text:
\section{Introduction}

The role played by pressure on the interlayer coupling effects leading to superconductivity (SC) is
by now acknowledged and continues to be intensively explored.
For instance, a two-band SC model based on a Ginzburg-Landau free energy with two order parameters can explain how
chemical pressure effects can lead to the topological SC in MgB$_{2}$ \cite{Betouras}.
In turn, MgB$_{2}$ is considered both crystallographically and electronically equivalent to nonstaggered graphite (the B$^{-}$ layer)
that has undergone a zero-gap semiconductor-SC
phase transition by large $c$-axis chemical pressure due to Mg$^{++}$ layers \cite{Baskaran1}.
The application of high mechanical pressure leads to to high-temperature superconductvity (HTS) in compounds
containing hydrogen (H) ions (hydrides) \cite{Gorkov}.
High pressure turns the lightest element into a HTS metal \cite{Aschroft1,Babaev} as a result of the Wigner-Huntington transition \cite{Wigner}.
H research is also critical for energy storage, rocketry with H as a powerful propellant, and controlled cold fusion.

Recently, flat band SC was found in bilayer graphene twisted at the magic angle 1.1$^{0}$.
The new method - twistronics - can be extended to other 2D correlated electronic states with potential for discovering similar SC materials \cite{Carr}.
While H is the essential component in SC hydrides, controlling the oxygen (O) content in complex oxides can lead to
new functional electronic devices \cite{Santini} as well as SC in cuprates \cite{vanDalen}.
Recently, several SC features were found for the O-implanted C fibers \cite{Gheorghiu1}.
As another means for material manipulation, charge injection can lead to new material properties or new heterostructures used
for energy storage \cite{Kuhne}.
Electric fields are a powerful tool used by the semiconductor industry for modulating in a
controlled way the charge density in the otherwise insulating metal-oxides.
A high enough electric field can lead to a high density of electron-hole pairs or an excitonic Bose-Einstein condensate and thus
establish HTS in chalcogenate alloys \cite{Henish}.
The formation of excitonic pairs breaks chiral symmetry and leads to insulating behavior, whereas the
formation of Cooper pairs breaks local gauge symmetry and leads to SC.
When exploring electric field effects to find new transistors \cite{Standley},
it is important to consider the proximity of SC to metal-insulator (M-I) transitions.
Thus, by harvesting pressure (either mechanical or chemical) or/and field effects leads to new SC materials.

The base physical system in this study is the polyacrylonitrile-based (PAN) T300-type C fiber having an average diameter 7 $\mu$m.
T300 C fibers are usually heat-treated up to $T = 1500$ $ \celsius$, resulting in a graphitized material with a $\sim93\%$ C content.
The C fiber is turbostratic, with volumes of parallel nearest-neighbor C layers randomly rotated such that the overall structure
is random on the small scale and quasi-1D on the fiber's length. The nature of the disorder and
its effect on the physical properties of C fibers is not completely understood. Small angle X-ray scattering
shows that the C fibers are fractal objects, with their mass scaling relationship given by $M = L^{d_{H}}$, where $d_{H}$ is the Hausdorff dimension.
The scattering intensity for PAN-derived C fibers varies as $I(S) \propto S^{2.3}$ with $S$ between 1.5 and 3 nm$^{-1}$,
where $S = \Delta k/2\pi$ and $k$ is the wavevector.
The significantly lower than 3 value of $S$ mirrors the disordered nature of these C fibers \cite{Dresselhaus}.
The room-$T$ thermal diffusivity for these C fibers is the same order of magnitude as in copper,
$D_{t} \simeq (5-6) \times 10^{-4}$m$^{2}$/s, thus three orders of magnitude larger than for an YBCO film.
In graphite, which is a semimetal, both kind of charge carriers - electrons and holes - are potentially contributing intrinsic charges.
Pristine T300 C fibers are characterized by a strongly electronic($n$-type) conduction.
At $T = 300$ K, a small input current (few $\mu$A) results in a $\rho \simeq 1.8$ m$\Omega\cdot$cm resistivity,
vs. $\simeq 1.7$ $\mu\Omega \cdot$cm for copper.
Light-weight (mass density of $\rho_{m} = 1.8$ g/cm$^{2}$ after graphitization) and high-strength material, C fibers have many applications.
The tensile strength for PAN T300 C fibers is 3.6 GPa, while boron (B) C fibers composites have a Young modulus larger than 400 GPa.
C fibers are critical material for building space probes like Voyager 1\&2.
Micro-coiled C fibers, having morphologies very similar to those of DNA, find applications such as electromagnetic wave
absorbers or H storage materials \cite{Shen}.  The current density can be as high as $7.1 \times 10^{3}$ A/cm$^{2}$ for
silver (Ag)-doped graphene fibers \cite{Xu} and $6 \times 10^{8}$ A/cm$^{2}$ for copper (Cu)-doped C nanotubes (CNTs) \cite{Subramaniam}, respectively.
Hybrid C fiber-HTS materials are used to create stronger, flexible,
and chemically stable HTS wires for SC magnets used in particle accelerators, NMR devices
or electromagnetic interference shielding covers for spacecrafts. NbN-coated C fibers \cite{Pike} and
YBCO-coated C fibers \cite{Pathare} have critical densities $J_{c}$ of the order of $10^{6}$ A/cm$^{2}$ and
the upper critical fields $B_{c2}$(0) are up to 25 T in the former \cite{Dietrich}. Improving the flux density pinning
in HTS materials is also very important \cite{Haugan} and needs to be considered for each generation of new HTS wires.
Attempts are being made for finding SC in C allotropes \cite{Ono,Pierce}.
The need for decreasing manufacturing costs as well as for guaranteeing material sources leads us to consider more abundant materials when looking for new SC materials.

In this study, we explore the effect of gradually increasing the amount of direct current on the transport properties
of octane-intercalated PAN-derived carbon (C) fibers.
Resistivity measurements are carried out in the temperature range 1.9 - 300 K and for direct currents up to 14 mA.
The nonlinear nature of the electrical conduction in these C fibers when sourced by high
direct currents is analyzed using the Resistor Network (NRRN) model and the Dynamic Random Resistor Network (DRRN) model \cite{Nandi}, respectively.
The alkane is expected to improve the electronic transport though the free protonation (free H$^{+}$ ions) of graphite's interfaces \cite{Kawashima1}
that can even lead to SC behavior \cite{Kawashima2}.
The presence of O is also expected due to (however small) amounts of water within the fiber.
In addition, the fact that this C-H-N-O system has the same elemental composition as the amino acids of life suggests by analogy the possible observation
of a similar physical behavior.

\section{Experiment}
Temperature-dependent resistivity $\rho(T)$ measurements  are carried out using a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler, with the vacuum controlled by
a Laser Analytics TCR compressor and a Pfeiffer turbo pump. The temperature stabilization is done by a LakeShore 340 Temperature Controller.
Current-voltage ($I-V$) measurements are carried out using a Keithley 2430 1 kW PULSE current-source meter and a Keithley 2183A Nanovoltmeter.
Cryogenic grease \cite{LakeShore} assures good thermal contact between the C fiber and the sapphire substrate.
Based on known values for the thermal conductivity \cite{Ekin}, it is clear that the most significant heat transfer belongs to the C fiber.
The sample is placed on the aluminum heater block and four POGO pins \cite{Everett} are spring-pressed on the fiber.
C fibers have anisotropic $\rho(T)$-dependence, with the in-plane and out-of-plane $T$ coefficient of $\rho$ being
$\alpha_{a} \cong -3.85 \times10^{-6}/$K and $\alpha_{c} \cong 9 \times10^{-6}/$K, respectively.
The small change with $T$ of the ratio between the cross-sectional area and the length of the C fiber, $S/l$ is neglected.
With the system immersed in a cryogenic fluid, the temperature difference between the axis and the surface of the C fiber is given
by $\Delta T = RI^{2}/(4\pi K_{T}l)$.
The transverse (along the $c$ axis) thermal conductivity is $K_{T} = 10^{-2}$ W$\cdot$m$^{-1}\cdot$K$^{-1}$.
When a few-mm long C fiber is sourced by $I \sim$ mA, $\Delta T \sim1$ K.
The effect of a residual resistance is eliminated by using the four-wire Van Der Pauw technique \cite{Ekin},
with the the $I$-to-$V$ gap ratio close to the required factor of four.
The quality of the electrical Ag contacts is optically checked using an Olympus B$\times$51 microscope (inset in Fig. \ref{Fig1}).

\section{Results and Discussion}
The temperature-dependent resistivity $\rho(T)$ for raw C fibers is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig1}. While one sample (R1) is more resistive,
another sample (R2) shows a step-like $\rho(T)$.
The better conductivity showed by the latter raw C fiber  due to a larger amount of incorporated water content.
I-M and M-I transitions are observed at $T \simeq $ 250, 225, 175, 150, and 100 K, respectively.
The multiple-step tunneling feature reflects the existance of abrupt changes in the electric transport (i.e., density of states) at the cooling of the sample.
The steps also point to the disordered nature of the graphitic system.
As more current is sourced through the fiber, the temperature range where steps in $\rho(T)$ occur increases.
Local maxima in $\rho(T)$ might also indicate AFM transitions.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=3in]{Fig1}
\caption{Temperature dependence of $\rho(T)$ for two raw C fibers. Sample R$_{1}$ is more resistive vs.
sample R$_{2}$ that shows several I-M and M-I transitions. Inset: Optical microscope image of the 7 $\mu$m in diameter C fiber
at one of the (current) Ag contacts.}
\label{Fig1}
\end{figure}

While plateau regions in $\rho(T)$ were also found in closely-packed CNTs film formed
by thermal decomposition on SiC and explained on the basis of the STB model \cite{Norimatsu},
the steps between plateaus in $\rho(T)$ are quite unusual. When the control parameter is the magnetic induction $B$ instead of the temperature,
steps in $\rho(B)$ are observed with the integer quantum Hall effect as well as
fractional quantum Hall effect in graphite \cite{Kempa}-\cite{Kopelevich}.
In the triad $(\rho,T,B)$, both $T$ and $B$ play the role of viscosity in determining
the local values of $\rho$.

