The Congressman said he plans to actively campaign for Cumbo in local churches, block parties, senior centers, subway stations, and "whatever else it takes to make sure she wins decisively" in the September 12 primary and the November 7 general. Jeffries is extremely popular among his constituents and was reelected last year with 93.3 percent of the vote in the general election after being unopposed in the primary.
The Congressman, who was rumored to be a potential challenger to Mayor Bill de Blasio for much of last year, has taken on a notable role among national Democrats since the election of President Donald Trump. Jeffries was elected as co-chair of the House Democratic Policy and Communications Committee in December and has since emerged as a vocal critic of the Republican president. Jeffries and Cumbo share many views on major issues, including handling the district's housing crisis and improving education.
Jeffries is the latest high-profile fellow Democrat to endorse Cumbo. Last week, U.S. Rep. Yvette Clarke declared her support for Cumbo's reelection. Cumbo has also been endorsed by Public Advocate Letitia James, Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams, City Council Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito, Council Member Vanessa Gibson and the Council's LGBT Caucus.
The Bedford Union Armory rezoning proposal has been a particularly hot issue in the District 35 race, and represents the core of any vulnerability for Cumbo in the September 12 primary. The project -- which would convert the Armory into 330 units of rental housing and 60 condos, and includes plans for a state-of-the-art recreation center -- faces heavy opposition from some residents who believe it is a sweetheart deal for real estate developers, would spur gentrification, and doesn't include enough affordable housing. Although Cumbo came out against the proposal in May, some constituents and community activists criticized her for her delayed opposition. Critics point to the project's affordability levels -- about 50 percent will be set aside for affordable units in the current proposal -- will not match the incomes of the district, and say that the facility should be 100 percent affordable. Jeffries, however, felt comfortable that Cumbo has handled the development effectively.
Council Member Cumbo, who was pregnant throughout the campaign and gave birth on Friday, was with her newborn son and not available to comment. A spokesperson said she was thankful for Jeffries' endorsement and was excited to work with him on affordable housing and improving schools in their shared communities.
Although Cumbo has a slew of prominent endorsements, her primary opponent Ede Fox has also picked up support. Fox has been endorsed by a number of local Democratic organizations, the Transit Workers Union and New York Communities for Change, among others.
The winner of the primary will be a heavy favorite in the general, where she will face Republican Christine Parker, as well as the winner of the Green Party primary between Scott Hutchins and Jabari Brisport.


0.1 Introduction of methadone maintenance therapy Exactly what is methadone upkeep therapy?
0.2 Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist that is prescribed as a treatment for opioid dependancy and the management of persistent discomfort. MMT addresses only the therapy of opioid dependence.
1.1 In specialized MMT programs, doctors commonly work closely with on-site counsellors.
Exactly what is methadone upkeep therapy?
Methadone upkeep treatment (MMT) is an extensive treatment program that entails the lasting prescribing of methadone as an option to the opioid on which the customer relied. Central to MMT is the provision of coaching, instance administration as well as other medical as well as psychosocial services.
Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist that is prescribed as a treatment for opioid dependancy and the management of persistent discomfort. MMT addresses only the therapy of opioid dependence.
Methadone may be substituted for other opioids due to the fact that tolerance to one opioid, such as methadone, also obstructs the results of other opioids. This phenomenon is referred to as cross-tolerance. Cross-tolerance establishes between compounds that act on the very same sorts of receptors in the brain. For example, individuals who have built up resistance to morphine are likewise forgiving to other opioid agonist medications.
not generate intoxication (e.g., sedation or euphoria).
decrease the euphoric impacts of other opioids, such as heroin.
Methadone relieves the signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal.
As soon as methadone gets to a sufficient degree in a client's blood, his/her food cravings are reduced. Methadone is much longer acting (24 to 36 hours) than most various other opioids. For instance, heroin, which is brief performing (three to 6 hrs), is often infused several times a day while, in MMT, methadone is provided only once a day.
If it is suggested appropriately, methadone is thought about medically secure as a treatment for opioid dependence.
Study shows that methadone is a cost-efficient treatment for opioid dependence (Ward & Sutton, 1998; Rufener et al., 1977). A variety of research studies have actually located that MMT is related to a decrease in:.
For all these reasons, increasing access to methadone maintenance treatment is a priority.
Initiatives to overcome obstacles to gain access to have actually consisted of boosting awareness among wellness professionals of the advantages of MMT as well as raising recognition of the requirement for solutions that are adaptable as well as concentrate on the customer's demands.
For a more extensive conversation of methadone in the context of MMT, see Phase 3 of Methadone Upkeep: A Counsellor's Guide to Therapy.
The pharmacokinetic homes of methadone are likewise reviewed as component of the CAMH online training course on opioid dependancy.
In specialized MMT programs, doctors commonly work closely with on-site counsellors.
A cohesive treatment group, which may include an on-site pharmacologist and/or a registered nurse, makes healing choices. In various other scenarios, MMT entails pharmacists and also counsellors operating in the community. In all these circumstances, good interaction among all those included is essential to giving safe and effective MMT.
In Ontario by the University of Physicians as well as Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO). Methadone is specified as an Arrange 1 medicine under the Managed Medications and Materials Act. Therefore, a physician is required to adhere to the CPSO's procedure for obtaining a lawful exception prior to suggesting the drug, either for discomfort administration or as a therapy for opioid dependence (see area 56, Managed Medications as well as Compounds Act).
