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Home Ideas History Past and Future Luther - Father of the Modern World?
Luther - Father of the Modern World?
Details: Parent Category: History	Category: Past and Future	| Published: 16 November 2017 | Hits: 7435
To celebrate or perhaps just to mark 500 years since Martin Luther nailed his '95 theses' to a church door in Wittenberg and set in motion the Protestant Revolution, the Australian Broadcasting Commission has been running a number of programs discussing the legacy of this complex man featuring leading thinkers and historians in the field.
Much of the ABC debate has centred on Luther's impact on the modern world. Was he responsible for today or might the world still be stuck in the 'middle ages' with each generation doing more or less what the previous one did, largely within the same medieval social structures? In that case could those inhabitants, obviously not us, still live in a world of less than a billion people, most of them working the land as their great grandparents had done, protected and governed by an hereditary aristocracy, their mundane lives punctuated only by variations in the weather and occasional wars between those princes?
Yet a quick look the history of the renaissance and a moment's thought puts paid to that scenario. Well before Luther, European traders were discovering there was another, in many ways more advanced and sophisticated, world called China. One of them, Marco Polo, recited his adventures there with profound history-changing affects. Not the least of these was Chinese technology. Soon products as diverse as pasta and gunpowder and even printing would have their impact, as would the realisation that there were other lands that offered the potential to make a fortune and create a new class of wealthy traders outside of the traditional hereditary class structures.
By the time Luther came along the world had already changed irretrievably. The middle ages were already doomed. Many renaissance thinkers were already doubting past certainties. Among the realities explorers had uncovered was that there are many religions. If these other religions were not true, because Christianity is the only true religion, then they must be the imaginative concoctions and fabrications of their priests or ancient writers. Yet there seemed to be no adverse consequence of these erroneous beliefs and fabrications. There were other, perhaps greater civilisations, like China in which people had no belief in the Abrahamic God and yet they had survived and prospered for thousands of years, as indeed had the rediscovered ancient Greek, Roman, Egyptian and other civilisations preceding Christianity that had also prospered, notwithstanding seemingly ridiculous polytheistic religions in which gods and men and even animals seemed to mix. So how could we be sure that 'our' religion was 'true' and not just the imaginative retelling of such inherited myths?
Luther was born into turbulent times. Whatever might be the correct balance of nurture and nature, genetic things like: gender and height and environmental things like: birth order; parenting education and the beliefs of the times; all count to make a person who we become. As we shall see random accidents such as lightning strikes, jousting accidents or perhaps childhood disease can also profoundly influence a person's future development and beliefs.
Thus Luther was both the unique genetic product of his parents and a creature of the unique circumstances of his time. All those circumstances contributed to make Martin Luther both committed to his Christian beliefs and profoundly reactionary in his thinking. For him the Christian Bible was the one true source of divine inspiration, overruling any contribution new or evolving thoughts might have made to the faith since the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea. If from time to time there was a nagging stain or rent in the perfectly smooth fabric of his reality it was obviously the work of the Devil tempting him away from his faith. Far from being a forward thinker, much of Luther's thinking derived directly from the collection of ancient texts chosen by the founders of Christianity that he knew as the Holy Bible. His initial arguments with the Church were with its deviations from these texts, that he believed were the actual word of the one true God.
That he was also a profoundly superstitious man, haunted by the devil and the anti-Christ, was brought home to me when we were in Rothenburg in Germany in 2016 and I visited the Medieval Crime and Justice Museum where there was an exhibition about Luther and the Witches.
I have to confess that at the time I was writing a fiction involving witches and had more interest in the witches than in Luther.
Of course I was aware of Luther. Who couldn't be? I'd been into Lutheran churches in Australia and Germany and Denmark and Romania, even in Jerusalem, lots of places. But this 'witches thing' was new to me. Could he really have been so superstitious?
Luther and the Witches - Click on this picture to see more of Rothenburg's Museum of Medieval Crime
So in this exhibition I learnt quite a bit that was new to me about this man who would by a collision of events, become a unique man in a unique place at a unique time.
Luther was born into a moderately wealthy and upwardly mobile family during the renaissance, his family already breaking ancient class and opportunity barriers. His mine owning father had ambitions for his son to become a lawyer and saw to it that he got a good education by the standards of the day. But one day, when he was 22, young Martin was out and about on his horse when he was almost hit by lightning. Obviously it was a sign from God.
To his father's despair he promptly joined an Augustinian monastery and for a time became excessively fervent, in his words devoted to: 'fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession'. An older friar grew concerned about his mental health and successfully 'turned his mind to Christ', resulting in Martin's new devotion to theological studies. He was very dedicated and within seven years he'd attained the Chair of Theology at the University of Wittenberg and was becoming recognised as a leading theologian.
It was in this position that he was to later to translate the Bible into German, thus becoming the father of the German language. He would also write a number of hymns, introducing singing to Protestant services. But it was also from Wittenberg that he would become a nagging critic of Rome's corrupt practices, rail against the devil and witches and Jews and help feed the future Nazi Holocaust, a little over four centuries later.
Augustinians have a special commitment to corporate poverty in addition to the poverty professed by the individual friar. As a result of a visit to Rome he'd become indignant at the money spent rebuilding St Peter's Basilica, that was then by far the largest and most magnificent building in the world, ten times larger than the next biggest church, Seville Cathedral.
Rather than drawing on the Church's existing great wealth it was being paid for 'with the money of poor believers' by means of the sale of indulgences. Returning to Wittenberg he launched his attack on the indulgences that were paying for this extravagance.
Indulgences, to accelerate ones path to heaven, had first developed as a means of recruiting Crusaders, but over time their sale had become an important source of the Church's wealth.
According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica:
The granting of indulgences was predicated on two beliefs. First, in the sacrament of penance it did not suffice to have the guilt (culpa) of sin forgiven through absolution alone; one also needed to undergo temporal punishment (penance) because one had offended Almighty God. Second, indulgences rested on belief in purgatory, a place in the next life where one could continue to cancel the accumulated debt of one's sins...
The debt of forgiven sin could be reduced through the performance of good works in this life (pilgrimages, charitable acts, and the like) or through suffering in purgatory. Indulgences could be granted only by popes or, to a lesser extent, archbishops and bishops as ways of helping ordinary people measure and amortize their remaining debt. "Plenary," or full, indulgences cancelled all the existing obligation, while "partial" indulgences remitted only a portion of it...
Luther took an interesting indirect approach to this attack. Rather than assert that purgatory is a money raising invention of a corrupt Church, as many Protestants believe, he made 95 statements on the basis of his authority as a Catholic theologian and invited others to debate these 'theses' with him.
Using the new invention of the printing press he made many copies and in addition to nailing them to the usual noticeboard, the church door, sent them out to other thinkers around Christendom as follows:
Out of love for the truth and from desire to elucidate it, the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and Sacred Theology, and ordinary lecturer therein at Wittenberg, intends to defend the following statements and to dispute on them in that place. Therefore he asks that those who cannot be present and dispute with him orally shall do so in their absence by letter.
In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen.
Among these statements were:
The Pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his own authority or that of the canons.
The Pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring and showing that it has been remitted by God; or, to be sure, by remitting guilt in cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant remission in these cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain unforgiven.
Furthermore, it does not seem proved, either by reason or by Scripture, that souls in purgatory are outside the state of merit, that is, unable to grow in love.
Nor does it seem proved that souls in purgatory, at least not all of them, are certain and assured of their own salvation, even if we ourselves may be entirely certain of it.
The Pope does very well when he grants remission to souls in purgatory, not by the power of the keys, which he does not have, but by way of intercession for them.