The $\rho(T)$ landscape for the current density measurements was significantly more richer for the octane-intercalated C fiber.
A significant drop in $\rho$ was found at $T \sim280$ K, where the raw C fiber shows only a weak minimum.
The minimum in $\rho$ at $T \sim280$ K is consistently observed for all currents (Fig. \ref{Fig2}).
The current density reaches $J_{c} = 3.6 \times 10^{4}$ A/cm$^{2}$ for $I = 14$ mA.
We attribute the difference in the response in $J$ to the H-rich octane, which can result in the hydrogenation of the $sp^{2}$ bonds
present in the C fiber and thus improved electrical conductivity. Owning to the existence of Stone-Wales transformation defects,
it was found that diamond nanothreads hydrogenated by an organic material such as the hydrocarbon polyethylene becomes less brittle.
Although the hydrogenated surface reduces the strength of the Van der Waals interactions, the irregular surface can compensate for the
increased interfacial shear strength between the nanothreads and the polyethylene \cite{Zhan}. Likewise, we think that the intercalation of
the octane in between the graphite interfaces leads to the formation of hydrogenated $sp^{2}$ bonds. The C fibers become less brittle,
this benefiting the electronic transport.
The metallization of H in the octane-intercalated C fiber is realized in the form of C-H bonds, where the $\pi$ electrons are like conduction electrons.
Then, SC-like states exists locally in complex organic molecules with conjugate bonds \cite{Kresin1,Mourachkine}.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig2}
\caption{$I$-dependence of $\rho(T)$ for the octane-intercalated C fiber.}
\label{Fig2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\vspace{0.2in}
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig3}
\caption{The high-field effect (i.e., large injection currents) on the $I$-dependence of $\rho(T)$ for the octane-intercalated C fiber.}
\label{Fig3}
\end{figure}

A closer look at the $I$-dependent $\rho(T)$ curves in Fig. \ref{Fig2} reveals quite an unusual feature.
All but two of the curves show a minimum in $\rho$ at $T \approxeq 280$ K.
This anomaly was previously observed with PAN-derived C fibers \cite{Dejev}.
For $I < 10$ mA, $\rho(T) \sim T$ for $280$ K $< T < 290$ K and $\rho \sim T^{2}$ for $T > 290$ K.
In cuprates HTS, the $\rho \sim T^{2}$ dependence in the pseudogap regime coincides with a reduction in the electronic
specific heat to a form that is quadratic in $T$.
$\rho \sim T$ is the \textit{strange metal} (i.e., normal metal) dependence, which is attributed to the electronic system being
well described by the laws of hydrodynamics with minimal viscosity.
It results in a linear $T$-dependence of the entropy, i.e.,
$\rho$ is proportional to the electronic entropy \cite{Davison}.
The linear $\rho(T)$ dependence is characteristic to strongly correlated SCs.
Twisted bilayer graphene is a spectacular example of a strange metal
where the strangeness might entirely result from ordinary electron-phonon scattering.
Note that the $\rho \sim T$ dependence in Dirac systems is independent of carrier density as long as the temperature is
above the Bloch-Gr\"{u}neisen regime, where $\rho \sim T^{5}$ \cite{Hwang}.
It has even been argued that strange metals are often in the so-called Planckian limit, where the transport relaxation time is given simply
by the temperature $\tau = \hbar/k_{B}T$. For $T = 280$ K, we find $\tau \simeq 27$ ps.
On the other hand, for $I > 10$ mA, Fig. \ref{Fig3} shows that $\rho$ first drops linearly with decreasing $T$ and then for $I = 13$ mA and $I = 14$ mA, $\rho$ almost levels out to a plateau.
In addition, the two-step feature in $\rho(T)$ at $T \simeq 280$ K could indicate the presence of granular SC.
While a magnetic field was not applied as in \cite{Balaev}, here too we observe an abrupt change in $\rho$ at a the high-temperature, suggesting
possible formation of SC crystallites at $T \simeq 280$ K. The following smoother transition at $T \simeq 260-270$ K might be due
to the existing boundaries between the SC crystallites.
Thus, a significant finding here is the linear $\rho(T)$ feature above $T \approxeq 280$ K that suggests a strange-metal behavior.
Twisted bilayer graphene with its flat-energy band spectrum is a
strange metal, where the linear $\rho(T)$ (down to $T \sim 50$ K for higher electron densities)
may be arising entirely from ordinary electron-phonon scattering
leading to a large electron-phonon coupling constant \cite{Hwang}.
In addition, Fig. \ref{Fig3} shows also two small-amplitude transitions: a M-I-M transition at $T \sim 230$ K
and an I-M-I transition at $T \simeq 130-140$ K.
Notice that extrapolation of the linear $\rho(T)$ below $T \sim 280$ K gives $\rho = 0$ at $T \sim 160$ K.
As mentioned before, the BCS-type mean-field critical temperature for graphene is $T_{c} = 150$ K.
The linear $\rho(T)$ extrapolation also gives $\rho(T = 230$ K) $\simeq 0.9$ $\times $ $10^{-5}$ $\Omega \cdot$ m, which is the minimum in $\rho$
for the plateau region. Within the Planckian dissipative transport \cite{Hwang}, where $\rho \sim mk_{B}/(n\hbar e^{2})$,
we find for the 3D charge density $  \sim 3.6 \times 10^{-19}$ cm$^{-3}$.

The transition at $T \sim 230$ K is quite interesting, as first-principles calculations predict HTS in metallic H \cite{Barbee}.
Correlated fluctuations between electrons and holes that result in the weakening of the Coulomb pseudopotential and band-overlap
lead to HTS in molecular H  \cite{Johnson1}, while equal treatment of electrons and phonons result in electron-electron correlations
that also lead to HTS \cite{Richardson}.
The high-$T$ minimum in $\rho$ was found at a lower than before, yet close $T \simeq 273$ K for another
octane-intercalated C fiber (Fig. \ref{Fig4}).
As for the plateau feature in $\rho(T)$, we find again similarities to the Si-CNTs system mentioned before \cite{Norimatsu}.
Thus, the existence of the plateaus in both the raw and the modified sample are due to the fact that the structural features of the base system,
either raw C fiber or pristine CNTs, are invariant.
\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig4}
\caption{Comparison between the $I$ dependence of $\rho(T)$ for two octane-intercalated C fibers.}
\label{Fig4}
\end{figure}

The percolative nature of the electrical conduction in the octane-intercalated C fiber
is evident from the plot of the nonlocal conductance $G_{diff}$ at $T = 130$ K (Fig. \ref{Fig5}).
As the dc voltage is increased, $G_{diff}$ (i.e., the slope of $I(V)$) first starts at 1.52 mS, next drops to 0.85 mS, significantly increases to 5.80 mS,
and finally goes back to the initial value of 1.52 mS.
The high value of 5.80 mS can be explained only by charge tunneling, which results in an increase in the number of conduction channels.
The initially low level of the sourced current cannot sustain the feeding of initially percolated channels and the number of percolated channels then decreases.
The subsequent increase of the sourced current is enough to reestablish the initial number of conduction channels that is given by
the electrical conductance of the sample in the nominal working regime,
i.e., when the C fiber is sourced by not too low or not too high currents.
During this tuning of the electrical conduction, the number of conduction channels varies from
$\simeq 39$, to $\simeq 22$, to $\simeq 150$, and back to $\simeq 39$. The percolation threshold for the sourced current is about 100 nA.
\begin{figure}
\hspace{0.3in}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{Fig5}
\caption{The percolative (tunneling) nature of the electrical conduction in the octane-intercalated C fiber as revealed by
the tuning-like behavior of the slope in $I(V)$.
The threshold current for setting the nominal regime for electrical conduction through the C fiber is 100 nA.}
\label{Fig5}
\end{figure}

The phenomenon known as electrical percolation is well-known to cause I-M transitions in disordered systems. The charge carriers in a semimetal,
electrons and holes, percolate via regions that have a smaller excitation gap $\Delta E$ between the carriers$\textquoteright$ energy and the edge of
either the valance band (for holes) or conduction band (for electrons) edge. Within the framework of the percolation
theory, incremental variation in the number of interconnections present in a random system suddenly causes a long-range
connectivity (clustering), resulting in the appearance of a sharp phase transition. The transition from localization
to essentially infinite connectivity is similar to a second-order phase transition that can be treated using a scaling (geometrical)
construct. Percolation is basically built into a binary system where the two components have occupied and unoccupied
bonds, resulting in the extreme values in the electrical conductance. Of great advantage to finding a solution to the
percolation model are two limiting cases: one is a M-I mixture corresponding to $G_{2}$ = 0 and the other one is a SC-normal conductor
mixture corresponding to $G_{1} = \infty$. If $p$ is the volume fraction of either metal or
SC, then the composite$\textquoteright$s macroscopic conductance goes either from zero to a finite value or from a finite value to
an infinite value above a percolation threshold $p_{c}$ , respectively.
The common framework where the percolation phenomenon can be applied to both the I-M and normal-SC
transitions suggests the quite entrancing application of the percolation model to the C fibers in this study.
The two models used to quantify the physical processes driving the system to a percolative I-M transition are the Nonlinear Random
Resistor Network (NRRN) model and the Dynamic Random Resistor Network (DRRN) model \cite{Nandi}. In the NRRN model, the
$I(V)$ relationship is given by: $V(I) = r_{1}I - r_{2}I^{\alpha}$, where $r_{1}$, $r_{2}$ , and $\alpha$ are fitting constants.
In the DRRN model, there is a power law dependence $I$ on the electrical conductance (inverse of the
resistance) $G = 1/R$, $I(G) = \beta G^{\gamma}$. The major difference between the two models, NRRN and DRRN, lays in the way
nonlinearity arrives at the macroscopic scale as a result of electric conduction being networked through the microscopic
domains, of the C fiber in this case. In the NRRN model, the nonlinear character of the conduction at the macroscopic scale
is a result of the nonlinear conduction in the microscopic elements. In contrast, the DRRN model assumes that the bulk
sample can show nonlinear conduction even if the constituent microscopic elements are ohmic resistors. We have applied the
two models to the transport data obtained for two C fibers. Results are captured in the table in Fig. \ref{Fig6} and shown
in Fig. \ref{Fig7} and Fig. \ref{Fig8} for the NRRN model (a) and the DRRN model (b), respectively. Clearly, the NRRN
model is a better fit to the experimental data for the octane-intercalated C fibers. Others found that the DRRN model better describes
thin gold films near the percolation threshold \cite{Gefen}. The important conclusion here is that the electrical conduction is nonlinear
at all scales of the octane-intercalated C fiber. This was actually expected, as the localization length $a^{-1}$
cannot possible be a match to the diameter of the C fiber. Thus, the $V(I)$
dependence for the octane-intercalated C fiber is non-ohmic and it has a $I$-dependent shape (Fig. \ref{Fig7}).

