text:
package org.broad.igv.feature;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.broad.igv.Globals;
import org.broad.igv.exceptions.ParserException;
import org.broad.igv.feature.genome.Genome;
import org.broad.igv.feature.tribble.GFFCodec;
import org.broad.igv.renderer.GeneTrackRenderer;
import org.broad.igv.renderer.IGVFeatureRenderer;
import org.broad.igv.track.*;
import org.broad.igv.ui.IGV;
import org.broad.igv.util.ParsingUtils;
import org.broad.igv.util.ResourceLocator;
import htsjdk.tribble.Feature;
import htsjdk.tribble.FeatureCodec;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * @deprecated use org.broad.igv.track.GFFFeatureSource
 * User: jrobinso
 */

public class GFFParser implements FeatureParser {

    static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(GFFParser.class);

    private TrackProperties trackProperties = null;

    public List<htsjdk.tribble.Feature> loadFeatures(BufferedReader reader, Genome genome) {
        return loadFeatures(reader, genome, new GFFCodec(genome));
    }

    public List<htsjdk.tribble.Feature> loadFeatures(BufferedReader reader, Genome genome, GFFCodec codec) {
        String line = null;
        int lineNumber = 0;
        GFFFeatureSource.GFFCombiner combiner = new GFFFeatureSource.GFFCombiner();
        try {
            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                lineNumber++;

                if (line.startsWith("#")) {
                    codec.readHeaderLine(line);
                } else {
                    try {
                        Feature f = codec.decode(line);
                        if (f != null) {
                            combiner.addFeature((BasicFeature) f);
                        }
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        log.error("Error parsing: " + line, e);
                    }
                }
            }

        } catch (IOException ex) {
            log.error("Error reading GFF file", ex);
            if (line != null && lineNumber != 0) {
                throw new ParserException(ex.getMessage(), ex, lineNumber, line);
            } else {
                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
            }
        }

        trackProperties = TrackLoader.getTrackProperties(codec.getHeader());

        //Combine the features
        List<Feature> iFeatures = combiner.combineFeatures();

        FeatureDB.addFeatures(iFeatures, genome);

        return iFeatures;
    }

    public static Set<String> geneParts = new HashSet();

    static {
        geneParts.add("five_prime_UTR");
        geneParts.add("three_prime_UTR");
        geneParts.add("5'-utr");
        geneParts.add("3'-utr");
        geneParts.add("3'-UTR");
        geneParts.add("5'-UTR");
        geneParts.add("5utr");
        geneParts.add("3utr");
        geneParts.add("CDS");
        geneParts.add("cds");
        geneParts.add("exon");
        geneParts.add("coding_exon");
        geneParts.add("intron");
        geneParts.add("transcript");
        geneParts.add("processed_transcript");
        geneParts.add("mrna");
        geneParts.add("mRNA");

    }

    /**
     * Given a GFF File, creates a new GFF file for each type. Any feature type
     * which is part of a "gene" ( {@link SequenceOntology#geneParts} ) are put in the same file,
     * others are put in different files. So features of type "gene", "exon", and "mrna"
     * would go in gene.gff, but features of type "myFeature" would go in myFeature.gff.
     *
     * @param gffFile
     * @param outputDirectory
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public static void splitFileByType(String gffFile, String outputDirectory) throws IOException {

        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(gffFile));
        String nextLine;
        String ext = "." + gffFile.substring(gffFile.length() - 4);

        Map<String, PrintWriter> writers = new HashMap();

        while ((nextLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
            nextLine = nextLine.trim();
            if (!nextLine.startsWith("#")) {
                String[] tokens = Globals.tabPattern.split(nextLine.trim().replaceAll("\"", ""), -1);

                String type = tokens[2];
                if (SequenceOntology.geneParts.contains(type)) {
                    type = "gene";
                }
                if (!writers.containsKey(type)) {
                    writers.put(type,
                            new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(new File(outputDirectory, type + ext))));
                }
            }
        }
        br.close();

        br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(gffFile));
        PrintWriter currentWriter = null;
        while ((nextLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
            nextLine = nextLine.trim();
            if (nextLine.startsWith("#")) {
                for (PrintWriter pw : writers.values()) {
                    pw.println(nextLine);
                }
            } else {
                String[] tokens = Globals.tabPattern.split(nextLine.trim().replaceAll("\"", ""), -1);
                String type = tokens[2];
                if (SequenceOntology.geneParts.contains(type)) {
                    type = "gene";
                }
                currentWriter = writers.get(type);

                if (currentWriter != null) {
                    currentWriter.println(nextLine);
                } else {
                    System.out.println("No writer for: " + type);
                }
            }

        }

        br.close();
        for (PrintWriter pw : writers.values()) {
            pw.close();
        }
    }

    public TrackProperties getTrackProperties() {
        return trackProperties;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        if (args.length < 2) {
            System.out.println("SpitFilesByType <gffFile> <outputDirectory>");
            return;
        }
        splitFileByType(args[0], args[1]);
    }
}


Pericles, Prince of Tyre: SCENE I. Pentapolis. An open place by the sea-side.
Why, are all your beggars whipped, then?
The good King Simonides, do you call him.
court distant from this shore?
cannot get, he may lawfully deal for--his wife's soul.
I'll show the virtue I have borne in arms.
Why, do 'e take it, and the gods give thee good on't!


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The .mpeg extension has exactly the same meaning as .mpg, the latter being a legacy of the 8.3 DOS-style naming convention. Occasionally, the .mpeg extension has to be changed to .mpg to make MPEG video files playable with some players.
With MPEG-1/2 being among the oldest and most popular video standards, playback of .mpeg (.mpg) video files is supported by all major media players on any platform.


ANGUILLA, BWI / ACCESSWIRE / April 4, 2019 / Shoal Games Ltd. (SGW.V) (the "Company"), kid-tech software developer, owner of the Rooplay edu-games platform (www.rooplay.com), the KIDOZ content discovery network (www.kidoz.net) and the KIDOZ safe operating system, and publisher of the Rooplay Originals games library, announced today that it has received approval from the TSX Venture Exchange (the "Exchange") to change its name to "Kidoz Inc." and to have its shares trade under the new symbol TSXV:KIDZ. The common shares of the Company will begin trading on the Exchange under the new name and symbol at market open on Tuesday, April 9, 2019.
ANGUILLA, BWI / ACCESSWIRE / March 22, 2019 / Shoal Games Ltd. (SGW.V) (the "Company"), kid-tech software developer, owner of the Rooplay edu-games platform (www.rooplay.com), owner of the Kidoz content discovery network (www.kidoz.net), owner of the Kidoz safe operating system, and publisher of the Rooplay Originals games library, announced today that its shareholders, by written consent of the holders of 70.6 % of the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company, which exceeds the minimum shareholding required under the by-laws of the Company for shareholder action in writing, have resolved to change the name of the Company to "Kidoz Inc." and amend the articles of incorporation of the Company accordingly, subject to approval and acceptance by the TSX Venture Exchange. "Management decided to make the name change to better reflect the Company's strategy and focus on kid technology," commented Jason Williams, Co-CEO of Shoal Games.
ANGUILLA, BWI / ACCESSWIRE / March 21, 2019 / Shoal Games Ltd. (SGW.V) http://www.shoalgames.com ("the Company"), kid-tech software developer, owner of the Rooplay edu-games platform (www.rooplay.com), owner of the Kidoz content discovery network (www.kidoz.net), owner of the Kidoz safe operating system, and publisher of the Rooplay Originals games library, today announced its audited financial results for the Year ended December 31, 2018. All amounts are presented in United States dollars and in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2018, acquisition of Kidoz Ltd.
ANGUILLA, BWI / ACCESSWIRE / March 4, 2019 / Shoal Games Ltd. (SGW.V) ("Shoal Games" or the "Company"), mobile software developer, owner of the Rooplay edu-games platform (www.rooplay.com) and publisher of the Rooplay Originals games library, has successfully completed its acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding shares of Kidoz Ltd. ("Kidoz"), the Israel-based industry-leader in the global kids' content distribution and monetization marketplace (the "Acquisition"), as previously announced in the Company's news release dated December 28, 2018. The Acquisition enables the global reach of Kidoz's content network to be efficiently combined with Shoal Games' Rooplay subscription OTT platform, to create a unique player in the high growth digital kids market.
ANGUILLA, BWI / ACCESSWIRE / December 28, 2018 / Shoal Games Ltd. (SGW.V) (SGLDF) ("Shoal Games" or the "Company"), mobile software developer, owner of the Rooplay edu-games platform (www.rooplay.com) and publisher of the Rooplay Originals games library, announces that it has entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Kidoz Ltd. ("Kidoz") (www.kidoz.net), a privately held Israeli company. Based in Netaniya, Israel, Kidoz is a fast-growing industry-leader in the global kids' content distribution and monetization market - its platform is preloaded by Lenovo, Acer, PBS Kids and other device manufacturers on millions of kids tablets as their official kid-mode and is embedded in thousands of popular kids apps as their developers' main kid-friendly monetization solution.
ANGUILLA, BWI / ACCESSWIRE / November 21, 2018 / Shoal Games Ltd. (SGW.V) (SGLDF) ("the Company"), mobile software developer, owner, and publisher of Rooplay, the EdTech games platform (www.rooplay.com) and the Rooplay Originals games featuring Garfield, Moomin, Mr. Men & Little Miss, Pororo, Peter Rabbit and Mr. Bean, announces that it has completed its Annual General Meeting (AGM) in Anguilla B.W.I. Additionally, the Company announces that the Rooplay OTT platform continues to expand rapidly with the recent launch of a web-enabled version accessible on www.rooplay.com from any desktop or mobile browser on any web enabled device. The Shoal Games team is advancing the Rooplay game development capacity by distributing its proprietary Shoal.JS framework to partner studios and by working closely with leading KidTech distribution partners who reach millions of potential Rooplay users each and every month.
All amounts are presented in United States dollars and are in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Salaries, wages, consultants, and benefits decreased to $143,477 for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, a decrease of 15%, over salaries, wages, consultants, and benefits of $168,211 in the second quarter of 2018 and an increase of 18% compared to salaries, wages, consultants, and benefits of $121,697 in the third quarter of 2017.
ANGUILLA, B.W.I. / ACCESSWIRE / May 28, 2018 / Shoal Games Ltd. (TSXV: SGW) (OTCQB: SGLDF) ("the Company"), mobile software developer, publisher, and owner of Rooplay (http://www.rooplay.com), today announced that it has licensed the rights to Pororo the Little Penguin animated brand (http://www.pororo.net/) from Iconix Co, Ltd. (Korean: ㈜아이코닉스) to produce a range of classic and educational games. It is planned for the games to be published on Shoal Games' OTT system, Rooplay, playable on Smart TV's, mobile devices and web PC browsers. Pororo the Little Penguin (Korean: 뽀롱뽀롱뽀로로) is a Korean computer-animated television series created by Iconix Entertainment and SK Broadband.
All amounts are presented in United States dollars and are in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The Company expensed $270,619 in development costs during the quarter ended March 31, 2018, an increase of 19% in development costs of $227,296 expensed during the fourth quarter of 2017 and an increase of 26% in development costs compared to development costs of $214,495 expensed during the first quarter of fiscal 2017.