They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory.
It is certain that when money clinks in the money chest, greed and avarice can be increased; but when the church intercedes, the result is in the hands of God alone.
Christians are to be taught that they buying of indulgences is a matter of free choice, not commanded.
Christians are to be taught that the Pope, in granting indulgences, needs and thus desires their devout prayer more than their money.
Christians are to be taught that papal indulgences are useful only if they do not put their trust in them, but very harmful if they lose their fear of God because of them.
Christians are to be taught that if the Pope knew the exactions of the indulgence preachers, he would rather that the basilica of St. Peter were burned to ashes than built up with the skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep.
Christians are to be taught that the Pope would and should wish to give of his own money, even though he had to sell the basilica of St. Peter, to many of those from whom certain hawkers of indulgences cajole money.
It is vain to trust in salvation by indulgence letters, even though the indulgence commissary, or even the Pope, were to offer his soul as security.
Again, ``Why does not the Pope, whose wealth is today greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?''
The statements were so confronting, confounding and scripturally erudite that within weeks they had been translated into every European language and the proposed debates had begun.
At first Rome ignored these debates among concerned Christians. Not until the money river began to run dry was the alarm raised. But by then the debates had moved far and wide and into much more risky territory: was the Church necessary for salvation at all?
An ever increasing group of protesting Christians would soon share Luther's outrage at Rome's extravagance and its cynical exploitation of the faithful. They were scouring their recently printed Bibles for evidence and calling themselves Protestants. In England they would soon be asserting that:.
"Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should be believed as an article of the Faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation."
"The Church hath power to decree Rites or Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of Faith: and yet it is not lawful for the Church to ordain any thing that is contrary to God's Word written, neither may it so expound one place of Scripture, that it be repugnant to another. Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a keeper of Holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity of Salvation."
Repugnant things ordained by the Church but not supported by Scripture included:
"The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping and Adoration, as well of Images as of Relics, and also Invocation of Saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God."
From the '39 Articles'
A contemporary of Luther's who also changed the world in his own way was Henry VIII of England.
Henry VIII had ascended to the throne of England in 1509 at the age of 17. Henry had good genes. He was very tall, handsome and intellectually gifted. He spoke and wrote in several languages and, in addition to jousting and other militaristic sports, took an active role in matters theological and political in Europe.
In 1517 Luther had posted his famous '95 theses'. Three years later Luther was under investigation for heresy. At 29 years of age Henry was also making his mark in European politics. Luther had turned his attention to sacraments that had no support in scripture.
Against Luther's theses on the sacraments, Henry wrote a treatise entitled Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) for which he earned the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) in a bull promulgated by Pope Leo X. It's a title retained by the British Monarch to this day.
Henry's treatise ends, referring to Luther as 'this one little Monk':
Do not listen to the Insults and Detractions against the Vicar of Christ which the Fury of the little Monk spews up against the Pope; nor contaminate Breasts sacred to Christ with impious Heresies, for if one sews these he has no Charity, swells with vain Glory, loses his Reason, and burns with Envy.
Finally with what Feelings they would stand together against the Turks, against the Saracens, against anything Infidel anywhere, with the same Feelings they should stand together against this one little Monk weak in Strength, but in Temper more harmful than all Turks, all Saracens, all Infidels anywhere.
Henry's support of the Pope would not last. Leo X died the following year and when Henry wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, now Pope Clement VII, was unhelpful for very political reasons.
The Spanish Empire was the superpower of the day and the first to be described as 'the Empire on which the sun never sets'.
The King of Spain, Charles I, was also the Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V). Henry's wife, Catherine, was his aunt and her marriage to Henry's brother had been diplomatic to strengthen the Empire's influence over England. So upon ascending to the throne Henry had taken Catherine as his own wife. To this end he'd sought a special dispensation for the Church to disregard her earlier marriage to his brother, on the grounds of non-consummation. Henry saw the possible consummation to be his 'get out of jail card' to have his marriage to Catherine annulled.
But Pope Clement VII had recently been imprisoned by Charles and was himself out of jail 'on good behaviour'. So when Henry wanted to have his potentially illegitimate, yet politically important, marriage annulled, Clement was not inclined to agree.
Henry was not to be dissuaded. He 'had the hots' for a very attractive young woman, who he was later to claim had bewitched him. In typical style Henry went ahead and ignoring the Pope did as he wanted anyway. As a result, in 1533, probably under pressure from Charles, Clement VII excommunicated both Henry and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, who had facilitated Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn.
Henry's life was then unexpectedly altered by an accident. On the 24th January 1536, Henry then 44 years old, was thrown from his horse while jousting. He was unconscious for a long time and at first it seemed he'd been killed. But, although he recovered, he had injured both his legs. The wounds became ulcerated and no doctor could cure them. The accident or the infection may also have caused a brain injury. In any case both his personality and his presence changed that day. He became famously tyrannical; his ulcerated legs stank and he began to put on weight. He ceased to be the romantic figure both the Boleyn girls had admired. In any case Anne's opinion was no longer of any moment - four months hence she was to part with her vital organs below her neck.
The last time the Church had excommunicated someone was in 1521 when Leo X had excommunicated Martin Luther, with Henry cheering from the sidelines. The final straw with the 'Little Monk' had come when he refused to recant on the proposition that: "Matthew 16:18 {And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.} does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and thus neither popes nor church councils are infallible."
While searching this on-line I found this interesting Blog and was intrigued to discover that between 1520 and 1525 Martin Luther and Henry VIII corresponded with each other on several occasions (Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII)
The effect of his own excommunication on Henry was for him to reconsider Luther's heretical proposition regarding the Pope's authority and to conclude that, on this point at least, Luther was perfectly correct. Maybe Henry had also read Matthew 16:28 {Verily I say unto you, There be some standing here, which shall not taste of death, till they see the Son of man coming in his kingdom.} and decided that this put a rather big question over Christians continuing to wait for the second coming at all. Had that visit already come and gone some time ago?
Like other self-serving Princes of his day Henry's familiarity with the Bible and the politics of the Reformation and Protestantism allowed his conscience to reject an obviously corrupt and politicised Papacy and adopt Luther's assertion that everyone has direct access to God through the Bible (the Sufficiency of the holy Scriptures for salvation), making Papal Authority anathema. Thus he was able to consider himself a faithful Christian after the break with Rome and excommunication. So the World was changed forever.
Henry's picture, on display at Hampton Court Palace, depicting the Pope being stoned to death by the Gospels
Each rock is marked with the name of a Gospel in Latin
As Luther pointed out the Church teaching had drifted from the Biblical teaching in a number of areas
and Rome was not prepared to concede these sometimes lucrative or power enhancing deviations from the Gospels
As it turned out Henry's excommunication was not generally put about and was not promulgated until 1538, by the new Pope Paul III, no doubt with a bit of prompting from Charles.
At first sight this new Pope, arising from the Borgia court, with a public mistress and five acknowledged children, would seem to be a possible ally to Henry and possibly even to Luther. Like many men the lives of all three were driven by their libido. But alas the new Pope still had The Holy Roman Emperor to worry about.
In his correspondence with Henry Luther tried to blame Cardinal Wolsey for Henry's earlier theological support for Pope Leo X.
But Henry was not seduced into forsaking Wolsey until it suited him politically. Like his second daughter he knew that these supposed momentous issues concerning 'the souls of men' were really just mortal creatures playing politics. Heaven had nothing to do with it.
Martin Luther on the other hand knew no such thing. He'd had a lightning revelation leading to mastery of the scriptures and now divined the true word of God. He had supreme confidence in his own interpretation of those scriptures.