\begin{figure}
\vspace{0.05in}
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig6}
\vspace{0.2in}
\caption{Results of fitting transport data for octane-intercalated C fibers to the NRRN model and DRRN model, respectively.}
\label{Fig6}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig7}
\caption{$I(V)$ experimental data for two octane-intercalated C fibers and the fit to the polynomial
functional $V(I)$ from the NRRN model, $V(I) = r_{1}I - r_{2}I^{\alpha}$.}
\label{Fig7}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig8}
\caption{Nonlinear current-dependent conductance experimental data for two octane-intercalated C fibers and the fit to the
power law dependence $I(G) = \beta G^{\gamma}$ from the DRRN model.}
\label{Fig8}
\end{figure}

One important quantity characterizing the electronic transport through wires, in this case the C fibers, is the current density $J$.
Solving $V(I) = r_{1}I - r_{2}I^{\alpha}$ for $I$, we find that $V = 0$ (except for $I = 0$) for $I = 0.4$ A and $I = 0.1$ A for the
two octane-intercalated C fibers denoted here by S1 and S2, respectively. The observed nonlinear electrical conduction
results in decreasing $\rho$ with increasing the sourced current density $J = I/S$, as Fig. \ref{Fig9} shows.
\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig9}
\caption{Resistivity-current density $\rho(J)$ experimental data for two octane-intercalated C fibers at $T = 300$ K. Also shown is the fit to the dependence derived from the NRRN model,
$\rho(J) = r_{1} - r_{2}J^{\alpha - 1}$.}
\label{Fig9}
\end{figure}
For $I \ge1$ mA, there is a good agreement between experimental data for the octane-intercalated C fiber and the NRRN model, manifested in the
monotonic decrease of $\rho$ with $J$. The most likely cause for the non-ohmic character of the conduction observed with the
application of high electric fields is the field-induced tunneling.
$\rho$ would be ideally zero or practically negligible (i.e., as for a SC) at $J_{c} \approxeq 1.0 \times 10^{6}$ A/cm$^{2}$
for the lower-resistance octane-intercalated C fiber (sample S1). While it is surprising to find that $J_{c}$ found
here is close to the one for HTS materials, clearly the C fiber would never reach such high $J$ due to the
extreme heating effects. Though the linear increase $\rho(T)$ above its minimum is primarily an indicative of the two-dimensional (2D) weak localization,
a well-known linear dependence is also observed in HTS materials above their critical temperature $T_{c}$ \cite{Ruvalds}.

The $I(V)$ data for $T = 130$ K  plotted as nonlocal differential conductance $G_{diff} = dI/dV$ (Fig. \ref{Fig10}) shows two minima at voltages
$V \approxeq 0.06$ mV (eV $\approxeq 0.096$ meV) and $V \approxeq 63$ mV (eV $\approxeq 101$ meV).

At larger voltages, $G_{diff}$ has a monotonic increase due to percolative conduction.
As known, $G_{diff}$ shows minima at voltages $\Gamma/\left|e\right|$ ($e$ is the electron's charge),
where $\Gamma < \Delta < G$, with $\Gamma$ the exciton superconducting
gap, $\Delta$ the superconducting gap, and $G$ the overlap band gap \cite{Bercioux}. Such minima are seen as a hallmark of the existence
of the gaped exitonic state. The second minimum here would give a BCS critical temperature
$T_{c} \approxeq 2\Delta/k_{B} > 2\Gamma/6k_{B} \approxeq 244$ K.
The value of the gap ratio $2\Delta/k_{B}T_{c}$ considered here is at least 6,
as previously obtained from the large gap value in \cite{Gheorghiu2}.
On the other hand, the significant drop in $\rho$ at $T \approxeq 280$ K suggests that if this would be in fact $T_{c}$, then the corresponding gap ratio would need to be 6.9.
In any case, the high value of the gap ratio clearly suggests the unconventional nature of SC in these hydrogenated C fibers.
This would also give pairing energy $\Delta_{pair} \approxeq 1.3 \times \Delta > 1.3 \times 101$ meV $\approxeq 131$ meV (or 364 K, close to temperature for
bipolaron decay in Poly A/ Poly T DNA duplexes \cite{Lakhno}).
Notice that for single-walled CNTs, the energy gap obtained from tunneling measurements is around $\Delta \approxeq 100$ meV \cite{Zhao}.
We also find for the exciton frequency is $f = 2\left|e\right|/h \approxeq 31 \times 10^{12}$ Hz = 31 THz, where $h \approxeq 6.62 \times 10^{-34}$ J$\cdot$s is Planck's constant.
The corresponding wavelength $\lambda = c/f \approxeq 10$ $\mu$m is of the order of the fiber's diameter $d = 7$ $\mu$m
($c \approxeq 3 \times 10^{8}$ m/s is light speed in vacuum). Note that THz spectroscopy is used to analyze Higgs bosons, i.e., collective modes in multiband SCs like
MgB$_{2}$ \cite{Silaev} and hydrogenated graphitic fibers \cite{Gheorghiu1,Gheorghiu2}.
\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig10}
\caption{Nonlocal differential conductance at $T = 130$ K. Two local minima are observed, with the one at the higher voltage possibly caused by
the existence of interfacial SC currents that result in a THz wave emission.}
\label{Fig10}
\end{figure}

I-M transitions were also observed in bundles of raw C fibers, T300
type (1000 C fibers), and IM7 type (C content 95\%) are shown in Fig. \ref{Fig11}.
\begin{figure}
\center
\includegraphics[width=3.3 in]{Fig11}
\caption{Temperature dependence of the resistance (relative to room-temperature resistance) for bundles of C fibers T300 (N = 1000,
in black) and IM7 (N = 12000, in green) sourced by $I = 20$ $\mu$A direct current.}
\label{Fig11}
\end{figure}
Importantly, the in-plane mean free path of electrons
becomes equal to the C fiber's diameter when the latter is $d \leq 5$ $\mu$m, a condition that is marginally fulfilled by the IM7 C fiber
($d = 5$ $\mu$m). The resistance was plotted relative to the room-temperature value.
There are several I-M transitions: a significant one at $T \approxeq 260$ K, close to the one found for single C fibers, at
$T \approxeq 220$ K, and at $T \approxeq 60$ K. Again, the latter occurs at the
mean-field predicted temperature for SC correlations. The IM7 also shows the better-known I-M transition at $T \approxeq 25$ K.
With all these I-M transitions, the resistance changes in an almost step-like manner. As the presence of small amount of H$_{2}$O cannot be rulled out,
we also notice that $T = 25$ K is the ice point for CO. Recently, it was found that all comets originate from the same
point in the Universe based on the vicinity to the CO iceline in time \cite{Eistrup}. It is not unreasonable to assume that
material properties, in particular for C allotropes, can be be traced to past physical processes in our solar system.
It was also found that the grain-surface chemistry is mainly driven by hydrogenation reactions leading to
high abundances of H$_{2}$O, CH$_{4}$, C$_{2}$H$_{6}$, and CH$_{3}$OH ices.
We also observe that the plateau feature in the $\rho(T)$ dependence is even more similar to the case of Si-CNTs system mentioned before,
when comparing the C fiber bundles here to the closely-packed CNTs \cite{Norimatsu}.
In addition, the plateau in $\rho(T)$ is centered at $T = 150$ K.
In graphene, BCS-type SC with a mean-field
critical temperature as high as $T_{c} = 150$ K was calculated for
an electron density (2D) $n = 10^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ and it was explained
as a Cooper-like pairing instability owning to a more efficient Coulomb screening \cite{Kveshchenko}.
The metallic-like behavior observed with these bundles of C fibers, particularly the one
below $T \approxeq 260$ K, can be the result of parallel contributions to the electrical resistance of neighboring
interfaces (graphene planes). Significantly, granular SC might be found at the embedded interfaces \cite{Garcia,Ballestar}.
On the other hand, the I-M transition occurring at $T \sim260$ K might have a
special nature. Possible products of the heat
treatment/carbonization used in the making of C fibers are the C$_{60}$ (fullerene) clusters. Moreover, the ion-implantation
process can fragment these large C molecules. In any case, let
us assume that the C fiber contains large C molecules, with C$_{60}$
among them. At room temperature, the pure C$_{60}$ crystal adopts
a face-centered cubic structure. The molecules freely rotate
with respect to each other and orientational disorder reigns.
Then, below $T \sim260$ K, electrostatic interactions between
electron-poor ($p$-type) and electron-rich ($n$-type) regions of
neighboring molecules results in a freezing of the free
molecular rotation. In this rotation-free state, the four molecules
of the face-centered cubic unit cell become orientational non-equivalent and the C$_{60}$ undergoes a first-order phase transition
to a simple cubic crystal structure \cite{Heiney,Grivei}.
Structural phase transition at a higher temperature precedes the charge density wave order occurring at a lower temperature in the SC state.
Thus, the structural transition at $T \approxeq 260$ K is followed by a series of steps in $\rho(T)$ with the one occurring at $T \approxeq 60$ K.
HTS in YBCO thin films and fullerenes was previously attributed to percolative conduction between clusters \cite{Szasz}.
Metallic cluster-based SC tunneling in Josephson-linked networks, for which the presence of electronic energy
shells is similar to those in atoms and nuclei, is the key ingredient to finding room-$T$ SC \cite{Kresin2}.
Moreover, the fullerenes can also encapsulate the H under enough pressure and the short-range order instability suggests
a two-fullerene cluster unit with the SC metallic H$_{2}$ resulting from having a H atom inside each fullerene.
Indeed, extrapolating the experimental $T_{c}(\sqrt{M})$ plot in Fig. 4 from \cite{Szasz} ($M$ is the cluster mass in atomic units
$m_{u} \approxeq 1. \times 10^{-27}$ Kg), we find that a $T_{c} \simeq 50$ K would correspond to a mass of about $1600m_{u} = 133 m_{C}$, with
$m_{C}$ the mass of a C atom. I.e., this could be the mass of a two-fullerene dumbbell cluster
with a H atom inside each fullerene molecule. The role of O, either implanted \cite{Gheorghiu1} or trapped
(and under compressive stress along the crystallographic $a$-axis) \cite{Bozovic},
cannot be excluded when discussing the observed I-M transitions.

