text:
Brassinosteroid derivatives and regulating plant growth tool
C07J73 - Steroids in which the cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene skeleton has been modified by substitution of one or two carbon atoms by hetero atoms
C07J63 - Steroids in which the cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene skeleton has been modified by expansion of only one ring by one or two atoms
A01N43/22 - rings with more than six members
(57) Abstract:
Brassinosteroid derivative represented by the formula (I) and formula (II)
< / BR>
and the plant growth regulator containing at least one of them as the active ingredient, thus the invention is new brassinosteroids compounds expressed by the formula (I) and formula (II) and plant growth regulators containing these compounds exhibiting sustainable regulatory effects on plant growth. 3 S. p. f-crystals, 8 PL.
The invention relates to new brassinosteroids derived and plant growth regulator in which they are used as active ingredients.
Brassinosteroid was detected in the pollen of cabbage as growth regulating substance M. D. Jrove and the other in 1979, Nature, v. 281, p. 216 - 217, 1979), were subsequently disclosed stimulating plant growth steps brassinolide and brassinosteroid-like compounds (Brassinosteroids. Chemistry, Bioactivity & Applications. ACS Symposium Series 474, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1981).
This dedicated application laid Japan N 1-125396.
However, so far studied brassinolide have the highest physiological activity, and brassinosteroid-like connection used.
The purpose of the invention is to obtain new brassinosteroid derivatives, perfectly suitable for practical use on the efficacy and duration of exposure accelerating the growth of plants by solving the above problems.
The invention provides brassinosteroid derivative expressed by the formula (I)
The invention also provides brassinosteroid derivative of the formula (II)
In addition, the invention is a plant growth regulator containing one type or two types brassinosteroid derivatives expressed by the formula (I)
and formula (II)
as the active ingredient.
The invention presents new brassinosteroid-like, with growth regulating activity in relation to plants, expressed by the compound (I) and compound (II), and a plant growth regulator containing them as active ingredients are useful because they possess growth regulating effects on various plants in combination with excellent exposure duration.
The best variant of the invention (particularly, the invention is described below).
The compound of formula (I) of the invention (called the large output through dihydrexidine education in the 2-position and 3-position, by throttling the reaction agent, in the exercise of the catalytic formation of hydroxyl-containing compounds (22E, 24S) -24-ethyl-5-cholesta-2,22-Dien-6-she (hereinafter referred to as compound (III) (K. Mori, Agric. Biol. Chem., 44 (5), 1211, 1980) using catalytic amounts of camerahouse osmium, in the presence of t-butylhydroperoxide or N-methylmorpholine N-oxide in an inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon. Thus obtained dihydroxy-form (IV), in position 2 and 3-position, is dissolved in pyridine containing 4-dimethylaminopyridine for the reaction with propionic anhydride or butyric acid anhydride, and thus receive (V) in the case of propionic anhydride, or (VI) in the case of butyric acid anhydride. This compound (V) or (VI) is dissolved in a chlorinated organic solvent, which is resistant to oxidation, and oxidized organic peroxide, such as adventurou acid, m-monochlorobenzene acid, m-monobromoacetic acid, monongalia acid, cryptanalyses acid and its sodium salt or calcium salt thus that of the compound (V) obtained compound (I) or compound (VI) to the compound (II) (see end of text).
The compound (I) and sohimicheskim drugs seeds or plants in the growth stage can be achieved the effect of growth acceleration, the effect of resistance to diseases, the effect of reducing chemical damage under the influence of bactericide, herbicide or insecticide, the effect of reducing chemical damage under the influence of salts, the effect of reducing damage due to exposure to low temperatures and high temperatures, the effect of reducing the impact of the lack of moisture and the like effects. When handling chemicals plants in the area of the flowering period is achieved by increasing yield and improving the quality of rice, wheat, maize and other cereals, soybeans, kidney beans and other legumes, potatoes, sugar cane and other tuberous, cabbage and other crops of the genus brassica (cabbage crops). When melon, watermelon, cucumbers and other cucurbit-containing culture kind of Cucurbit (pumpkin) or tomatoes, eggplants and other Solana-containing culture of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) are processed with chemicals, can be increased harvest and can be improved taste, shape and other characteristics of quality. A feature of these compounds is that they do not harm plants.
When using these compounds as plant growth regulators selskohozyaistvennaia as growth regulators of plants, they can be mixed with other plant hormones or agricultural chemical auxiliary means, for example contributing to the expansion of the tool, emulsifier, wetting, dispersing agent, binder, disintegrator, and can be used in a unit dosage form of powder, granules, pellets, solids, wettable powder, emulsion or liquid.
Different shapes, which are compounds of the invention are not unchanged depending on the crop plants, cultivated area, processing method, processing time or season and can consequently be determined. Although there are no restrictions, usually an effective way is by immersion, such as pre-treatment of seed before sowing or planting, method of spraying on leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, and land for growing plants in processing plants during the growth period, or method of coating or spraying.
Applied concentrations vary from culture plants, processing method, processing time and period and dosage forms, but usually when using an aqueous solution the concentration of the active ingredientsyou of the invention can be used either by themselves or mixed with insecticide, fungicide, herbicide or fertilizer.
The invention presented below using the following embodiments, it should, however, be noted that the technical implementation is not limited to the given examples.
The following PMR-spectra: s - singlet; t - triplet, m = multiplet; dd = double doublet.
The method of embodiment 1. Synthesis of 2,3- -dipropionate-24S-ethyl-5-cholesterol-22-EN-6-it (V)
To 20.5 g (49,92 mol) (22E, 24S)-24S-ethyl - 5-cholesta-2, 22-Dien-6-ONU (III) (K. Mori, Agric. Biol. Chem./ 44, 1211, 1980) is added to 7.3 g (54,42 mmol) N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide and 1000 ml of acetone and stirred. After purification of the reaction container with nitrogen gas to the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature, a mixed solution of 22 ml of water and 32 ml of t-butyl alcohol containing 390 mg (1.5 mmol) of camerahouse OS. Landed in the reaction solution crystals (15.6 g) is filtered off, the filtrate is stirred for 1 h, adding an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite and extracted with chloroform, washed with water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solvent is distilled off in vacuum and get the crude product. This crude product is clean column chromatography on si is e filtered crystals (19, 37 g), add 150 ml of pyridine, 76 ml of propionic anhydride and 500 mg of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, leaving to react overnight at room temperature. Extragere chloroform, washing with water and drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and driving the solvent in vacuo, get the crude product.
This crude product is clean column chromatography on silica gel (benzene, ethyl acetate 30 : 1 to 15 : 1) and get 21,06 g (75.7 percent) of 2,3- -dipropionate-24S-ethyl - 5-cholesterol-22-EN-6-it (V).
The crystal type: needle. So pl.: 128 - 129oC (acetone)
The Rf value : 0,48 TLC plate (Merck 1.5 cm x 6.7 cm, Kieselgel 60F254, 0.25 mm layer thickness of film Art. 5715), hexane-ethyl acetate, 4 : 1 V/V.
PMR (CDCl3) (M. D.): 0,72 (3H, s), 1,10 (3H, t), of 1.16 (3H, t), 2,58 (1H, m), equal to 4.97 (1H, m), 5,09 (2H, m), of 5.40 (1H,m).
The method of embodiment 2. Synthesis of (22R, 23R, 24S)- 2,3-dipropionate-22, 23-epoxy-B-Homo-7-oxa-5-stigmasta-6-she (compound (I)).
Dissolving of 2.06 g (3,70 mmol) of 2,3- -dipropionate-24S-ethyl - 5-cholesterol-22-EN-6-it (V) obtained in the method of embodiment 1 in 100 ml of dichloromethane, add 8,0, (31,08 mol) m-chlormadinone acid and the mixture is stirred for 15 days at room temperature. Then, by adding 8.0 g of powdered calcium hydroxide, stirring Noi chromatography on silica gel (benzene : ethyl acetate 30:1 to 15:1) and gain of 0.85 g (39,0%) of (22R, 23R, 24S)- 2,3- -dipropionate-22,23 - epoxy-B-Homo-7-oxa - 5-stigmasta-6-it [the compound (I)].
The crystal type: needle. So pl.: 147 - 148oC (methanol). Rf value: 0,23 TLC plate (Merck - 1.5 cm x 6.7 cm, Kieselgel 60F254, 0.25 mm film thickness, Art. 5715), benzene-ethyl acetate, 10 : 1 V/V.
FD - MS: m/z 589 (M++1).
PMR (CDCl3) (M. D.): 0,72 (3H, s), 1,10 (3H, t), of 1.18 (3H, t), by 2.73 (1H, dd), of 3.00 (1H, dd), 4,10 (2H, m), 4,89 (1H, m), 5,38 (1H, m).
The method of embodiment 3. Synthesis of (22R, 23R, 24S)- 2,3-dibutyrate-22, 23-epoxy-B-Homo-7-oxa - 5-stigmasta-6-she (the compound (II)).
In the same way as in the method of embodiment 1, and 8.3 g of 2 ,3- -dihydroxy-24S-ethyl - 5-cholesterol-22-EN-6-she (IV) obtained by the processing of 10.0 g (23,45 mmol) (22E, 24S)-24S-ethyl-5-cholesta-2,22-Dien-6-she (III) as in the method of embodiment 1, add 100 ml of pyridine, 40 ml of butyric acid anhydride and 300 mg of 4-dimethylaminopyridine and allow to react overnight at room temperature. After extraction with chloroform, washing with water, drying over benzoic hydroxide of magnesium and removal of solvent in vacuo get the crude product. This crude product is purified column chromatography on silica gel (benzene : ethyl acetate 30 : 1 to 15 : 1), and obtain 10.0 g (72,9%) of 2,3- -dibutyrate-24S-ethyl-5- -cholesterol-22-EN-6-she (VI).
The crystal type: needle.
Rf value: 0,51 TLC plate (Merck - 1.5 cm x 6.7 cm, Kieselgel 60F254, 0.25 mm film thickness, Art. 5715), benzene-ethyl acetate, 4 : 1 V/V.
Processing 2,0 2,3-dibutyrate-24S-ethyl-5-cholesterol-22-EN-6-it (VI) as well as in the method of embodiment 2, get 640 mg (30,3%) of (22R, 23R, 24S)- 2,3-dibutyrate-22,23-epoxy-B-Homo-7-oxa - 5-stigmasta-6-it [the compound (II)].
The crystal type: amorphous substance.
Rf value: 0,49 TLC plate (Merck-made, 1.5 cm x 6.7 cm, Kieselgel 60F254, 0.25 mm film thickness, Art. 5715), benzene-ethyl acetate, 5 : 1 about/about.
FD - MS : m/z 617 (M++1).
PMR (CDCl3) (M. D.): to 0.67 (3H, s), 0,99 (3H, s), 2,70 (1H, dd), of 3.00 (1H, dd), 4,10 (2H, m), a 4.86 (1H, m), are 5.36 (1H, m).
The method of embodiment 4. The effect of stimulation of the growth of radish.
Prepare a solution concentration of 100 ppm, separately dissolving the compound (I) and (II) in ethanol. Prepare chemical solutions, bringing the concentration of compounds (I) and (II) to 1/100 h/million each, adding 2 ml of each ethanol solution to 20 ml of water containing 4 ml of a commercial spreader Guramin (Sankyo). Compound a (Japanese patent application laid N 1-125396, N 11) and brassinolide prepared in a similar manner, receiving a concentration of 1/100 h/million
Radish exp the period of the initial thickening of the roots. On the 12th and 24th day after treatment 30 hives best development taken from each plot, the weight of the plants was measured by the deciduous part and a root part, and calculate an average individual weight. The percentage of the treated plot compared to the untreated calculated and presented in table. 1.
As a result, as shown in the table. 1, on the 12th day after treatment brassinolide was the most effective. On the 24th day after the treatment, however, was excellent compounds (I) and (II) of the invention and further behind them, the compound A (Japanese patent application laid N 1-125396, N 11) and brassinolide, which suggests that the compounds (I) and (II) of the invention have excellent duration effect.
The method of embodiment 5. Effect of germination and growth when imensional (by immersion) treatment of rice grains
Of the compounds (I) and (II) the same way as described in the method of embodiment 3, prepare chemical solutions with a concentration of 1/100 h/million Compound B (Japanese patent application laid N 1-125396, N 6) and brassinolide similarly reduced to a concentration of 1/100 h/million
100 seeds of each seed (variety: Nipponbare) immersed in 20 ml of each solution (20 ml of water for some half of the seedling grows to stage 4 of the sheet, determine the degree of growth (the results are shown in table. 2).
In the compounds (I) and (II) of the invention have an excellent effect on the germination and the effect of growth acceleration in respect of rice, better than action B (Japanese patent application laid N 1-125396, N 6).
The method of embodiment 6. The effect of stimulation of tying seeds on the rice.