But a contemporary Freud, had such a person existed, might have offered a different interpretation. After all those hours spent in frequent confession of which he wrote: 'I lost touch with Christ the Saviour and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul', Luther had decided there was no sin in his repressed libido. If not on that issue on what else was a young man's confession so urgent and so frequent?
His excommunication set Luther's libido free. He soon helped several 'barrel loads' of Cistercian nuns escape from a convent. They were actually smuggled out hidden in herring barrels. Now freed from his earlier celibacy he promptly formed a relationship with one of them, Katharina von Bora. A little later he married her. He was 41 and she 26.
From that time onwards he recommended marital sex and opposed priestly celibacy. In one case, when a friend got married, he wrote to him that he and Katharina would be thinking of them on their wedding night and 'celebrating' along with them. So when Henry VIII consulted him concerning his marital issues, Luther advised him, probably tongue in cheek, to keep his old wife and take Anne Boleyn as well. And that's more or less what Henry did.
All this sounds very modern but as I have already said Luther was not a Renaissance man like Henry or indeed Pope Paul III. He had no capacity for conscious self-serving cynicism or 'grey areas' and believed in his crystalline 'truth', resting on the scriptures. Even if his 'truth' did lead to mortal fears for his 'soul' and putting supposed 'witches' and Jews to death.
Luther died in 1546 and Henry outlived him by just 11 months. Both had profoundly changed the future.
In the 16th century most people died early. Neither Luther nor Henry attained the biblical three-score-and-ten. Yet they did quite well for their time. This was a time of medical ignorance, long before organ transplants or PET scans, and the educated still believed that emotions and even thoughts were seated in the heart or expressed in bile.
In a time of short and brutal lives very few had experienced an aging person 'fading away' over months or years, as that person's brain functions progressively failed and when this did happen they attributed it to the wrong cause such as an imbalance in the 'humours' or even possession by a malignant force or being. Perhaps they had been bewitched?
Today most of us know, often through our own direct experience, that damaging a person's brain by trauma or disease destroys thoughts, memories, abilities and beliefs. Many of us have seen firsthand an elderly person 'fading away' as their brain function failed. We know that these essential characteristics of our personality are properties of our brain, interacting with other nerve cells in our bodies. When something goes wrong with our thoughts, memories or abilities we seek out a brain specialist not a heart surgeon or an exorcist.
So a person in 2017 can be certain that our brain is the centre of our identity. And an informed person knows that it is the relationships between cells in our brain that are responsible for, among other things: our memories and knowledge; our learned skills; and our ability to communicate. It is our brain that interprets the signals from the nerves structures that we call our five senses and thus it is structures in our brain that are responsible for our awareness of the world in general. It is now possible to deliberately interfere with these structures to cause some areas to stop functioning, as under a total anaesthetic, resulting in the loss of one or more of the patient's mental attributes. For example their awareness.
500 years ago Martin and Henry had none of this information. Instead they had a great deal of misinformation passed down by 'wise men' from the ancients. So it was perfectly understandable that they could believe in a person continuing to be aware of what was happening to them, or to look down on others still alive, after death. When they chopped someone's head off they thought of the 'person' losing their head, not the 'person' losing their body. Their bitter debates over heaven and purgatory and hell seemed to have meaning.
Today ecclesiastical debates over heaven and purgatory and hell seem as pointless as debating the number of angels that can fit on the head of a pin; or whether Narnia can really be reached through the back of a wardrobe.
A belief that we can continue to experience things, in the same way as we do in life, after we die makes no sense. So in spite of Hamlet's fears there can be no: 'undiscovered country, from whose bourn no traveller returns' and an informed person (even Hamlet was a trifle dubious) must consign these imaginary places to the realm of fiction.
But that does not mean that a person doesn't have a life after death of another sort. Like a message read then burnt or a symphony once over, a dead person carries on as memories in the minds of the living; usually as the love or admiration they leave behind. William Shakespeare is a prime example.
As it happens, 2017 is a year of anniversaries. For example it's a century since the Russian Revolution. So it's also the year Stephen McKie might have turned 100. As he's been dead for sixteen years that was not to be. But he's still here in my 'heart' as is my mother; he's preserved on this website Read more...; and his mark on the future now includes two great grandchildren he never got to see.
Thus everyone who ever lived also leaves an eternal legacy. Each made decisions that changed the future. That's what a decision is - a choice between futures.
Some people are in a position to make more profound decisions, involving perhaps millions of people, than others.
Today we don't have to be concerned about purgatory nor about heaven nor hell once we are dead. We know there is nothing left to experience such supernatural places once the cells that provide our senses cease to function and our brain can no longer process their signals.
We might, nevertheless, be concerned for our descendents, because we can be certain that every day every one of us is making subtle and sometimes not so subtle changes in their soon to be present.
In the cases of Martin Luther and Henry Tudor their impact on our present would involve the premature deaths of tens of millions who would die in battle; of disease and starvation; extending even to the gas-chambers of Auschwitz.
In the next generation they would leave it to Elizabeth I, Henry's second daughter, to mediate the bitter feuds between the Protestants and traditional Catholics that had been stirred up in England. Perversely these would set Britain on its course to future Empire and greatness. Meanwhile, for many decades, Europe would tear itself to pieces in wars of religion triggered by an esoteric list of 95 statements about indulgences and a seemingly innocuous invitation to fellow Catholic theologians to debate them with the author.
Now that the Roman Church's money making conception of the life-after-death had caused such trouble even it realised the need for change. At the Council of Trent (1545 to 1563), the Church reaffirmed the doctrine of purgatory, without which prayers for the dead have lost their raison d'être, but banned the further sale of indulgences. No longer could a Catholic buy a fast-track into heaven.
If what happened to one after death was now up for debate and heaven was suddenly less accessible, a new generation of thinkers would be stimulated to dismiss it altogether and focus on the purpose of our mortal lives. Could it be about maximising human happiness? Could it be about advancing civil society? Could it be about discovering the secrets of the universe? Or could it just be about wealth accumulation off the back of exponential economic and population growth?
These debates would in turn sow the seeds of the humanist, scientific, social and political revolutions. A not yet imagined United States of America would become a superpower causing the sun to set on those once imagined to be 'everlasting' empires.
Yet without this rich history, exactly as it happened, death chambers included, you and I and everyone alive today would not be here to contemplate it.
Like yours, my father would have had different children or he may have been childless, had his life been one iota different.
My parents would not have married and I would not be here but for World War 2 nor, obviously, would be my children or grandchildren. But that's not the iota of difference I mean.
Just before fertilisation many millions of variations in a child's genetics are possible. Will the outcome be a boy or a girl and how good at various skills; how determined; how loving; how healthy; how tall; has that child the potential to become? Except for identical twins no two siblings are ever so alike. If a different cell had merged its chromosomes with those of your mother's equally unique ova, it would have been your unborn sibling, not you, who your mother gave birth to.
Which of these millions of potential children it was depended on the most subtle of things: the position and timing of the descending ova; meeting just one of as many as half a billion different spermatozoa in a healthy ejaculation; this meeting depending on such variables as the temperature and the exact timing of your father's ejaculation to the physical position of your mother, from before until well after the act. Then you might ask how did your mother choose to 'make love' to your father in the first place and what influenced them to choose that very hour, minute and second, in that particular month of your mothers cycle? Then, not all pregnancies go to term. A miscarriage can caused by an infection or an accident. Your mother must have avoided such dangers.
But the accident of your birth is the least part in your existence because, for the same reasons, neither of your parents would have existed; nor would their parents before them; nor those before them; and so on had not things been exactly as they were at the moments of all those conceptions. Going back just a few hundred years you have many thousands of ancestors. And every one of their life experiences had to lead to all those exact meetings and matings, in turn to those exact genetic outcomes for you to be here at all.
That's why I believe my life's pretty special and so is yours. So I try to enjoy this 'brief candle' because, like Shakespeare, I know that when it's gone out it's gone.
Oh, and now you know the answer to the title question: Yes.

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Is the London Pass worth it?
If you're planning your visit to London, you might be wondering if the London Pass is worth it for your itinerary. At Let Me Show You London, we offer private guided tours of London at a variety of attractions, so we're keenly aware of the time, cost, and practicality of getting the most out of your Pass.
Depending on what you want to do in London and how much time you have in the city, the London Pass could offer you incredible savings. But it isn't the most cost-effective system for other types of visitors.
We thought we would share some of our insights to help you decide for yourself either way!
How does the London Pass work?
The London Pass is a digital pass you can purchase in order to access over 80 attractions in and around London. The Pass is valid for a set period of time (1, 2, 3, 6, or 10 days), based on how much you pay.
Note that the pass is valid for the day, not for a 24-hour period. So you'll want to get an early start each day to truly take advantage of all the savings!
As with any such system, the London Pass is worth it if you research ahead of time and plan your visit to maximise the savings. You'll want to compare the attractions that are included in the Pass with places you definitely want to see. If you have lots of overlap, then you will probably save by buying the Pass!
Since some attractions in London are included and some are not, you'll want to plan to visit the included attractions during the validity of your pass. Save any others for the days your pass is no longer valid. We've listed some top London attractions in both categories below.
You'll download the Pass to your phone to gain entry to the included attractions. Just make sure you bring your charger out with you during the day so you don't miss out on an attraction due to a dead battery!
How to Maximise the London Pass
You purchase the London Pass for a set period of time, so it's important to plan those days accordingly. Getting the most out of the Pass means seeing multiple attractions each day of its validity.
You'll want to start early. We suggest trying to be at an attraction at 9am rather than waking up at 9am for a nice breakfast and a later start.
If you prefer a slower start in the morning and a leisurely pace, then you may not really maximise the savings potential with the Pass. If, however, you do start early and see two or three attractions in a day, then you could save quite a bit by using the Pass.
Since London is so vast, you'll also maximise the Pass if you plan to visit a few attractions in the same area on the same day instead of wasting time (and money) traipsing across the city back and forth.
The London Pass is worth it if you plan ahead and maximise the savings.
London is vast and very busy, so do be sure to plan ahead to maximise your London Pass!
Attractions Included in the London Pass
There are currently over 80 attractions and places of interest included in the London Pass. To give you an idea of what you could do with your Pass, here are some of those attractions.
The ones with an asterisk (*) are where we also offer tours. If you join us, you'll have a Blue Badge Guide showing you around the location on a private tour, offering in-depth insights and tonnes of fun information!
Historic Buildings Included in the London Pass
*Westminster Abbey
Apsley House
Wellington Arch
Benjamin Franklin House
*St Paul's Cathedral
Jewel Tower
Keats House
The Monument to the Great Fire of London
Wernher Collection at Ranger's House
Old Royal Naval College
*Tower of London
St Paul's Cathedral is included in the London Pass
Museums Included in the London Pass
Charles Dickens Museum
Florence Nightingale Museum
Household Cavalry Museum
London Canal Museum
Handel & Hendrix London
London Museum of Water and Steam
The Postal Museum
The Guards Museum
Science Museum IMAX
The Foundling Museum
Pollock's Toy Museum
Freud Museum London
Other Places of Interest Included in the London Pass
ArcelorMittal Orbit
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
Golden Hinde
London Bridge Experience
Shakespeare's Globe Theatre Tour
There are lots of other inclusions, which you can peruse at your leisure in the London Pass full list of included attractions.
Which attractions are NOT included in the London Pass?
There are several very popular London attractions that are not included in the London Pass, which you'll want to consider when planning your visit.
These popular London attractions are NOT included in the London Pass:
London Dungeon
Madame Tussauds Wax Museum
London Aquarium
Tours of the Houses of Parliament
If you have your heart set on any or all of those attractions, you'll want to plan your time in London accordingly. Don't visit one of these excluded places on a day when you're using your Pass! You can plan to visit before or after your Pass is valid instead.
The London Eye is a hugely popular attraction that is not included in the London Pass
London also has a plethora of free attractions! You don't need to break the bank every day with everything you do. In fact, a wide variety of museums offer free entry. We also have some ideas for the Best Free Attractions in London, if you want to take a look.
A sample of the many free attractions in London include the following:
*British Museum
Tate Modern Museum
*National Gallery
*Victoria & Albert Museum
Watching the Changing of the Guards
At Let Me Show You London, we offer private guided tours in London at a variety of locations, including some of these free entry museums. Those with the asterisk (*) above are linked to our tour information so you can see the benefits of having a Blue Badge Guide take you around on a private tour.
The National Gallery of London is free to enter, but you'll appreciate it so much more with a professional guided tour
Are there other benefits with the Pass?
Yes, you can also skip the queue at a handful of attractions if you purchase the London Pass. That alone can make it worthwhile for lots of visitors! There's nothing worse than standing in a long queue on a hot summer day…or on a London rainy day!
Related: Our recommended Things to Do in London on a Rainy Day
While not all the included attractions offer a skip the queue option, those that do are often the busiest spots. This is certainly an added bonus for Pass holders.
Is the London Pass worth it for families?
If you're visiting London with kids, you'll want to plan in advance as best you can. London is vast and it's filled to the brim with fun things to do. But it can also be overwhelming and busy! You might want to start with our guide on Top Things to Do in London with Kids to plan your visit more thoroughly.
Knowing what you want to do, how to get there, how to minimise time spent in queues and maximise time spent having fun — we think that's crucial for families coming to London.
We think the London Pass is worth it for families with kids who are old enough to be interested in lots of museums, attractions, and activities.
If you're coming to London with a toddler or baby, you probably want to plan fewer activities and lots more flexible time in your trip for naps and jet-lag adjustments.
For families with kids who plan to be active and see as much as possible whilst in London, getting the London Pass could offer huge savings. You'll also enjoy the added benefit of skipping the queue — and the inevitable complaints that would ensue!
Is the London Pass worth it for solo travellers?
If you're travelling to London solo, the London Pass might or might not be a good idea for you. You'll want to consider which places you definitely want to visit and compare that list to the list of included attractions for the Pass.
Since London also has loads of free attractions and you'll be on your own time and schedule, you could find that buying the Pass would be more expensive than simply paying upon arrival.
This is entirely up to you and your style of travel, so be sure to review the included attractions before you purchase!
So, what do you think? Is the London Pass worth it for you? If you have more questions or want clarification on using the London Pass in conjunction with our private guided tours, do feel free to reach out. We're always happy to help visitors get the most out of their trip to London.
Changing of the Guard London
What are Some Lesser Known Facts About London?
Everything You Need to Know About Westminster Abbey
What are the British Museum highlights?
denisa@letmeshowyoulondon.com
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text:
Santorum's best shot: Winning Iowa caucus _ again
STEPHEN OHLEMACHER,Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) — Rick Santorum is falling so far behind Mitt Romney in the race for Republican delegates that his best chance might be in states that voted weeks ago.
The chief rival to the front-running Romney, Santorum is trying to improve his lot in places like Iowa and Washington, where local caucuses were just the first step in determining delegates to the Republican National Convention. In those states and a few others, supporters are now preparing for county, congressional district and state conventions, where the campaigns hope to keep their delegates — and possibly poach some from other candidates.
Santorum's delegate count could use a boost. He trails Romney by 300 and would need to win 74 percent of the delegates in the remaining primaries to clinch the nomination before the national convention in August. So far, Santorum is winning just 27 percent, according to the tally by The Associated Press.
But the former Pennsylvania senator's campaign predicts that he will significantly increase his delegate haul in caucus states, primarily at the expense of Romney.
"The Romney campaign likes to talk about how they have this superior organization in these caucus states and therefore they are going to perform well," said John Yob, Santorum's national delegate director. "If you believe the Romney campaign's spin that they have this superior organization, but yet they're losing these contests, it must mean they have a deficient candidate who is unable to appeal to the base of the party."
That assessment is simply laughable, Romney's campaign says. And his backers question whether Santorum has a sufficient organization to compete in upcoming primaries while also trying to rally supporters in states that held caucuses weeks or months ago.
This weekend, for example, Louisiana holds its GOP primary on Saturday, the same day county conventions kick off in Washington state.
Rich Beeson, Romney's political director, notes that Santorum didn't get on the ballot in Virginia or the District of Columbia and failed to file full slates of delegates in Ohio and Illinois.
"You're all of a sudden going to be able to organize at a state convention, a county assembly, and start stealing delegates from us?" Beeson said. "We have a plan in place. We will maintain and increase our delegates at the caucus level."
Romney leads the race for delegates with 563, including endorsements from Republican National Committee members who automatically attend the convention and can support any candidate they choose. Santorum has 263 delegates, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich has 135 and Texas Rep. Ron Paul has 50.
It takes 1,144 delegates to win the Republican nomination to take on President Barack Obama in the fall.
So far, Romney has won 54 percent of the delegates at stake in primaries and caucuses. That puts the former governor of Massachusetts on pace to clinch the nomination in June, but it doesn't leave much room for error.
The last primary is June 26, in Utah, giving the other candidates hope they can stop Romney short and force a fight for delegates at the national convention in Tampa, Fla.
Six states have held local caucuses that were only the start of a multi-step process to win actual delegates. Together, those states have a total of 223 delegates, which will be up for grabs at county, congressional district and state conventions sprinkled throughout the spring.
In five of the states — Iowa, Colorado, Minnesota, Maine and Washington — the AP used local caucus results to project the number of national delegates each candidate would win if he maintained the same level of support throughout the process. The sixth state, Missouri, didn't release statewide results from local caucuses, so it was impossible to make a projection.
Santorum has more delegates in the five states than any other candidate, according to The AP tally: 73, compared to 62 for Romney, 15 for Paul and none for Gingrich.
Most of the campaigns argue they will outperform AP's projections, and the battle in some states is fierce.
In Missouri, a local Republican caucus near St. Louis was shut down without a vote after it got so rowdy that extra police were summoned to help. In Wyoming, Romney supporters successfully challenged a single Santorum delegate in Park County, getting local party officials to switch the delegate to Romney more than a week after the convention.
In Minnesota, Paul's supporters showed up at the GOP convention in Carver County lugging computers and printers so they could track their delegates and tell supporters whom to vote for.
"First time I'd seen it," said Steve Nielsen, the Carver County GOP chairman.
Despite not winning a state, Paul's supporters have been active in all the caucus states.
John Tate, Paul's campaign manager, said Paul's supporters have sometimes played kingmaker, cutting deals in counties where the original caucus vote was evenly split, resulting in a divided county convention.
In some places, they have been approached by Romney supporters looking to block Santorum's delegates. In others, they have been approached by Santorum supporters looking to block Romney.
Said Tate: "Unless you have an outright majority, cutting deals happens."
He said Santorum's campaign has shown signs of life in the caucus states, but he questioned whether it would be enough to win many delegates from Romney.
"I think his campaign is starting to figure it out," Tate said of Santorum. "But in a lot of these states, I don't see the organization that we have or that Romney has."


text:
Kim Da-hyun (), dite Dahyun, est une chanteuse et rappeuse sud-coréenne. Elle est surtout connue pour faire partie du girl group sud-coréen Twice.

Carrière
Dahyun a été stagiaire pendant 3 ans au label JYP Entertainment avant d'intégrer le groupe Twice, dont la composition a été déterminé durant l'émission Sixteen, avec Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Momo, Jihyo, Sana, Mina, Chaeyoung et Tzuyu.

Discographie

Crédits musicaux

Filmographie
2015 : Sixteen
2016 : Weekly Idol
2016 : Real Man
2019 : Idol Star Athletics Championships Announcer

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1998
Chanteuse sud-coréenne de pop
Rappeuse sud-coréenne
Musicienne de K-pop
Artiste de JYP Entertainment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
DP World to invest £300m in new fourth berth at london Gateway logistics hub to strengthen UK supply chain
DP WORLD will begin work next month on a new fourth berth at its London Gateway logistics hub to increase supply chain resilience and create more capacity for the world's largest vessels.
The £300m project – which builds on the £2bn investment DP World has made in Britain over the last decade – represents the next step by the leading global provider of smart logistics in delivering integrated supply chain solutions for customers.
Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Group Chairman and CEO of DP World, said: "I am delighted to announce that we will go ahead with our latest major investment in the UK, which will give London Gateway more capacity to handle the world's largest vessels than any other port in the country."
"As a central pillar of Thames Freeport, London Gateway's new fourth berth will allow even more customers to benefit from world class ports and logistics, with unrivalled global connectivity, on the doorstep of Europe's largest consumer market. DP World plans to be at the heart of Britain's trading future and this investment shows that we have the ambition and the resources to boost growth, support businesses, create jobs and improve living standards."
Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP, Chancellor of the Exchequer, will be guest of honour at today's commercial launch of Thames Freeport at the Savoy Hotel in London. He added: "Our new freeports will create national hubs of trade, innovation and commerce, and attract more investment to regenerate communities and level up the UK."
"Bringing ports and business together to invest in their regions is crucial to the Freeports success story – that's why I'm thrilled that DP World is investing £300 million to support Thames Freeport – creating new opportunities, boosting growth and supporting local jobs."
In the first six months of 2021 London Gateway saw record throughput of 888,000 TEU, a more than 23 per cent increase on the previous best performance for the first half of a year. The new fourth berth will raise capacity by a third and completion will coincide with the delivery of a new wave of 24,000 TEU vessels in 2023/2024, which will all be operated between Asia and Europe.
Along with the Port of Tilbury and Ford's Dagenham plant DP World London Gateway will form Thames Freeport after being awarded freeport status by the Government earlier this year, with the partners currently progressing the business case with a view to receiving formal accreditation. DP World Southampton has also been awarded freeport status as part of Solent Freeport, further cementing the critical role of both logistics hubs in the UK's international trade.
About DP World in the UK
DP World in the UK is at the heart of Britain's trading future, providing the right trading infrastructure and smart logistical solutions for our customers. We believe in the UK market and have the ambition and the resources to boost growth, support businesses, create jobs and improve living standards.
We have created a high-quality integrated business – two deep water ports with freight rail terminals at London Gateway and Southampton, a rapidly expanding logistics park, and an advanced software business providing online links to customers and border control.
Our dedicated, diverse and professional team of more than 53,000 employees from 131 countries are committed to delivering unrivalled value to our customers and partners. We do this by focusing on mutually beneficial relationships – with governments, shippers, traders, and other stakeholders along the global supply chain – relationships built on a foundation of mutual trust and enduring partnership.
We think ahead, anticipate change and deploy industry-leading technology to further broaden our digital vision to disrupt world trade and create the smartest, most efficient and innovative solutions, while ensuring a positive and sustainable impact on economies, societies and our planet.


text:
Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests
Brigitte Bibiche Bruijns
Mesoscale Chemical Systems
Research output: Thesis › PhD Thesis - Research external, graduation UT
Sampling and securing traces at a crime scene is a crucial step in the investigation process. Information obtained at this stage immediately gives direction to the investigation. The aim of this project was to develop a microdevice that enables the investigator at the crime scene to screen traces for their possibility of containing (human) biological material. This presumptive test gives an answer to the question whether or not there is (human) DNA present in the sample.
The process of DNA analysis can be divided in five consecutive steps: trace sampling, sample work-up, amplification, detection and secure storage, which were all investigated in this research. Trace sampling is conventionally carried out by the use of a (cotton) swab, despite the fact that the performance is low in terms of sample release. A ceramic collection tool, an alternative for the standard swab, showed promising results. Thermal lysis, part of the sample work-up, is a fast and simple method for on-chip cell lysis of the trace sample. Amplification of the DNA is needed, since crime scene samples often contain low amounts of DNA. Isothermal techniques, such as multiple displacement amplification and helicase dependent amplification, are suitable for sensitive and fast on-chip amplification. For the detection DNA dyes can be used of which the increase in fluorescence along the amplification can be monitored in time. The biological sample in the chip is present in an enclosed environment, which limits the risk of (cross-)contamination and improves the chain of custody.
Various microfluidic devices were designed, developed and tested to achieve on-chip lysis, amplification and detection. The majority of these chips were made of cyclic olefin copolymer, since the material is biochemical compatible, resistant to many chemicals (acids, alkaline solution and common solvents) and optically transparent.
Gardeniers, J.G.E., Supervisor
Tiggelaar, R.M., Co-Supervisor
https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036546737
10.3990/1.9789036546737
Thesis B.B. BruijnsFinal published version, 110 MB
Dive into the research topics of 'Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Sampling Chemistry 100%
Cyclic Olefin Chemistry 54%
Biomaterial Chemistry 34%
Displacement Chemistry 32%
Ceramic Chemistry 30%
Copolymer Chemistry 26%
Dye Chemistry 25%
Fluorescence Chemistry 23%
Bruijns, B. B. (2019). Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests. University of Twente. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036546737
Bruijns, Brigitte Bibiche. / Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests. Enschede : University of Twente, 2019. 340 p.
@phdthesis{ae31ad188efc4e15a33ff8d06f4a5593,
title = "Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests",
abstract = "Sampling and securing traces at a crime scene is a crucial step in the investigation process. Information obtained at this stage immediately gives direction to the investigation. The aim of this project was to develop a microdevice that enables the investigator at the crime scene to screen traces for their possibility of containing (human) biological material. This presumptive test gives an answer to the question whether or not there is (human) DNA present in the sample.The process of DNA analysis can be divided in five consecutive steps: trace sampling, sample work-up, amplification, detection and secure storage, which were all investigated in this research. Trace sampling is conventionally carried out by the use of a (cotton) swab, despite the fact that the performance is low in terms of sample release. A ceramic collection tool, an alternative for the standard swab, showed promising results. Thermal lysis, part of the sample work-up, is a fast and simple method for on-chip cell lysis of the trace sample. Amplification of the DNA is needed, since crime scene samples often contain low amounts of DNA. Isothermal techniques, such as multiple displacement amplification and helicase dependent amplification, are suitable for sensitive and fast on-chip amplification. For the detection DNA dyes can be used of which the increase in fluorescence along the amplification can be monitored in time. The biological sample in the chip is present in an enclosed environment, which limits the risk of (cross-)contamination and improves the chain of custody.Various microfluidic devices were designed, developed and tested to achieve on-chip lysis, amplification and detection. The majority of these chips were made of cyclic olefin copolymer, since the material is biochemical compatible, resistant to many chemicals (acids, alkaline solution and common solvents) and optically transparent.",
author = "Bruijns, {Brigitte Bibiche}",
doi = "10.3990/1.9789036546737",
publisher = "University of Twente",
school = "University of Twente",
Bruijns, BB 2019, 'Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests', University of Twente, Enschede. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036546737
Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests. / Bruijns, Brigitte Bibiche.
Enschede : University of Twente, 2019. 340 p.
T1 - Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests
AU - Bruijns, Brigitte Bibiche
N2 - Sampling and securing traces at a crime scene is a crucial step in the investigation process. Information obtained at this stage immediately gives direction to the investigation. The aim of this project was to develop a microdevice that enables the investigator at the crime scene to screen traces for their possibility of containing (human) biological material. This presumptive test gives an answer to the question whether or not there is (human) DNA present in the sample.The process of DNA analysis can be divided in five consecutive steps: trace sampling, sample work-up, amplification, detection and secure storage, which were all investigated in this research. Trace sampling is conventionally carried out by the use of a (cotton) swab, despite the fact that the performance is low in terms of sample release. A ceramic collection tool, an alternative for the standard swab, showed promising results. Thermal lysis, part of the sample work-up, is a fast and simple method for on-chip cell lysis of the trace sample. Amplification of the DNA is needed, since crime scene samples often contain low amounts of DNA. Isothermal techniques, such as multiple displacement amplification and helicase dependent amplification, are suitable for sensitive and fast on-chip amplification. For the detection DNA dyes can be used of which the increase in fluorescence along the amplification can be monitored in time. The biological sample in the chip is present in an enclosed environment, which limits the risk of (cross-)contamination and improves the chain of custody.Various microfluidic devices were designed, developed and tested to achieve on-chip lysis, amplification and detection. The majority of these chips were made of cyclic olefin copolymer, since the material is biochemical compatible, resistant to many chemicals (acids, alkaline solution and common solvents) and optically transparent.
AB - Sampling and securing traces at a crime scene is a crucial step in the investigation process. Information obtained at this stage immediately gives direction to the investigation. The aim of this project was to develop a microdevice that enables the investigator at the crime scene to screen traces for their possibility of containing (human) biological material. This presumptive test gives an answer to the question whether or not there is (human) DNA present in the sample.The process of DNA analysis can be divided in five consecutive steps: trace sampling, sample work-up, amplification, detection and secure storage, which were all investigated in this research. Trace sampling is conventionally carried out by the use of a (cotton) swab, despite the fact that the performance is low in terms of sample release. A ceramic collection tool, an alternative for the standard swab, showed promising results. Thermal lysis, part of the sample work-up, is a fast and simple method for on-chip cell lysis of the trace sample. Amplification of the DNA is needed, since crime scene samples often contain low amounts of DNA. Isothermal techniques, such as multiple displacement amplification and helicase dependent amplification, are suitable for sensitive and fast on-chip amplification. For the detection DNA dyes can be used of which the increase in fluorescence along the amplification can be monitored in time. The biological sample in the chip is present in an enclosed environment, which limits the risk of (cross-)contamination and improves the chain of custody.Various microfluidic devices were designed, developed and tested to achieve on-chip lysis, amplification and detection. The majority of these chips were made of cyclic olefin copolymer, since the material is biochemical compatible, resistant to many chemicals (acids, alkaline solution and common solvents) and optically transparent.
U2 - 10.3990/1.9789036546737
DO - 10.3990/1.9789036546737
M3 - PhD Thesis - Research external, graduation UT
PB - University of Twente
CY - Enschede
Bruijns BB. Microfluidic devices for presumptive forensic tests. Enschede: University of Twente, 2019. 340 p. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036546737


text:
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Brown drives in 3 runs, Phillies beat Marlins
MIAMI (AP) — Rookie Domonic Brown says he's starting to feel comfortable as a big leaguer and it's showing.
Brown drove in three runs, Kyle Kendrick pitched six effective innings and the Philadelphia Phillies beat the Florida Marlins 7-2 Wednesday night.
Raul Ibanez added two RBIs as the Phillies won for the 11th time in 13 games.
"Right now, it's fun, we are in the race, it's exciting and there's no room for error," Kendrick said.
After a 58-minute rain delay at the start, the Phillies took a 2-0 lead off Anibal Sanchez in the first inning on RBI singles by Ross Gload and Brown. Kendrick (7-4) kept Philadelphia ahead, allowing two runs.
"The rain delay kind of affected (Sanchez)," Marlins manager Edwin Rodriguez said. "He was ready to go before the delay and then when he sat for an hour and he went back he wasn't the same."
Brown, the Phillies' top prospect, matched his major league RBI total coming into the game. He also had a sacrifice fly and a run-scoring grounder.
"His development is very important to us," Phillies manager Charlie Manuel said. "Our goal is to get back to the World Series, but at the same time when we turn him loose, I want to make sure he's ready."
In addition to his offensive output, Brown also threw out a runner at home on a base hit to right and tracked down a ball in the gap.
"He showed a heck of an arm," Manuel said.
Brown is hitting .273 in six games since being called up from the minors, where he hit .327 with 20 homers and 68 RBIs in 93 games.
"I'm just trying to take it one step at a time, that's it," Brown said.
Gaby Sanchez went 4 for 4 with two doubles and an RBI. Fellow rookie Mike Stanton hit his 10th homer for the Marlins, who have lost three straight.
"What happened tonight was a wash because I did do well but the team lost," Gaby Sanchez said.
The Marlins had an opportunity to cut into a 5-2 deficit in the eighth as the first two batters reached base against Ryan Madson, who then retired the next three hitters.
Second baseman Dan Uggla's throwing error on Brown's potential inning-ending, double-play grounder helped the Phillies score twice in the ninth.
Coming off a one-hitter against San Francisco, Anibal Sanchez (8-7) struggled allowing four runs and seven hits in 4 1-3 innings. He struck out seven.
"My changeup wasn't good today so I threw the fastball and slider. My curve was a little flat," Sanchez said.
With a 2-1 lead in the fifth, the Phillies opened the inning with three straight singles off Sanchez, including an RBI single by Ibanez. Sanchez was eventually lifted in favor of Taylor Tankersley, who limited the damage by allowing just a sacrifice fly by Brown.
NOTES: Ibanez extended his hitting streak to 12 games. ... Recently acquired 1B Mike Sweeney is expected to join the Phillies on Thursday. ... Gaby Sanchez also had a four-hit game on June 11 against Tampa Bay. ... The Phillies' Jayson Werth snapped an 0-for-24 slump at Sun Life Stadium with a single in the ninth. ... Marlins C Brett Hayes will be activated from the DL on Thursday and Brad Davis is being sent down to Triple-A New Orleans.
Sixers draft target at 24: Carsen Edwards of Purdue
IronPigs' stellar starting rotation ready to be called upon when needed
IronPigs media relations manager Mike Ventola happy to be home chasing his dream job
Anibal Sanchez
Gaby Sanchez
Raul Ibanez
Dan Uggla
Insider Guide


text:
Q: Which of the following is the most efficient If I would like to print x from 0 to 5
6.times {|x| p x}

(0..5).each {|x| p x}

0.upto(5) {|x| p x}

for x in 0..5
  p x
end

A: benchmark/ips is a better tool for this.
require 'benchmark/ips'

Benchmark.ips do |x|
  x.report("times") { 6.times {|x| } }
  x.report("range iteration") { (0..5).each {|x| } }
  x.report("upto") { 0.upto(5) {|x| } }
  x.report("for") do
    for x in 0..5
    end
  end
end

Results on Ruby 2.2.0:
Calculating -------------------------------------
               times    88.567k i/100ms
     range iteration    88.519k i/100ms
                upto    86.749k i/100ms
                 for    84.118k i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
               times      2.093M (± 0.2%) i/s -     10.451M
     range iteration      2.053M (± 0.4%) i/s -     10.268M
                upto      2.103M (± 0.2%) i/s -     10.583M
                 for      1.949M (± 0.2%) i/s -      9.758M

Looping an empty body is the better idea here, since the IO time from p will likely dwarf the loop iteration times. Result-wise, it's close enough to not matter.

A: You will need to use something like Benchmark
The Benchmark module provides methods to measure and report the time used to execute Ruby code.
require 'benchmark'
puts Benchmark.measure {6.times {|x| p x}}
puts Benchmark.measure {(0..5).each {|x| p x}}
puts Benchmark.measure {0.upto(5) {|x| p x}}

and you are going to see a output that looks like
1 ) 0.000000   0.000000   0.000000 (  0.000059)
1 ) 0.000000   0.000000   0.000000 (  0.000050)
3 ) 0.000000   0.000000   0.000000 (  0.000046)

now you can read more about benchmark here
you can have to try it a couple of many  of times with 1000000.times  to get a good gage, now the results are going to change with every compute and with what else is running on that computer at the time of the test

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"If only developing countries would take action to reduce their global warming pollution".
That is the refrain that was heard in capitals around the world for years. This was driven partly by a concern over competitiveness in some places (e.g., the US and EU). And it was also driven by the reality that global emissions (both developed and developing country) need to decline if we are going to solve this challenge. And while developed countries need to take the lead in making deep emissions cuts (as I discussed in Part 2), we need to find a way for developing countries to pull millions/billions of people out of poverty while reducing global warming pollution.
"We can't accept limits on our global warming pollution".
This is a refrain we used to hear from major developing countries for years. Almost anytime they were asked by a reporter (or anyone else for that matter) something like that came out. Usually this was read as: "we won't do anything to address our global warming pollution". Which wasn't exactly true in many countries, but perception is often as important as facts.
Well thankfully both refrains have much better answers now than a couple of years ago (and even a couple of weeks ago).
So the next key element of the international agreement that I'll discuss is the: willingness of developing countries to undertake significant emissions reductions on their own that tangibly reduce the growth of their emissions in the near-term (e.g., to 2020) and lay the foundation for even deeper cuts in the medium-term. This action is closely related to the "incentives for deeper emissions reductions" (my "key element" 4, which I'll cover in Part 5) and the mechanisms to ensure that countries "open up their books and defend them" (my "key element" 6, which I'll discuss in Part 6).
China has just announced that they'll cut their greenhouse gas emissions intensity per unit of GDP by 40-45% below 2005 levels by 2020 (as my colleague Barbara Finamore discussed here). And they previously announced that they would have non-fossil fuels account for 15% of their primary energy consumption by 2020 and increase forest cover by 40 million hectares by 2020 (as I previously discussed).
Brazil has pledged to cut their deforestation rate by 80% from historic rates by 2020 (as I discussed here). They have been making pretty good progress on addressing their deforestation rates over the past couple of years (as you can see here). Brazil has also just announced that it will reduce emissions by 36-39% in 2020 below the projected level (as released here by the Brazilian government)-a level estimated to cut their emissions to their levels in 1994.
India has just announced that they are "voluntarily ready to reduce emission intensity by 20-25 per cent [below 2005 levels] within 2020" (as reported here). This target is based upon a new estimate of the impact of a number of measures which are part of a comprehensive National Action Plan on Climate Change, where they outlined commitments to national mitigation actions, including plans to generate 20GW of solar capacity by 2020 and cut energy consumption by 5% by 2015 (as you can see in this NRDC fact sheet).
Indonesia has announced that they were devising an energy policy including land use and forestry which will reduce emissions by 26 percent by 2020 from business as usual levels, eventually reducing emissions by as much as 41 percent with help from the international community (as I discussed here).
South Korea announced that they would cut their economy-wide global warming pollution to 30 percent below the projected 2020 levels — an estimated 4 percent cut from 2005 levels (as I discussed here).
Mexico is developing an emissions trading system to cut emissions from the electricity, oil, cement, and possibly steel sectors. In addition, President Calderon has committed to cut Mexico's emissions by 50% in 2050 (as I discussed here). Stay tuned as it wouldn't surprise me if Mexico firmed up that commitment in Copenahagen.
Copenhagen has been a driver for developing countries to bring forward commitments to action. These major emerging economies combined with the developed countries that are taking action (as I discussed in Part 2) account for over 80% of the world's global warming pollution. So all the major emitters have now signaled efforts that they'll take to curb their global warming pollution.
If you would have asked anyone just 2 years ago (or even 1 year ago), I wager that no one would have told you that all these countries would have come forward with such signs of actions. So Copenhagen has been an important driver in encouraging major emerging economies to bring forward commitments to curb their global warming pollution.
Hopefully this progress will get solidified in the international agreement in some manner (as I'll discuss in Part 6) and then next year we can focus on firming up these commitments and translating them into the final international agreement.
But either way, these are very positive signs that less global warming pollution will be going into the atmosphere from these key countries. I'm optimistic that more can be done, but let's not lose focus on the progress that has occurred on this front.


