text:
Company I, 314th Infantry
Click here to download a 13 page PDF
OCR of 13-page PDF below.
Date of organization meeting: June 20, 1919 Date of Charter: August 1, 1920
Place: Slatington, Pennsylvania	County: Lehigh
Chairman: Roscoe C. Berlin	Secretary: Owen E. Owens
Organizers: Roscoe Berlin, Harold Berlin, William Reinsmith, William Sauerwine, Allen Davis, John H. Roberts, John M. Roberts, Rowland G. Pierce,
John J. Morris, Ellis Owens, Floyd Hausman, Norman E. Smith, John J. Griffith, Owen E. Owens, A. Dewey Benninger and Harry W. Muschlitz.
Temporary Officers: Norman E. Smith
Vice-Commanders: David Kern
Adjutant: Owen E. Owens	Finance Officer: Albert Schertzinger
Chaplain:	Sergeant-at-Arms:
Other Officers: Allotment & Post Employment Officer: Paul Schertzinger
Executive Committee: Roscoe Berlin, William Sauerwine, Lawrence Haines and William D. Reinsmith.
History of Post Name: Named after Allen O. Delke, first local boy killed in action. He was a private in Co. "I" 314th Infantry, 79 Division, killed Nov. 2, 1918, Meuse-Argonne.
Important Events in Organization: Charter applied for with sixteen members, committee appointed for county: Floyd Hausman, Alfred Neff, Earl Brown.
Additional Data Temporary charter, June 20, 1919, Permanent charter was issued August 1, 1920, named Allen O. Delke Post #16.
Doughboy's sacrifice still inspiration
Slatington man remembered as first from town to die in World War I
Take up our quarrel with the foe
To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow in Flanders fields.
John McCrae, 1872-1918
By VALERIE HILDEBEITEL
Of The Morning Call
The induction order was dated May 20, 1918. Following the traditional "Greetings" from the president, Allen O. Delke, a 31-year old Slatington bridge builder,
was given a week to settle his affairs and report for duty at 3 p.m. May 27 at Lehigh County Courthouse.
Although war had raged in Europe for more than four years, it was Germany's unrelenting submarine warfare and its attempt to enlist Mexico as an ally that
finally brought the United States into the hostilities in 1917.
On May 28, 67 years ago today, the young man reported to camp for infantry training . one of 2.8 million men who would be inducted for military service
over the 19 months the United States was involved in the war.
The draft notice didn't specify which camp Delke was assigned to, but it was the first leg of a journey that would take a gentle Slate Belt construction worker
to the trenches of France and to places that are merely names in history for most.
It was there, during the third battle of the Argonne Wood, that Infantryman Delke, Co. I, 314th Infantry with the American Expeditionary Forces, died -
nine days before the Armistice was signed . and a little more than five months after his induction.
Delke was born May 30, 1887, in Lehigh Gap. He was a 16-year old orphan - his father, William, died in 1897 and his mother, Sabilla, eight years later -
when he came to Slatington. Members of the borough Ameri-can Legion Post that bears his name speculate the boy was probably looking for work.
Although Delke had relatives in the area, Eva Schlosser Krum, one of the few people surviving today who knew Delke, said that relatives "didn't want him"
and so the boy took a room in the Schlosser home at 116 Main St.
For the next 15 years, Delke made his home with Lloyd and Jennie Schlosser. His work with bridge construction crews would take him from the area for months at a time,
but he always returned to the Schlossser home.
"He called my mother 'Mom' and even used to send money home to her," Mrs. Krum, now 78, said. "He was outgoing and friendly
and treated me and my brother Earl like a sister and brother.
"I can still remember a time when he came home from a bridge project and brought a doll for me and a little girl who lived on the third floor.
My mother told me not to go up those steps but I did and fell and broke the doll.
"Allen just said he would buy me another when he found out. He was the best sort."
The last letter Delke wrote to his cousins was dated Oct. 16, 1918. Creases in the paper make much of it unreadable and time has faded the sprawling pencil script.
What is discernible reads: "I am in a resting camp. It is a town the Germans took from the French some time ago but it is a real nice place...
Two days before I left for the front I went over the top (a Legion member explained this meant Delke left the trenches to fight on the ground).
I was there for several days and it was exciting at some times."
The telegram, addressed to Lloyd Schlos-ser, arrived at the Main Street home on November 27, 1918.
It's one line message, signed simply Harris, the Adjutant General, read:
"Deeply regret to inform you that Private Allen O. Delke infantry is officially reported as killed in action Nov. Second."
Portrait of Allen O. Delke in his uniform
"My mother cried a lot. She wasn't the fainting type, but she just sat in a corner and brooded and cried," Mrs. Krum recalled.
Allen O. Delke was not to return from Europe until three years after his death. it is believed that he was buried in Flanders Field during that time.
On Dec. 12, 1921, Delke was laid to final rest in Slatington's Union Cemetery, beside his mother and father.
Edward Haley, chairman of the American Legion Post committee to research Delke's background, turned up information on that funeral with the help of
Slatington funeral director and post member George Harding.
A Rev. Peters of the United Church of Christ conducted the service and the church choir sang.
"Allen's relatives took up the first pew in the church," Mrs. Krum remembered.
"The biggest light in my life came when the ushers put up chairs in front of the family for my mother and father and our family.
They knew mother raised him when his family didn't want him."
Delke's flag-draped casket was taken through the borough's Main Street on a horse-drawn caisson.
Uniformed members of a National Guard unit or from the Ameri¬can Legion Post, it's not clear which, stood honor guard throughout.
The Allen O. Delke Post was already in existence, named for the first man from Slatington to die in the war.
As far as anyone can remember, a band and the choir accompanied the cortege to the cemetery gates and played and sang as the body was taken to the burial plot.
Both Mrs. Krum and Legion members document the services as "one of the finest funerals in the Borough of Slatington."
An old receipt found by Harding shows the entires cost was $109, paid for by Delke's cousins.
About five months ago, Mrs. Annette Hayes of Slatington was cleaning the family garage. Among her father's papers were Delke's original induction notice,
the telegram relating his death and a memorial death certificate certifying his honorable death.
The certificate is signed by John J. Pershing, commander-in-chief of the Expedi-tionary Forces.
Mrs. Hayes has donated the papers to the Allen O. Delke American Legion Post in Slatington.
The Post, the oldest and largest in Lehigh County, continues today as an active service organization donating in the neighborhood of $10,000 a year to community activities.
The post supports the ambulance corps, a medical van for senior citizens, provides military funerals for veterans and sponsors Boy Scout,
Cub Pack and Little League organizations, in addition to numerous other activities.
To continue their work and to sustain the memory of men like Allen O. Delke, the post is seeking the membership of other
The caisson carrying Allen Delk's body proceeds along Main Street in Slatington
The last military funeral in which the "CAISSON" was used in the year 1934. the Caisson was used to carry "Fred C. Wehr" (A World War I Veteran) to the Union Cemetery.
During World War II the Caisson was melted down and used in the war effort.
veterans, particularly those of the Korean and Vietnam wars, and the Gulf War which just ended in 1991.
Haley, an unabashedly patriotic man, summed up the point of the Legion:
"We of the American Legion would like the general public to know that we, as survi¬vors of the previous wars, still fight for what they died for.
"Allen O. Delke and millions like him gave their lives for the cause of liberty, freedom and humanity. We still give our all to the cause...
in their names so they may never be forgotten."
LEGIONNAIRE HARLAN REMALY, grave registrar at Union Cemetery, Slatington replaces flag on grave of World War I veteran, Allen O. Delke.
The Slatington Ameri¬can Legion Post 16 was named for private Delke, who was the first casualty from that  area, during that war.
Legionnaires holding flags for distribution are 1-r: Robert Harry Jr., vice commander; John Hedmeck, Vin¬cent Miller, Sgt.-at-Arms; Sherwood Yenser, and Mark Queen, adjutant.
(Janet Kunkel/TIMES NEWS)
SLATINGTON LEGION REPLACES U.S. FLAGS ON VETERAN'S GRAVES
The members of the Allen O. Delke Amer-ican Legion Post 16, of Slatington, replaced over 130 dozen American flags on the graves of Veterans in 11 area cemeteries yesterday morning.
The group of about 20 members led by Arthur Kistler, commander of Post 16, placed flags in the following cemeteries: Slatington proper, Union and Fairview cemeteries,
the Seventh Street and Washington Street Catholic cemeteries; outlying areas, Friedens, Neffs, Jacksonville,
New Tripoli, Heidelberg, Slatedale, and Williamstown cemeteries.
Special recognition was given to the gravesite of the first casualty victim in the Slatington area of World War I, Private Allen O. Delke,
who served with Company I, 314th infantry division, after whom post 16 was named. He was killed in France, November 2, 1918, and is buried in Union Cemetery, Slatington,
beside the grave of his parents, William 0. and Sabilla Delke.
To be inclosed with each order into military service (Form 1028) sent to a selected man.
IMPORTANT NOTICE TO ALL MEN SELECTED FOR MILITARY
SERVICE AND ORDERED TO REPORT TO A LOCAL BOARD FOR
MILITARY DUTY.
The day and hour specified on the Classification List of this Local Board, and on the order and notice of induction into military service
which accompanies this notice for you to report to this Local Board for military duty is the time that marks your actual obligation as a soldier of the United States.
Failure to report promptly at the hour and on the day named is a grave military offense for which you may be court-martialed.
Willful failure to report with an intent to evade military service constitutes desertion from the Army of the United States, which, in time of war, is a capital offense.
Upon reporting to your Local Board, you will not need, and you should not bring with you, anything except hand baggage.
You will not be permitted to take trunks or boxes with you on the train.
You should take only the following articles: A pair of strong comfortable shoes to relieve your feet from your new regulation marching shoes;
not to exceed four extra suits of underclothing; not to exceed six extra pairs of socks; four face and two bath towels;
a comb, a brush, a toothbrush, soap, tooth powder, razor and shaving soap. It will add to your comfort to bring one woolen blanket, preferably of dark or neutral color.
This blanket should be tightly rolled, the ends of the roll should be securely bound together and the loop of the blanket thus formed slung from your left shoulder to your right hip.
You should wear rough strong clothing and a flannel shirt, preferably an olive-drab shirt of the kind issued to soldiers.
NOTE. . Local Boards may have prepared, in the form of a rubber stamp, and stamp in below or on the back hereof any special instructions
such as a direction to request permission to eat and spend the last night at home, as it may desire to give.
LOCAL BOARD FOR DIVISION NO. 1, for the County of Lehigh,
State of Pennsylvania COURT HOUSE, 5th & Hamilton Sts., Allentown, Pa.
(Stamp in designation of Local Board.)
P.M.G.O. FORM 1028A
The "American Legion" Allen O. Delke Post 16
510 Main St. Slatington Pa., 18080
As it looked on 5 June 1988
Monument Dedicated to those who served their Country
Picture was taken 5 June 1988
At 05:07:12 January 28 2023 displayed this 314th.org web page at 173.12.39.201 last modified: July 04 2016