In each area of the rice field area 1 ar carried out the following test, using planting rice (cultivar Nipponbare), then prepare solutions of the compounds (I), (II), A and brassinolide) concentration of 1/1000 h/million and sprinkle on 15 l/ar, each using a small hand sprayer at the stage of troublevania (3 August, one week before earing) and at the end of the flowering phase (August 22). At harvest was taken 70 - 80 new grains with a single stem with treated plots and the control plot, average weight for each ear stem, and the calculated ratio to the control area. The result is shown in table. 3.
As can be seen from the table. 3, the weight of the spike to the original grain, it follows that the output (yield) increased, the compound (I) shows the greatest effect, the compound (II) is in second place and both outperform the impact .
Growing normally in field corn (grade Honey Bandam), put 1/100 ppm, solutions of the compounds (I), (II), A and brassinolide) 20 l/ar for 5 days before the formation of stamens and in the period of full bloom. The usual collection of female panicles selected an average of 50 panicles from each plot to measure the length of the section responsible for tying seeds and calculate the average length. The results are shown in table. 4.
Part responsible for tying seeds in plots treated with compounds (I) and (II) longer than the corresponding part in the plots treated with compound A and brassinolide, and noted the effect of the stimulation setting seed.
The method of embodiment 8. The effect of the stimulation thickening and fruit set of grapes.
Using Mature vines grown on plantations (sort Delaware), 1/100 ppm of each of the compounds (I), (II), A and brassinolide - sprayed on each brush 7 days prior to flowering. Collecting harvest ripening period, calculate the average weight of bunches from each plot. The result is given in table. 5.
The average weight of bunches from the plots treated with compounds (I) and (II) more than plots treated with compound A and brassinolide, and is celebrated with great yields in the processing of wheat seeds.
The compound (I), (II), A and brassinolide dissolved in a solution of ethanol and water 50 (about) : 50 (about), obtaining a concentration of 0.01 h/million In each solution are immersed for 2 with wheat seeds (cultivar Norin N 61) and air-dried. For the control plot seeds similarly treated with a mixture of ethanol and water, 50 (vol.) : 50 (vol.).
Treated seeds are sown in the usual way in November and grown in the field. Two months after planting is randomly selected to sample an average of 50 seedlings from each plot and determine the average weight of plants and the number of sprouts/seedlings (stem) and at harvest to determine the average weight of the ear/seedlings (stem). The results are shown in table. 6.
The method of embodiment 10. The effect of preventing damage to the plants from the cold.
Prepare aqueous solutions of 0.01 ppm of the compounds (I), (II), A and brassinolide) and put on benjamin tree with 150 to 200 leaves, grown in pot vessel in the greenhouse, and the vessel carrying the next day in the open air in late November.
After a 30-day trial count the number of leaves, fallen because of the cold weather, and calculate the intensity of leaves falling relative to the number originally estimated leaf.connections (I) and (II), lower than that treated with compound A and brassinolide, and there is a high effect of preventing damage to the plants from the cold.
The method of embodiment 11. The effect of reducing chemical damage by the herbicide (growth inhibition).
Three days before transplanting seedling of rice (cultivar Nipponbare) sprinkle of 0.01 ppm aqueous solutions of compounds (I), (II) and brassinolide) in the amount of 100 l / 10, ar. Then transplanted treated and untreated seedlings of five each in vessel area of 1/5000 ar and grown in the greenhouse. On the 5th day after transplantation into the vessel to make a commercial herbicides Simetryn and Butachlor equivalent to 5 kg of ingredient/10 ar. On the 20th day after herbicide treatment of the transplanted seedling vypilivayut, dried and calculated relative to untreated herbicide plot (%) and compared the degree of growth at each site. The result is shown in table. 8.
As shown in the table. 8, all connections reduce chemical damage (growth inhibition) herbicides, in particular the compounds (I) and (II) are largely the effect of reducing chemical damage compared to brassinolide.
The method of embodiment 12. The effect of the stimulation infructescence by reducing cloneconnection is to artificial pollination spray of 0.01 ppm aqueous solution of the compounds (I), (II) and brassinolide) equivalent to 300 l/10 ar.
Artificial pollination was performed using pollen taken from normal pollinator and using self-pollination.
2 months after pollination on the studied branches of each test plot to determine the number of fruits on pollen for pollination and calculate the rate of fruit set. The results are shown in table. 9.
Compared with the number of fruits to the usual way the rate of fruit set on the processed connection parts is increased and the compound (I) and (II) more effective than brassinolide. When using compounds (I) and (II) fruit set when self-pollination is equally comparable to the rate of fruit set when using pollen from pollinators and compound (I) and (II) of the invention have the effect of reducing the failure of fruit set in self-incompatibility and increase the rate of fruit set.
The technical applicability of the invention is that new brassinosteroid-like compounds exhibiting activity on the regulation of plant growth, expressed by the compound (I) and compound (II) represented by the invention, and the plant growth regulator containing them as AK the agricultural and horticultural fields and have postregulatory effects on plants and therefore, it is very useful industrially.
1. Brassinosteroid derivative of the formula (I)
2. Brassinosteroid derivative of the formula (II)
3. Regulating the growth of plants, the tool comprising as an active ingredient derived brassinosteroid in an effective amount and the target additives, characterized in that the quality of the derived brassinosteroid contains a compound of formula I under item 1 or the compound of formula II under item 2.
- substituted 4-aseankorea" target="_blank">
The method of obtaining - substituted 4-aseankorea // 2109746
The invention relates to a new method of obtaining derivatives 17 - substituted 4-aseankorea General formula (I)
in which R is hydrogen or C1- C3alkyl; R1- carboxamidine group, mono - or disubstituted by C1- C8alkyl group(s); or a free carboxyl group, esterified C1- C5alcohol; and - single or double bond; and their salts
Derivative 17-halogen-4-aseankorea // 2103275
The invention relates to new derivatives of 4-aseankorea General formula (1),
in which R is hydrogen or C1-3alkyl group; X is chlorine, bromine or iodine and - single or double bond
Contraception for animals and method thereof // 2091019
The invention relates to the field of veterinary medicine and can be used for contraception animals
Azasteroid connection // 2070204
The way to obtain 6-oxa-8-isanalogous steroid estrogens // 2057140
The invention relates to the synthesis of biologically active analogues of steroid hormones, specifically to obtain 6-oxa-8-isanalogous steroid estrogens, having hypolipidemic activity and which intermediate compounds for the synthesis of other classes of substances
The method of obtaining glycyrrhizic acid // 2082716
Potassium salt of cauloside c, stimulating reparative regeneration of the skin // 2078086
The method of obtaining betulin // 2074867
The invention relates to extraction of valuable chemicals from waste wood, namely the method of obtaining betulin formula 1 from birch bark used in medicine and perfumery industry [1]
Known methods of obtaining betulin, namely, that the bark is then ground in aqueous alkali and extracted with isopropyl alcohol
The method of receiving penta-o-nicotinate glycyrrhizic acid // 2073009
20(29)-lupen-[(2,3:3,4)-5,5-dimethylhexane-2-it]-28-oic acid having coagulation activity // 2067584
The invention relates to chemical-pharmaceutical industry, namely to new biologically active substances on the basis of which can be created drugs that have coagulation activity
Derivative of glycyrrhetic acid and method of production thereof // 2065864
- d - glyukopiranozil- (1 _ 2) - - z - arabinopyranoside hederagenin" target="_blank">
A method of obtaining a triterpene glycoside 3 - 0 - - d - glyukopiranozil- (1 _ 2) - - z - arabinopyranoside hederagenin // 2064934
The method of obtaining carboxyamide glycopeptides glycyrrhizic acid // 2057139
The method of receiving glycyram // 2054433
The invention relates to chemical-pharmaceutical industry, in particular to a method for monoammonium salt glitzirrizinova acid to glycyram used in medicine as a medicinal product
Insecticide composition // 2264099
FIELD: organic chemistry, insecticides.
SUBSTANCE: invention describes insecticide composition comprising the active amount of one pyridine compound of the formula (I)
or its salt wherein Y represents halogenalkyl group comprising from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and halogen atoms from 1 to 5; m = 0; Q represents compound of the formula:
wherein X represents oxygen atom; R1 and R2 represent independently hydrogen atom, alkyl group comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and substituted with cyan-group, and one insecticide taken among carbofuran, carbosulfan, cipermethrin, bifentrin, acetamiprid, chlorfauazuron, fluphenoxuron, piriproxiphen, spinosad, emamectine benzoate, avermectin, buprophezin and fipronil taken in the weight ratio of compound of the formula (I) and other insecticide = from 1:2 to 100:1. The composition provides stable and strong effect and eradicates insects.
EFFECT: strong insecticide effect of composition.
4 cl, 11 tbl, 5 ex
Synergetic herbicide composition and method for control of weeds // 2273995
FIELD: organic chemistry, herbicides.
SUBSTANCE: invention describes a synergetic composition with the effective content of components (A) and (B) wherein (A) means herbicide chosen from the group of compounds of the formula (I): wherein R1, R2, R, X, Y and Z have values given in the invention claim or their salts; (B) means one or some herbicides among the following groups: (B1) selective herbicides with activity in some dicotyledonous cultures against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds; (B2) selective herbicides with activity in some dicotyledonous cultures against dicotyledonous weeds; (B3) selective herbicides with activity in some dicotyledonous cultures with preferable effect against monocotyledonous weeds. Also, invention describes a method for control against weeds using the proposed composition. Using the combination of proposed herbicides results to the synergetic effect.
EFFECT: valuable herbicide properties of composition.
Method of reproduction material protection against pest invasion // 2369096
FIELD: agriculture.
SUBSTANCE: description is given to the method of protecting plant reproduction material against pest invasion which implies treatment of the material with (A) nematocidally effective amount of at least one macrolide and (B) insecticidally effective amount of at least one insecticide chosen from the neonicotinoides.
EFFECT: claimed method ensure more effective control of such insects as thrips.
Pesticide compositions // 2439879
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The pesticide composition contains a synergetically effective amount of at least one anthranyl amide compound or salt thereof, and another pesticide. The anthranyl amide compound is N-[2-bromo-4-chloro-6-[[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]carbonyl]-phenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide.
EFFECT: invention enables to increase efficiency of pest control.
16 cl, 51 tbl, 6 ex
Insecticidal combination of active substances, use thereof and seed material // 2498571
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The combination of active substances contains at least one known compound of formula and at least another active substance from macrolides and carboxylates. The combination is used to treat seed materials or seed materials of transgenic plants, or transgenic plants.
EFFECT: invention reduces the amount of insecticides and widens the range of controlled pests.
6 cl
Agent for control of plant diseases // 2504954
SUBSTANCE: agent for control of plant diseases comprises: at least one compound chosen from tetrazolyl oxime derivatives represented by the formula , and their salts: in the formula (I) X is C1-6-alkyl group, C1-6-alkoxy group, halogen atom, nitro group, cyano group, C6-10-aryl group or C1-6-alkyl-sulfonyl group; n is an integer from 0 to 5; Y is C1-6 alkyl group; Z is a hydrogen atom, an amino group or a group represented by the formula NHC(-O)-Q; Q is a hydrogen atom, C1-8-alkyl group, C1-6-haloalkyl group, C3-6-cycloalkyl group, C1-8-alkoxy group, C3-6-cycloalkoxy group, C7-20-aralkoxy group, C1-4-alkylthio-C1-8 alkyl group, C1-4-alkoxy-C1-2-alkyl group, C1-4-acylamino-C1-6-alkyl group, C1-4-acylamino-C1-6-alkoxy group, C1-8-alkylamino group, C2-6-alkenyl group, C7-20-aralkyl group or C6-10-aryl group; R is an halogen atom; m is an integer from 0 to 3; and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of triflumizole, hydroxyisoxazole, acetamiprid and their salts.
EFFECT: invention enables to improve the efficiency of disease control.