Fonts as scalable vector graphics - blog.
How can you deal with one of the bigger problems in client development; the increasing fragmentation that is a result of multiple size, resolution and pixel density in the displays today? Consider the various sizes and resolutions on platforms like iPhone, iPad, Android phones and tablets, Windows Phone, Windows 8. You may think that the web is the solution, but just consider a retina class laptops and tablets. One suggestion from a major company is detecting the density and provide multiple graphics files! Just imagine the increasing bandwidth or increasing app file size.
A way forward is to use vector graphics and font file as a way to collect and handle the vectors turns out to be an excellent solution. This way you have one simple way to install the graphics, select the image and also a way to scale to what ever size you need, regardless of target platform!
So with these advantages how do you go about and create a fonts file with your own vector graphics? First off, you need the graphic, there are a number of sources on the net with this already or you can use Illustrator or other vector art tool. Get rid of color data and try working with black and white only. The end result should be a SVG file for each graphical element you want to use as a 'character' in your device.
With all this elements you have to create your open type font. There are either desktop font tools or you can use web services for this step. We often use the IcoMoon service. for creation the font files, get to the App section. Here you can import the SVG and then select and generate a font file.
When you are done generating the font you will have a zip file with a TTF, EOT and also fallback code handling web pages, so it's an excellent service. Now we have all the assets needed.
There is even an option to have the font Base64 encoded and added to the CSS itself and the ability to move the glyph around to correspond to different letters. You can even generate PNG files to use as a ultimate fallback if all other fail and the user have a really old browser.
For Windows 8 and Windows Phone you can look in to the post about Using custom OTF fonts in Windows 8 XAML. For Android, look at the article about Custom Typeface in Android. The same method can of course be used in iOS.
With this done you have manage to cut down the size and handling of graphics files quite a bit and you are also ready to take on any resolution screen they throw at you.


text:
import { createAction, handleActions } from 'redux-actions';

import { createTypes, createAsyncTypes } from '../../utils/createTypes';
import { createSettingsSagas } from './settings-sagas';
import { createUpdateMyEmailSaga } from './update-email-saga';

const ns = 'settings';

const defaultFetchState = {
  pending: false,
  complete: false,
  errored: false,
  error: null
};

const initialState = {
  usernameValidation: {
    isValidUsername: false,
    fetchState: { ...defaultFetchState }
  }
};

export const types = createTypes(
  [
    ...createAsyncTypes('validateUsername'),
    ...createAsyncTypes('submitNewAbout'),
    ...createAsyncTypes('submitNewUsername'),
    ...createAsyncTypes('updateMyEmail'),
    ...createAsyncTypes('updateUserFlag'),
    ...createAsyncTypes('submitProfileUI'),
    ...createAsyncTypes('verifyCert')
  ],
  ns
);

export const sagas = [
  ...createSettingsSagas(types),
  ...createUpdateMyEmailSaga(types)
];

const checkForSuccessPayload = ({ type, payload }) =>
  type === 'success' ? payload : null;

export const submitNewAbout = createAction(types.submitNewAbout);
export const submitNewAboutComplete = createAction(
  types.submitNewAboutComplete,
  checkForSuccessPayload
);
export const submitNewAboutError = createAction(types.submitNewAboutError);

export const submitNewUsername = createAction(types.submitNewUsername);
export const submitNewUsernameComplete = createAction(
  types.submitNewUsernameComplete,
  ({ type, username }) => (type === 'success' ? username : null)
);
export const submitNewUsernameError = createAction(
  types.submitNewUsernameError
);

export const submitProfileUI = createAction(types.submitProfileUI);
export const submitProfileUIComplete = createAction(
  types.submitProfileUIComplete,
  checkForSuccessPayload
);
export const submitProfileUIError = createAction(types.submitProfileUIError);

export const updateMyEmail = createAction(types.updateMyEmail);
export const updateMyEmailComplete = createAction(types.updateMyEmailComplete);
export const updateMyEmailError = createAction(types.updateMyEmailError);

export const updateUserFlag = createAction(types.updateUserFlag);
export const updateUserFlagComplete = createAction(
  types.updateUserFlagComplete,
  checkForSuccessPayload
);
export const updateUserFlagError = createAction(types.updateUserFlagError);

export const validateUsername = createAction(types.validateUsername);
export const validateUsernameComplete = createAction(
  types.validateUsernameComplete
);
export const validateUsernameError = createAction(types.validateUsernameError);

export const verifyCert = createAction(types.verifyCert);
export const verifyCertComplete = createAction(
  types.verifyCertComplete,
  checkForSuccessPayload
);
export const verifyCertError = createAction(types.verifyCertError);

export const usernameValidationSelector = state => state[ns].usernameValidation;

export const reducer = handleActions(
  {
    [types.submitNewUsernameComplete]: state => ({
      ...state,
      usernameValidation: { ...initialState.usernameValidation }
    }),
    [types.validateUsername]: state => ({
      ...state,
      usernameValidation: {
        ...state.usernameValidation,
        isValidUsername: false,
        fetchState: { ...defaultFetchState, pending: true }
      }
    }),
    [types.validateUsernameComplete]: (state, { payload }) => ({
      ...state,
      usernameValidation: {
        ...state.usernameValidation,
        isValidUsername: !payload,
        fetchState: { ...defaultFetchState, pending: false, complete: true }
      }
    })
  },
  initialState
);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Grönhättad eremomela (Eremomela scotops) är en fågel i familjen cistikolor inom ordningen tättingar.

Utseende och läte
Grönhättad eremomela är en rätt liten och vacker sångarlik fågel. På rygg och hjässa är den olivgrön, bröstet är vitaktigt och buken varierar geografiskt från vitaktig till gul. Den skiljer sig från andra eremomelor genom den olivgröna hjässan. Bland lätena hörs serier med låga visslingar och grova "brrit", ibland avgivna upprört av en hel grupp fåglar.

Utbredning och systematik
Grönhättad eremomela delas in i fem underarter med följande utbredning:
 Eremomela scotops pulchra (inklusive extrema) – Angola, Kongo-Kinshasa, Zambia, västra Malawi, nordöstra Namibia och norra Botswana
 Eremomela scotops congensis – sydöstra Gabon till Kongo-Brazzaville, nordvästra Kongo-Kinshasa och norra Angola
 Eremomela scotops citriniceps – Uganda till västra Kenya och västra Tanzania
 Eremomela scotops kikuyuensis – högländerna i centrala Kenya
 Eremomela scotops scotops (inklusive occipitalis och chlorochlamys) – förekommer i östra Kenya till Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, östra Botswana, Moçambique, nordöstra Sydafrika (Limpopo söderut till norra KwaZulu-Natal) och norra Swaziland

Familjetillhörighet
Cistikolorna behandlades tidigare som en del av den stora familjen sångare (Sylviidae). Genetiska studier har dock visat att sångarna inte är varandras närmaste släktingar. Istället är de en del av en klad som även omfattar timalior, lärkor, bulbyler, stjärtmesar och svalor. Idag delas därför Sylviidae upp i ett antal familjer, däribland Cisticolidae.

Levnadssätt
Grönhättad eremomela hittas i öppna lövskogar och fuktig savann. Den är en aktiv och rastlös fågel som vanligen ses i små flockar, ofta tillsammans med andra fågelarter.

Status
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och beståndet anses stabilt. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN listar den därför som livskraftig (LC).

Namn
Släktesnamnet Eremomela som också återspeglas i fåglarnas trivialnamn betyder "ökensång", efter grekiska eremos för "öken" och melos, "sång" eller "melodi".

Noter

Externa länkar

 Läten på xeno-canto.org

Cistikolor
Fåglar i etiopiska regionen


Come build your new home in Adobe Falls Subdivision Filing TWO. Ranch Style only. approx 1/3 ac lot, Ute Water, City of Fruita - sewer, XCEL gas & electric, all services to lot, tap fees not included. Close to the Adobe Falls Park.


text:
$(document).ready(function() {

    // On récupère la balise
 en question qui contient l'attribut « data-prototype » qui nous intéresse.
    var $containerStep = $('div#appbundle_project_steps');

    // On ajoute un lien pour ajouter une nouvelle étape
    var $addLinkStep = $('ajouter une étape');
    $containerStep.append($addLinkStep);

    // On ajoute un nouveau champ à chaque clic sur le lien d'ajout.
    $addLinkStep.click(function(e) {
        addStep($containerStep);
        e.preventDefault(); // évite qu'un # apparaisse dans l'URL
        return false;
    });

    // On définit un compteur unique pour nommer les champs qu'on va ajouter dynamiquement
    var indexStep = $containerStep.find(':input').length;

    // Pour chaque catégorie déjà existante, on ajoute un lien de suppression
    $containerStep.children('div').each(function() {
        addDeleteLinkStep($(this));
    });

    // La fonction qui ajoute un formulaire Step
    function addStep($container) {
        // Dans le contenu de l'attribut « data-prototype », on remplace :
        // - le texte "__name__label__" qu'il contient par le label du champ
        // - le texte "__name__" qu'il contient par le numéro du champ
        var $prototype = $($containerStep.attr('data-prototype').replace(/__name__label__/g, 'Etape n°' + (indexStep+1))
        .replace(/__name__/g, indexStep));
        // On ajoute au prototype un lien pour pouvoir supprimer la catégorie
        addDeleteLinkStep($prototype);
        // On ajoute le prototype modifié à la fin de la balise

        $containerStep.append($prototype);
        // Enfin, on incrémente le compteur pour que le prochain ajout se fasse avec un autre numéro
        indexStep++;
    }

    // La fonction qui ajoute un lien de suppression d'une étape
    function addDeleteLinkStep($prototype) {
        // Création du lien
        $deleteLinkStep = $('supprimer

');
        // Ajout du lien
        $prototype.append($deleteLinkStep);
        // Ajout du listener sur le clic du lien
        $deleteLinkStep.click(function(e) {
            $prototype.remove();
            e.preventDefault(); // évite qu'un # apparaisse dans l'URL
            return false;
        });
    }

});


text:
Q: parent and set localpositions and rotation from gameobjects to a specific local location What i'm trying to do is, i have a player say a lion, and there are enemies, other animals.
What i want is the player to grab the enemy when they die and put the neck in his mouth, so he can take them with him.
All enemy animals have a localposition for the neck but they are all different.
What i have is this:
    Enemy1.SetParent(DragMouth.transform);
    Enemy1.gameObject.transform.position = Enemy1.GetComponentInChildren<Neck>().transform.TransformPoint(0,0,0);
    Enemy1.localRotation = Quaternion.identity;

This kinda works but because all animals have different positions it doesn't work good.
What would be the correct way to set the neck of the enemies to the "Dragmouth" position?
I'm using unity btw.

A: You can add a script to the animals that knows the offset from their own position to the position of their neck. Then when the enemy tries to grab the target you just substract that offset to the base mouth position to keep them in the correct position.
So something like (NOTE The example code will only work without rotation adjustments, you'll have to do some more calculations to make it work with rotations :)):
public class Lion : Monobehaviour
{
    public Vector3 offsetToMouth
    {
        get {
            return mouthObject.localPosition;
        }
    }

    //Make a child object that is on the mouth position
    //Reference to this object through unity inspector
    public Transform mouthObject;

    //The target that is currently in lions mouth
    private Target currentTarget;

    void Update()
    {
        var mouthPosition = transform.position + offsetToMouth;
        var newPosition = mouthPosition - currentTarget.offsetToNeck;
        currentTarget.gameObject.transform.position = newPosition;
    }
}

public class Target : Monobehaviour
{
    public Vector3 offsetToNeck
    {
        get {
            return neckObject.localPosition;
        }
    }

    //Make a child object that is on the neck position
    //Reference to this object through unity inspector
    public Transform neckObject;
}


text:
sitem-insel
Empa: Partner of the "sitem-insel" Competence Center
Closer to the patient
Oct 24, 2019 | CORNELIA ZOGG
The first national competence center for translational medicine and entrepreneurship has opened in Bern. As a hub for research and innovation, "sitem-insel" is home to several start-ups, companies and scientists. These include an Empa research team whose projects aim to bring medical innovations from the laboratory directly to patients more quickly.
"sitem-insel" offers new synergies to start-ups, companies and research institutions in the field of medi-cine. Picture: sitem-insel
"sitem-insel" is a high-tech building. Walls made of glass and open meeting zones promote togetherness and the exchange of all partners who have rented a space there since the opening at the end of August. As a unique competence center" sitem-insel" supports the transition from research results or prototypes in the medical field to marketable products. The University Hospital of Bern in the immediate vicinity plays a key role in this and offers optimum conditions for an Empa research team to advance its projects as closely as possible to patients and using the latest technologies. "sitem-insel is for us a unique platform with a unique exchange function," says Alex Dommann, head of Empa's Materials meet Life department. Researchers receive samples directly from the hospital, can prepare them in the modern laboratories of "sitem-insel" and then forward them to the Empa sites in St. Gallen, Dübendorf and Thun. And where a path leads to, there is also a path back. Sooner or later, research at Empa will find its way back to the patient's bed.
The modern building of the "sitem-insel" captivates with open rooms and lots of glass. It was opened on 30 August 2019. Picture: sitem-insel
Several projects planned
Meanwhile, Empa researchers are planning several projects on "sitem-insel" - all in collaboration with the University of Bern or the Inselspital itself. Antonia Neels from the Center for X-Ray Analytics analyses defects in distant cochlear implants. Giuseppino Fortunato from the lab "Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles" is working with the Inselspital on an improved hernia network with antibacterial effects. In collaboration with the University of Bern, Jakob Schwiedrzik and Johann Michler from the lab "Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures" are developing improved clinical predictions for fracture risks. Hans Hug from the lab "Magnetic and Functional Thin Films" is also working on cochlear implants, but not on the implant itself; he is rather researching ways of optimising the drill needed to insert the implant. All these projects benefit enormously from the immediate proximity of the Inselspital, and the premises of the new and modern building provide space for the necessary exchange.
Prof. Dr. Alex Dommann
Materials meet Life
Cornelia Zogg
Website of sitem-insel
Why do bones fail?


text:
Home Music Hip Hop Tattum Up – Ugly (Official Music Video)
Filmed by: TL Visuals
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/shotbytl/
Produced by: Anthony
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/anthony_420xx/
Mixed & Mastered by: Sinatra
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mixedbysinatra/
Stream "Ugly" on Spotify:
Link: https://open.spotify.com/track/2AORklSXdLBUT6YhwZIFG0?si=79332326467f4ce6
Connect with Tattum Up
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tatt_um_up/
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgW60vCJI4d88ARe-tmls4w
Need Promotion? Contact Us Today!
Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/LatinBeastTV
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text:
Q: Receive JSON object in index php, process JSON info on page and send back JSON response. How to go about it? I am in a situation where a website will redirect the user back to our site (on index.php) and send a JSON request. I will parse the JSON request and process it accordingly and then post back a JSON response.
I am using this code to take the JSON input request in my index.php:
$data_back = json_decode(file_get_contents('php://input'));
//process $data_back
// create json response
$response = array("RESPONSE_CODE"=>"0","RESPONSE_DESCRIPTION"=>"OK","PAYMENT_ID"=>"XYZ");
// set header as json
header("Content-type: application/json");
// send response
echo json_encode($response);

However, by using the echo, the content gets displayed on the main page (index.php). If I don't use echo then the response is not sent back to the other site that sent the request and neither am I able to receive the data in the input stream.
I am trying to simulate the other site with the following code:
//set POST variables address and json string
    $url = 'http://XYZ.com/MYSITE/index.php';
    $fields = array("CARD_NUMBER"=>"123","CUSTOMER_NAME"=>"ABC","RECEIVED_AMOUNT"=>"5000","REQUEST_TYPE"=>"PAYMENT_RECEIVED");

    //url-ify the data for the JSON POST
    $fields_string = json_encode($fields);

    //open connection
    $ch = curl_init();

    //set the url, number of POST vars, POST data
    curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_URL,$url);
    curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POST,count($fields));
    curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS,$fields_string);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER , 1);

    //execute post
    $jsonResult = curl_exec($ch);

    //close connection
    curl_close($ch);

    $results = json_decode($jsonResult, true);

I don't know how to approach this. Please guide me on can I process the JSON on my index.php and send back the response as well. I am new to JSON.

A: Just Tested your script and it works fine ... they are 2 possible reasons
A. Invalid URL
B. Failed Curl Request
Put the on top of your script
error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors','On');

and also use this to caputure curl error
if(curl_exec($ch) === false)
{
    echo 'Curl error: ' . curl_error($ch);
}


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All of the MBW systems are for rubber boots and other footwear without laces.
MBW boot washers are easy to install, and fit into tight spaces where other washers won't go. Components can be removed for easy-access cleaning. Each system is available with a variety of options to customize for specific applications.
Meritech's complete line of SQF Standards hand and boot washing systems offer the most cost-effective and compliant automated hand and boot sanitizing technology in the market. Meritech assists companies in addressing infectious workplace pathogens in the most demanding workplace environments. Back by extensive science and research, Meritech offers innovative washing systems that ensure the elimination of the harmful germs that can jeopardize the health and safety of the general public.