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Manisha Sen - 2022-01-17
Manisha Sen - 2022-01-17 0
Mumbai: Mumbai on Monday continued to register steady decline in its fresh Covid-19 tally with 5,956 new cases being reported in the last 24...
Thiruvananthapuram, Jan 17 (PTI) The number of daily COVID-19 cases continued to rise sharply in Kerala with the state reporting 22,946 fresh infections on...
New Delhi, Jan 17 (PTI) Delhi reported 12,527 fresh COVID-19 cases and 24 more deaths due to the viral disease on Monday, while the...
Madhepura (Bihar) , January 17 (ANI): The 84-year-old man from Bihar, who was booked for taking 11 doses of COVID-19 vaccine, has been given...
Ila Choudhary - 2022-01-01 0
New Delhi, January 1 (PTI): Punjab National Bank on Saturday said Atul Kumar Goel has taken charge as an 'officer on special duty, before...
New Delhi, Dec 29 (PTI) Ahead of the upcoming elections, Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary Durga Shankar Mishra was on Wednesday repatriated to his...
West Bengal decides to do away with RMO post, appoint doctors as assistant professors instead
BENGALURU, Jan 10 (Reuters) - Higher telecommunications charges, along with a comparatively low base one year ago, likely drove Indian retail inflation to a...
ATM service charges increase, to cost Rs 21 per transaction from today
Jan 13 (Reuters) - AstraZeneca said on Thursday that preliminary data from a trial showed that its COVID-19 shot, Vaxzevria, generated an increase in...
New Delhi, Jan 7 (PTI) The Supreme Court on Friday, in an interim order, allowed resumption of medical counselling for NEET-PG admissions for the...
New Delhi , January 4 (ANI): Aam Aadmi Party leader and Delhi Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia on Tuesday urged Union Home Minister Amit...
Mumbai, Sep 28 (PTI) The Maharashtra government has decided to provide jobs on compassionate ground to eligible family members of class A and B...
Katihar (Bihar) , September 25 (ANI): Celebrations are going on at Union Public Service Commission's (UPSC) topper Shubham Kumar's residence in Bihar's Katihar after...
NEW DELHI (AP) — Youth members of India's main opposition Congress party clashed with police during a street protest Friday demanding jobs as the...
New Delhi, Oct 1 (PTI) The Supreme Court on Friday held nine Tamil Nadu officers guilty of contempt of court for not implementing its...
Salaries & Pensions


The following four factors help explain what has caused this sustained rise in the price of commodity electricity.
Over the last three years 15% of all coal-fired power stations in the National Electricity Market (NEM) has either closed or is about to close with the most recent example being the 1,600MW Hazelwood power station in Victoria. Such a large reduction in supply also means upward pressure on price.
The large number of coal-fired plants closing has opened the way for gas-fired generation to step in during peak times. With the price of gas-fired generators having increased from around $3/GJ in the early years of this decade to above $9/GJ today, the flow-on impact to electricity prices is substantial.
Total electricity consumption in the NEM fell by almost 8% between 2009/10 and 2014/15 with this contributing to the rapid accumulation of excess capacity in the generation sector. More recently this demand reduction has abated and demand is now flat in all NEM states other than Queensland where it has continued to grow mostly due to appetite in the 100s of MW from the new LNG processing plants in Gladstone. Where the expectation has been for continuing falling demand, demand that is seen to be growing – or at least not falling – puts upwards pressure on price expectations.
Despite the onward march of rooftop solar, renewable generation has not come on as fast as was expected. Currently there is barely enough renewable generation to meet the government's target this year and with the target increasing annually until the end of the decade we are expecting renewable generation to be insufficient at least until then. Part of the reason for this shortage of renewable generation goes back to before the Rudd/Abbot election when there was considerable speculation that an incoming Liberal government would freeze or substantially wind back the scheme. This uncertainty went on for around two years during which time new projects were delayed and the renewables sector is still struggling to make up for this hiatus in the project pipeline. Less generation from renewables means more available market for the fossil generators.
In addition to these long standing influences there are also some shorter term factors that may be influencing the price. In particular, the market may be concerned that the price of gas for power generation could increase beyond even its current elevated level over the forthcoming winter. One of the major uses of gas is for residential space heating with this source of demand being particularly strong in Victoria where residential gas infrastructure is most developed. Any further increase in the gas price would knock on into electricity pricing.
Energy Action's view on prices is that, whilst we do not make judgements of where the price may go in the future, we expect the forces that have delivered the increases seen over the last two years to continue into the current year. In particular, we consider that, whilst it is entirely possible that the prices may come down slightly at some point, we do not see a collapse in prices to anywhere near the levels last seen in 2014 any time soon or potentially ever. There is a real possibility that prices could remain at around their current levels or continue to increase over the next 12 months and customers should take this into consideration when procuring their next electricity contract.


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Boeing Finalizing 737 MAX Software Upgrades After Deadly Ethiopia Crash - Report
The US-based manufacturer said that its Manoeuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) - a feature installed on its 737 MAX series of passenger aircraft to prevent stalls, low-speed, and nose-up flight - is in the final stages of being updating, AFP Reported Sunday.
US, Japan to Develop New Aegis Radar to Counter Chinese, Russian Missiles
The new radar is reported to provide 360-degree coverage for US missile defense systems, with no blind spots.
Boeing 737 MAX Shock: Pilots REVEALED to Have Learned How to Fly Plane on iPad
Two major accidents in less than five months, which killed a total of 346 people, raised concerns about the safety of Boeing's brand-new 737 MAX aircraft. It emerged that pilots did not practice flying these planes in simulators, because the company and authorities deemed it unnecessary.
Google Denies Trump Accusations of Working With Chinese Military
The US president and top defence officials have alleged that the Chinese military benefits from the work that Google is doing in China. Last year, Trump unleashed a large-scale trade war against Beijing, partly due to the alleged theft of US intellectual property.
Run Intended? Joe Biden 'Accidentally' Announces 2020 Presidential Bid
American journalist Michael Kinsley once famously wrote, "A gaffe is when a politician tells the truth, some obvious truth he isn't supposed to say" — and it appears that former Vice President Joe Biden has just had one.
'No One Will Ever Love You': Meghan McCain Rips Into Trump Over Russiagate Tweet
Republican senator John McCain, who passed away last August, was one of the most vocal critics of Donald Trump, his condemnation of the real estate billionaire started shortly after launched his presidential bid.
Trump Accuses Google of Helping Chinese Military
WASHINGTON (Sputnik) - US President Donald Trump has accused the US-based tech giant Google of helping the Chinese military by conducting business in the Asian country.
Hundreds of Protesters Rally in Support of Maduro in DC (PHOTO, VIDEO)
The protesters are demanding that the US put an end to its involvement in Venezuelan internal affairs, lift the sanctions it imposed and rule out the possibility of military intervention in the country.
Facebook Says Removed 1.5 Million Videos of NZ Mosque Shooting in First 24 Hours
The US-based social media giant said Saturday it had also removed all edited versions of the Friday's Christchurch massacre that do not show "graphic content".
US Navy Veteran Sentenced to 10 Years Term in Iran - Report
A US Navy veteran is accused of insulting Iran's Supreme Leader and posting private photos online. Earlier reports indicated he faced security charges.
Donald Trump Jr. Defends Chelsea Clinton Over New York University Video
The two children of rival candidates ended up in an unlikely alliance following Friday's shooting massacre in New Zealand.
Is It Great Yet?: Trump Trade Wars Ding US Economy $7.8 Bln, No End in Sight
Recent trade wars at the hands of US President Donald Trump against other countries have resulted in a GDP loss of $7.8 billion for the American economy, according to a recent study published by economists.
'Play Along With the Game': Trump Backs Call to Make Mueller Report Public
US President Donald Trump, who has repeatedly blasted FBI Special Counselor Robert Mueller's ongoing investigation, appears to be absolutely confident of the outcome.
Steam Removes Over 100 Accounts Praising New Zealand Mosque Shooter
In an unusual move for a gaming platform which has previously refrained from moderating its community, video game developer Valve has removed accounts promoting hate speech in relation to a church massacre in New Zealand on Friday.
White Supremacist Terrorism 'Propagated Online' Rises in the US
The United States has seen a steady rise in hate crimes and associated acts of terrorism at the hands of white supremacist and neo-Nazi groups over the past decade.
Brexit: what's next?
UK will leave on October, 31 with a deal
10.0% (1454)
UK will leave without a deal
Brexit will be delayed
Voted: 14492

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on a combination of Direct Instruction (DI), self-regulation strategies, and computer-assisted writing instruction for high school students with learning disabilities (LD). Five students with LD participated in the study. A multiple baseline research design across students with ABC phases was used. During the baseline, the participants were required to free write 3 to 4 stories based on a topic. During the intervention, the combined strategies were taught, and students were guided to practice in developing their own stories. After two weeks, they were required to complete 2 stories to evaluate their maintenance. Results showed that their story length, correct words, complete sentences, as well as quality of writing were increased comparing to that of the baseline.
Lindsey, William, "Teaching expressive writing to high school students with learning disabilities using direct instruction, self-regulation, and computer-assisted instruction" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 521.