While pharmacologists are currently not required to seek unique permission to give methadone, the Ontario University of Pharmacists has actually established a set of policy standards (consisting of finishing CAMH's on the internet training course on opioid dependence) that pharmacists are expected to stick to. CAMH has likewise produced Methadone Upkeep: A Pharmacist's Overview of Therapy, which is meant to sustain pharmacists operating in this tough area.
Methadone upkeep therapy alternatives exist to assist those that are addicted to narcotics such as heroin or particular types of prescription painkillers in their efforts to get over the powerful physical signs of dependancy as well as retrain themselves to live opiate cost-free. Although methadone itself is an opiate, the power of this medicine to help in suppressing food cravings as well as reducing signs and symptoms of withdrawal when taken correctly could be highly effective in lowering physical opiate dependence, restoring balance right into the customer's life and also providing wish for sobriety.


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citalia, the Leading Italian Specialist, has Launched Summer Savings on Holidays to Venice to Take in the 55th Venice Biennale Art Exhibition
Citalia
01 May, 2013, 17:32 BST
LONDON, May 1, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --
- Join the thousands of art lovers who flock to enchanting Venice for the Biennale International Art Exhibition and save on summer holidays to Italy.
The Venice Biennale International Art Exhibition is back for its 55th year. The major art presentation, which takes places once every two years, is organised by the prestigious cultural institution, the Venice Biennale. First held in 1985, this fantastic event sees thousands of art lover's flock to the city to see the showcase of international fine art.
Venice makes for the perfect backdrop to this stunning event, entitled 'II Palazzo Enciclopedico' or The Encyclopaedic Palace. Open this year to the public from 1 June to 24 November, the exhibition will be held in the Giardini and the Arsenale in Venice.
Art lovers flock to Venice every two years for this magnificent event which is made up of a number of national pavilions, in which individual countries showcase their best artwork, as well as a comprehensive main exhibition showcasing the work of 150 artists from 37 countries.
citalia, the leading Italian specialist for over 85 years, is offering its customers an extensive collection of holidays across Venice, giving art lovers the opportunity to visit Venice during the exhibition over the summer months. With a variety of holiday packages from citalia and exhibition tickets easily accessible with prices from just 25 euros per adult, there is no better time to book a holiday to Venice.
On the 1 May 2013, citalia will also launch its new savings across all summer Italy holidays when you book before the 7 May 2013. Take advantage of a three night summer city break to Venice with citalia from £385 per person. Stay at the four star Bonvecchiati on a bed and breakfast basis and save up to £225 per couple. This Venice holiday departing 13 August 2013 from London Gatwick includes one free night and an online discount.
Alternatively enjoy a four night stay in Venice at the three star Hotel San Giorgio from £369 per person. This holiday, departing 8 July 2013 from London Gatwick, is on a bed and breakfast basis and includes one free night, an online discount and a saving of up to £145 per couple.
For more information on holidays to Venice and more savings on summer Italy holidays from citalia call an Italian specialist on +44(0)844-415-1956.
SOURCE Citalia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


These are the most frequently asked question in our company regarding website. products. service or cooperation. For needing more help, welcome you to contact with us directly via email, online message, tel or fax anytime.
Our company is located in a beautiful city, Xiamen, Fujian Province of China. As a fine natural harbor and mature physical infrastructure for foreign trade, Xiamen has become the biggest stone trade center in the world. You are welcomed to visit us.
DO YOU SUPPLY CHINESE STONE ONLY?
No. Besides Chinese stone, we are offering a wide range of foreign stones, including granites, marbles, onyx, sandstone, travertine, limestone, etc., which originate from India, Iran, Brazil, Egypt, Turkey, Italy, Spain and other countries.
WHERE IS YOUR MAIN SALES MARKET WORLDWIDE?
We are focusing on middle and high-end markets and our products are mainly sold to North America, Europe and Oceania. But we are also interested in developing markets, such as South America, South-east Asia and Africa.
CAN YOUR THINSTONE BE CUSTOM MADE?
Yes. By starting from the block position, we are able to accommodate custom thicknesses and accessories to perfectly match and use alongside our thinstone for custom designed applications.
WHAT THE MINIMUM THICKNESS FOR THINSTONE CAN YOU MAKE ?
The minimum thickness, including stone surface and fiberglass backing, is 1mm for granite and 1.5mm for other stones.
WHAT THE BIGGEST SIZES FOR THINSTONE CAN YOU MAKE ?
The biggest sizes we can make is 1.2m*2.4m(4'*8′) , but which will be different for different stone.
When you are sending an inquiry, please give us your detailed requests, such as: material, sizes, surface finish, drawings, pictures, quantity, etc. Surely, if you like, we can introduce our standards or give you some suggestions.
CAN YOU SEND US SAMPLES BEFORE ORDERING?
Yes , we are glad to offer the small samples for checking before order . And normally our samples are free of charge . But as you know, we are receiving so many requirements for samples , so we will send samples based on freight collect . Hope you understand !
DO YOU ACCEPT RETAIL ORDERS? WHAT IS THE MINIMUM QUANTITY YOU REQUIRE?
It depends on what you are buying. Take the example of ultrathin stone, our MOQ is 100m2. It doesn't mean we don't accept small order.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO KEEP THE GOODS AS SAME COLOR AS SAMPLE?
Sorry No. Stone is a natural material with naturally occurring variations in color, tone, granularity, pattern, etc. Please understand the color tolerance and pattern change is allowed.
