text:
\section{Formulations} \label{model}
\subsection{The Pagel Model}\label{pagel}
\indent

In this subsection, we present the formulation of the Pagel model.
We consider one zone and assume that the gas is distributed uniformly
and the heavy elements are well-mixed within the zone. Once we make
such an assumption, any physical quantum is determined uniquely as a
function of time in the model. This means that we do not try to
reproduce the dispersions of the observations from the beginning. The
aim of such a model is to reproduce the averaged value of the observations.
If it can not, it will lose its justification for existence.

They introduced a dimensionless time-like variable $u$, defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
u \equiv \int^{t}_{0} \omega(t')dt'
\label{eqn1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\omega(t)$ is the transition probability for diffuse material
('gas') to change into stars in unit time at time $t$. This means
the simple linear star formation law
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\rm d \it s}{\rm d \it t} = \omega g \;\;\;\ \rm or \;\;\; \it
\frac{\rm d \it s}{\rm d \it u} = g
\label{eqn2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $s(u) = \alpha S(u)$ is the mass in the form of long-lived stars
(including compact remnants), and $S$ is the mass of all stars that
were ever born up to time $t$. $\alpha$ is the lock-up fraction
(assumed constant). The fate of a star is divided into three classes;
a long-lived star, Type Ia supernova, and Type II supernova. The ratio
of their occurrence possibility is assumed to be
$\alpha$:$\alpha_1$:1-$\alpha$-$\alpha_1$. $g(u)$ is the mass of gas
in the system under consideration.

The evolution of the total baryon mass of the system is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\rm d}{\rm d \it t}(s + g) = f(t) + e(t)
\label{eqn22}
\end{eqnarray}
where $f(t)$ and $e(t)$ are the inflow and outflow rates of the
material, respectively. Inflow is assumed to occur at a rate
\begin{eqnarray}
f(t) = \omega (t) {\rm e}^{-u}.
\label{eqn3}
\end{eqnarray}
The inflowing material is assumed to be unprocessed.
On the other hand, outflow is assumed to occur at a rate
\begin{eqnarray}
e(t) = \eta \frac{\rm d \it s}{\rm d \it t} = \eta \omega g.
\label{eqn4}
\end{eqnarray}
$\eta$ is a free parameter.

We explain the evolution of the metallicity. The mass fraction of
$i$th element in the gas, $Z_i$, is divided into two terms. One is the
term for the instantaneous recycling, $Z_{1,i}$, and the other is the
term for the delayed production, $Z_{2,i}$. Type II/Ia supernovae
contribute to the evolution of $Z_{1,i}$ and $Z_{2,i}$, respectively.
The life-time of Type
II supernova is much shorter ($\sim$ several Myrs) than the age
of the LMC ($\sim$ 15 Gyrs). So Type II supernovae can be treated to
explode when their progenitors are born in a chemical evolution model.
This is the meaning of the instantaneous recycling.
On the other hand, the life-time of Type Ia supernovae (few Gyrs) is
comparable to the age of the LMC. So their life-time is taken into
consideration in a chemical evolution model.  This is the meaning of
the delayed production. The evolution of $Z_{1,i}$ obeys the following
equation:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eqn71}
\frac{\rm d}{\rm d \it t} (gZ_{1,i})&&= \frac{\rm d \it S}{\rm d \it t}
(1-\alpha-\alpha_1) x_i - \frac{\rm d \it S}{\rm d \it t} \alpha
Z_{1,i} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;
\left(x_i=\frac{m_{i, \rm II}}{M_{\rm II}}\right) \\ \nonumber
&&= \frac{\rm d \it s}{\rm d \it t}
\frac{1-\alpha-\alpha_1}{\alpha}x_i - \frac{\rm d \it s}{\rm d \it
t}Z_{1,i} \\ \nonumber
&&= \omega g P_{1,i} - \omega g Z_{1,i}
\end{eqnarray}
where $m_{i, \rm II}$ and $M_{\rm II}$ are averaged mass of $i$th
heavy element and total mass of Type II supernova. $m_{i, \rm II}$ is
defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
m_{i, \rm II} = \frac{\int^{m_u}_{m_l}m_{i,\rm II}(m) \phi (m)
m^{\rm -1} \rm d \it m}{\int ^{m_u}_{m_l} \phi (m) m^{\rm -1} \rm d
\it m} \;\;\;\; \rm with \;\;\; \it \phi (m) = m^{-x}.
\label{eqn72}
\end{eqnarray}
$m_{i,\rm II}(m)$ is the $i$th heavy-element mass produced in a star
of main-sequence mass $m$. $\phi (m)$ is the initial mass function
(IMF) and $x$ is the slope of the IMF.
The bounds for SNe II progenitors were taken to be $m_l
= 10 M_{\odot}$ and $m_u = 50 M_{\odot}$, respectively (Tsujimoto et
al. 1995).
$M_{\rm II}$ is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\rm II} = \frac{\int^{m_u}_{m_l} \phi (m)
 \rm d \it m}{\int ^{m_u}_{m_l} \phi (m) m^{\rm -1} \rm d
\it m}.
\label{eqn73}
\end{eqnarray}

The evolution of $Z_{2,i}$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eqn74}
\frac{\rm d}{\rm d \it t} (gZ_{2,i})&&= \frac{\rm d \it S \rm ( \it t
- t_{\rm Ia} \rm )}{\rm d \it t} \alpha_1 y_i - \frac{\rm d \it S}{\rm
d \it t} \alpha Z_{2,i} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;
\left(y_i=\frac{m_{i, \rm Ia}}{M_{\rm Ia}}\right) \\ \nonumber
&&= \frac{\rm d \it s ( \it t - t_{\rm Ia} \rm )}{\rm d \it t}
\frac{\alpha_1}{\alpha}y_i - \frac{\rm d \it s}{\rm d \it
t}Z_{2,i} \\ \nonumber
&&= \omega (t-t_{\rm Ia}) g(t-t_{\rm Ia}) P_{2,i} - \frac{\rm d \it
s}{\rm d \it t}Z_{2,i}
\end{eqnarray}
where $t_{\rm Ia}$ is the averaged lifetime of SNe Ia progenitors.

In their formulation, the frequency of SNe Ia ever occurred
relative to SNe II is obtained as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{N_{\rm Ia}}{N_{\rm II}} = \frac{P_{2,i}}{P_{1,i}}\frac{m_{i,\rm
II}}{m_{i,\rm Ia}} \frac{s(u_{\rm now} - \omega t_{\rm Ia}
)}{s(u_{\rm now})}
\label{eqn8}
\end{eqnarray}
where $u_{\rm now}$ is the present value for $u$.
When we ignore the lifetime of supernova progenitors, $N_{\rm
Ia}/N_{\rm II}$ is also written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{N_{\rm Ia}}{N_{\rm II}} = \frac{A \int_{3M_{\odot}}^{8M_{\odot}}
m^{-(1+x)}}{\int_{10M_{\odot}}^{50M_{\odot}}m^{-(1+x)}},
\label{eqn81}
\end{eqnarray}
where $A$ is the probability for (3-8)$M_{\odot}$ stars to explode
as SNe Ia (Tsujimoto et al. 1995). So, we can estimate the value of $A$
when $N_{\rm Ia}/N_{\rm II}$ and $x$ are determined from a chemical
evolution model.

As for the current supernova rates, we can calculate from Eq.~(\ref{eqn2})
and~(\ref{eqn8}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\dot{N_{\rm Ia}}}{\dot{N_{\rm II}}} =
\frac{P_{2,i}}{P_{1,i}}\frac{m_{i,\rm
II}}{m_{i,\rm Ia}} \frac{\omega ( \it t - t_{\rm Ia} \rm )
g ( \it t - t_{\rm Ia} \rm ) }{\omega g}.
\label{eqn92}
\end{eqnarray}

We also present here another physical quantum which is used in our analysis.
That is $r$, which is the contribution of SNe Ia to the enrichment
of heavy-elements in the gas. $r$ is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
r = \frac{\omega_{\rm Ia} M_{\rm Ia} N_{\rm Ia}}{\omega_{\rm Ia}
M_{\rm Ia} N_{\rm Ia} + \omega_{\rm II} M_{\rm II} N_{\rm II}}
\label{eqn11}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\omega_{\rm Ia}$ and $\omega_{\rm II}$ are mass fractions of
heavy-element ejected into the interstellar gas from SNe Ia and SNe
II, respectively. $\omega_{\rm Ia}$ and $\omega_{\rm II}$ are defined
as
\begin{eqnarray}
\omega_{\rm Ia} = \frac{ c_{\rm g} g Z_{\rm g, Fe}}{c_{\rm s} s Z_{\rm
s, Fe}
+ c_{\rm g} g Z_{\rm g, Fe} + c_{\rm out} Z_{\rm out, Fe}} \\
\omega_{\rm II} = \frac{g Z_{\rm g, O}}{ s Z_{\rm s, O} + g Z_{\rm g,
O} + m_{\rm out} Z_{\rm out, O}}
\label{eqn12}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Z_{\rm g}$ are the heavy-element abundance in unit mass of the
gas. $Z_{\rm s, out}$ are the heavy-element abundances averaged over the
metallicity distribution of stars and outflow, respectively. $m_{\rm out}$
is the total mass that is ejected from the system by the outflow.
The factor $c_{\rm s,g,out}$ is introduced to correct the non-negligible
SNe II contribution in the iron abundance. These are represented as
\begin{eqnarray}
c_{\rm g,s,out} = 1 - 10^{-\left[{\rm O/Fe }\right]_{\rm II}}
\frac{(Z_{\rm O}/Z_{\rm Fe})_{\rm g,s,out}}{(Z_{\rm O}/Z_{\rm Fe})_{\odot}}.
\label{eqn13}
\end{eqnarray}

Using Eq.~({\ref{eqn8}), $r$ is also represented as
\begin{eqnarray}
r = \frac{1}{1+\frac{P_{1,i}}{P_{2,i}} \frac{M_{\rm II}}{M_{\rm
Ia}} \frac{m_{i, \rm Ia}}{m_{i, \rm II}}  \frac{\omega_{\rm
II}}{\omega_{\rm Ia}}\frac{s(u_{\rm now})}{s(u_{\rm now} - \omega t_{\rm Ia}
)}}.
\label{eqn14}
\end{eqnarray}
The $i$ means that $i$th heavy element is used in estimating $r$. We
emphasize that $r$ does not depend on $i$ when results of the
calculation of supernova nucleosynthesis are used.
This is because $P_{1,i}$
and $P_{2,i}$ are proportional to $m_{i, \rm II}$ and $m_{i, \rm Ia}$,
respectively (see Eq.~(\ref{eqn71}) and~(\ref{eqn74})).

We can also infer the value $r$ using the present abundance pattern
(Russel \& Dopita 1992) and results of supernova nucleosynthesis as follows
(Tsujimoto et al. 1995). We define the abundance pattern $x_i$ to be
compared with the $x_{i, \rm LMC}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
x_i(r) = r \frac{m_{i, \rm Ia}}{M_{\rm Ia}} + (1-r)\frac{m_{i, \rm
II}}{M_{\rm II}},
\label{eqn15}
\end{eqnarray}
and the most probable value of $r = r_p$ is determined by minimizing the
following function (Yanagida et al. 1990):
\begin{eqnarray}
g(r) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} [\log x_{i,\rm LMC} - \log x_i(r)]^2/n.
\label{eqn16}
\end{eqnarray}
Tsujimoto et al. (1995) concluded that $r_p = 0.16$ for the LMC from
this fitting (see also Figure 3) using 10 elements (O, Ne,
Mg, S, Ar, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni).