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Home » important » Kushner: We are not leaving Washington, D.C.
Kushner: We are not leaving Washington, D.C.
in important, News, Politics, Regions, US November 26, 2017 , 08:11	Comments Off on Kushner: We are not leaving Washington, D.C. 325 Views
President Trump's son-in-law and senior White House adviser Jared Kushner said in an interview published Saturday that he and first daughter Ivanka Trump will stay in Washington, D.C.
"We're here to stay," Kushner told The Washington Post. "At the current moment, we're charging forward."
Kushner went on to say it was "a good sign" that Ivanka Trump had asked him if the family should look at new houses.
The family, which hails from New York City, had originally agreed to reassess after the first six months of the administration whether they would stay in Washington, according to the Post.
Kushner's publicized comments come as The New York Times reported Saturday that White House chief of staff John Kelly discussed the possibility of Trump's eldest daughter and son-in-law departing the White House by the end of 2017, which Kelly disputed.
"There was honestly never a time when I contemplated getting rid of Jared and Ivanka," Kelly told the Times.
Kelly has reportedly limited the couple's access to the president since becoming chief of staff, having them go through him first.
Kushner has become a major subject of the continuing federal and congressional probes into alleged collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia's election meddling.
Special counsel Robert Mueller is reportedly looking into Kushner's past contact with foreign officials as part of the probe.
Kushner participated in two meetings with Russians in the month prior to Trump's inauguration — one with former Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak and another with Sergey Gorkov, the chairman of a state-owned Russian bank.
Kushner, alongside Donald Trump Jr. and former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort, among others, also attended a meeting during the 2016 election at Trump Tower with a Russian lawyer who had promised damaging information on then-Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton.
Kushner has maintained he did not participate in any wrongdoing or have any improper communications with Russia during the 2016 election.
Donald Trump Ivanka Trump Jared Kushner Trump's son-in-law U.S. Washington D.C.	2017-11-26
Chalotte Albert
Tagged with: Donald Trump Ivanka Trump Jared Kushner Trump's son-in-law U.S. Washington D.C.
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FeaturedListen
In the beginning, there were DJs that set this culture on its path. Herc, Bambaataa and Flash have come to be known as the Holy Trinity. From them spawned numerous other DJs who would go on to further the style and techniques that they created. While many were from NYC there was one from Philadelphia, PA who would turn the DJ world on its ear. Jerome Hewlett aka DJ Cash Money had caught the DJ bug around '81 making a lot of noise throughout Philly and even making it to records by '85. But it wasn't until 1987 that his sound truly escaped Philly landing him a deal on Sleeping Bag Records with his MC Marvelous. The duo rivaled another group out of Philly who were a DJ/MC combination called DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. Cash and Jeff were actually down together, practicing routines and doing parties back in Philly. Both were mentored by Grand Wizard Rasheen and both share credit in perfecting the infamous "Transformer Scratch" which in its original form can be traced back to Philly DJ Spinbad. However, it was the New Music Seminar (1987) and DMC (1988) DJ battles that made Cash a household name amongst DJs. What Flash and them had done to inspire Cash, he had just done the same to inspire everyone who came after him, winning both titles.
After Marvelous left the music business Cash continued on DJing putting out some ill mixtapes and even started doing the production. For a while in the early '90s, he was touring with P.M. Dawn and when that ran it's course he continued on touring the world, rocking parties by himself. As the scene changed and labels became a thing of the past, Cash found himself getting frustrated dealing with janky promoters. So much so that in 2017 he actually retired. But like most talented people who try to leave the game, it kept calling him back. Fast forward a couple of years and Cash is back at it with a new project. Cash teamed up with Street Orchestra to produce an instrumental album called "Street Ca$h". Funky beats that you can rock a party with or even use in a battle. You can grab the album here.
And he's not stopping there. Whether showcasing at a DMC event or spinning for Russel Peters on tour, Cash is back on the wheels right where he should be and we should all feel a little better knowing that DJ culture is safe. Until the next time he retires.
Related tags : DJ Cash MoneyDJ EclipseThe Hollywood Shuffle DJ Feature
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Arma 4: Release Date & More Updates 2022
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Is Arma 4 Confirmed?
Release Date for Arma 4
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Is there any Trailer for Arma 4?
When will Arma 4 be available to the public?
Is Arma 4 Available for the PlayStation 5 Yet?
Is Arma Reforger a Game That Can Be Played on the Xbox?
Is it possible to download Arma Reforger for free?
Is Arma now available on the Playstation?
Date for the release of Arma 4: Arma 3 currently has 14 downloadable content packs, and two more are on the way. These downloadable content packs augment the gameplay of the standard infantry unit with a variety of tanks, planes, helicopters, trucks, cars, weapons, and other items from the battlefield.
Alterations to Season 3 may add dozens or even hundreds of hours of playtime.
Arma 3 is an older video game that can be played on computers and consoles. People are curious about when Arma 4, which will be available on PC and consoles, will be released because the game from 2013 is now eight years old.
We are huge Arma fans, and despite the fact that we aren't particularly good at the game, we are eagerly awaiting the release date, trailers, and any other information that we can find out about it.
Arma 4 is unquestionably on its way. However, there is no official word on when Arma 4 will be available to the public. The Armed Assault series, which was developed by Bohemia Interactive and is currently known as "Arma" rather than "Armed Assault," has been recognized for a significant amount of time as being the most effective multiplayer military simulation (mil-sim) shooter.
Arma 3 has been available for almost a decade. The release of a new Arma game by Bohemia Interactive is something that fans of the series can't wait for.
Bohemia Interactive has inadvertently revealed what the game's engine looks like, despite the fact that the game has not yet been made available to the public.
It's understandable that the latest news and updates have piqued your interest, however, there are currently no plans to reveal the official release date for Arma 4 anytime soon.
Since 2009, I have been participating in the Arma video game series. When Bohemia Interactive announced the release of Arma 3, it seemed to come out of nowhere. The Arma 2 DayZ mod was the first place I encountered it in-game. There were a few people that put it in the worldwide chat. I immediately looked to see whether there was any steam, and sure enough, there was.
It's possible that the same thing may occur in Arma 4, or at least that's what I anticipate will take place.
When it was first released in 2013, Arma 3 was in a very poor state. Due to the fact that it was still in early access, there were several issues and flaws. However, BI continued to update the game with new components as well as other modifications.
Because of its fantastic community, which is unlike that of any other video game, Arma has been running strong for many years.
At this time, there are no trailers available for the game Arma 4.
We are monitoring every channel that is associated with Bohemia and Arma for any fresh information, rumors, or leaks so that we may remain up to date. Any and all concrete details will be provided as quickly as is humanly practicable.
The Enfusion game engine will be used for Arma 4, and this has provided us with some insight into what to anticipate from the game.
There have been no announcements made, nor are there any plans for Arma 4 at this time.
Arma Reforger's release on either the PlayStation 4 or the PlayStation 5 has not yet been confirmed.
Arma Reforger Can Currently Be Played Through Early Access on Steam as well as Through Xbox Game Preview On Both Xbox One and Xbox 360.
Arma Reforger is not available for free play.
At This Point, It Would Appear That the Developer Has No Intentions to Support the Release of Arma on Either the PS4 or the PS5
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Арістофа́н (; близько 450 до н. е. — бл. 385 до н. е.) — великий давньогрецький поет, «батько комедії», найуславленіший представник давньогрецької комедії, для якої характерна гостра політична сатира. Єдиний комедіограф, чиї твори дійшли до нас не тільки у фрагментах.

Біографія

Обставини життя майже невідомі. Дати його народження і смерті встановлюються за вказівками, що містяться в його творах, а також за іншими джерелами. Арістофан народився, ймовірно, в Афінах, в епоху розквіту афінської демократії і був сучасником тривалої Пелопоннеської війни зі спартанцями (431 до н. е. — 404 до н. е.), коли в Афінах відбувалася запекла політична боротьба.

Він був сином Філіппа з філи Пандіони, з дема (округи) Кідатенайон (або Кідафін), південніше Акрополя. Батько Арістофана мав невелику земельну ділянку на сусідньому з Аттикою острові Егіні, тоді колонії Афін У пізньому джерелі його матір'ю названа Зенодора. Мав щонайменше двох синів, Філіппа й Арара, обидва стали комічними поетами. Іноді згадується ще один син, Нікострат або Філетр, також комедіограф, однак ми не знаємо, яке ім'я правильне, і часто припускають, що Арістофан мав четверо синів.

В античності заперечували афінське походження Арістофана. Деякі автори стверджували, що він народився в маєтку батька на острові Егіні або на Родосі, або навіть у Єгипті. Втім збережені написи свідчать про те, що Арістофан був повноправним громадянином Афін. Всі звинувачення в чужоземному походженні варто вважати або жартом, або зловмисним наклепом, що походив, цілком ймовірно, від політика Клеона, головного ворога Арістофана. Хоч би де Арістофан народився, значну частину свого життя провів в Афінах: він чудово знав і щоденну політичну ситуацію, і всі міські чутки про відомих суспільних діячів, і правила судової процедури, і побут своїх співгромадян. Арістофан не був аристократом, але у молодості був діяльним членом аристократичних клубів (так званих, гетерій), що готували олігархічний переворот, і отже співчував ідеології земельної аристократії. Творчість Арістофана припала на часи, коли афінська демократія переживала глибоку кризу і в Афінах загострилася соціально-політична боротьба. Арістофан брав найактивнішу участь у цій боротьбі. Він сміливо й уїдливо висміював правлячі кола афінської держави, їхню внутрішню й агресивну зовнішню політику, що призвела до згубної Пелопоннеської війни. Війну Арістофан вважав найбільшим соціальним лихом. Тема війни й миру посідає в його творах центральне місце.

Творчість
За античними відомостями, Арістофан написав сорок чотири комедії, авторство чотирьох з них спірне. З них збереглося 11 (крім того, майже тисяча фрагментів.): «Ахарняни» (425 до н. е.), «Вершники» (424), «Хмари» (423), «Оси» (422), «Мир» (421), «Птахи» (414), «Лісістрата» (412), «Жінки на святі Фесмофорій» (411), «Жаби» (405), «Жінки в народних зборах» (392), «Плутос» (338). Сюжети А. брав не з міфології, а створював сам, широко використовуючи казки, пісні, народні жарти, пародії. Його твори — це гротескне відтворення дійсності.

Комічними ситуаціями й прямими висловлюваннями хору Арістофан критикував афінських державних діячів, агітував за мир, зображував розклад суспільної моралі, глузував зі своїх літературних ворогів. Хор у комедіях Арістофана виступає у вигляді ос, жаб, птахів, навіть хмар. Грубий натуралізм Арістофана поєднується з патетичною лірикою, а комедійність доведена подекуди до буфонади. Проте твори Арістофана в основі своїй реалістичні і за змістом глибоко народні. Нестримно смілива своїм сатиричним характером, вільним і одвертим сміхом, комедія Арістована в історії літератури — неповторне явище.

Писати комедії Арістофан почав зовсім молодою людиною. Перша з них, «Бенкетуючі», до нас не дійшла. Відомо, що вона була поставлена в 427 до н. е., коли поетові було близько двадцяти років. Імовірно, через молодість Арістофана за автора виступив його друг Калістрат, як і під час постановки двох наступних, утрачених комедій «Вавилоняни» (426 до н. е.) і «Ахарняни» (425 до н. е.). За ними були поставлені «Вершники» (424 до н. е.), «Хмари» (423 до н. е.), «Оси» (422 до н. е.) і «Мир» (421 до н. е.). Останньою п'єсою завершився ранній період творчості поета. Для цих комедій характерна неприборкана політична сатира. У ряді комедій Арістофан нападає на демократію і жорстоко осміює демагогів з торговельного стано — її вождів, що лестять народу й обманюють його, переслідуючи лише свою вигоду.

Відкрите засудження політики демагога Клеона, який прагнув "Війни до переможного кінця" не зважаючи на її негативні наслідки для держави. Саме після прем'єри цієї комедії Арістофан був побитий глядачами "за образу вождя".

Першим з творів другого періоду, що дійшли до нас, більш стриманих й обережних, є «Птахи» (414 до н. е.), потім «Лісістрата» і «Жінки на святі Тесмофорій» (обидві 411 до н. е.). Нарешті, у 405 до н. е. були поставлені «Жаби».

У двох п'єсах третього періоду спостерігаються значні зміни, що свідчать про занепад древньої комедії і появу нових форм. У комедії «Жінки в Народних зборах» (бл 392 до н. е.) уже намічені риси так званої середньої комедії, а «Багатство» (388 до н. е.) — у повному смислі зразок цього жанру. Ця комедія і дві наступні, що не дійшли до нас «Аеолосікон» і «Кокал» (обидві 387 до н. е.), були, відповідно до легенди, подаровані Арістофаном синові Арару, щоб створити йому ім'я в театральних колах. У «Кокалі» вводяться сюжети зваблення дівчини і впізнання давно загубленої дитини, що незабаром стали неодмінними елементами нової аттичної комедії.

У комедіях Арістофан яскраво відобразив афінське життя V ст. до н. е., і в цьому їхнє побутове значення. Як комічний поет Арістофан не вніс яких-небудь нововведень у структуру і форму комедії, але, володіючи багатством фантазії й істинно аттичною дотепністю, він вміє розкривати свої ідеї в забавних, яскравих і оригінальних сценах; основна ідея в нього ніколи не силує розвитку дії, усе начебто в нього випадкове і імпровізоване, однак фабула, при всіх її варіаціях, завжди злита з основною тезою і слугує його поясненням. Дійові особи Арістофана — здебільшого типи відомих класів і груп; риси їхнього характеру часто перебільшені до шаржу, однак поряд з цим вони майстерно наділені і реальними рисами, як надзвичайно реальна і та обстановка, у котрій вони діють. Талант Арістофана виявляється й у «парабасах», інтермедіях, у яких поет звертається до публіки, і в сатиричних куплетах і задерикуватих пісеньках.

Мова комедій повсякденна, розмовна, міська аттична мова, заповнена каламбурами і влучними словами з жаргону, багата і дотепними сполученнями, і комічними словотворами; мова і віршовані розміри відрізняються жвавістю, швидкістю і гнучкістю. Усе це разом узяте робить комедії Арістофана видатним й у своєму роді єдиним пам'ятником світової літератури, тим більше, що інші представники грецької політичної комедії до нас не дійшли.

Твори, що дійшли до нас

 Ахарняни (425 до н. е.), присвячена критиці братовбивчої війни між Афінянами та Спартою (т. зв. Пелепонеської війни).
 Вершники (424 до н. е.), спрямована проти всемогутнього тоді в Афінах демагога Клеона, який прагнув «війни до переможного кінця» (після прем'єри саме цієї комедії глядачі побили Арістофана «за образу вождя»).
 Хмари (другий варіант, 423 до н. е.), комедія, що завоювала на міських Діонісіях друге місце. Об'єктом своєї сатири поет робить нову систему виховання та освіти юнацтва, втіленням якої стає видатний афінський мислитель-мораліст Сократ. Арістофан звинувачує його і софістів у тому, що вони заперечують традиційних богів і вигадують своїх, «нових» богів.
 Оси (422 до н. е.), спрямована проти афінської верхівки, котра присвоювала собі левову частку народних грошей, а старих людей примушувала заробляти на життя сидінням на судових засіданнях, від чого ті уподібнювалися осам, прагнучи посильніше «вжалити» підсудних (звідси назва твору).
 Мир (перший варіант, 421 до н. е.), про афінського землероба Трігея («Виноградаря»), котрий верхом на величезному жуку-гнойовику летить на Олімп, аби звільнити з ув'язнення богиню миру (по-грецьки «мир» — жіночого роду), що її сховав у підземеллі страшний бог війни — Полемос. На заклик Трігея хлібороби всієї Греції збираються з криками, лопатами та мотузками на Олімпі й своїми мозолястими руками витягують на світ довгоочікувану богиню миру.
 Птахи (414 до н. е.), утопічно-сатиричний твір, що відкриває приховані пружини афінської політики.
 Лісістрата (411 до н. е.) Тема миру в несподіваному художньому вирішенні постає в знаменітій комедії, де ініціаторками припинення війни є жінки, очолювані афінянкою Лісістратою.
 Жінки на святі Тесмофорій (перший варіант, 410 до н. е.)
 Жаби (405 до н. е.), остання комедія часів Пелопоннеської війни. Політична обстановка в Афінах була дуже напруженою. Поет зробив останню спробу переконати афінських громадян негайно припинити міжусобну війну й об'єднати свої зусилля у скрутні для вітчизни часи з метою повернення до нормального життя. Тому в комедії неодноразово звучать політичні висновки і поради.
 Жінки в Народних зборах (бл. 392 до н. е.), про фантастичну ситуацію, коли переодягнені чоловіками жінки захоплюють владу в народних зборах і переінакшують закони під свої інтереси, встановлюючи своєрідну «комуну» — спільність майна, дітей і чоловіків, але зазнають поразки.
 Плутос («Багатство», другий варіант, 380 до н. е.), фантастична ситуація, коли багатство (грецькою «Плутос» означає «багатство») чесних землеробів забезпечується одужанням бога Плутоса; піднято також гостре питання про роль рабства у забезпеченні безбідного життя афінян.

Датовані твори, що не збереглися
 Бенкетуючі (427 до н. е.)
 Вавилоняни (426 до н. е.)
 Селяни (424 до н. е.)
 Торгові кораблі (423 до н. е.)
 Хмари (перший варіант, 423 до н. е.)
 Проагон («Попереднє змагання»422 до н. е.)
 Амфіар (414 до н. е.)
 Плутос («Багатство», перший варіант, 408 до н. е.)
 Геритади (непевна, ймовірно 407 до н. е.)
 Кокал (387 до н. е.)
 Аеолосікон (second version, 386 до н. е.)

Недатовані п'єси, що не збереглися

 Аеолосікон (перший варіант)
 Анагир
 Жаровні
 Даідали' Данаїди
 Діоніс
 Кентавр
 Ніоба
 Герої
 Острови
 Лемнійські жінки
 Старість
 Мир (другий варіант)
 Фінікійські жінки
 Поезія
 Полід
 Пори року
 Лелеки
 Telemessians
 Triphales
 Жінки на святі Тесмофорій (другий варіант)
 Жінки на відпочинку

 Періодизація творчості Арістофана
Уцілілі об'єднуються в 3 групи, що відповідають трьом етапам його творчого шляху; кожному з них притаманні специфічні ідейні та художні особливості.
 Комедії першого періоду (425—421 рр. до н. е.) відрізняються найяскравішою політичною спрямованістю, об'єкт критики в них завжди визначений з максимальною точністю. Носієм публіцистично-викривального начала і хор, що активно виступає в пароді, парабасі й агоні; персонаж, що втілює соціальне зло, часто запозичує конкретні риси в реально існуючої особи, але наділяється узагальненими ознаками певного типу — «демагога» (Чинбар), «філософа» (Сократ), «посла», «судді» тощо Характеристика такого героя створюється переважно зовнішніми або максимально конкретними ознаками: від промов і підношень Пафлагонца пахне шкірою; «вознесений» в думках Сократ поміщається в кошику, що висить між небом і землею; «осина лють» стариків-судів передається звисаючим з їхніх поясів гострим жалом. Широко застосовується фольклорна за своїм походженням гіпербола, що відкриває шлях відвертого гротеску і шаржу.
 Комедії другого періоду (414—405 рр. до н. е.) відрізняються постановкою більш загальних питань і ослабленням персональної інвективи. Робиться спроба включити хорову парабасу в розвиток сюжету і підпорядкувати цій же меті епізодичні зчіпки в другій половині комедії — найуспішніше це втілено в «Лісістраті», де розв'язка настає лише в кінці п'єси, і гостра сюжетна ситуація тримає глядача в напрузі до останньої миті. Намічаються елементи індивідуалізації в сподвижниць Лісістрати, а в образі Ксанфа («Жаби») проступають риси раба не лише як певного соціального типу, а й конкретної людини.
 Тенденція до індивідуальної характерності і побутової конкретності персонажа отримує подальший розвиток в комедіях останнього, третього періоду '''(392—388 рр. до н. е.): найнаочнішим його свідченням є образ пронозливого і нахабнуватого раба Каріона в «Плутосі» — безсумнівному предтечі рабів ново аттичної (Менандр) і римської комедії (Плавт), а через них — і європейської комедії нового часу (Бомарше, Карпенко-Карий та ін.). Майже нівелюється партія хору: його функції зводяться до танцю в перервах між окремими епізодами, настільки мало пов'язані зі змістом комедії, що для них навіть не завжди пишеться спеціальний текст, а тільки відзначається момент вступу хору зі вставним номером.

 Політичні й соціальні погляди

В Арістофані звичайно убачають свідомого мораліста, послідовного прихильника миру і соціального реформатора. Хоча в античності комедію і сатиру вважали доброчинними для моральності, у випадку Арістофана, якщо звернутися до його творів, таке уявлення підтвердити важко. Безумовно помилиться той, хто буде вичитувати в його творах послідовну політичну алегорію. Арістофан був скоріше консерватором за духом, але навряд чи він схилявся на бік крайніх консерваторів, тих, хто вчинив переворот 411 до н. е. Поставлена в тому ж році комедія «Жінки на святі Тесмофорій» свідчить скоріше про зворотне. Опозиція Арістофана Пелопонеській війні і його мрії про мир зовсім не є доказом його пацифізму, а говорять усього лише про утому від війни, у чому з ним були згодні всі жителі Афін, крім корисливих вождів, яких Арістофан невпинно критикував. У його ненависті до Клеона більше особистої антипатії, ніж принципових мотивів.

Дві інші його мішені, Сократ та Евріпід, звичайно ставлять у приклад, ілюструючи протидію, що він надавав новаторству першого в області освіти, а другого — у трагічній поезії. Хоча це почасти вірно, така точка зору здається перебільшенням, і в будь-якому випадку питання, чи не так вже подобалося Арістофану все старе, залишається відкритим. Часом він зображує старше покоління як ідеальних героїв, але настільки ж часто ці люди з'являються в нього упертюхами і роззявами. Якщо судити по «Бенкету» Платона, Арістофан був приятелем Сократа. Оновлена трагедія Евріпіда безсумнівно давала чудовий матеріал для пародії, однак у «Жабах» Арістофан настільки ж майстерно пародіює свого улюбленого Есхіла. І узагалі важко назвати грецького поета, якого б він не пародіював. Його дотепність була готова скористатися будь-яким приводом, а його програма, якщо така в нього була, не піддається визначенню. Сучасники явно не сприймали Арістофана як духовного вождя; цілком імовірно, що як поет він вважав себе зобов'язаним відбивати події, що відбуваються, але не підштовхувати політичне життя в тому чи тому напрямі.

 Спадок

Як комедія політична комедія Арістофана не знайшла собі наслідувачів у пізнішій літературі Греції, але вже з XVI ст. викликала наслідування як у Франції (Расін), так і в Англії, особливо ж у Німеччині (Ленц, Ґете). Платону приписується епіграма: «музи улаштували собі в нім притулок», а Ґете називає Арістофана «невихованим улюбленцем муз». За рішенням Всесвітньої Ради Миру 1955 в усьому світі широко відзначено 2400-ліття з дня народження А., великого поета й палкого поборника миру.

 Примітки

 Українські переклади та видання
 Хмари. Перекл. Т. Франка. Львів, 1918;
 Лісістрата. Перекл. К. Лубенського. X., 1928;

Зміст: Хмари; Оси; Жаби
Зміст: Хмари; Лісістрата; Жаби Комедії: пер. із старогрецької / Арістофан; вступ. ст.: О. Білецький; приміт.: Й. Кобов. — Київ: Дніпро, 1980. — 508 с. — (Вершини світового письменства; Т. 31).
Зміст: Ахарняни; Хмари; Оси; Мир; Лісістрата; Жаби''
 (перевидання) Комедії / Переклад Андрія Содомори, Бориса Тена, Володимира Свідзинського; передмова Олександра Білецького; примітки Йосипа Кобова. — Харків: Фоліо, 2002. — 511 с. — [Бібліотека світової літератури]. Наклад 10 000 примірників. — Підписано до друку 07.03.2002. ISBN 966-03-1520-1

Див. також
 Давньогрецька комедія
 Евріпід
 Сократ

Література

 Соболевский С. И. Аристофан и его время. М., 1957.

Посилання

 Арістофан на сайті Ae-lib
 Арістофан. Лісістрата
 Білецький О. Неповторний Арістофан  // Арістофан. Комедії. — Харків: Фоліо, 2002. — С. 3-18.
 Ковбасенко Ю.І «Антична література: навч.посіб.»/ — 2-ге вид., розшир. та доповн. — К.: Київський університет імені Бориса Грінченка, 2012. — 248 с.
 Литовська О. В. Драматургія Арістофана та криза полісного світогляду // Питання літературознавства. — 2013. — № 87. — С. 97–105.

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text:
NEWS: INEC Warns Against Inciting Statements As Campaign Begin
As candidates for the February 16, 2019 presidential and National Assembly elections officially commence campaigns today, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has warned them against making inflammatory statements.
LEADERSHIP Sunday reports that today marks the start of full electioneering activities according to INEC's election timetable and schedule of activities, in line with Section 99(1) of the Electoral Act 2010 (as amended).
The Electoral Act provides that "the period of campaigning in public by every political party shall commence 90 days before polling day and end 24 hours prior to that day."
However, the electoral umpire has told the candidates to carry out their campaigns in a responsible manner.
Speaking with LEADERSHIP Sunday, the deputy director, Information and Voter Education, Aliyu M Bello, cautioned candidates and their parties to run campaigns devoid of rancorous, hate and/or inflammatory speeches.
He said, "Political parties are expected to conduct their activities in an organised and peaceful manner."
According to the electoral body, campaigns for governorship and State Houses of Assembly elections will commence on December 1, 2018.


text:
Young star of The Enfield Haunting does not believe in ghosts
The real life events of The Enfield Haunting centre around 11-year-old Janet Hodgson who was said to be possessed by the poltergeist, talking in his voice and levitating from her bed.
The challenging role is played by Eleanor Worthington-Cox, aged 13, known for starring in Matilda the Musical for which she became the youngest ever recipient of a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress.
How would you describe The Enfield Haunting?
It's a very contained story but, for me, it was just an amazing experience.
Yours is a very tricky part. What was your take on Janet?
She's bright, bubbly, highly intelligent, a bit cheeky and very brave. More than anything, she was great fun to play.
At one point you have to speak like a demonic old man. That must have been tough?
I had to be Joe Watson and do a scary voice, which was hard. But in the end it worked out well. I didn't get a sore throat or anything.
There are a lot of clips and old interviews with Janet on the internet. Did they inform your performance in any way?
I watched a couple of YouTube videos, like an interview she did with This Morning. I wanted to see what she's like now, but I didn't watch anything of her as a child because I didn't want to go on set overloaded with preconceived ideas.
The story, though moving, does deal with a disturbing subject matter. Did you or your parents have any reservations about accepting the role?
We sat down as a family and had a talk about it. I told them it was a fantastic script, a wonderful story and an amazing opportunity. Plus, it's acting and acting is the thing I love most in the world.
Do you believe the Hodgsons were haunted?
I would love to believe in the supernatural, but I just don't. However, I do respect people who have those views because people are entitled to have their own beliefs. That's another exciting thing about the story. You just don't know what happened.
Are you afraid of anything?
Freefalling in space. I really liked the film Gravity, mind, even though it made me feel nauseous.
The Enfield Haunting has got a cracking cast, from Timothy Spall to Juliet Stevenson. How did it feel to be a part of such a classy company of actors?
They were the most amazing people to be around, so fantastic to work with.
They were equally complimentary. Indeed, a lot of them said they felt like they were learning from you.
Wow! I didn't know they said that. I was just completely starstruck to be around them. They were the loveliest people to be around.
You share the bulk of your scenes with Timothy Spall, who was recently nominated for a BAFTA for his role in Mr Turner. Did he give you any advice?
What an actor. We never really talked about tips, but we did put the world to rights. He's a lovely person and, on our very last day, he gave me something that now takes pride of place in my bedroom, a Lord of the Rings-style fantasy landscape with a personal message that he'd hand drawn. I love reading and I'll read anything I can get my hands on. One of the things we talked about was books and he knew I was a big fan of the Rings books and The Hobbit.
When did you realise you wanted to act?
Honestly, I can't remember a time I didn't want to act. It's always been something I've wanted to do. From the age of two I've gone to the Formby School of Dancing and Performing Arts and they've helped me become the actress I am today.
You're only 13 years old, but have already achieved so much, like being the youngest ever winner of the Best Actress Olivier Award for theatre smash Matilda. Is there anything you're absolutely rubbish at?
Where would you like to be in 10 years' time?
To be lucky enough to keep on getting opportunities like this one. There is no specific role that I'm after. I just want to keep on working. I love it.


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We've learned a lot about what it takes to sustain success through the course of Capitol City Expansion's growth. As we continue to surpass our expansion goals, we're happy to share a few of the winning strategies that keep us moving into an ever-brighter future.
Setting clear goals is perhaps the most important strategy we apply day in and day out around Capitol City Expansion HQ. When we know exactly what we want to achieve, we have all we need to set action steps and get started on the path to success. Having specific objectives in mind also makes it easier for us to establish intermediate goals and monitor the progress we're making.
We've also found that strong growth mind-sets are key assets when it comes to lasting success. The doors are always open for learning and applying new information around our workspace. Constant improvement is a hallmark of our culture and a major driver of our ongoing development.
Applying feedback is another vital element in our success strategy. We seek out input from supervisors, colleagues, and industry peers to find ways we can improve. From there, we diligently apply what we receive to make improvements to our overall approaches.
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Could legal cannabis transform provincial New Zealand?
South Canterbury is a place of cool temperatures and conservative values.
It produces sheep, tourism dollars and hydroelectric power. Why not cannabis?
In March, Sir Richard Branson suggested New Zealand could use some of the land currently trodden by dairy cows to cultivate cannabis and make a killing – all while reducing our carbon footprint. Federated Farmers reacted positively. And why not? Huge cannabis cultivation facilities are opening in the United States to supply the burgeoning medicinal cannabis industry.
David Musgrave sells hemp oil products through his business, Waihi Bush, which he operates out of the South Canterbury town of Geraldine.
David Musgrave, an industrial hemp grower from South Canterbury.
He's been a lifelong campaigner for the legalisation of hemp products and foodstuffs and reckons New Zealand needs to get on with drug reform if the country means to profit from it.
"Tasmania was the first Australian state to start growing opium poppies" he said.
He is already planning to plant a hemp crop low in THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol), the active ingredient that causes the high from marijuana, in November. This plan comes after the Government legalised the sale of low THC hemp food products in April.
Musgrave plans to make boutique food products from this crop, including a gourmet flour made from hemp.
He explains that industrial hemp crops would not be grown alongside recreational cannabis crops. If they were, the different species would breed and cross pollinate, compromising the industrial and psychoactive properties of each strain.
According to Musgrave, most recreational cannabis would therefore be grown in greenhouses, so the THC purity of strains are not compromised.
South Canterbury Arable Section chairman Mike Porter represents farmers of grains and other crops within South Canterbury. He believes most farmers would be open to experimenting with the crop.
Cannabis would grow easily in the region's temperate climate, mostly in greenhouse and hydroponic facilities.
But Porter worries about the productivity of workers using the stuff.
Workers showing up high for shifts is an already an issue for South Canterbury farmers. If it was legalised, he's worried it would get worse.
And farmers would be anxious about securing their crops from thieves, needing security teams and facilities for protection.
So the vision of fields of cannabis replacing fields of wheat and barley is probably a bit off.
Some have doubts even about limited cultivation.
Mark Adams is a beef and sheep farmer who operates a property near the country town of Fairlie, in the highlands of the South Canterbury region.
South Canterbury has a "very traditional" agricultural industry, he says. Most local farmers would be unwilling to experiment with growing cannabis due to ethical concerns about the impact on society.
Like Porter, Adams says significant numbers of South Canterbury agricultural workers arrive for shifts under the influence of the drug. This can be especially dangerous in situations where workers are operating trucks and heavy machinery.
Farmers might be more willing if they could guarantee the final use of their crop was for either industrial or medicinal purposes, Adams says.
The mood is similar among farmers in other parts of the country.
Northland Federated Farmers president John Blackwell, while personally opposed to recreational cannabis legalisation, believes many farmers would start growing cannabis if it were legal.
"I imagine farmers, under economic advantage, would grow any crop if it were allowed under the law" he said.
He's particularly supportive of crops for medicinal cannabis, saying it would be positive for New Zealand farmers and the country as a whole.
Taranaki Federated Farmers president Donald McIntyre believes a cannabis cultivation industry would develop if the crop were legalised, to service demand for cannabis use in private homes.
"It would probably be grown in areas such as Nelson, where growing conditions are ideal" he says.
Two regional mayors, well-acquainted with the social harms associated with illicit drugs, are less equivocal.
Meng Foon, the mayor of the regional North Island town of Gisborne, is strongly opposed to recreational cannabis legalisation.
Foon regards cannabis use, and drug use in general, as something to be stamped out in his community.
He worries about drug legalisation, and is not sure how he would react if cannabis were legalised.
"I think cannabis legalisation would be disastrous," he says.
Foon compares cannabis to "legal highs" such as 'Zeus' and 'Spice', which were banned in New Zealand in 2014.
"Legal highs" are drugs designed to mirror the effects of cannabis. They consist of smokable green plant matter, sprayed with a combination of chemicals. More often than not, they deliver a much stronger and longer high than cannabis, and have much more dangerous side effects.
Foon says legal highs had a disastrous impact on his community, and believes cannabis legalisation would be similar. He does, however, support medicinal cannabis legalisation if crops are "strictly controlled" and securely grown.
Oamaru mayor Gary Kircher also does not support recreational cannabis legalisation. However, he is not so much anti-cannabis as cautious about drugs in general.
Kircher regards alcohol as an example of a legal drug that does significant social damage, and does not think legalisation of recreational cannabis would change things for the better in Oamaru.
He is willing to concede that the town might benefit, however.
Oamaru would cope with recreational cannabis legalisation, he says, and some businesses might even benefit.
"In some respects, there's opportunities for certain businesses in Oamaru," Kircher says.
Even David Musgrave, the industrial hemp advocate from South Canterbury, expressed a degree of unease about about recreational cannabis legalisation.
"One of my sons became addicted to it (cannabis), and it seriously affected his mental health" Musgrave says.
"He started it as a teenager when he left school, and that majorly impacted on his brain function.
"By the time he managed to get off it, he had lost a lot of his short term memory and some of his longer term memory.


design parameters and the functional requirements. If feasible, these models should be mathematical.
bustion engines are used as a demonstrative example.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
mechatronics architecture is largely defined in conceptual design.
models and the respective tools in these different design phases.
0957-4158/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 732 2468 9745; fax: +43 732 2468 9753.
E-mail address: rudolf.scheidl@jku.at (R. Scheidl).
Technical University is reckoned as a founder of mechanical engineering science.
some qualitative properties of these models for concept evaluation.
clare that his 1st design axiom is to be applied in conceptual design.
formal, model based, systematic approaches on the other hand.
of today's often complex design problems.
ment of a hydraulic variable valve train for gas engines.
mance by effects not covered by the simple concept model.
be approximated in the concept model.
ification of the motor type is part of concept definition or not.
ment of the product which meets the FRs and fulfils the BCs.
features requested by the market.
and detail design? This is analysed in the next section.
the beam's cross section is provided by relation (1) (see, e.g. ).
beam walls in the neighbourhood of a load force (see Fig. 2b).
Normally the states of concept and detail models are different.
, . . . to FR.
respect to the detail design as stated at the end of Section 2.
isation of a concept this concept must be replaced by another one.
uncoupled maps (say, each involving 3 DPs maximum).
engine valve opens and closes.
by the two valves Va1 and Va3.
realisation of a beam as a thin walled structure may cause local deflections which can, for instance, be evaluated by a Finite Element (FE) model employing shell elements.
found which fulfil the FRs.
) which limit the free choice of all five DPs.
hydraulic components, like pumps and valves.
if pressures go beyond 700 bar.
concept model; dashed line: motion of the numerical model.
Fig. 4. Simulink model of a hydraulic variable valve train according to Fig. 3.
parameters of the detail design.
depend on the valve size.
projected to the FR space.
range on the FR space is shown by the dashed area.
In this paper a strong linkage of concept and concept models, i.e.
of the concept model applied.
fied by a variable valve train for engine valves.
been observed by posing only two FRs.
ment of models for the detail design.
tria, and its Scientific Partners.
mechanical Engineers; 1992. p. 15–21.
 Gawthrop PJ. Bond graphs: a representation of mechatronic systems.
piezoelectric linear inchworm actuator. Mechatronics 2005;15:651–81.
 Cross N. Engineering design methods. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 1989.
systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
 Buchheim G, Sonnemann R. Lebensbilder von Ingenieurwissenschaftlern.
 Suh NP. Principles of design. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990.
Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001.
Sarasota, Florida; 2006. p. 409–20.
vol. 23. New York: Springer; 2005.
design. Lancaster: Lancaster University; 1998.
 Pischinger S, editor. Variable Ventilsteuerung. Essen: Expert-Verlag; 2002.
of a novel switching type hydraulic actuator for energy saving fast positioning.
PhD thesis, Johannes Kepler University Linz; November 2002.
Scandinavian int conf on fluid power, Tampere, Finland; 2003. p.
 Merrit H. Hydraulic control systems. New Jersey: Wiley; 1991.


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text:
Why are summers so frequently associated with crises?
By Harold James
Summer is a time for beaches and relaxation – and, historically, for all sorts of destructive crises. Time and again, it has proven dangerous for the world to be on holiday.
August is an especially bad month for financial markets. On 15 August 1971, President Richard M. Nixon ended the commitment of the United States to a fixed gold price, and since then the world has lived with currency volatility and instability. On 13 August 1982 (a Friday), Mexican Finance Minister Silva Herzog went to Washington to tell the International Monetary Fund and the US government that Mexico would be unable to make its scheduled debt payment the following Monday. On 17 August 1998, Russian Prime Minister Sergei Kiriyenko announced that his country would simultaneously default and devalue. And in the first week of August 2007, IKB Deutsche Industriebank disintegrated, as the US sub-prime crisis spread.
The roots of this seasonal periodicity of crises pre-date the First World War, in the era of the classic gold standard. The explanation at that time was usually found in the predictable timing of the international payments mechanism. In the late summer, farmers in the western hemisphere brought their crops to traders for export, and demanded cash payment, which the traders needed to raise from their banks. The consequence was a demand for gold in the US and mounting exchange-rate pressure on Britain and other European importers.
The same pattern of selling pressure on the pound sterling was repeated in the inter-war era. Finally, in September 1931, Britain departed from the restored gold standard, which led to the collapse of the system as a whole.
Europe's central bankers had been nervous, even superstitious, about the late summer long before 1931. Montagu Norman, the longest-serving governor of the Bank of England and a romantic and temperamental man, regularly left his office for several weeks at this time of year, owing to nervous exhaustion. Indeed, he was literally at sea crossing the Atlantic when the gold standard broke down; the Bank of England staff advised him with a cryptic cabled message, "Old lady goes off".
It is difficult to think of the harvest-driven seasonal cyclicality of payments producing crises today, but somehow the problem persists. One explanation could be that trading is often thinner during the holiday season, so any disturbance inevitably has a bigger impact.
But the technical side of crises masks a much more dramatic story. How summers and crises go together was obvious in the event that triggered the first big collapse of the gold standard, the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Indeed, this was the Urkrise – the event that made the twentieth century so terrible.
Crises are in part about gamesmanship, about taking the other side by surprise. A country poised to embark on some radical and uncharted course of action often believes that vacations produce additional scope for delaying or frustrating the other side's counter-move.
The logic of a summer provocation was abundantly clear in 1914. Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 June, but the subsequent diplomatic discussions dragged out for weeks. Germany's top officials ostensibly went on vacation in order to create the impression that the tensions could easily be resolved.
Meanwhile, the Germans waited for the French prime minister and president, who had both been visiting Russia (France's ally), to leave St. Petersburg, at which point they rapidly pressed Austria to deliver an ultimatum that they knew the Russians could not accept. The news would arrive while the French leaders were at sea, and would thus find it more difficult to produce an effective and coordinated response.
Vacation logic was also used to maximise bargaining power in recent cases of default or threatened default. Mexico's action in August 1982 took officials elsewhere completely by surprise. In the US, Treasury Secretary Donald Regan was playing golf with President Ronald Reagan, while vacationing European central bankers were hard to reach in an era before mobile telephones. A predictable funding problem was left unresolved until the moment when creditors would be least likely to present a united front, and most likely to give in to pressure to undertake crisis-management measures.
In August 1998, Russia had only just concluded a gigantic International Monetary Fund (IMF) programme that appeared to have stabilised the country. That arrangement provided enough funds for insiders to exchange their roubles for foreign assets. Once the insiders had saved their own positions, they no longer saw any need to maintain the exchange rate. The IMF was in summer mode, and all of the consultations required complicated conference calls from remote locations.
When a compromise package has been agreed that makes the summer look calm, when the negotiators think that they have earned a good rest – this is the moment for the brilliant surprise.
A debtor's negotiating strategy is to make creditors believe that a collapse would produce some much bigger catastrophe, which can be avoided only by more concessions and more support. That sense is always more likely when the debtor's action comes without warning – the financial equivalent of a pre-dawn attack.
The eurozone leaders' summit on 28-29 June in Brussels now looks like the most far-reaching and satisfactory recent attempt at European diplomacy. But it might look very different in September.
Harold James is professor of history and international affairs at Princeton University and professor of history at the European University Institute, Florence. He is the author of "The creation and destruction of value: the globalisation cycle". © Project Syndicate, 2012.
More from ... Harold James
CDU leadership candidate blames jobless total on influx of migrants
Boris Johnson must sweat the small stuff to change lives post-Brexit
By Rachel Wolf
Rishi Sunak: UK economic emergency 'only just begun'
Rishi Sunak's risky bet
By Charlie Cooper and	Emilio Casalicchio
Economic governance	Economic performance
Austria	France	Germany	Mexico	Russia	United Kingdom	United States


Born July 29, 1938, passed away Tuesday, September 8, 2009 in Campbell River. He was predeceased by his loving wife Sandy on May 18, 2009. Survived by sons, Steven, Kenneth, Rodney; daughters Sheila and Janice. He will be sadly missed by his family and friends. A Celebration of Life will be held at a later date.
Flowers gratefully declined, but for those wishing a donation in his memory may be made to the Canadian Diabetes Association, 1400 – 522 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont. M5G 2R5.
Arrangements entrusted to Island Funeral Services/Elk Falls Cremation & Reception Centre.


Perform English to Chinese (and vice versa) linguistic tasks including translation, editing and/or proofreading particularly for the financial and legal related documents.
Work closely with the Customer Services and Project Management Teams to provide timely translation & proofreading support for our clients.
Degree holder in Translation, Linguistics, Journalism, Communications, or any other language-related discipline.
Hong Kong native speakers with minimum of 3 to 4 years of solid translation experience, preferably possessing strong knowledge in the financial and/or legal sectors.
Excellent writing and translation skills in English and Traditional Chinese.
Good organizational ability, attention to detail and independent.
Strong knowledge of Microsoft software applications.
Knowledge of translation CAT tools would be an advantage.
Shift duties and occasional overtime as required.
Accredited and certified by the relevant industry associations would be an advantage.
Passion for language and appreciation for diverse culture is a plus.
Less experience will be considered as Junior Translator.
Remarks: The selected candidates will be invited to perform a written test.
Interested parties please submit a full resume and previous translation samples with proposed salary to our Admin-HR Department by clicking 'Apply Now'. We will treat all information confidential and will be used for recruitment only.


text:
Before: Judge Adolphus G. Karibi-Whyte, Presiding
Judge Elizabeth Odio Benito
Judge Saad Saood Jan
Decision of: 8 September 1997
DECISION ON MOTION BY THE DEFENDANTS ON THE
PRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE BY THE PROSECUTION
The Office of the Prosecutor
Mr. Grant Niemann Mr. Giuliano Turone
Counsel for the Accused
Ms. Edina Residovic, Mr. Ekrem Galijatovic, Mr. Eugene O'Sullivan, for Zejnil Delalic
Mr. Zeljko Olujic, Mr. Michael Greaves, for Zdravko Mucic
Mr. Salih Karabdic, Mr. Thomas Moran, for Hazim Delic
Mr. John Ackerman, Ms. Cynthia McMurrey, for Esad Landzo
Pending before this Trial Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991 ("International Tribunal"), is a "Motion by the Defendants on the Production of Evidence by the Prosecution", filed with the Registry on 5 May 1997, on behalf of all four accused persons (Official Record at Registry Page ("RP") D3528-D3533) (the "Motion"). The Office of the Prosecutor (the "Prosecution") filed its "Response to the Motion by the Defendants on the Production of Evidence by the Prosecution" on 9 May 1997 (RP D3616-D3619) (the "Response").
Argument on the Motion was heard by the Trial Chamber on 29 May 1997, during which Counsel for the four accused persons (the "Defence") and the Prosecution (together, the "Parties") made their oral submissions. The Trial Chamber reserved its Decision on the matter for a later date.
HAVING CONSIDERED the written submissions and oral arguments of the Parties,
THE TRIAL CHAMBER HEREBY ISSUES ITS DECISION.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Provisions
1. The following provisions of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Tribunal (the "Rules") are relevant to the determination of the present issue:
Disclosure by the Prosecutor
(A) The Prosecutor shall make available to the defence, as soon as practicable after the initial appearance of the accused, copies of the supporting material which accompanied the indictment when confirmation was sought as well as all prior statements obtained by the Prosecutor from the accused or from prosecution witnesses. The final version of the statement of the accused or a witness, as audio-recorded at the time of the interview, as well as a translation into one of the working languages of the Tribunal, shall be provided to the defence.
Rules of Evidence
(B) In cases not otherwise provided for in this Section, a Chamber shall apply rules of evidence which will best favour a fair determination of the matter before it and are consonant with the spirit of the Statute and the general principles of law.
B. Pleadings
The Defence
2. The Defence suggests that the International Tribunal adopt, by virtue of its powers under Sub-rule 89(B), a rule of evidence preventing the Prosecution from calling and examining a witness whose prior statement has not been disclosed in compliance with Sub-rule 66(A). Further, the Defence asserts that a rule should be adopted by the International Tribunal whereby the Prosecution, before serving any additional evidence, must be granted leave by the Trial Chamber to serve such evidence. The Defence proposes that the rule provide that the Prosecution must apply for such leave in writing with no less than seven days notice and providing several details. Finally, the Defence requests that the International Tribunal adopt a rule which states that nothing in the above mentioned new procedure shall derogate from the continuing duty of the Prosecution to provide the Defence with exculpatory material.
3. The Defence asserts that the Prosecution is required to turn over all supporting material as well as prior statements of those witnesses that the Prosecution intends to call at trial, as soon as practicable, in accordance with the Decision on Motion by the Accused Zejnil Delalic for the Disclosure of Evidence (Trial Chamber II (Judge McDonald presiding), the Prosecutor v. Delalic et al., IT-96-21-T, 26 September 1996, RP D1444-D1452) ("Disclosure Decision"). According to the Defence, the Prosecution has, in certain cases, served the Defence with additional statements of witnesses whose names appear on the Prosecution witness list, without any further explanation. The Defence claims that, on other occasions, the Prosecution has not even provided the Defence with any statements of the witnesses who were about to testify. This, the Defence argues, is in clear violation of the obligations incumbent upon the Prosecution under Sub-rule 66(A).
4. The Defence argues further that, often, material is handed over to it by the Prosecution a very short time before the relevant witness gives evidence. No explanation is provided as to the purpose of this material, so that the Defence does not have an "adequate time and facilities for the preparation of its Defence" as is required by Article 21, paragraph 4(B) of the Statute of the International Tribunal (the "Statute"). The Defence asserts that this untimely service of documents and the failure to give notice of what a witness may say, constitutes a violation of the disclosure obligations of the Prosecution, and endanger the right of all of the accused to a fair trial, guaranteed by Article 20, paragraph 1, of the Statute.
The Prosecution
5. The Prosecution in its Response asserts that it has complied with all of its obligations under the Statute and the Rules. The Prosecution states that it has provided large amounts of material, pursuant to its obligations of disclosure, to the Defence and will continue to do so as it receives new relevant material. The Prosecution states that it has acted, and will continue to act, in good faith, and that it is unable to respond more specifically to the Defence's Motion. During the oral pleadings, the Prosecution further stated that there does not exist an obligation on its part to take a statement from all or any of the witnesses. The Prosecution, however, wishes to emphasise that it has always tried to give the Defence notice of what each witness is going to testify about. Finally, the Prosecution asserts that it has made a concerted effort to disclose as soon as practicable all additional material which it gathers and which it intends to use at trial, and has therefore complied with its obligations under Sub-rule 66(A).
III. FINDINGS
6. The adoption of substantive rules of evidence is not within the competence of this Trial Chamber, as this can only be done within the confines of Article 15 of the Statute and Rule 6 of the Rules. It is, however, the case that, under Sub-rule 89(B) of the Rules, the Trial Chamber has the power to apply those rules of evidence which it considers will best favour a fair determination of the matter before it and are consonant with the spirit of the Statute and the general principles of law.
7. This notwithstanding, the Sub-rule starts with the important caveat: "[iCn cases not otherwise provided for in this Section", thus indicating that it is limited to Part Six, Section 3 of the Rules, entitled "Rules of Evidence", and does not refer to the previous Sections, including that concerning disclosure. If the Defence wishes to raise a perceived violation by the Prosecution of its obligations of disclosure, this must, therefore, be done within the boundaries of those provisions of the Rules laying down those disclosure obligations. Rules 66-68 do in fact provide the necessary provisions on the disclosure of evidence by both the Prosecution and the Defence and thus the application of Sub-rule 89(B) is not appropriate.
8. Although the Motion has been inappropriately raised, its essence in fact alleges a violation of the Prosecution's obligations of disclosure under Sub-rule 66(A) of the Rules. The Prosecution, on the other hand, contends that it has and continues to fulfil its obligations in good faith. The Trial Chamber will, in the interests of justice, briefly address the challenge raised by the Defence.
9. It is part of the duties of the Trial Chamber, according to Article 20 of the Statute, to ensure that a trial is fair and expeditious. It is, therefore, within the competence of the Trial Chamber to exclude any piece of evidence sought to be introduced by the Prosecution, if indeed it seeks to do so, without having given the Defence the opportunity to examine that piece of evidence beforehand and thereby enable it to prepare a proper defence. This power is well expressed in Sub-rule 89(D) of the Rules, which provides for the exclusion of evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the need to ensure a fair trial. It is also within its inherent power to control the conduct of proceedings that the Trial Chamber may grant or reject an objection made by the Defence to the admission of any piece of evidence which it claims it has not had sufficient time to examine.
10. The wording of Sub-rule 66(A) is clear and unequivocal. The Prosecution has a duty to disclose to the Defence all statements taken from the accused or any of the Prosecution witnesses. This obligation has been emphasised by Trial Chamber I in its Decision on the Production of Discovery Materials, of 27 January 1997, in the Blaskic case (The Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic, IT-95-14-PT, (RP D3177 - D3203), para. 38), in which it stated that all previous statements of all Prosecution witnesses, in whatever form, must be disclosed to the Defence. The Trial Chamber accepts the Prosecution's contention that it has up until the present day fulfilled its obligations under Rule 66 in good faith, either by disclosing the prior statements of its witnesses or, in the absence of such statements, by giving notice of what each witness will testify about.
11. This Trial Chamber has rendered a previous decision stating that it cannot and will not place a cut off date on the disclosure of evidence by the prosecution. (See Decision on the Applications Filed by the Defence for the Accused Zejnil Delalic and Esad Landzo on 14 February 1997 and 18 February 1997 Respectively, 21 February 1997, (RP D2776-D2784), para. 14, referring to the Disclosure Decision, at para. 4) This is necessarily so when the Prosecution continues to discover new evidence that is relevant to its case and it must, in such circumstances, disclose such evidence, when in the form of witness statements, as soon as practicable, in accordance with Sub-rule 66(A).
12. Finally, the Trial Chamber notes that, should problems arise during the course of trial, relating to the absence of statements taken from a Prosecution witness, the Trial Chamber will consider such problems at that time. Before hearing from a Prosecution witness, the Trial Chamber may ensure that there has been full disclosure to the Defence of any prior statements taken from him, as required by the Rules.
IV. DISPOSITION
FOR THE FOREGOING REASONS,
THE TRIAL CHAMBER
HEREBY FINDS that it is not for the Trial Chamber to adopt a new rule of evidence under Sub-rule 89(B), as this sub-Rule is inapplicable to the present case and the existing rules are clearly sufficient to preserve the right of the accused to prepare their defence adequately,
and, therefore, REJECTS the Motion.
Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative.
Adolphus G. Karibi-Whyte
Dated this eighth day of September 1997,
At The Hague,
The Netherlands.


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Home Top Gists IMPEACH BUHARI NOW – COURT ORDERED NAT'L ASSEMBLY
IMPEACH BUHARI NOW – COURT ORDERED NAT'L ASSEMBLY
July 4, 2018 - 10:00 pm
A Federal High Court, sitting in Osogbo has ordered the National Assembly to immediately commence impeachment process against President Muhammadu Buhari.
Justice Maurine Adaobi Onyetenu Wednesday gave the order based on the suit filed by two Nigerians, Kanmi Ajibola, a lawyer and Sulaiman Adeniyi, a human right activist urging the court to enforce the National Assembly to impeach President Buhari.
The duo had three months ago written to both the lower and the upper chambers of the National Assembly on the need to impeach President Buhari, citing alleged constitutional breaches by the president and threatened that they will approach the court if they fail to act accordingly.
But when the lawmakers refused, they headed for court and filed a suit at the Federal High Court, Osogbo asking for an order of mandamus to compel both the Senate and the House of Representatives to start the impeachment proceedings of President Buhari.
In the suit filed on Tuesday, June 19, 2018, they hinged their arguments on four grounds on why the National Assembly should impeach the Buhari.
In the motion ex-parte, the duo claimed that in flagrant violation of the 1999 constitution, President Buhari contested election, won and was sworn in as the president on the 29th day of May 2015 without possessing the basic constitutional requirement, which would have made him qualified for the contest of the election.
They further alleged that the 4th respondent, which is President Buhari in flagrant violation of section 137 (1) (j) of the 1999 constitution presented a forged certificate to the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) for the purpose of the 2015 presidential election that brought him to the office of the president
"In the light of the 4th Respondent's placement to continue in the office as the president, he has no certificate and basic requirement upon which this placement to continue in the office can be placed."
Besides, they accused the president of treating the orders of the court with a great disdain and abuses the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria at will, particularly from the angle of the observance of the Federal character as contained in section 14 of the constitution.
"The 4th Respondent on the 29th day of May 2015, took an oath of office, among others, to the effect that, he would rule in accordance to and protect the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, particularly section 14 (2) (b) which stipulates that the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government."
"In the contrary, the 4th Respondent has proved to be unable to guarantee the security of lives and properties of the citizens of the federal Republic of Nigeria in fulfillment of his oath of Office. The herdsmen killings of the innocent citizens under the 4th Respondent have been uncountable, unbearable and unprecedented overheating figures in the globe.
"The 4th Respondent in contravention of the due process and sections 80 and 81 of the 1999 constitution spent about $496 Million on the purchase of Tucano Jets without the approval of the National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as required by the law.
"The 4th Respondent ordered to be withdrawn, money from the public fund of the Federation without the approval of the National Assembly or the authorization of its act and same used for the purchase of Tucano Jets.
"The 4th Respondent has committed several impeachable offences, that is, gross misconduct.
"By the provision of section 143 of the 1999 constitution, the 1st to 3rd Respondents (The Senate President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the National Assembly) have the statutory duty to impeach the 4th Respondent as the president and Commander in – Chief of Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on gross misconduct.
"The 1st to 3rd Respondents have closed their eyes to the gross misconduct of the 4th Respondent.
They told the court that as applicants in the matter, they have the right and duty to compel the 1st and 3rd Respondents to perform their statutory duty of impeachment against the 4th Respondent, having bothered on the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Citing several constitutional authorities in the written address in support of the motion ex-parte and with 44-paragraph affidavits, the duo posed some questions by putting Nigeria side by side with some developed nations.
"Can the conduct of the 4th Respondent, particularly on the presentation of a forged certificate, be condone in America or great Britain unchecked?
"Can the 4th Respondent continue to benefits from his act of forgery and infraction of constitution?
"Definitely, an American president cannot be genuinely accused of presentation of a forged certificate and still be allowed to continue as the president, likewise the prime minister of the Great Britain", they noted.
After moving the application before the, Barrister Ajibola urged the court that with all array of documents before the court, he was of the view that the National Assembly must perform its constitutional duties without fear or favour.
Justice Onyetenu in her ruling granted the application and ordered "that the National Assembly being the 1st,2ndand 3rd respondents commence the impeachment of President Muhammadu Buhari".
Further hearing of the matter has been fixed to October 30th, 2018
Chief judge
Federal High Court
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Firstly whilst in your iva you will always owe the full amount of your debt prior to your iva agreement.
If your circumstances change where you are able to pay back 100p in the pound, plus IP fees and statutory interest your iva will then conclude.
You could make a full and final offer based on the number of repayments left --- but, it is possible, as Luluj mantions that you might hit the "magic figure" of full settlement anyway, in which case the IVA will stop.
But, yes, whiuchever way you do it, you can make a lump sum offer when and if you have accumulated enough from your share of extra earnings.


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The Virginia Dynasty: Four Presidents and the Creation of the American Nation quantity
EAN: N/A Category: History
"The Virginia Dynasty: Four Presidents and the Creation of the American Nation" by Lynne Cheney
From a small expanse of land on the North American continent came four of the nation's first five presidents–a geographic dynasty whose members led a revolution, created a nation, and ultimately changed the world. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe were born, grew to manhood, and made their homes within a sixty-mile circle east of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Friends and rivals, they led in securing independence, hammering out the United States Constitution, and building a working republic. Acting together, they doubled the territory of the United States. From their disputes came American political parties and the weaponizing of newspapers, the media of the day. In this elegantly conceived and insightful new book from bestselling author Lynne Cheney, the four Virginians are not marble icons but vital figures deeply intent on building a nation where citizens could be free.
Focusing on the intersecting roles these men played as warriors, intellectuals, and statesmen, Cheney takes us back to an exhilarating time when the Enlightenment opened new vistas for humankind. But even as the Virginians advanced liberty, equality, and human possibility, they held people in slavery and were slaveholders when they died. Lives built on slavery were incompatible with a free and just society; their actions contradicted the very ideals they espoused. They managed nonetheless to pass down those ideals, and they became powerful weapons for ending slavery. They inspired Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass and today undergird the freest nation on earth. Taking full measure of strengths and failures in the personal as well as the political lives of the men at the center of this book, Cheney offers a concise and original exploration of how the United States came to be.
The Woman's Hour
It Occurs to Me That I Am American
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