The 'Future Bass Power Pack' from Baltic Audio includes three high-quality Future Bass releases from Baltic Audio. Get the drum, percussion and synth sounds from 'Ultimate Drums Vol 1: Future Bass', 'Spire Essentials Vol 6: Future Bass & Pop' and 'Sylenth1 Essentials Vol 1: Future Bass', providing everything you need to create top-quality tracks in this genre.
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text:
A Good Night's Sleep - AFOI and GTL Work Together to Provide Pajamas to Children Affected by Incarceration
Jun 30, 2020, 13:02 ET
FALLS CHURCH, Va., June 30, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Assisting Families of Inmates (AFOI) is proud to announce that it has recently received a generous donation from GTL, a corrections technology company, to provide new clothing for children in AFOI's programs.
GTL recently held a company-wide pajama drive to gather clothing for children and adults affected by incarceration. Over 250 pairs of new pajamas were donated, and a portion of those were given to AFOI, which will distribute them among the approximately 140 children served by AFOI's Transportation, Video Visitation, and Milk and Cookies Children's Programs.
"More than 5.7 children nationwide—1 in 12 children under the age of 18—have experienced the incarceration of a father or mother, and these children and the other family members left behind deeply struggle with the effects and impacts of incarceration," said Fran Bolin, Executive Director. "This figure is staggering, and AFOI has spent the past four decades assisting families in the Richmond area, and beyond, with visitation and family reintegration opportunities, resources and referrals, and other services to help families not only cope during the time of incarceration but thrive upon release and reunification. GTL's donation means a lot to the children served by our programs, who are often without basic resources, like pajamas, underwear and socks."
AFOI is one of a handful of programs in the country to provide support and resources, referrals and education services, and regular, meaningful visitation to prevent the breakdown of relationships during incarceration.
"GTL believes that staying connected is one of the most important aspects of successful reentry after release," said Matthew Caesar, GTL Executive Vice President, Customer Solutions. "We applaud AFOI's mission to keep families together throughout an incarcerated individual's sentence by providing assistance for remote video visitation and transportation for in-person visits. During these extraordinary times, the support of loved ones is more important than ever. We hope that our simple donation will bring some joy to the children served by AFOI's exceptional programs."
About AFOI
The mission of AFOI is to provide opportunities for regular, meaningful visitation, referrals to community resources, and other services that help families cope with incarceration and prepare for release and reunification. We strive to prevent the breakdown of relationships among inmates and their families by providing regular, meaningful visitation, support, referrals and education services. Our programs help families and loved ones throughout the period of incarceration and also prepare families for a successful transition when the inmate is released from prison back into our community. Assisting Families of Inmates is one of only a handful of such programs to provide these services in Virginia and across the United States. To learn more about AFOI, please visit www.afoi.org.
About GTL
GTL leads the fields of corrections technology, education, and intelligence, as well as government payment services, with visionary solutions that integrate seamlessly to deliver security, financial value, and operational efficiencies while aiding inmate rehabilitation. As a trusted industry leader, GTL provides services to over 1.6 million inmates in more than 2,300 correctional facilities in the United States and Canada, including 29 U.S. departments of corrections, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons. GTL is headquartered in Falls Church, Virginia, with an employee presence throughout North America. To learn more about GTL, please visit www.gtl.net or social media sites on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and YouTube.
Randy Brown
SOURCE GTL
http://www.gtl.net

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Action Breaking in Texas
Aug. 24, 2017 — Early last week, the three-judge federal panel considering the Texas redistricting lawsuit issued a ruling, one that contained a rather major surprise.
It was expected that Reps. Blake Farenthold (R-Corpus Christi) and Lloyd Doggett's (D-Austin) districts would certainly be ordered re-drawn for racial gerrymandering reasons, but it was assumed that Rep. Will Hurd's (R-San Antonio) 23rd District would also be in the same predicament. In a ruling that certainly caught the Democratic plaintiffs off guard, the court allowed the current 23rd to stand while striking down the other two. The panel also left north Texas in tact, another region the Democrats wanted re-configured.
Now with some certainty that the district will remain intact – though it could tangentially change as a result of re-crafting Doggett's nearby 35th District – candidates already are starting to make their moves regarding challenging vulnerable two-term incumbent Hurd.
Rep. Will Hurd (R-San Antonio)
Congressman Hurd was first elected to represent his sprawling central-west Texas district, a seat that stretches more than 550 miles from San Antonio to El Paso, in 2014 when he upset then-Rep. Pete Gallego (D-Alpine), 50-48 percent, yielding a margin of just over 2,400 votes. This past November, Rep. Hurd again beat Gallego, this time 48-47 percent, a spread of just over 3,000 votes. Knowing that the turnout would literally double in the presidential year from the previous mid-term, many observers expected Gallego to re-claim the seat and were again surprised when the re-match evolved into a rerun.
Previously, Gallego indicated that he wanted to wait for the redistricting ruling before he made a decision about running one more time. His time frame may be accelerating, however, now that two Democrats just this week moved ahead of him and declared their congressional candidacies.
Jay Hulings, a former federal prosecutor from San Antonio who has strong ties to Rep. Joaquin Castro (D-San Antonio) and his brother, former San Antonio mayor and US Housing and Urban Development secretary, Julian Castro, announced his congressional candidacy on Monday. Also, another San Antonio Democrat, former city council candidate and Bernie Sanders activist, Rick Trevino, has joined the race. Trevino ran in May and missed qualifying for the council run-off by just 29 votes.
With serious activity already underway in the marginal political district, and finding an electorate that supported Hillary Clinton, 50-46 percent, Gallego is now even a doubtful Democratic primary winner. Losing two consecutive elections to Hurd after serving a sole term in the House, and being a 22-year veteran of the Texas House of Representatives from a rural western state district, Gallego can no longer be considered a prohibitive favorite for the party nomination. Therefore, the chances of him running again may have diminished this week, since a majority of the Democratic primary electorate may well prefer a fresh candidate.
For most of the decade, Texas has sported very few competitive races because virtually the entire delegation has stabilized. This election year promises to be different, since more seats other than the 23rd, which traditionally features close elections, will also be in play.
At a minimum, we are going to see competition in Rep. Farenthold's southeast TX-27 district, and almost assuredly a Republican seat will become competitive in the Austin area as a result of the Doggett district re-draw. Plus, Democrats are stirring in two other Texas CDs that Hillary Clinton carried even with Republican incumbents winning, those of Reps. John Culberson (R-Houston) and Pete Sessions (R-Dallas).
The Texas redistricting decision was a critical one in order for national Democrats to have a significant chance of winning the House majority, and their gain from the Lone Star State must exceed one seat to make any major improvement. Though the court's redistricting ruling ostensibly went their way, it appears to be far short of what the plaintiffs had hoped to reap.
Posted in Election Analysis, House, Redistricting and tagged Austin, Corpus Christi, Dallas, Hillary Clinton, Houston, Jay Hulings, Julian Castro, Redistricting, Rep. Blake Farenthold, Rep. Joaquin Castro, Rep. John Culberson, Rep. Lloyd Doggett, Rep. Pete Sessions, Rep. Will Hurd, Rick Trevino, San Antonio, Texas, TX-27 on August 24, 2017 by Jim Ellis. Leave a comment
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text:
https://www.careersinfosecurity.com/
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Spencer Fane LLP
David Navetta
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Uday Deshpande
L&T Group of Companies
Defending Against Insider Threats With Attivo Networks
Top 10 Influencers in Health InfoSec
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Governance , Incident & Breach Response , Security Operations
Protecting Obama's Emails from Hackers
Experts: Treat Sensitive Data as If It Were Classified Eric Chabrow (GovInfoSecurity) • April 27, 2015
President Obama in the security of the Situation Room (White House photo)
A report that Russian hackers read President Obama's email correspondence raises further questions about White House cybersecurity, IT security experts say.
See Also: Unlocking IAM - Balancing Frictionless Registration & Data Integrity
"If this is what was detected and reported, what wasn't detected?" asks Purdue University Computer Science Professor Gene Spafford. "For every intrusion - commercial, user, government - we should ask ourselves, 'What else don't we know about?'"
Some of Obama's emails were swept up by Russian hackers last year in a breach of a White House's unclassified computer system that was far more intrusive and worrisome than had earlier been publicly acknowledged, The New York Times reports, citing senior American officials briefed on the investigation.
A White House spokesman declined to comment on the report.
The previously reported breaches occurred in October, with hackers - believed to be Russians - accessing White House and State Department systems (see State Department, White House Hacks Linked).
Obama's BlackBerry Secured
The hackers did not appear to have penetrated closely guarded servers that control the message traffic from Obama's BlackBerry, which he or an aide carries, the newspaper reports. But the officials told The Times the hackers obtained access to the email archives of individuals inside the White House, and perhaps some outside, with whom Obama regularly communicated. From those accounts, they reached emails that the president had sent and received, according to officials briefed on the investigation.
Although classified information was not exposed, sensitive information, such as the president's schedule, might have been accessed, and that could cause problems for the U.S. government.
"While the White House and Department of State unclassified systems do not contain officially classified information, they often do contain very sensitive data, which can reveal U.S. plans and policy intentions," says Robert Bigman, a former chief information security officer at the Central Intelligence Agency. "The data can be used for foreign counterintelligence purposes by revealing information regarding, for example, the travel of government officials. This type of information can also potentially impact personal safety if it ends up in the wrong hands."
Damaging to National Security
"Surviving Cyberwar" author Richard Stiennon picks up on Bigman's theme: "One of the most important goals of nation-state espionage is the determination of intent; aside from capabilities, deployments, etc. Knowing what a leader intends is critical valuable. To the extent that President Obama revealed his intentions in emails to staff, State Department officials and Department of Defense members, the stolen email communications could be extremely damaging to national security."
Spafford sees another type of harm: Making it easier to employ spear phishing within the government. "In general," he says, "information of any sort collected against a target is of some value."
Bigman says the U.S. government should start managing sensitive, unclassified networks by taking the same steps used to protect classified networks, including isolating software and data servers from the Internet and placing them in a "demilitarized zone" external domain that restricts data flow. Also, he says, the White House should enforce encryption and establish data firewalls within the internal network domain. "The government needs to issue new policy regulations that specify security measures for all networks [used for] processing 'unclassified/for official use' information," Bigman says.
More Breaches Likely?
But rejiggering sensitive but unclassified systems could prove difficult, Spafford says. "The best methods would involve rearchitecting systems and removing most interconnections," he says. "However, that would be expensive, and it would involve having people learn new systems. Thus, it is unlikely to happen. Until security is viewed as something really important and worth the cost, we will continue to see incidents such as this and maybe, worse."
The White House breach was consistent with operations attributed to a cyber-espionage operation conducted by Russian actors dubbed TEMP.Monkey, according to iSight Partners, a cyberthreat intelligence analysis and research firm.
"While we cannot confirm whether the president's unclassified email was accessed by these actors, publicly available information correlates with the timing, targeting and probable motivation of cyber-espionage operations performed by TEMP.Monkey," an iSight Partners statement says. "The group is known for their use of Cozycar malware, which has been used in targeting U.S. and European victims."
And it's not just the White House and State Department that apparently has been victimized by Russian hackers. Last week, Defense Secretary Ashton Carter described an incident earlier this year in which DoD sensors detected Russian hackers accessing a Pentagon network, but they were immediately kicked off when identified (see Pentagon Updates Cyberdefense Strategy).
Still, one expert questions whether the hackers found any damaging information. "If there had been anything juicy," says Jim Lewis, the cybersecurity expert at the think tank Center for Strategic and International Studies, "the Russians would leak it."
Balancing Customer Convenience, Security
New Federal CIO Withholds InfoSec Judgment
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text:
Consumer Products Safety Commission Releases Troubling Statistics Regarding ATV Accidents
Home » Blog » Auto Accidents » Consumer Products Safety Commission Releases Troubling Statistics Regarding ATV Accidents
ATVs, or All-Terrain Vehicles, have exploded in popularity over the past generation in the United States. Anyone who drives by what appear to be abandoned fields or deserted areas has likely seen ATV riders moving up and down hills and across paths while enjoying a day of fun. Anyone who has spent time on a farm or a ranch has probably seen people using these vehicles for more work-related activities, as they can also be quite useful. ATVs came about more for work-related purposes, but they have also drawn avid riders from across the demographic spectrum. Unfortunately, this has also meant that over the past 20 years, ATV accidents in the United States have increased sharply. While these vehicles are powerful and they are engineered to be able to handle off-road terrain, there are limitations inherent in them that can make them dangerous for people who do not drive them correctly. As such, several different groups have been tracking the statistics that relate to ATV accidents, and one such group has recently released its latest set of statistics regarding these crashes. Sadly, it appears that ATV accidents are happening more instead of less frequently. The Consumer Product Safety Commission, or the CPSC, has recently released statistics regarding these crashes on a national scale. The agency reports that every year in the United States, approximately 135,000 people are injured in these crashes and more than 800 people are killed. In particular, the number of injuries to young people under the age of 19 has increased dramatically over the past decade. ATV accidents can occur in a number of different ways, but there are some causes for these crashes that are more common than others. Examples include:
Taking corners with too much speed
Jumping and landing improperly
Riding on pavement which can make it harder to control these vehicles
Attempting to ride an ATV in traffic on roads
There are many other causes to crashes, but these appear to be the ones that are causing the most harm. Generally speaking, ATVs are not built to handle sudden movements and turns. They have a relatively narrow wheelbase and they are heavy, which means that cornering is something that needs to be done with caution. In addition, most ATVs are meant for only one rider, and people who take passengers along with them can cause problems in terms of weight distribution. This can lead to falls and to rollovers that would not otherwise happen with only one person on the vehicle. People who drive ATVs need to be careful and they need to respect the possibility that these large machines can cause permanent damage or worse. People who have been badly injured in an ATV accident that was caused by someone's negligence need to take steps to make sure that their legal rights and options are being evaluated. If this includes you or someone you love, contact the Las Vegas accident lawyers at Bernstein & Poisson today to schedule a free initial consultation.
Who is Liable for an Obstructed View Auto Accident?
Does Car Insurance Cover a Crash on Private Property?
Who Is At Fault If You Rear-End Someone Who Brake Checks You?
Avoiding Wet Weather Car Crashes in Las Vegas


Thank you! | End Duchenne in 10!
This page will be updated soon with individual thanks to the organisations that are helping us.
With huge thanks also to everyone that has supported us individually, with time, organisational help, gifts and financial donations. You are all wonderful and too many to name individually. But we know who you are and we are all truly grateful.


One of the most beautiful side effects of yoga is the radiant calm that naturally develops when you practice consistently. It magically grounds you from deep inside and teaches you how to stay calm and open to however things unfold in life.
This print reads, "Radiant Calm...learning to greet with equal interest whatever experiences emerge."


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In order to prepare eptazocine hydrobromide effectively, a novel, mild and practical asymmetric process was developed starting from 1-methyl-7-methoxy-2-tetralone under the catalysis of N-(p-trifluoromethylbenzyl)cinchonidinium bromide. The reaction conditions were optimized to obtain the product in excellent overall yield and purity.
Eptazocine hydrobromide (1, Scheme 1), (1S,6S)-1,4-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-1,6-methanobenzo[e]azonine-10-ol hydrobromide, developed by Nihon lyakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., was extensively used as a narcotic-antagonizing analgesic for relieving post-operative pains, pains from cancer, etc. [1,2]. The commercial synthetic route to 1, shown in Scheme 1, involved the traditional resolution with concomitant discard of 50% in mass of the unwanted isomer [3-6]. Other asymmetric syntheses of 1 have been reported in the literature. These relied either on organometallic catalysis , asymmetric tandem addition to chiral tetrahydronaphthalenes , bioenzymatic steps  or diastereoselective Evans alkylation from oxazolidinone and methallyl iodide . However, these methods were undermined by expensive reagents, poor yields, harsh reaction conditions, or complex synthetic procedures.
Scheme 1: Commercial process for the synthesis of 1.
Phase-transfer asymmetric catalysis using cinchona alkaloid-derived quaternary ammonium salts is a practical method in organic synthesis [11-13]. In our prior publication , this method was selected as the technology for the development of a process to prepare (R)-(+)-1-(5'-bromopentyl)-1-methyl-7-methoxy-2-tetralone, a key intermediate of dezocine, and N-(p-trifluoromethylbenzyl)cinchonidinium bromide (3) among 17 cinchona alkaloid-derived catalysts was identified as the best one for asymmetric alkylation of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-2-tetralone (2) with 1,5-dibromopentane. The products I-13a and I-13b were isolated in a ratio of 79:21 and in 77.8% yield (Scheme 2). Encouraged by the previous studies and relevant works [15,16], we are engaged in the development of a concise and efficient asymmetric synthetic route for eptazocine hydrobromide (1), with the same material and catalyst.
Scheme 2: Previous work about asymmetric synthesis of I-13a.
Herein, we developed a new, practical and resolution-free preparation of 1 (Scheme 3) using the asymmetric alkylation of 2 in the presence of catalyst PTC (3).
Scheme 3: Asymmetric synthesis of 1.
The designed synthesis is shown in Scheme 3. Two key reactions are included in this novel strategy: 1. the enantioselective alkylation of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-2-tetralone (2) with chloroacetonitrile generate 4 through the use of a phase-transfer catalyst; and 2. the Mannich reaction to construct the tricyclic framework of 6. The study started with the alkylation under catalysis of 3 in a two-phase system of chlorobenzene and 50% aqueous NaOH solution based on our previous report . When the reaction was run at 0–5 °C, an excellent yield (70%) and enantiomeric ratio (4/4' 81:19) were achieved (Table 1, entry 2). Subsequently, the yield was improved when the concentration of NaOH decreased from 50% to 30% (Table 1, entry 3). However, further decreasing the concentration of the base made the reaction less productive (Table 1, entry 4). For optimization of the amount of chloroacetonitrile, it was found that 2 equiv were adequate for the reaction (Table 1, entries 5 and 6). As far as the substrate concentration was concerned, an increasing substrate concentration resulted in a slight decrease of the enantiomeric ratio (Table 1, entry 7). Finally, the key reaction was scaled up (60 g of 2) according to the conditions in entry 5, and similar results were obtained (Table 1, entry 8). After the screening of many solvents, the pure isomer 4 was isolated from the crude reaction mixture through crystallization from ethyl acetate with 48% yield and >99% chiral purity.
aThe reaction was performed with 2 (2.0 g), ClCH2CN and aq NaOH in chlorobenzene in the presence of 10 mol % of 3 under N2 atmosphere. bIsolated yield including 4 and 4'. cDetermined by HPLC at 210 nm using Chiralpak AY-H as a chiral column with hexane/isopropyl alcohol 50:50 as the eluent. dThe reaction was incomplete, since compound 2 was detected by TLC even after longer reaction time. e60 g of 2 was used.
With purified 4 in hand, the next step was the reduction. When compound 4 was reduced by catalytic hydrogenation at 0.4 MPa in the presence of Raney-Ni as catalyst in NH3/CH3OH, compounds 9 and 10 were formed as the main products instead of the expected compound 5. When the solvent NH3/CH3OH was replaced with HOAc/H2O (2:1) or Pd/C was selected as a catalyst, the reaction gave a similar result as with Raney-Ni as catalyst in NH3/CH3OH. It seems that compound 5 easily reacted with the carbonyl group to form the five-membered ring. Since the carbonyl group is necessary for the following Mannich reaction, a second strategy was proposed as illustrated in Scheme 4.
Scheme 4: The second strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of 1.
Tetralone 4 was converted to dihydronaphthalene 11 by reduction with NaBH4 in methanol, followed by dehydration with POCl3/pyridine at reflux (85% yield). In order to get ketone 12, a series of oxidation conditions was tested (Table 2). In general, CrO3 was commonly used for this reaction [17,18], but, when the reaction was run with CrO3 in acetic acid/water (Table 2, entry 1), a low yield (33%) was obtained. However, the reaction with CrO3/acetic anhydride/acetic acid in dichloromethane gave a slightly improved yield (Table 2, entry 3). When other oxidants, such as selenium oxide and manganese dioxide, were used, even at reflux temperature, no reaction took place (Table 2, entries 4 and 5). Owing to the concern of heavy metal pollution from the metal oxidant, organic oxidants were tested. Fortunately, DDQ in dioxane could oxidize compound 11 to 12, although the yield was 36% (Table 2, entry 6). The data of solvent screening are included in entries 6–10 in Table 2. It seems that water was crucial to improve the yield, because entries 8 and 9 gave the best results (69–73%). Finally, the oxidation was scaled up (30 g of 11) using the conditions in entry 9 and a similar yield was obtained (Table 2, entry 11).
Table 2: Optimization of oxidation conditions.
When cyano compound 12 was reduced by hydrogenation in the presence of Raney-Ni as catalyst in NH3/CH3OH, the proposed primary amine 13 was obtained in 73% yield.
Then, for the Mannich cyclization, when 13 was reacted with paraformaldehyde in HCl/MeOH at reflux, compound 14 was obtained in 26% yield (Table 3, entry 1). A better yield (45–46%, Table 3, entries 2 and 3) was achieved when the reaction was carried out in ethanol or n-PrOH. However, neither reducing the pH of the solution nor changing HCl to CH3COOH improved the reaction yield (Table 3, entries 4 and 5).
aThe reaction was performed with 13 and paraformaldehyde (6 equiv) for 6 h. bpH of the reaction solution.
The reductive methylation of 14 under Eschweiler–Clarke conditions (HCOOH/formalin/reflux) furnished 15 in quantitative yield. The latter was reduced by NaBH4 in methanol at room temperature, and then dehydration and hydrogenation with H2/Pd/C in acetic acid gave compound 8 in 83% yield. Eventually, target compound 1 was obtained from 8 via demethylation with 48% aqueous HBr solution.
In summary, we developed a new and efficient synthesis of eptazocine hydrobromide involving enantioselective phase-transfer catalyzed alkylation of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-2-tetralone and a Mannich reaction to construct the tricyclic compound in eight linear steps. The optimization of reaction conditions were carried out to get a practical route delivering the product in excellent yield and purity (>99%).
All solvents and reagents were from commercial sources and used without further purification. Catalyst 3 was prepared according to the literature . Compound 2 was prepared according to the literature . Melting points were determined on a Büchi melting point M-565 apparatus and are uncorrected. 1H NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer with TMS as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded with a Q-TOF mass spectrometer using electrospray positive ionization (ESI+). Enantiomeric ratios were determined by HPLC using a chiral column (Chiralpak AY-H) with hexane/isopropyl alcohol 50:50 as eluents, detected at 210 nm. Specific rotations were determined on a Rudolph Research Analytical automatic polarimeter IV. All reactions were monitored by TLC, which were carried out on silica gel GF254 plates. Column chromatography was carried out on silica gel (HF254) purchased from Qingdao Ocean Chemical Company of China.
To a solution of 2 (60 g, 0.315 mol) and catalyst 3 (16.8 g, 0.031 mol) in chlorobenzene (4 L) was added 30% aq NaOH (450 mL) at 0 °C under N2 atmosphere. After this mixture was stirred for 20 min, a solution of chloroacetonitrile (47.6 g, 0.63 mol) in chlorobenzene (500 mL) was added dropwise over 3 h at 0–5 °C. After the reaction was complete, the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with chlorobenzene (400 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 1 M aqueous HCl solution (2 L) and water (2 L), and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford the product as a white solid (57.0 g, 78.8% yield), chiral purity (HPLC): 4/4' 80:20. The mixture was crystallized from ethyl acetate (120 mL) to afford 4 as a white solid (34.7 g, 48.0%). Chiral purity (HPLC): 99.92%. Mp 104–105 °C; [α]D20 +102 (c 1, CHCl3); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.26 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.75–6.73 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.10–3.07 (m, 2H), 3.03–2.99 (d, 1H), 2.83–2.77 (m, 2H), 2.70–2.65 (m, 1H), 1.51 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 209.98, 157.95, 139.01, 128.70, 126.73, 116.67, 111.81, 111.06, 54.37, 48.86, 36.18, 26.52, 26.06, 25.82; MS (ES+) m/z: 252.13 [M + Na]+.
To a solution of 4 (20 g, 0.087 mol) in MeOH (200 mL) was added NaBH4 (1.98 g, 0.053 mol) in portions at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 20 min and then acidified with acetic acid (20 mL) to pH 6. After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was taken up in dichloromethane (200 mL) and washed with 10% aq Na2CO3 solution (200 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated to yield the hydroxy intermediate (20 g, 99%). To a solution of this intermediate in pyridine (150 mL) was added POCl3 (20 g, 0.13 mol). After refluxing for 40 min, the mixture was concentrated. Ice water (200 mL) was added to the residue, and the mixture was acidified with 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to pH 1. Then, the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (200 mL × 3). The combined organic layers were dried, filtered through a pad of silica gel and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 11 as a white solid (15.8 g, 85.0%). [α]D20 +103 (c 1, CHCl3); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.10–7.08 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.81–6.78 (dd, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.08–6.04 (m, 1H), 5.73–5.70 (d, 1H) 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.40 (m, 2H), 2.60 (d, 2H), 1.53 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z: 214.05 [M + H]+.
To a solution of 11 (30 g, 0.14 mol) in THF (300 mL) and water (3 mL) was added in portions DDQ (63.8 g, 0.28 mol) with stirring at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness. The residue was taken up in dichloromethane (300 mL), stirred for 20 min and then filtered through a pad of diatomite. The filtrate was washed with 5% aq NaOH (150 mL × 2) and water (150 mL), dried, filtered and then concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified through recrystallization with 90 mL ethyl alcohol to afford 12 as a white solid (22.4 g, 70.1%). Mp 101–102 °C; [α]D20 +111 (c 1, CHCl3); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.12–8.09 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93–6.87 (m, 2H), 6.83–6.80 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 6.42–6.40 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.76–2.63 (m, 2H), 1.56 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 181.99, 162.45, 149.57, 146.13, 128.86, 128.22, 123.42, 115.47, 112.79, 110.00, 54.61, 37.81, 30.28, 26.35; MS (ES+) m/z: 228.05 [M + H]+.
A solution of 12 (6 g, 0.0264 mol) in MeOH (30 mL) and 7 mol/L methanol solution of ammonia (60 mL) was subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of Raney-Ni (1.8 g, 30%) under hydrogen (pressure 0.7 MPa) at room temperature for 16 h. After the hydrogen absorption ceased, the catalyst was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness, and then the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with water (50 mL) and saturated saline solution (50 mL). The organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated to yield a crude oil. The crude oil was purified through salt formation with tartaric acid (3.96 g, 0.026 mol) in ethyl alcohol (60 mL) and basification to afford 13 as colorless oil (4.49 g, 73.0%). [α]D22 −27.7 (c 1, EtOH); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.05–8.02 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83–6.81 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.74–2.62 (m, 4H), 2.08–2.07 (m, 1H), 1.96–1.90 (m, 3H), 1.48 (s, 2H), 1.38 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 196.80, 163.80, 153.46, 130.11, 125.16, 111.74, 111.16, 55.35, 45.01, 37.90, 36.40, 34.36, 34.25, 27.44; MS (ES+) m/z: 234.24 [M + H]+.
To a solution of 13 (4.5 g, 0.019 mol) in absolute ethyl alcohol (90 mL) acidified with 28% ethanol solution of HCl to pH 5–6 was added paraformaldehyde (3.1 g, 0.103 mol). The mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 h and evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness. Water (45 mL) was added to the residue, and the mixture was alkalified with 50% NaOH (aq) to pH 11, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (45 mL × 5). The combined organic layers were washed with water (100 mL × 2), dried, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness. The residue was purified via flash chromatography with dichloromethane/methanol (20:1) to give 14 as colorless oil (2.15 g, 45.5%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07–8.05 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88–6.86 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.30–3.26 (m, 2H), 2.89–2.84 (m, 2H), 2.23–2.09 (m, 4H), 1.90–1.79 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z: 246.20 [M + H]+.
To a solution of 14 (4.0 g, 0.016 mol) and formic acid (7.5 g, 0.16 mol) in water (28 mL) was added paraformaldehyde (4.9 g, 0.16 mol). The mixture was stirred at reflux for 2 h and then alkalified with 30% NaOH (aq) to pH 11. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL × 3), and the combined organic layers were washed with water (30 mL × 2), dried, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 15 as colorless oil (4.23 g, 100%). [α]D20 +5.2 (c 1.1, EtOH);  [α]D20 +5.1 (c 1.15, EtOH); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.05–8.03 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.87–6.84 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.15 (t, 1H), 2.85–2.80 (m, 2H), 2.41–2.33 (m, 4H), 2.19–2.16 (m, 1H), 2.07–2.03 (m, 2H), 1.68–1.66 (m, 1H) 1.44 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z: 260.20 [M + H]+.
To a solution of 15 (3.0 g, 11.56 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) was added NaBH4 (0.48 g, 12.70 mmol) with stirring at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then acidified with 2 M hydrochloric acid solution to pH 6. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in water (30 mL), alkalified with 30% NaOH (aq) to pH 11. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL × 3). The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield white solid (3.0 g). To a solution of the above solid and methanesulfonic acid (0.96 g, 11.56 mmol) in acetic acid (20 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (0.90 g, 30%). The mixture was subjected to hydrogenation at room temperature in atmosphere pressure for 12 h. After the catalyst was removed by filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Water (30 mL) was added to the residue, and the mixture was alkalified with 30% NaOH (aq) to pH 12. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL × 3). The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 8 as colorless oil (2.36 g, 83.4%). [α]D20 −16.2 (c 1, EtOH);  [α]D23 −16.0 (c 1, EtOH); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.95–6.93 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.75–6.74 (d, 1H), 6.66–6.63 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2,98 (t, 1H), 2.78–2.74 (m, 1H), 2.56–2.55 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 2.21–2.17 (m, 4H), 1.80–1.60 (m, 5H), 1.20 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z: 246.17 [M + H]+.
A solution of 8 (2.0 g, 8.14 mmol) in 48% hydrobromic acid (16 mL) was refluxed for 2 h under N2 atmosphere. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was recrystallized from ethanol (12 mL) to afford 1 as white crystals (2.0 g, 80%), HPLC purity >99%. Mp 260–261 °C; [α]D22 −15.3 (c 4.87, water);  mp 259.3 °C; [α]D25 −15.4 (c 4.87, water); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CH3OD) δ 9.16 (s, 1H), 6.94–6.91 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 6.63–6.60 (m, 1H), 3.69–3.61 (t, 1H), 3.32–3.27 (m, 2H), 2,76 (m, 4H), 2.57–2.55 (m, 1H), 2.41–2.37 (m, 2H), 1.90–1.80 (m, 3H), 1.24 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z: 232.18 [M + H]+.
Supporting Information File 1: 1H NMR and MS spectra of 3, 4, 8–15, 13C NMR spectra of 4, 12, 13, chiral HPLC chromatograms of 4, 1H NMR, MS and HPLC chromatograms of 1.
Nakamoto, Y.; Ishizuka, Y.; Takeda, S.; Yoshimura, Y. (±)- or (+)-1-(2-N-substituted aminoethyl)-1-methyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes as intermediates for eptazocine. Japanese patent JP01061447, May 8, 1989.
Hiromasa, N.; Naoyasu, I.; Shigeki, T.; Yoshifumi, Y. (+)-or (+)-1-(2-N-substituted aminoethyl)-1-methyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, and process for production thereof. Eur. Patent EP0384917, Sept 5, 1990.
Tan, H.; Zhang, G.; Cai, M.; Yuan, Q. Method for preparation of eptazocine hydrobromide. Chinese patent CN104356065, Feb 2, 2015.
Ito, T.; Liao, X. M.; Li, Z. H. Method for producing novel 4-benzoazonine derivatives. WO patent WO2017038656, June 1, 2017.
4. Hiromasa, N.; Naoyasu, I.; Shigeki, T.; Yoshifumi, Y. (+)-or (+)-1-(2-N-substituted aminoethyl)-1-methyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, and process for production thereof. Eur. Patent EP0384917, Sept 5, 1990.
3. Nakamoto, Y.; Ishizuka, Y.; Takeda, S.; Yoshimura, Y. (±)- or (+)-1-(2-N-substituted aminoethyl)-1-methyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes as intermediates for eptazocine. Japanese patent JP01061447, May 8, 1989.
5. Tan, H.; Zhang, G.; Cai, M.; Yuan, Q. Method for preparation of eptazocine hydrobromide. Chinese patent CN104356065, Feb 2, 2015.
6. Ito, T.; Liao, X. M.; Li, Z. H. Method for producing novel 4-benzoazonine derivatives. WO patent WO2017038656, June 1, 2017.
© 2018 Li et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut.


US military investigators said they have no idea what was going on in the minds of the crew of a Marine Corps jet blamed for the cable-car tragedy at an Italian ski resort last month that killed 20 people. A report released on Thursday blames the four-man crew, specifically citing pilot error for the accident, which occurred when the low-flying jet severed the cable-car line. Investigators are still looking into whether the crew should face a court-martial on negligent homicide charges.


text:
Q: Watch an object graph for changes Is there a way to watch an object graph for changes on any object, and do something based on that change?
Lets say I have the following:
public class Main:INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    public ObservableCollection<Foo> FooItems { get; }
    public ObservableCollection<Bar> BarItems { get; }
}

public class Foo:INotifyPropertyChanged

public class Bar:INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    public ObservableCollection<Other> OtherItems { get; }
}

public class Other:INotifyPropertyChanged

What would be the best way to implement some sort of change notification system across all objects? For example an autosave, where any change would trigger the system to serialize the Main class.
Should I have glue code in the Main class watching the BarItems for changes, hooking up to their PropertyChanged? This seems a bit messy, and error prone to me. Is there a better way?

A: Rather than objects raising their own property changed events, perhaps they could raise a shared event instead.  For example:
public class SharedChangeNotifier
{
    public static event EventHandler<DataChangedEventArgs> SharedChangeEvent;

    protected void RaiseChangeEvent()
    {
        if (SharedChangeNotifier.SharedChangeEvent != null)
        {
            SharedChangeNotifier.SharedChangeEvent(
                this, new DataChangedEventArgs());
        }
    }
}

public class Foo : SharedChangeNotifier
{
    public int MyProperty
    {
        get { ... }
        set
        {
            ...
            RaiseChangeEvent();
        }
    }
}

You could then attach an event handler to the static SharedChangeNotifier's SharedChangeEvent to be notified whenever any object deriving from SharedChangeNotifier is changed, like this:
SharedChangeNotifier.SharedChangeEvent += (sender, args) => {
    DoWhatever();
};

A: I just read an interesting blog post on that issue at http://www.lennybacon.com/ReBlinderFleckChangeTracking.aspx
The post is in German, but as it's mostly code, it should be OK.
Hope this helps!

A: The way I have done it in the past was to create a separate ChangeTracker class with a method to Register objects into it.  Inside that method, use reflection to explore the registered object, and hook into events on each of its properties that implements INotifyPropertyChanged.
You can then add methods to the ChangeTracker to interrogate the state, e.g. IsDirty(), or even implement INotifyPropertyChanged on the ChangeTracker.
(Be sure to implement and use IDisposable on the ChangeTracker, and drop all the event handlers at that time).

A: You could have the same handler for all items that implement INotifyPropertyChanged events:
foreach (INotifyPropertyChanged obj in FooItems)
    obj.PropertyChanged+= this.modified;

// likewise for bar items, and when items are added

private void modified(object sender, EventArgs args)
{
    this.Save();
}

edit> To do the same when an item is added:
private void addToList<T>(ref List<T> l, T item) where T : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    item.PropertyChanged += this.modified;
    l.Add(item);
}

call it using:
Foo item = new Foo();
List<Foo> fooItems = new List<Foo>();

addToList<Foo>(ref fooItems, item);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The recently married Priyanka Chopra dished details on her three-day wedding extravaganza, along with her new movie Isn't It Romantic costarring Liam Hemsworth and Rebel Wilson, with Ellen DeGeneres!
The actress also spoke about how her husband Nick Jonas approached her on Twitter for the first time. "For an Indian family and an Indian wedding, it was small for sure".
Priyanka further explained to Ellen that she and Nick "didn't know much about each other" and so, made a game out of it."Nick and I both didn't know much about each other, so we did a show-and-tell after we started dating... We wanted to keep it just about family", she added.
FYI: Priyanka is wearing a Vivienne Westwood dress and Jimmy Choo shoes. And now Priyanka Chopra is all set to play the secretary of Rajneesh-turned-criminal. She said, Image source " I am developing a feature with Barry Levinson. She was like, I have to have another party for the 150,000 people I know. The actor shared a fresh Instagram picture of herself on Wednesday and informed her fans that she would be appearing in the next episode of The Ellen Show, hosted by Ellen DeGeneres. We now know that Nick sent Priyanka a direct message on Twitter saying that their common friends believed that they should meet.
"Everyone knew the Jonas Brothers. How can I not invite my hairdresser?' So it was a whole conversation".
In an earlier interview with Spotify's The Rewind, Nick revealed his baby planning mode and said, "I definitely want to be a father someday".
Clearly, both Chopra and Jonas are big family people, so we're not surprised that starting a family is on their minds. "It was a quick, attractive project to do, and I love Rebel". Nick, you've had such a good relationship with her.' I was very offended for him, honestly. So, although we've seen her life in the documentary, it'll be fascinating to see a subjective take on this enigmatic figure by Priyanka Chopra.


text:
Pop/Rock, R&B
Pop/Rock, Soul
AM Pop, Pop-Soul, Smooth Soul
70s, Beach Music, Detroit, Funk, Northern Soul, Soul
General Norman Johnson (23 May 1943, Norfolk, VA ? 13 Oct 2010, Atlanta, GA), had a hit as the lead singer of The Showmen, in the early '60s, with the New Orleans rock'n'roll anthem It Will Stand. When Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown, in 1967, to establish their own Invictus/Hot Wax group of labels, they teamed-up Johnson with Eddie Custis, Danny Woods &, Canadian born, Harrison Kennedy - as the new company's flagship act - under the appropriate name 'Chairmen of the Board'. Dozier explained, according to Songfacts: "We called them that because of their extraordinary talents.
When Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown, in 1967, to establish their own Invictus/Hot Wax group of labels, they teamed-up Johnson with Eddie Custis, Danny Woods &, Canadian born, Harrison Kennedy - as the new company's flagship act - under the appropriate name 'Chairmen of the Board'. Dozier explained, according to Songfacts: "We called them that because of their extraordinary talents. They each played several instruments, sang and wrote songs as well." Custis left the group after their second album.
Though they all had a turn at lead vocals, it was General Johnson's quirky hiccup-laden style and his songwriting which became increasingly showcased, wit hthe group selling a million plus copies of "Give Me Just A Little More Time". Chairmen of the Board also scored with "You've Got Me Dangling On A String", "Pay To the Piper", "Everything's Tuesday", "Working On A Building Of Love", "Elmo James", "Finders Keepers", and the original version of "Patches", a memorable ballad later covered with great success by Clarence Carter.
Kennedy, Woods and Johnson all went on to cut solo albums of varying quality, whilst Johnson wrote and produced (with Greg Perry) for other Invictus/Hot Wax acts, notably Honey Cone. Harrison having left, Johnson and Woods toured the UK in 1976 with six musicians as "Chairmen of the Board", but were not as successful as before. The act was broken up immediately afterwards, Johnson having signed for Arista Records as a solo artist.
In 1978, Johnson reformed the Chairmen of the Board. In 1980, the new Chairmen founded Surfside Records, for which the group records for to this day.
The Complete Invictus Studio Recordings 1969-1978 CD9
Edits by Mr. K Vol. 2: Music Of The Earth (EP1)
The Friends Of Distinction 5
The Undisputed Truth 13
Allen Toussaint 14
Freda Payne 12
Laura Lee 3
The Glass 9
the sylvers 11
8th Day 5
Joe Simon 15


I am a big fan of Facebook and love to cook. So what? Well, I have had several requests from FB friends for recipes for the meals I make. Instead of posting them on FB I figured I would start a blog. Why not? So here are some of the recipes I have been creating and eating, and I will try my best to put down some measurements etc. All measurements are estimates so please keep that in mind.
I would love to hear how you liked it or opinions of how to make it better. Share your healthy recipes too.
I will also list some of the stores I shop at since I sometimes do cook with some ingredients you may not be familiar with.
I have studied food for the past 15 years and am now a Certified Nutrition and Wellness Consultant, 200 Hour Registered Yoga Teacher, and a Personal Trainer. If you are looking to get some healthy ideas you will be able to get them here.


text:
Not to be confused with Ecology.
Deep ecology is an environmental philosophy that promotes the inherent worth of all living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs, and the restructuring of modern human societies in accordance with such ideas.
Deep ecology argues that the natural world is a complex of relationships in which the existence of organisms is dependent on the existence of others within ecosystems. It argues that non-vital human interference with or destruction of the natural world poses a threat therefore not only to humans but to all organisms constituting the natural order.
Deep ecology's core principle is the belief that the living environment as a whole should be respected and regarded as having certain basic moral and legal rights to live and flourish, independent of its instrumental benefits for human use. Deep ecology is often framed in terms of the idea of a much broader sociality; it recognizes diverse communities of life on Earth that are composed not only through biotic factors but also, where applicable, through ethical relations, that is, the valuing of other beings as more than just resources. It is described as "deep" because it is regarded as looking more deeply into the reality of humanity's relationship with the natural world, arriving at philosophically more profound conclusions than those of mainstream environmentalism.[1] The movement does not subscribe to anthropocentric environmentalism (which is concerned with conservation of the environment only for exploitation by and for human purposes), since deep ecology is grounded in a different set of philosophical assumptions. Deep ecology takes a holistic view of the world human beings live in and seeks to apply to life the understanding that the separate parts of the ecosystem (including humans) function as a whole. The philosophy addresses core principles of different environmental and green movements and advocates a system of environmental ethics advocating wilderness preservation, non-coercive policies encouraging human population decline, and simple living.[2]
1 Origins
5 Aspects
5.1 Environmental education
5.2 Spirituality
6 Criticisms
6.1 Eurocentric bias
6.2 Knowledge of nonhuman interests
6.3 Deepness
6.4 Misanthropy
6.5 Sciencism
6.6 Utopianism
7 Links with other philosophies
8 Notable advocates of deep ecology
11 Additional sources
OriginsEdit
In his original 1973 deep ecology paper,[3] Arne Næss stated that he was inspired by ecologists who were studying the ecosystems throughout the world. In a 2014 essay,[4] environmentalist George Sessions identified three people active in the 1960s whom he considered foundational to the movement: author and conservationist Rachel Carson, environmentalist David Brower, and biologist Paul R. Ehrlich. Sessions considers the publication of Carson's 1962 seminal book Silent Spring as the beginning of the contemporary deep ecology movement.[4] Næss also considered Carson the originator of the movement, stating "Eureka, I have found it" upon encountering her writings.[5]
Other events in the 1960s which have been proposed as foundational to the movement are the formation of Greenpeace, and the images of the Earth floating in space taken by the Apollo astronauts.[6]
PrinciplesEdit
Deep ecology proposes an embracing of ecological ideas and environmental ethics (that is, proposals about how humans should relate to nature).[7] It is also a social movement based on a holistic vision of the world.[1] Deep ecologists hold that the survival of any part is dependent upon the well-being of the whole, and criticise the narrative of human supremacy, which they say has not been a feature of most cultures throughout human evolution.[6] Deep ecology presents an eco-centric (earth-centred) view, rather than the anthropocentric (human-centred) view, developed in its most recent form by philosophers of the Enlightenment, such as Newton, Bacon, and Descartes. Proponents of deep ecology oppose the narrative that man is separate from nature, is in charge of nature, or is the steward of nature,[8] or that nature exists as a resource to be freely exploited. They cite the fact that indigenous peoples under-exploited their environment and retained a sustainable society for thousands of years, as evidence that human societies are not necessarily destructive by nature. They believe a different economic system must replace capitalism, as the commodification of nature by industrial civilization, based on the concept of economic growth, or 'progress', is critically endangering the biosphere. Deep ecologists believe that the damage to natural systems sustained since the industrial revolution now threatens social collapse and possible extinction of humans. They are striving to bring about ideological, economic and technological change. Deep ecology claims that ecosystems can absorb damage only within certain parameters, and contends that civilization endangers the biodiversity of the earth. Deep ecologists have suggested that the optimum human population on the earth, without fossil fuels, is 0.5 billion, but advocate a gradual decrease in population rather than any apocalyptic solution.[9]: 88 Deep ecology eschews traditional left wing-right wing politics, but is viewed as radical ('Deep Green') in its opposition to capitalism, and its advocacy of an ecological paradigm. Unlike conservation, deep ecology does not advocate the controlled preservation of the landbase, but rather 'non-interference' with natural diversity except for vital needs. In citing 'humans' as being responsible for excessive environmental destruction, deep ecologists actually refer to 'humans within civilization, especially industrial civilization', accepting the fact that the vast majority of humans who have ever lived did not live in environmentally destructive societies – the excessive damage to the biosphere has been sustained mostly over the past hundred years.
In 1985, Bill Devall and George Sessions summed up their understanding of the concept of deep ecology with the following eight points:[10]
The well-being of human and nonhuman life on earth is of intrinsic value irrespective of its value to humans.
The diversity of life-forms is part of this value.
Humans have no right to reduce this diversity except to satisfy vital human needs
The flourishing of human and nonhuman life is compatible with a substantial decrease in human population.
Humans have interfered with nature to a critical level already, and interference is worsening.
Policies must be changed, affecting current economic, technological and ideological structures.
This ideological change should focus on an appreciation of the quality of life rather than adhering to an increasingly high standard of living.
All those who agree with the above tenets have an obligation to implement them.
DevelopmentEdit
YPJ members in a greenhouse farm, for ecological cooperative farming in Rojava (AANES)
The phrase "Deep Ecology" first appeared in a 1973 article by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss.[3] Næss referred to "biospherical egalitarianism-in principle", which he explained was "an intuitively clear and obvious value axiom. Its restriction to humans is … anthropocentrism with detrimental effects upon the life quality of humans themselves... The attempt to ignore our dependence and to establish a master-slave role has contributed to the alienation of man from himself."[3] Næss added that from a deep ecology point of view "the right of all forms [of life] to live is a universal right which cannot be quantified. No single species of living being has more of this particular right to live and unfold than any other species".[11] As Bron Taylor and Michael Zimmerman have recounted,
a key event in the development of deep ecology was the "Rights of Non-Human Nature" conference held at a college in Claremont, California in 1974 [which] drew many of those who would become the intellectual architects of deep ecology. These included George Sessions who, like Naess, drew on Spinoza's pantheism, later co-authoring Deep Ecology - [Living as if Nature Mattered] with Bill Devall; Gary Snyder, whose remarkable, Pulitzer prize-winning Turtle Island proclaimed the value of place-based spiritualities, indigenous cultures, and animistic perceptions, ideas that would become central within deep ecology subcultures; and Paul Shepard, who in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game, and subsequent works such as Nature and Madness and Coming Home to the Pleistocene, argued that foraging societies were ecologically superior to and emotionally healthier than agricultur[al societies]. Shepard and Snyder especially provided a cosmogony that explained humanity's fall from a pristine, nature paradise. Also extremely influential was Edward Abbey's Desert Solitaire, which viewed the desert as a sacred place uniquely able to evoke in people a proper, non-anthropocentric understanding of the value of nature. By the early 1970s the above figures put in place the intellectual foundations of deep ecology.[12]
Murray Bookchin, a anarchist philosopher, played a major role in devolving deep ecology through the 1980s.[13][14][15]
SourcesEdit
Old-growth forest in Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro
Deep ecology is an eco-philosophy derived from intuitive ethical principles. It does not claim to be a science, although it is based generally on the new physics, which, in the early 20th century, undermined the reductionist approach and the notion of objectivity, demonstrating that humans are an integral part of nature; this is a common concept always held by primal peoples.[16][17] Devall and Sessions, however, note that the work of many ecologists has encouraged the adoption of an "ecological consciousness", quoting environmentalist Aldo Leopold's view that such a consciousness "changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen of it."[18] Though some detractors assert that deep ecology is based on the discredited idea of the "balance of nature", deep ecologists have made no such claim. They do not dispute the theory that human cultures can have a benevolent effect on the landbase, only the idea of the control of nature, or human supremacy, which is the central pillar of the industrial paradigm. The tenets of deep ecology state that humans have no right to interfere with natural diversity except for vital needs: the distinction between "vital" and "other needs" cannot be drawn precisely.[19] Deep ecologists reject any mechanical or computer model of nature, and see the earth as a living organism, which should be treated and understood accordingly.[20]
Arne Næss uses Baruch Spinoza as a source, particularly his notion that everything that exists is part of a single reality.[21] Others have copied Næss in this, including Eccy de Jonge[22] and Brenden MacDonald.[23]
AspectsEdit
Environmental educationEdit
In 2010, Richard Kahn promoted the movement of ecopedagogy, proposing using radical environmental activism as an educational principle to teach students to support "earth democracy" which promotes the rights of animals, plants, fungi, algae and bacteria. The biologist Dr. Stephan Harding has developed the concept of "holistic science", based on principles of ecology and deep ecology. In contrast with materialist, reductionist science, holistic science studies natural systems as a living whole. He writes:
We encourage … students to use [their] sense of belonging to an intelligent universe (revealed by deep experience), for deeply questioning their fundamental beliefs, and for translating these beliefs into personal decisions, lifestyles and actions. The emphasis on action is important. This is what makes deep ecology a movement as much as a philosophy.[7]
SpiritualityEdit
Næss criticised the Judeo-Christian tradition, stating the Bible's "arrogance of stewardship consists in the idea of superiority which underlies the thought that we exist to watch over nature like a highly respected middleman between the Creator and Creation".[11] Næss further criticizes the reformation's view of creation as property to be put into maximum productive use.
Joanna Macy in "the Work that Reconnects" integrates Buddhist philosophy with a deep ecological viewpoint.
CriticismsEdit
Eurocentric biasEdit
Guha and Martinez-Allier critique the four defining characteristics of deep ecology. First, because deep ecologists believe that environmental movements must shift from an anthropocentric to an ecocentric approach, they fail to recognize the two most fundamental ecological crises facing the world: overconsumption in the global north and increasing militarization. Second, deep ecology's emphasis on wilderness provides impetus for the imperialist yearning of the West. Third, deep ecology appropriates Eastern traditions, characterizes Eastern spiritual beliefs as monolithic, and denies agency to Eastern peoples. And fourth, because deep ecology equates environmental protection with wilderness preservation its radical elements are confined within the American wilderness preservationist movement.[24]
Knowledge of nonhuman interestsEdit
Animal rights activists state that for an entity to require intrinsic rights, it must have interests.[25] Deep ecologists are criticised for insisting they can somehow understand the thoughts and interests of non-humans such as plants or protists, which they claim thus proves that non-human lifeforms have intelligence. For example, a single-celled bacteria might move towards a certain chemical stimulation, although such movement might be rationally explained, a deep ecologist might say that this was all invalid because according to his better understanding of the situation that the intention formulated by this particular bacteria was informed by its deep desire to succeed in life. One criticism of this belief is that the interests that a deep ecologist attributes to non-human organisms such as survival, reproduction, growth, and prosperity are really human interests. Deep ecologists refute this criticism by pointing out the plethora of recent work on mimesis. Thomas Nagel suggests, "[B]lind people are able to detect objects near them by a form of a sonar, using vocal clicks or taps of a cane. Perhaps if one knew what that was like, one could by extension imagine roughly what it was like to possess the much more refined sonar of a bat."[26] Others such as David Abram have pointed out that consciousness is not specific to humans, but a property of the totality of the universe of which humans are a manifestation.[27]
DeepnessEdit
When Arne Næss coined the term deep ecology, he compared it favourably with shallow ecology which he criticized for its utilitarian and anthropocentric attitude to nature and for its materialist and consumer-oriented outlook,[28] describing its "central objective" as "the health and affluence of people in the developed countries."[3] William D. Grey believes that developing a non-anthropocentric set of values is "a hopeless quest". He seeks an improved "shallow" view.[29] Deep ecologists point out, however, that "shallow ecology" (resource management conservation) is counter-productive, since it serves mainly to support capitalism, the means through which industrial civilization destroys the biosphere. The eco-centric view thus only becomes 'hopeless' within the structures and ideology of civilization. Outside it, however, a non-anthropocentric world view has characterised most 'primal' cultures since time immemorial, and, in fact, obtained in many indigenous groups until the industrial revolution and after.[30] Some cultures still hold this view today. As such, the eco-centric narrative is in not alien to humans, and may be seen as the normative ethos in human evolution.[10]: 97 Grey's view represents the reformist discourse that deep ecology has rejected from the beginning.[10]: 52
MisanthropyEdit
Social ecologist Murray Bookchin interpreted deep ecology as being misanthropic, due in part to the characterization of humanity by David Foreman of the environmental advocacy group Earth First!, as a "pathological infestation on the Earth". Bookchin mentions that some, like Foreman, defend misanthropic measures such as organising the rapid genocide of most of humanity.[31] In response, deep ecologists have argued that Foreman's statement clashes with the core narrative of deep ecology, the first tenet of which stresses the intrinsic value of both nonhuman and human life. Arne Naess suggested a slow decrease in human population over an extended period, not genocide.[32] Bookchin's second major criticism is that deep ecology fails to link environmental crises with authoritarianism and hierarchy. He suggests that deep ecologists fail to recognise the potential for human beings to solve environmental issues.[31]
In response, deep ecologists have argued that industrial civilization, with its class hierarchy, is the sole source of the ecological crisis.[33]: 18 The eco-centric worldview precludes any acceptance of social class or authority based on social status.[3] Deep ecologists believe that since ecological problems are created by industrial civilization, the only solution is the deconstruction of the culture itself.[33]
SciencismEdit
Daniel Botkin concludes that although deep ecology challenges the assumptions of western philosophy, and should be taken seriously, it derives from a misunderstanding of scientific information and conclusions based on this misunderstanding, which are in turn used as justification for its ideology. It begins with an ideology and is political and social in focus. Botkin has also criticized Næss's assertion that all species are morally equal and his disparaging description of pioneering species.[34] Deep ecologists counter this criticism by asserting that a concern with political and social values is primary, since the destruction of natural diversity stems directly from the social structure of civilization, and cannot be halted by reforms within the system. They also cite the work of environmentalists and activists such as Rachel Carson, Aldo Leopold, John Livingston, and others as being influential, and are occasionally critical of the way the science of ecology has been misused.[3]
UtopianismEdit
Eco-critic Jonathan Bate has called deep ecologists 'utopians', pointing out that 'utopia' actually means 'nowhere' and quoting Rousseau's claim that "the state of nature no longer exists and perhaps never did and probably never will." Bate asks how a planet crowded with cities
could possibly be returned to the state of nature? And ...who would want to return it there? ... Life in the state of nature, Thomas Hobbes reminded readers of Leviathan in 1650, is solitary, poor, ignorant, brutish and short. It may be necessary to critique the values of the Enlightenment, but to reject enlightenment altogether would be to reject justice, political liberty and altruism.[35]
Bates' criticism rests partly on the idea that industrial civilization and the technics it depends on are themselves 'natural' because they are made by humans. Deep ecologists have indicated that the concept of technics being 'natural' and therefore 'morally neutral' is a delusion of industrial civilization: there can be nothing 'neutral' about nuclear weapons, for instance, whose sole purpose is large scale destruction. Quoting the historian Lewis Mumford,[36] deep ecologist Derrick Jensen divides technology into 'democratic' and 'authoritarian' technics ('technics' includes both technical and cultural aspects of technology). While 'democratic' technics, available to small communities, may be neutral, 'authoritarian' technics, available only to large-scale, hierarchical, authoritarian, societies, are not. Such technics are not only unsustainable, but 'are driving planetary murder'. They need urgently to be abandoned, as supported by tenet #6 of the deep ecology code.[37]
With reference to the degree to which landscapes are natural, Peter Wohlleben draws a temporal line (roughly equivalent to the development of Jensen's 'authoritarian' technics) at the agricultural revolution, about 8000 BC, when "selective farming practices began to change species."[38] This is also the time when the landscape began to be intentionally transformed into an ecosystem completely devoted to meeting human needs.[38]
Concerning Hobbes's pronouncement on 'the state of nature', deep ecologists and others have commented that it is false and was made simply to legitimize the idea of a putative 'social contract' by which some humans are subordinate to others. There is no evidence that members of primal societies, employing 'democratic technics', lived shorter lives than those in civilization (at least before the 20th century); their lives were the opposite of solitary, since they lived in close-knit communities, and while 'poverty' is a social relation non-existent in sharing cultures, 'ignorant' and 'brutish' both equate to the term 'savage' used by colonials of primal peoples, referring to the absence of authoritarian technics in their cultures. Justice, political liberty and altruism are characteristic of egalitarian primal societies rather than civilization, which is defined by class hierarchies and is therefore by definition unjust, immoral, and lacking in altruism.
Links with other philosophiesEdit
Peter Singer critiques anthropocentrism and advocates for animals to be given rights. However, Singer has disagreed with deep ecology's belief in the intrinsic value of nature separate from questions of suffering.[39] Zimmerman groups deep ecology with feminism and civil rights movements.[40] Nelson contrasts it with ecofeminism.[41] The links with animal rights are perhaps the strongest, as "proponents of such ideas argue that 'all life has intrinsic value'".[42]
David Foreman, the co-founder of the radical direct-action movement Earth First!, has said he is an advocate for deep ecology.[43][44] At one point Arne Næss also engaged in direct action when he chained himself to rocks in front of Mardalsfossen, a waterfall in a Norwegian fjord, in a successful protest against the building of a dam.[45]
Some have linked the movement to green anarchism as evidenced in a compilation of essays titled Deep Ecology & Anarchism.[46]
The object-oriented ontologist Timothy Morton has explored similar ideas in the books Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (2009) and Dark Ecology: For a Logic of Future Coexistence (2016).[47][48]
Notable advocates of deep ecologyEdit
Michael Asher
Thomas Berry
Fritjof Capra
Michael Dowd
Vivienne Elanta
David Foreman
Warwick Fox
Chellis Glendinning
Edward Goldsmith
Paul Hawken
Julia Butterfly Hill
Derrick Jensen
Lierre Keith
Bernie Krause
Dolores LaChapelle
Gilbert LaFreniere
Jerry Mander
Freya Mathews
Peter Newman
David Orton
Val Plumwood
Theodore Roszak
Elena Sharoykina
Paul Shepard
Timothy Sprigge
Richard Sylvan
Douglas Tompkins
Oberon Zell-Ravenheart
John Zerzan
Biocentrism (ethics)
Biophilia hypothesis
Biotic ethics
Coupled human-environment system
Earth liberation
Ecocentrism
Gaianism
Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
Negative population growth
OpenAirPhilosophy
Hierarchy theory
Scale (analytical tool)
^ a b Smith, Mick (2014). "Deep Ecology: What is Said and (to be) Done?". The Trumpeter. 30 (2): 141–156. ProQuest 1958537477.
^ Barry, John; Frankland, E. Gene (2002). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Routledge. p. 161. ISBN 9780415202855.
^ a b c d e f Naess, Arne (January 1973). "The shallow and the deep, long‐range ecology movement. A summary". Inquiry. 16 (1–4): 95–100. doi:10.1080/00201747308601682.
^ a b Sessions, George (2014). "Deep Ecology, New Conservation, and the Anthropocene Worldview". The Trumpeter. 30 (2): 106–114. ProQuest 1958534297.
^ Arne, Naess; Rothenberg, David (1993). Is it Painful to Think?. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 131–132.
^ a b Drengson, Alan; Devall, Bill; Schroll, Mark A. (2011). "The Deep Ecology Movement: Origins, Development, and Future Prospects (Toward a Transpersonal Ecosophy)". International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. 30 (1–2): 101–117. doi:10.24972/ijts.2011.30.1-2.101.
^ a b Harding, Stephan. Deep Ecology in the Holistic Science Programme. Schumacher College.
^ Margulis, Lynn. Animate Earth.
^ Sessions, George, ed. (1995). Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Shambala Publications. ISBN 9781570620492.
^ a b c Devall, Bill; Sessions, George (1985). Deep Ecology. Gibbs M. Smith. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-87905-247-8.
^ a b Næss, Arne (1989). Ecology, community and lifestyle: outline of an ecosophy Translated by D. Rothenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 166, 187. ISBN 0521344069. LCCN 88005068.
^ Taylor, B.; Zimmerman, M. (2005). Taylor, B. (ed.). Deep Ecology. Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Volume 1. London: Continuum International. pp. 456–60.
^ Fox, Warwick (Spring 1989). "The deep ecology–ecofeminism debate and its parallels". Environmental Ethics. 11 (1): 5–25. doi:10.5840/enviroethics198911120.
^ Eckersley, Robyn (Summer 1989). "Diving evolution: the ecological ethics of Murray Bookchin". Environmental Ethics. 11 (2): 99–116. doi:10.5840/enviroethics198911229.
^ Best, Steven (September 1998). "Murray Bookchin's Theory of Social Ecology: An Appraisal of the Ecology of Freedom". Organization & Environment. 11 (3): 334–353. doi:10.1177/0921810698113004. S2CID 145369736. ProQuest 219901508.
^ Fox, Warwick. The Intuition of Deep Ecology. , quoted in Devall, Bill; Sessions, George (1985). Deep Ecology. Gibbs M. Smith. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-87905-247-8.
^ Bohm, David (1980). Wholeness and The Implicate Order. p. 37. ISBN 9780710003669.
^ "We are only fellow-voyagers with other creatures in the odyssey of evolution," states Aldo Leopold; quoted in Devall, Bill; Sessions, George (1985). Deep Ecology. Gibbs M. Smith. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-87905-247-8.
^ McLaughlin, Andrew (1995). Sessions, George (ed.). The Heart of Deep Ecology. Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Shambala Publications. p. 87. ISBN 9781570620492.
^ "There are no shortcuts to direct organic experiencing." Morris Berman, quoted in Devall, Bill; Sessions, George (1985). Deep Ecology. Gibbs M. Smith. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-87905-247-8.
^ Naess, A. (1977). "Spinoza and ecology". Philosophia. 7: 45–54. doi:10.1007/BF02379991. S2CID 143850683.
^ de Jonge, Eccy (April 28, 2004). Spinoza and Deep Ecology: Challenging Traditional Approaches to Environmentalism (Ashgate New Critical Thinking in Philosophy). Routledge. ISBN 978-0754633273.
^ MacDonald, Brenden James (14 May 2012). "Spinoza, Deep Ecology, and Human Diversity -- Schizophrenics and Others Who Could Heal the Earth If Society Realized Eco-Literacy". The Trumpeter. 28 (1): 89–101. ProQuest 1959176673.
^ Guha, R., and J. Martinez-Allier. 1997. Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique. Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South, pp. 92-108
^ Feinberg, Joel. "The Rights of Animals and Future Generations". Retrieved 2006-04-25.
^ Nagel, Thomas (1997). "What is it like to be a bat?": 172. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Abram, David. The Spell of the Sensuous. p. 262.
^ Devall, Bill; Sessions, George. Deep Ecology: Environmentalism as if all beings mattered. Retrieved 2006-04-25.
^ Grey, William (1993). "Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology". Australiasian Journal of Philosophy. 71 (4): 463–75. doi:10.1080/00048409312345442. Archived from the original on 2001-04-14. Retrieved August 6, 2021. CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Abrams, David. The Spell of the Sensuous.
^ a b Bookchin, Murray (1987). "Social Ecology versus Deep Ecology: A Challenge for the Ecology Movement". Green Perspectives/Anarchy Archives – via dwardmac.pitzer.edu.
^ Sessions, George, ed. (1995). Deep Ecology for the 21st Century. p. 88. ISBN 9781570620492.
^ a b Jensen, Derrick (2006). Endgame, Volume 2.
^ Botkin, Daniel B. (2000). No Man's Garden: Thoreau and a New Vision for Civilization and Nature. Shearwater Books. pp. 42 42, 39]. ISBN 978-1-55963-465-6.
^ Bate, Jonathan (2000). The Song of the Earth. p. 37.
^ Mumford, Lewis (1966). The Myth of the Machine — Technics & Human Development.
^ Jensen, Derrick; McBay, Aric (2011). Technics (excerpt from chapter "Technotopia: Industry"). What We Leave Behind. Derrick Jensen. p. 234. ISBN 9781583229897. Retrieved August 5, 2021 – via derrickjensen.org.
^ a b Wohlleben, Peter (2019). The Secret Wisdom of Nature: Trees, Animals and the Extraordinary Balance of All Living Things. Translated by Jane Billinghurst. David Suzuki Institute, Greystone Books. ISBN 9781771643887.
^ Kendall, Gillian (May 2011). "The Greater Good: Peter Singer On How To Live An Ethical Life". Sun Magazine, the Sun Interview (425). Retrieved 2011-12-02.
^ AtKisson, Alan (Summer 1989). "Introduction To Deep Ecology, an interview with Michael E. Zimmerman". Global Climate Change. Context Institute (22): 24. Retrieved 2021-08-05 – via Context.org.
^ Nelson, C. (August 2021). Ecofeminism vs. Deep Ecology. Dialogue, San Antonio, Texas: Dept. of Philosophy, Saint Mary's University.
^ Wall, Derek (1994). Green History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07925-9.
^ Levine, David, ed. (1991). Defending the Earth: a dialogue between Murray Bookchin and Dave Foreman.
^ Bookchin, Murray; Graham Purchase; Brian Morris; Rodney Aitchtey; Robert Hart; Chris Wilbert (1993). Deep Ecology and Anarchism. Freedom Press. ISBN 978-0-900384-67-7.
^ Seed, J.; Macy, J.; Flemming, P.; Næss, A. (1988). Thinking like a mountain: towards a council of all beings. Heretic Books. ISBN 0-946097-26-7.
^ Deep Ecology & Anarchism. Freedom Press. 1993.
^ Morton, Timothy (2009). Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674266162.
^ Morton, Timothy (2016). Dark Ecology: For a Logic of Future Coexistence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231541367.
Additional sourcesEdit
Bender, F. L. 2003. The Culture of Extinction: Toward a Philosophy of Deep Ecology Amherst, New York: Humanity Books.
Katz, E., A. Light, et al. 2000. Beneath the Surface: Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
LaChapelle, D. 1992. Sacred Land, Sacred Sex: Rapture of the Deep Durango: Kivakí Press.
Passmore, J. 1974. Man's Responsibility for Nature London: Duckworth.
Clark, John P (2014). "What Is Living In Deep Ecology?". Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy. 30 (2): 157–183.
Hawkins, Ronnie (2014). "Why Deep Ecology Had To Die". Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy. 30 (2): 206–273.
Further readingEdit
Gecevska, Valentina; Donev, Vancho; Polenakovik, Radmil (2016). "A Review Of Environmental Tools Towards Sustainable Development". Annals of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara - International Journal of Engineering. 14 (1): 147–152.
Glasser, Harold (ed.) 2005. The Selected Works of Arne Næss, Volumes 1-10. Springer, ISBN 1-4020-3727-9. (review)
Holy-Luczaj, Magdalena (2015). "Heidegger's Support For Deep Ecology Reexamined Once Again". Ethics & the Environment. 20 (1): 45–66. doi:10.2979/ethicsenviro.20.1.45. S2CID 141921083.
Keulartz, Jozef 1998. Struggle for nature : a critique of radical ecology, London [etc.] : Routledge.
Linkola, Pentti 2011. Can Life Prevail? UK: Arktos Media, 2nd Revised ed. ISBN 1907166637
Marc R., Fellenz. "9. Ecophilosophy: Deep Ecology And Ecofeminism." The Moral Menagerie : Philosophy and Animal Rights. 158. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
Orton, David (January 9, 2000). "Deep Ecology and Animal Rights: A Discussion Paper". The Green Web.
Sylvan, Richard (1985a). "A Critique of Deep Ecology, Part I". Radical Philosophy. 40: 2–12.
Sylvan, Richard (1985b). "A Critique of Deep Ecology, Part II". Radical Philosophy. 41: 1–22.
Tobias, Michael (ed.) 1988 (1984). Deep Ecology. Avant Books. ISBN 0-932238-13-0.
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