wall mirror (central london) - trash nothing!
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Cycling in the news 1 Feb – 7 Feb 2020
7Feb 2020 7 Feb 2020
A 17-kilometre cycleway in Brisbane that runs from Eight Mile Plains to Lower River Terrace in South Brisbane is nearing completion. On Monday, the Brisbane Times reported that one of the final pieces of infrastructure planned for the Veloway 1 project would be subject to a public consultation process.
The planned cycling and pedestrian bridge would connect Veloway 1 to the Kangaroo Point Bikeway near Captain Cook Bridge. The Times quoted South Brisbane MP Jackie Trad as saying the primary justification for the new bridge was increased safety. The existing path is steep and disembarks cyclists directly onto a busy main road. The planned bridge will pass over the road allowing cyclists easy access to the south bank of the Brisbane River.
The Courier Mail reported that the "ambitious bikeway […] will allow cyclists to zoom right over the Brisbane River." However, they also quoted Greens Councillor Jonathan Sri, who questioned the cost of the project, the impact it might have during construction and the government's decision to prioritise the bridge "when there are lots of other cycling blackspots that also urgently need funding."
Commenters on the Mail's Facebook page were critical of the project. Many argued that the $45 million to be spent on Stage E of Veloway 1 could be better spent upgrading existing road infrastructure. Some complained that with Brisbane experiencing significant roadway congestion cycling infrastructure should not be a priority for the government.
Minimum passing laws were in the news again in Victoria. On Wednesday the Geelong Advertiser reported the results of a study commissioned by the Amy Gillett Foundation that looked at passing distances between cyclists and motorists in Geelong. The study captured more than 1000 passes and found that motorists on the Surf Coast Highway between Belmont and Charlemont were passing within 1.5m of cyclists 38 per cent of the time. Some motorists were recorded as passing within as few as 54, 64 and 73 centimetres of a cyclist.
A spokesperson from the Foundation argued that public support was behind a change in laws that would see drivers fined for passing within one metre of a cyclist.
"It's not just people who ride bikes who want the legislation amended, it's people who care about them and want them to be safe on the road. It's also people who have lost loved ones or who have been injured riding bikes" Sarah Dalton was quoted as saying.
On the Geelong Advertiser's Facebook page some commenters were supportive of the proposed laws. Others expressed frustration with cyclists using roads instead of cycleways and footpaths, cyclists riding two abreast and cyclists being unpredictable or breaking road rules. Many commenters cast doubt on the credibility of the study as well, arguing it was impossible to know the real distance without the cyclist carrying a tape measure.
In other news, Uber-owned Jump has announced it will trial its rollout of dockless rental bikes first in Melbourne. Jump has sought to head off criticism of such schemes by declaring it will have a "signed memorandum of understanding" with the city that will constrain how the bikes will be used. This will allegedly stop the bikes from "clogging up footpaths" where they might provoke vandalism. Jump states it will also have "strict time frames" to recover damaged or dumped bikes and that users who incorrectly park bikes could be banned or fined using the Uber app.
In Sydney, a teenager has faced court charged with dangerous driving causing the death of two cyclists just before Christmas. News.com.au reported that the two victims "were husbands, fathers and members of the North Western Sydney Cycling Club."
Finally, a motorcyclist has been given an 18-month suspended prison sentence by the Supreme Court of Tasmania for assaulting a cyclist in a road rage incident near Derwent Park in 2018 . The Mercury reported that the incident took place after the cyclist berated the motorcyclist for passing too close. In response, the motorcyclist abused the cyclist, knocked the victim to the ground, destroyed his bicycle and violently assaulted him to remove a mobile camera from his helmet.
The accused was ordered to pay $2700 in compensation and will undergo a two-year community correction order.
Previous Cycling in the news 25 Jan – 31 Jan 2020
Next Cycling in the news 8 Feb to 14 Feb 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society
The "The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain" was founded in 1866, and is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. In 1918, the organization received their Royal grant, and the name changed to the "Royal Aeronautical Society."
The Aeronautical Journal is the world's oldest aeronautics journal currently in production and has for over a century been the UK's leading scientific and technical aeronautical journal. Drawing upon the traditions, experience and expertise of the Royal Aeronautical Society, The Aeronautical Journal continues to publish the highest quality research papers covering all forms of flight vehicles; from gliders to fighters, rockets to airliners, airships to UAVs and rotorcraft to satellites making valuable contributions to our understanding of key areas of Aerospace Engineering.
The current editor (2020) is Professor Holger Babinsky, FRAeS, University of Cambridge, UK
1897 :This journal started as The Aeronautical Journal in 1897, continuing through to 1926 and publishing volumes 1 to 30. Our holdings are catalogued here.
1926 : In 1926, it became "The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society". Our holdings are extensive, including over forty bound volumes, and some loose issues. Our cataloge entry can be found here.
1968 : Starting with Vol. 72, the title reverted to "The Aeronautical Journal"; these are catalogued here.
1927 : There was a subsidiary title "The Institution of Aeronautical Engineers : Journal"; these are catalogued here.
Collection: Ross Richardson
Availability: as above; third floor.
Indexing: by NMA
Cover of Volume XX, no. 79, July-September 1916
Cover of Volume 57, no. 506, February 1953
Revised: 16 May 2015


text:
Q: Water Volume Fill and Drain Problem I have a pump that will (according to the instructions) pump 450 litres of water per minute.
Water is pumped into a box that can hold 85 litres. This box has 3×1.5 inch holes in a row on one side, near the bottom of the box. One on the left. One in the center, and one on the right. :)
I'm trying to solve a problem of the box overflowing after so many minutes/seconds of the pump being switched on. Due to this, the pump then needs to be switched off again for a few minutes to allow the box to drain slightly, before resuming.

Question: What size box do I need, in order to handle this amount of water? Preventing the need of switching the pump off after so long?

A: What matters is the height of the box, i.e. the depth of water inside it, not the volume.
Suppose the water flowing out through the holes is flowing with velocity $v$ and the total area of the holes is $A$, then the volume per second, $V$, flowing through the holes is:
$$ V = vA $$
You need this to be equal to or greater than the $7.5$ litres per second flowing in for the box to not overflow. The velocity is given by Torricelli's law:
$$ v = \sqrt{2gh} $$
Where $h$ is the head of the water. Combine these two equations and you get:
$$ V = \sqrt{2gh}A $$
and this rearranges to give the depth of the box you need:
$$ h = \frac{V^2}{2gA^2} $$
If we take the flow rate $V$ as $450$ litres per minute this is $0.0075$ m$^3$/s. The area of the three holes is $3\pi r^2$, where $r$ is the radius in metres ($r=0.0191$ m) and putting this in the equation I get a depth of $h = 0.245$ m. Torricelli's law is an approximation that ignores viscosity, so add a bit onto this depth to give a margin for error.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When looking at the many different jobs and industries in the world today, few can compare to what it's like to work in the world of internet marketing and social media. Everything is just so intertwined together and connected at all times. It doesn't matter if you are a social media manager, content creator or even a blogger… you likely share many of the same interests and tasks with many of those around you.
This is just one of the many reasons why it's so important for online professionals and experts to have an online platform like a website or blog to represent themselves. Lilach Bullock is a perfect example of someone who's been able to take her experts in the world of online marketing and branding and share it with the rest of the world through her blogging and social media efforts, which is why she is our latest featured expert in the Meet the Bloggers series.
My name is Lilach Bullock and I am a digital marketer and social media expert. I've worked in social media marketing for almost 10 years now, and it seemed like a natural transition to blogging.
At the time, I was looking to building my own business; my daughter was just 1 year old and I wanted to spend as much time as possible with her. My job didn't let me take time off, so I just took things into my own hands. I created an online business and built a multi-site blog that generated over 600k visitors per month. I love content and enjoying writing so it's always been a great way for me to educate and share my knowledge with others.
The main focus of my blog is digital marketing; it's a pretty broad niche, so I write about anything from social media marketing to search engine optimization and from content marketing to influencer marketing.
Everything that I write about is from my own experience working with clients, or for myself. All the knowledge I gain talking to business owners, helping them grow and scale their business, I try to incorporate in my blog posts.
Why digital marketing? Because I love it! I fell in love with social media marketing right when it first started, and it felt like a natural transition into topics like content marketing, influencer marketing and other areas of digital marketing.
The main way I'm monetizing my blog traffic is through the services I offer. My blog was always an extension of my online business and my social media. They're all interlinked and one could not work without the other. So, I use my knowledge to offer all kinds of services to small businesses and entrepreneurs, such as business coaching, training programmes, and workshops, plus, I also provide content writing services, help with website optimization and I am often called in to speak at various events and conferences around the world.
This is a great question; I think that the one thing I wish I knew back then is the importance of building an email list. Don't get me wrong, I did have a form on the website that I was using to collect emails, but it wasn't enough. I wasn't constantly thinking of new ways of gathering emails, I wasn't creating downloadable content regularly to get people to sign up.
Gathering emails, I think, is one of the most important things to do as a blogger or online business. These emails will stay with you for years and will help you make sure there's always some traffic coming to your blog and ultimately, they will help you make sales.
I tend to prefer using content curation tools to help me keep up with all the latest news and articles, as well as an RSS reader where I've added countless blogs and websites.
If I had to pick 3, though…It would probably be Social Media Examiner for social media news and tips, Content Marketing Institute for content marketing and Quick Sprout for all kinds of marketing tips and advice from the wonderful Neil Patel.
There are 3 main tools that I use regularly, as part of my blogging; first, there's Agorapulse. It's a social media management tool, and it helps me promote my blog content across social media quickly and efficiently.
Another essential tool for me is Yoast SEO. It helps make sure my blog posts are optimized for search engine and, what's even better, is that it requires little effort on my part.
And finally, there's Trello. It's a collaboration tool that lets you organize your tasks easily; when it comes to blogging, I usually use Trello to help me remember the tasks I need to get done, the articles that need to be written and so on.
I think that the main thing I would say to a beginner is, get those emails. The more you can get, the better!
I would also say that it's very important to be consistent with your blog. When you first get started, you get all excited, posting new content regularly, trying to look for new ways of improving your blog; try to hold onto that. Don't stop writing content, don't stop trying to innovate – if you want to get to the point where you start making money based on your blog, you need to be consistent.
That blogging is not just sitting at your desk and writing content. If you want to be successful, you need to make connections and build relationships with your readers, with influencers and with the people helping you promote your content.
Use social media to connect with your audience and with influencers. These are valuable connections that will help you blog grow that much faster.
First, buy a domain name; next, I'd create my blog with WordPress as it's easy to do and not too costly.
The rest of my budget would be spent on useful tools, most importantly an email marketing tool, but I would also get a social media management tool like Agorapulse to help me manage the promotional side of things.
Thankfully, there are lots of great tools that I can use for free. For example, for visual content, I would use Canva, I'd install a free plugin for social sharing buttons and Trello for helping me manage my blogging schedule and other blogging tasks.
Thanks again to Lilach Bullock for taking the time to share her advice and story with the Blogging Tips community. If you would like to learn about other bloggers and how they are finding success online, be sure to read through our blogger interview series.


A huge thunderstorm has hit Croydon tonight - with many residents describing it at the most spectacular storm they have ever seen.
Tonight's humid conditions meant that storms had been predicted all day.
And the forecast proved to be spot in - with the sky being lit up but a barrage of lightning strikes.
A host of residents have taken to Twitter to describe their awe at what they have witnessed.
David Cocklin wrote: "The sky is on fire in Croydon and the rain is so heavy."
Jack Wilkinson seemed to be fearing the worst, as he wrote: "It's going down in Croydon - end of the world s***"
Jack Tavassoly-Marsh must be quick at counting, as he wrote: "Wow. The sky is flashing above me at the moment. 45 lightning strikes a minute just above Croydon."
And Liam Dowd had some helpful advice, writing: "This lightning is bad in Croydon, huge bolts of lightning every five seconds maximum. Constant thunder and showers of rain. I strongly advise you don't leave your washing on the line boys and girls."
Further thunderstorms in Croydon are currently forecast every day for the next five days, with a weather warning in place for today (Sunday) as torrential rain could lead to flooding.
Below are some of the tweets that have been posted tonight about the storm.
And finally there's this one - which we are a little bit suspicious of!


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Home » Surfaces 2006 attendance is one for the record books
Surfaces 2006 attendance is one for the record books
Easy Heat is the first company in the tile industry to receive a Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval. Mike O'Tool, president of Easy Heat, receives an award from Paul Bozikis, category manager, new business development for Good Housekeeping, to commemorate this achievement.
More than 40,000 people attended Surfaces 2006, setting an all-time attendance record for the show, according to show officials. Total attendance this year was 40,588, an increase of six percent over 2005. In addition to more attendees, the show also boasted an increase in the number of exhibitors, with a record-setting 1,070 companies on hand, an increase over 2005, which saw 1,054 exhibitors. With so many companies on hand, it's no wonder that many attendees and exhibitors alike felt this was the best show to date.
"The last several years have been very good for us and this year was no exception," said Mark Shannon, Vice President of Sales, Crossville, Inc. "From a branding perspective with this particular audience, it was the best ever. The tie in with our distributor partners and their customers who attend this show was terrific."
Crossville introduced several new series at Surfaces, including its Now series, which features a crisp, refined stone look that is ideal for tailored and minimalist designs, according to Shannon. The company also previewed its new Journey series, which features an incredibly realistic stone texture in three colors. The series was well received by customers.
"All during the show, visitors to our booth would stop and rub the surface to see if they could feel the 'cracks' in the surface," Shannon added.
Also feeling the benefit of this year's increased attendance was Orchid Ceramics, which introduced two new series, Amazonas and Donostia. Both series were very well received, according to the company.
Surfaces attendees were able to learn about the latest tile installation products and techniques at the Installation Showcase, a series of free seminars held throughout the show.
"The response to both series was very good," said Kurt Graves, president of Orchid Ceramics. "Opening orders for Amazonas have it poised to be our fastest start for any product to date, both in terms of sales dollars and number of customers that placed first orders. Opening orders for Donostia have superceded our forecasts as well. So we believe we have two new winners. We believe the response to the new product lines validates our product development process, which relies heavily on the input of our customers in designing ceramic tile for the markets we serve."
Another company that had a very positive response from attendees was Vitromex USA, which launched its new Artemis porcelain tile series.
"Business was very strong for us," said Neal Gray, vice president of sales and marketing for Vitromex USA. "With the roll out of our new Artemis Impervious Glazed Porcelain, this was the first opportunity for our customers to see our new Artemis package. The show in 2005 was busy as well, but I would have to say that this year was much busier for us."
After beginning the year on such a positive note, tile manufacturers are anticipating strong sales throughout the year.
"We are off to a great start in 2007," said Orchid Ceramics' Kurt Graves. "The larger customers we added to our distribution network in the second half of last year are beginning to show significant increases in volume as our products gain placement with their builder and dealer customers. Our 2005 product introductions continue to grow and our 2006 products appear to have gained a great start. In the second half of this year we will launch at least two more product lines.
We continue to make significant investments that will secure and improve our great customer service as we continue to grow rapidly. We think 2007 will be a great year for our customers and for us."
With such a strong response to this year's show, the shows organizers are anticipating another great show next year.
"Reports from the show floor indicated this was clearly the best, biggest and most productive Surfaces ever," said Chris Davis, President & CEO, World Floor Covering Association, official sponsor of Surfaces. "It is hard to believe possible, but each Surfaces has been incrementally better than the one preceding it. If this trend continues as it has in the past, then Surfaces 2007 will be something beyond incredible."
Surfaces 2007 will take place February 7-9 at the Sands Expo & Convention Center in Las Vegas. For more information, visit www.surfaces.com.
Surfaces 2006: Tile manufacturers set to attend industry show in droves
Turkey's UNICERA prepares for record-breaking attendance
Expo Revestir: Attendance, mood on the upswing
Cevisama exhibitors say less is more: booked spaces are smaller, but presence is a must


Buying a new car or a used car is a debate that has long existed in the car market. There are plenty of people on both sides of the fence so sometimes it can be hard to get one single answer on which is better.
Texas CarMax locations do their best to bring you certified vehicles that have to undergo their 125 point inspection test before they are deemed ready for sale. Locations in Austin, Dallas, Houston, Irving, San Antonio and plenty more across the state do their best to bring you quality used vehicles.
Buying a used car is more attractive price wise than buying a brand new car because the price tag is lower. A used car has already been owned and gone through significant depreciation in value and this presents the opportunity to get fairly young cars for less money. New cars present larger price tags and more of a financial responsibility when it comes to buying them.
In the long run, buying a used car frees up money for you in a shorter amount of time because most often than not you will be able to pay off a used car quicker than a new car.
Even though it seems like buying a used car would be a better idea, financial stability and reliability have to come into question when considering it.
When you buy a used car you are receiving a vehicle that has been driven by someone you most likely don't know. There is almost no way for you to know how they treated this vehicle while they owned it. Used car dealerships such as CarMax do a good job of repairing damages and getting cars qualified to pass inspections, however, they cannot guarantee the longevity of these vehicles.
By buying used you are running a risk of inheriting a vehicle that was not properly maintained, and thus will present financial burdens. Most used car warranties only last 30 days, as opposed to new car warranties that last several years.
This means that after 30 days all repair costs, maintenance fees, and any other unforeseen costs come directly out of your pocket. While you save money during the initial buying process, in the long run you run the risk of sinking thousands of dollars more into a used vehicle than you would a new car or truck.
If you decide to buy new, request a free, no obligation price quote to get yourself started. A price quote offers you direct pricing from local dealerships that are competing for your business.
Taking advantage of this resource can help you fully prepare yourself for your visit to the dealership.


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In summary, this website's contents and creative materials may be used without FASF's specific approval if such use is neither malicious in nature or employed for any financially profitable purposes. If FASF creative copyrighted material is otherwise used for purposes outside the terms of the "Fair Use" Doctrine, the FASF requests you first obtain the approval of this Website's Webmaster, who can readily be contacted by email or by telephone, as shown above on this page.
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text:
Jennly Reads
A review of "Dead End Girl" by Tim McBain and LT Vargus
Posted on March 11, 2017 October 1, 2017 by jennlyreads
Full disclosure – I was provided an advanced reader's copy of this book by the authors in exchange for an honest review.
Shattered Dolls
Violet Darger is an agent trainee with the FBI. After having spent the last four years in the office of Victim Assistance recent developments have prompted Violet to rethink her career choices and move from a sideline position to a more active role. Her first assignment as an agent sees her going to Ohio to link up with a veteran agent and assist with the "Doll Parts Murderer" case. When she arrives, she finds her partner stricken with an illness and as agent Loshak becomes less and less accessible, Violet is thrust into the forefront of investigating the serial murders. As an untrained rookie, she steps on many toes along the way but uncovers a few crucial pieces of previously discarded information that eventually leads her in the right direction. The Doll Parts Murderer is onto her however and as Violet get closer to learning who their killer is, she also gets closer to becoming his next victim.
I am fairly certain after reading Dead End Girl that there is not a genre that Tim McBain and LT Vargus cannot conquer. Dead End Girl is worlds away from any of their other books but that does not hinder this story in the slightest. The action moves at a pace that is not too slow, not too fast but you still have to be on your toes so you don't miss anything. I loved the way that Sarah Peterson was portrayed. The offender/problem child that is no stranger to the local police who have developed a bias against her antics. Violet's previous experience in the Victim Assistance unit allows her to view Sierra a person rather than a stereotype. Violet's willingness to believe in Sierra when everyone else has written her off was just the first of threads to be pulled that helped to unravel the case.
There has also got to be something to be said for words that can come to life and make you want to hurl while reading certain scenes. Reading this at work on lunch most days, I found myself fighting my gag reflex on a few occasions. This killer is sick, his methods twisted and the way he covers his tracks truly brilliant. It makes me think how much we really know about the people around us and who they claim to say they are.
Not to give too much away, let's just say that "Dead End Girl" is a must read for anyone who loves a good rampaging murderer and a bloody body count. With this being Violet's first case as a trainee agent I'm sure her cases will only get more and more bizarre in future installments. Looking forward to seeing where Violet's professional and personal lives go in the next book.
← A review of "The Siege" by James Hanna
A review of "The Brotherhood of Merlin" by Rory D Nelson →
2 thoughts on " A review of "Dead End Girl" by Tim McBain and LT Vargus"
Priscilla Thurman says:
Is the book written in first person or third person? It's one of our options for our book club.
jennlyreads says:
Hi Priscilla.
Dead End Girl is written primarily in the third person. Hope you and your book club enjoy it if you decide to read.
A review of "Take Warning: A Victor Loshak Novella" by Tim McBain, LT Vargus and E.M. Smith
Taking a hiatus
A review of "Exercise is Murder (McKinley Mysteries: Short & Sweet Cozies Book 12)" by Carolyn Arnold
A review of "Sharp Edges: (Wildcat Wizard Book 12)" by Al K. Line
A review of: "Ella: is one of many" by Carol James Marshall


text:
James Allen Crawford1
M, #322121, b. 21 August 1838, d. 18 May 1839
Last Edited=5 Dec 2008
James Allen Crawford was born on 21 August 1838.1 He was the son of Hosea Willis Crawford and Caroline Gault.1 He died on 18 May 1839 at Oakham, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1
[S443] Rootsweb, online unknown url.
George Gault Crawford1
M, #322122, b. 15 March 1840, d. 12 September 1842
George Gault Crawford was born on 15 March 1840.1 He was the son of Hosea Willis Crawford and Caroline Gault.1 He died on 12 September 1842 at age 2 at Oakham, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1
Stoughton Willis Crawford1
M, #322123, b. 1 June 1842
Stoughton Willis Crawford was born on 1 June 1842 at Oakham, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1 He was the son of Hosea Willis Crawford and Caroline Gault.1
Charles Sumner Crawford1
M, #322124, b. 10 April 1846, d. 24 August 1864
Charles Sumner Crawford was born on 10 April 1846 at Barre, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1 He was the son of Hosea Willis Crawford and Caroline Gault.1 He died on 24 August 1864 at age 18 at Hilton Head, South Carolina, U.S.A.G.1
Ole Eugene Crawford1
M, #322125, b. 9 September 1848
Ole Eugene Crawford was born on 9 September 1848 at Barre, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1 He was the son of Hosea Willis Crawford and Caroline Gault.1
He lived at Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1
Eva Crawford1
F, #322126, b. after 1850
Eva Crawford was born after 1850 at Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1 She was the daughter of Hosea Willis Crawford and Caroline Gault.1 She married unknown Boyden.1
Her married name became Boyden.1
unknown Boyden1
unknown Boyden was born at Westboro, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1 He married Eva Crawford, daughter of Hosea Willis Crawford and Caroline Gault.1
Luther Noyes1
Luther Noyes married Azubah Smith.1
Child of Luther Noyes and Azubah Smith
Alvira Noyes+1 b. 10 Sep 1807, d. 17 Jan 1882
Gilbert allen Crawford1
M, #322129, b. 1 October 1828, d. 3 June 1829
Gilbert allen Crawford was born on 1 October 1828 at Oakham, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1 He was the son of Galen Allen Crawford and Alvira Noyes.1 He died on 3 June 1829 at Oakham, Worcester County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.G.1
Hortensia Hay1
Hortensia Hay is the daughter of George Hay and Eliza Kortright Monroe.1 She married Nicholas Lloyd Rogers.1
Her married name became Rogers.1
[S60] Charles and Hugh Brogan Mosley, editor, American Presidential Families (London, U.K.: Alan Sutton and Morris Genealogical Books, 1994), page 23. Hereinafter cited as American Presidential Families.


text:
Home for Good
January 31, 2014 • Philippines
Samaritan's Purse provides thousands of transitional shelters to families in the Philippines who were left homeless by Super Typhoon Haiyan.
Rian Abenojar picked up a hammer, grabbed a handful of nails, and went to work on his new transitional shelter provided by Samaritan's Purse. Pounding echoed across the lush green valley as he fastened blue tarp to a stick frame of coco lumber when suddenly an unexpected sound rang out: laughter.
Rian had swung and missed badly on a nail. But instead of grimacing in embarrassment, all he could do was smile.
Help Disaster Victims Around the WorldRelief had finally settled in where there was once pain for this husband and father. He knew that just a few more hours of pounding nails would give his family a new home and a good night's rest.
After Rian's home was destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan, he built a transitional shelter with tools and supplies from Samaritan's Purse.
"I am so grateful to Samaritan's Purse for helping us stand again," Rian said. "This will give us much room to grow."
Six weeks earlier, Super Typhoon Haiyan slammed into the Philippines. With sustained winds of 195 miles per hour and storm surges of more than 20 feet, Haiyan is considered one of the fiercest storms ever recorded. It killed more than 6,000 people and robbed 4 million families of their homes.
Rian, his pregnant wife, and their young son scrambled for safety under a table in their modest home when Haiyan first made landfall. But eventually the relentless wind and rain overwhelmed the simple structure, forcing the family to run for their lives to a neighbor's house.
When they finally emerged hours later, everything they owned had been blown away and life had drastically changed.
The typhoon left four million people homeless, and many also lost their jobs.
"The storm was so strong," Rian said. "We were shocked and afraid because all of the surroundings were wiped out."
The Abenonjars picked up the scattered pieces of their lives and continued on as best they could, but it was difficult. The fields Rian helped farm were completely flooded out and the family, along with most of their community, had nothing but rice to live on for two weeks.
A sign of renewed hope arrived one week later when Rian's wife gave birth to their second child, a healthy son they named Jhan Rian. But it was hard to care for a newborn in the aftermath of the disaster.
"There was no medicine, no food, no milk," Rian said. "It was difficult, but God was watching over us and protecting us."
Just when things seemed most bleak, Samaritan's Purse showed up with a full shelter kit, which included metal roofing sheets, tarp, and framing materials. An accompanying tool kit with hammers, nails, and a shovel was also provided for multiple families to share.
"We're focusing on the communities of Santa Fe, Tanuan, and Palo now," said project coordinator Randy Miller. "By providing families with supplies and materials, they can construct the shelter they need for themselves."
In recent weeks, more than 4,000 families have received kits, and future distributions should increase the total to 20,000 families. Some local residents are helping to rebuild these homes in a special way.
There was little food in the community for the first couple of weeks, and without jobs, people couldn't buy anything anyway. Samaritan's Purse started a program that paid men for cutting up coconut lumber.
Samaritan's Purse is employing teams of skilled Filipino workers who are cutting and milling lumber from fallen palm trees. They earn a needed wage, and the planks of wood are used in our shelter kits. Over time, we plan to add another 20 to 30 cutters to our shelter program to help keep up with the need for these transitional structures.
"The homeowners will be able to add on to these structures without starting over," outgoing project coordinator Kenny Estelle said. "They can remove the tarp and build more permanent walls. They can even expand on the existing framework."
The use of coco lumber is by design as well. Thousands of coconut trees were destroyed as Haiyan ripped across the island nation. Any trees left lying on the ground will rot in six months or less. Those that are decapitated but have been left standing are already dead. Cutting these trees for lumber maximizes the use of existing timber while helping clean up storm debris.
At least 20,000 families will receive shelter kits from Samaritan's Purse. For Rian, the supplies will provide a much needed shelter for his wife and newborn.
As with any of our disaster relief projects, Samaritan's Purse has made sure to partner with officials and local residents to coordinate our efforts.
"Coco wood is very regulated here," Kenny said. "We needed to go through the local government, register every chainsaw, and get the permission of every landowner."
Many neighbors are happy to help. In fact, one nearby landowner donated eight coconut trees, which can usually be sold for around 200 pesos each.
A new home and a new baby are not the only changes in Rian's life. He has also taught himself a new trade to take the place of farming—and it was only possible because of Typhoon Haiyan. Rian is making oil from all of the coconuts that can be found lying around.
"God is good," Rian said. "Even in the storm He has given us this blessing."
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E is for ELT in Spain
Thanks to Mark Levy for the pic
Last Friday, at a function at the magnificent Edificio Bellas Artes in Madrid, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of TESOL-Spain, I gave an illustrated talk on the history of English language teaching in Spain. Here is a shortened version of the talk.
Tags: Direct Method, English language teaching, grammar translation, TESOL-Spain
W is for Women in ELT
I've just written a book on language teaching methods, in which I revisit 30 different methods and their founding fathers. I use the term 'fathers' deliberately, since not a single method was designed by a woman – although it's a safe bet that a good few women were involved in the actual teaching of these methods. Think about it: Thomas Prendergast, Wilhelm Viëtor, François Gouin, Lambert Sauveur, Otto Jespersen, Maximilian Berlitz, Henry Sweet, Harold Palmer, Michael West, Robert Lado, Charles Fries, and so on, and on. The one woman I wanted to include, Sylvia Ashton-Warner (see S is for Sylvia) was ruled out eventually, on the grounds that she was a teacher of first language literacy and never directly involved in second language teaching.
Where's Wilga?
In anticipation of my critics, all I can say is that the androcentricity of ELT seems to be deeply inscribed in its history. For example, in a chronology of 'recent and current trends between 1880 and 1980' in Stern's Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching (1983), the first woman to be mentioned by name is Wilga Rivers, whose book The Psychologist and the Foreign Language Teacher was published in 1964. Until then the field was completely male-dominated – white, middle-class male dominated, to be exact. This diagram, from Howatt's History (2004) gives a flavor:
As far as I can tell, the only other woman apart from Rivers who gets a mention in Stern's chronology, is Sandra Savignon, whose 'seminal [sic] experiment on a communicative approach' was published in 1972. One hundred years of language teaching: just two women.
Of course, women are under-represented in the history of education generally. In a book called Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present, (Palmer 2001) only seven women are included (although, unaccountably, neither Maria Montessori nor Sylvia Ashton-Warner gets a look in).
But language teaching – and English language teaching – seems to have been exceptionally male-dominated. Why might this be the case?
A male domain
One reason may have been the long association between English and empire, and the way that English language teaching was, as Pennycook (1998, p. 9) puts it, 'a crucial part of the colonial enterprise'. Teaching English was an extension of colonial rule, and, like all the machinery of empire, an exclusively male domain. Even as the empire was being dismantled, ELT tended to attract young adventurers, often just down from Oxford or Cambridge. As Howatt (2004, p. 241) describes it, 'long-distance travel was still by sea for most people, so taking up an overseas post was a serious commitment and short-term visits back to Britain were unrealistic for anyone employed outside Europe.' Many of the outstanding innovators in the British ELT tradition were 'formed' in such contexts: Palmer in Japan, West in India, Halliday in China, and Widdowson and Brumfit in East Africa. The women who may have accompanied them and who no doubt helped sustain their professional activities go largely unremembered and uncelebrated, the one exception being Dorothée, Harold Palmer's daughter, who collaborated with her father on a book on teaching English through actions. (According to Richard Smith [1999], she also published an annotated phonetic version of a play in three acts called The Mollusc, 'complete with tone marks').
Meanwhile, back in Britain, English language teaching was largely centered in London, the leading ELT institutions being the University of London, the BBC, and the British Council, none of which at the time were known for their gender inclusivity. You can't help suspecting that an old-school-tie network effectively excluded women from anything but the most menial positions. A case in point was the novelist Olivia Manning, whose husband taught literature for the British Council in the 1940s, and whom she dutifully accompanied to Rumania, Greece, Egypt and Palestine, picking up whatever work she could.
Peace Corps teacher, 1960s
It wasn't until the 1960s and 1970s that organizations such as the Peace Corps in the US and The British Council in the UK made it easier for women to launch their careers in ELT. As an example, in a recent autobiographical piece, Diane Larsen-Freeman (2017) describes how she taught with the Peace Corps for two years in North Borneo before returning to the US to study for a master's degree in linguistics. She was among the many (notably North American) women, such as Evelyn Hatch, Elaine Tarone, Patsy Lightbown and Nina Spada, who helped establish applied linguistics as a discipline in its own right.
Even so, when, in a recent survey (de Bot 2015), over a hundred leading applied linguists were asked to identify the leaders in their field, the majority of those named were men. 'In addition, men tend[ed] to list more men than women as leaders, and women [did] the same' (p. 40).
Hence, the greater visibility of women in recent years cannot disguise or excuse the fact that the discourses of ELT are still largely male dominated – for evidence of which one need not look much further than the comments on these posts!
(I am extremely grateful to Nicola Prentis, and the long conversation with her that inspired this line of inquiry).
de Bot, K. (2015) A history of applied linguistics: from 1980 to the present. London: Routledge.
Howatt, A.P.R. (with H.G. Widdowson) (2004) A history of English language teaching (2nd edn.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2017) Just learning. Language Teaching, 50/3.
Palmer, Joy. A. (ed.) (2001) Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present. Oxford: Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (1998) English and the discourses of colonialism. London: Routledge.
Smith, R. (1999) The Writings of Harold E. Palmer: An Overview. Tokyo: Hon-no-Tomosha.
Tags: applied linguistics, ELT, English language teaching, method, sexism, women in ELT
N is for New edition
I started this blog not long after the publication of An A to Z of ELT, with the express purpose of gathering feedback, amendments, corrections and additions for a possible second edition (and as a not-so-subtle way of putting pressure on my publishers to produce such an edition). I'm pleased to say that, just over 10 years down the line, including several periods of concentrated blogging, the second edition is now out – called The New A –Z of ELT. Outwardly resembling the first edition, but running to a hefty 320+ pages, compared to the first edition's 256, the new edition is – in the words of soap powder marketing – 30% new and improved!
So, what's different?
First of all there are many new entries, reflecting developments in linguistic theory, language education and, especially, technology over the decade since the first edition appeared. Many of these topics were dealt with in blog posts, especially those – such as othering, imitation, rapport, and coursebook – that attracted a lot of hits; some of them are old topics re-labelled (such as English as an international language, now subsumed under English as a lingua franca, rather than the other way round, and homework re-labelled as self-study). Some topics were just unaccountably missing, even from the index, of the first edition, like language, teacher knowledge, creativity and research. Still others reflect my recent interest in embodied cognition and dynamic systems theories, e.g. gesture, emergence, cognitive grammar and alignment. And, of course, on-going technological developments prompted entries on adaptive learning, gamification, the flipped classroom, blended learning, mobile learning, and webinar, as well as revisions of entries on computer-assisted language learning, and computer-mediated communication, and a whole new entry simply called educational technology.
Other topics that are extensively revised in the light of my own reading and thinking, as well as feedback on the blog, are accuracy, fluency, bilingualism, method, communicative activities, and syllabus. Many of the entries dealing with phonology have been expanded to include more reference to American English (reflecting my own professional relocation).
Some former entries, such as ARC and self-access centre, were deleted from the new edition, on the grounds that they had reached their sell-by date. By contrast, Demand high and reading aloud are allowed in.
One significant theme that emerged in the re-write was the steady seepage of the language of neoliberalism into the discourse of language teaching: witness outcomes, competencies, life skills, and benchmarking. My discomfort at this development is only thinly disguised. Witness:
Because 'outcomes' is a term borrowed from the world of business, it has negative associations for many educationalists, since it conjures up images of the school as a kind of factory, producing undifferentiated learners to order. On the other hand, it satisfies the perception by many stakeholders that educational institutions should be accountable, and meet externally imposed standards.
So, why blog again? For similar reasons as first time round: to encourage the same kind of rich and diverse conversation that informed the writing of the 2nd edition – with a view to a possible 3rd edition – who knows? And, of course, for shameless self-promotion. (An overtly promotional talk I gave at the IATEFL conference two weeks ago was criticized in some quarters for being – erm – too promotional. As if writers weren't allowed to promote their own books.)
As in the past, new posts will appear every Sunday morning (European time). All opinions are my own and do not necessarily reflect those of my publisher. Comments are moderated, so mind your language. I don't make money from this site: in fact, I pay WordPress to keep the blog ad-free. As recompense, you could, of course, buy the book – available in both print and e-book versions at the end of the month.
Tags: A New A-Z of ELT, ELT, English language teaching, new edition


Amount: Recipients receive a scholarship commensurate with their financial need, as determined by the university.
Eligible Students: Entering international students at the University of British Columbia. All students must be applying to their first undergraduate degree program and be admissible to their first choice of program. Students must have an excellent academic record (i.e. have an A average or equivalent).
How to Apply: Students must be nominated by their high school or the college where they are transferring from. All applicants must apply to UBC and complete an online nomination packet.


Now an only child, probably a weakening trend. Just to get away from their parents, they generally timid: schools are afraid, afraid of in the wild, home alone fear, have trouble fear ... ... This fear as the melody of personality, to give children a lifelong matter casts a shadow.
Let the children say goodbye to fear, select bold, can grow up to be a man Act, promising. To this end, the courage of children, from an early age, the bravery of children should be trained from childhood.
Go to the Park, ran was tired of his son to lie on the grass and was about to roll over, suddenly shrieked, jumped up and ran away, bright red face white with fear. He hugged me and said: a big bug, Mum, I'm afraid!
I speak in a calm voice: a worm has nothing to fear? You're a boy, this bug with girls to catch!
I approached the meadow and saw a green worm in pairs of 2 cm long, with a hand up, Palm, told him: this is a grass bugs without any attack, he looked for a while, is not so scared. I let him up, he can't, then half squeezed eyes and pinched up, tossed it into the trash, and since then, son, no longer afraid of worms.
Son still afraid of the dark. Once home he always turned the lights on. I took him walking at night walking, telling him about knowledge, and now he is not afraid of the dark.
Timid questions about children, I made a survey, for three reasons: one is the child of ignorance, the second is inappropriate intimidation and parental education, three parents overly tough, so children are always in a State of panic, training for courage, never by the elder or someone else to do ... ... This requires us to examine the situation of their children, take targeted measures and realization of timid to courageous changes.
If the parents will love the child, if you really love children, children grew up to be a brave mind training and training, so that the child can have nothing to fear in life, creating extraordinary performance.


Some of my favourite things this month: I absolute adore the work of Swedish illustrator Maja Säfström and her new book 'The illustrated compendium of amazing animal facts' is a delight for all animal fans out there (in shops later this month). As I'm a bit of a natural beauty junky and a sucker for beautiful packaging, I also have to include Swedish company Vilda Växter's wild pine & flower body oil, as well as the super relaxing and divine smelling Moroccan Rose hand-blended bath salt from Ravenscourt Apothecary. Speaking of beauty regimes, everyone around me know that it takes me AGES to get ready in the morning (sorry!!) so I bought myself this mini hourglass from HAY which runs out of sand after 15 minutes to time myself... Last- but not least- I LOVE this handmade leather bag from Swedish brand eduards accessories, which I'm excited to say will be available in my webshop very soon.


A New Version of the NWYC Phone App is Here!
A feature allowing users to call their representatives. In the Legislators section, the call button can be found in each representative's profile.
The Write to Congress feature can now be found in almost every area of the app, making it easier than ever to find and use the writing tool.
When a user is composing a message, each of their legislators is listed, and by swiping left or right and tapping the circles and checkmarks by representatives' names, users can select and deselect which representatives their messages are going to.
The new message preview system allows users to swipe between messages and review them before sending. A confirmation message now lets them know that their message has been sent.
The R&P Report now features a "More Info" tab, which allows users to access Bills, Votes, and more. Also added is a "Take Action" button allowing users to access existing Action Alerts.
If you have any questions or concerns about the app, please send an email to support@nwyc.com.


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Updated on January 1, 2017. First published on January 28, 2016.
Copyright © 2016 - 2017 by Praxiom Research Group Limited. All Rights Reserved.