text: R. Spiekerman van Weezelenburg (1940), Nederlands generaal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Successful applications will first receive approval of funds from the Associate Dean after submitting their application, but will not receive funds until the end of the year, only after successful submission of the year-end report. Funds are drawn from the General Funds account, so a General Fund short code associated with a new Project Grant specific to the Workshop is required.
At least one student coordinator must be a candidate, in 3rd through 6th year.
Exceptions are rarely made for students beyond the 6th year to serve as coordinators. Any such request should include a message from the student's faculty supervisor, as well as the faculty sponsor of the Workshop, indicating that the student is making good progress towards completion of the degree and that this responsibility will not impede their progress.
Experience shows that when the members of a Workshop wish to continue their activities over several years, it is advisable for the Graduate Coordinator(s) to work actively during the academic year to identify and mentor potential successors. A pattern in which there is one continuing and one new coordinator each year seems particularly effective at ensuring smooth transitions.
A stipend for the graduate student coordinator or coordinators is required to a maximum of $1,500 per year. The minimum stipend is $500 and the maximum is $1,500 for one coordinator. No matter how many Graduate Coordinators are assigned to a group, the ceiling for compensation remains the same. For example, if three Graduate Coordinators were sharing the responsibility for the workshop, each person would receive 1/3 of $1,500.
The Graduate Coordinator payment is not an hourly wage but an award in recognition of the contribution coordinators make to the University's intellectual life. Units are asked not to treat RIW funding as a form of financial aid, and should not reduce other financial awards due to coordinators.
The staff members providing administrative assistance will be able to provide assistance with the payment process.
Through the use of a Financial Aid Item Type in the M-Pathways Financial Aid/Student Financials system, payments may be made to participating students as a stipend. These payments are not subject to taxes, except in the case of international students.
If further assistance is needed in making payment, please contact Laura Avery, (734) 763-7817.
Each group is required to create a website within 1 month of workshop approval and should email the website link to rackriwapps@umich.edu.
Some Workshops simply create a single page with information about their mission and activities. Others create a secure site that is central to their activities—updating schedule information and distributing readings (possibly even engaging in discussion) on the Web. In either case there should be a public page that includes the coordinators' contact information, for individuals who would like to join the Workshop. This will be listed with other current Workshops on the Rackham website.
Rackham currently does not have space specifically designated for RIW activities. Workshops are, however, eligible to reserve Rackham rooms per Rackham's approved scheduling and cost guidelines.
If your workshop is registered with Central Student Government and you have a shortcode that begins with a 9, your workshop is eligible for the Student Organization rate. If your workshop is not registered with Central Student Government, you will pay the university room rental rate. See the Room Scheduling section of our website for information about costs and scheduling.
For students planning RIW events who have questions or concerns about accommodations for participants or who wish to make requests for specific accessibility needs, please contact the Rackham Facilities Office: rackhamscheduling@umich.edu or (734) 764-8572.
Questions should be directed to (734) 763-0172 or via email at rackriwapps@umich.edu.