\section{Conclusions}
In this work, we have studied the effects of stepping up the strength of the applied electric field on the charge transport of hydrogenated graphitic fibers.
We have found that the conduction has a percolative nature that is better described by the NRRN
model than by the DRRN model, suggesting that the fiber is nonlinear at all scales, possibly
benefiting the occurrence of SC fluctuations in this graphitic system.
The percolation model was recently applied to cuprates, where it was found that the superconducting
precursor is strongly affected by intrinsic inhomogeneity \cite{Pelc}.
The (spatial) nonhomogeneous nature of the SC gap in cuprates is reflected in the distribution of local transition temperatures and thus naturally
leads to percolation. It might be also the case with the C fibers here, as percolation comes naturally to these fractal objects.
Percolation is also needed if assuming that SC is the primary state at ``generic'' incommensurate fillings and is being ``interrupted''
by insulating states at the commensurate fillings \cite{Chou}.
The self-organized percolative, filamentary, nature of SC in these systems might be actually captured at their room-$T$ preparation,
thus HTS is inserted in fractal systems by design. In ferromagnetic SCs, self-organization appears to be
the main mechanism responsible for filamentary SC by minimizing the dopant-related free energy at the formation $T$ \cite{Phillips}.
The observed electric field-induced tunneling suggests possible existence of Josephson grain-coupling in these C fibers.
The temperature-dependent fiber's resistivity $\rho(T)$ shows several SC-like features: step-like transitions between insulating and metallic states,
plateau regions, and high-$T$ strange metal behavior as a hallmark of non-Fermi liquid with strong electron correlations and where nematic fluctuations are important.
The interplay between disorder and SC fluctuations results in linear $\rho(T)$ at the I-M transition points.
Defects lead to weak localization, which favor electron-electron localization and hence SC correlations.
Increased charge injection remove some of the defects and thus leads to a decrease in the electrical resistance.
The low-$T$ resistivity is plateaued to a finite value, resembling the saturated $\rho(T)$ for thin SC films that is due to either vortex
depending or overheating effects \cite{Tamir}.
Compared to the raw graphitic fibers, the plateaus for the hydrogenated fibers are extended over larger temperature intervals
suggesting a clearly more metallic behavior.
As known, thermal fluctuations at the SC grain boundaries lead to: a) the activation of vortices as explained by Tinkham \cite{Tinkham}
and b) a loss of phase coherence across the Josephson junction accordingly to the model by Langer, Ambegaokar, McCumber,
and Halperin (LAMH) \cite{Langer}.
In both cases, a $2\pi$ phase slip occurs resulting to the step-like, i.e. abrupt change in temperature dependence of the electrical resistance.

We believe that this work is contributing to the growing evidence of SC located at graphite interfaces, in particular
after the samples were brought in contact with alkanes \cite{Kawashima1}-\cite{Kawashima2}, \cite{Esquinazi}.
The octane intercalation increases the carrier concentration in graphite and it was found to play a crucial role in inducing interfacial SC
through the formation of Josephson junctions within the sample. The H-rich alkane might lead to the formation of ferrimagnetic puddles within the sample.
Possible coexistence of SC and magnetism at the interfaces of graphite that had undergone
certain modification processes, as suggested by \cite{Ginzburg}, was indeed found \cite{Gheorghiu1,Gheorghiu2}.
It was suggested that in order to reach room-$T$ SC, one must search for or artificially create
systems that experience the nontopological flat band in the bulk
or topologically protected flat bands on the surface or at the interfaces of the samples \cite{Heikkila}.
Within mean field approximations, it is shown that chiral SC domains are naturally induced by the ferromagnetic domains \cite{Tada}.
At their grain interfaces, these hydrogenated graphitic fibers might be harboring both FM-SC-FM spin valves and Josephson junctions.

The I-M transition at $T \sim 260-280$ K might be related to
\textit{chirality}, perhaps the most fundamental property in nature.
Owning to the presence of spin carrying protons H$^{+}$ introduced by the intercalation with an alkane,
it is possible that the octane-intercalated C fiber is a chiral ferromagnetic SC.
This leads us to a much relevant connection.
The molecules of life, the DNA and RNA, are chiral and
their liquid crystal nature has been researched \cite{Stewart,Fraccia}.
Chirality can also be found in graphitic materials.
For instance, if one rolls up a graphene sheet along the $a$-axis, a zigzag nanotube is obtained. By rolling a
graphene sheet in the direction $\theta = 30^{0}$ relative to the same axis, an armchair nanotube is obtained.
For $0^{0} < \theta < 30^{0}$ , a nanotube called chiral will be formed. While the PAN C fiber has a turbostratic structure, one thing in common
with the DNA is the presence of elements H, N, C, and O.
Interestingly, taking into account the old ages of eucrite meteorites and their similarity to Earth$\textquoteright$s isotopic ratios
of H, C, and N, it was demonstrated that these volatiles could have been added early to Earth, rather
than gained during a late accretion event \cite{Sarafian}.
Even more significantly, these elemental atoms are also present in the amino acids that compose the DNA molecule.
Early studies on double-stranded DNA found that delocalized $\pi$ electrons lead to room-$T$ SC-type behavior \cite{Ladik}.
Bipolaron HTS in Poly A/ Poly T DNA duplexes was found to decay at about 350 K, which can be taken as approximate estimate of $T_{c}$ \cite{Lakhno}.
While the alkane turns the graphite from hydrophilic to hydrophobic \cite{Stando},
the water can still be readily adsorbed in some regions of the C fiber, thus the presence of O.
In the '90's, Salam suggested that biomolecular homochirality that originated with Pasteur can be achieved through a phase transition:
the D-amino acids would change to L-amino acids as the C$_{\alpha}$-H bond would break and the H atom would became a superconductive atom \cite{Salam1,Salam2}.
The 'D' and 'L' here stand for the right and left mirror symmetry, respectively.
Salam estimated the transition temperature to $\sim 250$ K and possibly even above 350 K.
We think that it might not be a mere coincidence with the case of octane-intercalated C fibers here, where an I-M transition occurs persistently at
$T \sim 260-280$ K for different fibers and regardless of the amount of sourced current. Fig. \ref{Fig11} shows that the I-M transition at $T \sim 260-280$ K
is also observed for bundles of raw C fibers. The O and the H atoms would be likely brought by any small amount of water retained
by the C fibers during their preparation.
Real-space molecular-orbital density-wave description of Cooper pairing in conjunction with the dynamic Jahn – Teller mechanism
for HTS predicts that electron-doped water confined to the nanoscale environment of a C nanotube or biological macromolecule should superconduct
below and exhibit fast proton transport above the transition temperature, $T_{c} \approxeq 230$ K \cite{Johnson2}.
Electrocrystallization of supercooled water confined by graphene walls was also found \cite{Khusnutdinoff} at $T \approxeq 268$ K,
close to the notable temperature for the C fibers here. The linear size of the water confinement in \cite{Khusnutdinoff} is 100 \AA,
which happens to be also the length of relatively straight domains in C fibers.
Remarkable, the formation and evolution of biological structures occurred where both carbon and water were present.
More than a mere imperfection, the water retention was crucial for the formation of life.
Rosalind Franklin and her colleagues showed that DNA formed a helix conforming to the one modeled by Watson only
within a limited yet precisely \textit{designed} range of humidity \cite{Franklin}. Is it possible that the phase transition that created the helical structures of
DNA and RNA and the one Salam refers to as superconducting and occurring around the room temperature are actually the same thing?
Worth mentioning is one particular property of hydrogen-modified graphene to behave as a shape-changing membrane \cite{Sheka} is essential to its
relation to amino acids and the SC transition at 250-300 K predicted by Salam.