HOW LONG CAN MY ORDER BE SHIPPED ONCE MY ORDER IS CONFIRMED?
Usually it takes 15-30days upon we receive the deposit or L/C, but depended on the order details and our production schedule at that time.
We accept both T/T and L/C .
HOW TO SHIP THE CARGOS FROM YOUR COUNTRY TO MY CITY?
We have some good shipping partners who will help us to transport the cargos from our country to your Inland port or Sea port or to your door. If you need to know the transport freight, please contact us for quotation.
WHAT IS YOUR PACKING ?
The stone products will be packed with fumigated strong wooden crates or plywood case and foam sheets inside. Customized packing is available.


What is your Superpower?: That gift you have... that thing you're here to do? I see that.
Why CampGirlBoss?: Young girls are amazing; what a powerful age to learn to be a GirlBoss! To have an experience that teaches them that their ideas are valuable and that they can put those ideas out into the world is life changing. I'm in!
Bio: Stacy Vajta is an energy coach and intuitive healer. She's here for one big purpose: to help you figure out who you are meant to be and what you are meant to be doing. She's a gifted intuitive, has a Master's degree in integral counseling, and over 30 years of experience working with people to help them create change. Stacy has a corporate side too, having worked for 15 years managing high-tech corporate events. Her work life has provided many hats to wear; all of which help her, help you!


The Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI) is a professional organization devoted to communication and dissemination of information among libraries and educational institutions involved in atmospheric science research and scholarship. In many ways it is a virtual organization, relying on the listserv and website to connect its international members from various parts of the world. Annual meetings in conjunction with the AMS provide a venue to meet in person, present papers, discuss and promote issues, and present the ASLI's Choice book awards.


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Binance Jersey Shutting Down Operations… Due to Disappointing Trading Volumes?
Binance's fiat-to-crypto exchange in Europe, Binance Jersey, is reportedly set to shut down later this year as trading volumes on the platform failed to pick up steam over time.
The cryptocurrency trading platform was launched to tap into the European markets in early 2019, supporting trading pairs between bitcoin (BTC) and ether (ETH) against the euro and the British pound. Binance's main platform has since then launched support for EUR and GBP, it's worth noting.
The trading platform failed to pick up a significant trading volume since launch. According to CryptoCompare data, Binance Jersey's trading volume peaked in March of this year, at the time of the so-called "crypto Black Thursday" that saw the prices of most top cryptocurrencies lunge by around 50%, and even then failed to go above £2.5 million ( $3.2 million) per day.
Source: CryptoCompare
According to Cointelegraph, Binance will restrict new GBP and EUR deposits and on all of its supported cryptocurrencies on October 30. Trading and withdrawals will remain functional until November 9, with the platform's final shutdown being scheduled for November 30.
Currently, the cryptocurrency trading platform isn't accepting new sign-ups onto its platform. Binance Jersey reportedly pointed out that the exchange's main platform, Binance.com, will "continue to offer services to citizens of Jersey through compliant banking channels."
On social media, Binance Jersey appears to have been inactive for some time, as it does not have a single posted with this year's date on it. The exchange endured some bad press in August of last year when it saw a white hat hacker compromise its Twitter account. It reacted by rewarding the hacker with a bug bounty.
Institutional Investment Could Help Calm Bitcoin Volatility, Says Goldman Sachs Exec
"Be Right, Not First," Says Fed Chairman Powell on a Digital Dollar
IRS Offering $625,000 to Anyone Who Can Crack Monero's Privacy Network
Novogratz's Galaxy Digital Posts 17% Returns on Bitcoin Funds in Q3 2020


text:
Same Pay, More Expenses Means Little Emergency Savings
June 23, 2014, 11:53 AM UTC / Updated June 23, 2014, 5:46 PM UTC / Source: CNBC.com
About one-fourth of Americans have no emergency savings, and that's barely changed in the past four years. Experts at Bankrate, which conducts the annual survey, believe the reason is simple: Many Americans just don't have that extra money to sock away. That's because for many Americans, their paychecks have stayed about the same even as there have been modest increases in expenses for things like food. That's leaving little wiggle room in the budget. The Bankrate survey found:
26 percent of Americans have no emergency savings, about the same as in previous years
About 23 percent had six months or more of savings, which is an ideal amount that many experts had recommended.
The rest have some savings, but not six months' worth, or did not answer.
The phone survey of about 1,000 people has a 3.6 percent margin of error.
Sign up for top Business news direct to your inbox.
The great 401(k) caper: How $1 fee becomes $32
25% of Americans Saving $0 for Retirement
401(k) Balances Surge, but It's Still Not Enough
You've Saved for Retirement, but How Do You Spend It?
— Allison Linn, CNBC.com


text:
An Update I Would Not Be Expected to Perform on a Script That I May Not Keep Updated
As my frequency of visits to Digg decreases, the probability of me writing Greasemonkey scripts that work with Digg also decreases. Plans that I had for writing scripts that work with Digg have been ranked lower among my priorities, and the completion and release of these scripts will occur later than I originally expected. In addition, maintenance of scripts that I wrote for use with Digg is less likely to occur as a result of me not using such scripts as often. However, discovering that one of my scripts does not work properly immediately makes work on that script a higher priority than any other work that I plan on doing. And it was not long ago that I discovered that the most recent redesign of Digg necessitated that one of my scripts for Digg be updated. While the functionality of the script was intact, the design of it was rendered unacceptably unprofessional. So work on modifying this script began within minutes of me noticing the need for these updates.
I first considered simply adding a notice on the page on Userscripts.org on which the script can be downloaded saying that updates to the script needed to be made. However, it would have been preferable for me to post an actual update to the script rather than a notice saying that an update to the script would be made available soon. I tried to determine whether or not I could make corrections to the script so that what it adds to the page would appear as it previously did. And fortunately, after finding that only minor updates needed to be made to the script, a new version of the script was made available shortly after determining that updates needed to be made. Still, I was not sure exactly how long this script had a design that did not match how it appeared in this screen shot. If this script were one that I used as often as I previously did, these necessary updates would have been made in a more timely manner.
It may have been this need to update this script that made me consider making further improvements to its design. I have previously mentioned that I consider myself more interested in what is performed after data is submitted through a user interface than design of the user interface itself. However, I understand the importance of good user interface design, and sometimes I find that I need to focus on a more diverse group of topics. I have wanted to ensure that the design looked as professional as possible. For that reason, I decided to remove the rounded corners on the header above where the search form the script adds is added. And after successfully removing those rounded corners, these added search form elements now look more appropriate. And so I released another new version of the script that made more changes to the appearance of page elements on Digg. A screen shot of how Digg appears when using the new version of the script can be viewed by clicking the thumbnail below.
I am not sure how much time I will spend maintaining this script in the future. However, I will be sure to take time to determine whether or not it works properly, and I will respond to any feedback from end users about it.
This was written by jkasprzak. Posted on Monday, July 28, 2008, at 5:41 pm. Filed under Digg, Greasemonkey. Bookmark the permalink. Follow comments here with the RSS feed.	Both comments and trackbacks are currently closed.
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What are fiscal councils, and what do they do?
Lars Calmfors, Simon Wren-Lewis 21 April 2011
Fiscal councils are independent bodies set up by governments to evaluate fiscal policy. As problems with debt and deficits have taken hold, they have become increasingly popular. This column looks at what existing councils do and what dangers they face. It argues that, with the right guarantees of their independence in place, independent fiscal councils can make a significant positive contribution to fiscal policy.
The delegation of monetary policy to independent central banks is now commonplace. Could delegation also play a role in controlling government deficits and debt? A number of academics have proposed this (e.g. von Hagen and Harden 1995; Wren-Lewis 1996; Calmfors 2003; Wyplosz 2005). In the last few years, five countries (Sweden, Canada, Hungary, Slovenia, and the UK) have established independent organisations, generally called fiscal councils, to provide macroeconomic fiscal advice. A few similar bodies have existed for some time, the largest being the Congressional Budget Office in the US and the Central Planning Bureau in the Netherlands. Proposals for new such bodies have been advanced in other countries, and their establishment has been encouraged by the IMF, OECD, and the European Commission.
What exactly are these fiscal councils meant to do? Are these new institutions similar in structure? Are they an alternative or a complement to fiscal rules?
In a study to be presented at an Economic Policy panel in Budapest on April 15-16, we compare the activities of eleven existing fiscal councils (Calmfors and Wren-Lewis 2011). At first sight, these bodies appear very diverse. The US and Dutch councils have over 150 staff, but some others largely consist of council members. Around half focus only on fiscal policy, while others also provide analysis of employment, growth and other structural policies. While most just consider macroeconomic issues, the two councils in North America also undertake analysis of particular spending projects. However there are some interesting commonalities.
Common features: Advice and fiscal rules
All the fiscal councils we examined provide some form of ex-post and ex-ante evaluation of fiscal policy and longer-run fiscal sustainability. Unlike independent central banks, no fiscal council has any formal power to decide the national deficit. Instead, they provide advice of various kinds, by producing forecasts or evaluating government policies. There are a number of possible reasons why these bodies have no formal power over policy. One is summed up in the phrase "no taxation without representation". However, interest rate decisions can have as much influence on individual incomes as tax changes, so this explanation is not compelling. A more important factor may be the lack of consensus about what the long-term goals for government debt should be. The speed at which those goals should be achieved is equally controversial. Delegation to unelected representatives works best when there is substantial consensus about the aims of policy, and there seems to be a much greater consensus with monetary policy compared to fiscal policy.
If fiscal councils only provide advice, can they be effective in preventing the "deficit bias" that appears to have characterised OECD debt over the last few decades? Unfortunately the diversity of councils, the novelty of many of them and the difficulty of controlling for the many other influences on fiscal outcomes makes an empirical analysis very complex. The one comprehensive econometric analysis in the literature (Debrun and Kumar 2008) contains mixed results. However there are a number of reasons in theory why a fiscal watchdog could be effective. If deficit bias stems from deficiencies in information, then a fiscal council can correct those deficiencies, either by providing more realistic forecasts of the public accounts, or by simply reminding the public of the government's intertemporal budget constraint. If deficit bias stems from common-pool problems, then a fiscal council can provide a coordination role, for example by enabling spending ministers (or coalition partners) to internalise the aggregate effects of spending decisions.
One interesting finding is that the majority of councils work alongside national fiscal rules. Fiscal councils can complement fiscal rules in at least two ways.
First, they can help monitor whether fiscal rules are being met. For example, most fiscal rules attempt to allow for cyclical influences on government deficits, but undertaking this correction is complex in practice. Governments may be tempted to distort corrections or forecasts, and a fiscal council can act as a watchdog to alert the public if this is happening.
Second, even fairly complex rules may be a poor approximation to optimal policy, and a fiscal council can advise when it is sensible to depart from these rules. For example, the Swedish Fiscal Policy Council argued that the government could implement more discretionary fiscal expansion after the 2008 recession. In principle fiscal councils could also advise governments on how to improve fiscal rules, but only a minority of fiscal councils have attempted to address how existing rules relate to "higher level" social and economic objectives.
Diversity: Forecasting, policy advice and vulnerability
There is an interesting divide amongst councils when it comes to forecasting, with only around half producing their own macroeconomic forecasts. Two councils, in the Netherlands and in the UK, produce the official forecasts on which government decisions are made. While this could remove deficit bias caused by governments producing over-optimistic forecasts, it also has the potential to compromise the independence of the fiscal council. This problem is partially mitigated in the Netherlands by the fiscal council preparing fiscal projections for opposition parties before an election.
Fiscal councils also differ in the amount of normative advice they provide. About half provide only positive analysis. The Congressional Budget Office, for example, is mandated to provide non-partisan advice. However in these cases the councils generally produce some assessment of the impact of alternative policies. A good example is the Congressional Budget Office's 2010 report on the long-term budget outlook, which looks at the impact of alternative paths for debt stabilisation. Only in the case of the UK does the fiscal council appear to be constrained not to analyse any alternative to current government policy.
This diversity among fiscal councils may in part reflect the variety of explanations advanced in the literature for deficit bias. In the UK, for example, a view that government fiscal forecasts were too optimistic was important in giving the Office for Budget Responsibility a key forecasting role, while in Sweden a desire to institutionalise the strong national tradition of academic involvement in the economic policy debate may have helped give that fiscal council a wide remit. Sometimes diversity may reflect permanent differences in political structures. For example, the council in the Netherlands provides estimates that serve as a basis for the negotiations among coalition partners. However in other cases diversity may reflect particular issues that were prominent at the time the councils were established, but which may not be persistent. In this case there may be a danger that the remit of a fiscal council becomes inflexible, making it less effective in dealing with different sources of deficit bias that may subsequently arise. In this sense, fiscal councils may have a lot to learn from each other.
Although fiscal councils are clearly becoming more popular, they also face severe dangers from the governments that they may end up criticising. We argue that it is in the long-term interest of governments to establish independent fiscal councils. But there is also a strong temptation for governments to constrain the actions of a council to avoid criticism in the short run. This was illustrated by the fate of the Hungarian Fiscal Council. After only two years in existence, the council had its secretariat taken away and was transformed into a far less effective body. This occurred after the council had criticised the government for making overoptimistic assumptions and for a lack of transparency. The fiscal council's budget in Canada was significantly reduced after it published critical reports. In Sweden, the Ministry for Finance has been pushing for changes that would restrict the activities of the Fiscal Policy Council.
New councils, which have yet to establish a public reputation, may be particularly vulnerable to political interference. In our view, more attention has to be given to formal provisions that ensure both the independence and survival of fiscal councils, with the example of central banks providing useful lessons. International monitoring could play an important role in raising the political cost of interfering with the independence of fiscal councils. This would also help make fiscal councils more accountable, which may be crucial for long-run legitimacy. All in all, we believe that independent fiscal councils can make a significant contribution to good fiscal policy provided that they are established in a form which guarantees their independence.
Calmfors, L (2003), "Fiscal Policy to Stabilize the Domestic Economy in the EMU", CESifo Economic Studies 49.
Calmfors, L and S Wren-Lewis (2011), "What Should Fiscal Councils Do?", CESifo Working Paper No. 3382.
Debrun, S, D Hauner and MS Kumar (2009), "Independent Fiscal Agencies", Journal of Economic Surveys, 23.
von Hagen, J and IH Harden (1995), "Budget Processes and Commitment to Fiscal Discipline", European Economic Review, 39.
Wren-Lewis, S (1996), "Avoiding Fiscal Fudge", New Economy 3.
Wyplosz, C (2005), "Fiscal Policy: Institutions versus Rules", National Institute Economic Review 191.
Topics: Global governance Macroeconomic policy Monetary policy
Tags: Fiscal crisis, fiscal councils
Lars Calmfors
Professor of International Economics, Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm University; Chair, Swedish Fiscal Policy Council
Professor, Economics Department and Merton College, Oxford


Metaglossary.com - Definitions for "encapsulated"
A style of dry type transformer utilizing a solid resin to encase and seal the core and coil assembly.
A pesticide formulation in which the active ingredient is encased in extremely small capsules made of inert synthetic polymers. The pesticide is released gradually over a period of time.
Confined to a specific area; the tumor remains in a compact form.
Sinking the Ballast in a Sand & Resin compound to dissipate heat, extend component life and minimise noise emissions.
Localized. Refers to a tumor that is wholly confined to a specific area, surrounded by a capsule.
A way of wrapping protocols such as TCP/ IP, AppleTalk, and NetBEUI in Ethernet frames so they can traverse an Ethernet network and be unwrapped when they reach the destination computer.
An Ethernet address mode that treats the entire Ethernet packet as a whole and places it inside an 802.11 frame along with a new header.
A thick core of pure aluminum (on the base and, in some cases, partially up the sides) is encapsulated, or sandwiched, between two other layers of metal. The pure aluminum core provides excellent heat conductivity, while the interior/exterior metals provide such properties as durability, stick resistance or an attractive color. Encapsulated cookware also may be referred to as clad, because the aluminum core is clad with layers of one or more different metals.
Imbedded in solid material or enclosed in glass or metal.
Process in which a material is coated or covered with a plastic film or sheath.
A rigid, transparent, protective casing in which a coin is placed to protect it from corrosion and damage. For special collector issues, this case is usually made of two halves of an inert moulded plastic material to the exact dimensions of the coin to be protected. The two halves are either screwed or pressed together to 'encapsulate' the coin.
A coin that is placed in a sealed plastic holder by any of the independent, third-party grading services.
a property of virtualization which refers to the way that the virtual machines storage is contained in a single file on a storage system, greatly simplifying provisioning, replication, and backup.


Manchester United's Zlatan Ibrahimovic , left, and Sunderland's Jason Denayer battle for the ball during their English Premier League soccer match at the Stadium of Light, Sunderland, England, Sunday, April 9, 2017 . The Red Devils have huffed and puffed but the teams above them - the likes of Liverpool and Man City - won't let up. "After Liverpool and Manchester City's victories, if we didn't win today it's nearly mathematically impossible (to finish fourth)".
Thanks to his wins and success over the years, Sergio Garcia's net worth is now about $70.0 million and growing. At Augusta on Sunday night in a gripping conclusion to the 2017 Masters , the Spanish got their revenge as two of the flagships of European golf provided a battle that will be talked about for years to come among the pines and azaleas.
There has been one World Cup hosted by multiple nations - the 2002 tournament in Japan and South Korea. The bids will be evaluated over the next 15 months, with that phase being completed by February 2020. "This will be an extraordinarily successful World Cup on financial and economic grounds". It will also no doubt make the case that a joint bid allows for more resources to host the expanded tournament.
Garcia, who started the third round in a four-way tie for the lead on -4, had a steady day around Augusta, as others falted. His closing 69 was his best effort of the week and lifted him into a tie for seventh. There was Nicklaus, who had to be the focus of the tournament from the time he won the 1963 Masters to the time he won the event for the sixth time in 1986.
The Brazilian forward was shown a second yellow 66 minutes into the match for a shoulder barge on Diego Llorente, following on from an earlier caution awarded for preventing the opposition from taking a quick free kick. Enrique, though, felt the result was harsh on his side. "We tried everything, but it didn't come off". "It is curious, but we are used to it". We had them pushed back and we made a costly error [for the first goal].
New Orleans will open the four-game slate with Cleveland on the road during the week of August 10-14. Since 2007, the Texans have played the Saints in every preseason except for 2014. In weeks three and four of the exhibition season the Saints will play the Houston Texans in the Super Dome, followed by the Baltimore Ravens . This is Miami's third trip across the pound in four years.
For he has come down from Southern California, not to do My own will, but the will of Jerry West (who is exhausted of Oscar Robertson being the only to average a Triple-Double in a season). It also eliminated Denver from playoff contention - the eighth and final spot in the West goes to Portland Trailblazers. The Hawks wiped out a 26-point deficit in the fourth quarter, outscoring the Cavs 44-18 in the period and forcing overtime on Millsap's baseline jumper at the buzzer.
Westbrook's victor from about 36 feet cam after Nikola Jokic missed a runner on the other end that would have put the game out of reach. His 41.8 usage percentage exceeds Kobe Bryant's single-season record of 38.7 percent that was set back in the 2005-06 season.
Assistant coach Brian Dutcher will take over as head coach after coaching alongside Fisher since 1989. Fortunately San Diego State's search for a head coach has ended before it needed to begin. Then-athletic director Bo Schembechler wouldn't allow Frieder to coach in the Tournament and named Fisher interim coach. Dutcher was an assistant under Fisher at MI during the national championship season and remained there until 1998.
EST on Sunday. Garcia had a chance to win it on the 72nd hole, only to miss his five-foot putt to get to 10 under par. But Rose led by two shots with six holes to play. He realized he has a "beautiful life" even if he never won a major. Steele opened with three straight birdies and added a fourth on the seventh hole to improve to 2 over about two hours into the final round.
But until the ninth, the Yankees couldn't redeem any of the gifts from Baltimore pitching, starting with the seven walks by lefty starter Wade Miley over five scoreless innings. It was pretty bad", O'Day said. DETROIT - Sandy Leon broke an eighth-inning tie with a two-run single, part of a four-run rally that lifted Boston over Detroit.


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NEET: A healthy option
Thank god I do not have to travel to six different cities to appear for medical entrance tests and then apply to each of these colleges separately," says Swastik Agarwal, a Plus Two student of Calcutta, who will be appearing for her medical entrance exam next year. NEET or no NEET? Bringing an end to what had seemed like a never-ending dilemma of medical and dental aspirants in India and their families, President Pranab Mukherjee signed an ordinance last week making clear the following - NEET or the all-India National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test stays. From 2017 it will apply universally, but for this year, the states have the option of holding their own entrance examinations. The ordinance upholds a Supreme Court ruling that there should be a single gateway to medical education in the country and not 35 (for 412 medical colleges), as is the case now. So, apart from ensuring that Swastik does not have to travel needlessly, how else is a single exam useful? "St
Supreme Court refuses to stay President's NEET ordinance
The Supreme Court on Friday quashed a plea asking the court to stay the President's ordinance that allowed states to have their own medical entrance examinations. That means, for now, states can go ahead with their own separate medical examinations and they don't have to use the single National Eligibility Entrance Test (NEET) results for admitting students. The apex court said staying the NEET ordinance would create further confusion in the minds of students. "Lets us not create further confusion on entrance examination and let students appear for test with certain amount of certainty... We will hear plea after the vacation," the court said. President Pranab Mukherjee on Tuesday signed an order that allows state boards to skip NEET for a year. The ordinance - or executive order - cleared by the Cabinet last week, was aimed at "partially" overturning a Supreme Court order. The top court ruled last month that NEET would be the only test f
NEET Ordinance compounds problems for medical aspirants in Telangana & Andhra
The latest Ordinance on the National Eligibility and Entrance Test (NEET) by the government hasn't actually resolved the confusion over the admission process to medical seats in various institutions in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . Thousands of students and their parents in the two states are keeping their fingers crossed, as the medical seat aspirants are now compelled to take NEET-2 and also the medical entrance tests conducted by the respective states. What is NEET-2? The first phase of NEET was conducted on 1 May, by which time the Supreme Court had not provided clarity on the objections raised by different states. Considering the requests from several states, the union government promulgated an ordinance exempting the states from filling the state quota of seats in government and private medical colleges for this academic year. Therefore, another NEET-2 exam was scheduled for 24 July. The students aspiring to join the medical courses under management quota and NRI qu
Docs in govt hospitals to retire at 65
Citing shortage of doctors, Prime Minister Narendra Modi today announced raising the age of retirement of government doctors to 65 years and said the Union Cabinet will give its nod to the decision this week. In a rally to observe the second anniversary of his government, Modi said there is a need for more doctors across the country but it was not possible to fill the gap in two years of his government. The decision will cover all government doctors whether serving under states or the central dispensation, he said. "There is a shortage of doctors. In government hospitals, their retirement is 60 years in some states, 62 in some others. If adequate number of medical institutes were there, then we would have more doctors and would not feel the shortage. It is difficult to make doctors in two years but poor families cannot be forced to live without doctors. "Therefore from Uttar Pradesh, I want to announce this to my countrymen that this week our governm
NEET ordinance gets its first challenge in court
The ordinance that deferred by a year the Supreme Court order to conduct the National Eligibility Entrance Test (NEET) from 2016 is back in court. Health activist Anand Rai, known for exposing the Vyapam scam—an admission and recruitment scandal in Madhya Pradesh—on Thursday filed a petition in the Supreme Court against the centre's decision to promulgate the ordinance. The petition that sought the quashing of the ordinance questioned the centre's flip-flop on the issue. The centre had initially accepted the apex court's order and later partially reversed it through the ordinance. The centre's decision was in violation of Section 14 (right to equality), Section 21 (right to life) in terms of its arbitrary character and with regards to the students who would suffer irreparably because of the constantly changing stand by the centre, the petition stated. The petitioner said various associations across the country have to be treated with equality under law and administrative au
NEET— why the ordinance is important for AP, Telangana
Engineering and medicine have always held high career aspirations for students and big business stakes for private colleges in the two states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. With less number of seats and colleges, medicine ends up becoming more competitive and pricey. More than two lakh engineers and 6,000 medical graduates are churned out annually from these states. Many of the engineering students knock at higher studies in the US or flood the IT market in the country. Medical graduates too look for greener pastures abroad or rough it out in the corporate hospitals or private nursing homes. This has led to a proliferation of private engineering and medical/dental colleges in the states. A good number of these are owned and run by political leaders from all mainline parties, leading corporates/trusts and educationists. Relief to many In this background, it should not be a surprise that the Presidential ordinance keeping at bay the implementation of NEET (The National Elig
Resident doctors in government hospitals on strike over salaries, allowances
Doctors in government hospitals in Delhi went on a token strike on Thursday demanding revision of the 7th Pay Commission recommendations and an increase in their salaries and allowances. They also threatened to go on an indefinite strike from June 1 if their demands are not met. "If our demands are not fulfilled even after that, we will go on indefinite strike from June 1," said Dr Narayan Dabas, convenor, Federation of Resident Doctors Association (FORDA). FORDA, an umbrella organisation of 15,000 resident doctors across 41 government hospitals in the national capital, is demanding an increase in the Non-Practising Allowance (NPA) to 40 percent from the existing 25 percent. In the 7th Pay Commission recommendations it has been reduced to 20 percent. "The basic pay and NPA were merged together while calculating House Rental Allowance (HRA) earlier, but this has now been omitted and HRA will be calculated only with basic pay resulting in less than the desired salary," sa
NEET Ordinance 2016 Gazette Notification
Promulgated by the President of India on 24th May 2016.
Petition challenging Ordinance filed in Supreme Court
Whistle blower Anand Rai and medical student Sanjeev Saxena filed a petition challenging National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) Ordinance in the Supreme Court on Thursday. President Pranab Mukherjee signed the Ordinance on medical entrance test on Tuesday. As per the Ordinance, states can conduct their own exams and students of state board will not have to appear for NEET. However, a petitioner's lawyer on Tuesday said that the Ordinance will be challenged in Supreme Court as it is against the law and constitution. He said that such an Ordinance has never been issued. The lawyer said, "Will challenge this NEET ordinance in the Supreme Court, this Ordinance is against the law and constitution. This kind of ordinance has never been issued, we will challenge this." Union Health Minister J P Nadda on Monday met the President and explained the the issue in detail after which the Ordinance was signed. Following which he said that the Ordinance has given statutory status to th
Decoding NEET: Is it really a bad idea, and what is the solution?
The National Entrance cum Eligibility Test (NEET) controversy continues to hog the headlines with even the Ordinance issued by the Centre earlier this week failing to put a lid on the debate. Here is the NEET Controversy demystified. What is NEET? The National Entrance cum Eligibility test is a common entrance exam proposed for admission into all Medical and Dental Colleges across India (separately for both for UG and PG). If you want to be a doctor or a dentist in India the Centre says that you will have to take this exam and qualify with a rank. Efforts have been on to have NEET implemented since 2010 and have been hampered by various flip flops by Govt. and by Court orders. Finally last month the SC ordered NEET to be held from this year onwards. The Govt. first said they would implement the Court order and then came up with an ordinance to partially nullify the SC order for this year by giving selective exemptions from NEET for this year alone. Is NEET good for India?
NEET-II online registration to begin today: CBSE
The CBSE will start the process of online application for the National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test-II (UG) from Thursday for admission to medical and dental courses. The exam will be held on July 24. "The test will be applicable for admissions to the All India quota seats, State Government Quota seats where the state government concerned so opts and Private/Management/NRI Quota seats in all Private Medical/Dental Colleges or any Private/Deemed University," CBSE said in an official statement. It added that as per the directions of the Supreme Court, left out candidates who could not register or appear in NEET-I (AIPMT-2016) or those having the apprehension that they had not prepared well, subject to submission of an undertaking to give up their candidature for NEET-I, can apply in NEET-II. "The detailed information regarding test, syllabus and eligibility criteria will be available on the website www.aipmt.nic.in," the statement said. President Pranab Mukherjee gave his as
Resolving the NEET conundrum
The ordinance granting a year's exemption to State government institutions from NEET , the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test, provides timely relief to lakhs of students. There was confusion, and anxiety, after the Supreme Court suddenly decided that the test should be the sole basis for medical and dental college admissions from this year onwards. Several State governments objected to NEET, arguing that its implementation would denude them of the power to regulate admission to institutions run by them, as well as to private institutions within their jurisdiction. Some States have their own legislation governing admission and had strong objections to the prescriptive approach underlying NEET. The Centre clearly had no option after the State governments brought pressure on it. The exemption is, however, limited to undergraduate courses of State government institutions. Admission to postgraduate courses and all courses in private medical and dental colleges will still be under
Ensure NEET is never forced on Tamil Nadu, Jayalalithaa writes to PM Modi
A day after President Pranab Mukherjee approved the ordinance on national eligibility cum entrance test (NEET), Tamil Nadu chief minister J Jayalalithaa thanked Prime Minister Narendra Modi for its "speedy promulgation". But at the same time, she also conveyed to the PM that she was opposed to NEET in Tamil Nadu in the future too. In a letter to Modi on Wednesday morning, the first after taking over as chief minister, Jayalalithaa said, "I request that necessary measures may be taken to ensure that Tamil Nadu is permitted to continue its existing fair and transparent system of admission to medical colleges and dental colleges in the state and not forced to implement the NEET even in the future." She thanked the PM for the speedy promulgation of an ordinance providing for exemption from the NEET for this academic year (2016-17) in respect of state Government seats (whether in a Government medical college or in a private medical college) at under grad
NEET ordinance to be challenged in Supreme Court
The row over NEET fails to die down! Now, a fresh petition is expected to be filed in the Supreme Court to oppose the NEET ordinance. Dubbing as 'lame and frivolous' the government's stand on the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET), Sanklap Charitable Trust will file a fresh petition in the Supreme Court to oppose the ordinance while alleging it is against the Constitution, law and separation of power aimed at eventually stalling reforms in medical fields. Amit Kumar, the lawyer for Sanklap Charitable Trust, says, "The ordinance is also against the balance which is there in our Constitution because the executive cannot overwrite the decision of the judiciary by ordinance that is against the Constitution, adding the decision of the judiciary is final and binding." "What the ordinance is saying that the decision of the Supreme Court will not be enforced for period of one year. This kind of ordinance has never been issued in our history


). Well, a bunch of readers decided to weigh in on the issue. However, for reasons beyond my understanding, few wanted their opinions published. So I'll try to summarize some: One person took me to task for daring to suggest how another company prices its product or does its business, likening it to a subscriber asking to pay only a portion of our yearly price because he or she really only wanted one section. To that I can only say: It's not exactly apples and apples, except for the fact that customers have to make the same value decision on both our products. Oh, and also, columnists often opine on things they're not expert at, hoping that it provokes thought on the topic. Mission accomplished there, it appears, given how many responses we received. One suburban mayor agreed with me, as did a prominent local CEO who went so far as to suggest an upscale restaurant/bar on the grounds where parents could while away the hours. Another suggested a good coffeehouse, with shaded outdoor reading areas. Bryan Edwards, Cedar Point's public relations manager who e-mailed to correct my statement about the seniors' rate, politely reminded me that a regular admission gives a customer full access to live entertainment, craft shows or the "numerous shaded sitting areas" in the park. He also said the cost of issuing wristbands to identify customers who pay the full rate would be "astronomical." That's for Cedar Fair officials to determine. I'm only trying to point out that they seem to be missing a fair chunk of people who might take in the park for a day if they were creative in pricing and adding amenities for us aging Baby Boomers. And it's apparent that I wasn't alone in my thinking. Don't get me wrong. I'm glad Cedar Point is here, employing all that it does each summer and drawing tourists from around the region, and country. I just think they're missing a business opportunity.