When life gets extra chaotic, it's essential to have a list of easy dinner recipes for the family, and we have you covered. Whether you're in the mood for a Tex-Mex dish, a Cajun creation, or something with Asian flair, this easy dinner round-up is sure to have something for every member of the family. Cheddar biscuits and cast-iron skillet steak make this group of cuisine ultra-Southern–just the way we like it. So, between Junior League meetings, work obligations, soccer practices, and dance recitals, these recipes are going to quickly become your weeknight secet weapons. Since the portions are suited for a crowd, that means plenty of leftovers to snack on throughout the week; it's a win-win for the whole family. Even though you may have your tried-and-true cuisine, don't be afraid to give a few new recipes a try. They may just surprise you.
Pre-cooking the noodles isn't necessary for this classic dinner recipe; it's that easy. Plus, lasagna is a surefire favorite for even the pickiest family member.
Give your local Chinese restaurant a break, and make fried rice at home.
Every Southerner knows the magic of a cast-iron skillet. Give pan-fried chicken a try in our favorite kitchen tool.
This recipe is healthy, delicious, and it only takes 20 minutes. What's not to love?
Store-bought ravioli is embellished with flavorful cream sauce and fresh tomatoes with basil in this easy-as-pie recipe.
This hearty soup is sure to set you up with a few days of leftovers, and the recipe is incredibly simple because it's made with frozen vegetables.
Steak is always a good idea, and this version is both easy to prepare and delicious to taste.
Simplicity is key with this recipe. It's the ultimate week-night dish: grilled cheese. But, this chicken version is a bit more filling.
It's hard to say no to a 5-ingredient dish, and this one is pizza no less! Your kids are sure to love this tasty recipe.
Southerners know chicken and dumplings will always have a special place on the table below the Mason-Dixon, and this recipe has another beloved dish: cornbread.
Nutritious and tasty, this recipe is a win-win for the whole family. Plus, Mama always taught us that a casserole is the way to go for an easy dinner recipe.
We can't resist a chicken pot pie, especially one complete with a cheesy biscuit topping. Yes, please!
This go-to recipe is perfect for feeding your entire family. It has all the Cajun flavor without hardly any effort.
This Tex-Mex dish is a Southern staple; don't attempt a family dinner without it.


We reprinted this exotic rose and butterfly pattern from a vintage juban and made a Komon.
Butterflies gathering to scentful rose are realistically designed!
Depending on an obi you wear with, it can be both charming or cool impression!


