her family was heartbroken when they heard Bagley was killed.
But Hewitt said her family will do their best to accept Bagley's death and push forward.
"I can't bring her back, but I'll definitely get justice for her family," Perez said.
Anyone with information about this incident is asked to call Detective Cintron at 203-581-5227or call the Bridgeport Police Department Tips Line at 203-576-8477.


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Angry Arthur
On our cover this month we feature an illustration from The Swineherd, a picture book version of the Andersen fairy tale by artist Lisbeth Zwerger. (Neugebauer Press, 0 907234 127, £3.95 from A. and C. Black). We are grateful to A. and C. Black for help in using this illustration. The roundel used on the Hans Andersen pages is from the wood engraving by Gwen Raverat for Four Tales, translated by R. P. Keigwin, C.U.P. (1935). It and the Punch cartoon on page 16 appear in Brian Alderson's pamphlet Hans Christian Andersen and his Eventyr in England.
Hiawyn Oram
Satoshi Kitamura
(Puffin Books)
5-8 Infant/Junior
Buy "Angry Arthur (Picture Puffin)" on Amazon
Deprived of his favourite T. V. programme, Arthur's anger knows no bounds. His fury envelops first the house, then the neighbourhood and then the universe and before finally blowing itself out, he seems to have destroyed everything except the safe haven of his own bed. Yes, it does owe something to Sendak but this book has an originality of its own and its potential for helping children to come to terms with their emotions is immense.


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Beyond the Boundaries
Out-of-the-way
Polite Fish
Section/Faces
Sagaan Sag
© Elena Anosova
Polite Fish (2015)
The core of the project is research into the interplay between the Russian and Asian cultures historically coexisting on the territories of the Russian Far East. The problem of identity for a Russian living in the Primorsky Krai is that the more one emphasizes one's «Russian-ness», the more one starts to resemble their Asian neighbor, for whom this Russian is often the first experience of a cultural «Other».
The author identifies the pressure points in the exchanges between the two cultures as well as their mutual influence on one another in moments of the encounter on border territories. The phenomenon of the «polite fish» — a situation of contradictions between two opposite poles, two sides of the same coin, highlighting the difference between an external show of politeness and the internalized wariness inherent to the Asian world
The project was created in ZARYA Artist-in-Residence
Makarych and Vladimir. Raven and the teacher of the art camp near the city of Nakhodka
Elena and Mikhail. A young mother on a walk in a park of Vladivostok
Ivan and Roger. Daily meditation on the blossoming lotuses in a small settlement near the city of Arteym
Koryo, Ussuriysk, «Izumrudnaya Dolina». The ensemble of the Korean dances which consists of the "Russian" Korean elderly women
Pyotr and Dmitriy. Oarsmen of boats of the class "Dragon" - a mass sport in Primorsky Krai
Yana and Diana. Children in the state encampment for youths, Primorsky Krai
Livadiya, «Dream». Traditional training of Kyokushin kaikan karate in a camp near the city of Nakhodka
Komarova hill, «Zelyoniy Ugol». The market of Asian cars which fell into decay against typical residential development of the Russian city
Ylulia. A housewife practicing qigong on the embankment of Vladivostok
Lee A.K. Officer of the Russian Pacific fleet
Anna. The girl shows her tattoos that combine Asian and Russian motives
Quay, Japan Sea. Teenagers on the embankment of Ussuri Bay in Vladivostok
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Ms. Archana Rahul
Former Senior Assistant , Patient Care
Fortis Hospital, Mulund
In our day to day life we are only thinking about ourselves, but while volunteering with FCF, I get an opportunity to serve others and earn blessings from them which is a life time reward for me.
Dr. Harcharan Kaur
Senior Clinical officer Medical Administration
I am the co- coordinator in charge of the Umeed - mission smile programme in Ludhiana. Knowing that this is a first of its kind project in the region I am proud to be associated with such a great cause. I look forward to bringing a big smile on the faces of our junior patients.
Dr. Sandeepan Mukul
Additional Director , Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Fortis Escorts Hospital Jaipur
To be able to serve the economically weaker section of society in a premium hospital of Rajasthan would certainly be a great pleasure & honor. In my experience of last 21 years I have interacted & treated large number of such patients. The experience gave me an insight into how this seemingly small issue had impacted their lives in a large way. Thereafter I have been personally also committed towards enhancing the quality of life for such patients.
Dr. Nitin Sethi
Consultant – Plastic Surgery
Smile is the most beautiful thing among God's creations. To be able to restore one on the face of a family is the most exciting thing to do. Being part of a noble cause like this is helping me give direction to my work. It also makes me believe more strongly in a statement which was taught to us in med school, "My work is for a King"
Dr. Sunil Kaushal
Director & Chief Paediatric Cardiac Surgeon
Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur
By God's grace, by helping a baby live a vibrant life, we are giving a hope to a family, society and nation as well to build on in the future.
Dr. Ajaya Kashyap
MD FACS
Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon
Being able to contribute to the process of restoring looks and function, and helping these brave survivors find their confidence and smiles once again is the most gratifying part of what I do.
Dr. Sandeep Attawar
Former Director & HOD CTVS
Working with the Fortis Foundation has been a great privilege and ever greater joy. The ability to bring the best that a quaternary health care facility can bring; to help an ailing child born to poor and under privileged parents is normally; an unreal situation, A fairy tale if we may call it that.
Dr. M.S Sachdev
Former Senior Consultant Paediatric Cardiology
It has been a fantastic experience to be associated with project UMEED. This has helped us treat all children with congenital heart disease irrespective of the economic background. Bringing smiles to faces of these children and their families is truly priceless.
Dr. Rajat Kumar Gupta
Consultant, Paediatric Cardiologist
Fortis Mohali
Smile on the face of my little cardiac patients and satisfaction of their parents drives me to start my day with full energy and work with more precision day after day. At Fortis Hospital, Mohali I have found the right combination of all the factors required to constitute a great pediatric cardiac team and I am happy that our team is working day and night for this single cause, "highest level of cardiac care for every child at a right time.
Dr. Romy Jabbal
Former Medical Officer, Golden Temple Clinic
Amritsar, Punjab
Wherever there is art of medicine, there should be love of humanity.
Dr. Shraddha Gore
Paediatric cardiology, Patient Care Services
Fortis Mulund
I find the experience of working with pediatric Cardiology department which works parallels with FCF immensely enriching and fulfilling. I am extremely happy to be part of FCF which supports the noble cause of treating underprivileged children suffering from congenital heart diseases. FCF has successfully operated hundreds of children through its dedicated team of highly skilled professionals and will continue to do so by serving the society.
Dr. Savera Ahmed
Former Chief Medical Officer
"Each life in this universe is a Divine creation and deserves quality healthcare. Reaching out to vulnerable society and making a difference in their lives is service to the creator, in essence."
Dr. Vijay Agarwal
Director - Pediatric CTVS Surgeon
The reason for joining Fortis Child Heart Mission was to create an advanced Paediatric Programme which would be a model of innovation and clinical excellence.
Dr. Yashika
Former Dental Coordinator
Peace begins with a smile.
Dr. A.B Prabhu
Consultant, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab
The acid attack survivors not just suffer immense physical pain, but also are scarred mentally and emotionally for life. If our efforts can bring about a transformation in their life, then there is no greater reward for the work that we do.
Dr. T.S Mahant
Executive Director, Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery
Fortis Healthcare specializes in cardiac sciences, and we at Mohali have always believed in going the extra mile for the well-being of our patients. There are many people who are not able to afford the best possible treatment for their children. These free and highly concessional surgeries are our humble way of giving back to the society to ensure these children grow up to be healthy and happy human beings.
Dr. Joseph Xavier
Former Consultant Cardiothoracic Surgeon
Fortis Hospital, B.G Road, Bangalore
Forgo a meal to save a heart - the money you save and give to Fortis Foundation will go a long way to put a poor child with a heart disease back on the track of a healthy life.
Dr. Swati Garekar
Senior Paediatric Cardiologist
Fortis Hospital, Mulund, Mumbai
At Fortis Child Heart Mission, Mulund, our mission is to build Healthier lives, free of cardiovascular disease. That single purpose drives all we do. Here I have found a workplace conducive to maximum patient satisfaction and my personal growth.
Dr. Sanjay Khatri
Sr. Consultant, Paediatric Cardiology
Smile on the face of poor and needy people when they get the treatment free of cost, which gives me more energy and enthusiasm for my work.
Dr. Shanti Radhakrishnan
Head Medical Services
S L Raheja (A Fortis Associate) Hospital, Mumbai
To see blue turn to healthy pink in the face of a child with congenital heart disease is like witnessing the break of dawn, the sunrise which never ceases to awe! I feel blessed to be able to play a small part in making a difference in the lives of these children.
Shivani Sharma
Medical Administration
The efforts of the team and the positive attitude towards helping needy people attracts me the most.To reach out to the deepest areas and spreading awareness in one of the good things of this Foundation.
Madan Chandrakant
Transplant Coordinator, Medical Social Worker
Essel Raheja
I am proud to say that I am helping a child's heart beat by volunteering for FCF
CTVS Coordinator
If you can spread a smile on someone's face through your work, then there is nothing better than that. This is what encourages me to volunteer for FF.
Naveen Bhatia
Head – Billing
Happy to associate with Fortis Foundation, smiles on needy faces of the needy gives me pleasure and internal satisfaction and encourages me to walk extra mile for their well-being.
Dr Lakshman Dass
Medical Consultant
Dr. Lokesh Vyas
Dr Dinesh Racca
Dr Romy Jabbal
Dr Satnam Singh Basra
Dr Lehmber Singh
Dr. Vedant Kabra
Former Director
Department of Surgical Oncology Fortis Memorial Research Institute
I have been involved in the Tobacco Control program `It is heart wrenching to see young people falling prey to tobacco related diseases specially cancer every day. It destroys not only their own life but also breaks the backbone of the family - financially, emotionally and socially. This is what drove me into this movement.'
Vijeta Shetty
Medical Social Worker, Fortis Mulund
I am very happy and excited to contribute my share for the wellness of greater society.
Ms. Amreen Kalsi
Former Director- Partner Engagement
Having worked in Healthcare, I saw a lot of opportunity and many gaps. I always had ideas about 'what can be done', but always reservations about what difference can 'one' person make. What motivated me to work in FF was a realisation that I cannot do everything but I can do something , and I will not let it interfere with what I can do.
Regional Patient Experience Head, General Administration
Volunteering for FCF is like a golden opportunity for me. It's like a bright ray of hope in a dull boring day.
Megha Sandhu
Former Senior Manager, Marketing
Working with acid attack survivor - Inderjeet Kaur has been one of the most fulfilling experiences of my journey at Fortis Healthcare Ltd. Despite her many hardships, she is a testimony to what all is possible through courage and determination. Her story eggs me on through the rough patches, and keeps things in perspective – of how healthcare is not just about healing; it's about people and their stories of hope and a better tomorrow. Kudos to Fortis Foundation for standing by Inderjeet, and many like her!
Jasmine Dhillon
I firmly believe each one of us is the hero/heroine of our lives. Once they get past the initial self-consciousness, they love to pose. Once they see the result, their smiles get even wider. It's a joy to see these children blossom and glow, after having been through a very tough surgery. I love capturing the resilient human spirit that shines through their eyes. Satisfies me that I served as a distraction, even if it's for a few moments.
Ramesh Jain
Former Head- Finance & Account
After a long day at work when I see the children smile with sparkling eyes then I realize that I did something correct and thank God for giving me this opportunity to contribute for this greater good we are doing through FCF.
Digbijay Parida
Assistant Supervisor - Billing, Finance & Accounts
It's my pleasure to work with FCF as a part of the team, I feel immensely proud to help them. As part of finance team I feel very glad to see that these children's are entering in a new world of happiness.
Suvarna S
Patient care service, Cardiology / Customer care
BG Road, Bangalore
Working for betterment of children brings smile to my face and day too". It's such a noble cause and I enjoy it to the fullest.
Suruthi
Patient Coordinator, PCS
Fortis Malar
I enjoy working with Fortis Charitable Foundation because I feel I am able to contribute in providing healthcare services to those who cannot afford it, and my contribution makes their lives a little better.
Mudita Lall
Former Program Manager
I believe money can't buy you happiness and contentment, your deeds do'. By the end of the day you should come back home with a sense of satisfaction and pride and that is exactly what Fortis Foundation has offered me.
Radha Khan
Former Program Lead AANCHAL
FCF has the energy and enthusiasm of a start-up, along with creative and new ways of thinking out of the box. This enthuses and drives one to work here. A collaborative work-space, which is developing its interventions with clarity is another factor which makes FCF an exciting place to work in. There is immense satisfaction to see programs being developed with a systematic focus keeping in mind capabilities and needs of disadvantaged groups, along with maximizing resources and expertise.
Anuradha Anand
I've come to believe that each of us has a personal calling that's as unique as a fingerprint and that the best way to succeed is to discover what you love and FCF has given me a way to offer it to others in the form of giving service to the needy and under-privileged.
Program Lead AANCHAL
"Playing a small role in touching the lives of children and seeing their hopes fulfilled is an unmeasurable joy. Over the years following the structured strategies for each sub-program has given a new dimension to the scope of AANCHAL which has capacity to grow on a larger scale with partners as our pillars and making a noticeable impact in the society. With proper systems in place, we see the journey of AANCHAL touching more and more lives and bringing smiles on the faces of children to be cherished forever".
Pallavi Bose
Every day while working in FCF, I find myself getting rich by the smile and light that the FCF's initiative spreads around. Delighted to be a part of such a noble cause.
Anjali Khosla
Former Program Lead- Savera
The amazing experience of being a small part of a process of transforming lives, of sharing smiles and giving hopes.
Himanshu Sikka
It's my pleasure to work with FCF as a part of the team, it's really a good experience to help those, who really needs it in our society".
Jitender Mulwani
Manager – Asset Protection
"It is the joy of giving which drives me to work for a charitable cause. FCF through its strategic programs has brought significant change in lives of those in dire need. I simply got pulled by its approach. I feel contented working for FCF especially to know that I really being able to contribute towards bringing joy to those who require the most".
Sunayna Bhatia
Former General Counsel- Group Office
The fact that I will be able to make a difference to the lives of many in need of medical services, by using my skill set as a lawyer drives me to work for FCF. It is extremely fulfilling to work with an organization that is driven towards its charitable purpose and led by public spirited individuals who are charity- minded.
Rajeev Dua
Program Lead SEWA
FCF has given me a wonderful opportunity to connect to a beautiful cause.I feel honored to be able to do something for a noble cause as enabler to provide medical services to needy people
Lt Col Sumesh Gosain
Our nation is among the top few nations having fastest growing economy in the world which is remarkable; equally obvious are its socio-economic problems such as poverty, illiteracy and the lack of healthcare. I feel our country lacks structured medical teams to provide emergency medical aid immediately after any disaster and prevent infectious diseases. I take pride in having volunteered and being associated with 'SEWA' as Program Lead of the disaster relief program of Fortis Charitable Foundation which has been set up with a core commitment to provide emergency medical relief services to people in disaster hit areas.
Ms. Sudha Jhijharia
I believe that we cannot satisfy poor with just giving money. Money is not enough, they need care. So, spread love and care everywhere you go. Do what makes you happy and bring smiles on others faces. FCF has given me a right path to work for needy and the under privileged.
Sakina Baker
Former Head, CSR, Fortis Foundation
Awakening the basic human emotion of empathy is all that is required for us to build a compassionate society which heals the hurt, binds the bond and completes us as a human being.
Rajneesh Mittal
Senior Manager, Finance
Fortis healthcare Limited
Social work is in itself a good thing, and as a Finance Person I rarely get such an opportunity.
Dr. Gagan Sabharwal
Consultant - Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
I truly believe my job is to make sure people smile.
Abel Arockiaswamy
Former Medical Social Work
Working with the marginalized sector is my passion. I love to see these kids smile on helping them to get a new lease of life and thus produce a positive impact on the society.
Srilakshmi
Senior Care Facilitator
I find self-satisfaction in what I do to the needy is the joy of my commitment to the disadvantaged children who seeks opportunity to have a new lease of life.
Akilandeswari Ganesh
Deputy Manager – PCS
Helping people who are in need through Fortis Foundation and seeing them recover gives immense satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment. This is what a purpose driven life is all about!
Vishal Arora
RHC Holding Pvt. Ltd
It's not about serving society only but to enhance your own soul and give meaning and different perspective to life. What a feeling something larger than yourself.
Bindu Rathore
Manager, CSR
It is my privilege of working with Underprivileged children & their families for saving their lives under Little Hearts Program.
Dibya Prakash Mohanty
Former SBU Head Cardiac Sciences
As a trained hospital administrator, I had very little exposure to the human side of healthcare, largely dealing with balance sheets, Productivity , value chain management etc. Personally finding the ability to change the lives of the neediest, the most desperately ill children. It has changed me as a person forever.


text:
Assistant Principal Dwayne Cooke retires
Gus Holub, Co-Sports Editor
Assistant principal Dwayne Cooke plans to spend his retirement time with his family after nine and a half years on staff.
There was a send-off celebration for Cooke the day before winter break where teachers from each department spoke on his time at Wake Forest and honored his retirement.
"He helped a lot facility-wise; getting lights fixed in the classroom, and other things like that. He helped me with kids who had disciplinary problems, and also selected me for the honor of having smoker duty in the morning," history teacher Brad Baker said.
Students, shocked to hear about the departing of Cooke, also shared their admiration for the principal.
"He's so funny and very enthusiastic about his job," senior Sarah Vernatter said, "He helped add excitement to the usual dull atmosphere of our hallways."
"I will miss the fact that every time I saw him he would always make some random joke that would make me laugh," senior Nathan Siharath said, "I can think of more memories relating to Mr. Cooke than any other principal at our school."
Cooke could be seen on a day to day basis around the hallways of Wake Forest doing whatever necessary to keep things running smoothly.
"His presence in the halls and on the announcements during fire drills will be missed," Baker said
Cooke has been at Wake Forest for many moments such as the school getting remodeled, or the football team reaching two back-to-back state championship games. His most favorable memories however relate to things on a smaller scale.
"Some of my most memorable times have been working directly with teachers, and being able to see them grow professionally and become better teachers, and therefore have more influence over students. I take a little bit away when I see that. It kind of makes my heart grow."
Cooke stayed true to his personality with a comical response to a question asking what he will miss most about his position as assistant principal.
"Lunch Duty… Just kidding. I think I will just miss the environment most of all," Cooke said.
Cooke says he will be able to "relax" in the new year, spending time in Washington DC and New York with his family.
A few words of wisdom were left for current and future students at Wake Forest. Cooke said, "Try to remember that your future is what you make it. Your reputation is what supports your future."
Gavin McCuen
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Writing Contest Winners Announced
Engineering Design Students Tour Local Firms
On-Campus Event Focuses On Personal Branding
FCCLA Honored With Multiple Awards At Regional Leadership Conference
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Parul Agrawal
Parul Agrawal is a Business Growth Strategist, an Engineer by education and an Entrepreneur by passion. She is an International Bestselling Author, TEDx Speaker and Contributor for Publications like Forbes, Entrepreneur and Good Men Project. Parul Agrawal holds two master degrees in Engineering from Arizona State University (ASU); worked as a Research Scientist at ASU and Engineer for Intel Corporation. As an Engineer, she could have pursued a corporate job and enjoyed a stable pay-check. However, her entrepreneurial spirit called her to venture onto the risky path of online business. Watch her Tedx Talk, How to Engineer Your Passion, https://bit.ly/2PUM8uF She is founder of ParulAgrawal.com, a cutting-edge business consulting and international publishing platform, a company built to empower authentic leadership on the planet. In the last 3 years her company has helped over 400 change makers, entrepreneurs and leaders build their business platform, write, publish and market their books. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/authorparul Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/authorparul Twitter: https://twitter.com/authorparul