Hydrates-based SC in microtubules could be responsible for quantum processing of information, such that
the unprecedented computational power of the brain might actually come from its superconducting nature \cite{Mikheenko}.
The $T_{c} \sim 2000$ K there is close to our previously find maximum $T_{c} \sim 2360$ K \cite{Gheorghiu2}, which in turn is close to Ltlle's early 1964 prediction
for superconductivity in linear chains of organic molecules linked to certain molecular complexes \cite{Little},
also close to Schrieffer's prediction for exotic HTS \cite{Schrieffer}.
There are clear implications related to the coherent nature of the brain, its long-term memory, and human subconsciousness.
\textit{It is possible that superconductivity is organic to the living matter}. The topic needs more attention and resources, as it is
as of paramount importance both fundamentally and for unforeseen applications.\\

\small
\centerline{\textbf{ACKNOWLEDGMENTS}}
\normalsize
This work was supported by The Air Force Office of Scientific Research
(AFOSR) LRIR \#14RQ08COR and \& LRIR \#18RQCOR100 and the Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQ).
We acknowledge J.P. Murphy for the cryogenics.
Special gratitude goes from the first author to Dr. G.Y. Panasyuk for his continuous support and inspiration.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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After two sold-out editions in Amsterdam, it's time for Brainwash The Hague in the Koninklijke Schouwburg.
This edition focuses on the philosophical approach of big societal and personal challenges we currently face. Read more about this event on their Facebook page (in Dutch).
Brainwash is produced by The School of Life and is a collaboration with omroep Human.


text:
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Corey Bryan
Corey D. Bryan Attorney at Law, LLC
119 East Three Notch Street
www.andalusiaattorney.com
Corey was born and raised in Covington county and graduated from Andalusia High School. He attended the University of Alabama where he played football for four years for the Crimson Tide, while earning all SEC academic honors and playing on the 1999 SEC championship team.
Corey has been specializing in Criminal Defense and Personal Injury Law for over 11 years. Corey began his practice in 2004 as an associate at the Powell Law Firm in Andalusia, Alabama. He left the Powell Law Firm in 2007 to Partner in the Law Firm of Merrell & Bryan, LLC. In February of 2011, he began his own firm of Corey D. Bryan, Attorney at Law, LLC, as his law partner left the private practice realm due to his election into public office.
His goal as an Attorney is quite simple, to ethically and honorably, obtain the best results that he can for his client. He is admitted to practice in the US District Court for the Southern and Middle District. He is a member of the American Bar Association, the Alabama Association for Justice, the Alabama Criminal Defense Lawyers Association, the A-Club Alumni Association, the National College For DUI Defense, Inc, the Covington County Bar Association, the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, and the Christian Legal Society.
He is also a member of the National Trial Lawyers Association Top 100 Lawyers in the area of Criminal Defense, a "10 Best in Client Satisfaction" award recipient by the American Institute of Criminal Law Attorneys, a 2014 "Top Ten Ranking" award recipient by the National Academy of Criminal Defense Attorneys, a 2017 member of Best Attorneys of America, and is involved with the Alabama State Bar Volunteer Lawyer's Program.
Admitted in 2004, Alabama
Law School St. Thomas School of Law
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text:
Electrical injuries: A 20-year review
Brett D. Arnoldo, Gary F. Purdue, Karen Kowalske, Phala A. Helm, Agnes Burris, John L. Hunt
Electrical injuries continue to present problems with devastating complications and long-term socioeconomic impact. The purpose of this study is to review one institution's experience with electrical injuries. From 1982 to 2002, there were 700 electric injury admissions. A computerized burn registry was used for data collection and analysis. Of these injuries, 263 were high voltage (≥1000 V), 143 were low voltage (<1000 V), 277 were electric arc flash burns, and 17 were lightning injuries. Mortality was highest in the lightning strikes (17.6%) compared with the high voltage (5.3%) and low voltage (2.8%) injuries, and mortality was least in electric arc injuries without passage of current through the patient (1.1%). Complications were most common in the high-voltage group. Mean length of stay was longest in this group (18.9 ± 1.4 days), and the patients in this group also required the most operations (3 ± 0.2). Work-related activity was responsible for the majority of these high-voltage injuries, with the most common occupations being linemen and electricians. These patients tended to be younger men in the prime of their working lives. Electrical injuries continue to make up an important subgroup of patients admitted to burn centers. High-voltage injuries in particular have far reaching social and economic impact largely because of the patient population at greatest risk, that is, younger men at the height of their earning potential. Injury prevention, although appropriate, remains difficult in this group because of occupation-related risk.
Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C
Electric Injuries
Lightning Injuries
Burn Units
Health Professions(all)
Arnoldo, B. D., Purdue, G. F., Kowalske, K., Helm, P. A., Burris, A., & Hunt, J. L. (2004). Electrical injuries: A 20-year review. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 25(6), 479-484. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C
Electrical injuries : A 20-year review. / Arnoldo, Brett D.; Purdue, Gary F.; Kowalske, Karen; Helm, Phala A.; Burris, Agnes; Hunt, John L.
In: Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, Vol. 25, No. 6, 11.2004, p. 479-484.
Arnoldo, BD, Purdue, GF, Kowalske, K, Helm, PA, Burris, A & Hunt, JL 2004, 'Electrical injuries: A 20-year review', Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 479-484. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C
Arnoldo BD, Purdue GF, Kowalske K, Helm PA, Burris A, Hunt JL. Electrical injuries: A 20-year review. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation. 2004 Nov;25(6):479-484. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C
Arnoldo, Brett D. ; Purdue, Gary F. ; Kowalske, Karen ; Helm, Phala A. ; Burris, Agnes ; Hunt, John L. / Electrical injuries : A 20-year review. In: Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation. 2004 ; Vol. 25, No. 6. pp. 479-484.
@article{5ae5c4761cb147b4a4b0209b7d31b061,
title = "Electrical injuries: A 20-year review",
abstract = "Electrical injuries continue to present problems with devastating complications and long-term socioeconomic impact. The purpose of this study is to review one institution's experience with electrical injuries. From 1982 to 2002, there were 700 electric injury admissions. A computerized burn registry was used for data collection and analysis. Of these injuries, 263 were high voltage (≥1000 V), 143 were low voltage (<1000 V), 277 were electric arc flash burns, and 17 were lightning injuries. Mortality was highest in the lightning strikes (17.6{\%}) compared with the high voltage (5.3{\%}) and low voltage (2.8{\%}) injuries, and mortality was least in electric arc injuries without passage of current through the patient (1.1{\%}). Complications were most common in the high-voltage group. Mean length of stay was longest in this group (18.9 ± 1.4 days), and the patients in this group also required the most operations (3 ± 0.2). Work-related activity was responsible for the majority of these high-voltage injuries, with the most common occupations being linemen and electricians. These patients tended to be younger men in the prime of their working lives. Electrical injuries continue to make up an important subgroup of patients admitted to burn centers. High-voltage injuries in particular have far reaching social and economic impact largely because of the patient population at greatest risk, that is, younger men at the height of their earning potential. Injury prevention, although appropriate, remains difficult in this group because of occupation-related risk.",
author = "Arnoldo, {Brett D.} and Purdue, {Gary F.} and Karen Kowalske and Helm, {Phala A.} and Agnes Burris and Hunt, {John L.}",
doi = "10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C",
journal = "Journal of Burn Care and Research",
T1 - Electrical injuries
T2 - A 20-year review
AU - Arnoldo, Brett D.
AU - Purdue, Gary F.
AU - Kowalske, Karen
AU - Helm, Phala A.
AU - Burris, Agnes
AU - Hunt, John L.
N2 - Electrical injuries continue to present problems with devastating complications and long-term socioeconomic impact. The purpose of this study is to review one institution's experience with electrical injuries. From 1982 to 2002, there were 700 electric injury admissions. A computerized burn registry was used for data collection and analysis. Of these injuries, 263 were high voltage (≥1000 V), 143 were low voltage (<1000 V), 277 were electric arc flash burns, and 17 were lightning injuries. Mortality was highest in the lightning strikes (17.6%) compared with the high voltage (5.3%) and low voltage (2.8%) injuries, and mortality was least in electric arc injuries without passage of current through the patient (1.1%). Complications were most common in the high-voltage group. Mean length of stay was longest in this group (18.9 ± 1.4 days), and the patients in this group also required the most operations (3 ± 0.2). Work-related activity was responsible for the majority of these high-voltage injuries, with the most common occupations being linemen and electricians. These patients tended to be younger men in the prime of their working lives. Electrical injuries continue to make up an important subgroup of patients admitted to burn centers. High-voltage injuries in particular have far reaching social and economic impact largely because of the patient population at greatest risk, that is, younger men at the height of their earning potential. Injury prevention, although appropriate, remains difficult in this group because of occupation-related risk.
AB - Electrical injuries continue to present problems with devastating complications and long-term socioeconomic impact. The purpose of this study is to review one institution's experience with electrical injuries. From 1982 to 2002, there were 700 electric injury admissions. A computerized burn registry was used for data collection and analysis. Of these injuries, 263 were high voltage (≥1000 V), 143 were low voltage (<1000 V), 277 were electric arc flash burns, and 17 were lightning injuries. Mortality was highest in the lightning strikes (17.6%) compared with the high voltage (5.3%) and low voltage (2.8%) injuries, and mortality was least in electric arc injuries without passage of current through the patient (1.1%). Complications were most common in the high-voltage group. Mean length of stay was longest in this group (18.9 ± 1.4 days), and the patients in this group also required the most operations (3 ± 0.2). Work-related activity was responsible for the majority of these high-voltage injuries, with the most common occupations being linemen and electricians. These patients tended to be younger men in the prime of their working lives. Electrical injuries continue to make up an important subgroup of patients admitted to burn centers. High-voltage injuries in particular have far reaching social and economic impact largely because of the patient population at greatest risk, that is, younger men at the height of their earning potential. Injury prevention, although appropriate, remains difficult in this group because of occupation-related risk.
U2 - 10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C
DO - 10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C
JO - Journal of Burn Care and Research
JF - Journal of Burn Care and Research
10.1097/01.BCR.0000144536.22284.5C


text:
Garner's Usage Tip of the Day: "wreak" for "reek."
reek; wreak (2). Today: "wreak" for "reek." "Wreak" for "reek" is a surprisingly common slip-up — e.g.: o "Watching Jagger, a grandfather, singing the songs of his youth is embarrassing — like watching an old tart plastered in powder, wreaking [read 'reeking'] of cheap perfume, stumbling along the Champs-Elysees, leering at passersby." Natasha Garnett, "Focus: The Rolling Stones," Daily Telegraph, 7 Aug. 1994, at 14. o "Though such a statement wreaks [read 'reeks'] of hyperbole, Alexakis truly seemed more comfortable with the intimate give-and-take at this sold-out Middle East date on his solo tour." Tristram Lozaw, "Music: Alexakis Finds Comfort Zone," Boston Herald, 10 Apr. 1997, at 53. o "Nate Newton has leaked a little information in response to reports that the Cowboys' dorm rooms at St. Edward's University wreaked [read 'reeked'] of urine and were otherwise in a mess upon the team's checkout from training camp last week." Tim Price, "Newton Says Dorm Free of Any Pee," San Antonio Express-News, 21 Aug. 1997, at C1. Language-Change Index — "wreak" misused for "reek": Stage 1. *Invariably inferior forms. Next: "reek" misspelled "reak."* ——————- Quotation of the Day: "In its various sizes and editions, the dictionary is an unlisted best-seller on every season's list. To be able to get along without one would be a sign of supreme literacy — of complete competence as a reader and writer. The dictionary exists, of course, because there is no one in that condition." Mortimer Adler, "How to Read a Dictionary," in The Ways of Language 56, 58 (Raymond J. Pflug ed., 1967).