\subsection{Our Standpoint on Determining the Parameters in the Pagel
Model}\label{extension}
\indent

In this subsection, we explain our standpoint on determining the
parameters in the Pagel Model.

Pagel \& Tautvai$\rm \breve{s}$ien$\rm \dot{e}$ (1998) determined
the parameters in their model so as to explain the age-metallicity
relation, the present mass fraction of gas, and [$\alpha$/Fe] versus
[Fe/H] diagrams in the LMC. $\alpha$ represents $\alpha$-nuclei, such
as O, Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti.

In this study, we add two observational facts, because we should try
to reproduce the observational data as many as possible.
One is the present Fe distribution of stars in the LMC
(Olszewski 1993). It will reflect the SFR history.
The other is the contribution of SNe Ia to the enrichment
of heavy-elements in the gas, $r$.

At first, we can determine the parameters for the gas dynamics, such as
$g(0)$, $s(0)$, $\omega (t)$, $t_{\rm Ia}$, and $\eta$ as well as
$P_{\rm 1, Fe}$ and $P_{\rm 2,Fe}$ so as to reproduce the observations of the
age-metallicity relation, the present mass fraction of gas, and the
SFR history.

Next, [$\alpha$/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagrams are used to extract the
contribution of SNe II because $\alpha$-nuclei, especially oxygen,
are synthesized mainly in SNe II (Hashimoto 1995). This means that
$P_{1,\alpha}$ and
$P_{2,\alpha}$ are determined by using the observations of [$\alpha$/Fe]
versus [Fe/H] diagrams. In this study, the [O/Fe] versus
[Fe/H] diagram is mainly used to extract SNe II's
contribution.
It is also noted that oxygen is synthesized at the outer layer
in a star. So the amount of oxygen in the supernova ejecta is not
influenced so much by the location of the mass cut (the boundary between the
ejecta and the central compact object). On the other hand, most of the
other $\alpha$-nuclei mentioned above are synthesized near the location
of the mass cut, which means their amounts in the ejecta
are sensitive to the location of the mass cut. That is, the uncertainty
of the calculations of supernova nucleosynthesis will be smallest when
the amount of oxygen is considered.
Of course, we also discuss the dependence of the results on the
$\alpha$-nuclei to be used in this analysis. This means to check the
validity of the calculation of the supernova nucleosynthesis itself.

At this point, we have to explain the problems with $P_{1,i}$ and $P_{2,i}$.
As is clear from Eq.~(\ref{eqn71}) and~(\ref{eqn74}), $P_{1,i}$
and $P_{2,i}$ are proportional to $m_{i, \rm II}$ and $m_{i, \rm Ia}$,
respectively. For example, $P_{\rm 1,Fe}$, $P_{\rm 1,O}$,
$P_{\rm 2,Fe}$, and $P_{\rm 2,O}$ meet the relation
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{P_{\rm 1,O}}{P_{\rm 1,Fe}} = \frac{m_{\rm O, \rm II}}{m_{\rm Fe, \rm II}}
\;\;\;\ \rm and \;\;\; \it \frac{P_{\rm 2,O}}{P_{\rm 2,Fe}} =
\frac{m_{\rm O, \rm Ia}}{m_{\rm Fe, \rm Ia}}.
\label{eqn10}
\end{eqnarray}
We use the results of calculations for SNe Ia
(Nomoto et al. 1984). So the ratio $P_{\rm 2, O}/ \it P_{\rm 2, Fe}$ is
fixed from the beginning.
In other words, we have only one parameter, $P_{\rm 1,O}$, in
order to fit the [$\alpha$/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagrams.
If we can not reproduce the observations of the [$\alpha$/Fe] versus
[Fe/H] diagrams completely, it reflects the problem with the
calculation of the nucleosynthesis in a supernova explosion.

However, Pagel and Tautvai$\rm \breve{s}$ien$\rm \dot{e}$ (1998)
regarded all of $P_{1,i}$ and $P_{2,i}$ to be free parameters.
At the same time, they used Eq.~(\ref{eqn8}) and Eq.~(\ref{eqn92})
in order to estimate the occurrence frequency of SNe Ia relative to
SNe II. It is quite apparent that these treatments are incompatible
with each other. Moreover, they artificially shifted data points upwards
by 0.2 dex for oxygen and downwards by 0.1 dex for silicon so as to
coincide with the theoretical curves. This means that observational
data points and theoretical curves are shifted freely and we can not
extract useful informations from the chemical evolution model for the LMC.
We emphasize again that we have to determine what is assumed and what
is obtained in the analysis of the chemical evolution model. In this
study, we believe the observational data points and calculation of the
supernova nucleosynthesis. That is, these data points are not
shifted artificially and results of the calculations are not changed
artificially. Parameters in the chemical evolution model are
determined using these informations. This is our standpoint on determining the
parameters in the chemical evolution model.

Finally, the IMF slope is determined from Eq.~(\ref{eqn72}) and
$A$ is determined from Eq.~(\ref{eqn8}) and Eq.~(\ref{eqn81}) using
the results of calculations for SNe II (Hashimoto 1995).
We can also estimate the occurrence frequency of SNe Ia relative to
SNe II using Eq.~(\ref{eqn8}) and Eq.~(\ref{eqn92}).

\section{ Results} \label{results}
\subsection{Determination of the Parameters}\label{determine}
\indent

Values of the input parameters are tabulated in Table 1.
Those used in the Pagel model and used in this study (New model) are
presented in the table. $P_{1,i}$ and $P_{2,i}$ are
written in units of solar abundance of the corresponding element.
$T_G$ and $t_{\rm Ia}$ are the age of the LMC and the averaged
lifetime of SNe Ia. $\omega$ and time are written in units of
Gyr$^{-1}$ and Gyr, respectively. $g(t=0)/m(t=T_G)$ is the ratio
of the initial mass of gas to the final ($t=T_G$) total baryon mass.
$s(t=0)$ is the initial mass in the form of stars.

The comparison between the theory and the observations is presented in
Figure 1 and Figure 2.
In Figure 1, theoretical curves of the Pagel model with
observations of the LMC are presented. The age-gas fraction relation,
the age-metallicity relation, the [O/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram, and
the present Fe distribution of long-lived stars are shown, respectively.
In Figure 2, theoretical curves with new input parameters are
shown. It is noted that Pagel and Tautvai$\rm \breve{s}$ien$\rm
\dot{e}$ (1998) shifted data points for [O/Fe] upwards by 0.2 dex in
their paper. In this study, such a treatment is not done.
In the [O/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram, theoretical curves for $P_{\rm
1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.0644 (solid curve) and $P_{\rm
1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.154 (short-dashed curve) are shown for
comparison. We can find clearly that solid curve reproduces better the
[O/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram. So we take $P_{\rm 1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{O}$ =
0.0644 as a new parameter.

Values of the output parameters are shown in Table 2.
$\omega_{\rm Ia}$, $\omega_{\rm II}$, $N_{\rm Ia}/N_{\rm II}$, $\dot{N_{\rm
Ia}}/\dot{N_{\rm II}}$, $r$, $x$, and $A$ are shown in the table.
$\chi^2$ is the value of the chi-square probability function when data
sets for the SFR are used. $\overline{ \rm
|[O/Fe]-[O/Fe]_{\rm obs}|^2}$ is the mean square of the difference
between the observed [O/Fe] and calculated one at the same [Fe/H].
Data points for the [O/Fe] are shifted by 0.2 dex when the value of
the $\overline{ \rm |[O/Fe]-[O/Fe]_{\rm obs}|^2}$ for the Pagel model
is calculated.
As for $r$, the minimizing function $g(r)$ is shown in
Figure 3. $r$ = 0.16 (solid vertical line) is the most
probable value from the fitting of Eq.~(\ref{eqn16}). $r$ = 0.12 and
0.20 are the calculated values by the Pagal and New models, respectively.

Finally, time evolution of the total mass (solid curve), mass of gas
(short-dashed curve), and mass of stars (long-dashed curve) concluded
by the Pagel and New models are presented in Figure 4. Time
is defined as 14 - Age [Gyr].

\subsection{Problem with the Supernova Nucleosynthesis}\label{supernova}
\indent

In this subsection, we compare the theoretical curves for the
[$\alpha$/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagrams with the observational data points.
$\alpha$ represents $\alpha$-nuclei, such as Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti.
We can check the validity of the calculation of the supernova
nucleosynthesis due to this test.
We emphasize again that we have no free parameters already, because
$P_{1,i = \rm Mg,Si,Ca,Ti}$ are determined uniquely when $P_{\rm 1,Fe}$
and $P_{\rm 1,O}$ are given.

The results are shown in Figure 5. We can find that
[Mg/Fe], [Si/Fe], and [Ca/Fe] are not well reproduced as long as
$P_{\rm 1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.0644 is adopted.
On the other hand, [O/Fe] is not well reproduced when $P_{\rm
1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.154 is adopted (see Figure 2).
This is the problem what Pagel \& Tautvai$\rm \breve{s}$ien$\rm
\dot{e}$ (1998) pointed out.

As for the ratio of [Ti/Fe], both of the theoretical curves can not
reproduce the data points well. That is, more of Ti is required in
order to explain the observations. This shortage problem of Ti will
mean the shortage problem with the supernova nucleosynthesis
(Tsujimoto et al. 1995; Hashimoto 1995).

Finally, the output parameters for $P_{\rm 1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.154
are shown in Table 3. The uncertainties of the output parameters will
be inferred when we compare the values in Table 3 with those in Table 2.

\section{Summary and Discussion} \label{discussion}
\indent

As stated in section 1, chemical evolution model for a
galaxy is a tool from which we can infer the history of the galaxy.
We also emphasize again that a chemical evolution
model has to contain many parameters in it. We have to determine
these parameters using results of calculations of supernova
nucleosynthesis and observations in a galaxy. When these results
and/or observations are shifted artificially, as done in Pagel \& Tautvai$\rm
\breve{s}$ien$\rm \dot{e}$ (1998), almost all informations are treated
as free parameters. We will be able to extract very little
informations from such works. We must always keep in mind what is
assumed and what is derived in the study of the chemical evolution in
a galaxy. In this study, observations and results of calculations of
supernova nucleosynthesis are believed and used to determine the
parameters in the chemical evolution model. In this section, we
discuss what the New model presented in this study suggests as a result.

As for the ratio $g(t=0)/m(t=T_G)$, the New model requires relatively
high ratio (see Table 1 and Figure 4). This means that
we require an initial condition in which star formation is forbidden
and only gas exists. What can suppress the star formation at zero
metallicity in the LMC? In a simplest situation, a cloud with only
thermal support, collapse should occur if the mass exceeds the Jeans
(1928) mass,
\begin{eqnarray}
M_J = \left( \frac{\pi k T_K}{\mu m_H G} \right) \rho^{-0.5} = 18
M_{\odot} T_K^{1.5} n^{-0.5},
\label{eqn17}
\end{eqnarray}
where $T_K$ is the kinetic temperature (K), $\rho$ is the mass density
($\rm g \; cm^{-3}$), and $n$ is the total particle density ($\rm
cm^{-3}$). So, low temperature and/or high number density are required
in order to form a star or, at least, to form a molecular gas cloud.
So, it is suggested that the LMC was born in which the temperature is
high and/or the particle density is low enough to prevent gas from
collapsing and from forming a molecular gas cloud.