Here are two great documentaries about work in the age of what some, perhaps hopefully, call late capitalism. Lizzie Olesker and Lynne Sachs' Washing Society is a creative, often lyrical study of laundromat service workers in NYC—women who do a hard job for far too little money. Sophie Bruneau's haunting Dreaming Under Capitalism has its subjects recount their work-related dreams; we hear of waking anxieties turned into dark, often scary symbolism. Together, the films form a downbeat but soulful duet.
Director: Sophie Bruneau / Belgium, 2017, 63 min.
Director: Lizzie Olesker, Lynne Sachs / USA, 2018, 44 min.


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Yesteryear saree sensations /
Yesteryear saree sensations
When you think of how the saree has been worn over the ages, many personal styles stand out. In the yesteryears, many women had donned the garment in a unique manner—be it the type of fabric, the kind of drape, or the choice of colours.
Let us look at some of the ways in which women celebrities had turned the saree into their distinctive personalitystatement and the looks that went viral, in the good old days!Many of these styles have even stood the test of time and are popular till date!
Elegance personified
There was a certain grace in the manner in which noted Carnatic singer MS Subbulakshmi wore the nine-yard saree, accompanied by her trademark diamond nose stud. When it came to the colours of her Kanjivaram silks, she was particularly fond of the deep blue and was often seen in this shade. So much that the colour came to be known as 'MS blue'.It is a much-sought after shade in the Kanjivaramsilk saree range, among the young and old alike.
Sarees in khadi,tussar, cottonand raw silk, with a neat pinned-up look. Who does this remind you of?Yes, you are right—Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the former prime minister of India! Her saree-wearing style and choice of fabrics were as powerful as her personality. In fact, many women in influential positions imitate her sartorial sense even today.
Former Sri Lankan President Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumarantunga too had a characteristic manner of dressing that was impressive and reflective of her no-nonsense approach.
An impenetrable persona
Former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, J.Jayalalitha,was famous for wearing high-collaredcapes with her sarees. This not only gave her a distinct look, but also lent an enigmatic dimension to her commanding image. Not everyone can pull off the cape-saree combo, but Jayalalithaa managed to carry it off with grace. Gradually, the cape gave way to plain sarees in solid colours. In her later years, she was seen mainly in dark green sarees.
Retro,skinny fit
The wraparound saree became a big hit in the 1960s after Bollywood star Mumtaaz appeared in the style in the movie Brahmachaari. The orange saree with a golden border became an iconic fashionstatement, which many other stars began to mimic. In fact, Bollywood actor Priyanka Chopra was recently seen in a movie in the wraparound saree, and so was Deepika Padukone.
Glitz and glamour
Remember the embroidered purple lehenga-type saree that Madhuri Dixit popularised in the famous movie Hum Aapke Hain Kaun?Undoubtedly, Madhuri's charm and glamour took the saree to whole new level. Thereafter, the mid-nineties had young women donning different versions of the saree for weddings.
Iconic Bengali saree
From Sharmila Tagore and Madhuri Dixit and Aiswarya Rai (in Devdas), many Bollywood actors have sported the traditional Bengali saree with aplomb. The red and white saree with heavily kohled eyes is a big hit among young women even today for weddings, pujas and other traditional dos.
Seductive in chiffons
Sridevi is the original oomph girl who won millions of hearts with her winsome smile and sensational sarees. Whether it's her blue chiffon saree in Mr India orthe pastel yellow in Chandni with a sleeveless blouse, Sridevi's magneticstyle has been copied by millions of young girls till today.
As the saree continues to woo women of all ages, many new trends and looks are emerging constantly. Some of the styles will become 'yesteryear' sensations a few decades down the line and some of them will continue to stay relevant and popular. No matter what stays and what goes, the saree will remain amuch-admired garment always!
For More: Latest Designer Sarees, Soft Silk Sarees


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text:
Government backbenchers join Mathri's battle for fertiliser
Former President and the Chairman of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) Maithripala Sirisena says that it is likely he will not be able to visit Polonnaruwa in the future due to the tragedy faced by farmers in the area due to the lack of fertiliser.
The former President made this observation yesterday (10) addressing the 21st death anniversary commemoration of former Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike at the SLFP Headquarters.
He said that the farmers have been stranded due to the unprecedented crisis in the agriculture sector caused due to the lack of fertiliser in the country. He stressed that this was the most significant tragedy in recent history faced by the agriculture sector.
"I don't know if I will be able to go to Polonnaruwa in this situation. They may say I am now unwelcome due to the frustration and stress faced by them," he said.
Dayasiri's take:
Speaking at the commemoration ceremony, SLFP General Secretary State Minister Dayasiri Jayasekara said, "It was not possible to import fertiliser from China and then we sought to purchase from India. Now China wants to know why we cannot purchase from them. Both China and India have got involved in the fertiliser issue and it has come to a point where they are now forcefully trying to give us their fertiliser."
Meanwhile, around 40 government backbenchers have requested President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to provide the necessary chemical fertilisers required for paddy, vegetables and export crops, 'Lankadeepa' newspaper reported.
Since farmers are facing a severe crisis due to the lack of chemical fertilisers and agrochemicals, the backbenchers have therefore requested the President to consider their request to allow the use of chemical fertilisers.
For months, farmers across many areas in Sri Lanka have been protesting against the shortage of fertiliser in the country.
The ban on chemical fertilisers — widely used in the tea and rice industries — was opposed by farmers who staged protests after reporting failing vegetable crops as existing stocks began to run out within weeks.
After Minister of Plantation Industries Dr. Ramesh Pathirana had pointed out that the tea industry is in dire need of stocks of fertiliser at the last cabinet meeting, the President had instructed authorities to take action to provide certain essential ingredients required for tea cultivation.


text:
The Liverpool View: The complexity of the crisis in Venezuela
Dr Andrew Redden is a Senior Lecturer in Latin American History in the University of Liverpool's Department of History
The situation in Venezuela is complex. There is no doubt that there is a socio-economic crisis in Venezuela, yet western media outlets seem largely indifferent to the impact of sanctions on Venezuela imposed by western nations (as just one example, the Bank of England froze access to Venezuela's gold reserves on 25 January 2019).
There is also no doubt that humanitarian aid is being used for political ends (to facilitate regime change). The government of President Maduro claims that this 'aid' is a front that will lead to military intervention in Venezuela.
There is a precedent for this as weapons were smuggled by sectors of the Reagan administration in the late 1980s to Contra guerrilla fighters in Nicaragua in the guise of 'humanitarian aid', but it is unlikely that this is the case in Venezuela as yet.
It is more likely that the US administration and the Venezuelan opposition are counting on extreme economic destabilisation to cause sufficient social unrest to topple the Maduro government internally (Chile in the early 1970s, leading to the US-backed military coup that took place in 1973 at the cost of over 3000 lives and over 40,000 tortured, would be a precedent for this).
Nevertheless, the recently photographed handwritten note by the US National Security advisor John Bolton saying '5000 troops to Colombia' certainly adds weight to claims of a programme of direct intervention leading to military action by the USA. Similarly, the dispatch of special envoy Elliot Abrams by the Trump administration charged with 'restoring democracy' to Venezuela should be especially concerning to truly democratic nations.
Mr Abrams was part of a team responsible for the destabilisation of democratically elected regimes (Nicaragua) and the support of military dictatorships (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras) throughout Central America in the 1980s that caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the forced displacement of millions.
He was directly involved in the arms to Iraq scandal in the mid-1980s (to fund weapons to the guerrillas fighting the democratically elected government of Nicaragua) and narrowly avoided a long custodial sentence by plea-bargaining.
He was also involved in the deliberate distortion of the truth and cover-up of a massacre of over 1000 civilians, by US-trained troops in the town of El Mozote, El Salvador in 1980. This man is now responsible for 'restoring democracy' in a country where there is a (nominally) democratically elected government (notwithstanding corruption, incompetence and documented problems with the last presidential elections).
It is worth bearing in mind that the opposition leader Juan Guaidó has proclaimed himself 'President' even though he has not stood for election as such. He claims that he has the constitutional right to do so in the event that the office of 'President' is vacant. Yet it is not vacant. Notwithstanding this, he has significant support within Venezuela and has been recognised by the USA, Canada and the majority of European and Latin American nations.
With regard to these external influences we might wonder why, but the answer is very simple. John Bolton has gone on record admitting that the real reason is access to Venezuela's vast oil reserves saying: 'It will make a big difference to the United States economically if we could have American oil companies really invest in and produce the oil capabilities in Venezuela. It'd be good for the people of Venezuela. It'd be good for the people of the United States.' (Interview with Fox News, 28 Jan 2019).
Whether this would be good for the Venezuelan people remains to be seen. We've seen such regime-change interventions for oil and extraction industries (disguised as struggles for democracy) many times before and they have never ended well for the ordinary people of the countries concerned—quite the contrary.
In 1948, George Kennan (US Director of Policy Planning under George Marshall, 1947–1949) stated: 'We have about 50% of the world's wealth but only 6.3% of its population. […] Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships that will permit us to maintain this position of disparity.' (Policy Planning Study 23, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948).
As the situation in Venezuela continues to worsen, it's hard to see how this policy has changed, even if the discourses that mask it have become more subtle and harder to penetrate.
Whatever our concerns about the authoritarianism and corruption of the Maduro regime, those of us who support democracy as an ideal and in practice should perhaps be more concerned with the ongoing and blatant hypocrisy of our own leaders in cloaking naked greed (resource extraction) under pro-democracy discourses.
Dr Andrew Redden
School of Histories Languages and Cultures