It reaches to the sky.
that shines to lead the way.
far richer than pure gold.
stands steadfast in a storm.
when others turn their back.
to value and hold close.
on down your family tree.
allows us just to "be".


CannabisNewsWire Editorial Coverage: Cannabis and blockchain were all the buzz in 2017 and investor trading in these stocks was heavy going into the close of the year. This helped significantly push up TD Ameritrade's quarterly profit and boost daily average trades to 726,000 for the quarter ending December 30, 2017 — an increase of 49 percent from the previous year (http://cnw.fm/i5DkN). With this market frenzy spilling over into 2018, companies like Global Payout, Inc. (OTC: GOHE) (GOHE Profile) are in position to profit with fingers strategically in both pies, applying their expertise in both the cannabis and blockchain markets. Such companies poised to enjoy broader growth in the industries include Terra Tech Corp. (OTCQX: TRTC), mCig, Inc. (OTCQB: MCIG), Surna, Inc. (OTCQB: SRNA) and MPX Bioceutical Corp. (CSE: MPX) (OTC: MPXEF).
It is no secret that the cannabis market is on fire, fueled in part by Canada's anticipated legalization of recreational marijuana, increasing public acceptance and industry innovations that keep investors interested in new developments.
Another event that helped shine a spotlight on marijuana stocks was the debut of ETFMG Alternative Harvest ETF, a first-of-its-kind, U.S.-listed exchange-traded fund that tracks the cannabis industry. While the trading period is usually slow between Christmas and New Year's, this launch generated big buzz in the marijuana sector during that typically sluggish period.
The North American Marijuana Index has seen growth during the recent quarter, as well, with the addition of seven new cannabis companies to the Canadian Marijuana Index. This brings the total number of constituents on the index to 39.
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Global Payout kicked-off 2018 with the announcement (http://cnw.fm/cQ2yC) that its MTRAC subsidiary is moving forward with the co-launch of its regulation-compliant token offering, the M-Token, which is on track to be launched during the first quarter of this year. This has been made possible through various key strategic partnerships. The token is aimed at providing cannabis businesses with an effective decentralized payment system.
Throughout the U.S. cannabis industry, a large number of merchants continue to deal exclusively in cash transactions as marijuana's continued status as a federally illegal drug has made cannabis vendors essentially "unbankable." Dealing in cash is not only inconvenient for marijuana merchants and users alike, but it leaves cannabis businesses extremely vulnerable to theft, making a decentralized payment system not only attractive but very necessary.
The need for alternative cannabis payment solutions has been further sharpened by recent news that Attorney General Jeff Sessions has rescinded memos from the Obama Administration that formerly protected cannabis cultivators, users and vendors from federal prosecution in states where cannabis has been legalized.
In developing the M-Token, MTRAC has worked with various partners in the fintech and compliance sectors, including Pegasus Fintech Inc., and continues to devote substantial time and resources toward the requisite due diligence process to make sure the M-Token meets all regulatory compliance requirements before it is officially launched.
It is anticipated that the M-Token will effectively fill the huge banking void for businesses in the multibillion-dollar cannabis industry.
In related efforts, MTRAC recently announced (http://cnw.fm/Wwa8P) its "Joint Venture Compliance, Crypto-Commodity, iCloud and Strategic Partnership Agreement" with Crypto Value Management System, LLC (CVMS), which has secured an exclusive California license for a cryptocurrency exchange platform. This platform is expected to enhance both MTRAC's and CVMS's efforts to offer fintech solutions to businesses in the cannabis industry and other alternative market sectors.
The secure, compliant blockchain technology developed by CVMS is the most cutting-edge crypto-commodity exchange platform available. In addition to aiding businesses that lack banking options, this technology is intended to serve as the backbone for MTRAC's token exchange platform for the M-Token.
Global Payout's MTRAC subsidiary is also collaborating with the company's PotSaver brand to launch PotSaver Biz, a publication developed exclusively for cannabis businesses. PotSaver Biz is aimed at becoming a premier networking platform for companies operating within the cannabis space, including businesses that offer ancillary services to the cannabis market.
The publication will give cannabis-related business owners an effective platform through which to market their products and services to one another.
Throughout PotSaver Biz, thousands of cannabis-related businesses and brands will be able to enhance their market presence through a paid listing in the publication. The publication will also serve as an additional revenue stream for MTRAC.
Other standout players on the move to capitalize in the cannabis market with diverse offerings include companies like Terra Tech (TRTC).
Terra Tech is a vertically integrated, cannabis-focused agriculture company that operates through multiple subsidiary businesses, including Blüm, IVXX Inc., Edible Garden and MediFarm LLC. These subsidiaries offer an array of products and services, ranging from high-quality medical marijuana and adult-use cannabis products to medical cannabis permit application and procurement services.
Terra Tech recently received State of California Temporary Authorization to begin adult-use cannabis sales in that state.
Innovative biotech company mCig (MCIG) is fully diversified across multiple areas of the cannabis industry, ranging from construction and cultivation to production packaging, media and investments. The company is focused particularly on hemp, cannabinoid R&D, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals and is also a leading distributor of innovative products, customized packaging solutions, technologies and services for the worldwide medical marijuana industry. Among its endeavors, mCig recently announced plans to launch an advanced hemp CBD-based formula for domestic pets.
Boulder, Colorado-based Surna (SRNA) provides ancillary services to cannabis businesses, manufacturing a proprietary line of premium lighting, environmental control and air sanitation systems designed to serve both state-regulated cannabis cultivation facilities and traditional indoor agricultural facilities. The company's aim is to provide smart solutions that can enhance the quality, control and overall yield and efficiency of controlled-environment agriculture.
MPX Bioceutical (MPXEF) is an Ontario corporation that offers services in the United States and Canada. Through its U.S.-based wholly owned subsidiaries, MPX provides significant management, staffing, procurement, advisory, financial, real estate rental, logistics and administrative services to two medical marijuana enterprises in Arizona. The company also recently acquired the award-winning GreenMart of Nevada NLV, LLC, which is a licensed cultivation, production and wholesale business serving both the medical and recreational cannabis markets in Nevada. MPX further owns cannabis assets in Massachusetts and Maryland and also leases a property in Ontario, Canada, for which it has submitted an application to Health Canada for a cannabis production and sales license.
For more information about Global Payout, visit Global Payment, Inc. (GOHE).
DISCLAIMER: CannabisNewsWire (CNW) is the source of the Article and content set forth above. References to any issuer other than the profiled issuer are intended solely to identify industry participants and do not constitute an endorsement of any issuer and do not constitute a comparison to the profiled issuer. The commentary, views and opinions expressed in this release by CNW are solely those of CNW. Readers of this Article and content agree that they cannot and will not seek to hold liable CNW for any investment decisions by their readers or subscribers. CNW and their respective affiliated companies are a news dissemination and financial marketing solutions provider and are NOT registered broker-dealers/analysts/investment advisers, hold no investment licenses and may NOT sell, offer to sell or offer to buy any security.