We discuss the effect of the outflow. Pagel \& Tautvai$\rm
\breve{s}$ien$\rm \dot{e}$ (1998) introduced an outflow in order to
reduce the metallicity of the
system. The [O/Fe] ratio is also reduced by the effect of the outflow
when a star burst phase is assumed. This is because the material of
SNe II is ejected more than that of SNe Ia. However, the Pagel model
can not reproduce the SFR history very well (see Figure 1 and
the value of the $\chi^2$ probability function in Table 2).
On the other hand, the New model can reproduce the present low metallicity
and the SFR history at the same time although the New model
requires very smaller value for $\eta$ than the Pagel model. Moreover,
the [O/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram can be reproduced well without
shifting the data points since a low [O/Fe] ratio can be attained by
using a high value of $A$, not by using the effect of the outflow.
We could not reproduce the observations well when
$\eta$ is set to be 1.0 like the Pagel model. Although we can not
conclude that our solution is an unique one, one has to construct a new
parameter set which can reproduce the observations as well as ours if
he insists the existence of the outflow in the LMC.
Additionally, a steeper IMF slope (Tsujimoto et al. 1995) is not needed
in order to attain the low value of the [O/Fe] since a high value of
$A$ can realize it.

The ratio $N_{\rm Ia}/N_{\rm II}$ inferred from
the New model is very high (=0.48) compared with other models
(Tsujimoto et al. 1995; see also Table 2). This is because high
ratio of $P_{2, \rm Fe}/P_{1, \rm Fe}$ (i.e. high ratio of $A$) is
assumed in the New model (see Table 1). However, $r$=0.20 in
the New model is close to that inferred from the observations (r=0.16;
see Eq.~(\ref{eqn16})) when the weak dependence of $g(r)$ on $r$
around $r \sim 0.16$ is considered (see Figure 3).
That is why we think the high ratio of $N_{\rm Ia}/N_{\rm II}$ is not
ruled out from the present chemical composition in the LMC.
As for the ratio $\dot{N_{\rm Ia}}/
\dot{N_{\rm II}}$, a higher ratio (= 1.3) is concluded by the New
model than the Pagel model. Since such a high ratio, of order 1, is
estimated by X-ray observations (Hughes et al. 1995), the New model is
thought to be consistent with the observations.

We found that the problems with the supernova nucleosynthesis using
the [$\alpha$/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagrams. We can not solve these
problems now. However, these problems may be solved if the metallicity
effect for the supernova nucleosynthesis are taken into consideration
(Woosley \& Weaver 1995). We will perform such calculations and report
its result in the near future.
As for the shortage problem of Ti (Tsujimoto et al. 1995;
Hashimoto 1995), asymmetric explosion models for SNe II may solve the
problem (Nagataki 1997, 1999). This is because more of Ti is produced
in the asymmetric explosion model by the strong alpha--rich freezeout
(Nagataki 1997, 1999).
We will discuss whether these models can explain the [$\alpha$/Fe]
versus [Fe/H] diagrams at the same time in the forth coming paper.

We present a new input parameter set of the Pagel model which
reproduces the observations of the LMC very well. The aim of
constructing a chemical evolution
model is to give some constraints on other theories and numerical
calculations. In order to attain such an aim, the chemical evolution
model has to explain the observations in the galaxy as many as
possible. At the same time, must always keep in mind what is
assumed and what is derived in the study of the chemical evolution in
a galaxy.
Since the parameters in a chemical evolution model are determined by
the observations and results of calculations of supernova
nucleosynthesis, we will be able to determine these parameters more
precisely by further precise observations and/or calculations.
We hope more
observations and further discussions will be presented by many groups
in the world in order to understand the system of the Large Magellanic
Cloud.

\par
\vspace{1pc}\par
We are grateful to Pagel, B.E.J. for useful comments.
This research has been supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for the
Center-of-Excellence (COE) Research (07CE2002) and for the Scientific
Research Fund (7449, 199908802) of the Ministry of Education, Science,
Sports and Culture in Japan and by Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad.

\clearpage
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A.E., Santos J.F.C., Jr.\ 1997, AJ 114, 1920
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de Freitas Pacheco J.A., Barbuy B., Idiart T.P.\ 1998, A\&A 332, 19
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Press p.340
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Baschek, G. Klare, J. Lequex, New Aspects of Magellanic Cloud
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McWilliam A., Williams R.E.\ 1991, eds R. Hayes, D. Milne, The
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Nagataki S.\ 1999, ApJ 511, 341
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Nagataki S.\ 1999, ApJS, accepted, astro-ph/9907109
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\clearpage

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
Table~1. \hspace{4pt} Values of the Input Parameters.\\
\end{center}
\vspace{6pt}
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}
\extracolsep{\fill}}p{6pc}|llllllll}
\hline \hline\\[-6pt]
 & Pagel Model & New Model \\
\hline
$P_{1, \rm Fe}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm Fe}$ & 0.28 & 0.07 \\
$P_{1, \rm O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$   & 0.70 & 0.0644 \\
$P_{2, \rm Fe}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm Fe}$ & 0.42 & 0.25 \\
$T_G$ (Gyr)       & 14   & 14 \\
$t_{\rm Ia}$ (Gyr)& 1.33 & 2.2 \\
$\eta$            & 1.0  & 0.001 \\
$\omega (t)$      & 0.15 $\; (t \le 2)$         & 0.35 $\; (t \le 0.2)$\\
                  & 0.08 $\; (2 \le t \le 11)$  & 0.12 $\; (0.2 \le t
\le 11)$\\
                  & 0.50 $\; (11 \le t \le 14)$ & 0.45 $\; (11 \le t
\le 14)$\\
$g(0)/m(T_G)$        & 0 & 0.82 \\
$s(t = 0)$               & 0 & 0   \\
\hline
\end{tabular*}
\vspace{6pt}\par\noindent
Left column: those used in the Pagel
model. Right: those used in this study. $P_{1,i}$ and $P_{2,i}$ are
written in units of solar abundance of the corresponding element.
$T_G$ and $t_{\rm Ia}$ are the age of the LMC and the averaged
lifetime of SNe Ia. $\omega$ and time are written in units of
Gyr$^{-1}$ and Gyr, respectively. $g(t=0)/m(t=T_G)$ is the ratio
of the initial mass of gas to the final ($t=T_G$) total baryon mass.
$s(t=0)$ is the initial mass in the form of stars.
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
Table~2. \hspace{4pt} Values of the Output Parameters.\\
\end{center}
\vspace{6pt}
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}
\extracolsep{\fill}}p{10pc}|lllllll}
\hline \hline\\[-6pt]
 & Pagel Model & New Model \\
\hline
$\omega_{\rm Ia}$                            & 0.21 & 0.25 \\
$\omega_{\rm II}$                            & 0.14 & 0.21 \\
$N_{\rm Ia}/N_{\rm II}$                      & 0.20 & 0.48 \\
$\dot{N_{\rm Ia}}/\dot{N_{\rm II}}$          & 0.42 & 1.3  \\
$r$                                          & 0.12 & 0.20 \\
$x$                                          & 1.01 & 1.06 \\
$A$                                          & 0.075& 0.17 \\
$\chi^2$                                     & 0.41 & 0.73 \\
$\overline{\rm |[O/Fe]-[O/Fe]_{\rm obs}|^2}$ & 0.19 & 0.19 \\
\hline
\end{tabular*}
\vspace{6pt}\par\noindent
Left column: those derived by the Pagel
model. Right: those derived by this study. $\omega_{\rm Ia}$ and
$\omega_{\rm II}$ are mass fractions of heavy-element ejected into the
interstellar gas from SNe Ia and SNe II, respectively. $N_{\rm
Ia}/N_{\rm II}$ and $\dot{N_{\rm Ia}}/\dot{N_{\rm II}}$ are the
occurrence frequency of SNe Ia relative to SNe II and the ratio of the current
supernova rates, respectively. $r$ is the contribution of SNe Ia to the
enrichment of heavy-elements in the gas. $x$ is the IMF slope. $A$ is
the probability for 3-8$M_{\odot}$ stars to explode as SNe Ia.
$\chi^2$ is the value of the chi-square probability function when data
sets for the star formation rate are used.
$\overline{ \rm |[O/Fe]-[O/Fe]_{\rm obs}|^2}$ is the mean square of the
difference between the observed [O/Fe] and calculated one at the
same [Fe/H].
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
Table~3. \hspace{4pt} Values of the Output Parameters for $P_{\rm
1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{O}$ = 0.154.\\
\end{center}
\vspace{6pt}
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}
\extracolsep{\fill}}p{10pc}|lllllll}
\hline \hline\\[-6pt]
$\omega_{\rm Ia}$                            &  0.25 \\
$\omega_{\rm II}$                            &  0.21 \\
$N_{\rm Ia}/N_{\rm II}$                      &  0.43 \\
$\dot{N_{\rm Ia}}/\dot{N_{\rm II}}$          &  1.16  \\
$r$                                          &  0.13 \\
$x$                                          &  0.22 \\
$A$                                          &  0.51 \\
$\chi^2$                                     &  0.73 \\
$\overline{\rm |[O/Fe]-[O/Fe]_{\rm obs}|^2}$ &  0.40 \\
\hline
\end{tabular*}
\vspace{6pt}\par\noindent
Same as Table 2 but for $P_{\rm 1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.154 model.
\end{table*}

\clearpage
\centerline{Figure Captions}
\bigskip
\begin{fv}{1}
{7cm}
{
Theoretical curves of the Pagel model with observations of the LMC.
The upper panel on the left: the age-gas fraction relation. Data point
is from Westerlund (1997).
The lower panel on the left: the age-metallicity relation.
Data sources are as follows: $open \; triangles$, Olszewski $et \;
al$. (1991); $filled \; triangles$, Girardi $et \; al$. (1995);
$open \; hexagons$, Geisler $et \; al$. (1997);
$open \; squares$, de Freitas Pacheco et al. (1998).
The upper panel
on the right: the [O/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram. Data sources are as
follows: $open \; triangles$, Luck \& Lambert (1992);
$open \; squares$, Th$\rm \acute{e}$venin (1997);
$open \; hexagons$, Hill, Andriewski \& Spite (1995);
$filled \; triangles$, Spite, Barbuy \& Spite (1993);
$filled \; hexagons$, J$\rm \ddot{u}$tter $et \; al$. (1992);
$five-pointed \; stars$, McWilliam \& Williams (1991);
$three-pointed \; stars$, Barbuy, de Freitas Pacheco \& Castro (1994);
$cross$, Richtler, Spite \& Spite (1989);
$asterisks$, Nissen \& Schuster (1997).
The lower panel on the right: the present Fe distribution of
long-lived stars. Data source is from Olszewski (1993).
}
\end{fv}
\begin{fv}{2}
{7cm}
{Same as Fig.1 but with new input parameters.
In the [O/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram, theoretical curves for $P_{\rm
1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.0644 (solid curve) and $P_{\rm
1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.154 (short-dashed curve) are shown for
comparison.
}
\end{fv}
\begin{fv}{3}
{7cm}
{The minimizing function $g(r)$ as a function of r. 10 elements (O, Ne,
Mg, S, Ar, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni) are used for the fitting. $r$ =
0.16 (solid vertical line) is the most probable value. $r$ = 0.12 and
0.20 are the calculated values by the Pagal and New models, respectively.
}
\end{fv}
\begin{fv}{4}
{7cm}
{Time evolution of the total mass (solid curve), mass of gas
(short-dashed curve), and mass of stars (long-dashed curve). Time is
defined as 14 - Age [Gyr].
}
\end{fv}
\begin{fv}{5}
{7cm}
{[$\alpha$/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagrams with the observational data
points. Solid curves represent the theoretical curves for $P_{\rm
1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.0644. Short-dashed curves represent the ones
for $P_{\rm 1,O}/Z_{\odot}^{\rm O}$ = 0.154.
}
\end{fv}

\thispagestyle{empty}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig1a.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig1b.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
\end{center}
\caption{}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

\thispagestyle{empty}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig2a.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig2b.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
\end{center}
\caption{}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\thispagestyle{empty}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig3.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
\end{center}
\caption{}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

\thispagestyle{empty}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig4.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
\end{center}
\caption{}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

\thispagestyle{empty}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig5a.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
   \leavevmode\psfig{figure=fig5b.ps,height=7cm,angle=0}
\end{center}
\caption{}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Vanee Foods Company, Inc., is a manufacturer of a variety of food products, from canned entrees and gravies to dry mixes and soup bases.The company's products are marketed primarily through the foodservice and club store channels. Vanee Foods also manufactures custom formulations for national and regional chain restaurants, and is a co-packer for several major food companies. Founded by Joseph and Adriana VanEekeren in 1950 in downtown Chicago, Vanee Foods is still family owned and operated. Today, there are ten family members involved in the day-to-day management of the company.

Vanee Foods was involved in a minor recall in 2014 after 3,156 pounds of turkey base was mislabeled omitting contents which included milk, a known allergen. During the 1980's and 1990's Vanee Foods supplied T-Rations to the United States Army during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm

See also
 List of food companies

References

External links

Canned food
Food manufacturers of the United States
Food and drink companies established in 1950
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
1950 establishments in Illinois

Food and drink companies based in Illinois

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Comment on Believer's Boutique by myplace3187.
Love your thoughts about starting out with the strong conviction of making this place a better world. You are on the way of achieving this objective in your young life. Keep going strong and God will help yo u along the way just Pray and ask him.


text:
Inkling Updates Their iPad App & Adds eBookstore
26 May, 2013 26 May, 2013 e-Reading Software, eBookstoreLeave a comment
Your favorite enhanced textbook company rolled out an update this week, restoring a feature that has been missing for the past couple years.
The Inkling app for iPad and iPhone now includes an ebookstore. Inkling had removed this store in early 2011 as a result of Apple's attempt to extort collect a 30% commission on content sold through iOS apps.
Inkling wasn't the only content provider who removed their in-app purchases at that time, and they're not the only one to knuckle under and pay Apple a commission. And neither move comes as a surprise, though is worth noting.
Back when Inkling wasn't selling digital textbooks from inside their app they were in solid company. Content providers as diverse as Netflix, Pandora, Amazon, and Nook Media chose long ago to avoid paying off Apple and accepted the loss in revenues that represented. Some like Pandora simply could not afford to give in to Apple's extortion, while for others like Amazon and Nook Media it didn't matter that they couldn't afford to pay Apple 30%; they sold more items than Apple's in-app purchasing system could handle.
And on the other end of the spectrum are a bunch of smaller content providers that decided that they couldn't afford not to pay off Apple. This includes publisher branded content efforts like Sesame Street as well as smaller ebookstores like Izneo and comiXology. Even Kno sells textbooks from their iOS app, and that might provide a hint as to why Inkling changed their mind on this issue.
Not selling textbooks inside the app was probably costing Inkling revenue, which is never a good thing. But it is doubly bad for Inkling because like Kno, the Inkling iOS app is probably the single most common way that students access the textbooks bought via Inkling. That means that Inkling was hobbling their best sales channel. This update is a sign that Inkling has decided that they decided that they would rather pay off Apple than loose out on the sales.
Both paying Apple and not paying Apple are valid choices with downsides and upsides, so I am not criticizing them for making the decision or flip-flopping. But I will note that Inkling is an excellent example of why one should never tie oneself to a single platform, now matter how pretty. One can end up in a position where one has to pay off the platform owner just to stay there.
P.S. The changelog for the update doesn't mention any other changes, and from what I can tell the rest of the app doesn't appear to have been changed. The reading mode, menus, etc all look like they did in the previous version of the app.
Bazqux is a Google Reader Alternative That Shows Blog Posts Plus Comments
Amazon Brings the Kindle DX Back From the Grave
Nate Hoffelder
View posts by Nate Hoffelder
Nate Hoffelder is the founder and editor of The Digital Reader. He has been blogging about indie authors since 2010 while learning new tech skills weekly. He fixes author sites, and shares what he learns on The Digital Reader's blog. In his spare time, he fosters dogs for A Forever Home, a local rescue group.
OverDrive Retires the Libby Windows App
Calibre 5.0 Adds Highlighting, Python Update
Parabola Linux Has Been Ported to the Remarkable Tablet (video)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Slag Heap
Pirates critics switch to BRICKbats
Posted By Chris Potter on Tue, May 25, 2010 at 1:12 PM
I haven't been to a Pirates game in awhile -- I stopped going after a dispute over an order of nachos. But if the team is generating as much heat inside the park as it is outside, I may start going again.
We start with the bleacher bums at the conservative Allegheny Institute for Public Policy, who we find crowing over the Pirates' poor attendance this morning:
As we have reported ... since 2007, Pittsburgh Pirates' attendance languishes among the lowest in the league. Since 2007, attendance has ranked 28th out of 30 teams. So far this season, attendance is still holding two spots above the worst level. Unless fireworks and special promotions over this summer boost attendance sharply from the current pace of 17,170 per game, the 2010 season will see only 1.4 million fans push through the turnstiles.
Of course, it's early in the season, and school is still in session. The Institute more or less acknolwedges that 1.6 million fans is a more likely number. Nevertheless ...
One of the arguments used by those who pushed so hard to get a new ball park was that Three Rivers Stadium was not a good baseball venue and a new park was needed to boost team attendance and revenue. [But] during the last four years of play at Three Rivers Stadium, 1997 through 2000, attendance averaged 1.6 million. So it is safe to say that after ten years, PNC Park has not proved to be the answer to Pirates poor attendance.
But the Allegheny Institute aren't the only folks nursing old grievances. The Nutting family, which owns the Pirates, is apparently STILL sore over a short-lived possibility that Penguins owner Mario Lemieux might offer to buy the club from them.
Exhibit A: this column by Paul Ladewski about the Penguins' playoff loss -- a piece that has been a staple of sports-talk fodder after it appeared on the Nutting-owned Pirates Report Web site. (It was later removed from the site, which is why this link takes you to a Google-cached location.) Even by the standards of a Pirates fan, it's a stunning display of cognitive dissonance:
Now that the Penguins have gone belly-up in the playoffs for the fourth time in five years in the Sidney Crosby era, maybe we'll hear less about how their ownership will turn around the Pirates in no time if given the chance.
... [D]id you know that, while the Pirates have gone 17 years without a sniff of .500, the Penguins have hoisted exactly one Stanley Cup in that period?
So if I'm reading this correctly, the defense for the Pirates' current ownership is this: Hey, at least the Pirates have never gone to the playoffs four times in the past four years! So there! Yeah!
Local sports writer John Perroto called Ladewski's piece "the least-credible bit of sports journalism in recent Pittsburgh professional sports history." But of course Perroto has grievances of his own with the Nuttings -- as his piece makes clear, they canned him not very long ago.
As Perroto notes, the column came out one day after a big Post-Gazette story on Lemieux's co-owner, Ron Burkle -- a story that reminds us of Burkle's interest in the Pirates.
Who's right? Who's wrong? I don't know. But I wish the Pirates played with the same passion as the people arguing over them.
Tags: Slag Heap
State AG protects us from Twitter ... can he protect his own lead in the polls?
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Speaking of Slag Heap
A lawsuit in the making: How a 1991 ruling set the stage for an ACLU suit last week
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Miles jury finds for officers on one claim; deadlocks on more serious claims of abuse, false arrest
Even a verdict in civil case doesn't necessarily mean the end of the line for Miles case
CP Year in Review: Looking back on managing editor Alex Gordon's favorite stories of 2019
CP Year in Review: Looking back on editorial designer Abbie Adams' favorite covers of 2019
By Abbie Adams
CP Year in Review: Looking back on senior writer Amanda Waltz's favorite stories of 2019
By Amanda Waltz
CP Year in Review: Looking back on staff writer Jordan Snowden's favorite stories of 2019


