text:
Christianity's Criminal History, 95
Below, an abridged translation from the third volume of
Karlheinz Deschner's Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums.
Most of the written statements about the martyrs are false, but all of them were considered as totally valid historical documents (2 of 7)
The tolerance of the Romans in religious matters was generally great. They had it before the Jews, guaranteeing their freedom of worship, and even after the wars fought against the Jews, they were not forced to worship the gods of the state and released from the obligatory offerings to the emperors.
Until the beginning of the 3rd century, the hatred against Christians—who considered themselves exclusive; who, with all humility (!) thought of themselves as special, like the 'God of Israel', 'chosen people', 'holy people' who felt themselves as the 'golden part'—came mostly from the common peoples. For a long time the emperors imagined themselves too strong before this dark sect to intervene seriously. 'They avoided whenever possible' the trials against Christians (Eduard Schwartz).
For two hundred years they were not subjected to any 'persecution'. Emperor Commodus had a Christian favourite. In Nicomedia, the main Christian church was in front of Diocletian's residence. Also his preceptor of rhetoric, the Father of the Church Lactantius, remained safe in the vicinity of the sovereign during the toughest persecutions against the Christians. Lactantius never appeared before the courts or went to jail.
Almost everyone knew Christians, but they did not like to get their hands dirty by persecuting them. When it was necessary because the adepts of the Greco-Roman culture were furious, the officials did everything possible to release the imprisoned. The Christians only had to renounce their faith—and they did it massively, it was the general rule—and nobody bothered them again.
During the most intense persecution, that of Diocletian, the state only demanded the fulfilment of the offering of sacrifices that the law imposed on all citizens. Non-compliance was punished, but in no case the practice of the Christian religion. Even during the persecution of Diocletian, the churches were able to dispose of their property.
Even with Emperor Decius, in the year 250, we cannot speak of a general and planned persecution of Christians. At that time the first Roman bishop is killed in a persecution. Fabian died in prison; there was no death sentence on him. But up to that date, the ancient Church already considered as 'martyrs' eleven of the seventeen Roman bishops, although none of them had been martyrs! For two hundred years Christianity had lived side by side with the emperors. And in spite of that, on the Catholic side they still lie—with ecclesiastical imprimatur (and dedication: 'To the beloved mother of God')—in the mid-20th century: 'Most of the popes of that time died as martyrs' (Rüger).
(Cornelius by Master of Meßkirch.) The 'pope' Cornelius, who died peacefully in 253 in Civitavecchia, appears as beheaded in the acts of the martyrs. Also falsified are those that make the Roman bishop Stephen I (254-257) victim of the persecutions of Valerian. Pope St. Eutychian (275-283) even buried 'with his own hands' 342 martyrs, before following them himself.
The Church tried to cover up the apostasy of several popes at the beginning of the 4th century by falsifying the documents. The Liber Pontificalis, the official list of the papacy, points out that the Roman bishop Marcellinus (296-304), who had made sacrifices to the gods and had delivered the 'sacred' books, soon repented and died martyred: a complete forgery.
In the Roman martyrology, one pope after another gain the crown of martyrdom—almost everything is pure deception. (Interestingly, until the end of the 3rd century the cult of the martyrs had not begun in Rome.)
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on August 29, 2018 at 3:09 pm Comments (6)
Apocalypse for whites • XXIX
by Evropa Soberana
Christianity takes hold outside Judea
As soon as the Jews learn about the events in Rome with the Christians, they begin to plan an uprising and, perfectly coordinated, rebel throughout the Roman Empire. Thus, in the year 66, in a rapid and well-planned coup d'état, they put to the knife all the non-Jewish inhabitants of Jerusalem except the slaves. Nero uses his legions to crush the revolt harshly in the rest of the Empire, but in their capital the Jews become strong. In the year 68, just as General Vespasian left to take Jerusalem, Nero is mysteriously murdered.
Vespasian, then, becomes emperor and sends his son Titus to the front of the X Legio, with the aim of crushing the Jews. The year 70 Rome triumphs; Jerusalem is devastated and sacked by the Roman legionaries and it is said that in the process a million Jews died under Roman arms (only in Jerusalem the town had accumulated, during the siege, three million Jews). This year 70, fateful, traumatizing, outrageous and key for Jewry, sees the enslavement and dispersion of Jews throughout the Mediterranean (Diaspora), greatly enhancing the growth of Christianity.
There are successive emperors (Trajan, Hadrian) very aware of the Jewish problem, who do not pay much attention to Christians, mainly because they are too busy with the Judaic puzzle in 'holy land', repressing the Jews again and again, without destroying them completely.
In this time, the new religion grows little by little, gaining followers among the enslaved masses thanks to its egalitarian ideology and also in high positions of the administration: among an increasingly decadent and materialist bureaucracy. Christianity glorified misfortune instead of glorifying the struggle against it; considered suffering as a merit that dignifies itself and proclaimed that Paradise awaits anyone who behaves well. (Remember how the pagans taught that only fighters entered the Valhalla.)
It is the religion of the slaves, and they willingly subscribe to it. Early Christianity played a very similar role to that of the later Freemasonry: it was a Jewish strategy dressed up using weak and ambitious characters, fascinating them with a sinister ritualism. The result was like a communism for the Roman Empire, even favouring the 'emancipation' and independence of women from their husbands by capturing them with a strange and novel Christian liturgy, and urging them to donate their own money to the cause (a scam quite similar in its essence to the current New Age cults).
This map in Spanish shows the extension of Christianity around the year 100. The Roman Empire is represented in a lighter shade than the barbarian territories. Note that the areas of Christian preaching
coincide exactly with the densest Jewish settlement areas.
It is at the beginning of the second century that the figure of Christian fat cats called 'bishops' begins to take on importance. Saint Ignatius of Antioch wrote in the year 107, in the most corny way: 'It is obvious that we must look to a bishop like the Lord in person. His clerics are in harmony with their bishop like the strings of a harp, and the result is a hymn of praise to Jesus Christ of minds that feel in unison'. St. Ignatius is captured by the Roman authorities, and thrown to the lions in 107. (It is interesting to pay attention to the names of the preachers, since they always come from eastern mestizo and Judaized areas; in this case, Syria.)
Around the year 150, the Greek Marcion tries to form a kind of 'de-Judaised' purification in Christianity, rejecting the Old Testament; giving pre-eminent importance to the Gospel of St. Luke and adopting a Gnostic worldview with Orphic and Manichean airs. This is the first attempt of reform or Europeanization of Christianity: trying to deprive it from its obvious Jewish roots.[1] Marcion's followers, the Marcionites, who professed a Gnostic creed, are classified as heretics by mainstream Christianity.
This map shows the general expansion of Christianity in 185. Note the great difference with respect to the previous map and note also that the area most influenced by Christianity is still the Eastern
Mediterranean: a highly Semitic zone.
Sometime after the year 200, in view of the incorporation into Christianity of great new masses that did not speak Greek but Latin, a Latin translation of the Gospels began to circulate in most western Christian centres.
The emperor Diocletian (reigned 284-305) divided the Empire into two halves to make it more governable. He keeps the eastern part and hands over the western part to Maximian, a former comrade in arms. He establishes a rigid bureaucracy, and these measures smell like irremediable decadence. Despite this, Diocletian is a just and realistic veteran. He allows its Christian legionaries to be absent from pagan ceremonies, provided they maintain their military discipline.
But this was precisely the trickiest issue, where the bishops insolently defy the authority of the emperor. Diocletian, however, is benevolent and only one Christian pacifist is executed. However, he now insists that Christians participate in state ceremonies of a religious nature, and the Christian response to this decision is growing pride and arrogance, with numerous revolts and provocations.
But even at this point, Diocletian renounces to apply the death penalty, contenting himself with making slaves of the rebels that he captured. The answer to this are more riots and a fire in the imperial palace itself, and provocations and Christian insolence occur throughout the Empire. But the most Diocletian does is to execute nine rebellious bishops and eighty rebels in Palestine, the area most troubled by Christian rebellions.
One of these rebels was a spawn named St. Procopius of Scythopolis. To get an idea of which kind of creature Procopius was, let's see the words of a contemporary, Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea: 'He had tamed his body until turning it, so to speak, into a corpse; but the strength that his soul found in the word of God gave strength to his body… He only studied the word of God and had little knowledge of the profane sciences'. That is to say, this sub-man was a sick body and a crushed and resentful spirit, moved away from all the natural goods of the world, and who only knows the Bible and the speeches of the bishops.
In the beginning Christianity was nourished of similar men: Jewish practitioners of an asceticism bordering on sadomasochism who turned their bodies into a wreck, and their spirits into tyrannical and resentful shepherds.
Despite the softness of these persecutions, Diocletian goes down in history as a monster thirsting for Christian blood (history is written by the victors). The certain thing is that, after emperor Diocletian's reign, Rome entered frank decay.
[1] Note of the Editor: In our times, adepts of Christian Identity also desperately try to square the circle by claiming that Aryans descend from the biblical characters.
on January 18, 2018 at 11:00 pm Comments Off on Apocalypse for whites • XXIX
Kriminalgeschichte, 22
Editor's note: Lactantius' words quoted below ('Now those who pretended to defy God are laid prostrate on the ground, those who knocked down the Temple [of Jerusalem] were slow to fall…') make me think once again that there were a number of cryptos among those who defined early Christianity. In other words, it is false what white nationalists say: that Christianity was only cucked in recent times.
Below, abridged translation from the first volume of Karlheinz Deschner's Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums (Criminal History of Christianity):
Pagan emperors viewed retrospectively
Even the pagan emperors, in spite of being considered designated 'by God' and maintainers of their 'order', were subject to the pejorative treatment from the Fathers of the Church. Those of the second century, which according to Athenagoras were still 'clement and kind', wise and truth-loving, peaceful and enlightened benefactors, at the beginning of the fourth century were replaced by monsters without comparable parallels.
The triumphal shrieks of the Christians began around 314, by Lactantius. His pamphlet De Mortibus Persecutorum ('On the Deaths of the Persecutors') is so bad by the choice of its theme, its style and its level, that for a long time it was wanted to deny the authorship to this Cicero Christianus, although today its authenticity is considered (almost) indisputable.
In his writing, Lactantius pulls no punches on the Roman emperors, published in Gaul as he educated Crispus, son of Constantine: 'Enemies of God', 'tyrants' whom he compares to wolves and describes as 'beasts'. The political environment had barely changed, Campenhausen said, and 'the old ideology of martyrs and persecuted people disappears from the Church as if it had been carried away by the wind, replaced by its opposite'.
Although persecutor of the Christians, the emperor Decius (reign 249-251) had set out to govern peacefully, as he left recorded in his coins (pax provinciae), and according to historical sources was a man of excellent qualities until he fell defeated before the Gothic leader Kniva and died in Abritus, a place corresponding to the present region of the Dobruja.
Decius was for Lactantius 'an enemy of God', 'an abominable monster' that deserved to end as pasture of 'beasts and vultures'. Of Valerian (reign 253-260), who also persecuted the Christians and who died as prisoner of the Persians, Lactantius affirms that 'they stripped the skin, which was tanned with red tint to be exposed in the temple of the barbarian gods as a reminder of that great triumph'.
Diocletian (reign 284-305) had used Lactantius as rhetor latinus in Nicomedia when he was a poor man and then, during the persecutions and Lactantius residing in the imperial capital, Diocletian did not touch a single thread of his clothing. But he deserves the appellation of 'great in the invention of crimes'. As for Maximian (reign 285-30), co-regent with Diocletian, according to Lactantius, 'he was not able to refuse any satisfaction of his low passions', 'Wherever he went, they took the maidens from the arms of their parents, and put them at his disposal'.
But the worst 'of the wicked who ever encouraged' was Emperor Galerius (305-311), son-in-law of Diocletian. Lactantius considers him the true inspirer of the pogroms initiated in 303, in which he proposed to 'mistreat the whole human race'.
When 'the mean-spirited man wanted to amuse himself' he called one of his bears, 'in fierceness and corpulence comparable to himself' and cast it human beings to eat. 'And while he broke the limbs of the victim, he laughed, so that he never ate dinner without accompanying the outpouring of human blood', 'the fire, the crucifixions and the beasts were the daily bread', and he 'reigned with the most absolute arbitrariness'.
Taxes were so abusive that people and pets died of starvation, and only beggars survived… But behold, that so compassionate sovereign remembered them also, and wishing to put an end to their hardships had them assembled to take them out in boats to the sea and drown them there.
Christian historiography!
At the same time, Lactantius never fails to assure us in this 'first contribution of Christianity to the philosophy and theology of history' (Pichon), that he has compiled all these facts with the most conscientious fidelity, 'so that the memory of them is not lost and that no future historian can disfigure the truth'.
The punishment of God reached Galerius in the form of cancer, 'an evil sore in the lower part of the genitals' while Eusebius, more modest, prefers to allude to those 'unnamed' parts. Subsequently, other ecclesiastical writers such as Rufinus and Orosius invented the legend of a suicide.
Instead, Lactantius, after establishing Galerius' fame in historiography as a 'barbarian savage' (Altendorf), devotes several pages to describing with a sneer the evolution of the disease. The lexicon is similar to that used in another passage where he explains, following the example of Bishop Cyprian, the satisfactions that the elect will experience when contemplating the eternal torment of the damned:
The body is covered with worms. The stench not only invades the palace, but spreads throughout the city… The worms devour him alive and the body dissolves in a generalized rot, among unbearable pains.
Bishop Eusebius added to his account the following passage: 'Of the doctors, those who could not resist that repugnant stench above all measure were slaughtered there, and those who afterwards could not find remedy, tried and executed without compassion'.
The case is that Galerius, whose agony was painted by the Fathers of the Church without sparing any of the old issues, although he died sick on 30 April 311 he signed the so-called Edict of tolerance of Nicomedia, by the which he ended persecutions against the Christians and proclaimed that Christianity was a lawful religion.
Galerius was not a monster as painted by the pens of Lactantius and other Fathers of the Church, but as described by more reliable sources, a just and well-intentioned sovereign, though certainly uneducated. Lactantius is the one who then states that the sovereigns of the gentiles were 'criminals before God', and he celebrates that they have been 'exterminated from the root with all their type'. 'Now those who pretended to defy God are laid prostrate on the ground; those who knocked down the Temple were slow to fall, but they fell much lower and had the end they deserved'.
In contrast, the Father of the Church only finds praise for the massacres perpetrated by Constantine with the Frankish prisoners in the amphitheatre of Trier. 'The Lord has annihilated them and wiped them out from the face of the earth; let us sing, then, the triumph of the Lord, let us celebrate the victory of the Lord with hymns of praise…'
on October 20, 2017 at 2:02 pm Comments Off on Kriminalgeschichte, 22
Editor's note: Volume 3 of Deschner's opus deals with forgery and brainwashing in the Ancient Church.
But since Volume 1 we get a taste of the flavour of how the early Christians grossly exaggerated the 'gentile' sins (see my hatnote on the previous instalment of this series), just as presently the fate of the Jews in World War II has been grossly exaggerated.
In the hostile takeover of Aryan civilisation, be the Ancient World or today, the art of making whitey feel guilty has been a formidable weapon. No wonder why Hitler called Christianity 'the Bolshevism of the Ancient World'.
A Christian Dirce, by Henryk Siemiradzki. A Christian woman is martyred under Nero in this re-enactment of the myth of Dirce.
Below, abridged translation from the first volume of Karlheinz
Deschner's Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums
(Criminal History of Christianity)
The persecutions against Christians in the mirror of ecclesiastical historiography
The accusations against the pagans began, precisely because of these persecutions, presented with enormous exaggeration. And in that vein we have followed well into the 20th century, when it is still written that during the 1st century Christianity was 'bathed in its own blood', 'innumerable hosts of heroic characters' are weighed, and 'the second century is recalled by the procession of those bearing on the forehead the bloody mark of martyrdom' (Daniel Rops); although, at times, it must be confessed that 'they were not millions' (Ziegler).
The most serious and undisputed investigations estimate the number of Christian victims sometimes at 3,000, others at 1,500 for the total of three centuries of persecution. A Christian as worthy of respect as Origen, who died in 254 and whose father was a martyr, and who suffered torture himself, says that the number of witnesses of blood of Christianity was 'small and easily re-countable'.
In effect, it happens that most of the 'martyrs' acts are forgeries, that many pagan emperors never persecuted Christianity, and that the State did not meddle with Christians because of their religion. In fact, the civil service of the old regime treated them with enough tolerance. They granted them deferrals, they ignored the edicts; tolerated deceptions, set them free, or taught them the legal arguments with which they could free themselves from persecution without abjuring their faith. Those who denounced themselves were sent home, and even often they indifferently endured the provocations.
In the first half of the 4th century, however, Bishop Eusebius, 'father of ecclesial historiography', is inexhaustible in inventing stories about the wicked pagans, the terrible persecutors of Christianity. To this theme he devotes the whole eighth book of his Ecclesiastical History, from which surely one can affirm what a scholar of the 9th and 10th volumes of this work said (which is almost the only available source on the history of the Church in the antiquity): 'Emphasis, periphrasis, omissions, half truths, and even falsification of the originals replace the scientific interpretation of reliable documents' (Morreau).
We see there how, again and again, the wicked pagans—actually our bishop Eusebius—torture Christians with lashes, 'those really admirable fighters'; they rip their flesh out, break their legs, cut their noses, ears, hands and other members. Eusebius throws vinegar and salt in the wounds, heaves sharpened reeds under the nails, burns backs with molten lead, fries the martyrs in grills 'to prolong the torment'. In all these situations and many more, the victims retain their integrity, even their good humour: 'They sang praises to the God of heaven and gave thanks to their torturers, to the last breath.'
Other believers, Eusebius informs us, were drowned in the sea 'by order of the servants of the devil', or crucified, or beheaded 'sometimes in number of up to a hundred men, young children [!] and women in a single day… The executioner's sword mended, and the tired executioners were forced to relieve themselves'.
Others were thrown 'at the anthropophagous beasts', to be devoured by wild boars, bears, panthers. 'We have been eyewitnesses [!] and we have seen how, by the divine grace of our Redeemer Jesus Christ, of whom they bear witness, when the beast was ready to leap it receded again and again, as repulsed by a supernatural force'.
The bishop tells of the Christians (five in all) who were to be 'shattered by an enraged bull': 'As much as he dug with its hooves and delivered goring from one side to the other, spurred by red irons, snorting with rage, the Divine Providence did not allow any harm on them'.
In one passage, Eusebius mentions 'a whole village of Phrygia inhabited by Christians', whose inhabitants, 'including women and children', were burned alive… but unfortunately he forgot to tell us the name of the village in question.
It is a habitual feature of Eusebius to get by without the details despite having been, as he says, an eyewitness. He prefers to speak of 'innumerable legions', of 'great masses' exterminated partly by the sword, sometimes by fire, 'countless men and women and children' who died 'in various ways by the doctrine of our Redeemer'. 'Their display of heroism defy description'.
During the persecution of 177 in Gaul under Marcus Aurelius (161-180), the philosopher-emperor whose Meditations Frederick II of Prussia admired, Eusebius tells us that there were 'tens of thousands of martyrs'. However, the martyrology of the Gallic persecution under Marcus Aurelius totals… 48 victims. Of all these, the so-quoted Lexikonfür Theologie und Kirche only recounts eight, 'St Blandina with Bishop Photinus and six of his followers'. On the contrary, the number of pagan victims in Gaul was, in later centuries, 'far superior' (C. Schneider).
On the persecution by Diocletian, the bloodiest (against the express will of this remarkable emperor), Eusebius could not regret—or perhaps it would be better to say to celebrate, since the leaders of the Church always considered providential the persecutions, and popes of our 20th century have affirmed it—that the victims would have counted by tens of thousands, since many eyewitnesses still lived. Persecutions are a stimulus. They foster the unity of the persecuted and are the best propaganda imaginable of all time. Eusebius, author of a chronicle 'on the martyrs of Palestine' wrote in his Ecclesiastical History: 'We know the names of those who stood out in Palestine' and cites a total of 91 martyrs, and not 'tens of thousands'.
In 1954, De Ste Croix reviewed for the Harvard Theological Review the figures of the 'father of Christian historiography' and only sixteen Palestinian martyrs were found, and that for the worst of the persecutions, which lasted there ten years, bringing the average not even two victims a year. In spite of all this, one of Eusebius's modern panegyrists rejects the conclusion that Eusebius lacked 'scientific scrupulousness' (Wallace-Hadrill).
on October 19, 2017 at 8:16 am Comments Off on Kriminalgeschichte, 21
Guide to investing in gold & silver, 1
by Mike Maloney
Chapter One:
The Battle of the Ages
Throughout the history of civilizations an epic battle has always been waged. It is an unseen battle, unknown by most of the people it affects. Yet, all feel the effects of this battle in their daily lives. Whether it be at the supermarket when you notice that a gallon of milk is a dollar more than it was last time, or when you get your heating bill and it has unexpectedly jumped by $50, you are feeling the effects of this hidden battle.
This battle is between currency and money, and it is truly a battle of the ages.
Most often this battle takes place between gold and silver, and currencies that supposedly represent the value of gold and silver. Inevitably people always think that currency will win. They have the same blind faith every time, but in the end, gold and silver always revalue themselves and they always win.
To understand how gold and silver periodically revalue, you first need to know the differences between money and currency.
Throughout the ages many things have been currency. Livestock, grains, spices, shells, beads, and paper have all been forms of currency, but only two things have been money. You guessed it: gold and silver.
A lot of people think currency is money. For instance, when someone gives you some cash, you presumably think of it as money. It is not. Cash is simply a currency, a medium of exchange that you can use to purchase something that has value, what we would call an asset.
Currency is derived from the word current. A current must keep moving or else it will die (think electricity). A currency does not store value in and of itself. Rather, it is a medium whereby you can transfer value from one asset to another.
Money, unlike currency, has value within itself. Money is always a currency, in that it can be used to purchase other items that have value, but as we've just learned, currency is not always money because it doesn't have value in and of itself. If you are having a hard time grasping this, just think about a hundred-dollar bill. Do you think that paper is worth $100?
The answer is, of course, no. That paper simply represents value that is stored somewhere else—or at least it used to be before our money became currency. Later we will study the history of our currency and the gold standard, but for now all you need to know is that the U.S. dollar is backed by nothing other than hot air, or what is commonly referred to as "the good faith and credit of the United States." In short, our government has the ability to, and has been, creating money at will without anything to back it up. You might call this counterfeiting; the government calls it fiscal policy. The whole thing is what we refer to as fiat currency.
Fiat currency
A fiat is an arbitrary decree, order, or pronouncement given by a person, group, or body with the absolute authority to enforce it. A currency that derives its value from declaratory fiat or an authoritative order of the government is by definition a fiat currency. All currencies in use today are fiat currencies.
For the rest of this book I will use these proper definitions. At first it will sound strange to you, but it will only serve to highlight, and bring greater understanding of, the differences between currency and money.
Hopefully, by the end of the book you will see that it is the general public's lack of understanding concerning this difference between currency and money that has created what I believe will be the greatest wealth accumulation opportunity in history What you will learn about currency and money in this book is knowledge that probably 99 percent of the population has no clue about or desire to learn. So congratulations, you will be way ahead of the game.
When I talk about inflation or deflation I'm talking about the expansion or contraction of the currency supply. The symptom of monetary inflation or deflation is rising or falling prices, which I will sometimes refer to as price inflation or price deflation. Regardless, one thing is for sure. With inflation everything gets more valuable except currency.
Adventures in currency creation
Fiat currencies don't usually start out that way, and those rare cases when they have were very short-lived. Societies usually start with high value commodity money such as gold and silver. Gradually, the government hoodwinks the population into accepting fiat currency by issuing paper demand notes that are redeemable in precious metals. These demand notes (currency) are really just "certificates of deposit," "receipts," or "claim checks" on the real money that is in the vault. I would venture to say that many Americans think this is how the U.S. dollar works today.
Once a government has introduced a paper currency, they then expand the currency supply through deficit spending, printing even more of the currency to cover that spending, and through credit creation based on fractional reserve banking (something we'll cover later on). Then, usually due to war or some other national emergency, like foreign governments or the local population trying to redeem their demand notes (bank runs), the government will suspend redemption rights because they don't have enough gold and silver to cover all of the paper they have printed, and poof! You have a fiat currency.
Here's the dirty little secret: Fiat currency is designed to lose value. Its very purpose is to confiscate your wealth and transfer it to the government. Each time the government prints a new dollar and spends it, the government gets the full purchasing power of that dollar. But where did that purchasing power come from? It was secretly stolen from the dollars you hold. As each new dollar enters circulation it devalues all the other dollars in existence because there are now more dollars chasing the same amount of goods and services. This causes prices to rise. It is the insidious stealth tax known as inflation, robbing you of your wealth like a thief in the night.
Throughout the centuries, gold and silver have battled it out with fiat currency, and the precious metals have always won. Gold and silver revalue themselves automatically through the free market system, balancing themselves against the fiat currency in the process. This is a pattern that has been repeating and repeating since the first great currency crash in Athens in 407 B.C. Whenever an investor detects the beginning of one of these battles, the opportunities (according to history) to accumulate great wealth in a very short period of time are enormous.
It always seems to start the same way. Energy builds as the currency supply is expanded, and then, through natural human instincts, the coming crash is felt by the masses, and suddenly, in an explosive move and in a relatively short amount of time, gold and silver will revalue themselves to account for the currency that has been created in the meantime, and then some. If you see the writing on the wall and then take action before the masses do, your purchasing power will grow exponentially as gold and silver grow in value relative to an inflated currency. If you don't, you're in for a wipeout.
These heavyweight bouts between fiat currency and gold and silver can end one of two ways:
A technical decision, where the fiat currency becomes an asset backed by gold or silver again.
A knockout blow that is the death of the fiat currency.
Either way, gold and silver are always declared the victors. They are always the reigning heavyweight champions of the world. But you don't have to take my word for it. Let's see what history has to say.
It's all Greek to me
Winston Churchill once said, "The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see." So in the spirit of Churchill, we are going to look back… way back to the time of the Greeks.
Gold and silver have been the predominant currency for 4,500 years, but they became money in Lydia, in about 680 B.C. when they were minted into coins of equal weight in order to make trade easier and smoother. But it was when coinage first made its appearance in Athens that it truly flourished. Athens was the world's first democracy. They had the world's first free-market system and working tax system. This made possible those amazing architectural public works like the Parthenon.
Indeed for many years the Athens star shone brightly. If you've studied your history, then you know they are considered one of the great civilizations of all time. You'll also know that their civilization fell a long time ago. So what happened? Why did such a great and powerful civilization like Athens fall? The answer lies in the same pattern we can see time and time again throughout history: too much greed leading to too much war.
Athens flourished under their new monetary system. Then they became involved in a war that turned out to be much longer and far more costly than they anticipated (sound familiar?). After twenty-two years of war, their resources waning and most of their money spent, the Athenians came up with a very clever way to continue funding the war. They began to debase their money in an attempt to soldier on. In a stroke of genius the Athenians discovered that if you take in 1,000 coins in taxes and mix 50 percent copper in with your gold and silver you can then spend 2,000 coins! Does this sound familiar to you? It should… it's called deficit spending, and our government does it every second of every day.
This was the first time in history that gold or silver had a price outside itself. Before the Athenians' bright idea, everything that you could buy was priced in a weight of gold or silver. Now, for the first time, there was official government currency that was not gold and silver, but rather a mixture of gold or silver and copper. You could buy gold and silver with it, but the currency supply was no longer gold and silver in and of themselves.
Over the next two years their beautiful money became nothing more than currency, and as a consequence it became practically worthless. But obviously, once the public woke up to the debasement, anyone who had held on to the old pure gold and silver coins saw their purchasing power increase dramatically.
Within a couple of years the war that had started the whole process had been lost. Athens would never again enjoy the glory they once knew, and they eventually became nothing more than a province of the next great power, Rome.
And the very first regional heavyweight bout between currency and money goes to the "real money," as gold and silver are crowned the "heavyweight champions of Athens".
Rome is burning
Rome supplanted the Greek empire as the dominant power of its day, and during its centuries of dominance, the Romans had ample time to perfect the art of currency debasement. Just as with every empire in history, Rome never learned from the mistakes of past empires, and therefore they were doomed to repeat them.
Over 750 years, various leaders inflated the Roman currency supply by debasing the coinage to pay for war, which would lead to staggering price inflation. Coins were made smaller, or a small portion of the edge of gold coins would be clipped off as a tax when entering a government building. These clippings would then be melted down to make more coins. And of course, just as the Greeks did, they too mixed lesser metals such as copper into their gold and silver. And last but not least, they invented the not so subtle art of revaluation, meaning they simply minted the same coins but with a higher face value on them.
By the time Diocletian ascended to the throne in A.D. 284, the Roman coins were nothing more than tin-plated copper or bronze, and inflation (and the Roman populace) was raging.
In 301, Diocletian issued his infamous Edict of Prices, which imposed the death penalty on anyone selling goods for more than the government-mandated price and also froze wages. To Diocletian's surprise, however, prices just kept rising. Merchants could no longer sell their wares at a profit, so they closed up shop. People either left their chosen careers to seek one where wages weren't fixed, or just gave up and accepted welfare from the state. Oh yeah, the Romans invented welfare. Rome had a population of about one million, and at this period of time, the government was doling out free wheat to approximately 200,000 citizens. That equaled out to 20 percent of the population on welfare.
Because the economy was so poor, Diocletian adopted a guns and butter policy, putting people to work by hiring thousands of new soldiers and funding numerous public works projects. This effectively doubled the size of the government and the military, and probably increased deficit spending by many multiples.
When you add the cost of paying all these troops to the swelling masses of the unemployed poor receiving welfare and the rising costs of new public works projects, the numbers were staggering. Deficit spending went into overdrive. When he ran short of funds, Diocletian simply minted vast quantities of new copper and bronze coins and began, once again, debasing the gold and silver coins.
All this resulted in the world's first documented hyperinflation. In Diodetian's Edict of Prices (a very well preserved copy of which was unearthed in 1970), a pound of gold was worth 50,000 denari in the year A.D. 301, but by mid-century was worth 2.12 billion denari. That means the price of gold rose 42,400 times in fifty or so years. This resulted in all currency-based trade coming to a virtual standstill, and the economic system reverted to a barter system.
To put this in perspective, fifty years ago the price of gold was $35 per ounce in the United States. If it rose 42,400 times, the price today would be just under $1.5 million per ounce. In terms of purchasing power, that means if an average new car sold for about $2,000 fifty years ago, which they did, the average car today would sell for $85 million.
This signaled the second great victory for gold and silver over fiat currency in history. So there you go, gold and silver are now 2 and 0.
In the end it was currency debasement and pure deficit spending to fund the military, public works, social programs, and war that brought down the Roman Empire. Just as with every empire throughout history, it thought it was immune to the laws of economics.
As you will see, debasing the currency to pay for public works, social programs, and war is a pattern that repeats throughout history. It is a pattern that always ends badly.
on June 16, 2017 at 12:36 pm Comments Off on Guide to investing in gold & silver, 1
The following excerpts are taken from the introduction and epilogue of Joseph Hoffman's book, Porphyry's Against the Christians. Ellipsis omitted between unquoted passages:
Persecution is a slippery term in the annals of the early church. An older generation of church historians, using the martyrologies and writings of the church fathers as their sources, believed that the era from Nero to Constantine was one of almost unremitting slaughter of professing Christians. Their opinion was enfeebled somewhat by the certainty that the Romans could have tried a "final solution" to the Christian problem much earlier, if they had wanted, and the fact that along with boasting of their many martyrs, church writers like Origen also bragged that rich folk, high officials, elegant ladies, and illuminati were entering the church in great numbers. The pagan writers tried to counter this trend in their insistence that Christianity was really a religion for the lazy, the ignorant and superstitious, and the lowborn—"women, yokels and children," Celsus had sneered. But the ploy was ineffective. Diocletian's persecutions revealed that Christianity had crept into the emperor's bedroom: his wife, his daughter, their servants, the treasury official Audactus, the eunuch Dorotheus, even the director of the purple dye factory in Tyre, were Christians or Christian sympathizers. Insulting the new converts did not stop the process of conversion. The political solution of the third century, therefore, was an attempt to scare people off—to make being a Christian an expensive proposition. Persecution was the strong-arm alternative to failed polemical tactics by the likes of Celsus, Porphyry and Hierocles.
In 250 Decius decreed simply that Christians would be required to sacrifice to the gods of Rome by offering wine and eating sacrificial meat. Those who refused would be sentenced to death. To avoid this punishment, well-to-do Christians seem to have given up this new religion in substantial numbers, becoming in the eyes of the faithful "apostates," a new designation derived from the Greek word revolt. The apostates also numbered many bishops, including the bishop of the important region of Smyrna, as well as Jewish Christians who rejoined the synagogue, as Judaism was not encompassed in the Decian order.
In the reign of Valerian (253-260) the focus shifted from the practice of the Christian faith to the church's ownership of property. In August 257, Valerian targeted the wealth of the clergy and in 258 the riches of prominent Christian lay persons. The tactic was obviously intended to make upper-crust Romans think twice before throwing their wealth in the direction of the "beggar priests" as Porphyry called them.
On 31 March 297, under the emperor Diocletian, the Manichean religion was outlawed. Like Christianity it was an "import" of dubious vintage. More particularly, it was Persian, and Rome was at war with Persia. Holy books and priests were seized and burned without much ado. Professing members of the cult were put to death without trial. The most prominent Roman Manicheans (the so-called honestiores) were spared, but their property was confiscated and they were sent to work in the mines. The process against the Manicheans boded worse things to come for the Christians.
Diocletian published his first decree against the Christians in February 303. The edict to stamp out ("terminate") the Christian religion was issued. Diocletian had hoped to cripple the movement. Termination would have meant extermination. But the survival tactics of the movement made police work difficult. Christians had become sly. The enthusiasm of martyrdom was now paralleled by accomplished doubletalk.
Executions increased, especially after rumors reached Galerius that plots against the throne were being fomented in Christian circles. New edicts were issued with regularity, each a little more severe than the one before. The fourth edict (304) required that all the people of a city must sacrifice and offer libations to the gods "as a body," Christians included. Diocletian abdicated, in declining health. Galerius issued an edict of toleration.
Maximinus Daia, who had an active retaining program in place, designed to reeducate lapsed Christians in their pagan heritage. But the life was going out of the movement to repress Christianity. The pagan critics had not succeeded in stemming the popularity of the movement, and the "persecuting" emperors (except perhaps Diocletian himself) had miscalculated both the numbers and the determination of the faithful. The movement was Rome's Vietnam, a slow war of attrition which had been fought to stop a multiform enemy. Even at their worst under Diocletian, the persecutions had been selective and, in their intense form, short-lived. And (as has been known since the seventeenth century) the number of martyrs was not great.
The goal of the fourth edict against the Christians in 304, in fact, had been to compel loyalty to unpopular rulers, and in 308 the greatly detested Maximinus tried the same tactic, "to offer sacrifices and wine-offerings." The tactic was ineffectual, Eusebius says, because even the enforcers had lost their heart to impose the penalties and to support the machinery required for the "sacrifice factories" Maximinus tried to set up.
Unhappy with this failure, he sponsored a literary attack, circulating forged gospels and memoirs containing the stock slanders against Jesus. These were posted in public gathering-places and schoolteachers were required to assign portions of them to children as lessons. To substantiate charges against the moral habits of the Christians, Maximinus then hired agents (duces) to round up prostitutes from the marketplace in Damascus. Tortured until they confessed to being Christians, they then signed statements to the effect that the churches routinely practiced ritual prostitution and required members to participate in sexually depraved acts. These statements were also distributed to the towns and cities for public display.
Desperate times, desperate men, desperate measures.
By the time Galerius issued his edict of toleration in favor of the Christians on 30 April 311 three waves of attack had failed: the erratic policies of emperors Nero and Marcus Aurelius; the literary and philosophical attacks, carried on in collusion with imperial sponsors; and the more sustained persecutions of the third century, ending in 311. Paganism was dying. Maximinus' plan for "reeducating" Christians in the religion of their ancestors had failed.
After Constantine's conversion—whatever it may have been—only Julian (332-363), his nephew, remained to pick up the baton for the pagan cause. Julian did his best to reestablish the old order. He reorganized the shrines and temples; outlawed the teachings of Christian doctrine in the schools, retracted the legal and financial privileges which the Christians had been accumulating since the early fourth century; wrote polemical treaties against the Christians himself, and—in a clever political maneuver—permitted exiled bishops to return to their sees to encourage power-struggles and dissention within the church. Naturally, the Christians despised him. The distinguished theologian Gregory of Nazianzus had been Julian's schoolmate in Athens, where both learned a love for the classical writers (but where Julian had been converted to Greek humanism). Cyril of Alexandria wrote a long refutation of Julian's Adversus Christianos (Against the Christians), parts of which hark back to Porphyry and Hierocles. All in all, this pagan interlude—never really a renaissance—lasted only three years, until Julian's death in June 363.
In the middle of this period we have just described stands Porphyry of Tyre. Born in 232, Porphyry was eighteen when the persecution broke out under emperor Decius. Twelve years later, his dislike for Christianity was firmly established. Porphyry had heard Origen preach, studied the Hebrew scripture, especially the prophets, and the Christian gospels, and found them lacking in literary quality and philosophical sophistication. He had joined a "school" in Rome (ca. 262) run by the famous neoplatonic teacher, Plotinus, where he remained until about 270. In Sicily, following Plotinus' death, and back again to Rome, Porphyry developed an intense dislike of popular religion—or superstition, as the Roman intellectuals of his circle preferred to call it, regarding Christianity as the most pernicious form of a disease infecting the empire. In a work titled Pros Anebo he pointed out the defects in the cults. Then he tackled Christian teaching in a work. Popular under the rescript of Galerius in 311, the work was targeted for destruction by the imperial church, which in 448 condemned all existing copies to be burned.
The first thing to say about Porphyry's fifteen books against the Christians is that they are lost. The exact title is not known, and its popular title, Kata Christianon, can be dated securely only from the Middle Ages. Opinions radically differ over the question whether the books can be substantially restored. A few facts can be stated succinctly, however. First, the church was unusually successful in its efforts to eradicate all traces of Kata Christianon from at least 448. Not only were Porphyry's books destroyed, but many of the works of Christian writers incorporating sections of Porphyry's polemic were burned in order to eliminate what one critic, the bishop Apollinarius, called "poison of his thought."
Second, the ninety-seven fragments gathered by Harnack, half of which were taken from the fourth-century writer Macarius Magnes, are enough—if barely enough—to give us shape of Porphyry's critique. That Macarius does not name his opponent and sometimes seems to characterize rather than quote his opinions could easily be explained as a strategic decision by a Christian teacher who wished his defense to survive. Naming his adversary—or quoting him too precisely—would have almost certainly guaranteed the burning of Macarius' defense. Put appositely, anyone wishing to write a defense of the faith in the fourth or fifth century would have been foolhardy to identify the enemy as Porphyry.
[Third], I think we owe it to Porphyry and his "interpreters" to permit them speak to us directly. Having been buried—more or less successfully—since 448, the words should be permitted to breathe their own air.


Stabilising a sow herd requires a programme that minimises shedding in gilts at the time they farrow.
Great opportunity to sell cull sows. Butcher prices are awful, however there is a silver lining right now and I want to bring it to your attention.
US border agents have seized around one million pounds of pork from China over suspicions that it might contain African swine fever.
A new tool, Biocheck.UGentTM, assesses biosecurity in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Ireland.
IQC Insights present their first instalment of a project looking at the impacts of African swine fever (ASF) on China's pig industry.
Unchanged quotations are observed in Europe but recovering prices in china have stimulated an increase in demand from European buyers.
UK PM May will bring Brexit deal back "if circumstances are right"
British Prime Minister Theresa May will bring back her twice-defeated Brexit deal for another vote in parliament if the government judges the circumstances are right, her spokesman said today.
This year, three outstanding research proposals were selected, and their authors received $35,000 each from Boehringer Ingelheim, the sponsor of the awards.
A new African swine fever outbreak has been confirmed in Sichuan province.
Australasian Pork Research Institute Limited (APRIL) has announced the first recipients under its Industry Placement Programme (IPP).


text:
Q: Split column based on specified position
Suppose my dataframe is as below, and I want to split Col1 based on position, in efficient way.
df = sc.parallelize([['sdbsajkdbnasjdh'],['sdahasdbasjda']]).toDF(['Col1'])

+---------------+
|           Col1|
+---------------+
|sdbsajkdbnasjdh|
|  sdahasdbasjda|
+---------------+

pos = [(1,2),(3,5),(7,10)]

For example, based on pos list I want result set like below:
d|sa|dbn
d|ha|bas

I want efficient way to split data.
My current solution is as below, but it is failing if I provide pos list longer(if there is 10 tuple in list) with EofError.
udf1 = udf(lambda x:  "|".join(str(x) for x in [x[j[0]:j[1]] for j in pos]),StringType())
final_df = df.withColumn("Split",udf1('Col1'))

A: We can use substr() from pyspark functions to get separate columns for each substring.Then an UDF for rowwise composition to join the columns.Have tried the below code,
from pyspark.sql import functions as F

udf1 = F.udf(lambda x : '|'.join(x))

df = df.withColumn('Col2',udf1(F.struct([df.Col1.substr(j[0]+1,j[1]-j[0]) for j in pos])))
+---------------+--------+
|           Col1|    Col2|
+---------------+--------+
|sdbsajkdbnasjdh|d|sa|dbn|
|  sdahasdbasjda|d|ha|bas|
+---------------+--------+

As substr() takes startpos and length, we calculate the length.
Hope this helps.!

A: Maybe going over the string only once will make this more efficient.
(Assuming the current and correct structure of "pos"):
from pyspark.sql.functions import udf
from pyspark.sql.types import StringType

df = sc.parallelize([['sdbsajkdbngdfgdfgdfgdfgdgdfgdgdfgdgdgsfhhfghfghdfghdfasjdh'],\
                     ['sdahasdbsdfgsdfhhsfghhkghmaeserewyuouip,mfhdfbdfgbdfgjdtsagasjda']]).toDF(['Col1'])
pos = [(1,2),(3,5),(7,10),(11,15),(20,21),(22,24),(24,26),(26,30),(35,38),(38,42),(42,43),(45,50)]

flat_pos = [x for y in pos for x in y]

def split_function(row):
    return_list = []
    start_copy = False
    flat_pos_index = 0
    temp_list = []
    max_pos = flat_pos[-1]
    i = 0
    while i < len(row):
        if i > max_pos:
            break
        elif i == flat_pos[flat_pos_index]:
            if flat_pos_index % 2 == 0:
                start_copy = True
            else:
                start_copy = False
                return_list.append("".join(temp_list))
                temp_list = []
            flat_pos_index += 1
        if start_copy:
            temp_list.append(row[i])
        if flat_pos_index + 1 < len(flat_pos) and flat_pos[flat_pos_index] == flat_pos[flat_pos_index + 1]:
                flat_pos_index += 1
                start_copy = False
                return_list.append("".join(temp_list))
                temp_list = []
        else:
            i += 1

    return "|".join(return_list)

udf2 = udf(split_function ,StringType())
final_df = df.withColumn("Split",udf2('Col1'))

final_df.collect()

[Row(Col1=u'sdbsajkdbngdfgdfgdfgdfgdgdfgdgdfgdgdgsfhhfghfghdfghdfasjdh',
  Split=u'd|sa|dbn|dfgd|d|g|g|fgdg|d|f|g|ghdfg'),
  Row(Col1=u'sdahasdbsdfgsdfhhsfghhkghmaeserewyuouip,mfhdfbdfgbdfgjdtsagasjda',
  Split=u'd|ha|bsd|gsdf|h|k|h|aese|o|p|h|bdfgb')]

A:
You do not need to use a udf for this.
Instead you can use a list comprehension over the tuples in conjunction with pyspark.sql.functions.array and pyspark.sql.functions.substring to get the desired substrings.
Note that the first argument to substring() treats the beginning of the string as index 1, so we pass in start+1. The second argument is the string length, so I am passing (stop-start):
import pyspark.sql.functions as f
df.withColumn(
    'Split',
    f.array(
        [
            f.substring(
                str=f.col('Col1'),
                pos=start+1,
                len=(stop-start)
            )
            for start, stop in pos
        ]
    )
).show()
#+---------------+------------+
#|           Col1|       Split|
#+---------------+------------+
#|sdbsajkdbnasjdh|[d, sa, dbn]|
#|  sdahasdbasjda|[d, ha, bas]|
#+---------------+------------+

To concatenate these together using a "|", wrap the call to array() with pyspark.sql.functions.concat_ws:
df.withColumn(
    'Split',
    f.concat_ws(
        "|",
        f.array(
            [
                f.substring(f.col('Col1'), start+1, (stop-start))
                for start, stop in pos
            ]
        )
    )
).show()
#+---------------+--------+
#|           Col1|   Split|
#+---------------+--------+
#|sdbsajkdbnasjdh|d|sa|dbn|
#|  sdahasdbasjda|d|ha|bas|
#+---------------+--------+

Using the DataFrame functions will be faster than using a udf.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Eastern Europe, Classical Hollywood and the Invention of the Cold War / Tatjana Jukić.
Material type: ArticlePublisher: 2018Description: str.Other title: Eastern Europe, Classical Hollywood and the Invention of the Cold War [Naslov na engleskom:].Subject(s): 6.06 | Cold War, Classical Hollywood, Eastern Europe, America, film studies, modernity | Cold War, Classical Hollywood, Eastern Europe, America, film studies, modernityOnline resources: Click here to access online In: Post-Cold War Eastern European Film & Media, plenarno predavanje: Oxford, Ohio, SAD, 04.05.2018Summary: A reflection on the critical instruments that were in place in Classical Hollywood to process the Cold War away from a historical event and into a concept.
A reflection on the critical instruments that were in place in Classical Hollywood to process the Cold War away from a historical event and into a concept.


Bequeathed by the artist in 1816 to James White of Exeter (1744–1825), on whose death it passed to Towne's residuary legatee John Herman Merivale (1779–1844) and his successors. Merivale's granddaughters Maria Sophia Merivale (1853–1928) and Judith Ann Merivale (1860–1945), both of Oxford, inherited the drawing in May 1915 (BP147) and in 1921 gave it to the widow of their nephew John William Merivale (1887–1916). It was sold by "a gentleman" at Sotheby's on 10 December 1958, lot 77, for £260 jointly to the Fine Art Society and Agnew's (Agnew's no.J9592, Fine Art Society no.6709), who sold their half share to the Fine Art Society on 12 May 1959. The Fine Art Society sold it to Joseph Hawksley Elliot of Sheffield (1884–1978), whose daughter sold it at Christie's on 14 March 1978, lot 80, for £7,500 to Agnew's. It was sold again at Sotheby's on 19 November 1992, lot 34, for £18,000 to Agnew's, where it was on sale the following year, whereafter it is untraced.
Acquired jointly with the Fine Art Society Fine Art Society (no.6709). Agnew's sold their half share to the Fine Art Society on 12 May 1959.
This is a view looking south on the road between Ambleside and Keswick, visible in the bottom-left corner. It was very probably drawn on 17 August, when Towne made other drawings nearby. As in the two previous drawings, here Towne was probably not yet in St John's in the Vale itself but on a hillside a little north of Thirlmere.


AUSTRALIA — TLE has restructured the Sydney leadership team, promoting Lee Naylor from global head of disciplines to managing director of the office.
Naylor (right in picture), who takes over from Tim Riches who has vacated the role, joined TLE in 2010 having worked in the research industry for the past 20 years across the UK, USA and Australia, including two years at The Nielsen Company as executive director, consumer research australia, and seven years as a research director at Research International.
As part of the restructure Chrissy Blackburn (centre), global head of strategy, will have an expanded role, taking on responsibility for the qualitative research team and innovation leadership for TLE Sydney as well as her existing global role.
In other moves strategy director Alex Siewert joins the Sydney leadership team, which also includes John Crowley, head of client business, Paul Sinkinson, head of quantitative analytics, and Neil Sangster, global head of shopper.


text:
Q: AngularJS set a delay between http requests Hello I am quite new to angularjs and I working on an app that downloads files from an API.
The files are downloaded to the server and then served on the client side. It is working but the second file is not fully downloaded ie. the file size is smaller than the one on the server. (The file has already been converted to xml before, in case you wonder about the json part). My guess is that there is a timing issue where the file downloaded on the client side is been downloaded too soon? I wonder whether the best solution is to add a delay so that it gives the downloading of the file some more time? But I don't know enough angular to know. If anyone has suggestions I would be very grateful. Thank you.
Here's the code in controller:
    $scope.download = function() {
        // first file
        $http.get("http://localhost:3000/downloadFile")
        .then(function(results) {
        // second file
       $http.get("http://localhost:3000/downloadComplete")
         .success(function (data, status, headers, config) {
                $scope.toJSON = '';
                $scope.toJSON = angular.toJson(data);
                var blob = new Blob([data], { type:"application/json;charset=utf-8" });
                var downloadLink = angular.element('');
                            downloadLink.attr('href',window.URL.createObjectURL(blob));
                            downloadLink.attr('download', $scope.fileDownload);
                downloadLink[0].click();

            });

       });

};


text:
Remains of Possible Medieval Buildings, Newport Street
Floor and wall footings together with pits and other features, with pottery dating from the 13th century. Possibly the remains of medieval buildings and yards fronting Newport Street.
SS91SE
Other References/Statuses: none recorded
BUILDING (XIII - 1201 AD to 1300 AD (Between))
Ordnance Survey, 1855-1895, First Edition 1:500 Town Map (Cartographic). SDV338879.
Gillard, M. + Green, T. + Humphreys, C., 2009, Electric Bingo Hall Site, Newport Street, Tiverton, Devon. Results of a Desk-Based Assessment, Archaeological Building Survey, Archaeological Evaluation and Excavation (Report - Survey). SDV342146.
Excavation on the northern part of the site of the Electric Bingo Hall, closest to Newport Street, revealed various pits and other features, some of which contained pottery dated to the 13th century. A possible floor and wall footings also survived, again with medieval pottery. The remains are suggestive of medieval buildings and yards fronting Newport Street from at least the 13th century, although a sherd of residual 11th century pottery is indicative of earlier activity in the vicinity. It is notable that Tiverton received confirmation of its weekly market and annual fair from Henry II in the mid 13th century. The buildings were probably demolished in the 17th century due to the expansion of the defences of Tiverton Castle during the English Civil War, followed by less intensive use of the site prior to 19th century redevelopment. See report for full details.
SDV338879 Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1855-1895. First Edition 1:500 Town Map. First Edition 1:500 Town Map. Map (Digital).
SDV342146 Report - Survey: Gillard, M. + Green, T. + Humphreys, C.. 2009. Electric Bingo Hall Site, Newport Street, Tiverton, Devon. Results of a Desk-Based Assessment, Archaeological Building Survey, Archaeological Evaluation and Excavation. Southwest Archaeology Report. 090204. A4 Stapled + Digital.
EDV4493 - Assessment, Survey and Excavation at the Electric Bingo Hall, Tiverton

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: Gdata youtube api user feed returns -1 I have been following the youtube tutorial and have gotten the authenticity token as a session length token and stored it in the database. Now when I do
String feedUrl = "http://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/api/users/default/uploads";
VideoFeed videoFeed = service.getFeed(new URL(feedUrl), VideoFeed.class);
System.out.println(videoFeed.getStartIndex());
System.out.println(videoFeed.getXmlBlob().getBlob());

default is the default user that is authenticated. I recieve -1 for startindex and null for the xml blob. Does anyone know the problem?
I can successfully upload a video from the web browser to the authenticated user.


text:
Huawei announces opening of R&D centre
Read More: Huawei IDA Job announcements
9 January 2013 | 0
Huawei has announced the creation of 50 new research and development jobs at a new research and development centre spread across two sites in Cork City and Dublin. The move is supported through the IDA and will see company's Irish footprint more than double from its current headcount of 40.
The centre will initially focus on Huawei's next generation customer experience management product SmartCare before branching out into different areas.
Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation Richard Bruton (pictured) said: "International Information and Communications Technology R&D is a key sector in the Action Plan for Jobs, and in the past 18 months we have implemented a number of changes to support expansion and job creation in this sector. In recent months we have seen some good news in this sector and the Government will continue to work hard on implementing the necessary changes to ensure that we can see further announcements like this in the near future."
Derek Ding, managing director, Huawei Ireland, said: "The new centre is a significant commitment to Ireland over the next three years, with many more highly skilled jobs being created. It reflects a deep and long-term commitment to the country. Cork and Dublin were chosen for their well-educated, skilled workforce offering the high quality of talent needed to provide the range of services needed for a strategic OSS R&D centre.
"Ireland has an open environment for overseas investment and the new R&D centre is a perfect fit for our continued growth here. We are pleased to be collaborating with the IDA and I want to thank them for their support in this venture."
Huawei employs 70,000 people in research and development worldwide. Recruitment for the new Irish operation has already begun.
Intercom to hire 150 employees in Irish expansion →
Huawei female STEM scholarship returns →
Training programme aims to get thousands of SMEs online
Participants will have access to various supports including workshops, e-learning, and access to digital advisers
Yahoo Japan will pay for staff flights to the office under new remote working policy
Yahoo's 8,000 employees are allowed to work remotely from anywhere in a bid to improve well-being across the company
Flipdish raises $100m to fuel international expansion
Plans to hire 700 people in 2022 across technology roles such as software architects, data scientists, engineers, and product designers
Ørsted to develop a 16MW wind farm in Co. Antrim
Wind farm is expected to be operational in 2023
Supply chain issues still choking the market
TD Synnex's year-end results show problems remain on the ground but plenty of opportunities above it, says Billy MacInnes


The Property Management team at Parry Property understands the importance of the in-going condition report at the start of a General Tenancy Agreement. When a tenant moves into a property, both the tenant and the managing agent are required to complete an entry condition report.
This report is an extremely important document as it is a record of the condition of the premises at the start of the tenancy.
When completing a condition report, it is not just a case of ticking and flicking that everything is clean, working and undamaged. Time needs to be taken to describe all of the fixtures and fittings.
If you fail to describe the inclusions, fixtures and fittings in fine detail, it can cause unnecessary disputes at the end of the tenancy or lead to a possible financial loss for the property owner.
The more detailed the entry condition report, the easier it will be to over-come disputes at the end of the tenancy, and the better kept your investment property will be over time.


Asset Liability Management (ALM) involves taking decisions and actions regarding assets and liabilities in an integrated manner in order to manage the business of the entity and meet the organization's financial objectives.
It is a continuing process that involves formulating, implementing, monitoring and revising strategies related to its assets and liabilities keeping in mind the entity's risk tolerances and constraints.
The Asset Liability Management (ALM) Crash course starts off with basic and core concepts and quickly delves into core ALM tools.
Also included in the package deal is an excel example for the Duration and Convexity pre-requisite topic and Value at Risk with Liquidity Premium.


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Search for thug who spat on woman before punching her in the face
The victim suffered minor injuries.
Rachael McMenemy
He attacked the woman while she was in stationary traffic
A search has been launched for a man who punched a woman through her car window after he spat in her face.
The victim, a woman in her 50s, was sitting in stationary traffic at a roundabout in Duxford at 9am yesterday (July 24) when a man spat through her open window and then punched her in the face, leaving her with minor injuries.
The man is described as white, 5'9", of a stocky build with a tattoo on his right arm and blond hair. He was driving a small black car, possibly a Ford Fiesta.
Sgt Tom Rogers said: "The roundabout was very busy at the time and we are appealing for anyone that saw anything to contact us."
Anyone with information regarding this incident should call police on 101 quoting 35/17161/18 or visit www.cambs.police.uk/report . Alternatively, contact Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555111 or via www.crimestoppers-uk.org .


Casey Jordan isn't a fan of shows like "CSI," perhaps because she's all too familiar with the violent crimes portrayed on such shows.
Jordan, 47, is a professor of justice and law administration at Western Connecticut State University, a criminologist, and an attorney who has spent more than 20 years working and teaching in the field as an expert on violent crime.
In addition, the New Milford woman was the in-house CNN criminologist during the 2002 Washington, D.C., sniper event, and has represented WestConn as an expert commentator on ABC News' "20/20," "Good Morning America," CNN, MSNBC, Fox News, "The O'Reilly Factor," Court TV, and "America's Most Wanted." She's also contributed to reports in The Boston Globe, Christian Science Monitor and The New York Times.
Jordan became interested in the psychology of violent crime after working for the Libyan mission to the United Nations in the 1980s and received a first-hand lesson in the politics of terrorism. She spoke with The News-Times about the changing nature of violent crime and what can be done to prevent it.
Q: What are some of the most difficult or disturbing cases you've worked on?
A: I've interviewed a lot of convicts in prison, violent offenders and worked on cases with police. I think perhaps the one that is really the most interesting to me is the case of Kendall Francois, who was a serial killer from Poughkeepsie, not terribly famous (and) it was fascinating to me because I was contacted by the police before the serial killer was actually apprehended. It was the years following his conviction for the murders of eight women he stored in his house. Not that it was in our backyard, but his father worked in Danbury. It was almost in our backyard (and) I was astonished by how few people heard about the case, because the eight women that he killed were drug-addicted street women and it made me more concerned about the vulnerability of the victims of serial killers and violence in general (who are) very often perceived as disposable members of our society. And over the years, I think I've really -- because of the Kendall Francois case -- begun to understand and perhaps even resent how the most famous cases are those in which the victims are middle- or upper-class, highly attractive Caucasian people. What does it take to get the loss of life in the news?
Q: What is it like talking to someone like that? Does it come across immediately how disturbed they are?
A: Not at all. I've talked to many of them and some are more disturbed than others. You have to understand the strategy of talking to them is very different depending on their personality and background. Some of them you make an appointment with. Some of them you just show up and try to surprise them. With Kendall Francois, he was as normal as -- talking to him is just like talking to your cousin at a wedding or something. There's nothing creepy about Kendall per se. I've definitely talked to violent offenders who gave me the creeps, but Kendall's not really one of them. That's always the stereotype that when we catch these serial killers, the family and friends always say, `We had no idea, he seemed so normal.' Believe it or not when you meet them, you have pretty much the same reaction most of the time, they come across as completely normal. That's, of course, how they get away with it.
Q: The police will call you in as an expert on criminal psychology?


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The Church of Chelín () is a Catholic church located on Chelín Island, commune of Castro, on the Chiloé Archipelago, southern Chile.

The Church of Chelín was declared a National Monument of Chile in 2000 and is one of the 16 Churches of Chiloé that were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites on 30 November 2000.

Construction of the church, built from wood, was completed in 1888 and it was restored in 1990. The patron saint of the church is Our Lady of the Rosary, whose feast day is celebrated on August 30.

This church leads one of the 24 parishes that form the Diocese of Ancud.

References

Wooden churches in Chile
Churches in Chiloé Archipelago
World Heritage Sites in Chile
Colonial architecture in Chile
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1888
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Chile