text:
Ben Geman Jan 14, 2020
Booker's departure leaves a nuclear energy gap in 2020 race
Cory Booker. Photo: Joe Raedle/Getty Images
Sen. Cory Booker's exit from the 2020 White House race means the field is losing a nuclear advocate whose views clashed with some top contenders.
The big picture: The Washington Examiner's Abby Smith points out that Booker "didn't hold back in his criticism of his Democratic counterparts skeptical of nuclear energy's role in a low-carbon future."
Go deeper80 Words
Her item cites Booker's comments in a September HuffPost interview that highlighted his differences with Bernie Sanders and to a lesser degree Elizabeth Warren.
What he said: "As much as we say the Republicans when it comes to climate change must listen to science, our party has the same obligation to listen to scientists," Booker said.
Cory Booker takes a swing at Democrats over nuclear power
Is 80 years just a number? Maybe for America's aging nuclear plants
Amy Harder Dec 16, 2019
Column / Harder Line
The presidential campaign trail isn't the only place where 80 years old is becoming more common.
Driving the news: Operators of up to 20% of America's nuclear reactors are seeking federal approval to run reactors for an unprecedented 80 years. The trend helps combat climate change — but it's also raising serious safety concerns.
Earlier this month, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, an independent federal body, approved the first application seeking such an extension.
The agency renewed the operating licenses of two reactors near Miami from 60 years to 80. Because this was done more than a decade before existing licenses expire, the reactors will now run until a few years after 2050.
Where it stands: America has just under 100 reactors at roughly 60 power plants, which provide the country with nearly 20% of its electricity — but more than half of the carbon-free kind.
The average age of those reactors is about 40 years old, but up to one-third could be taken offline in the next few years before their licenses expire due to economic stress.
Because of those struggles and because virtually no companies are building new large-scale nuclear plants, these 80-year extensions are critical to the industry's survival in the coming decades.
These approvals would make these reactors just a couple of years older than the three top Democratic presidential candidates.
The backstory: Duke Energy, one of the U.S.'s largest utilities, announced in September that it will seek to renew operating licenses for all 11 reactors at its six nuclear plants out to 80 years.
A key factor in its decision was the utility's ambitious climate-change goals: cut emissions by at least half in the next 10 years and then reach zero by 2050.
Nuclear power makes up a third of Duke's generation output, but nearly all of its carbon-free kind.
The big picture: Duke is just one of numerous entities — including states, governments and other companies — making ambitious climate goals going out to 2050 without concrete roadmaps. 2050 is a common benchmark used to judge progress on climate change, but it seems far off when most decisions are made on far smaller time horizons.
One thing is certain: the more nuclear power plants shut down between now and then, the harder it will be to achieve the already herculean task of cutting carbon emissions over the next 30 years.
That's the main reason why Armond Cohen, executive director of the Clean Air Task Force, one of the few environmental groups backing nuclear power, is supporting 80-year-old reactors.
"The issue here is not whether you think nuclear power is likely to be a big player in the second half of the century for a zero-carbon energy system. If we have better technologies for the second half, that's great. But keeping emissions as low as possible during the transition is going to be brutal."
— Armond Cohen, Clean Air Task Force
But, but, but: Other environmental groups advocating for aggressive action on climate change are nonetheless concerned about — and sometimes outright opposing — reactors operating 80 years.
The Natural Resources Defense Council and Friends of the Earth are appealing the NRC's recent approval, citing what they're saying is a rushed review process and the risk that rising sea levels could pose to the coastal reactors in Florida.
Given that the country remains divided over whether — and where — to create a long-term repository for nuclear's radioactive waste, this extension and others will also add to the waste stored on site. (NRC says it's safe.)
NRDC isn't officially opposing other reactors seeking extensions (yet), though Geoffrey Fettus, a senior lawyer with the group's nuclear program, has broad concerns.
"You're looking at 40- and 60-year-old technology that needs to operate safely and if it doesn't operate safely everyone has a bad day. We think if there is a consideration of extending the lives of these reactors to 80 years it needs to receive hyper scrutiny."
— Geoffrey Fettus, Natural Resources Defense Council
The other side: Maria Korsnick, president and CEO of the Nuclear Energy Institute, says reactors were initially licensed to 40 years because of economic — not technical — reasons, so there's nothing technically stopping these plants from continuing to operate.
She said an appropriate comparison for a reactor is how people decide to renovate their homes versus buying a new one. Many parts of a home can be renovated to keep 80- or even 100-year-old houses functioning well.
As for the Florida approval, Korsnick said those reactors are designed to withstand storm surges of multiple feet, so gradual sea level rise measured in inches isn't a problem.
What I'm watching: I started off by saying 20% of America's reactors are seeking a new lease on life out to 80 years, but Korsnick says there's likely more to come, so that percentage could grow substantially.


text:
Zimoun uses simple materials to create 'complex behavior' in an exhibit at the U of I
By Carrie Scozzaro
Prichard Art Gallery photo
Zimoun's "wall of sound" is real, and it's spectacular.
It's hard to know what to think of the Zimoun exhibit at the University of Idaho's Prichard Gallery, and that may be precisely the artist's intent. Although the work is intellectually stimulating, each of the five installations designed for or adapted to the gallery space prompts a visceral reaction first.
From the gallery entryway, for example, a floor-to-ceiling wall of 161 cardboard boxes sounds and, more importantly, feels like an engine room: low humming overlaid with muffled, yet rhythmic thumping. Moving closer, you see something — a small motor — causing a white ball to strike the center of each 27-inch square box. The wire connecting each ball to its motor varies in length, and the boxes are not stacked perfectly square. Rather than intimidate, the wall of sound, if you will, is innocuous.
But from his second floor office, gallery director Roger Rowley hears something else entirely.
"It's like living under a waterfall," says Rowley, making a gesture with his hands to indicate how the sound surrounds him.
"I connect the works to various things myself," says Zimoun via email interview from his home base in Bern, Switzerland. "It's almost an endless list. Nature is one of them."
In his statement accompanying the exhibit, Zimoun writes: "Through primitive mechanical systems, I look to activate unspectacular and raw materials which then start to develop a complex behavior."
Zimoun : 663 prepared dc-motors, 3315m rope, steel washers ø 40mm, 2018 from ZIMOUN on Vimeo.
The primitive mechanical systems, at least in this exhibit, are direct current motors slightly larger than a golf ball, although Zimoun has employed fans, pendulum motors and other devices in other installations, which have appeared in 25 countries over the artist's 15 years exhibiting.
The unspectacular items include cardboard boxes, dense fabric balls, various sized sticks, and wooden disks the size of a CD, plus assorted ropes and wires connecting said objects to their respective direct current motors.
Zimoun titles the works according to their contents — the wall of boxes starts with 161 prepared dc motors — which is beyond understated, like describing Van Gogh's Sunflowers painting in terms of paint and canvas. It's not just the objects causing sound, nor the installation as a visual element, but rather the whole experience that make this such an intriguing exhibit.
The visual aspect and the sound are equally important, one and the same, Zimoun says. "You see what you hear and you hear what you see," he explains. "You even smell it."
Visually, however, Zimoun is a minimalist. The boxes are a banal brown; colors of other items are neutral: black, white, metallic or gray. This allows the viewer to focus on sound, of course, but also form, motion, and the play of light as objects move.
The viewer's experience becomes part of the narrative of each installation as well as the exhibition as a whole. Standing at the edge of an installation whose title begins 153 prepared dc motors, you watch and listen as short black sticks suspended from the ceiling drag and chirp against the floor. Their dragging triggers a reaction in the rope, causing the sticks to jangle more energetically, raising the pitch and quality of sound before resuming the previous cycle. Imagine, though, 153 sticks all doing this at the same time, out of sync, yet also united by their uniform appearance. One can see numerous conceptual parallels to the human condition.
In an adjacent installation, the viewer can enter the room and sit in front of the work: 98 flat wooden disks, each suspended from a rope attached to a motor mounted to the ceiling. The disks shimmy, some so much they look as if they'll spin upright, but never do. There is a tension in watching and hearing this piece, which sounds like flapping wings. The viewer, by entering the room is complicit in the drama, even if only on the periphery.
Everyday materials are vital to Zimoun's work.
The fifth installation feels the most inclusive and personal. It allows the viewer to sit in the middle of the room where 198 long wooden sticks are suspended from a rail along the perimeter of the ceiling. Unlike the other installations, not only is the wood unpainted — the knots lend a sense of individuality to the sticks — the pieces actually move enough to touch each other. The sound is gentle and insistent, reassuring even, or maybe it's the interaction of objects themselves that is reassuring.
Reactions to the work vary widely, says Rowley, who notes that during the opening reception, some viewers expressed a sense of anxiety, even anger. Do people see themselves in the bobbling cotton balls? Do they sense the futility in disks that shimmy but can't right themselves? Do they look for meaning in the randomized rhythm of movement and, finding none or not one to their liking, experience a sort of cosmic stress?
There is no answer, only the individual experience. ♦
Zimoun exhibit • Through Sept. 22; Tue-Sat 10 am-8 pm, Sun 10 am-6 pm • free • University of Idaho, Prichard Gallery • 414 S. Main St., Moscow • prichardart.org • 208-885-3586
The original print version of this article was headlined "Primitive Mechanics"
Arts & Culture,
Zimoun,
University of Idaho,
Roger Rowley,
Prichard Gallery,
Controversial church wants to take over Moscow, public impeachment hearings continue, and other headlines
Laboratory to host a First Friday open house reintroduction; plus plans for a 'Spookane' Halloween event
By Quinn Welsch
The University of Idaho's Sandpoint Organic Agricultural Center offers educational opportunities as diverse as its fruits
Idaho fan Marten Hiemstra is anxious to see how the Vandals react to a rough first year back in the Big Sky
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Daniel Shieh: Gazing @ Kolva-Sullivan Gallery
Thu., Jan. 23, 5-8 p.m., Fri., Jan. 24, 5-8 p.m., Sat., Jan. 25, 5-8 p.m. and Sun., Jan. 26, 5-8 p.m.
More by Carrie Scozzaro
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Carrie Scozzaro


Let the reefs disgorge (1/2 day). Bleach, parry and put to press. Clean and pop the mushrooms. Book them. Season and color the nuts. Make a bouquet garni; sweat it in the casserole. Decant the reefs.
Detail the sweetbreads, add the mushrooms, cover the sauce, deglaze with the white wine, add the Hypocras and the veal stock. Braising.
Reduce cooking. Add the cream. Adjust seasoning.


