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Social values and tragic choices
If values guide choices, what guides choice when you have to decide between values as well as options? On one account, such a situation is 'tragic': there are better and worse ways to proceed, but none that don't involve leaving a legitimate claim unmet.
The situation that Labour currently finds itself in, and in particular the choices it will face if it forms the next government, call for some uncomfortable thinking.
It is hard to imagine a plausible scenario in which a post-2015 Labour administration wouldn't be faced with decisions where whatever options it chose the party's fundamental values would be called into question. By then we will already have seen unprecedented cuts to public services and benefits- most of which, it it worth remembering, have not yet taken place (See chart & table from IFS. According to the IFS today http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6683, 58% of benefit cuts and under a third of cuts to services planned for the period 20010/11 to 2017/18 will have taken place by the end of this financial year). Even if further cuts or tax increases post-2015 were not necessary, and this is very unlikely if the next government wants to reduce the deficit even at a slower pace than the coalition, repairing any of the inherited damage to public services or the welfare system would mean moving resources from one already underfunded area to another. This is before even considering areas such as childcare and housing where many in Labour believe that expansion is sorely needed to support long-term objectives, or the continuing and increasing expenditure pressures associated with population ageing.
In other words, whatever decisions Labour makes if it wins in 2015, some of its choices will hurt people: and it won't have the option the coalition has so ruthlessly exploited of pretending all the people being hurt deserve it.
This situation would have much in common with the account of tragedy given by the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre - who has some claim to being the most important intellectual influence on much of Labour's current thinking: MacIntyre writes: 'There are indeed crucial conflicts in which different virtues appear as making rival and incompatible claims upon us. But our situation is tragic in that we have to recognise the authority of both claims..... to choose does not exempt me from the authority of the claim which I choose to go against.' (After Virtue, p. 143) This definition of the tragic situation seems a lot more relevant to Labour's prospects than the sloganistic invocations of 'virtue','tradition' and 'community' that characterise some of the MacIntyrean strain in the party's current debate.
Where some of Labour's MacIntyre disciples are on the right track though is in recognising that our standard toolkit for thinking about policy is inadequate for the situation Labour would be faced with if it won the next election. Policy makers like to think of conflicting aims and values in terms of 'trade-offs' at the margin: we'll accept so much extra income inequality in return for so much extra tax revenue (we hope), in much the same way as we might trade an extra glass of wine off against increased risk of a hangover. But not all policy choices take this form even under favourable economic circumstances. When the options in play involve far from marginal choices, framing problems in terms of measured trade-offs may just be a form of wishful thinking. The range of options may be such that choices between values are forced on us. And if we are forced to choose between values, what is going to inform that choice?
This is not just a philosophical question. To take some concrete examples, there is a substantial risk that by 2015 there will be a crisis in social care provision in the wake of unprecedented cuts to local authority funding combined with growing demand from an ageing population http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/may/08/social-care-chiefs-fear-sy... . Many disabled and elderly people will be suffering increased social isolation and some will be receiving utterly inadequate help with basic personal care. There will also be a continuing rise in child poverty: in the IFS's words, poverty will increase 'in each and every year from 2010 to 2020' primarily as a consequence of the coalition's welfare changes http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/may/07/uk-children-poverty-2020-t... . We have reason to believe, not least from the historical evidence from the last major rise in poverty in the 1980's, that increased poverty will have serious long-term consequences for a large minority of the children affected.
These two issues both go to the heart of Labour's value system, and they are far from being the only examples. Labour will have to 'recognise the authority of both claims' and of many others: but it won't be able to meet all of them even partially. Nor will it be 'exempt from the authority' of the claims it chooses to go against, unless it chooses to revise its values.
Under these circumstances, trading off is unlikely to be the main paradigm for decision-making. Nor are there obvious alternatives. Running through some examples from the political philosophy literature, a minimax decision rule – minimise the maximum loss suffered as a result of cuts– might seem appealing but it would need a single currency which can be applied to different priorities in order to bite: for example, a way of comparing the consequences of inadequate social care and increased child poverty. The obvious candidate for deriving a single currency is utilitarianism, simultaneously the most derided serious theory in ethics and the most practically indispensable for public policy. But, notoriously, utilitarianism won't resolve conflicts involving values other than utility, such as individual autonomy and social cohesion. Alternative currencies such as 'capabilities' which aim to bring other values into play offer only the broadest guidance, unsuited to the precise decisions that will need to be made.
One way of managing conflicts between values is to appeal to an overarching principle which can somehow adjudicate between different value claims. But even if one thinks of social democracy or liberal egalitarianism (or republicanism or communitarianism etc) as reasonably coherent political doctrines, the notion that they have /that/ kind of coherence ('all the way down', as they say) looks implausible. And the timetable for arriving at the sort of public 'reflective equilibrium' on balancing different values advocated by John Rawls is, to put it mildly, unforgiving, even if you think that 'reflective equilibrium' is a remotely plausible outcome of what passes for debate on spending choices in the UK these days.
Would all this leave Labour bereft of principles to address the choices it will face if it wins in 2015? Of course not. There will still be choices where principles of urgency and priority will offer clear guidance- as is recognised even in some of the coalition's policies- although implementing those principles always carries risks. Policies that aim to help only the most vulnerable inevitably leave many of the most vulnerable unhelped, a key argument for the sort of broadly based provision social democrats have always favoured. And of course not all decisions will be about expenditure: reversing the NHS Act, banking reform and – arguably- active labour market policy and labour regulation will be important to long-term social welfare, although they are unlikely to completely offset the effects of retrenchment in social infrastructure.
But if Labour wins I can't help thinking there will be tragic choices, in MacIntyre's sense, as well. This is not (quite) a counsel of despair. It's central to MacIntyre's notion of a tragic situation that there are better and worse ways to proceed even when every option inevitably involves going against a claim with an authority we recognise. That's what makes a situation tragic rather than merely deplorable. But recognising that there are choices is cold comfort indeed. We are still faced with the question: what guides choice under these circumstances?
Here is one suggestion, borrowing some terminology from the political economist Peter Hall who distinguishes between policy 'instruments' (such as taxes, benefits and public services) and the 'settings' of instruments, such as tax rates. Some of the damage to be repaired post-2015 may well be structural, affecting the availability of 'instruments', for example, if social care reaches a point of crisis. Some will certainly be to do with the 'settings' of instruments (such as benefit rates, affecting poverty). Repairing the former might be seen as taking priority, as the loss of important 'instruments' may eventually become irreparable, while as long as 'instruments' haven't been reduced to near-ineffectiveness, 'settings' could be adjusted as economic and fiscal circumstances improve, as one hopes they eventually will.
Even if prioritising structural repair provided some guidance on policy choices, it wouldn't reduce the authority of the claims which have been given lower priority: we remain within the tragic situation. The argument outlined here for prioritising structural repair does not turn on saying that one value is more important than another but on the 'path-dependency' of future policy choices, for example if failing to address the shortfall in social care as a matter of urgency locks provision into long-term decline as those who are able to come increasingly to rely on outside options- private provision, charity or families- leaving public provision patchy, arbitrary and inadequate.
There is of course another way of dealing with tragic choices: if you face incompatible claims which are equally grounded in values you hold important, there is the option of revising your values. I'll return to this option in a later post.
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All the information you need for crossing the Ice Bridge by snowmobile.
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If you're a snowmobiler from Michigan and have never used the Ice Bridge (also known as the Tree Line) to access snowmobile trails in Ontario, then this is something you should plan to do this winter. The Ice Bridge allows you to access Algoma Country's snowmobile trails on the North Channel of Lake Huron: St. Joseph Island, Bruce Mines, Elliot Lake, Blind River, Iron Bridge, Spanish, and Thessalon.
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Schwaighofen ist der Name folgender geographischer Objekte:

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Hallie Mahowald | April 30, 2019
News and opportunities on working lands, water and wildlife
As April comes to a close and spring is in full force, we are enjoying warm weather, flowing rivers and irrigation ditches, and longer days out on the land. Articles in this issue range from a new market planned to pay farmers for soil carbon to a link between public land grazing and sustainability of working lands and from ranching as a conservation strategy to elk damage bills to a sign-up opportunity for an updated Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). Enjoy!
This member monthly includes pertinent working lands, water and wildlife news and opportunities from around the West. If you have any information you think would be valuable for this digest, please send me an email. I'd love to hear from you!
Hallie Mahowald
Stewardship Services Director
Working Lands Economics
Beef Packing Merger Threatens America's Last Competitive Cash Cattle Market: Last month, the nation's fourth-largest beef packer, National Beef, announced plans to take over Sysco-owned Iowa Premium. Rolling Iowa Premium into a Big Four beef packer will shrink the number of alternative bidders in one of the last holdouts of cattle competition and small- to medium-sized feedlots and provide more pricing power for the Big Four packers: Food&Power.
New Market Planned to Pay Farmers for Soil Carbon, Water Quality
: General Mills, Cargill, McDonald's, and The Nature Conservancy are among 10 companies and NGOs that are forming a national market by 2022 to incentivize the adoption of farming practices that build soil carbon and improve water conservation: Successful Farming.
BeefChain Receives USDA Certification: BeefChain, a company meshing the world of blockchain with the beef supply chain, received certification from the USDA as a Process Verified Program which lets BeefChain conduct a host of activities in line with the department's regulation including the ability to audit different feed yards and ranches in four program areas. BeefChain is the first blockchain company to receive such USDA certification: Forbes.
Quantifying Benefits of Beef: Rangeland ecosystems provide unique goods, services, and amenity values to the rural communities that depend upon them, as well as society in general. However, many of these values are difficult to quantify, since they may not be traded in any sort of market. Despite the obvious difficulties, an innovative project seeks to capture values for rangeland ecosystem services including forage production, wildlife habitat and recreation opportunities. For additional information, please contact Dr. Tex Taylor at ttaylor@uwyo.edu.
Transitioning Land: Throughout 2019, Rogue Farm Corps is curating compelling stories of how transitioning land from one generation to the next is possible. The Changing Hands Story Series will highlight a variety of agricultural operations from the Oregon, Washington, Idaho and California and show how farmers and ranchers are passing their on their legacies: Rogue Farm Corps and Capital Press.
For U.S. Farmers, Sustainability Is the Future of Profitability. But, at least right now, the sheer scale of work to be done — and the razor-thin margins of even the most profitable U.S. farms — makes it very difficult to significantly invest in sustainability: Medium.
Northwest Ag Industry Outlook: The quarterly ag outlook from Northwest Farm Credit Services shows how different segments of ag will fare for the rest of 2019 and cattle look good: Western Farmer-Stockman.
Link Between Public Land Grazing and Sustainability of Working Lands: There is growing recognition of the environmental values of working landscapes. Productive private rangelands are often linked to public land leases. Researchers examined the relationship between these leases and ranch sustainability with findings that suggest that an overlooked tool for the conservation of working landscapes is the use of public land grazing for stabilizing livestock operations: Society for Range Management.
Ranching As A Conservation Strategy: To understand the potential for generating broad social benefits from working lands, one must consider many factors. Focusing on the problem as it has unfolded in the West, this article reviews the state of knowledge about the extent of ranchland conversion; reasons why maintaining working ranches may benefit conservation; and the challenges and opportunities of rancher demographics, attitudes, values, and propensities for innovation: Rangeland Ecology & Management.
Importance of Soil Microbes: Farmers are planting cover crops, applying manure or using no-till practices in their fields to improve soil health. While these strategies work in part, they may be missing one important aspect to these soil management practices: microbes: Western Farmer-Stockman.
2017 Ag Census Published: The results of the 2017 Census of Agriculture have been published. The Census of Agriculture is a complete count of U.S. farms and ranches and the people who operate them. Of note, the census shows more young farmers (under 35 – this could be due to the way the question was asked) and more female producers: USDA.
New Approach to Stem Soil Erosion: Topsoil and nutrient runoff are two serious challenges of sustainable agriculture. Perennial crops can help solve these problems by preserving cropland productivity without requiring substantial dietary and manufacture shifts: PhysOrg.
Farmers, Hunters Spar over Elk Damage Bills: Legislation aimed at reducing crop damage from elk has pitted Oregon agriculture groups against hunting organizations that say the proposals will allow for irresponsible killing. Proponents of the House Bill 3227 and Senate Bill 301 argue that existing tools for managing elk damage have proven to be insufficient as populations of the ungulates have increased: Capital Press.
Importance of Highway Wildlife Bridges: Wildlife bridges over highways make animals–and people–safer. From bridges for bears to tunnels for tortoises, the number of wildlife-car collisions worldwide have been reduced significantly by wildlife under- and overpasses: National Geographic.
New Book on Grizzly Bears: Down from the Mountain: The Life and Death of a Grizzly Bear by Montana rancher and conservationist Bryce Andrews tells the story of a grizzly bear named Millie: her life, death, and cubs, and what they reveal about the changing character of the American West. Check out some reviews on Literary Hub. Available for purchase online.
Value of Pollinators: Native pollinating bees are a vital component of the biologically diverse plant and animal community which is critical to healthy, ecologically functional range landscapes: Society for Range Management.
Faster, More Accurate Way to Monitor Drought
: A new monitoring method developed at Duke University allows scientists to identify the onset of drought sooner—meaning conservation or remediation measures might be put into place sooner to help limit the damage: Lab Manager.
New Ephemeral Stream Data: A new analysis from Trout Unlimited shows the U.S. Geological Survey underestimates the number of streams nationwide that flow only following rain. For every mile of stream mapped in the National Hydrography Dataset, another 1.5 miles of ephemeral streams exist. The analysis came as the Trump administration was soliciting comments on its Waters of the U.S., or WOTUS, rule that would eliminate Clean Water Act protections for ephemeral streams, which flow only following rainfall: E&E News.
California Wetland Protections: California water regulators adopted a far-reaching plan in early April to prevent more of the state's creeks, ponds and wetlands from being plowed or paved over. The new state policy establishes strict rules for virtually any human activity that could disrupt the natural flow of water, like farming, home building and highway construction, on public and private property: San Francisco Chronicle.
Colorado Water Conditions: In Colorado, snowpack forms a strong pillar of water storage, but spring rains and summer monsoons will still be required to keep this year's water at a needed high. If trends continue, 2019 will be only the fifth year the state's water-storage level is at or above average since 2000: The Denver Post.
Rule Defines WOTUS: The U.S. EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recently closed the public comment period on the Trump administration's proposed revised rule defining which "waters of the United States" are jurisdictional under the federal Clean Water Act: Western Farmer-Stockman.
Forest & Fire
Native Seed Mix Effective Post-Fire: A recent study directly comparing native-only vs. conventional seed mixes that include introduced species sixteen years post-fire shows that native-only seed mixes do pretty well in suppressing cheatgrass in the Great Basin, even when compared to conventional mixes that include the highly competitive Agropyron spp. (crested and Siberian wheatgrass): Rangeland Ecology & Management.
Logger and Environmentalist Save Arizona's Forests: Arizona's Four Forest Restoration Initiative, or 4FRI, is by far the largest effort of its kind in the nation. But it took decades for the various interest groups to come together in support of the project. It all began with a devastating wildfire and an odd-couple pairing: CBS.
How Green is Mass Timber?: Mass timber construction is on the rise, with advocates saying it could revolutionize the building industry and be part of a climate change solution. But some are questioning whether the logging and manufacturing required to produce the new material outweigh any benefits: Yale Environment 360.
Tree Mortality in New Mexico: Forest mortality increased nearly 50 percent across New Mexico in 2018, the first jump in five years. Near-record heat and a drought across the state weakened the ability of trees to fight off beetles and other pests: Santa Fe New Mexican.
WLA Policy Update: WLA's policy director, Jessica Crowder, reports on WLA's policy work in New Mexico including passage of Senate Bill 454 – The New Mexico Agricultural and Natural Resources Trust Fund Act — proposed to create a self-sustaining endowment fund to conserve the state's natural resources and agricultural heritage: Western Landowners Alliance. Keep up to date on WLA's policy work by following Jessica's updates on the WLA Policy webpage.
President Signs Colorado River Drought Plan: In mid-April, President Trump signed a plan to cut back on the use of water from the Colorado River. The Colorado River drought contingency plan aims to keep two key reservoirs, Lakes Powell and Mead, from falling so low they cannot deliver water or produce hydropower. It was negotiated among the seven states that draw water from the river: AP News.
Secretarial Order on Public Land Management and Access: On March 21, Acting Secretary Bernhardt signed Secretarial Order 3373 directing the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to adequately weigh public access for outdoor recreation – including hunting and fishing – when determining the appropriateness of the disposal or exchange of public lands: Department of Interior.
Beef Policy Outlook: Nebraska Beef Industry Scholars from the University of Nebraska analyze issues, policy alternatives and recommendations providing an interesting perspective of the scope of several policy issues affecting the beef industry today and the challenges in moving forward: NebraskaFarmer.
RVCC Issue Papers: The Rural Voices for Conservation Coalition (RVCC) is proud to share three new issue papers now available for sign-ons: Rangelands in the West, Appropriations priorities + recommended funding, and Secure Rural Schools Trust Fund. The appropriations priorities and funding levels will be combined into one paper: RVCC.
More Tools in EQIP: The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) will soon emerge more fully equipped, so to say, for a broader spectrum of farm conservation assistance as USDA implements 2018 farm bill program changes in the year ahead. In comments to USDA, the National Association of Conservation Districts said the incentive contracts would "allow producers to implement a suite of practices by offering annual payments rather than cost share without having to meet the more rigorous eligibility standards required" by the Conservation Stewardship Program: AgriPulse.
Wildlife Corridor Conservation Act: The Wildlife Corridor Conservation Act of 2019 is set to be introduced into both the House (by Rep. Don Beyer, D-VA) and Senate (by Sen. Tom Udall, D-NM) soon. The Act, if passed, would create a program to designate wildlife corridors on federal public lands and also provide funds for states, tribes, and other entities to protect wildlife corridors on non-federal lands: Wildlands Network.
Rangeland Analysis Platform: The Rangeland Analysis Platform is a free, innovative online mapping tool that provides quick snapshots of rangeland vegetation. It allows users to easily compare trends in rangeland resources through time at a ranch, county, or watershed scale. This helps people plan conservation and management actions that improve grazing lands, bolster valuable water and soil resources, and prevent weeds and wildfire: Rangelands Analysis Platform.
Collaboration Resource Finder Tool (CRAFT): CRAFT is a tool launched by the Center for Collaborative Conservation (CCC) to help provide resources and learning opportunities to build collaborative capacity: CCC.
Preserve Bee and Butterfly Habitat: The Bee & Butterfly Habitat Fund is working with landowners, conservationists, scientists and beekeepers to establish high quality pollinator habitat to ensure honey bee and monarch butterfly populations thrive. Each project will receive free pollinator seed mixes, or heavily discounted pricing depending on the size of the project, and the guidance to prepare, establish and maintain the project for a minimum of 5 years: Bee & Butterfly Habitat Fund.
New App to Track Butterfly Habitat: Using a new mobile app, landowners can share information about pollinator habitat they've created. This could help to limit Endangered Species Act listing for one insect: Western Farmer-Stockman.
Organic Research and Extension Initiative: The Organic Research and Extension Initative (OREI) has this week opened applications for FY 2019 and FY 2020 project proposals. OREI funds research, education, and extension projects that improve and advance organic agriculture – including projects that help advance soil health. For FY 2019 applications, the deadline to apply is May 2, 2019: National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition.
NRCS Conservation Stewardship Program: The USDA is accepting applications for its updated Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) through May 10, 2019. The CSP is a working lands program that helps landowners sustain and build upon conservation efforts while also improving their business operations. This occurs through support to landowners to implement advanced, comprehensive practices across their entire farm and/or ranch operation: Western Landowners Alliance.
CO Watershed Restoration Program: Are you interested in balancing water management, recreation and river health needs? River Network can help you get there. Selected coalitions can receive up to $8,000 for assistance to convene stakeholders, scope your project and write grant applications for funding. Coalitions led by agricultural stakeholders are eligible for additional funding. Information on assistance to scope and submit a grant is available here. Applications are due May 15, 2019. If you are interested in learning more or participating, please contact John Rizza, WLA's Colorado Field Organizer.
Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program: The USDA recently announced the availability of $14 million in grant funds to help launch new and expand existing programs to train beginning farmers and ranchers. These federal grants will be awarded through the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program (BFRDP), which was newly reauthorized in the 2018 Farm Bill. USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), which administers BFRDP, released Requests for Applications (RFA) for fiscal year (FY) 2019 and 2020. Applications should be submitted through Grants.gov by 5 pm EST on May 16, 2019.
Associate Director, Holistic Management International: HMI is excited to announce that they are in the market for an Associate Director to help continue to build their strategic and programming capacity to better serve the Holistic Management community. Applications are due May 31, 2019. Learn more and apply here.
Director of Conservation, Tax Credit Connection, Inc.: Help preserve land and create financial benefits for the people of Colorado with Tax Credit Connection, Inc. as a Director of Conservation in their Berthoud, Colorado office. They are looking for a team member to help them manage the landowner (seller) side of their business. Learn more here.
High Plains Ranch Practicum: A unique program that offers producers an eight-day deep dive into the wide-ranging, constantly changing beef industry. From heifer management to pasture productivity, ranchers can get a head start on this competitive market. Host site for the practicum is Laramie County Community College in Cheyenne, WY. Many dates are offered throughout the summer: High Plains Ranch Practicum.
NM Seeding Regenerative Agriculture Project: The Seeding Regenerative Agriculture Project is a grant-funded project that works to identify and address obstacles to regenerative agriculture in New Mexico, with the goal of making it easier for more farmers and ranchers to protect their profitability and the health of their soils. The project works primarily with Seed Groups, or local communities of farmers and ranchers who have implemented or who are interested in implementing regenerative agricultural practices. The project runs from April 15 to October 31, 2019. Applications are available for ranchers and farmers.
NM Prescribed Fire Training and Demonstration Opportunity: Are you interested in learning how to use prescribed fire as a management tool on your private property? NMSU Cooperative Extension and NM Prescribed Fire Council invite you to join them in the opportunity to get a drip torch in your hand and gain firsthand experience in the skills necessary to safely and successfully use fire as a management tool. Because using fire is weather dependent, they have targeted April and May 2019 as their and will contact all interested participants 2–7 days prior given the weather forecast and proceed accordingly. If you are interested, please contact Doug Cram (dcram@nmsu.edu).
Collaboration Program in Natural Resources: Ruckelshaus Institute's Collaboration Program in Natural Resources (CPNR) is a year-long training program designed to give mid- and upper-career professionals the skills and knowledge necessary to apply collaborative processes to complex environment and natural resource issues in Wyoming and across the West. Applications are due May 1, 2019.
May 1: WEBINAR at 1 PM MT: Forest-Climate Working Group Learning Exchange Series: The Family Forest Carbon Initiative.
May 3-5: How to Design Regenerative Organizations at Soul Food Farm in Vacaville, California.
May 4: Wildfire Community Preparedness Day
May 8: Restoring sage-grouse habitat within a Wyoming Core Population Area by the Society for Ecological Restoration at the The Gaslight Social in Casper, Wyoming.
May 15: Carson National Forest Forest Plan Revision Open House in Taos, New Mexico.
May 16: Low-Stress Livestock Handling Clinic with Whit Hibbard in Dolores, Colorado.
May 16-17: Genetic Technology in Beef Cattle Lectureship in Centennial, Colorado.
May 28-31: 13th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop in Marfa, Texas.
May 30: WLA Stewardship in Action Tour: Carrizo Valley Ranch, New Mexico. Register here.
June 5: Sustaining the New West II: Bold Visions, Inspiring Actions hosted by Future West in Bozeman, Montana.
June 5: WEBINAR at 1 PM MT: Forest-Climate Working Group Learning Exchange Series: Natural Climate Solutions: A Case Study of Duke Farms, the State of New Jersey, and rejoining RGGI
June 6 or 7: Compost Bootcamp: Biostimulant Strategies for Regenerative Ag with Christine Jones & Gerry Gillespie at Pacines Ranch, California.
June 8-9: HMI Low-stress Livestock Handling Clinic in Socorro, New Mexico.
June 12: Carson National Forest Forest Plan Revision Open House in Taos, New Mexico.
June 26-27: High Plains Ranch Practicum in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
July 10: WEBINAR at 1 PM MT: Forest-Climate Working Group Learning Exchange Series: Carbon Market Opportunities and Project Development Tools for Forest Owners
July 11-16: Western Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA) Summer Meeting in Manhattan, Kansas.
July 13: Colorado Cattlemen's Agricultural Land Trust 2019 Forever Colorado BBQ at the Steel Ranch in Buena Vista, Colorado.
The success of Western Landowners Alliance depends on an engaged and extensive working lands membership. Increase our influence by joining or renewing today. Please also consider making a tax deductible donation. With your continued financial support, WLA is becoming a distinguished leader in western conservation.
Agriculture, Economics, Forest and Range, Members, News, Water, Wildlife
Posted in Agriculture, Economics, Forest and Range, Members, News, Water, Wildlife


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Decision Support Services (DSS)
Decision Support Services (DSS) maintains the University Data Warehouse and provides reporting services to the University community. Our mission is to provide decision makers with accurate and timely information that enables informed decision making.
DSS GOALS AND INITIATIVES
Improve University Reporting
Expand the presence and depth of information collected in the University Data Warehouse
Support University initiatives and projects as it relates to data analysis and reporting
Provide training in the use of decision support software and reporting tools
DSS offers the following Reporting and Business intelligence tools to the University community:
IPORT Academic Dashboards Argos Reporting AVIS (Tableau Server) University Data Warehouse
Email DSS


text:
La Ligue nationale wallonne est un groupement d'associations belges d'action wallonne.

Voir aussi

Liens internes

 Mouvement wallon
 Histoire du mouvement wallon

Liens externes

 Notice sur la Ligue nationale wallonne par Paul Delforge sur l'Encyclopédie en ligne du Mouvement wallon.

Mouvement wallon


text:
Home Opinions Platform Incorporate the growing population rates in national budget allocations
Incorporate the growing population rates in national budget allocations
Richard Sempala
By Richard Ssempala
Uganda is one of the countries with the fastest population growth in the world. Estimates show that the population has grown to about 40 million in 2017 from just 5.1 million in 1950.
However, out of this population, children below the age of 15 account for about 48 percent, adults between 15 and 65 years of age account for 49 percent, and about 3 percent are more than 65 years old. Moreover, the largest population resides in rural areas and their primary source of income is agriculture which is burdened by low productivity and low budget allocations.
It should be our concern whether the growing population is of importance to our economy. From the theoretical analyses, some authors clearly argue that high population growth creates pressures on limited natural resources, reduces private and public capital formation, and diverts additions to capital resources to maintaining rather than increasing the stock of capital per worker. This has already manifested its self in Uganda especially in many cases where citizens have encroached on reserved areas like forests and swamps, among others.
From a different perspective, population growth is good for the economy to the extent that people are empowered economically enough to create demand for the produced commodities. Also high populations increase economies of scale and allow for specialization at work.
In the Ugandan case the highest proportion of her population comprises of young people who are dependents. Most of these youths do not have adequate education and those who are fortunate to have an education lack appropriate employable skills. This clearly increases the burden on a few working population and on the scarce available resources.
With this state of affairs, it is important that authorities incorporate appropriate policies in Uganda's development agenda to unlock the population dividend. This can be done by increasing budgetary expenditures in sectors with high multiplier effects, including but not limited to: agriculture; tourism; and science, technology and innovation which might absorb the seemingly growing and young population.
Richard Ssempala is a Research Associate with Uganda Debt Network
https://eagle.co.ug/author/guest-writer
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Q: Warning: mysqli::mysqli(): php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known I have a very simple script which is designed to test the speed of the database connected to my WordPress site -
<?php

$servername = "servername";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);

// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
    die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>

Unfortunately, when I try to view the page I am presented with the error below -

Warning: mysqli::mysqli(): php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known in /home/carterhutch/public_html/test-database-connection.php on line 10
Warning: mysqli::mysqli(): (HY000/2002): php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: Name or service not known in /home/carterhutch/public_html/test-database-connection.php on line 10

Does anyone have any idea why this may be happening? I have a feeling the issue is to do with not being able to connect to the database server, unfortunately I am new to back-end and database management so haven't a clur how to resolve it. Do I need to add the file to a specific folder within the WordPress setup or am I barking up the wrong tree here?
Any help would be greatly appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


KASY | Nexstar Media Group, Inc.
Founded in 1995, KASY was primarily a UPN affiliate, but had a secondary affiliation with The WB. In 1997, KASY became an exclusive UPN affiliate. Two years later, ACME Communications, owner of the Albuquerque WB affiliate KWBQ, bought KASY, resulting in the creation of the first major television duopoly in the Albuquerque market. KASY affiliated with MyNetwork in 2006, and was rebranded as My50 TV. The station operates under a Shared Services Agreement with Nexstar owned KRQE.
Albuquerque, NM is in the 47th largest DMA in the United States, with a population of approximately 1,632,960 and 674,930 television households, as reported by Nielsen Media.
Covering 31 counties and more than 120,000 square miles in New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado, you can drive in any direction for three hours from Albuquerque and still be inside our viewing area. Our DMA is #1 among the top 50 markets for both ADS penetration (50.9%) and OTA penetration (23.8%).
The largest employers in this market are the Albuquerque Public Schools, Kirtland Air Force Base, Sandia National Labs, and Presbyterian Hospital.


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There is never anyone in the chat room to talk with... is there a time that people show up and I am missing it?
I would love to chat with people via video chat, but there's no one ever there! If you guys let me know what times work for you to chat, I'll make sure I get online to chat as well! I'm fairly new to signing so I'm no pro! I'm in ASL 3.
Hi! I'm an ASL 1 student and would love to video chat for my project.


Are we allowed to talk about swear words?
My colleagues have taught me what it means when our patients say something that sounds like "Tod kakh" and it's supposed to mean "load of poop" but how do you write it and what is the correct meaning of it?
And yes, swear words are not taboo here in any shape or form. They are an important part of language learning, even if you don't plan on using them yourself.


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Q: Java public variable is zero in private class This is my second day with java, and I can't figure out why public variable is 0 within private method. Code is as follows:
public class SomeClass {

    public int[][] gridArray;

    private int N;

    public methodOne(int N){

        gridArray = new int[N][N];

    }

    private boolean isValid(int i, int j){
        if (i < 0 || i > N || j < 0 || j > N){
            StdOut.println(i + " and " + j + " and "+ N);
            throw new java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        } else{return true;}
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int N = 5;

    // some code for getting indices

    }

So, I create an array, and input indices, and check is this indices are valid, or the are out of bounds. I always get exception, because within isValid method N is 0, despite declaration in main.

A: The N in main is not the same N as that in SomeClass.
This is to do with the concept of scope.
The N in main is local to that method.  In other words, it doesn't exist outside that method.
N in the class SomeClass is an instance variable.  If you create an instance of SomeClass, it gets its own version of N that goes along with it.
public class SomeClass {
    private static int static_member;
    private int instance_member;

    public void instance_method() {
        // this is completely different from the other
        // local_variable in static_method()
        int local_variable;

        static_member = 1; // legal
        SomeClass.static_member = 1; // legal
        instance_member = 1 // legal
        this.instance_member = 1 // legal
    }

    public static void static_method() {
        // this is completely different from the other
        // local_variable in instance_method()
        int local_variable;

        static_member = 1; // legal
        SomeClass.static_member = 1; // legal
        instance_member = 1 // not legal, in a static method, there is no instance
    }
}

Just because some variable has the same name, if it is in different scope, they are different variables.

Remember, that a class is like a template for objects.  You make an object by instantiating the class.
You need to instantiate an instance of SomeClass in main, and then use it.  You also need to some how setup the value of N.  This is typically done with a constuctor (a special function that in in charge of making instances of classes).  You also need to make isValid() a public method of your class, so that it can be called outside of your class.
public class SomeClass {

    public int[][] gridArray;

    private int N;

    public SomeClass(int N){
        this.N = N;
        this.gridArray = new int[N][N];
    }

    public boolean isValid(int i, int j){
        if (i < 0 || i >= N || j < 0 || j >= N){
            System.out.println(i + " and " + j + " and "+ N);
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        } else{return true;}
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SomeClass instance = new SomeClass(5);
        instance.isValid(4,4);
    }
}

Finally, your logic in is valid is wrong.  With an N of 5, your upper bound checks will allow an index of 5, but the maximum index is 4.  I've also corrected that above.

A: your problem is, that the scopes are different:

*

*inside the constructor the int N argument is used. So the compiler uses this variable to initialize the array.

*the private int N field on the class is not instantiated. Therefore the isValid method uses the default value of the class-field.

*inside the main function you are instantiating another variable
The resulting problem is, that you have actually 3 different N inside the code.
if you put this.N = N inside the methodOne and give it a return-type (void), everything should be fine

A: The difference is variable defined as instance variable and method variable.
private int N;

This variable N is defined as field memmber (directly inside class), it is a instance variable.
int N = 5;

This int N is defined under main method, it is a method variable.
Both variables have different scope, and can not share the same value.


Yesterday Theresa May spent five hours in a Cabinet meeting, discussing the withdrawal agreement drawn up with EU negotiators. In a brief statement to press, the Prime Minister confirmed Cabinet had agreed on the draft document, and that she would today speak to MPs. The 585-page document was published online shortly after Mrs May's statement.
Today, Brexit Secretary Dominic Raab, Work and Pensions Secretary Esther McVey and junior Brexit minister Suella Braverman all resigned soon after details emerged.
Backbench brexiteer Jacob Rees-Mogg has called for a vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister.
How does the British public feel about Theresa May's deal?
A rapid turnaround YouGov study undertaken today asked the British public how they felt about the Prime Minister's deal.
The poll asked 3154 British adults their opinion on the latest Brexit developments.
The agreement has not been accepted by the British public polls show.
Four in ten (42 percent) of Britons oppose the deal, whilst only 19 percent are in favour of it.
The remaining 39 percent answered, "don't know".
This decision is roughly the same among both Leave and Remain voters.
Four in ten Leave voters (42 percent) oppose the deal, as do almost half (47 percent) of Remain voters.
On the supporting side, only 22 percent of leave and 20 percent of remain voters are in favour of the deal.
The Prime Minister has failed to win over her own party as 41 percent of 2017 Conservative voters are not impressed with the deal, whilst just 28 percent are in support of it.
Many Britons also believe a better deal could have been possible.
Four in ten, 44 percent, believe that Theresa May could have pushed for more favourable agreement terms.
This is compared to just 19 percent who feel that the deal presented is the best possible.
Overall Leave voters have higher expectations than those who voted Remainers.
In total 55 percent of those who backed Brexit in 2016 think that a better deal is possible, compared to 40 percent of Remain voters.


A proposed sale of mobile spectrum from a group of cable providers to Verizon Wireless, along with accompanying marketing and research agreements, will lead to higher prices for broadband and mobile customers, a coalition of groups opposing the deal said Monday.
Some members of the newly formed Alliance for Broadband Competition called on the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice to reject the two proposed deals for Verizon to buy Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) spectrum from four cable providers for US$3.9 billion. Other alliance members said they could live with the deals if the two agencies include several conditions focused on spectrum divestitures, roaming agreements and backhaul pricing.
The proposed deals would put an "excessive concentration of spectrum" in the hands of the nation's largest mobile carrier, said Kathleen Ham, vice president of federal regulatory affairs at T-Mobile USA.
The mobile market is at a critical juncture as carriers move to provide 4G LTE and only spectrum bands AWS and 700MHz are currently available for that service, she said. "It's very important that there be spectrum available for everybody to move to LTE," Ham said.
The proposed spectrum deals, announced in December, would allow Verizon to buy AWS spectrum from SpectrumCo, a joint venture among Comcast, Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks, and from Cox Communications, a former member of SpectrumCo. The deals would allow Verizon and the cable providers to market each others' services and would create joint research agreements focused on integrating mobile and wireline services.
Members of the new alliance include T-Mobile USA, Sprint Nextel, Public Knowledge, and the Rural Telecommunications Group and RCA, two trade groups representing rural and regional mobile carriers. The members of the alliance had previously expressed concerns and organizers said the alliance will help them work together to continue to voice those.
Comcast suggested that the groups have long been working together through Washington, D.C., public relations firm the Glen Echo Group.
"Same PR firm, different day," Sena Fitzmaurice, Comcast's vice president for government communications, said in an email. "These groups organized by this PR firm have been sending out similar press releases, doing press conferences and doing filings at the FCC together for months. There's nothing new here."
Fitzmaurice also repeated Comcast's assertion that T-Mobile, which tried to merge with competitor AT&T last year, has been "inconsistent" in talking about the competitive landscape in the mobile market. Last year, T-Mobile executives said their merger should be approved because there was "extensive competition" in the mobile market, but recently, the company has said the Verizon deal with the cable firms would do "serious harm" to mobile competition, Comcast said in an April 26 filing at the FCC.
T-Mobile also questioned when Sprint fought against the AT&T and T-Mobile deal, saying "the fact that a major wireless competitor is making these arguments should give regulators pause," Comcast noted.
But members of the alliance said the Verizon and cable deals would create a cozy relationship among former competitors. The "side" research and marketing agreements would hurt consumers, said Harold Feld, legal director at Public Knowledge. The research agreement will create a patent portfolio that allows the companies to freeze out other competitors seeking to integrate wired broadband, mobile broadband and video services, he said.
"We could not see how you honored those agreements and avoided being a cartel," Feld said. "Not only does [the agreement] create the back room where these guys can meet every month in perfect security and talk about all the areas where they're supposed to be competing, but they can continue to collude through these technologies and standards."


Earlier this month, I mentioned that it's National Card and Letter Writing Month. But you can't really write cards and letters without the proper supplies, right? If you're like me – obsessed with finding cute stationery – then let me share a few great cute and geeky stationery shops on Etsy so you can stock up your own stationery basket or drawer.
Check out five shops giving me stationery envy after the jump!
Stationery shop PuchiMo mainly stocks cute envelopes, but also has long letter papers for you to purchase. PuchiMo has a wide variety of adorable animal stationery, so it's great if you have pets or if you regularly write to an animal-lover. I have my eye on a set of No. 10 envelopes illustrated with cats that the kitty-lover in your life may also love.
While not exclusively a stationery shop, Michelle Mach's shop has a full section dedicated to embossed cards. Mach is a writer and editor, and many of the cards in this section are writer-y, and every set is gorgeous.
Again, not exclusively cute and geeky, but the Stationerdy division of Fox Grove Designs is perfect for the geek in your life with designs like the Harry Potter-inspired Owl Post set or You're My Favorite Muggle card.
Portland-based Sweet Kawaii Design is primarily filled with planner stickers – but this shop has an entire collection of adorable food stickers that you could put basically anywhere, including sealing your envelopes or adding little touches of cute to your letters and cards.
Most items run at $4 for a sheet of 24 stickers. Personally, I'm in love with the coffee stickers and the sushi stickers.
What stationery shops do you recommend?
I really like Please Deliver To's stationery (https://www.etsy.com/shop/pleasedeliverto). I have sets of their Doctor Who and Jane Austen paper and I just love how geeky and fun the shop is!


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How I Pitched The Secrets of Lost Stones by Melissa Payne
Agent Jessica Faust • Aug 1, 2019 • 9 comments
Pitching books for agents is a lot like querying books for authors. We all need to write something to capture someone's attention. This is essentially the query letter, pitch letter or cover copy.
At the request of readers, we'll be doing a series of posts entitled How I Pitched. This will give you a peek at the agent's pitch process, but also a sample of what are essentially query letters you can look at when writing your own.
The Secrets of Lost Stones
When I first read The Secrets of Lost Stones by Melissa Payne I had a ton of thoughts, the first was that what she had pitched to me as a mystery was really women's fiction. And while I wanted to represent the book, it also needed to be completely rewritten.
Melissa and I got on the phone. I explained my desire to work with her, but also what my expectations, thoughts, and revisions would be. We talked for an hour and a half. After much thought, Melissa signed and after a great deal of work we had a manuscript ready for submission.
I love this book and am so grateful that my vision for it matched Melissa's and, eventually, an editor's.
It is with great joy that I celebrate the release of The Secrets of Lost Stones by sharing my pitch.
I don't believe we've met before, but Rachel Brooks and Jessica Alvarez both recommended you for my debut women's fiction of magical realism. It's a genre I have a special passion for and I am always excited to find an editor with similar interests. I'm excited to tell you about THE SECRETS OF LOST STONES by Melissa Payne. Loose Ends –unfinished business the dead leave behind
Jess Abbot has never recovered from the violent death of her son eight years ago. Desperate for a job and a home, Jess finds herself the caretaker for Lucy, the "witch" of Pine Lake, a small mountain town that just might provide the refuge she seeks.
Unwilling to believe that Lucy is really a witch, Jess will admit that the elderly woman certainly has her eccentricities, including an obsession with "loose ends." When Lucy invites Star, a homeless girl, to live with them, claiming she, like Jess, is a loose end, strange things make Jess wonder what really goes on in Pine Lake.
Star is plagued by nightmares of a past she won't talk about, while Jess is suddenly haunted by visions of her son. And when Jess discovers a hand-painted rock in Star's room, one that once belonged to her dead son, she is forced to confront the loose ends she never saw coming.
I look forward to sending you this manuscript.
Category: #PubDay • Blog • Faust • Literary/Upmarket Fiction • Women's Fiction
Tags: How I Pitched • Melissa Payne • Secrets of Lost Stones
Tina Radcliffe says:
I want to read this book…NOW!! So sounds like magic realism is hot? Oui?
Stephanie Clayton says:
I really appreciate the peek behind the curtain of this pitch! Thanks.
Kim Wilson says:
Wow. I that query made me want to know fill all the holes posed. I got a strong image of Lucy and Star, their mood and attitude, and indirectly connected to MC.
Jessica you said this was pitched as a mystery but in the query it says women's fiction and magical realism in housekeeping. Did you mean the genre that came across to you in synopsis paragraphs was mystery? And you wanted it to be straight women's fiction?
The idea it needed to completely re-written is a little frightening . But was that due to the genre switch?
Jessica Faust says:
When Melissa first pitched this to me she had written a mystery. After rounds of edits, we had taken most of that material out to make it strictly women's fiction with elements of magical realism. And yes, the rewrite was entirely because of the genre switch. The most beautiful elements of the book she sent to me were the elements of women's fiction. The pieces that didn't feel like they fit were the mystery elements.
Ah I get it. This pitch is to the editor/publisher and the book had been rewritten already, hence genre being women's fiction and magical realism
Pingback: The importance of choosing a genre (This week in books) - Nathan Bransford | Writing, Book Editing, Publishing
Cindy Black says:
I picked this book as my Amazon free First Reads of the month choice. I've been a voracious reader all my life and picking a book can be painful. They sometimes pick me. Who is to say. My ebook library is full of unread choices that I can't remember why I chose them. This was one I dove straight into without hesitation and just finished after a very little night's sleep. I couldn't put it down. I found this site after following the guides the book led me to. I was so curious! I've learned a lot that I needed to know.
I'm nearly 70 years old and have been told many times I should write a book. I have an unfinished project that I started perhaps a decade ago. It's a total mess and I may never finish it. Then again, I sometimes experience moments of inspiration from the work of published authors. This is my first time getting inspiration from the agent who pitched the book I just read. Thank you sincerely for that. It may not mean I will ever finish my novel (or short story if it comes to that). But for this bright happy moment, I feel magically connected to the written word in a new way.
I look forward to any new pieces by Melissa.
Best wishes to you and all involved in The Secrets of the Lost Stones.
BookEnds says:
Thank you so so much, Cindy. That's wonderful. Melissa is currently working on her next book, so stay tuned!
That's an enticing pitch, but what caught me with this post was the fact you took on a book that needed a complete rewrite and a switch in genre. I know this question is probably really about "x-factor" but I'm always curious about what makes an agent take on a manuscript that isn't there? Does that happen often?


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