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Have you been looking for simple, effective car seat cleaners that lift stains from upholstery, carpet, and other car fabric?
I have, too, and there are many good car upholstery cleaners available today.
Each car fabric cleaner I've tried has its benefits and drawbacks. In my opinion none are perfect, but they're all effective.
My favorite car upholstery cleaners have foam sprays because they seem to offer more predictable, even results.
In my experience, the non-foaming sprays tend to leave behind uneven streaks of clean fabric. They also drip when applied to vertical surfaces like seat backs, and the drips cause frustrating stains that run down the length of the seats.
Did You Know?… You should specifically buy car upholstery cleaners when you want to remove stains from car seats, carpets, and fabric. Why? Because other fabric cleaners – like household carpet sprays – are usually overly concentrated for use on car fabrics and may permanently discolor or stain those surfaces.
I was looking for a new car fabric cleaner to clean the inside of my 2006 Chevrolet Malibu, which has light-gray fabric seats.
The interior of my car still looks decent after 10 years and I intend to keep it that way. I really take pride in driving clean, well-maintained vehicles and need a fabric cleaner that will help me keep my car's cloth interior clean as easily and efficiently as possible.
Note that none of these spray cleaners are specifically designed for use on leather.
If you're looking for a car leather cleaner, be sure you seek out cleaning products that are designed for use on leather – which could be easily damaged by the cleaners I'm reviewing in this article.
I'm also going to throw this disclaimer out there: before you use any of the car seat cleaners listed in this post, please test them on an inconspicuous area of fabric to ensure they won't stain your upholstery! Some other cleaners have stained my fabrics, so learn from my lesson and take this warning seriously.
Finally, and most importantly for the sake of maintaining my journalistic integrity… I am in no way employed by or have financial stake in any of the companies whose products I review in this post. I bought all of 3 of these car seat cleaners on the same day at a Walmart in Central Florida and am not being reimbursed or compensated by the companies in any way for these reviews.
OK, now let's get this car fabric cleaner review on the road!
In my opinion, the Turtle Wax OXY INTERIOR 1 Multi-Purpose Cleaner & Stain Remover is a highly effective foam spray cleaner that's perfect for spot cleaning deep stains.
It also comes with a plastic brush head to rub the foam cleaner into the fabric.
This Turtle Wax car cleaner, which boasts an OXY cleaning formula, is the best I've used for removing the worst stains – including grease, coffee, pop, mustard, etc. (Yes, I love my fast food.) In fact, the Turtle Wax car fabric cleaner even removed a grease stain from a leaky bottle of sunscreen!
The highly concentrated formula does tend to streak if sprayed unevenly and if not properly rubbed into the fabric. Also, the brush head is great, but there's one huge drawback: you can't remove the brush!
The Turtle Wax cleaner effectively removed the stains from my car seat, but I really had to watch out for the overspray on parts of the fabric I wasn't cleaning. The splattery overspray left behind irritating spot stains on areas of the fabric I wasn't planning on cleaning.
TIP #1: The foam spray shoots out from the middle of the brush head. So, for the best results, you'll need to release the spray when the brush is directly on the fabric surface to help contain the foam spray stream only to the area you want to clean.
TIP #2: Be sure to feather the foam spot cleaning job into surrounding areas of the fabric – so the spot removal site looks more naturally blended into the areas of the seat you don't plan to touch.
Aside from its splattery overspray and unremovable plastic brush head, the Turtle Wax foam car cleaner is definitely a good buy – especially if you need to remove heavy stains from small areas of your upholstery.
I think the Shout Auto Multi-Purpose Cleaner is effective on stains but not quite as powerful and concentrated as the OXY cleaner in the Turtle Wax spray.
The overspray problem is not as frustrating as with the Turtle Wax cleaner, but there was still some challenging side splatter.
I also like the size of the spray button on the Shout auto cleaner. It's wide and comfortable to use for long periods of time.
TIP: If you're trying to remove difficult stains like coffee, makeup, or oil, I definitely recommend using the Turtle Wax car seat cleaner (above) for lifting the stains.
One factor that I think makes the Shout car cleaner a little easier to use than the Turtle Wax car cleaner is that Shout's spray can has a removable brush head, which is convenient. It's easier to finagle a brush you can hold and manipulate in your hand than to use a brush that is affixed to the top of a spray can.
If you want a convenient, all-around foam cleaner that's easy to use and comes with a brush apparatus, try the Shout Auto Multi-Purpose Cleaner.
Of all the car seat cleaners I've tried, my favorite all-around fabric foam spray is Tuff Stuff Multi-Purpose Foam Cleaner.
Another benefit to using Tuff Stuff spray is that because it's so versatile, I can safely use it on a variety of surfaces – not only those within car interiors, but also tile, formica, porcelain, and other common household items.
It takes a few applications to remove deep stains like coffee and pen ink.
It's not as effective on grease as the Turtle Wax multi-purpose cleaner.
The size of the spray button is small – which means it's more uncomfortable to depress for prolonged periods than the sprayers on the Shout and Turtle Wax spray cans.
Like its competitors, the Tuff Stuff cleaner isn't perfect. However, Tuff Stuff foam cleaner is a good, no-frills fabric and upholstery cleaner.
So, What's My Final Verdict?
I like all 3 of these car upholstery cleaners for different reasons.
Turtle Wax Oxy INTERIOR 1 Multi-Purpose Cleaner & Stain Remover — I prefer this cleaner for removing unusually difficult stains from my car seats. However, I find the formula too concentrated and the can's brush too awkward to use for general purposes and for cleaning the entire interior.
Tuff Stuff Multi-Purpose Foam Cleaner — I love Tuff Stuff for general cleanings and use this product most frequently. There is no streaking and also very little overspray – making Tuff Stuff more predictable to use and, in my opinion, it leaves the most even results. Yet I would use a stronger cleaner for occasional deep stains, and I wish Tuff-Stuff adopted a wider spray push button for added comfort.
Shout Auto Multi-Purpose Cleaner — The spray is highly effective on deep stains yet the spray itself is not overly concentrated. The brush attachment on the Shout can is far easier to use than the permanently attached brush head on the Turtle Wax cleaner, but the Shout overspray is worse than with the Tuff Stuff cleaner.
Clean the inside of your car in the shade on days when the outdoor temperature is between 60 and 85 degrees. Cleaners are less effective and may even cause damage to upholstery when it's too cold or too hot.
Protect other surfaces from overspray. You'll want to cover glass, painted car exteriors, and other surfaces to avoid aesthetic damage.
Open your car doors and windows when using fabric cleaners to help ventilate the inside of the car while you're cleaning it and to reduce your chances of inhaling chemical fumes.
Unless instructed on the product's label to do otherwise, let the car seat cleaner set into the fabric for between 30 seconds and 1 minute to allow the agent to remove stains. You can remove excess foam spray with a cool, damp cloth.
Only use car seat cleaners when you won't be using your car immediately afterward for a period of at least a couple hours — after all, what's worse than sitting on a wet, soapy car seat? Besides, you may cause more stains if you use your car seats while the fabric is still damp from the cleaners.


We need your help. We need you to not ask any questions. We need you to videotape yourself saying the following five words "Katie, will you marry me?" Please send your 30-second-long max videos to marryme@gizmodo.com by Monday, October 25th.
Dress up. Dress down. Wing it. Have fun with it. Be creative. To get the ball rolling and loosen up those inhibitions of yours, I'll start.
Now remember—send those videos (or upload links) to marryme@gizmodo.com. Deadline is October 25th, and we'd love to get as many of you as possible included.


DIRECTIONS: Sliver up the onion very thin or chop finely. Melt butter in skillet and saute onion over medium heat in non-stick skillet until tender. Add spinach and water, cover and simmer just until spinach is done (about 5 minutes). Drain off any remaining water. Now dot the surface with cream cheese and stir in to melt. Add all spices, ginger, and jalapeno pepper now. Stir. Lower heat to lowest setting and add cream. Simmer uncovered for 2-3 minutes to allow flavors to blend. Add cilantro last and simmer 1-2 minutes longer. I like to next pop it into a 350º oven for 15 minutes, but that is not actually necessary. The dish shown in the pic above WAS NOT baked off. Great with grilled kebab, chicken or fish. ENJOY!!


La chaqueta esta muy bien acabada !
El color es justo el que necesitaba para que combinase con un bolsito que yo ya tenía !
La experiencia ha sido muy positiva !!!
I just got my shoes that I ordered for jj house , they are beautiful ,I am very happy with my purchase.i am now waiting on a wrap that I have just ordered from jj house ,hope I am just as happy with it.
I have a beautiful dress and I just want to get a wrap to match it. I look through almost all the other website but I can't find a ideal one.
I come to this site casually and get suggestion from their operators. I finally get this beautiful wrap. It's amazing. I love it so much.
You guys are great. Just keep on your work. I will recommend it to my friends. Thanks again!


Hillside School is located in Alameda County, California certified as a historic location on Friday October 29, 1982. This location is a protected historic place because of historical significance relating to Education, more specifically a School. Hillside School was nominated by as a historic location by State Government based on Architecture/Engineering and its significance in Education, Architecture.
Architect, builder, or engineer: Ratcliff Walter H.


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Home General Why is satellite TV cheaper than cable?
Why is satellite TV cheaper than cable?
by Olufisayo April 9, 2021
published by Olufisayo April 9, 2021
Satellite TV offers the streaming of a variety of local and international channels on your TV screen. Satellite TV does not usually have expensive monthly bills because the number of channels is relatively higher, which enables the best cost per channel for the customers. However, that's not always true and the prices and number of channels fundamentally vary from person to person.
For satellite, you have to install a kit and dish on your rooftop facing the southern sky while cable works through the underground network of wires. In contrast to satellite, cable internet bundles provide high-speed internet with smooth transmission of signals because that remains unaffected if the weather changes, unlike satellite. However, satellites make picture quality brighter as compared to cable TV. If you are looking for DSL, and cable services, we would recommend you check out CenturyLink internet.
The quality of cable and satellite is also subjective as both have their strengths and the reasons people are willing to pay for those. Though different areas have different aspects that either support satellite TV or cable TV.
Factually, cable services are not available everywhere due to their costly infrastructure that essentially requires a certain amount of demand from that region whereas satellite due to its nature of working through airwaves is accessible to everyone as long as they have a rooftop for placing the dish. Not to overlook the fact, pay attention to previous or already existing clients' experience and ask for neighbor's recommendations as they matter a lot.
In this article, we will quickly give you an idea of why is satellite TV cheaper than cable. Also, some fact checks if that is true or just an assumption. So without further delay, let's dive into the details!
What are the major cable TV providers?
A variety of cable operators are providing their services all over the country. Some of the prominent names include optimum TV, Xfinity, Frontier, spectrum TV, Mediacom TV, sudden link TV, and Cox counter TV. These are massively accessible.
What are satellite TV providers?
In the United States, two notable satellite service providers are providing their services includes; Dish Network and DIRECTV. In Canada, there is 3rd cable Network operator, named "Bell TV" which provides their services in North America also.
What are some differences between Cable and Satellite TV?
Satellites transmit radio signals to your TV set. In contrast to satellite TV, cable TV provides the signals to your TV set through fiber optics via copper wire. Essentially, satellite works through intangible airwaves and cable as the name suggest too, does the job through wires.
Satellite TV works on different methods as compared to Cable TV. The two major providers of satellite TV include Dish and DIRECTV have a contract with different media houses that provide them their content for broadcasting.
Satellite network operators transmit the received content to satellites that are revolving in the orbits.
Satellites grab the signal and rebroadcast to the dish antenna on earth. This dish antenna transmits signals to your TV set to carry this on to your favorite TV channel.
Cable TV operators have an agreement with local as well as international channels. They only transmit services of the channel that are their media partners.
Cable TV receives content from these TV channels, after that, they compress the networks and forward it to fiber optics. The redistribution kit receives signals from fiber optic. The signals require pre-amplification before sending them to the TV set.
Then it broadcasts their transmission through the fiber optics to your TV set.
Though the prices between satellite and cable services are not drastically far. Cable services employ a huge amount of resources to make their services available only.
The channels are outsourced and are purchased on agreement by satellite and cable providers both. There is a wide range of packages available for cable as well as satellite services to meet the unique needs of every customer and household.
Some student packages, senior citizen discounts, and basic packages are always around to entertain the ones with a limited budget. Bundling up the services also gets you a significant amount of discounts and some benefits which may include free of cost services. Satellite is more relevant at places that have limited or no access to any other (commonly cable) services.