Embrace all the wonders of tea! Beautiful three tiered stands, jewelled with savoury bites and picture perfect cakes will be served as you sip on organic tea, espresso coffee and flowing sparkling wine.
For the month of March full proceeds of every product sold on my website will be donated to the Women and Infants Research Foundation (WIRF).
An award winning passionate makeup artist, a leader in Perth for bridal, fashion and glamour.
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Vera Coleski is an artist who understands and appreciates all aspects of makeup, colour, design, and fashion working to create a style that is perfect for you. With a high client base of bridal and fashion, Vera also specialises in catwalk and editorial with her makeup skills making it to billboards around Perth City.
Providing makeup lessons and workshops to give you sound knowledge of makeup application and creating your own personal looks is an integral part of Vera Coleski Makeup Artistry as sharing her love for makeup, industry tips and tricks is an exciting experience Vera wishes to share with all.
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Somewhat recently in the evolution of Bison Books, interest and opportunity have led me further into a specialty in Canadian art books. As an art lover and opportunist, I have begun to extend the reach of the art section, including everything from the collectable and valuable books, to ephemeral items and good quality general reference books. Below is a selection of the books currently available in our holdings. Note that all are subject to prior sale, prices are in USD, and postage is additional.
2. Alfoldy, Sandra; Rachel Gotlieb. On the Table 100 Years of Functional Ceramics in Canada. Toronto: Gardiner Museum, 2007. ISBN: 9780969938699. pp. 144. Oblong 4to. Colour and black and white photographs. Light edgewear; very good+. Paperback.
5. Amundson, Dale (Intro.). Manitoba Artists Overseas. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 1984. pp. 32. Oblong 4to. Black and white and colour illustrations and photographs. Sunning to spine, light rubbing and creasing to covers; good+. Stapled Wraps.
6. Andy, Madill; Shirley J. R Patton. Kim Adams. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 1991. ISBN: 9780889151628. pp. 112. Square 4to. Chiefly black and white and colour photographic reproductions and illustrations. Corner of front cover excised, stamp to title and T.O.C. Contents remain clean and unmarked with tight, sound binding. Overall, very good+. Paperback.
11. Ashevak, Kenojuak; JeanBlodgett. Kenojuak Graphic Arts of the Inuit. Toronto: Mintmark Press, 1981. Limited edition. ISBN: 091040300X. pp. 454. Thick folio. Bound in caribou hide, over cream cloth boards and slipcase. Spine lettered in hunter green, embossed title to front board. Fine: this copy is still in the publisher's original brown-paper wrap, and has been opened only once or twice. Leather Bound.
12. Back, Doug and J. R. Carpenter, Juan Geuer, Laiwan, Jacques Perron,Catherine Richards, Bob Rogers, David Rokeby, N. White. ENGAGING THE VIRTUAL. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie Art Gallery, 2000. ISBN: 0770327222. Thin 4to, pp. 39. Doug Porter, Guest Curator. Near fine. 10 March to 23 April 2000 Exhibition Catalogue, Dalhousie Art Gallery. "'Engaging the Virtual' brings together some of Canada's foremost artists in the area of new media.". Paperback.
14. Bolt, Ron. The Inner Ocean Paintings and Drawings By Ron Bolt. Toronto: Merritt Publishing Company, 1979. ISBN: 9780920886021. pp. 159. 4to. Bound in full navy blue leather with gilt lettering to spine. Black and white and colour illustrations. No detectable flaws; near fine in very good, lightly rubbed, cloth slipcase. Hardcover.
17. Boulet, Roger. The Tranquility and the Turbulence The Life and Work of Walter J. Phillips. Markham, ON: M.B. Loates Publishing, 1981. First edition. ISBN: 9780920892053. pp. 232. Oblong Folio. Bound in textured silver cloth, to complement the eye-catching silver dustjacket. Vibrant colour and black and white reproductions, black and white photographs. A bit shaken, else very good+, in very good- dustjacket showing some light overall rubbing, some light scuffing at extremities, as if often seen on this jacket, and small scratch to rear panel. Hardcover.
18. Boulet, Roger. Walter J. Phillips The Complete Graphic Works. M. B. Loates, 1981. Limited edition. ISBN: 0920892043. Very heavy, thick folio. Bound in 1/4 brown leather over linen boards, with deckled edges and decorated endpapers; in matching linen slipcase with leather-trimmed edges. Faint scuff to one corner, else unmarred. Linen lining of the slipcase is detached in spots. Retaining the original double-layer cardboard box. The most-pristine copy we've had the pleasure of handling. Leather Bound.
19. Boulet, Roger H. Toni Onley A Silent Thunder. Cerebrus Publishing / Prentice Hall, 1981. ISBN: 0920016111. pp. 144. Oblong 4to. Black and white photographs, and colour reproductions. Slight spine slant, light general rubbing to edges, light age toning to page edges; very good in a good+ dust jacket with scuffing- mostly to edges. Hardcover.
23. Bovey, Patricia E. and James Patten, curators, with guest writer Robert Enright [Tony Tascona]. Tony Tascona Resonance. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2001. ISBN: 0889152055. pp. 112. Slim 4to. Colour and black and white illustrations. Bound in beige cloth with silver lettering to spine and front board. Contents remain clean and unmarked with tight, sound binding; very good+ in very good+ dustjacket. Hardcover.
31. Davis, Angela E. The Grand Western Canadian Screen Shop Printing, People and History. Regina, SK: Mackenzie Art Gallery, 1992. pp. 88. Royal 8vo. Colour and black and white illustrations. Lightest edgewear; very good+. Paperback.
32. Davis, Angela E. The Grand Western Canadian Screen Shop Printing, People and History. Regina, SK: Mackenzie Art Gallery, 1992. pp. 88. Royal 8vo. Colour and black and white illustrations. Lightest edgewear; very good+. Paperback.
33. de Jouvancourt, Hugues; Bill Trent (Trans.). Suzor-Cote. Montreal: La Fregat, 1967. Limited Edition. pp. 132. 4to. Bound in full luscious brown suede with inlayed hand-painted artwork to front panel and gilt lettering to spine. Five raised bands and six compartments, decorative endpapers, gilt top edge. Color plates, black and white illustrations, and etching portrait of Suzor-Cote by Adam Sherrifs Scott. Lightest rubbing to suede binding; very good+ to near fine. Leather Bound.
34. de Roussan, Jacques. C. Langevin Ombres et Lumieres (Shadow and Light). Pointe-Claire, Quebec: Roussan, 1989. ISBN: 9782980091575. pp. 98. 4to. A very good copy of Claude Langevin's landscape works, reproduced in full colour with some thumb sketches in black and white. Text is in French and translated by Jane Frydenlund into English. Hardcover.
36. Degrow, Donald. The Jester's Realm The Work of Jordan Van Sewell. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2001. ISBN: 9780889151987. pp. 40. Square 8vo. Colour and black and white photographs. No detectable flaws; near fine. Paperback.
39. Duval, Paul. Ken Danby. Toronto: Gallery Moos Limited, 1974. ISBN: 9780969049807. pp. 191. Square folio. Colour and black and white reproductions, black and white photographs. Lightest shelfwear, contents remain clean and unmarked; very good+, in bowed, very good slipcase. Hardcover.
40. Duval, Paul. Leo Mol. Loch Art Gallery, 1982. Limited edition. ISBN: 0889253749. pp. 241. 4to. Book is bound in 1/4 leather over tan linen; portfolio and slipcase are tan linen. Gilt reproduction of Mol's signature to book's spine and front board, and front board of portfolio. Portfolio contains two signed, numbered prints: "Judy" and "Lora", both No. 41/165. Book contains many colour photos of Mol's art, including his stained-glass work, bronzes, drawings, and ceramics. Portfolio and contents appear untouched; book shows a few very light marks to extremities, else near fine; slipcase shows one bump and a very faintline of discolouration, but remains very good. Hardcover.
41. Duval, Paul. Leo Mol. [Winnipeg]: Loch Art Gallery, 1982. Limited edition. ISBN: 0889253749. pp. 241. 4to. Book is bound in 1/4 leather over tan linen; portfolio and slipcase are tan linen. Gilt reproduction of Mol's signature to book's spine and front board, and front board of portfolio. Portfolio contains two signed, numbered prints: "Judy" and "Lora", both No. 1/165. Book contains many colour photos of Mol's art, including his stained-glass work, bronzes, drawings, and ceramics. Portfolio and contents appear untouched; near fine and books appears to be unread with no detectable flaws; near fine. Hardcover.
45. Eckhardt, Ferdinand. Ein Wiener Graphiker (1876-1952). Wien: Triart Edition, No date stated. Square 8vo. Ring-bound. Full-colour & black-and-white photo reproductions. Lightest shelfwear; very good. Paperback.
48. Extension Services of the National Gallery of Canada. Manitoba Mainstream People's Art / Fine Art. Winnipeg: Extension Services of the National Gallery of Canada, 1973. 8vo. Soiling on covers; good. Paperback.
50. Ferguson, Bruce. Haim Steinbach. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 1996. ISBN: 0889151792. pp. 45. 8vo. Green stapled card covers with gilt lettering to cover. Colour photographs. No detectable flaws; near fine. Stapled wraps.
51. Forrestall, William [Allen Bentley and Peter J Larocque, essays]. William Forrestall PAINTINGSdrawings. New Brunswick Canada: New Brunswick Museum, 2009. ISBN: 9780919326651. pp. 130. Oblong 4to. Very light rubbing to extremities; near fine. Hardcover.
52. Franklin, David (Ed.). National Gallery of Canada Review / Revue du Musée des beaux-arts du Canada Volume I. Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada / Musée des beaux-arts du Canada, 2000. pp. 157. 4to. Black and white and colour illustrations; very good+. Paperback.
53. Franklin, David (Ed.). Treasures of the National Gallery of Canada. Ottawa, ON: National Gallery of Canada | Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN: 9780888847645. pp. 288. 4to. Colour photographs and illustrations. No detectable flaws; near fine. Paperback.
57. Gill, Jesjit S. [Untitled]. Toronto: Jesjit S. Gill; self-published, 9999. No publication date. Unpaginated. Slim 8vo. Full-colour silkscreen throughout. Appears unread; near fine. Paperback.
59. Harper, J. Russell. Early Painters and Engravers in Canada. Taipei, Taiwan: University of Toronto Press, 1972. Reprint. ISBN: 9780802016300. pp. xv, 376. Royal 8vo. Near fine condition in slightly chipped & rubbed, else good/good+ dustjacket. Hardcover.
62. Heath, Terrance. Joe Fafard. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2007. ISBN: 9781553652212. pp. 223. 4to. Color and black & white illustrations and photographs. Very good+ in very good, lightly rubbed, dustjacket. Hardcover.
64. Henderson, Lee; Seema Goel. Any Sharp Knife Will Do. Regina, Saskatchewan / St. John's, Newfoundland: The Dunlop Art Gallery / The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery, 2011. ISBN: 9781894882408. pp. 66. Square 8vo. Bound in forest green cloth with silver lettering to spine and front board. Full-colour illustrations. Boards lightly rubbed, else very good. Hardcover.
68. Hughes, Mary Jo (Curator). Brigdens of Winnipeg. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2001. pp. 36. Square 8vo. Black and white and color photographs. Lightest shelfwear; near fine. Paperback.
70. Jansma, Linda. Rody Kenny Courtice The Pattern of Her Times. Oshawa, ON: Robert McLaughlin Gallery, 2007. ISBN: 9780921500797. pp. 155. Royal 8vo. Bound in full red cloth with white pastedown title-label. Black and white and colour illustrations and photographs. Small scuff to rear board, otherwise; very good+ Hardcover.
73. Karch-Ackerman, Michele. THE LOST BOYS. Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada: Tom Thomson Memorial Art Gal, 2003. ISBN: 0929021355. Square 8vo, pp. 45. Foreword by Stuart Reid. Very good+ in very good+ dust jacket. "This catalogue documents an exhibition mounted at teh Tom Thomson Memorial Art Gallery from March 14 to April 27, 2003.". Hardcover.
74. Karlinsky, Amy ; Mary Carpenter Reid; Dennis Cooley. Figure Ground Paintings And Drawings of Ivan Eyre. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2005. ISBN: 9780889152311. pp. 138. Oblong 4to. Profusely illustrated in black and white and colour. No detectable flaws; near fine and housed in near fine dustjacket. Hardcover.
75. Kerr, Illingworth. Paint and Circumstance. Calgary, Alberta: Privately Published, 1987. First edition. pp. 153. Oblong 4to. Bound in green cloth with matching slipcase. Illustrations including full page colour plates, chronology. 2 prints signed and numbered by the artist, Mr. Kerr, in an envelope attached to front pastedown. No detectable flaws; near fine and housed in very good+ lightly rubbed slipcase. Overall, very good+ to near fine. Hardcover.
76. Kiendl, Anthony (Ed.). Space Camp 2000 Uncertainty, Speculative Fictions and Art. Regina, Saskatchewan: Dunlop Art Gallery, 2004. ISBN: 9781894882040. pp. 174. 8vo. Black and white and colour photographic reproductions and illustrations. Light shelfwear; very good. Paperback.
84. Lexier, Micah. Book Sculptures. Oakville: Oakville Galleries, 1993. ISBN: 9780921027423. 8vo. Light shelfwear; very good. Hardcover.
86. Madill, Shirley (Synop.); Anna Wiechec. Anna Wiechec Recent Work. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2000. Unpaginated. Tall 8vo. Colour photographs. Minor creasing to spine; very good+. Stapled Wraps.
88. Mattes, Catherine (Curator). Rielisms: Metis Man or Canadian Icon Who Owns Louis Riel? Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2001. ISBN: 9780889152014. pp. 64. 4to. No detectable flaws; fine. Paperback.
94. Middleton, J.E.; F.H. Brigden [Illust.]. Canadian Landscape. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1944. Third Printing. pp. 111. Slim 4to. Black and white photographic reproductions, drawings and illustrations. Bound in quarter cloth over illustrated paper boards. Negligible shelfwear; very good in very good lightly rubbed dustjacket showing occasional short closed tear along edges of panels. Hardcover.
95. Morra, Linda (Ed.). Corresponding Influence Selected Letters of Emily Carr and Ira Dilworth. Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 2008. ISBN: 9780802095756. pp. xii, 339. 8vo. Black and white and colour photographs and illustrations. Very good+. Paperback.
99. [National Museum Of Man]. The Inuit Print (L'estampe Inuit). Ottawa: National Museum of Man, 1980. ISBN: 066050278x. pp. 267. Oblong 8vo. Bound in light blue cloth with silver lettering to spine. No detectable flaws; near fine and housed in very good+ lightly rubbed dustjacket showing the occassional chip along edges (dustjacket now housed in protective mylar). Hardcover.
101. Odjig, Daphne; Wood, Morgan. Daphne Odjig: Four Decades of Prints. Kamloops, British Columbia: Kamloops Art Gallery, 2005. ISBN: 9781895497618. 4to. Light shelfwear; very good. Paperback.
103. Paikowsky, Sandra. Goodridge Roberts, 1904-1974. Kleinberg, Ontario: Mcmichael Canadian Art Collection, 1998. ISBN: 9780777868881. Square 4to. 236. Chiefly black and white and colour photographic reproductions and illustrations. Light rubbing to covers otherwise, contents remain clean and unmarked with tight, sound binding. Overall, very good to very good+. Paperback.
104. Paquette, A. J. [Armand]. Markings Scenes and Recollections of Winnipeg's North End. Winnipeg: Loch & Mayberry Fine Art Inc, 1995. 1st printing. ISBN: 1550564005. Oblong 4to, pp. 143. Color photos & illustrations. Crease to front endpaper, else very good+, in lightly rubbed, very good+ dust jacket. Hardcover.
105. Paquette, A. J. [Armand]. Markings Scenes and Recollections of Winnipeg's North End. Winnipeg: Loch & Mayberry Fine Art Inc, 1995. 1st printing. ISBN: 1550564005. Oblong 4to, pp. 143. Color photos & illustrations. Light general shelfwear, else very good+, in lightly rubbed, very good+ dust jacket. Hardcover.
108. Phillips, Walter J. Graphics by Walter J. Phillips, R.C.A., LL.D. and Canadian Arts in Three Dimension Catalogue 3 – 1968. Calgary, Alberta: Glenbow Art Gallery / Glenbow Foundation – Alberta Government Museum, 1968. pp. 19. 4to. Card covers held with utilitarian tape. Lightest shelfwear; very good+. "The Walter J. Phillips' catalogue was written by John P. Crabb of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Mr. Crabb, a collector of early Canadiana, has been doing extensive research on W. J. Phillips' life and artistic career and has compiled very complete records and works of the late Dr. Phillips." Paperback.
109. Phillips, Walter J.; Frederick Niven. Colour in the Canadian Rockies. Toronto: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1937. pp. x, 125. 8vo. Bound in green cloth with gilt lettering and decoration to spine and front board. Black and white and colour photographic reproductions, illustrations, woodcuts. Light general wear, some foxing to the contents which are otherwise clean and unmarked; very good-. Hardcover.
110. Raine, Herbert. Old Montreal. Montreal, Quebec: John H. Thompson, 1921. 4to. 17 reproductions of etchings. Boards show some wear and soiling. Spine darkened. All the reproductions are tipped-in and are in very good condition. Hardcover.
111. Reichert, Don; Robert Archambeau. Reichert and Archambeau Recent Works, February 28th – March 17th, 1983. Winnipeg, Manitoba: The University of Manitoba, School of Art, 1983. pp. 16. 4to. Stapled card covers. Black and white and colour photographic reproductions and illustrations. No detectable flaws; near fine. Stapled Wraps.
112. Reid, Dennis, ed. [Contributors: Andrew Hunter, Robert Stacey, John Wadland, Charles C. Hill, Sandra Webster-Cook, Anne Ruggles, Joan Murray, Dennis Reid]. Tom Thomson. [Ontario]: Art Gallery of Ontario and National Gallery of Canada, 2002. First edition. ISBN: 1550548980. pp. 386. Thick 4to. 140 colour plates, 100 b&w photos. Edgewear, contents clean and unmarked; very good, in good+ dust jacket showing a tear to front panel. Hardcover.
114. Seripop. Artist Music Journals; A Curated Series from Soundscreen Design. Brooklyn, NY: Soundscreen Design, 2010. Unpaginated. Square 4to. Stapled wraps. Appears unread; near fine, packaged in very good cardboard sleeve . Paperback.
115. Sheehan, Carol; Rose Veighey (Ed.). Pipes That Won't Smoke; Coal That Won't Burn Haida Sculpture in Argillite. [Calgary, Alberta]: Glenbow Museum, 1981. ISBN: 9780919224209. pp. 214. 4to. Black and white maps, photographic reproductions and illustrations. Very light general shelfwear, contents remain clean and unmarked with tight, sound binding. Overall, very good+. Paperback.
120. Switzer, Maurice H. Bruno Cavallo: A Conversation. Sudbury, ON: Laurentian University Museum and Art Centre, 1991. Oblong 4to. Light general rubbing and soiling, front panel curled at foredge; good+. Paperback.
121. Tal, Miriam (Intro.). Eli Ilan Sculpture 15.10.74 – 1.11.74. Tel Aviv: Renee Darom Galerie D'Art, 1974. Unpaginated. Square 8vo. Black and white photographs. Minor creasing to spine; very good. Stapled Wraps.
122. Tascona, Tony; Patricia E. Bovey; J. R. Léveillé. Transformation. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Ink, Incorporated, 2006. ISBN: 9780921260073. pp. 55. Oblong 8vo. Colour illustrations. No detectable flaws; near fine. Paperback.
123. Teaching Staff, Department of Art and Design, University of Alberta. EXHIBITION OF WORK BY TEACHING STAFF OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ART AND DESIGN, UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta, 1985. Square 8vo, pp. 54. Very good+. Catalogue of the September 14 to October 27, 1985 Staff Exhibition at the Edmonton Art Gallery. "Only works by Full Time Continuing Staff in Art and Design are featured in this catalogue.". Paperback.
129. Theberge, Pierre. Joe Fafard The Bronze Years. Montreal: The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 1996. ISBN: 9782891922173. pp. 119. 4to. Black and white and colour photographic reproductions and illustrations. Light shelfwear, contents clean and unmarked; very good+. Paperback.
130. Tippett, Maria and Douglas Cole (Eds.). Phillips in Print: The Selected Writing of Walter J. Phillips on Canadian Nature and Art Volume VI of the Manitoba Record Society Publications. Winnipeg: Manitoba Record Society, 1982. 1st edition. pp. xxxiv, 156. 8vo. Bound in publisher's green buckram with gilt spine lettering. Black-&-white illustrations. The sturdy boards are very slightly scuffed; else the book is in very good, to near fine, condition. The dust jacket is scuffed, with wear to the folds, some creasing to edges, and some chipping. It is in about fair, to good, condition. Hardcover.
133. [Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre]. Summer Scape '84: June 8 – September 10, 1984 Works by Ukrainian Manitoban artists. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre, 1984. No pagination. [pp. 18.]. 4to. 22 cm. Black and white photographic reproductions in laminate. Contents bright and clean with tight, sound binding. Near fine. Spiral-Bound.
134. Via Rail Canada. Of Style and Steel. Montreal: Via Rail, N.D.. Unpaginated. Long 4to. Colour illustrations. No detectable flaws; near fine.
135. Watson, Robert [Walter J. Phillips, woodcuts]. Dreams of Fort Garry. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Stovel Company Limited, 1931. First printing. pp. 63. Slim 8vo. Bound in tan paper over boards, and printed on rag paper. With 20 beautiful and vivid woodcuts by Phillips, plus the cover vignette. Light rubbing to binding, slight bumping to spine ends, a couple of light smudges, light indentations at joints from overzealous removal of slipcase, internally clean and bright; very good. Slipcase shows the usual minor scuffing and light chipping at extremities; good. Hardcover.
137. Wedman, Linda and Gordon Snyder (Selection of Works); Maggie Callahan (Catalogue Essay and Exhibition Production). Harvest of the Spirit: Illingworth Kerr Retrospective The Edmonton Art Gallery Premiere, March 2 – April 14, 1985. Edmonton, Alberta: The Edmonton Art Gallery, 1985. ISBN: 9780889500419. pp. 62. Oblong 4to. Black and white and colour photographic reproductions. Light shelfwear; very good. Paperback.
140. [William Eakin]. William Eakin. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2001. ISBN: 97808891520043. No pagination. Square 4to. Light general shelfwear, some highlighting confined to three pages. Overall, very good+. Paperback.
145. Yaneff, Chris (Cur.). Exhibition: Royal Canadian Academy of Arts Academy House, 8 Adelaide St. East. Oct. 16 to Dec. 30, 1987. Toronto: Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1987. Unpaginated. 4to. Card covers. Black and white photographs and illustrations. Lightest shelfwear; very good+. Stapled Wraps.


text:
Q: Saving Method for a button this is my code in my .m file
@interface HomeWorkViewController ()

@end

@implementation HomeWorkViewController
@synthesize adView;
@synthesize myTableView, numbers;

-(void) viewDidLoad
{

   adView.delegate=self;
    [super viewDidLoad];

      self.navigationItem.leftBarButtonItem = self.editButtonItem;

    // check here if key exists in the defaults or not, if yes the retrieve results in array
    if([[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] objectForKey:@"numberArray"] != nil) {
        self.numbers = [NSMutableArray arrayWithArray:[[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] objectForKey:@"numberArray"]];

    }

    //Register for the notification when user go to background or minimize the app, just save the array objects in the defaults

    [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter]   addObserver:self
                                               selector:@selector(appWillGoToBackground:)
                                                   name:UIApplicationWillResignActiveNotification
                                                 object:[UIApplication sharedApplication]];

    //Add the Add button
    UIBarButtonItem * addButton = [[UIBarButtonItem alloc]
                                   initWithBarButtonSystemItem:UIBarButtonSystemItemAdd target: self action: @selector(insertNewObject)];

    self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = addButton;
}

-(void)setEditing:(BOOL)editing animated:(BOOL)animated {
    [super setEditing:editing animated:animated];
    [self.myTableView setEditing:editing animated:animated];

}
-(void)appWillGoToBackground:(NSNotification *)note {
    NSLog(@"terminate");

    NSUserDefaults *defaults=[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];
    [defaults setObject:self.numbers forKey:@"numberArray"];
    [defaults synchronize];

}

-(void)insertNewObject{
    //Display a UIAlertView
    UIAlertView *alert = [[UIAlertView alloc]initWithTitle:@"Enter HomeWork" message: @"" delegate:self cancelButtonTitle:@"Cancel" otherButtonTitles:@"Ok", nil];

    alert.alertViewStyle = UIAlertViewStylePlainTextInput;
    [alert show];

}

-(void)alertView:(UIAlertView *)alertView clickedButtonAtIndex:(NSInteger)buttonIndex
{
    //Only perform the following actions if the user hits the ok button
    if (buttonIndex == 1)
    {
        NSString * tmpTextField = [alertView textFieldAtIndex:0].text;

        if(!self. numbers){

            self.numbers = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
        }

        [self.numbers insertObject:tmpTextField atIndex:0];

        NSIndexPath * indexPath = [NSIndexPath indexPathForRow:0 inSection:0];

        [self.myTableView insertRowsAtIndexPaths:@[indexPath]withRowAnimation:UITableViewRowAnimationAutomatic];

    }

}

    -(NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView {
        return 1;
    }

    -(NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section{
        return self.numbers.count;
    }

    -(UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
        static NSString *cellIdentifier = @"cell";

        UITableViewCell *cell = [ tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:cellIdentifier];

        if(cell == nil) {
            cell = [[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle: UITableViewCellStyleDefault
                                          reuseIdentifier: cellIdentifier];
        }

        cell.textLabel.text = [self.numbers objectAtIndex:indexPath.row];

        return cell;
    }

    -(BOOL)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView canEditRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
    {
        return YES;

    }

    -(void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView commitEditingStyle:(UITableViewCellEditingStyle)editingStyle forRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
    {
        if (editingStyle == UITableViewCellEditingStyleDelete)
        {
            //remove our NSMutableArray
            [self.numbers removeObjectAtIndex:indexPath.row];
            //remove from our tableView
            [tableView deleteRowsAtIndexPaths:@[indexPath] withRowAnimation:UITableViewRowAnimationFade];
        }

    }

- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView
moveRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)fromIndexPath
toIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)toIndexPath
{

}
-(void)bannerViewDidLoadAd:(ADBannerView *)banner
{
    adView.hidden=FALSE;
    NSLog(@"Has ad, showing");

}

-(void)bannerView:(ADBannerView *)banner didFailToReceiveAdWithError:(NSError *)error
{
    adView.hidden=TRUE;
    NSLog(@"Has no ads, hiding");

}

-(void)dealloc
{

    [adView release];
    [super dealloc];

}

@end

I have a saving method there but I want to save everything that I changed in the table by clicking a button.   How do i do that?
I want to put a toolbar with a button that says back to go to the home screen, and link this button to save everything that was done to the table like delete, switch order and add.

A: You're almost there :)
You are using the numbers array as the data model for the table.
Make sure that this array is always updated when the table is manipulated. (For example, you need to reorder the numbers array in moveRowAtIndexPath. Currently, you do nothing in that method)
To save the model using a button, just create a UIButton in the Interface Builder and connect it to the following action:
- (IBAction)saveButtonWasPressed:(id)sender {
    NSUserDefaults *defaults=[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];
    [defaults setObject:self.numbers forKey:@"numberArray"];
    [defaults synchronize];
}

Maybe you also want to pop the tableviewcontroller from the navigationcontroller stack if you also want to leave the controller.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


IHOP announced a temporary name change to IHOb, replacing the "P" for pancakes with a "B" for burgers. Wendy's, Whataburger, even Chrissy Teigen react.
What was formally known as IHOP took a virtual beating on Twitter Monday.
International House of Pancakes — commonly known as IHOP — officially announced its temporary name change to IHOb, replacing the "P" for pancakes with a "b" for burgers.
The company also changed its Twitter handle to @IHOb and updated their bio to read, "Burgers so burgerin' good, we changed our name to IHOb. For burgers."
Wendy's, known for its savage clapbacks, had much to say about IHOb's big reveal.
Other burger and breakfast chains have also taken shots at the former pancake giant.
Social media socialite Chrissy Teigen also took to Twitter to chime in. Let's just say she added perspective.
IHOP ... er ... IHOb is trying to smooth things out, but it seems like the damage is already done.
All in is all we know. Come try one if you want a new legend in your life.
IHOb aside, we have some thoughts of our own on the best places to get a good burger. Our dining critic tried 200 burgers at restaurants across Phoenix and these are his top picks.
Important to note on this list: No large-scale regional or national chains were included. Sorry, IHOb.


text:
HomePod 2 praised in exclusive hands-on before launch – Tech BGR Technology
Resolving to live the Year of the Rabbit to the fullest – MIT Technology Review Technology
You Need Better Makeup Storage to Declutter That Messy Bathroom Counter – CNET – CNET Technology
T-Mobile says hacker accessed personal data of 37 million customers – TechCrunch Technology
Pérez Palacios Arquitectos Asociados effortlessly elevates a family getaway in Mexico's Valle de Bravo – The Architect's Newspaper Architecture and Planning
Renderings revealed for new Staten Island recreation center by ikon.5 architects – The Architect's Newspaper Architecture and Planning
Big banks reportedly working on digital wallet to take on Apple and PayPal – SiliconANGLE Technology
How to Spot AI-Generated Art, According to Artists – Wired Technology
Astronomers Release Largest-Ever Map of Our Galaxy, Featuring 3.32 Billion Stars – ExtremeTechExtremeTech
Posted on January 25, 2023 By No Comments on Astronomers Release Largest-Ever Map of Our Galaxy, Featuring 3.32 Billion Stars – ExtremeTechExtremeTech
We know that the sun is just one of more than 100 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, but we don't know much about most of the stars outside our corner of the cosmos. That's starting to change, thanks to projects like the DECaPS2 survey. Astronomers working on that initiative have just released a new stellar catalog featuring an incredible 3.32 billion stars. It's the largest star map ever, and it's still just a fraction of what's out there.
The DECaPS2 project uses the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), a 520-megapixel imager on the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope. It was originally built to carry out the Dark Energy Survey, which wrapped up in 2019. The instrument has also been available to astronomers conducting other work, including the DECaPS2 survey. The first data sets were released in 2017, and with the latest update, the star map covers 6.5% of the sky and 130 degrees. That's 13,000 times the angular area of the full moon when viewed from Earth.
Lead author of the new paper, Andrew Saydjari says that the key to DECaPS2's success is not a wealth of observation time. Rather, the survey has been able to generate its enormous star map because the team focused on the hard problem of studying the dense starfields in the galactic plane. "We simply pointed at a region with an extraordinarily high density of stars and were careful about identifying sources that appear nearly on top of each other," Saydjari says.
A low-resolution image of the DECaPS2 data is overlaid on an image showing the full sky. The callout box is a full-resolution view of a small portion of the DECaPS2 data.
The DECam was a perfect instrument to take on the challenge of diving into the densest part of the galaxy. It operates in the near-infrared part of the spectrum, allowing it to see past the clouds of dust and gas that obscure observations in the visual spectrum. When combined with images from Pan-STARRS 1 observatory, it is possible to create a 3D map of the Milky Way's disk, providing previously impossible insight into the structure of stars and the interstellar medium.
The datasets collected by the survey are available for download on the project's site, which is part of the National Science Foundation's NOIRLab. There's also a web-based viewer for the image data, which lets you zoom in on any region scanned by the DECam. And you can keep zooming. It really drives home the staggering level of detail captured by the DECaPS2 project.
Now read:
Webb Telescope Reveals Unexpected Milky Way-Like GalaxiesScientists Discover Massive 'Extra Galactic Structure' Hidden Behind the Milky WayAstronomers Successfully Measure the Motion of 66 Nearby Galaxies
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Denmark might be the #1 per capita consumer of candy and Brazil the #1 per capita consumer of sugar, but we here in the United States of America value quality over quantity (we also do love us some quantity as well). That's why we have candy as enigmatic as the Tootsie Pop – nobody knows precisely how many licks it takes to get to the chewy center, not even our nation's large population of extremely wise owls. Celebrate the mystery and America with blue raspberry, vanilla and cherry Tootsie Pops wrapped up in red, white and blue.
Bag contains 15 American Flag Red, White, and Blue Patriotic Tootsie Pops.


text:
UNGA 76: Nigeria's NSA begs UN for support to end insecurity
Cecilia Ologunagba Sep 27, 2021 0
The National Security Adviser (NSA), retired Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno, has solicited the support of the UN Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) to tackle the scourge of terrorism and violent extremism in Nigeria and the West African…
Security agencies do not work together as closely as expected – NSA
John Ogunsemore Mar 19, 2021 0
The National Security Adviser (NSA), Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno (rtd) says non-cooperation of security agencies must end if the nation must achieve its national security objectives. He also advocated for traditional rulers to be assigned…
$1bn Arms Fund: PDP Calls Out Buhari Presidency, Says Nigeria Has Been Swindled
The Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) has reacted to the comment by the National Security Adviser (NSA), Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno (rtd) that billions disbursed for procurement of arms for counter-terrorism operations could not be traced and…
Full Text: NSA Monguno's Explosive Interview On Missing Funds
The National Security Adviser (NSA), Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno (rtd) has been in the news since Friday when he granted a controversial interview to BBC Hausa. In the interview which was conducted in Hausa, Monguno said that billions of…
Arms: Presidency says NSA was misquoted on claims of missing funds
The Presidency said that no misappropriation of funds meant for procurement of arms for counter-terrorism operations could have occurred under the President Muhammadu Buhari administration. Senior Special Assistant to the President on…
Arms money went missing under Buratai, other ex-service chiefs – NSA Monguno
The National Security Adviser, Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno (retd.) says some funds meant for the procurement of arms and ammunition to combat insecurity went missing under the tenure of the immediate-past service chiefs. He stated this in…
EndSARS protesters must embrace dialogue, stop pushing their luck – NSA Monguno
John Ogunsemore Oct 22, 2020 0
The National Security Adviser (NSA), Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno (rtd), says EndSARS protesters should stop pushing their luck and agree to dialogue with the government. According to him, remaining adamant on non-negotiation could create…
Boko Haram Attacks Governor Zulum's Convoy Yet Again
Tony Abu Momoh Sep 27, 2020 0
Boko Haram terrorists attacked the convoy of Governor Babagana Zulum of Borno State for the third time in three months on Sunday morning. At least 30 people have died and several more are still hospitalized from the attack against the…
NSA Monguno reveals how to end killings in Katsina, others
John Ogunsemore Jun 17, 2020 0
The National Security Adviser (NSA), Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno (rtd), has said that "horrible" security challenges facing Katsina and other states cannot be successfully tackled without involving the people. He stated this on Tuesday…
ISWAP Distributed Manifesto Leaflets to Civilians in Monguno Attack
Tony Abu Momoh Jun 14, 2020 0
The Islamic State of West Africa (ISWAP) terrorist organisation had some time to distribute leaflets to civilians in Monguno during a Saturday attack which left 20 of their fighters dead. ISWAP fighters infiltrated Monguno town in Borno…
Troops Kill 20 Boko Haram/ISWAP fighters as Attack on Monguno is Repelled
At least 20 Boko Haram/ISWAP terrorists were killed by troops of Sector 3 and Air Task Force Operation Lafiya Dole when they attempted to attack Monguno according to a report from the Defence Headquarters in Abuja. See Also: Nigerians…
Buratai Commend Troops' Braveness Against Terrorists In Monguno
Sumaila Ogbaje Jun 14, 2020 0
The Chief of Army Staff, Lt.-Gen. Tukur Buratai, has commended troops of the Nigerian Army for their resilience and bravery against terrorists' attack on Monguno town, Borno. SEE ALSO: Democratic Governors Reject Trump's Call To Send In…
Monguno vs Kyari: Buratai orders withdrawal of army personnel from NSA's office
John Ogunsemore Feb 21, 2020 0
The Chief of Army Staff, Lt.-Gen. Tukur Buratai has ordered the withdrawal of 23 senior army officers serving at the Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA) without replacing them. The withdrawal came less than two months after…
Sack Abba Kyari, Monguno, service chiefs – Buhari's ex-ADC urges him
Former Aide-de-Camp to President Muhammadu Buhari, Major Mustapha Jokolo (rtd) has urged him to sack his Chief of Staff, Abba Kyari and National Security Adviser, Maj.-Gen. Babagana Monguno (rtd). Jokolo, who was Emir of Gwandu, made the…
Why Buhari must address Nigerians over Monguno vs Abba Kyari rift – PDP
The Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) has demanded a nationwide address from President Muhammadu Buhari over the rift between his Chief of Staff, Abba Kyari and National Security Adviser, Major General Babagana Monguno (rtd). According to…
Monguno, Kyari Acrimony: Duo Are National Disgrace, Must Be Sacked – Ojo
News Agency of Nigeria Feb 18, 2020 0
Sequel to the continued banter between the National Security Adviser, Maj-Gen. Babagana Monguno (rtd), and the Chief of Staff (Cos) to President Muhammadu Buhari, Abba Kyari, over National security, Mr Jackson Ojo, security expert, has…
Why Boko Haram Leader Shekau Stayed In My House – House Of Reps Member
John Ogunsemore Dec 9, 2018 0
A member of the House of Representatives, Hon. Mohammed Monguno, has revealed the circumstances which led Boko Haram leader, Abubakar Shekau to stay in his house. The lawmaker, who represents Jere Federal Constituency in Borno State,…
Nigeria Is Safe Again – Buhari Declares
Tony Abu Momoh Jul 7, 2018 0
President Muhammadu has declared that Nigeria has been made safe again by the Military. He said this at the Nigeria Army Day celebration 2018 in Monguno, Bornu State on Friday while praising the military's efforts in bringing the…
Monguno one of finest statesmen, politicians Nigeria ever had – Buhari
Owolabi Oluwasegun Jul 9, 2016 0
President Muhammadu Buhari has described the late former Minister of Mines, Power and Petroleum, Alhaji Shettima Monguno, as ``one of the finest statesmen and political actors Nigeria ever had.'' This is contained in a statement signed…
Ex-minister, Ali-Monguno, buried in Maiduguri
News Agency of Nigeria Jul 9, 2016 0
Former Minister of Petroleum Resources, Shettima Ali-Monguno, who died on Friday, was buried at the Gwange Cemetery in Maiduguri on Saturday. The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the burial was preceded by a funeral prayer led…
Maiduguri detectives carry out house-to-house search for Monguno
Tobi Adeyeye May 6, 2013 0
Security operatives in Maiduguri have been carrying out house-to-house search operations in efforts aimed at finding and rescuing the kidnapped former Minister of Petroleum Resources, Dr Shettima Ali Monguno. The search…


Unemployment Down to 3.5%: The unemployment rate in Maryland has declined from 6.4% to 3.5% since 1993.
327,400 New Jobs: 327,400 new jobs have been created in Maryland since 1993 -- an average of 43,174 per year, compared to an average loss of 11,900 jobs per year in the previous administration.
317,100 New Private Sector Jobs: Since 1993, 317,100 new private sector jobs have been created�an average of 41,815 jobs per year, compared to an average loss of 14,225 private sector jobs per year in the previous administration.
36,800 New Construction Jobs: 36,800 construction jobs have been created in Maryland since 1993 -- an average of 4,853 jobs per year. In contrast, an average of 11,050 construction jobs were lost each year during the previous administration.
90,000 Have Received a Raise: Approximately 35,000 Maryland workers benefited from an increase in the minimum wage�from $4.25 to $4.75 -- on October 1, 1996. They, along with about 55,000 more received an additional raise�from $4.75 to $5.15 -- on September 1, 1997. President Clinton and Vice President Gore have called on Congress to raise the minimum wage by an additional $1.00 over two years.
Homeownership Has Increased in Maryland: Homeownership in Maryland has increased from 65.8% to 69.6% since 1993.
Maryland's Families Reap Benefits of Deficit Reduction: Public debt is on track to be $2.4 trillion lower in 2000 than was projected in 1993. Debt reduction brings real benefits for the American people -- a family in Maryland with a home mortgage of $100,000 might expect to save roughly $2,000 per year in mortgage payments. Reduced debt also means lower interest rates and reduced payments on car loans and student loans.
Nearly 10,000 Children in Head Start: 9,777 Maryland children were enrolled in Head Start in 1999. In FY00, Maryland will receive $61.5 million in Head Start funding, an increase of $30.1 million over 1993.
More High-Quality Teachers With Smaller Classes for Maryland's Schools: Thanks to the Class Size Reduction Initiative, Maryland received $17.5 million in 1999 to hire about 450 new, well-prepared public school teachers and reduce class size in the early grades. President Clinton secured funding for a second installment of the plan, giving Maryland an additional $18.9 million in 2000.
$5.4 Million for Technology Literacy: This year [FY00], Maryland receives $5.4 million for the Technology Literacy Challenge Fund which helps communities and the private sector ensure that every student is equipped with the computer literacy skills needed for the 21st century.
$104.8 Million for Students Most in Need: Maryland receives $104.8 million in Title I Grants (to Local Educational Agencies) providing extra help in the basics for students most in need, particularly communities and schools with high concentrations of children in low-income families [FY00]. This includes $1.8 million in accountability grants, to help states and school districts turn around the worst performing schools and hold them accountable for results.
$105.3 Million in Pell Grants: This year [FY00], Maryland will receive $105.3 million in Pell Grants for low-income students going to college, benefiting 54,789 Maryland students.
Expanded Work-Study To Help More Students Work Their Way Through College: The FY00 budget includes a significant expansion of the Federal Work Study program. Maryland will receive $13.8 million in Work-Study funding in 2000 to help Maryland students work their way through college.
Expanded Job Training to Maryland's Dislocated Workers: President Clinton's FY 2001 budget would triple funding for the dislocated workers program over 1992 levels. Maryland received $15.1 million in 1999 to help 8,960 dislocated workers get the training and reemployment services they need to return to work as quickly as possible. In FY 2000, Maryland will receive over $16.8 million to provide job training for dislocated workers.
Over $1.1 Million in Grants for Battered Women and Children: In FY99, Maryland received over $1.1 million in HHS's Family Violence Prevention Program grants to assist women and children fleeing domestic abuse.
$6.6 Million to Keep Drugs & Violence Out of Maryland's Schools: Maryland received $6.6 million in FY00 for the Safe & Drug Free Schools Program, which invests in school security and drug prevention programs.
Encouraging Responsible Choices�Preventing Teen Pregnancy in Maryland: Since 1993, President Clinton and Vice President Gore have supported innovative and promising teen pregnancy prevention strategies, with significant components of the strategy becoming law in the 1996 Personal Responsibility Act. The law requires unmarried minor parents to stay in school and live at home or in a supervised setting; encourages "second chance homes" to provide teen parents with the skills and support they need; and provides $50 million a year in new funding for state abstinence education activities. Efforts are making a difference, adolescent pregnancy rates and teen abortion rates are declining. And between 1991 and 1997, teen birth rates declined 19.2% in Maryland.
$40.1 Million for Maryland Welfare-to-Work: In 1998 and 1999, Maryland received a total of $28.8 million in Federal welfare-to-work state formula grants, helping Maryland welfare recipients get and keep jobs. In addition, in 1999 and 1998 a total of $11.3 million in competitive grants were awarded to Maryland localities to support innovative welfare-to-work strategies. Part of the President's comprehensive efforts to move recipients from welfare to work, this funding was included in the $3 billion welfare to work fund in the 1997 Balanced Budget Act.
More Toddlers Are Being Immunized: As a result of the President's 1993 Childhood Immunization Initiative, childhood immunization rates have reached an historic high. According to the CDC, 90% or more of America's toddlers received the most critical doses of each of the routinely recommended vaccines in 1996, 1997, and again in 1998 �surpassing the President's 1993 goal. In Maryland in 1998, 93% of two-year olds received the vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; 90% received the vaccine for polio; 89% received the vaccine for measles, and 92% received the vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae B, the bacteria causing a form of meningitis.
Invested Nearly $676 Million in Maryland's Veterans: President Clinton and Vice President Gore are committed to caring for Maryland's 530,000 veterans. The Veterans Administration invested nearly $676 million in Maryland in 1999 alone. In 1999, 54,763 Maryland veterans received disability compensation or pension payments, more than 7,711 went to college on the GI Bill, and 19,506 bought a home using VA loan guarantees.
Providing Health Care for Maryland's Veterans: Since 1993, the VA health system has increased the number of patients treated every year by over 29 percent; treated 83 percent more homeless patients; organized approximately 1,300 sites of care delivery under 22 Veterans Integrated Service Networks; and established more than 250 new community-based outpatient clinics. In Maryland, the Baltimore, Fort Howard and Perry Point VA medical centers, and the Baltimore rehabilitation & extended care center, work together to form a comprehensive health care delivery system. Additionally, VA operates three outpatient clinics in Cambridge, Glen Burnie and Charlotte Hall. These clinics offer a full array of primary care services for veterans in the communities where they live and work. In 1999, 51,341 veterans received health care in Maryland's VA facilities.
$7.7 Million in Safe Drinking Water Funding: This year [FY00], thanks to President Clinton, Maryland will receive $7.7 million for the Drinking Water State Revolving Funds to provide low-interest loans to municipalities to build, improve, and prevent pollution of drinking water systems.
Protecting the Chesapeake Bay: Maryland is receiving $170 million through the USDA's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), as well as $25 million from non-Federal sources, to help protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Up to 100,000 acres of environmentally-sensitive land along Maryland streams and rivers will be set aside and maintained to protect water quality, which will give Maryland citizens cleaner water, healthier fish, and a stronger environment. CREP is a new voluntary initiative where the Agriculture Department partners with State governments and local interests to address local environmental problems related to agriculture.
Over $85.3 Million in Aviation Funds: From FY93-FY99 Maryland received over $85.3 million in Airport Improvement Program funds to help build and renovate airports, and, when necessary, to provide funds for noise abatement to improve the quality of life for residents who live near airports.
Nearly $686.6 Million in Transit Funding: Since 1993, Maryland has received nearly $686.6 million in Federal Transit Funding.
Saving Lives and Property: In 1999, the United States Coast Guard saved 26 lives and over $9.2 million of property in Maryland.


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