The year 2017 has seen an abundance of innovative proposals in the food and beverage sector: ideas, projects and actions aimed at improving the quality of products, making them more practical and, ultimately, more attractive to consumers, who are demanding more and more in terms of quality and sustainability.
Some of the most innovative products have been presented on special occasions for the food sector, such as the World Food Innovation Awards 2017. This UK event, which counts on the support of the International Food & Drink Event (IFE) (the most important trade fair in the sector in the United Kingdom), has handed out awards in 2017 for new flavours and concepts presented by companies from around the world, such as energy bars made with cricket flour and burgers made entirely with vegetables.
In the former case, the company Jimini's has opted to introduce insects into food, something the UN itself has predicted. In fact, a quarter of the world's population already includes insects in its daily diet, especially in Latin America. On the other hand, this is a risky bet because of the initial cultural shock it may cause among consumers.
Nonetheless, companies like Grub have been commercializing with the consumption of insects since 2015. According to data published by the consultancy firm New Nutrition Business, this sector will move about 65 million euros in 2020, which is why many food industry entrepreneurs have moved into this line of business.
In comparison, foods such as 100% vegan hamburgers, nuggets and meatballs, like those sold by the French manufacturer ICI&LA, have found a bigger space in consumer shopping bags around the world. The texture, flavours and aromas of this type of products have attracted those consumers who prefer healthy foods that also have a lower impact on the environment, as is the case.
This trend suggests that veganism will continue to conquer shopping baskets and restaurants worldwide in 2018. In fact, next year Purezza will open the first pizzeria in London to feature a menu consisting exclusively of vegan foods.
In 2017 the food and beverage sector has also seen the need to identify the flavours that consumers like best. For example, the publication Food Business News predicted that, in the summer, products with fresh organoleptic notes would yield the main role to anything that reminds us of a family barbecue, with flavours reminiscent of what is cooked on a grill.
Along these lines, Kevan Vetter, executive chef at McCormick, a multinational food condiment company, affirmed that one of the flavour trends in restaurants and supermarkets would be barbecue sauce, which would replace tomato sauce and ketchup as a dressing.
Undoubtedly, barbecue sauce has found a place in the gatherings of family and friends where meat takes the centre stage. Furthermore, this dressing, which is mostly used on hamburgers, is generally available at all restaurants and establishments that sell this typical American product.
According to Comax Flavors, floral flavours have also been a trendsetter and gained popularity during 2017, with proposals of floral combinations such as cranberry with a touch of hibiscus, vanilla with orange blossom, and raspberry with lavender. Various new products with these kinds of interesting combinations have been launched, such as delicious, crispy rice cakes with dark chocolate, orange and orange blossom.
On the other hand, with the coming of the new year fresh predictions are being made about trends in food and beverage consumption. According to the British chain of supermarkets Waitrose, Indian food will come into its own again, not the usual strong sauces and chicken tikka masala but smoked and grilled delicacies.
And with the rise of veganism, vegetable proteins will become another trend, as more and more people replace meat proteins with those provided by legumes, seeds, soybeans, sprouts and algae, according to the supermarket chain.
Brunch and Japanese foods will also figure in our everyday lives. In the latter case, the proposal will consist of the abundant food typical of the southern United States combined with the rich, surprising flavours of Tokyo. So consumers can start looking forward to yakitori skewered chicken and fried tofu.
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Scootering December 2020
The UK's biggest and best scootering magazine - with over 130 pages containing some of the best examples of customised and restored Lambretta and Vespa scooters in the world, new scooter reviews and test rides, events/ rallies/ show reports, and the massive 48-page pull-out Scooter Trader section - the best place to buy & sell scooters, spare parts and memorabilia! Each month Scootering also has a large Music section with reviews, band news, interviews and event exclusives. It also regularly raids the archives to bring you best scooter stories and pictures from yesteryear, from Maico to Heinkel, Lambretta to Triumph! With the best classified ads in the business, the very latest news (often before anyone else in the UK!), it's a must read for every scooterist of all ages
Mortons Media Group, Ltd
welcome to the december edition of scootering …
A vaccine is coming… yeeha! Literally on the day I wrote this column, it was announced that a Covid vaccine is to be rolled out by Christmas… this must surely be a sign from the scootering gods, yes? Dare I even begin to ponder whether this means that come spring 2021 there will be 'new hope' on the horizon, perhaps a buzz of positivity? Will the old rhythm of the rally scene return? Will the year continue to build to a huge scooter rally-induced crescendo? Who knows, certainly not me, I can but dream. The hope of a vaccine and all that it could bring is so tantalising, that you can't help but speculate about all the social possibilities which may return, both scooter and non-scooter related, things we took…
scootering was brought to you with the help of...
Stu Smith Vespa and Lambretta owner, scooter obsessive, amateur home mechanic, rally-goer, Mod sympathiser, music lover and general all round good egg. He writes your rally reports, be nice to him. Nik Skeat Vespa Cosa sympathiser, well-travelled rally rider since the '80s, founder of the notorious Scooterboy World forum. He's also a brilliant beer-brewing bearded Scootering feature writer. Paul Green Our Paul has a long history of scootering both on the road and on the track, with the breakdown bills and crash scars to prove it. A Vespa and Lambretta enthusiast, BSSO professional and general good egg. Stuart Owen Scooter rider, rally-goer, restorer and author. Reaches the parts other scooter journalists just can't reach. LCGB 'life member', 100mph Lambretta Club owner and scooter restoration expert to boot. Rik Bardsley More flamboyant than Liberace and more manic than a mouse…
DALEY EXCLUSIVES The team at Barnsley-based Ron Daley continue to scour the world for useful additions to their range of parts and accessories. Recently added to their catalogue are two items, for which they hold the exclusive rights to UK distribution. Of interest to GTS owners is the Cuppini mini backrest in satin black. Cleverly designed to fit on to the standard rear rack, it's perfect for either de-chromed machines or any of Piaggio's 'black' editions. Priced at only £55 plus postage it's a cost-effective way of adding some comfort to your passenger's riding experience. For riders who prefer a little more bling the backrest is also available in bright chrome at the same price. Owners of classic Vespas may recall that earlier this year we featured the Vespa Survivor Kit's (VSK) launch.…
This information is provided by Stephen Hattersley, of WildWood Legal, a firm of solicitors specialising in claims for injured scooterists. Stephen, a qualified solicitor for 25 years, has been riding scooters for more than 30 years, and has acted for injured riders across the UK. He knows the tricks and pitfalls that insurers use and pulls no punches in his dealings with them. He rides to work every day and understands the challenges you face out there. Q. Can you tell me what is the legal minimum age for a pillion passenger? A. Surprisingly, there is no minimum age for pillion passengers on scooters. The law says that they must be able to reach the foot pegs/running boards, they must be capable of sitting astride the seat properly and be able to…
what makes a scooter a classic?
When it comes to the automotive world the word 'classic' is often used and a lot of the time misrepresented. If you're talking about a Ferrari 250 GTO or a Ford GT40… then yes, the meaning fits perfectly – but putting an Austin Allegro in the same context? Then possibly not. A lot of the confusion is down to insurance definitions, in that when a vehicle is more than 20 years old it is termed as a 'classic'… but that doesn't mean to say it is revered by everyone. Perhaps the phrase should be changed to avoid confusion so vehicles that do carry the 'classic' tag can be regarded as such without everything else being in the way. So that brings us to scooters and, ignoring their age, what makes or…
stick together, use your scooter and carry on…
If things go as promised, by the time you read this we will be close to the end of this second lockdown period, to try and stem the upward curve of Covid infections. This has certainly been a year that pretty much everyone will want to forget about, I think, but fortunately the rules for this second national lockdown are a little less draconian than the first and we are at least able to do a little more, get out on our scooters, and our kids can go to school! In the last eight months, for many, the world has changed beyond recognition in terms of what we can and cannot do, as well as where we can even travel to, and who we can travel with. It is very restricting…


Motiv Ring is the first highly advanced micro wearable and only tracker that solves the problem of unsatisfied demand by changing the way people measure activity, heart rate and sleep. Motiv Ring directly addresses the pain points of the space: you can wear it around the clock, it tracks data that matters, and is easy to understand. Motiv is pioneering the pack of forward-thinking "disappearing" wearables. A micro wearable is the future of wearables—it's subtle, discreet and nearly invisible. The biggest obstacle was fitting the amount of electronics needed to deliver top-notch functionality into such a small system. Creating a highly advanced micro wearable in the form of a ring was a challenge—Motiv was determined to create something that could be worn not just sometimes, but all the time. Many wearables on the market don't provide an accurate 24-hour take on wellness because of size, fit and overall form factor; but that's what consumers are looking for. Wearables have a responsibility to educate us and deliver a more well-rounded knowledge of our bodies and of our health—yet many current wearables on the market forget this, focusing on a workout as opposed to a lifestyle.


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Q: SQL WHERE Like Clause not returning all results I have a strange one that I have been scratching my head over for the past few hours.
I have a relatively simple TSQL
SELECT
  LTRIM(RTRIM(bom_comp_code)) [bom_comp_code]
  , bom_product
  , bom.actual_partnumber
FROM
  dbo.MRP_ALL bom
WHERE
  bom.bom_product = 'F00434'

This returns 500 rows of a result like - perfect
[bom_comp_code]  [bom_product]  [actual_partnumber]
M03275           F00434         99292922
M03275           F00434         99292922
B01869           F00434         99292922
B01869           F00434         99292922
M03275           F00434         99292922
M03275           F00434         99292922
B01869           F00434         99292922
...
...
B01869           F00434         99292922
B01869           F00434         99292922
M03275           F00434         1110-011
M03275           F00434         1110-011

Now I am only interested in bom_comp_code that start with an M, so naturally I use the following TSQL
SELECT
  LTRIM(RTRIM(bom_comp_code)) [bom_comp_code]
  , bom_product
  , bom.actual_partnumber
FROM
  dbo.MRP_ALL bom
WHERE
  bom.bom_product = 'F00434'
AND LTRIM(RTRIM(bom.bom_comp_code)) like 'M%'

But this only returns one row!
[bom_comp_code]  [bom_product]  [actual_partnumber]
M03275           F00434         1110-011

I cannot for the life of me understand why only one row is returned when there are 224 in the table that match my criteria
The LTRIM / RTRIM was me thinking there was whitespace around the bom_comp_code field, but this did not work.
I have also tried this around bom_product too just in case.
What could possible be stopping all my rows from returning?

A: USE LEFT()
AND LEFT(bom_comp_code, 1) = 'M'

And if you really have spaces
AND LEFT(LTRIM(bom_comp_code), 1) = 'M'

To check if you have special character at begining of your string then debug like this
SELECT LEFT(LTRIM(bom_comp_code), 1) as first_char,
       ASCII (LEFT(LTRIM(bom_comp_code), 1)) as ascii_number
       LTRIM(bom_comp_code)
FROM dbo.MRP_ALL bom

A: I had a similar problem and I had special characters just as "Juan Carlos Oropeza" mentions above.
Using the function in this answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/14211957/7141065, I was able to update the column in question and run queries as normal after that.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange