Former Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak was charged in court Wednesday local time with criminal breach of trust and corruption, two months after a multibillion-dollar graft scandal at a state investment fund led to his shock election defeat.
He pleaded not guilty to all charges. "I claim trial," he said in a barely audible voice as he stood in the dock at the High Court in Kuala Lumpur.
The luxury-loving Najib, wearing a suit and a red tie, appeared calm and smiled as he was escorted into the court complex packed with reporters.
The judge was granted bail, set at 1 million ringgit ($325,000 Cdn).
He was arrested Tuesday by anti-graft investigators over a suspicious transfer of 42 million ringgit ($13.6 million Cdn) into his bank account from SRC International, a former unit of the 1MDB state investment fund that U.S. investigators say was looted of billions by associates of Najib.
In a lower court, Najib was charged with three counts of criminal breach of trust and one count of corruption. Each charge has a maximum penalty of 20 years in prison. Whipping is also a penalty but Najib would be exempt because of his age.
The case against him will be transferred to the High Court where Najib is expected to make his plea Wednesday.
Najib's arrest comes nearly two months after his coalition's stunning rejection by voters in a May 9 general election.
In a pre-recorded video posted on social media hours after his arrest, Najib apologized to Malaysians but remained defiant.
"I have done my best, but I realized it is not enough. I admit there are many weaknesses … as a normal human being, I am not perfect, but believe me that the accusations against me and my family are not all true," he said. "I will face it with perseverance. Truly, Allah knows."
The new government has reopened investigations into 1MDB that were stifled under Najib's rule. Najib and his wife, who have been questioned over the SRC issue by the anti-graft agency, have been barred from leaving the country. Police have also seized jewellery and valuables valued at more than 1.1 billion ringgit ($357 million) from properties linked to Najib, who has denied any wrongdoing.
"This was the inevitable outcome when Najib lost the election and lost his political immunity," Bridget Welsh, a political science professor at John Cabot University in Rome, said in an email.
"It shows the resolve of the new government to address previous abuses of power. It has been done judiciously so far and speaks to a needed reckoning for Malaysia and a key step toward a cleaner governance."
Najib's daughter, Nooryana Najwa, praised her father as "kind, loving and gentle," and said he was emotionally and mentally strong.
"Even in the face of adversary today, he smiled, laughed and gave us all a hug ... worried more for the family than himself," she wrote on Instagram. "You can paint a man black but Allah knows. Allah is not sleeping."
A statement by a spokesperson for Najib, sent to the media and posted on social media, said his arrest was expected as the new government had "delivered the guilty verdict" against him in public. It slammed the charges to be made against Najib as "politically motivated and the result of political vengeance" by new Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.
The anti-corruption agency earlier Tuesday questioned Riza Aziz, Najib's stepson and a Hollywood film producer, as it stepped up its probe on 1MDB. Riza was solemn as he arrived at the anti-graft office and didn't speak to reporters.
U.S. investigators say Riza's company, Red Granite Pictures Inc., used money stolen from 1MDB to finance Hollywood films including the Martin Scorsese-directed The Wolf of Wall Street. Red Granite in March agreed to pay the U.S. government $78 million to settle claims that it benefited from the 1MDB scandal.
The civil suit against Red Granite was part of an effort to recover some of the $5.9 billion that U.S. prosecutors say was stolen from 1MDB. They say hundreds of millions from 1MDB landed in Najib's bank accounts.
The 1MDB government task force this week said 408 bank accounts involving funds of nearly 1.1 billion ringgit had been frozen. It said the accounts, belonging to 81 people and 55 companies, are thought to have received funds from 1MDB between 2011 and 2015.


text:
using namespace std;
using namespace DirectX;

using namespace SmoothGraphics;
using namespace SmoothGame;
using namespace SmoothHardware;

HINSTANCE g_hInst = NULL;
HWND g_hWnd = NULL;

class Game
{
public:
	GameEngine* engine = nullptr;
	double lastAvgFramerate = 0;

	Game()
	{
		engine = new GameEngine();
	}

	~Game()
	{
		delete engine;
	}

	HRESULT Init(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
	{
		if (FAILED(InitWindow(hInstance, nCmdShow)))
			return 0;

		auto frameRate = new std::list<double>();

		engine->onCreateScene = [this]()
		{
			bool renderFloor = true;

			//Creates Camera giving it a position and a FPSController (along with XInput for demo only)
			auto camera = this->engine->SetCamera(this->engine->AddObject(L"camera",
			{
				new PositionComponent(
				[=](PositionalData* data)
				{
					*data->Position() = XMFLOAT3(0, 0, 0.5);
				}),
				new XInputComponent(
					1,
					[=](Params params, XInputComponent* cThis)
					{
						if (cThis->GetState().Gamepad.bLeftTrigger)
							cThis->Vibrate(60000, 60000);
						else
							cThis->Vibrate(0, 0);
						return S_OK;
					}),
			}));

			camera->AddComponent(new KeyListenerComponent(
			{
				KeyListenEvent(' ', [&]
				{
					this->engine->Send(L"makeImage");
				}),
				KeyListenEvent('B', [&]
				{
					this->engine->Send(L"fluxColours");
				}),
			}));

			//Setup Game Engine
			int subSize = 2;

			int size = subSize * subSize * subSize * (16 * 16 * 4);
			this->engine->AddObject(L"particles", {
				new PositionComponent([](PositionalData* data)
				{

				}),
				new BillboardRendererComponent(size),
			});

			//Setup Player
			auto player = this->engine->AddObject(L"Player", {
				new PositionComponent([&](PositionalData* data){}),
				new TopDownControllerComponent(),
			});
			auto topDownController = player->GetComponent<TopDownControllerComponent>();
			player->AddComponent(
				new KeyListenerComponent({
				KeyListenEvent(38, [=]{topDownController->input.left = true; }, [=]{topDownController->input.left = false; }),
				KeyListenEvent(40, [=]{topDownController->input.right = true; }, [=]{topDownController->input.right = false; }),
				KeyListenEvent(39, [=]{topDownController->input.up = true; }, [=]{topDownController->input.up = false; }),
				KeyListenEvent(37, [=]{topDownController->input.down = true; }, [=]{topDownController->input.down = false; }),
			}));

			auto p = std::vector < PositionComponent* > { player->GetComponent<PositionComponent>() };

			//Setup Game
			this->engine->AddObject(L"PotentialEngine", {
				new ComputeComponent(XMINT3(subSize, subSize, subSize)),
				new PotentialEngine(p),
			});

			//Load the previous settings
			DirectoryIteractor end_itr;
			for (DirectoryIteractor itr(Path(L".\\..\\Assets")); itr != end_itr; ++itr)
			{
				if (itr->has_extension())
				{
					if (itr->extension() == L"cfg")
					{
						SettingsFile file = SettingsFile(*itr);
						auto settings = file.getSettings();

						if (settings->find(L"AvgFramerate") != settings->end())
						{
							auto data = settings->at(L"AvgFramerate");
							lastAvgFramerate = std::wcstod(data.c_str(), nullptr);
						}
					}
				}
			}

			return S_OK;
		};

		engine->onRender = []()
		{
			return S_OK;
		};

		engine->onUpdate = [=](const double& timePassed)
		{
			frameRate->push_back(timePassed);
			if (frameRate->size() > 100)
				frameRate->pop_front();

			double sum = 0.0;
			for (auto itr = frameRate->begin(); itr != frameRate->end(); ++itr)
				sum += *itr;
			double avg = sum / frameRate->size();

			std::wstring text = L"";
			std::wstring baseText = L"Loaded Models: " + std::to_wstring(this->engine->graphics->modelController->Models().size()) + L" ";
			if (this->lastAvgFramerate != 0)
				text =
					baseText +
					L"SmoothGraphics - FPS: " +
					std::to_wstring(this->engine->lastFrameRate) +
					L" PS:" + std::to_wstring(avg) +
					L" vs " + std::to_wstring(this->lastAvgFramerate);
			else
				text =
					baseText +
					L"SmoothGraphics: " +
					std::to_wstring(avg);

			SetWindowText(g_hWnd, text.c_str());

			return S_OK;
		};

		engine->onExit = [=]()
		{
			double sum = 0.0;
			for (auto itr = frameRate->begin(); itr != frameRate->end(); ++itr)
				sum += *itr;
			double avg = sum / frameRate->size();

			SettingsFile file = SettingsFile(Path(L"./../Assets/settings.cfg"));
			file.SetSetting(L"AvgFramerate", to_wstring(avg));
			file.Save();

			delete frameRate;

			return S_OK;
		};

		engine->Init(g_hWnd);

		//std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));

		return S_OK;
	}

	HRESULT InitWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
	{
		WNDCLASSEX wcex;
		wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
		wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
		wcex.lpfnWndProc = Game::WndProc;
		wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;
		wcex.cbWndExtra = sizeof(Game*);
		wcex.hInstance = hInstance;
		wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_GAME_ICON);
		wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
		wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);
		wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL;
		wcex.lpszClassName = L"TutorialWindowClass";
		wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_GAME_ICON);

		if (!RegisterClassEx(&wcex))
			return E_FAIL;

		g_hInst = hInstance;
		RECT rc = { 0, 0, 1280, 720 };
		AdjustWindowRect(&rc, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);

		g_hWnd = CreateWindow(
			L"TutorialWindowClass",
			L"Direct3D 11 Tutorial 404: Lets make noise",
			WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
			0, 0, rc.right - rc.left, rc.bottom - rc.top, NULL, NULL, hInstance,
			NULL);

		//Store 'this' in the window's data
		SetWindowLongPtr(g_hWnd, 0, reinterpret_cast<LONG_PTR>(this));

		if (!g_hWnd)
			return E_FAIL;

		ShowWindow(g_hWnd, nCmdShow);

		return S_OK;
	}

	void onResize()
	{
		this->engine->calculatePerspectiveMatrix();
	}

	static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
	{
		auto p = GetWindowLongPtrW(hWnd, 0);
		auto pWnd = reinterpret_cast<Game*>(p);

		switch (message)
		{
		case WM_DESTROY:
			PostQuitMessage(0);
			break;
		case WM_SIZE:
			pWnd->onResize();
			break;
		default:
			return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
		}

		return 0L;
	}

	HRESULT Run()
	{
		MSG msg = { 0 };

		while (WM_QUIT != msg.message)
		{
			if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
			{
				bool fHandled = false;
				if (msg.message >= WM_MOUSEFIRST && msg.message <= WM_MOUSELAST)
				{
					if (msg.message == WM_LBUTTONDOWN)
						fHandled = engine->onMouseDown(MouseButtons::Lmb, msg.lParam);
					else if (msg.message == WM_LBUTTONUP)
						fHandled = engine->onMouseUp(MouseButtons::Lmb, msg.lParam);
					else if (msg.message == WM_RBUTTONDOWN)
						fHandled = engine->onMouseDown(MouseButtons::Rmb, msg.lParam);
					else if (msg.message == WM_RBUTTONUP)
						fHandled = engine->onMouseUp(MouseButtons::Rmb, msg.lParam);
				}
				else if (msg.message >= WM_KEYFIRST && msg.message <= WM_KEYLAST)
				{
					if (msg.message == WM_KEYDOWN)
						fHandled = engine->onKeyDown(msg.wParam);
					else if (msg.message == WM_KEYUP)
						fHandled = engine->onKeyUp(msg.wParam);
				}
				else if (WM_QUIT == msg.message)
					break;

				if (!fHandled)
				{
					TranslateMessage(&msg);
					DispatchMessage(&msg);
				}
			}
			else
			{
				if (engine)
				{
					engine->Update();
					engine->Draw();
				}
			}
		}

		return (HRESULT)msg.lParam;
	}
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The GN 400, known as Huscle Muscle waits on the CP ready line at St Paul Yard. This is the first production SD45 from EMD.
I\'m sure nobody out there has ever taken pictures while driving but when the train is doing 50+ mph and Hustle Muscle is in the consist, you do what you got to do.
BN 6430 SD45 Hustle Muscle layed up at Yardley-Spokane with what appears to be rear traction motor problems or perhaps fire damage.


text:
Are the New Orleans Museum of Art and Besthoff Sculpture Garden open? What are the hours? How much does it cost?
The Museum and the Besthoff Sculpture Garden are currently open. Hours and admission fees are as follows:
Sculpture Garden: Wednesday–Sunday, 9:30–5 pm. Museum Members: free (Join now) | Adults: $5 | Seniors, military, university students: $3 | Visitors 19 years and under: free
Museum: Thursday–Sunday, 10 am–6 pm. Members are free (Join now) | $15.00 adults | $10.00 seniors (65+) & active military with ID | $8.00 university students with ID | Free admission for visitors age 19 and younger courtesy of the Helis Foundation. Museum tickets include admission to the Besthoff Sculpture Garden.
Louisiana residents receive free admission to the Museum on Thursdays courtesy of The Helis Foundation.
How do I purchase tickets?
NOMA has implemented online timed ticketing for visitors and members entering the museum, and we encourage contactless pay. Click here to purchase your tickets online. After purchasing your ticket, you will receive an email confirmation with a PDF e-ticket attached. Please give your name and show your e-ticket (printed or on your phone) at the Visitor Services desk upon arrival. If you are unable to get tickets online, we will have some tickets available on-site.
Does NOMA have a check room?
Our check room will not be available at this time so plan accordingly. We ask that visitors keep bag sizes small. Please, no outside food or drinks.
Do I need to wear a face covering?
For the health and safety of all, you must wear a face covering while visiting the museum, per city, state and CDC guidelines. We ask that visitors also wear masks when visiting the sculpture garden. It is not recommended that a child under the age of two wear a mask. NOMA will have masks available for purchase at entry.
Is NOMA operating at a reduced capacity?
Both the museum and Sculpture Garden will operate at 50% capacity. This is 350 people in the building at one time, and 1000 people in the garden at one time. We are also limiting the number of people in restrooms, permitting two people at a time. A parent or caretaker may enter the restroom with their children.
Is Cafe NOMA open?
Cafe NOMA is open Thursday through Sunday from 11 am to 3 pm . Visit the cafe's website for more information.
Will the shop be open?
The Museum Shop is open during all museum hours. Capacity will be limited to ten people at a time. Shop online at any time.
Will water fountains be available?
Water fountains will be closed temporarily. We will allow small personal water bottles in pockets or small bags, but please, for the safety of the collection, do not drink while in the galleries.
Will NOMA be hosting tours, events and programming?
At this time, the Museum will not be hosting group gatherings. We do invite you to visit the Museum and tour our exhibitions on your own, using our mobile guide. We will continue to provide online opportunities through our website.
What other measures are being implemented to maintain a safe environment for staff and visitors?
NOMA is maintaining a rigorous cleaning schedule, frequently sanitizing high touch areas like door handles.
NOMA staff have access to masks and gloves.
Plexiglass shields have been installed at the visitors services desk, museum store, and at the sculpture garden.
Hand sanitation stations have been installed for staff and visitors.
Signage throughout the Museum has been installed to communicate protocol and remind visitors to remain socially distant.
All staff in the building submits to a daily symptom screener.
The health and safety of our visitors and staff are our highest priorities. NOMA has implemented several preventative measures to reduce the spread of Covid-19. Despite these measures, there is some risk of contracting Covid-19 in all public spaces. By visiting the New Orleans Museum of Art, you voluntarily assume all risks related to exposure to COVID-19.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Linda Kotis of Ivins, Phillips & Barker illustrates how creation of a 'first-to-die trust' can mitigate concerns about the inheritances of adult children on a parent's second marriage. The donor parent can use an inter vivos irrevocable trust to benefit the new spouse and protect his or her children at the same time, by giving the children a share of the trust when the first spouse dies, Kotis writes. She looks at estate tax and other benefits of such a plan, as well as considerations for implementation."


text:
No Game is Sacred
Thirty Years Reuel
Tag: Game Club
Thursday Game Club
November 29, 2018 ~ John Feldman ~ Leave a comment
Photo by Lea Böhm on Unsplash
This is the fourth meeting of our school game club in which we have played Tiny Dungeons 2e. This simple rules game most closely followed the dice games that I've taught the students in our math class. The mechanics of rolling x number of d6's and counting any 5's or 6's. The students take to it like a duck to water.
We've been exploring the Ancient Academy by Stuart Robertson. This is a one page dungeon with very brief room description. It is a great dungeon crawl that works well for the rules lite gaming that I'm playing.
My players, all of them my students, explored the depths of the abandoned academy. They played a karhu (grizzly bear), a human sorcerer, and a goblin. The party made some inroads into the dungeon and encountered a pair of wandering dwarves who were looking for their brothers. Other creatures encountered were a squad of goblins (that the sorceror cast sleep upon), a giant spider, poisonous centipedes, zombies, a crypt thing, and a pair of nasty robber flies.
The kids worked their way through the dungeon using their abilities rather well. One kiddo was playing a goblin and he encountered a group of evil goblins. Instead of fighting, he used his charisma and bluffed them into joining with him! They had a couple dwarves tied up and the player sent the group out of the room to meet with his friends. It was funny, but the other players were surprised by a band of goblins walking into the other room!
Play went smoothly and the combats were fun. It was interesting to see how the kids roleplayed several of the encounters. If I forgot how a rule worked, I just made a ruling on the fly and away we went.
One of the PCs lost his halberd to a rust monster. The game notes stated it was dead, but I didn't read it correctly. It was all the better for my mistake. The only thing I wish the kids would have done was explore the arena area better and encounter the two neanderthals imprisoned there. I'm a bit nostalgic about this part of the adventure. My son was exploring this same dungeon many years ago. He met up with neanderthals and freed them. They became henchmen for him! Who knows, maybe the kids will return to the arena and do that.
Stay tuned…more to come…
Thursday Game Club no.2
November 1, 2018 November 29, 2018 ~ John Feldman ~ 3 Comments
We had to postpone the school game club due to conferences last week and the kids were champing at the bit to play. During the day, a couple of the students mentioned that they were ready to continue the adventure. We had only three kiddos at this afternoons meeting. Play lasts about 2 hrs 15 min and we used all of it for the Tiny Dungeon 2e adventure that we had begun two weeks ago.
I made some paper tokens (really just color copied discs) for the kids characters. They like them and they looked good on the battlemat.
Our adventure continued on the mountain trail near the city of Xao-lin. The adventurers were in search of an abandoned monastery and rumors of a thieves guild hiding therein.
The party of three (a human sorcerer, a dwarf, and a grizzly bear karhu) stumbled upon a broken stone wall along the trail. They disturb the territory of a large carnivorous ape! The ape stood at the top of the wall, beat his chest, and threw stones down at them.
The players used a combination of magic (cantrips) and combat to defeat the beast. The kids worked well together and used some tactical thinking. I was impressed with the discussion they had and the plans they made. It wasn't just charge and hack and slash.
They found the gorilla's nest and got a little too anxious to search it…a large centipede tried to bite one of them but missed.
In the nest was a scroll tube with the light spell and an elven dagger that sheds light 15′ radius. They discovered magical runes that allow the user to turn the dagger's light on and off.
They decided to rest a bit and recover some strength (and hp). The trail led them into a dark valley of bamboo. A strange mist curled along the forest floor. Along the trail near the edge of the forest a small shrine marked a warning to those that pass through.
This was a Spirit Grove, haunted by greedy ghosts. As the group moved through, the ghosts swarmed them and tried to pull equipment from them. They could do no harm, but managed to swipe several bundles of iron rations. Two of the PCs ran forward to try to escape but the dwarf learned that the elven dagger was able to dismiss them with a hit.
Leaving the Spirit Grove behind, the PCs finally came to the ruins of the monastery. They crept up to the entrance and inside the courtyard saw a ruined main building and a badly damaged tower. This is where it got really interesting. One of the kids thought they should push the tower over! The others joined in to help and I had them make some rolls (I ruled three victories would do it) but they were unable to topple it.
Instead they went in. The dwarf found a bad step on the stairway going up. At the top of the stairs they found a chest and some old furniture. The sorcerer stood guard while the dwarf began to examine the chest. I told them there were a few cobwebs up in the ceiling!
A fat spider came down on a single strand of web, intent on catching the dwarf. The PCs were not surprised, but both missed! The spider poisoned both of them before the karhu managed to rush up the stairs. Luckily the great bear was able to kill the spider single handedly while his two companions lay paralyzed.
He waited while the poison wore off. Then they made ready to examine the chest. The dwarf noticed (roll) a wire inside the chest when the lid was opened just a bit. The kids discussed the best course of action. Then one of them impulsively said, "I try to disarm it!" He failed his roll and I told him that the chest lid flies open and sprays him with an oily substance….then a few seconds later the oil ignites!
I rolled (out in the open) for damage…2d6…and he had 9 hit points so I thought this would just scare him a little…
Two dice hit the table…both 6's! 12 points of fire damage.
The poor dwarf didn't have a chance. This was the first character death and everyone took it really well…a lot of laughing and disbelief, but soon the kiddos were busy helping the player roll up another one! He decided to go with a goblin fighter type.
The chest contain a scroll of sleep and some gold and silver, and one magic arrow.
The PCs made a retreat to the town for more supplies and rest…and time was over for our weekly game club.
We are all looking forward to the next meeting!
October 20, 2018 October 20, 2018 ~ John Feldman ~ Leave a comment
A couple of days ago, I introduced role-playing to my middle school students. It was the fourth meeting of our weekly game club at school. In the first three meetings we played Catan and Risk. The kids really enjoyed both games, Catan more so. This past meeting, I started our group (three students) on an adventure. The game system I wanted to present needed to be easy to run, allowing me to improvise as we go. I choose Tiny Dungeon 2e to start them. It allowed for character customization, quick character creation, and simple rules. Another possibility was 1974 Style. What cinched it for Tiny Dungeons, is that in my math class, I've been using dice games to make the lessons more interesting. The kids are fairly used to rolling 2 or 3 dice and counting up the successes (5's and 6's). Using this mechanic we've done some simple horse racing, battling robots, and also a Star Wars battle with X wing fighters attacking the Death Star. So it was an easy transition to the Tiny Dungeons. Later on, I'd like to see the kids play Pits & Perils and Whitebox.
The kids selected their heritages (one chose a human, another a Karhu (grizzly bear), and another a dwarf.) It was a quick matter to select some traits and get into the game.
The characters are:
Ymir, a human wizard who is strong and carries a polearm. Traits-spell touched, spell reader, toughness, and strong.
Merek, a grizzly bear Karhu, who carries a greatsword. Traits-toughness, brawler, and berserker.
Ulric, the dwarf, who carries a war axe. Traits-berserker, defender, and toughness.
The kids started on a mountain road which led to a walled town. We brainstormed ideas to the name the village. We agreed on Xaolin.
The kids were naturals at conversing with the guard. They entered the marketplace and each bought a bag of apples. Later on, they met a wise woman and procured some healing salves and settled in to the Duck and Dragon Inn for a rest (student named as well!)
Their sleep was interrupted by a thief in the night. Fortunately, they were awakened. The dwarf chased the thief down the stairs as the wizard tried to slip out the window (second floor) to cut the thief off. The karhu (bear) threw caution to the wind and crashed out the front window to drop on the thief as he fled. Unfortunately he missed his target and bruised some ribs.
They did catch the thief after a few hilarious moments and held him for the guards. The captain of the guard found a coin purse of gold on him and as he put it away for safekeeping, the dwarf declared he wanted to pick his pocket…he rolled a success to the cheers of all at the table!
They learned that the thief was part of a guild of thieves rumored to inhabit an old monastery up the mountain. The party geared up the next day in search of the monastery, but encounter five wolves. The wizard set one wolf's tail afire and it fled and the others were dispatched or chased off quickly.
We had to leave it there for the day. Our next game will be in two weeks due to parent-teacher meetings intervening. But I have a feeling that they will all be eager to get back on the trail to explore the monastery!
Let me know if you have had success playing rpgs with younger players. It seems to be working out. They are working together, problem solving, and using their imagination. That can't be a bad thing.
Smoldering Wizard
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Smoldering Wizard ~ Old School Roleplaying
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Session 13 Back to the Ancient Academy
Recap since Session 12
Session 12 ~ Exploring the Surrounding Area
Session 11, Thirty Years Reuel Campaign
Session 10 ~ Thirty Years Reuel Campaign
Session 9 ~ Into The Wizard's Dungeon
Session 8 ~ 4-4-21 Exploring the Wizard's Tower
Session 7 Thirty Years Reuel Campaign 4-2-21
Sesson 6 of Thirty Years Reuel Campaign
Session 5 of the Thirty Years Reuel Campaign ~ Danger at Hawk Hill
Campaign Notes ~ Thirty Years Reuel
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The CFO invited all past and current members of its Board of Directors to a reception honoring their service and kicking off the Foundation's 40th anniversary year.
Dr. Tom Prater, a former Board president, and his wife, Dr. Kim Prater, hosted the event for about 70 at their Springfield home.
It was an opportunity for many of the board members to catch up and reminisce about the challenges and successes of starting a community foundation from scratch back in 1973.
"We are standing tonight on all of your shoulders," President Brian Fogle told the group during his informal remarks.


text:
var assert = require('chai').assert;

describe('waitFor', function () {
    it('can influence dispatch order', function (done) {
        var A = new (require('./testApp3'))();

        assert.deepEqual(A._actions.TEST1, ['storeE', 'storeD', 'storeC', 'storeB', 'storeA']);
        done();
    });

    it('causes error when circular dependency', function (done) {
        assert.throws(function () {
            new (require('./testApp2'))();
        }, 'Circular waitFor dependency detected on store `storeC` (storeA->storeB->storeC->storeA) !');
        done();
    });
});


Basics in Minerals Processing - 3:19. Technical data: Cone crushers – HP 3, 4 and 5 series . 5:14. Technical data: Flotation machine DR, metric ... D olomite. Feldspar Talc a.o . R efractories .. in the production of very fine powder (filler), see value curve 2 below. In order to.feldspar crusher and powder making machine,project report on ground minerals - Dc MsmeProduction Capacity :- Quantity: 5700 MT/Yr.,. Value: Rs. . The minerals like quart, feldspar, China clay, Ball . This mineral pieces are passed through a series of crushing & grinding machine like attrition type pulverize, edge runner mills, roll.
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The student Chisa enjoys the high-school life together with her friends. She has good grades and a recommendation for a renowned college. But as soon as she comes home she has to take care of her two little sisters because her mother doesn't care about them and is barely at home. To earn a living for herself and her sisters, she sees only one way out. Although they have to handle a tragedy after another they still manage to stay strong as a family.
The Metropolitan Youth Film Union was founded in September 2014 and now consists of about 20 film clubs. All production is carried out by the students. The Union organises common events, screenings and common productions with the aim of improving the quality of student films, raising awareness and strengthening the links between the groups.
Hydrangea wurde auf dem 19. JFFH 2018 gezeigt.


Optimum in 06778 (Northfield, CT) is available to an estimated 100% of households. The company offers Northfield and 06778 residents the fastest download speeds from 200.5 to 400 Mbps, the fastest upload speeds from 35 to 40 Mbps, and prices range from $44.99 to $64.99 per month.
Frontier in 06778 (Northfield, CT) is available to an estimated 100% of households. The company offers Northfield and 06778 residents download speeds from 12 to 115 Mbps, upload speeds from 1 to 12 Mbps, and prices range from $30.00 to $50.00 per month.
Hughes Network Systems (HughesNet) is a satellite internet provider and available anywhere in 06778 with a clear view of the southern sky. The company offers Northfield and 06778 residents download speeds up to 25 Mbps, upload speeds up to 3 Mbps, and prices range from $39.99 to $129.99 per month.
Spectrum in 06778 (Northfield, CT) is available to less than 1% of households. The company offers Northfield and 06778 residents download speeds up to 100 Mbps, upload speeds up to 5 Mbps, and prices range from $44.99 to $139.97 per month.
Frontier Business in 06778 (Northfield, CT) is available to an estimated 100% of people.
Optimum Business in 06778 (Northfield, CT) is available to an estimated 100% of people.
Hughes Network Systems (HughesNet) is a business satellite internet provider and available anywhere in 06778 with a clear view of the southern sky. The company offers Northfield and 06778 businesses and prices range from $69.99 to $199.99 per month.
LTS Group Holdings LLC Business in 06778 (Northfield, CT) is available to an estimated 19% of people. The company offers Northfield and 06778 businesses the fastest download speeds up to 1000 Mbps, and the fastest upload speeds up to 1000 Mbps.
Spectrum Business in 06778 (Northfield, CT) is available to less than 1% of people.
06778 in Northfield, CT is connected by thirteen residential, business and mobile internet providers, but only has two primary internet service providers: Optimum and Frontier. One additional ISP and one satellite internet providers offer internet service too. Internet plans in the area start at $30.00 per month. Optimum and Frontier are the best and fast high speed internet providers for most homes.


text:
Jennifer Artley
President, Americas, BT Group
Jennifer joined BT in 2014 as COO for the Americas region, and became President, BT Americas in June 2017. Prior to BT, Jennifer worked at Equinix; Level 3 Communications; A.T. Kearney; Booz Allen Hamilton; and Kaiser Associates. Education: MBA and MA in Management and International Studies, with a concentration in Latin America, from The Wharton School and The Lauder Institute of the University of Pennsylvania; BA in Russian Area Studies from Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Jennifer has lived and worked in Moscow, Mexico City and Buenos Aires; she is fluent in Spanish and proficient in Russian.
¿La tecnología en el trabajo es tu amiga o enemiga?
De nosotros depende que la tecnología nos mejore o reemplace.
A tecnologia no trabalho é sua amiga ou inimiga?
Melhorar ou ser substituído: a escolha é nossa.
Is technology at work your friend or foe?
Creating a human-friendly innovation economy is today's defining challenge and opportunity. How well-prepared are we?
How to be a leader in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Leaders need to learn how to manage people who are not in the office; how to measure and reward performance in the virtual workplace


1960sportsbok.com is a leisure and entertainment website owned and operated by Parallel Games Global Links Limited RC -999156. Nigerians and non-Nigerians alike in any part of Africa and indeed the entire world can take part in sports betting based on fixtures as published by the various sports governing bodies.
1960sportsbook.com team has more than 4 years' experience of professional online gambling and sports bookmaking development for clients worldwide. We provide full-cycle services in the area of custom gaming software development. We are group of developers based in Nigeria, and in the United States. Our philosophy is based on a commitment to achieve excellence by providing the best gaming experience to our prospective members.
We stand by our mission to provide the affordable products in the industry. We perform extensive daily research on the market, analyze new features and technology, and implement them to grow our software - resulting in a dynamic platform after four years of continuous development.
But, our strength doesn't end with our flawlessly designed products. We look for long-term relationships with our customers and partners, because we understand that your success is our success, too. By working closely with experts in the industry worldwide, we're proud to have realized rapid growth for ourselves and for our customers.
Our customers enjoy our dedicated, three-tier support team, which is on duty 24/7 and ready to assist with any concern. From software development to technical assistance, we are proud of our history of excellence and customer loyalty.
We understand that security is one of the cornerstones of our business model. The more secure and stable the application, the better the relationship with our customers and partners. That's why we work hard to ensure that our system, your gaming transactions and your server match our high standards of security. We release security updates every month, and in critical cases we implement same-day solutions when any vulnerability is detected.
1960sportsbook.com team experience starts from the moment you partner with us and a tested, powerful sports betting application that delivers results to your maximum satisfaction. We provide you with the tools to let you do what you do best.
We don't cut corners, we don't outsource, and we don't give excuses. Our attentions to detail mean that you get nothing less than top quality bookmaker software.


I'm de novo annotating a second-generation genome and I have a handful of scaffolds that keep failing while choosing the best annotation set (errors below). To my knowledge there is anything wrong with the scaffolds themselves and the others have run fine. Looking at the VOID folder for the failed contigs for different runs, they appear to fail at different chunks but always with these two errors. I'm running 30 cores with MPICH2 on a private server. Any suggestions? Thanks!
Died at /home/jcornel3/tools/maker/bin/../lib/maker/auto_annotator.pm line 1774.


The Magic Faucet is an electronic faucet designed for use by individuals with fine motor, grasping, or upper extremity disabilities. This faucet allows an individual with limited use of the hands to control water flow and temperature by touching the tap fitting or by moving the hand into the vicinity of the outlet (a distance of approximately two centimeters). The flow of water is ended by removing hands or by moving the hands or fingers through the flow of water. The faucet comes with 10 program options which vary in how they combine the above-mentioned features (degree of sensitivity, whether actual touching is required, and how the flow of water is ended).


Apollo Hotels is a chain of 14 high-quality hotels in the Netherlands. In addition to hotel rooms the chain also includes a wide range of other services such as restaurant facilities and event venues, making it possible for them to focus on the corporate market as well. A separate Sales Team consisting of 25 people deals with this corporate market.
The Sales Team does a lot of lead generation through trade fairs, events and specifc sales programs it participates in. In addition, many individual sales presentations with existing customers and prospects take place. During these sales presentations it is important that every conversation is supported by relevant content that specifically and vigorously conveys the broad proposition of Apollo Hotels.
"We have a decentralized Sales Team which works from its own region, however they do have to sell the entire Apollo Hotels product, so it is important that each member of the team has the latest Marketing & Sales materials to support every pitch." says Valerie van Mol, in charge of Marketing. "Because we did not yet have a good solution for distributing content to our Sales colleagues, our need in this area became very clear when we heard about the possibilities that Scaura has to offer.
"We offer a wide range of locations and products. The Application is structured in such a way that it is easy to switch between different types of content during a sales meeting. This can be done by searching within the menu structure of the Application or by searching on the basis of tags that we have added to the content. With this, the presentation follows the meeting and not the other way around. It is also possible to prepare a 'linear' presentation with the Application, by selecting content specifically for the meeting and putting it in the desired order."
Valerie concludes: "The most important feedback I received from my colleagues from Sales is that using the Application gives them confidence and peace of mind that they are always prepared for any commercial meeting, planned or unplanned. They have access to all the up to date content, even when they are offline, and they can start up each presentation within a second using the professional Application formatted in our own corporate identity. This allows them to focus on what really matters: the meeting and increasing the return from their customer interactions."


3-Day Intensive Training: Advanced Mindfulness Certificate Course is organized by PESI HealthCare and will be held from Apr 24 - 26, 2019 at Crowne Plaza Sacramento Northeast, Sacramento, California, United States of America. The target audience for this medical event is Psychologists, Counselors, Social Workers, Psychotherapists, Case Managers, Marriage & Family Therapists, Nurses, Addiction Counselors, Mental Health Professionals. This Conference has been approved for a maximum of 19 Credits. Course Description: In this comprehensive, three-day certificate course, international mindfulness teacher and best-selling author Donald Altman will share powerful clinical tools that will help you create a clear roadmap to wellness. From grounding and attention-focusing skills to metacognitive awareness, Donald will deliver detailed demonstrations and instruction on over a dozen mindfulness practices you can use to improve treatment outcomes. Best of all, you will learn to embody mindfulness as you help your clients overcome clinical anxiety, depression, chronic pain, PTSD, addictive cravings, and stress related symptoms! Spend three experiential days with Donald and learn to: • Alter clients' habitual and conditioned reactions to anxiety, chronic pain, and depression with practical evidence-based mindfulness techniques • Apply mindfulness to pain and improve mental and physical functioning in your clients • Reduce anxiety by mindfully managing transitions through movement. • Creatively adapt your newfound mindfulness tools to work with a variety of client populations Donald is known for his compelling and entertaining presentations, and this 3-day workshop will get you excited about using mindfulness with your clients. Return to your practice with a wide range of tools to use in your next session! Course Objectives: • Evaluate how understandable explanations of mindfulness' impact on neurological processes involved in common mental health disorders can be used to promote engagement in treatment. • Explore the effect of diaphragmatic breathing on the parasympathetic nervous system and communicate how mindful breathing techniques can be incorporated into therapy. • Assess the latest research analyzing mindfulness, attention and depressive symptoms. • Connect how clinical tools based in mindfulness and grounding can be used to impact the biological stress response in clients with trauma. • Consider how treatment plans for depression can incorporate mindfulness interventions that clients can use to counter automatic patterns of thoughts. • Communicate the clinical implications of research regarding the health benefits of nature and exposure to the natural world. • Plan how mindfulness strategies focused on impacting the neural pathways associated with fear can be incorporated into treatment to help alleviate symptoms in anxious clients. • Articulate how mindfulness techniques that impact the areas of the nervous system associated with stress can be used in clinical practice. • Analyze the state of research on the use of mindfulness as an intervention for the management of chronic pain. • Scrutinize how barriers to implementing mindfulness can be overcome using practical informal techniques clients can easily and naturally incorporate into their lives. • Appraise the latest research on the efficacy of mindfulness as an approach to aid in relapse prevention for alcohol and substance use disorders. • Characterize how clinical tools that increase self-awareness can be used in therapy to help clients better manage their thoughts, emotions and behaviors. • Communicate how self-compassion and feelings of safety, trust and forgiveness impact the therapeutic process. • Analyze the latest research regarding the biochemistry of laughter and the connection between laughter and mental and physical health. • Evaluate research on gratitude, it's impact on depressive symptoms, and how easy to implement gratitude exercises could be beneficial to clients. • Assess how mindfulness' ability to shift awareness can be used to positively impact relationships and help clients to recognize their strengths. • Establish how mindfulness can be taught to clients as a skill they can employ to ease the anxiety associated with transitions. • Evaluate the role of compassion in treating clients suffering from high levels of shame and self-criticism.
Safe Patient Handling is organized by UC Davis Center for Professional Practice of Nursing (CPPN) and will be held on Apr 25, 2019 at UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America. C.E. contact hours: Provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, provider number CEP 26, for 1.0 contact hours. Attendees will not receive C.E. credit if they are more than 20 minutes late; no partial credit can be awarded. Course Description: The goal of this course is to provide staff with the skills to implement safe patient handling concepts in their clinical area. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
New Grad Nursing Orientation, Day 3 is organized by UC Davis Center for Professional Practice of Nursing (CPPN) and will be held on Apr 25, 2019 at UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America. Course Description: The goal of nursing orientation is to ensure that orientees receive consistent information regarding policies, procedures, standards and documentation to support practice and familiarize them with the UC Davis Health vision, mission, values, goals and organizational structure. In addition, each orientee is shown how to independently access online polices, procedures and competencies. Policies covered include infection control, emergency response and the work environment. In keeping with the UC Davis Health vision, mission, values and goals, the objectives of nursing orientation are geared toward creatively using existing resources to meet the new demands of a constantly changing health-care environment. Nursing orientation provides advanced technological presentations including a learning management system for computerized examinations. An overview of the Center for Professional Practice of Nursing's website familiarizes the orientees with nursing education, patient and employee education, health education and resources. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
Reiki, Level II is organized by UC Davis Center for Professional Practice of Nursing (CPPN) and will be held on Apr 25, 2019 at UC Davis Health Facilities Support Services Building, Sacramento, California, United States of America. Target audience : This class is intended for health-care providers and employees of UC Davis Health. Parents of UC Davis Children's Hospital patients are also encouraged to attend. C.E. contact hours : Provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, provider number CEP 26, for 11.33 contact hours. Participants must attend all four days to receive C.E. credit. Attendees must attend all 4 days to receive C.E. credit. Attendees will not receive C.E. credit if they are more than 5 minutes late on any day; no partial credit can be awarded. Course description : This workshop will demonstrate the use of reiki as a technique for relaxation, stress reduction and pain management. This type of touch therapy can be used as an adjunctive tool to alter the perception of pain. This class will include the demonstration and return demonstration of the reiki exercises and how to use reiki to improve patient comfort. Benefits include : • Reiki is a great stress reducer. • Reiki is easy to learn and easy to use. • Reiki recharges & rebalances the body's energy. • Reiki can be used as a pain management tool. Prerequisite : Participants must have completed a Reiki, Level I class. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
14th Annual UC Davis Spine Care Conference is organized by UC Davis Health System - Continuing Medical Education and will be held from Apr 26 - 27, 2019 at Hilton Sacramento Arden West, Sacramento, California, United States of America. Accreditation: Physician Credit: The University of California, Davis, Health System designates this live activity for a maximum of 12.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Nurse: For the purpose of recertification, the American Nurses Credentialing Center accepts AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ issued by organizations accredited by the ACCME. For the purpose of re-licensure, the California Board of Registered Nursing accepts AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ (report a maximum of 12.75 hours of credit and fill in "CME Category 1" for the provider number). Pain Credit: Up to 3 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ Pain Management: California Business and Professions Code (Section 2190.5) requires physicians and surgeons to complete 12 hours of mandatory continuing education on pain management and the appropriate care of the terminally ill. Physicians licensed prior to January 2002 were to have completed this requirement by December 31, 2006. Physicians licensed on or after January 1, 2002 must complete this requirement within 4 years of their initial license or by their second renewal date, whichever comes first. Conference Highlights: • Multidisciplinary conference taught by UC Davis faculty in PM&R, Pain Management, Neurological Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery. • Hands-on training in physical therapy, acupuncture, orthotics, ergonomics and physical examinations. • Treatment options for patients with diverse spinal disorders and conditions. • Diagnose and conservatively manage cervical and lumbar pain. • Discuss pain control strategies including changes to improve quality of life. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
New Grad Nursing Orientation, Day 4 is organized by UC Davis Center for Professional Practice of Nursing (CPPN) and will be held on Apr 26, 2019 at UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America. Course Description: The goal of nursing orientation is to ensure that orientees receive consistent information regarding policies, procedures, standards and documentation to support practice and familiarize them with the UC Davis Health vision, mission, values, goals and organizational structure. In addition, each orientee is shown how to independently access online polices, procedures and competencies. Policies covered include infection control, emergency response and the work environment. In keeping with the UC Davis Health vision, mission, values and goals, the objectives of nursing orientation are geared toward creatively using existing resources to meet the new demands of a constantly changing health-care environment. Nursing orientation provides advanced technological presentations including a learning management system for computerized examinations. An overview of the Center for Professional Practice of Nursing's website familiarizes the orientees with nursing education, patient and employee education, health education and resources. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
Mindful Self-Compassion is organized by UC Davis Center for Professional Practice of Nursing (CPPN) and will be held on Apr 26, 2019 at UC Davis Health Facilities Support Services Building, Sacramento, California, United States of America. C.E. contact hours : Provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, provider number CEP 26, for 28.0 contact hours. Attendees will not receive C.E. credit if they are more than 20 minutes late; no partial credit can be awarded. Course Description : What you practice becomes stronger! What mental states are you practicing? Do this for you, do this for your patients, do this for your family, do this to be more of who you want to be in the world. Learn how this warm-hearted connected presence with your own experience can be a powerful foundation in daily life. Further develop therapeutic interpersonal skills using Mindful Self-Compassion when working with patients. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
David Kessler On Grief and Grieving is organized by PESI HealthCare and will be held on Apr 29, 2019 at Crowne Plaza Sacramento Northeast, Sacramento, California, United States of America. Target Audience • Counselors • Social Workers • Psychologists • Nurses • Case Managers • Marriage & Family Therapists • Chaplains/Clergy Hospitals • Palliative Care Services • Other Mental Health Professionals Course Description: Grief and grieving. It's traumatic. It's awkward. It's painful. As professionals, we are expected to have the right words at hand, the right actions to recommend, and the right response. Most of us fail shamefully due to a lack of grief emphasis in our training. Every client we will see will experience loss in their life. Join David Kessler, international grief expert, author and practitioner and transform your practice, your life, and learn the art of caring for the grieving. You will then know the right words and actions to truly be of help to the dying and grieving. Course Objectives: • Explore the dynamics of different types of grief and the healing processes associated with each. • Specify age appropriate grieving milestones that occur across the lifespan. • Articulate the somatic response to grief and identify how to manage residual grief in the body. • Consider why children are often the "forgotten grievers" and identify strategies for helping this population. • Analyze the efficacy of positive psychology interventions in treating grief. • Ascertain the relationship between traumatic events and grief as it relates to the healing process. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
Safe Patient Handling is organized by UC Davis Center for Professional Practice of Nursing (CPPN) and will be held on Apr 30, 2019 at UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America. C.E. contact hours: Provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, provider number CEP 26, for 1.0 contact hours. Attendees will not receive C.E. credit if they are more than 20 minutes late; no partial credit can be awarded. Course Description : The goal of this course is to provide staff with the skills to implement safe patient handling concepts in their clinical area. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.
ELNEC End-of-Life Training for Critical Care Staff is organized by UC Davis Center for Professional Practice of Nursing (CPPN) and will be held from May 01 - 02, 2019 at UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, United States of America. C.E. contact hours : Provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, provider number CEP 26, for 13.5 contact hours. The University of California, Davis Medical Center is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. Attendees will not receive C.E. credit if they are more than 20 minutes late; no partial credit can be awarded. Course Description : he ELNEC (End-of-Life) for Critical Care course was designed especially for critical care nurses, but is open to all inter-disciplinary health-care professionals involved with care at end-of-life. The emphasis on nursing is based on the fact that nurses spend more time with patients and families facing the end-of-life than any other health-care discipline. Critical care nurses have the potential to greatly reduce the burden and distress of those facing life's end and the ability to offer support for the many physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs of patients and their families. Critical care nurses and other health-care professionals with training in end-of-life/palliative care, individually and collectively, have the unique opportunity to significantly impact the quality of care for terminally ill patients. Additional details will be posted as soon as they are available.


text:
Q: Operation on value of a particular key in a dictionary stored as a list in Python Need to perform an operation in a dictionary which has a values as a list of dictionaries
my_dicts = \
       {"A": [
             { 'key1 a' : 'value1',
               'key2 a' : 'value2'
             },

             { 'key1 a' : 'value3',
               'key2 a' : 'value4'
             }
            ],

        "B": [
             { 'key1 b' : 'value5',
               'key2 b' : 'value6'
             },

             { 'key1 b' : 'value7',
               'key2 b' : 'value8'
             }
            ]
}

How can we peform an operaion on all the values who have "key2" as substring in its key?
i.e. operation on value2, value4, value6 and value8. "key2" is a substring of "key2 a", "key2 b"

A: You'll have to loop over all keys of all nested dictionaries:
# generator expression over all values for keys that contain `key2`.
key2values = (v for lst in my_dicts.itervalues()
                    for dct in lst
                        for k, v in dct.iteritems()
                            if 'key2' in k)

for value in key2values:
    # loops over `value2`, `value4`, `value6`, `value8` in an arbitrary order.

Demonstration:
>>> key2values = (v for lst in my_dicts.itervalues()
...                     for dct in lst
...                         for k, v in dct.iteritems()
...                             if 'key2' in k)
>>> for value in key2values:
...     print value
...
value2
value4
value6
value8

If you want to avoid looping over everything, you'll need to rethink your data structure, or build and maintain an index into the structure.
If you needed to manipulate the key-value pair, you need to have more information. You can include the 'parent' dictionary in the loop:
key2values = (dct, k, v for lst in my_dicts.itervalues()
                    for dct in lst
                        for k, v in dct.iteritems()
                            if 'key2' in k)

and unpack that information when looping over the generator:
for parent, key, value in key2values:
    # parent[key] is equal to value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Brain metastases (BM) are rarely reported in patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of non-lung origin and neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) or bronchopulmonary system. However, symptomatic brain metastases are associated with dismal prognosis, so early detection and treatment could be advisable.
We retrospectively analyzed 51 patients with GEP-NEN and bronchopulmonary NEN excluding small cell lung cancer. All patients were treated at the University Hospital Marburg and Halle (Saale) between 2000 and 2017. The median overall survival (mOS) and mOS after diagnosis of brain metastases (BM) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Risk factors for poor prognosis were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression method.
Overall, 51 patients with a median age of 58 years presented BM. Lung (n = 23, 45.1%) was the most frequent primary localization. Most patients had NEC (n = 31, 60.8%), including 26 carcinomas (51%) with Ki-67 indices > 55%. Singular BM were present in 16 patients (31.4%), but 21 patients (41.2%) had multiple lesions. Overall, the median period from first diagnosis of the tumor disease up to diagnosis of brain metastasis was 5.0 months. Palliative radiation was the most common therapy (n = 31, 60.8%). Median OS after initial diagnosis and diagnosis of BM was 23.0 and 11.0 months, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis for prognostic indicators depicted differentiation (NEC HR 4.2, 95% CI 1.1–16.1) and age (≥60 HR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.5) as markers for poor outcome.
Overall, the risk for symptomatic brain metastases is low in GEP-NEN and bronchopulmonary NEN patients. Age above 60 and poor tumor differentiation may deteriorate the overall survival. Therefore, screening for brain metastases could be advisable in NEC patients.
Brain metastases are the most common intracranial neoplasm in adults. They often originate from lung cancer, breast cancer or melanoma, but also other malignancies like renal cancer, colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer are increasingly associated with brain metastases . Nearly 20% of the patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) demonstrate brain metastases at initial diagnosis and about half of the patients develop brain metastases during follow up . In contrast, brain metastases are rarely reported in patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of non-lung origin and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic or bronch-opulmonary system. In the Spanish and German NET Registries 4 of 837 (0.5%) and 12 of 2358 (0.5%) patients with brain metastases are documented [3, 4]. The estimated incidence in NETs is 1.5–5% .
General screening for brain metastases is not recommended in NET and non-lung NEC patients. Whether or not prophylactic brain irradiation in limited disease NEC of gastroenteropancreatic origin could result in better prognosis like in SCLC  is unknown. Symptomatic brain metastases are often associated with a dismal prognosis, so early detection and treatment could be advisable.
The aim of our study is therefore to analyze frequency, origin, treatment and outcome of brain metastases in two single centre cohorts of NET and NEC patients with long follow up.
In 1998, we established a database for patients with NEN of different origins including bronchopulmonal NETs and NECs of gastroenteropancreatic or unknown origin, who presented at our university hospital in Marburg for diagnosis and/or treatment of the tumor disease. Patients with small cell lung cancer were not included in this database. First data were retrospectively documented and patients then prospectively followed. Collected data included clinic-pathological features and date of death or date of last contact. Collection, storage, and evaluation of patient related information in our NEN database was done with patient informed consent and with the approval of the local ethics committee at the University of Marburg. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. In Halle (Saale), we used a retrospectively created database, in which all patients with neuroendocrine tumors and carcinomas were included. All patients with neuroendocrine neoplasm and brain metastases were included. Patients with SCLC were excluded. The large-cell lung NECs are not completely recorded in our database. Patients with large-cell lung NEC and sufficient data documentation were included. Our hypothesis was that patients with brain metastases had a worse survival and preferably patients with lung-NEN were affected by brain metastases.
No routine cerebral imaging was performed. Patients with various CNS complaints, including seizures, vertigo, motoric and sensoric deficits and headaches were examined. In some clinical situations it was also the sole individual medical decision that led to the performance of brain imaging.
Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Kaplan-Meier analyses of overall survival and survival since diagnosis of brain metastases were generated. We used the log-rank test to detect statistically significant differences between groups. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed using Cox Proportional Hazards Regression.
In total, we identified 51 patients with brain metastases out of our patient records (Table 1). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 56 years (range 27–86). This group included 25 women (49%) and 26 men (51%). The majority of patients 48/51 (94.1%) had nonfunctioning tumors. Hormonal syndromes included Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (n = 2) and Cushing syndrome (ectopic ACTH; n = 1). Seventeen of 51 patients (33.3%) had well-differentiated tumors, 31 patients (60.8%) had poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma and in nine patient (17.6%) tumor differentiation was not documented. In 26 patients (51%) Ki-67 index was 55% or higher. Most patients had "foregut" primaries with bronchial/lung (n = 23; 45.1%) and pancreas (n = 9; 17.6%) being the most prevalent ones. Other primaries were located gastrointestinal (n = 5; 9.8%) and in cervix/ovary (n = 2; 3.9%). In 12 patients, primary localization was unknown during the initial diagnosis and treatment course (Table 1). No valid information can be given about the incidence of BM. Based on the Marburg cohort 1,6% of patients presented with brain metastases (16 out of 975 patients screened).
Median time from initial diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasia until diagnosis of brain metastases was 5 months (range 0–144 months). In two patients, a seizure due to brain metastasis was the first symptom of the tumor disease.
In 49 of the 51 patients (96.1%), distant metastases beyond BM were present at diagnosis (stage IV). All but 11 patients developed multiple localizations (more than 2) of distant metastases. The most frequent site was liver (31/51; 60.8%), followed by lymph nodes (28/51; 54.9%) and bone metastases (23/51; 45.1%). Other localizations included lung (14/51; 27.5%), adrenal (5/51; 9.8%), peritoneum (4/51; 7.8%), subcutaneous metastasis (3/51; 1.9%), meningeosis (1/51; 1.9%), spleen (1/51; 1.9%), ovaries (1/59; 1.9%) and renal (1/51; 1.9%).
When BM were confirmed radiologically, evaluation of comorbidities and patient characteristics was performed in order to guide the optimal treatment approach. Since time from onset of disease to BM was short in median (5 months), most patients suffered from an aggressive and progressive tumor disease, thus all patients received systemic therapy beyond local cerebral treatment. Whole brain radiation was performed in 31 patients (60.8%), whereas only a minority of seven patients were eligible for resection (Table 1). Chemotherapy with alkylating agents such as temozolomide, which might bypass the blood brain barrier were used in seven patients. All other patients received steroids and symptomatic treatment beside systemic chemotherapy. In respect to the different therapeutic approaches for BM, no differences for the OS have been obtained (Fig. 1a and b). After BM were diagnosed median overall survival (mOS) was 11 months (95% CI 5.3–16.7). The 2-year survival rate was calculated with 12.7%. Only two patients with well-differentiated lung-NETs presented a long-term survival of more than 5 years (94 and 159 months). Additionally, assessment of risk factors for poor survival were done in a univariate and multivariate fashion including gender, localization of the primary, differentiation, Ki-67 cut-off 55%, age, metastatic pattern and number of brain metastases (Table 2). Univariate analysis revealed male gender (HR 2.7; 95% CI 1.2–5.9), age ≥ 60 (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0–4.3), and differentiation (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0–4.3) as risk factors. Further evaluation showed poor differentiation (HR 4.2; 95% CI 1.1–16.1) and higher age (≥60) (HR 3.0; 95% CI 1.2–7.5) as independent marker for poor prognosis in multivariate tests (Table 2).
In Table 1 differences between G1/G2 and G3 neoplasms are depicted. Whereas mean age at initial diagnosis and BM detection was similar (55 years and 56 years in both groups), the gender distribution showed a significant trend towards more female patients in the G1/G2 cohort (G1/G2 vs. G3; 70.6% vs. 41.9%; P = 0.075). Furthermore, the proportion of patients with lung origin differed (G1/G2 vs. G3; 35.3% vs. 54.8%) non-significantly (P = 0.23) between both groups. Concerning the metastastic spread it was apparent, that adrenal metastases have been only detected in the G3 group in patients with lung primaries (n = 5; 16.1%). Although numeric differences were seen in the distribution of brain metastases (G1/G2 vs. G3; BM ≥ 3 29.4% vs. 45.2%), no statistically significant results were reached. The latency times between both entities were quite similar (4 months vs. 3 months). Analysis of mOS G1/G2 and G3 neoplasms after initial diagnosis (59 months vs. 18 months; P = 0.12) and after diagnosis of BM (15 months vs. 7 months; P = 0.015) confirmed an improved outcome for those with well-differentiated tumors (Fig. 2a and b). When assessing the outcome grouped by distinct Ki-67 indices (< 5%, 5–20%, > 20–55 and > 55%), a linear survival impairment correlated with an increased proliferation rate after BM occurred (mOS: 15, 13, 9 and 7 months) (Fig. 3b). However, the proliferation rate was unable to significantly discriminate the overall prognosis for those patients with G3 neoplasms (Ki67 20–55% vs. > 55%: 28 months vs. 19 months).
Patients with survival times more than 24 months after diagnosis of brain metastases (BM) and patients with metachronous BM (at least 12 months after initial diagnosis) were evaluated separately. In the first group, six female patients met the inclusion criteria. Primary tumor localization was lung (n = 4; 67%), pancreas and ovary (both n = 1; 16.5%). Except one patient (G3 tumor), all presented G2 well differentiated tumors. Median latency before BM detection and median survival with BM was 4 and 42 months, respectively. Three patients with BM were diagnosed within 4 months, the others after at least 8 years. Four patients underwent radiotherapy, one patient in combination with local resection. The patient with combined treatment was the only patient suffering from a grade 3 neoplasm who survived more than 24 months after diagnosis of BM.
The metachronously metastasized cohort included 20 patients (median latency 33 months) Pancreas was the leading origin for primary localization with 45% (n = 9), followed by lung (n = 4; 20%) and unknown origin (n = 3; 15%). Morphologically, in seven and in 11 patients well- and poorly differentiated neoplasms appeared, respectively. Before BM occurred all patients suffered from further tumor manifestations in lymph nodes (n = 12; 60%), liver (n = 12; 60%) and bones (n = 9; 45%). The distribution of BM was similar to the entire cohort. Half of all were irradiated, four resected, four received temozolomide and seven had no additional approach beyond their ongoing systemic therapy. Overall, in patients with metachronous BM the mOS reached 12 months (CI 95% 4.2–19.8).
Metastatic disease is a major prognostic factor in neuroendocrine neoplasms in addition to differentiation and proliferation rate . Besides common distant manifestations including lymph node, liver and bone metastases, brain metastases (BM) in NET are rare with an estimated incidence < 5% [8, 9]. Based on our own results, the incidence for brain metastases is 1–2%. However, the current data suggest a worse prognosis in patients with BM [9, 10]. Known factors influencing overall survival are primary tumor localization and TNM classification [11, 12]. Additionally, own previously published data presented impaired survival rates for patients with bone metastases . However, median overall survival from the initial diagnosis of stage IV GEP-NET is about 90 months, which is considerably longer than in our cohort of patients with BM . In general, for BM most data are available in bronchopulmonary NEN. Particularly, in large-cell NEC of the lung BM are frequently detected in up to 50% of cases . Only small retrospectively collected case series or individual reports of BM in NET patients have been published. In this light, our data provide important clinico-pathological information of patients with BM. Our cohort included more than 50 patients, divided into G1/G2 vs. G3 neoplasms, long-term survivors and metachronously metastasized patients. In our series, the median overall survival time was 11 months, which is in line with other retrospective series with survival times of 6–10 months [9, 10, 15, 16]. However, comparison of outcome in published retrospective series is hampered because of the different composition of cohorts. The shorter mOS of only 8.1 months after diagnosis of BM in the cohort of Akimoto et al. may be explained by a higher proportion of patients with NEC . Nevertheless, the mOS of 11 months in our series also compares favourably to the 10 months mOS reported by Hlatky et al. who included 24 "carcinoid patients" - a term usually used for well-differentiated tumors although differentiation or grade is not clearly mentioned in this paper .
In almost all cases, the presence of BM was a characteristic of a systemic dissemination and disease progression. In the only two cases without any other distant metastases the primary was located in the lung. Interestingly, although the majority of patients included in our databases suffer from gastroenteropancreatic NEN, in our cohort of patients with BM the lung was the most frequent primary tumour localization, which is in accordance with the other retrospective series [9, 10]. In comparison to recently published studies the mean age of our group was rather young (< 60 years) and consistent between NET and NEC [10, 16]. Whereas in the whole cohort both genders were similarly affected, female patients dominated the long-term survivors and metachronous BM group. The median latency time for BM was rather short in our series (5 months; range 0–144 months) and interestingly, no significant difference within the grading has been observed. Hlatky et al. and Akimoto et al. reported median times from initial diagnosis to BM detection of 18 and 12.8 months, respectively [9, 10], the latter, despite the inclusion of a significant proportion of large-cell and small-cell lung carcinomas. Thus, we believe, cerebral imaging has been used early in our cohort to detect or rule out disease progression in comparison to other studies. However, no routine cerebral imaging was implemented in the metastatic assessment of our patients. When evaluating risk factors for impaired prognosis, the differentiation based on the grading distributed the patients' course significantly [17, 18]. This was also observed in our cohort and noteworthy, since G1/G2 and G3 neoplasms presented similar latency times for BM, these results reflected the diverse tumor biology and progression. Further stratification of G3 graded tumors with respect to an arbitrary proliferation activity of 55% as previously published by Sorbye, however, did not contribute to precise information .
Beyond tumor-related characteristics, the optimal treatment for BM in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms needs to be clarified. Obviously, there are no prospective and randomized data aiming at this issue. In general, several treatment modalities are available using surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), or chemotherapy as single therapies or in combination. Data from extracranial metastatic surgery, in particular, in liver approaches of patients with small bowel and pancreatic primaries favour a radical treatment and resection in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors [20, 21]. In our series, none of the given treatment options was clearly superior. Several articles described a survival advantage when surgery of BM was followed by adjuvant WBRT [9, 15, 16, 22, 23]. The authors concluded that surgery combined with WBRT might be feasible in patients with good preoperative performance status and a solitary BM. In our cohort the only long term survivor with grade 3 tumour also received the combination of resection and radiotherapy. For patients with small cell lung cancer and BM, stereotactic radiosurgery combined with WBRT has generally been recommended as first choice treatment . In other neuroendocrine neoplasms, no data on the dual therapy are available. However, Kawabe and co-workers presented a study using stereotactic radiosurgery alone in patients with BM and large cell NEC of the lung. The tumor control rate was 86% after 12 months . Additionally, the neurocognitive status was nearly unaffected in these patients and that is a major benefit in contrast to the WBRT. In some patients of our cohort, chemotherapy with temozolomide was administered. The benefit of temozolomide has been shown in well-differentiated pancreatic neoplasms, in NEC in combination with capecitabine or as monotherapy in lung NEN [7, 25, 26]. The impact of temozolomide monotherapy in patients with BM and neuroendocrine neoplasms remains unclear. The current guidelines of BM from solid tumors recommend cytotoxic chemotherapy for chemosensitive tumors in patients with asymptomatic or small BM . Since temozolomide is an active drug in proliferating neuroendocrine tumors and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it is a valuable option besides surgery and radiation.
Our study is limited in several ways. There are inherent limitations in retrospective analyses. The presented study group is inhomogeneous and includes many different primary tumor localizations. The primary tumor localization itself has prognostic effects and also influences metastasis. On the other hand, neuroendocrine neoplasms can occur ubiquitously and the more exact pathological classifications allow a better characterization of this entity only since a few years. In addition, the study cohort integrates 2 local databases, which does not allow statistical statements on incidence and prevalence of brain metastases. Despite the recording of brain metastases, the process of therapy decision can no longer be traced. This also includes the selection of the available therapy modalities. In addition, response and duration of the response of the brain metastases to specific therapies and their influence on survival cannot be evaluated retrospectively in a proper way.
Although BM from NEN occur rarely, their appearance impair the prognosis significantly. In our series, grade 3 tumors, male gender and age above 60 years were poor prognostic indicators. Routine metastatic assessment of the brain could be implemented for patients with NEC and lung carcinoids, whereas it seems not to be justified in NETs of other origin. Generally, no treatment recommendations for BM can be drawn based on our data and the given literature. Further studies are mandatory to better define the diagnostic value of routine brain imaging and the treatment modalities in this subset of patients.
We thank Iris Lenser, Maik Hahmann and Svenja Diehl for database management.
There was no funding of this retrospective study.
The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available on request by contacting the authors.
AR and SK contributed to conception and design of the study and drafted the manuscript. SK performed statistical analysis and participated in data interpretation and manuscript review. FT and AR carried out the acquisition of data. AR was involved in conception, data interpretation and critical review of manuscript draft. TG and PM contributed to manuscript writing and review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Collection, storage, and evaluation of patient-related information in our NEN database were performed with the approval of the local ethics committee at the University of Marburg (Philipps-University Marburg) and after obtaining the patients informed consent. Written informed consent for the treatment was obtained. The statement of the local ethics committee was that a formal approval for collection and analysis of data arising from the routine clinical evaluation within the own hospital was not required.
Individual person's data are not shown, not applicable.


Post forecasts that the commercial area planted to corn later in 2015, for the 2015/16 MY, will increase by five percent to 2.8 million hectares, driven mainly by higher corn prices. All indications are that South Africa will have to import corn in 2015, due to drought conditions in the main corn producing areas, which will keep local corn prices close to import parity levels for most of the 2014/15 MY. Subsistence farmers are expected to plant about 400,000 hectares, which will bring South Africa's total corn area in the 2015/16 MY at 3.2 million hectares. Based on national average yields, an area of 3.2 million hectares could realize a total corn crop of about 13.0 million tons.
Except for Mpumalanga and Kwazulu-Natal, that had a late start to the planting season, all other corn producing areas in South Africa had a normal start to the season. During December most areas received normal to above-normal rainfall. However, during first two months of 2015, most parts of South Africa's main corn producing areas experienced extreme drought conditions that impacted negatively on yields, especially as it was also during the period of pollination. As a result, post decreased its corn production forecast for the 2014/15 MY by 2.5 million tons, from 12.9 million tons to 10.4 million tons (9.9 million tons for commercial farmers and 500,000 tons for subsistence farmers) on 3.1 million hectares. This means the 2014/15 MY corn crop will be 30 percent less than the record corn crop of 15.0 million tons harvested on 3.1 million hectares in the 2013/14 MY.
Post's estimate is in line with the first production estimate by the Crop Estimates Committee (CEC) for the 2014/15 corn crop which was released on February 26, 2015. The CEC estimated the South African commercial corn crop at 9.7 million tons on 2.7 million hectares. White corn production was estimated at 4.7 million tons on 1.5 million hectares, while yellow corn production was estimated at 5.0 million tons on 1.2 million hectares.
The following table details area planted and production figures of white and yellow commercial and subsistence corn for the 2013/14 MY (actual), 2014/15 MY (estimate) and 2015/16 MY (forecast).
Post estimates that commercial demand for corn will decrease by three percent in the 2014/15 MY, to 10.0 million tons, due to relatively high corn prices as the result of the current drought conditions in the main corn producing areas of South Africa. Post also foresees an almost 30 percent drop in the commercial consumption of white corn to 4.5 million tons, as it is mainly the white corn producing areas that is mostly effected by the current drought conditions. On the other hand, commercial yellow corn consumption is expected to increase by more than 30 percent from the 2013/14 MY's 4.1 million tons to 5.5 million tons, as yellow corn is more readily available on the world markets for imports. The human consumption of corn is expected to drop by four percent to 4.7 million tons as consumers will substitute white corn products for wheat and rice products on price preferences. Animal consumption of corn is expected to stay unchanged at 4.9 million tons and will consist of mainly yellow corn.
Post kept its January estimate for the 2013/14 MY commercial consumption unchanged at 10.3 million tons, based on data from the South African Grain Information Services (SAGIS).
Table outlines the commercial consumption for white and yellow corn in South Africa for the 2013/14 MY (estimate), 2014/15 MY (estimate) and 2015/16 MY (forecast).
For the 2015/16 MY, post estimates that South Africa will have sufficient stocks to export about 1.5 million tons of corn, as commercial production is expected to exceed 12.0 million tons on increased area planted.
For the 2014/15 MY, post estimates that South Africa will have to import about 500,000 tons of corn, due to the drop in corn production as the result of the current drought conditions. South Africa will, however, continue to export corn to its neighboring countries, which should amount to about 600,000 tons.
So far in the 2013/14 MY (up to March, 6), South Africa already exported 1.8 million tons of corn of which 1.4 million tons was yellow corn and 465,620 tons white corn. The major markets for South African corn in the current marketing year, include, Taiwan (679,185 tons yellow corn), Korea (214,474 tons yellow corn and 3,875 tons white corn), Japan (198,197 tons yellow corn) and Botswana (139,918 tons white corn and 24,158 tons yellow corn). Post estimates that South Africa's corn exports in the 2013/14 MY could reach 2.0 million tons. This estimate is 500,000 tons lower as post's previous estimate of 2.5 million tons as South Africa, with the current drought and the resulting increase in local corn prices, is uncompetitive in the global market and will only supply neighboring countries with corn.
SAFEX prices as of 03/10/2015 are shown in Table. White corn and yellow corn prices increased by 36 percent and 23 percent, respectively, the past two months, as prices move to towards import parity levels, due to the drought conditions in the main corn producing areas of South Africa. However, on a year-on-year basis, white corn and yellow corn prices are respectively, 28 percent and 35 percent lower. A year ago corn prices also traded at import parity levels driven mainly by relatively low corn stock levels in South Africa at that time, but prices dropped significantly in April as the industry realized a record corn crop was on hand. Import parity prices are also currently about 12 percent lower than a year ago, despite a more than 10 percent depreciation in the South African rand exchange rate, driven mainly by lower world corn prices after a recovery in global corn stock levels. Post foresees that local corn prices will continue to trade close to import parity levels for the rest of the year, due to the current drought conditions.
Post adjusted the corn consumption numbers for the 2005/06 MY to 2009/10 MY to include usages by the subsistence farming sector. As a result, corn ending stock numbers have changed in the succeeding marketing years, but are now more in line with the ending stock levels as reported by SAGIS.


If you want to make money as a DJ (esp. in the UK) and become self-employed, you have to learn how to file the right paperwork.
How funky a given song is is almost directly correlated to how awesome it is, the funkier the better. Nowhere is this more true than in house music, and in this video you'll learn how to produce a funky electro lead synth track using Reason 4, much like those employed by Justice and other electro-house producers.
Have you tried working out with advance triceps dips? Advance triceps dips are an essential part of body sculpting and strength training. This fitness how-to video demonstrates how to work out the triceps muscle with advanced triceps dips. Learn about arm exercises in this training video.
Working out with bent knee hip extensions requires attention to form. These knee extensions are also called Romanian Dead Lifts. Learn about hip extension exercises in this dumbbell fitness video.
Have you ever tried working out your arms with rope pulldowns. If so, you know that they are a great exercise for strength training and weightlifting. This fitness how to video demonstrates how to work out the triceps with triceps rope pull downs. Learn how to increase muscle strength in the arms with this workout video.
Have you tried working out with a barbell wrist curl? If so, you know that wrist curls are an essential part of lifting weights and strength training. This fitness how-to video demonstrates how to work out the muscles in your wrist with barbell wrist curls. Learn about barbell exercises, wrist curls, and strength training in this video.
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280dl.info is 1 month old (current registration since 18 February 2019).
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Direct and converse match. The appearance of this sign indicates that the unity, association or involvement - in whatever form - very close. But the real partnership can only exist between different from each other and holistic individuals who do not lose their identity, even in the unity and cohesion. Suppose that between you plyashet heavenly wind. This sign is not inverted position, because it refers to the gift of freedom, from which stem all other gifts.


text:
Linear density is the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length.  Linear mass density (titer in textile engineering, the amount of mass per unit length) and linear charge density (the amount of electric charge per unit length) are two common examples used in science and engineering.

The term linear density is most often used when describing the characteristics of one-dimensional objects, although linear density can also be used to describe the density of a three-dimensional quantity along one particular dimension.  Just as density is most often used to mean mass density, the term linear density likewise often refers to linear mass density.  However, this is only one example of a linear density, as any quantity can be measured in terms of its value along one dimension.

Linear mass density
Consider a long, thin rod of mass  and length .  To calculate the average linear mass density, , of this one dimensional object, we can simply divide the total mass, , by the total length, :

If we describe the rod as having a varying mass (one that varies as a function of position along the length of the rod, ), we can write:

Each infinitesimal unit of mass, , is equal to the product of its linear mass density, , and the infinitesimal unit of length, :

The linear mass density can then be understood as the derivative of the mass function with respect to the one dimension of the rod (the position along its length, )

The SI unit of linear mass density is the kilogram per meter (kg/m).

Linear density of fibers and yarns can be measured by many methods. The simplest one is to measure a length of material and weigh it. However, this requires a large sample and masks the variability of linear density along the thread, and is difficult to apply if the fibers are crimped or otherwise cannot lay flat relaxed. If the density of the material is known, the fibers are measured individually and have a simple shape, a more accurate method is direct imaging of the fiber with a scanning electron microscope to measure the diameter and calculation of the linear density. Finally, linear density is directly measured with a vibroscope. The sample is tensioned between two hard points, mechanical vibration is induced and the fundamental frequency is measured.

Linear charge density
Consider a long, thin wire of charge  and length .  To calculate the average linear charge density, , of this one dimensional object, we can simply divide the total charge, , by the total length, :

If we describe the wire as having a varying charge (one that varies as a function of position along the length of the wire, ), we can write:

Each infinitesimal unit of charge, , is equal to the product of its linear charge density, , and the infinitesimal unit of length, :

The linear charge density can then be understood as the derivative of the charge function with respect to the one dimension of the wire (the position along its length, )

Notice that these steps were exactly the same ones we took before to find .

The SI unit of linear charge density is the coulomb per meter (C/m).

Other applications

In drawing or printing, the term linear density also refers to how densely or heavily a line is drawn.

The most famous abstraction of linear density is the probability density function of a single random variable.

Units

Common units include:
kilogram per meter
ounce (mass) per foot
ounce (mass) per inch
pound (mass) per yard: used in the North American railway industry for the linear density of rails
pound (mass) per foot
pound (mass) per inch
tex, a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per 1,000 meters
denier, a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per 9,000 meters
decitex (dtex), the SI unit for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per 10,000 meters

See also
 Density
 Columnar density
 Paper density

References

Density

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hailing from a small-town in rural NSW, Australia, Bronson started racing go-karts at the age of 9, winning championships across all of Australia and USA. In 2008 he made the move up to Legend Cars racing at the famed Irwindale Speedway in California and The Bullring at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, winning regularly on a very limited schedule throughout 2008, 2009 & 2010. Whilst Bronson finished his high-school years in Australia, he and his father Julian built a 2001 Ford Falcon Sports Sedan race car and competed nationally on a partial schedule.
2012 saw Bronson move to Charlotte, NC, where he has found success behind the wheel of go-karts, Legend Cars, Sports Cars and Late Model Stock cars. In 2017, Bronson signed to the GMS Racing Driver Development program and will be competing in the teams #23 Super Late Model.
Justin Whapham joins the GMS Driver Development program for 2018, as he embarks on his rookie season in select dirt modified events in the Southeast. Whapham came to GMS in 2015 as the team's Director of Media. Since then his role has increased to include paint scheme design along with the production of all photo, video, and graphic content.