text:
Michael A. Innes
Prioritizing Conventional vs. Asymmetric Warfare
By Michael A. Innes on 05.06.2008 • ( Leave a comment )
Re. Betz vs. Mazarr: not taking a side on this one, because it's not an either/or issue – except to suggest that the crystal clear answer to the question "which major conventional aggression are we talking about" is the next one. Obviously.
Three points:
The Google Public Policy Blog?!?!?!
WTF?!?
An Excess of Othered Limbs
Bryan Finoki's latest entry at Subtopia, Of Steel and Bone, commenting on a New York Times Picture of the Day for 30 May. The NYT's caption identifies it like so: "In Bangalore, India, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) members watch through a fence as their leader B.S. Yeddyurappa, not shown, is sworn in as the chief minister of the southern state of Karnataka. The party won the largest share of government seats in the recent state elections." Bryan, because he's like that, looks a little more deeply into the meaning of it.
The World's Newest Worst Place
Nothing on Sprol: Worst Places in the World, since December last year. Now, since the quakes in China, the world has a new worst place. Still, no one's shooting at anybody there, […]
Reading List – Regulating Complex Terrain in Counterinsurgency
See here for a high-powered conference that just took place at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, on Exploring the Need for Additional Norms to Govern Contemporary Conflict Situations. H/T (again) to Bobby Chesney.
[Slow day, so I'm covering new readings…. come to think of it, I've just decided to compile and post a Reading List on Regulating Complex Terrain in Counterinsurgency to the CTLab blogsite – consider it a corollary to Abu Muqawama's COIN Reading List. Stay tuned.]
Back to the conference – among the papers that were presented:
‹ Newer 1 2 3 4 5 6 Older ›
BOOKS & EDITED VOLUMES
Denial of Sanctuary: Understanding Terrorist Safe Havens
Civil Wars – Special Issue – The Clandestine Politics of Sanctuary
Making Sense of Proxy Wars: States, Surrogates and the Use of Force (Potomac Books, 2012)
Bosnian Security After Dayton: New Perspectives
Streets Without Joy: A Political History of Sanctuary and War (C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, forthcoming)
RESEARCH ARTICLES & ESSAYS
Innes, Michael A. "Deconstructing Political Orthodoxies on Insurgent and Terrorist Sanctuaries," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 31:3 (March 2008): 251-267.
Innes, Michael A. "Protected Status, Sacred Sites, Black Holes and Human Agents: System, Sanctuary and Terrain Complexity," Civil Wars 10:1 (2008): 1-6.
Innes, Michael A. "Denial-of-Resource Operations and NPFL Radio Dominance in the Liberian Civil War," Civil Wars7:3 (Autumn 2005): 94-115.
Innes, Michael A. "Terrorist Sanctuaries and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Challenging Conventional Assumptions," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28:4 (July-August 2005): 295-305.
Innes, Michael A. "Reading Guerrilla Radio In Wartime Liberia," Small Wars and Insurgencies 16:2 (2005): 241-251.
Innes, Michael A. "The Policy Hole," SAIS Review 23:1 (Winter/Spring 2003): 257-271.
Innes, Michael A. "Ordinary Bystanders," SAIS Review 22:2 (Summer/Fall 2002): 361-366.
Top categories: Datadump insurgency

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
November 24, 2015 November 24, 2015 WNMCB Team
Slow Club, Complete Surrender
I've always loved a good mixed gender duo. I like the variety and also it's quite sweet seeing them perform together like work husband and wife. Introducing 'Slow Club', who deliver just what the doctor ordered in their 2014 album "Complete Surrender". Their sound is as dramatic as the album name and they are not afraid to wail which I've always admired in singers. They are undeniably 60s-esque, with a little bit of an edge. Even their popier stuff doesn't hold back and they never miss an opportunity to let their metaphorical hair down and have a bit of a crazy party.
Highlights include "Tears Of Joy" which boasts a summery feel complimented by the two crooners' confident vocal line. Nice use of back-up vocals as way, with some well placed "oos" that bolster their 60s vibez. "Suffering You, Suffering Me" has the unmistakeable sound of a last dance at a school disco when my parents were young. Emotional and sassy, with Rebecca Taylor delivering a biting performance that has just the right amount of break-up bitterness.
They also introduce some weird and wonderful sounds that have elements of the psychedelic. In "The Pieces" there is a persistent high-pitched riff that makes it a all a bit heady. But there is also a funktastic brass band that provide meaty support for the simple tune. The combination is at one groovy and catchy. "Wander Wandering" was my introductory song to the band and is probably their most trippy. Slow, lamenting and ultimately very affecting, it has an intelligent structure and down-to-earth lyrics.
If you're looking for an all round good time, give them a listen. The indie-pop-rock-folk scene has welcomed a vibrant new addition, and we all hail their arrival with party poppers and horns and such like.
Big love as always,
Previous Fiona Apple
Next Lianne La Havas


text:
Broadneck shows bounce, wins at No. 19 Meade
Posted by Gary Adornato | Feb 5, 2019 | Anne Arundel Boys Basketball News, Anne Arundel County Feature, Anne Arundel County News, Broadneck Boys Basketball, Broadneck Feature, Broadneck HS, Feature, Meade Boys Basketball, VSN Basketball, VSN Basketball Feature
Sixteenth-ranked Bruins shake off back-to-back losses, maintains top spot in Anne Arundel boys hoops (VIDEO HERE!)
by Gary Adornato
Coming off back-to-back league losses, including an exhausting one-point home setback the previous evening, No. 16 Broadneck High was in need of a big rebound performance, Tuesday, when it ventured out on the road for a key Anne Arundel County boys basketball clash at No. 19 Meade.
The Bruins got just what they were looking for, sinking nine three-pointers, including five in the pivotal third quarter, as they pulled away in the second half for a 69-54 win over the host Mustangs.
Seniors Jamar Young (left) and Che Colbert each had big shooting nights Tuesday for 16th-ranked Broadneck as Colbert scored 17 and Young netted 16 in a win over No. 19 Meade in Anne Arundel County action.
Seniors Che Colbert and Jamar Young combined for 33 points, including 17 in the third quarter, as the Bruins turned a one point halftime team lead into a 52-40 advantage. The lead grew to as many as 17 points early in the fourth quarter, as the Bruins improved to 15-4 overall and 11-2 in Anne Arundel County.
Meade's Tre' Dunn opened the third quarter with a layup to give the Mustangs a 30-29 lead, their first advantage since early in the first quarter. Broadneck, however, responded with a 10-3 run fueled by a pair of thee-pointers from Young and the Bruins never looked back.
Meade's Mazhi Thames scored 10 of his game-high 22 points in the fourth quarter to help Meade claw within nine points, with 2 minutes, 40 seconds to play, but the Bruins scored eight of the game's final 10 points to set the final score.
"We were excited to have the opportunity to get back out there this evening," said Broadneck coach John Williams. "We had a tough game last night against Annapolis and the ball did not fall our way. They are a very good basketball team and unfortunately they had the final shot."
Meade (15-3, 10-2 Anne Arundel) looked to continue the Bruins' woes with a fast start and jumped out to a 6-0 lead with consecutive three-pointers from Thames. Broadneck, however, asserted its advantage on the glass and amped up its defense to go on a 12-4 run and take a 12-10 advantage, as Andrew Rose and Colbert capped the flurry with back-to-back threes.
A pair of free throws by Thames tied the game for Meade, with 5:40 to play in the second quarter, but the Bruins responded with nine consecutive points and they led 29-20. Over the final two minutes of the half, however, Meade charged right back, scoring eight straight points, including a sensational put-back dunk by Dunn, to close within one at the intermission.
"We have a really deep team and a really resilient bunch," said Thomas on his team's ability to meet each Mustang challenge. "We were led by our seniors this evening – Nick Gatton, Jamar Young, Che Colbert and Mike Cantrell. I think they really led the way for us. I was really proud of how we took care of the basketball in the fourth quarter. I felt like we really worked the clock and it is something we have really been working on."
According to Young the team got a wake-up call at the half.
"Coach yelled at us a little bit (at the half) and we came back out and marked up their best player, Mahzi (Thames), and played defense," said Young. "Our defense creates our offense when we play good defense."
"We just knew we had to bounce back," said Colbert. "That was one of our main tasks, to bounce back. We had to forget about that loss and put it in the past, come back and do what we had to do today. We have so many bigs that are versatile, when they kick it back outside, we know we have to shoot it and they do the rest."
Veteran coach Mike Glick, in his first year with Meade was also pleased with the effort of his young team.
"It's a very competitive league and I was impressed with the way we battled back at the end of the second quarter," said Glick. "Broadneck shot the ball very, very well and three-point shooting is the difference in the game. We have a lot of young guys and we just have to get better."
Click, who once had a MIAA/Baltimore Catholic League powerhouse at Archbishop Spalding and most recently coached at Prince George's County's Gwynn Park, also added that he is enjoying coaching in Anne Arundel County.
"I love it. From a personal side, I love it and I'm very happy I made the move. It's a lot of competitive teams and a lot of excellent coaches. This is a very competitive league from top to bottom. So, I am having a ball. I love my team. Our team is a very coachable group of kids. I couldn't be happier. It's just a matter of getting better."
As far the Anne Arundel County standings and the chase for the two spots in the league championship game, Broadneck has a half game advantage on both Annapolis and Meade (both 10-2) and No. 17 Glen Burnie is at 10-3. The league also boasts four teams in the VSN Top 20, including No. 18 Old Mill.
Pictured above: Broadneck coach John Williams got the bounce back effort he sought from his team, as the Bruins battled back from two straight losses with an impressive win at Meade.
NO. 16 BROADNECK 69, NO. 19 MEADE 54
BROADNECK 16 13 23 17 — 69
MEADE 13 15 12 14 — 54
BROADNECK: Brendan Davis 5, Che Colbert 17, Jamar Young 16, Nick Gatton 8, David Stewart 4, Logan Vican 12, Mike Cantrell 2, Andrew Rose 5. TOTALS: 25 10-15 69.
MEADE: Tre' Dunn 14, TJ Speight 13, Mazhi Thames, 22, Josh Bishop 2, Brandon Seeley 3. TOTALS: 17 15-24 54.
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PolitiFact Florida
Marco Rubio touts his work on CHIP extension
"As Floridians continue to feel the negative impacts of burdensome policies from the Obama administration, this is an important step toward bringing affordable coverage within reach of all Florida families and rolling back unnecessary regulatory barriers that drive up health care costs," Rubio says in statement.
Sen. Marco Rubio (left) and Rep. Gus Bilirakis, in 2012.
By Justine Griffin
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Even with government subsidized health insurance programs like Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program and the Affordable Care Act, there are still nearly 100,000 kids in Florida that are uninsured.
Last summer, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL) and U.S. Representative Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) worked with the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services to come up with regulatory changes that would give more options to this large gap of uninsured children and their families in Florida.
Rubio and Bilirakis were able to add provisions through the extension of the CHIP program that were signed into law by President Trump. These adjustments will offer another health insurance option for Florida families who don't qualify for Medicaid or CHIP, outside of the federal exchange for the Affordable Care Act. Health insurance premiums for children that qualify are also expected to drop from an average of $220 a month to $160-$170, Rubio said. These plans include medical and dental coverage per child per month.
"It took far too long to reauthorize CHIP," Rubio said in a statement last week. "As Floridians continue to feel the negative impacts of burdensome policies from the Obama administration, this is an important step toward bringing affordable coverage within reach of all Florida families and rolling back unnecessary regulatory barriers that drive up health care costs."
CHIP provides health coverage to eligible children through Medicaid and its own programs. The health insurance plans are administered by individual states according to federal requirements.
Florida had two general categories for CHIP enrollees prior to the Obama administration for children whose families met the income criteria. The first group had rates were subsidized by the state and federal governments. The second option allowed families above the poverty level to "buy in" to the program, often described as "full pay" enrollees, which allowed the state to blend the risk pools of both categories and create a "single, much healthier risk pool," Rubio said.
But that changed in 2015, when plan administrators had to make changes because of new insurance regulations associated with the Affordable Care Act, which eliminated the blending of these two risk pools. These new rules also required plans cover more benefits, including emergency-room visits and preventive screenings and vaccines. They also prevented plans from limiting spending on essential health benefits for children.
Federal health officials said the new regulations improved coverage. But they came with a cost as premiums doubled from 2015 to 2016.
"It's a good measure that this option is written in statute," said Ann Swerlick, an attorney and analyst with the Florida Policy Institute in Tallahassee. "My understanding is that this was already going on in other states, but it's good to have that carved in statute in Florida to keep lower rates for buy-in families."
Rubio said there are "many working families that rely on Florida CHIP's Sunshine Health Stars Plus Plan."
"This is a vital program for families whose income level disqualifies them from Medicaid and traditional CHIP, but who still need affordable health insurance for their children," he said in a statement.
Florida Healthy Kids is a public-private organization which offers health insurance to children ages 5 to 18 whose families make too much money to qualify for Medicaid. As of January, the program covered 2.4 million children in the state. Healthy Kids estimates that there are 257,000 uninsured children in Florida, but 147,000 of those have access to free or low-cost coverage. The left over 100,000 children are who these new provisions to CHIP should be able to help, Rubio said.
But some of the federal requirements from 2015 could be troublesome with families with special needs children, like the removal all annual and lifetime dollar limits on essential health benefits, Swerlick said.
"Overall, this will provide another option for some families, and in some cases it could be more affordable for them," Swerlick said. "But it's hard to imagine that all 100,000 families will take this up. And it's worth noting that because of the changes in 2015, there could be the potential for more roll backs in these benefits. We just don't know."
Justine Griffin [email protected]
Health Reporter
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We asked the four Florida congressional representatives who are immigrants or the children of immigrants for their thoughts on the president's comments.
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"It was not racist," Scott said. "I don't read into people's intentions," Rubio said.
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The targeted roads are Interstate 10, Interstate 75 and Interstate 95.
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Private companies and donors covered about $316,000 in expenses on the trip for the governor and others.
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Care for our community in Sevenoaks which helps those in need awarded £1,000 from Town Council Resilience Fund
Sevenoaks Town Council has awarded a £1,000 Community Resilience Fund grant to the voluntary group Care for Our Community – Sevenoaks, formed to assist Sevenoaks residents in need during the Covid-19 crisis.
The funds will be used to purchase food to be distributed to families who are normally self-sufficient but now find themselves with little or no income as a result of the Covid-19 crisis. The grant was made from the £30,000 Community Resilience Fund created by the Town Council for those who are putting in place voluntary arrangements to help those in need.
Those wishing to apply for a grant from this Fund should complete the Sevenoaks Town Council Grant Application Form on its website www.sevenoakstown.gov.uk
Care in the communitySevenoaksSevenoaks Town Council
Bitter sweet news for Biggin Hill...
Sevenoaks District Councillors giv...
Sevenoaks Community Charity Pa...
Police release computer-genera...
Is this another Sevenoaks ghos...
Christmas dates in Riverhead for your diaries – and a chance to vote in the Community Awards Scheme
Weald Community Shop manager appeals for a new team to take store into the 2020's
Outdoor bowling season soon to get underway at Holmesdale – and you are welcome to visit and 'have a go'


The Tigers are going to have to catch the ball. They played 47 of their last 51 games against teams that finished below .500. It masked a couple of their flaws, one them being below average in regard to fielding. Game 1, as little has been played so far, was a bit alarming in that regard.
- Along the same lines, Doug Fister was magnificent for the Tigers following the trade from Seattle. But this is the Yankees in the postseason, not the Orioles or Indians playing for nothing in September. Is he really that good? We'll find out tonight.
- Yankees starter Ivan Nova throws hard, but is hardly unhittable. Like Fister, this is new to him. Key will be the Tigers getting to him shortly after play resumes.


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See our Worship & Services page for details of regular services, and to arrange baptisms, weddings or funerals in our churches.
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100 Years of Microglia
Microglia, discovered in 1919 by Pío del Río-Hortega, turned 100 years old in 2019. For a long time, microglial research has been hindered by the misconception that these cells solely functioned as macrophages involved in the neuroinflammatory response. However, over the last few decades, there have been a flourish of unexpected discoveries of microglial functions, from synaptic remodeling and establishment of brain connectivity, to modulation of neurogenic niches, myelination, and blood-brain barrier maintenance.
The symposium, 100 Years of Microglia, celebrated one century of microglial research through a series of plenary lectures on selected topics in brain physiology and pathology. The event was organized by Rosa C. Paolicelli from Université de Lausanne, Amanda Sierra from Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, and Helmut Kettenmann from Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine.
These recordings were made possible thanks to the support of the FENS Committee for Higher Education and Training (CHET).
Glia: A Historical Perspective
In this video, Helmut Kettenmann talks about the state of neuroscience research at the beginning of the 20th century, and describes the discovery of microglia by Pio del Rio-Hortega.
Pío del Río Hortega: Notes from His Grandnephew
In this video, Juan del Rio Hortega, the grandnephew of Pio del Rio Hortega, describes the historical context in which microglia were first discovered, through readings of the original correspondence between Pio del Rio Hortega and several scientists, including Ramon y Cajal.
Microglia in Development
In this video, Sonia Garel discusses the emerging roles of microglia in brain development, going through the major functions of microglia in the embryonic and early postnatal brain.
Physiology of Microglia
In this video, Amanda Sierra talks about the roles of microglia in brain physiology, including constant synapse monitoring and contribution to adult neurogenesis, to highlight the important functions of microglia in the healthy adult brain.
Psychiatric Disorders and Microglia
In this video, Susanne Wolf discusses how microglia contribute to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorder, such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia, highlighting the relevance of mouse models for studying these disorders.
Microglia in Neurodegeneration
In this video, Diego Gomez-Nicola talks about the crucial role of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the implication of microglial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
Models in Microglial Research
In this video, Francesca Peri describes the experimental models currently available to study microglia, with special attention to different animal models, ant to the recent advances in "in vitro" models, such as induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived microglia.
Tools to Study Microglia
In this video, Daniel Erny talks about novel tools and approaches to study microglial functions, describing pharmacological, genetic tools, and latest advances in transcriptomics, also highlighting the heterogeneity of microglia.
Helmut Kettenmann, PhD
Helmut Kettenmann is a professor at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine. He previously founded the "European Meeting on Glial Cells in Health and Disease" in 1994 and continues to organize these conferences. Kettenman's research focuses on understanding the physiological and pathological roles of glial cells. He studied biology at University of Heidelberg and carried out his thesis at the Institute of Neurobiology at the University of Heidelberg.
Juan del Río Hortega Bereciartu, MD
Juan del Río-Hortega Bereciartu is a professor of history of medicine at the University of Valladolid, Spain. Bereciartu has edited the publication of the correspondence of his grand-nephew Pio del Río Hortega. He is a medical doctor and is the vice-president of the Colegio Oficial de Medicos de Valladolid.
Sonia Garel,PhD
Sonia Garel is an assistant professor at the Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS) heading the Brain Development and Plasticity team. Garel earned her PhD in developmental biology at Pierre and Marie Curie University, France. She completed a post-doctoral stay at University of California, San Francisco.
Amanda Sierra, PhD
Amanda Sierra is a Ikerbasque Research Professor and group leader at the Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience. Sierra earned her BS in biology and her PhD in neurosciences at the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Her research focuses on the study of microglial cells at the interplay between phagocytosis and inflammation in the diseased brain.
Susanne Wolf, PhD
Susanne Wolf is a senior principal scientist at Charité University Hospital in Berlin, Germany. She earned her MSc and PhD in neuroimmunology from the Humboldt University of Berlin. Wolf's research focuses on the key players of the crosstalk between central nervous and immune system.
Diego Gomez-Nicola, PhD
Diego Gomez-Nicola is associate professor of biological sciences at the University of Southampton. Gomez-Nicola earned his MSc and PhD in molecular biology from the Autonoma University of Madrid, Spain. As a neuroscientist, Gomez-Nicola is interested in unveiling the roles of glial cells in the healthy and diseased brain as a way to understand the fascinating complexity of the brain.
Francesca Peri, PhD
Francesca Peri is a professor at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. Peri earned her PhD from the University of Cologne, and completed postdoctoral training at the Max-Plank Institute for Developmental Biology, Germany. Her lab investigates microglia and their interaction with neurons exploiting the massive imaging potential of the transparent fish embryo.
Daniel Erny, MD
Daniel Erny is a principal investigator at the University of Freiburg, Germany. Erny earned his MD at Albert-Ludwig University of Freiburg and is a resident at the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg. His research focuses on the gut-brain axis and how microbiota shape microglial phenotypes and epigenetics.


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text:
Julie Eckersley
ANATOMY is a documentary series comprised of three unusual and compelling stories.
Anatomy series 4
The Family Law
THE FAMILY LAW gives a vivid glimpse inside the gloriously dysfunctional world of a hilarious and heart-warming Chinese- Australian family through the eyes of 14-year-old Benjamin.
The Family Law series 1
After The Family Law's summer to remember, Jenny and Danny have amicably parted ways, and a wiser, more-mature Benjamin now understands that sometimes, parents just work better apart. Simple, right? Yeah ... no. In Season 2, Benjamin and the Laws are excited to explore fresh careers, fresh ambitions, even fresh romances. But as we all know, in the baking Queensland sun, nothing ever stays fresh for long …
In Series 3 of THE FAMILY LAW, the Laws confronts new realities about growing up – navigating the world of adult romance; defining what it means to become a man – with hilarity and horror in equal measure.
GLITCH is a supernatural series set in the small Victorian town of Rochester which erupts into mayhem when six previously deceased town members suddenly and inexplicably come back to life.
Glitch series 2
In Series 2 of GLITCH, James and the Risen begin to unravel the mystery of how and why they are back, but their journey of reconciliation and revenge is soon disrupted by a new and even more lethal threat.
Across six compelling episodes, we follow the Risen as they move beyond Yoorana and into the wider world. However, with the invisible boundary shattered, all the rules have now changed. They cannot escape their past or anticipate who is now pursuing them, and with an unpredictable threat looming, each will be confronted with a critical choice and a moment of truth.
Maximum Choppage
Simon Chan has returned to his hometown after many years training in a faraway martial arts temple. He is a born hero, defender of the weak and champion of the honest people of Cabramatta… Well, not really. The truth is Simon was at art school but he'd rather risk his life than disappoint his mother. Welcome to MAXIMUM CHOPPAGE, a painfully funny kung fu comedy where identity, family and love is a battlefield.
Oddlands
Des and Tam are members of a clean-up crew in a strange toxic wasteland. It's a lousy job, but it's the best they can get, and it may just get them what they want. When they stumble upon what may be the wasteland's last human survivor, these determined but lowly Level 7s will have to decide between saving humanity or saving themselves. ODDLANDS is a story about two unlikely heroes who manage to find a little hope in the strangest of places. The question is, what will they do when they find it?
ZuZu & the SuperNuffs
8 x 5mins
ZUZU AND THE SUPERNUFFS is a 2D animated children's comedy series for ages 6-10. It follows the adventures of five furry aliens called Nuffs after their intergalactic bathtub almost crash-lands on top of 13 year-old ZuZu Becky Jones. The series explores the idea of being a 'Nuff'… in a world where enough is never enough.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
An important feature of quantum mechanics is that it imposes fundamental limits on how accurately physical quantities can be measured.
On the other hand, by taking advantage of the features of quantum mechanics, one can perform measurements that are far more accurate than would otherwise be possible.
Many types of precision measurement use a form of interferometry.
One particular example is optical interferometry, which is used to measure distance via changes in phase.
In this case, if one uses $N$ independent photons, then the accuracy of the phase measurement scales as $1/\sqrt{N}$.
On the other hand, if one takes advantage of quantum mechanics by using $N$ photons in a special entangled state, then the accuracy can scale as $1/N$, yielding vastly higher accuracy for large $N$ \cite{caves,yurke,giov04}.

A commonly considered entangled state is the NOON state, where $N$ photons are in a superposition of being all in one arm of the interferometer or the other \cite{sanders,bollinger,lee}.
These states have the advantage that they provide accuracy scaling as $1/N$, with the drawback that the phase needs to be initially known to this accuracy; otherwise the measurement is ambiguous.
One way of interpreting the accuracy is that $m$ measurements with $m$ copies of this state will yield accuracy $1/(N\sqrt m)$.
An alternative approach is to combine measurements using NOON states with many different values of $N$.
The measurements with smaller values of $N$ are used to resolve the ambiguity in the measurements with larger values of $N$.
This is the approach used in Refs.~\cite{xiang11,higg09}.
Instead of considering NOON states, one can instead consider multiple passes through a phase shift~\cite{higg07}.

Another area of interferometry is that using transitions in atomic or solid-state systems.
This can be used for time standards or frequency measurement, or probing physical quantities that affect the frequency.
The particular application we consider here is the use of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) cent\re\ in diamond to probe the magnetic field at the nanoscale \cite{taylor08,maze08,bala08,degen08,stein10}.
Experiments in such systems have demonstrated sensitivity of $\sim 3$ nT with a spatial resolution of $\sim 5$ nm.
The \nv\ cent\re\ has excellent properties for magnetic sensing, because it can be individually addressed and maintains spin coherence for a significant period of time at room temperature.

A fundamental difficulty with these measurement techniques is that the measurement signal has periodic modulation.
The measurement time is either restricted to half an oscillation period, or the magnetic field range must be known accurately in advance.
This is essentially the same problem as occurs when performing phase measurements with NOON states, and it is therefore natural to apply the same measurement schemes as were developed for NOON states.
This is what was proposed in Ref.~\cite{said11}, and it was experimentally demonstrated in Refs.~\cite{wald12,nusran,haberle}.
For this system the interpretation is that the measurements provide a high dynamic range, rather than a quantum improvement as in the case of NOON states.

In optical interferometry, it has been found that adaptive measurements are typically the most accurate \cite{berry00,berry01,berry01b,higg07,xiang11,yone12,spang}.
That is, information from early parts of the measurement are used to adjust how the measurement is performed.
In fact, for measurements on a single mode, nonadaptive measurements are unable to achieve better than $1/\sqrt{N}$ scaling even for highly nonclassical states \cite{wiseman}.
In contrast, for measurements on multiple time modes, such as measurements on multiple NOON states, nonadaptive measurements can yield the same accuracy scaling as adaptive measurements \cite{higg09,berry09}.

An important difference between optical measurements and measurements with \nv\ cent\re s is that the \nv\ cent\re\ measurements have lower visibility.
There is both a reduced initial visibility, and the visibility decreases exponentially with interaction time due to decoherence.
In the experiment in Ref.~\cite{wald12} the initial visibility is only about 80\%, whereas visibilities in optical interferometry are often 98\% or better \cite{higg07}.
It turns out that when the visibility is this low, the adaptive measurement schemes that have been developed in previous work become very inaccurate \cite{said11}.
This is why nonadaptive measurements were used in Refs.~\cite{wald12,nusran}.
Even the nonadaptive measurements have somewhat poor performance for low visibility.
It should be possible for some adaptive method to provide improved performance, because adaptive measurements are more general than nonadaptive measurements.

The adaptive techniques that were considered for \nv\ cent\re\ magnetometry before were those based on the technique from Refs.~\cite{berry00,berry01}.
This technique only optimises the measurement locally, in the sense that it minimises the variance after the next detection.
An alternative technique is to use global optimisation to minimise the final variance at the end of the measurement.
Such an optimisation is far more challenging, but particle swarm optimisation techniques have been found to be effective for single-time-mode measurements \cite{hent10,hent11}.
An alternative technique for measurements with multiple NOON states of different sizes was proposed by Cappellaro \cite{cappe12}.
Here we combine particle swarm optimisation techniques with the method of Cappellaro to find adaptive measurements that provide improved performance for \nv\ cent\re\  magnetometry.

\section{Ramsey interferometry}
\label{sec:ram}
In this section we summarise Ramsey interferometry, and how it is used with \nv\ cent\re s.
The probe state is prepared in the superposition state $(\ket{0} + \ket{1})/\sqrt 2$.
Given that the energy level splitting is $\Delta E$, the state evolves over time $t$ to $(\ket{0} + e^{-it\Delta E/\hbar}\ket{1})/\sqrt 2$.
In the case we are interested in, the energy level splitting is due to the different spin states, and is proportional to the magnetic field.
Therefore the state is $(\ket{0} + e^{-2it\gamma B}\ket{1})/\sqrt 2$, where $\gamma$ is the gyromagnetic ratio.
For readout, the state is measured in the basis $(\ket{0} \pm \ket{1})/\sqrt 2$.
The probabilities of the measurement results are then
\begin{equation}
P(\pm|B) = \frac 12 \left[ 1\pm \cos(2t\gamma B)\right].
\end{equation}

The negatively charged \nv\ cent\re, denoted NV$^-$, has an energy level diagram as shown in Fig.~\ref{levels}.
There are two sets of energy levels, $^3$A and $^3$E, labelled by the irreducible representations of the symmetry group of the defect cent\re.
There are $3$ allowable electronic spin states for each, with $m_s=0$, and $\pm 1$.
The electronic spin states $m_s=\pm 1$ for $^3$A were used in Ref.~\cite{nusran}.
In the case of nitrogen-14, the energy level $m_s=0$ for $^3$A is further split into nuclear energy levels $m_I=0$, and $\pm 1$.
The nuclear spin states $m_I=0$ and $-1$ were used in Ref.~\cite{wald12}.
These were then mapped to electronic spin states for readout.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fig1.eps}
\put(-230,216){\large (a)}
\put(-130,216){\large (b)}
\put(-220,190){\Large $^3$E}
\put(-220,50){\Large $^3$A}
\put(-207,98){\large $m_s=\pm 1$}
\put(-202,28){\large $m_s=0$}
\put(-57,45){\large $m_I=0$}
\put(-57,22){\large $m_I=-1$}
\put(-57,-1){\large $m_I=+1$}
\caption{The energy level structure of an \nv\ cent\re.
(a) There are two sets of energy levels, $^3$A and $^3$E.
We consider the electronic spin state $m_s=0$ of $^3$A, which has the further hyperfine splitting into $m_I=0$ and $\pm 1$.
(b) The structure of the \nv\ cent\re, consisting of a substitutional nitrogen impurity N (blue circle) adjacent to a vacancy V (black circle), tetrahedrally arranged with respect to each other and to the nearby carbon atoms C (red circles).}
\label{levels}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In order to obtain the superposition state, Ref.~\cite{wald12} initialised the system in the $m_I=0$ state,
then used a $\pi/2$ pulse to obtain a superposition of $m_I=0$ and $-1$.
After allowing the system to accumulate a phase depending on the magnetic field, another $\pi/2$ pulse was used, then
the system was measured in the $m_I=0$ and $-1$ basis.
The advanced phase estimation algorithms developed in optics depend on using a controllable phase, that
is either controlled in a predetermined way (in the nonadaptive case), or based on the results of measurements (in the adaptive case).
In optics this controlled phase can be implemented by putting a phase modulator in one arm of an interferometer.
In the Ramsey interferometry experiment in Ref.~\cite{wald12} this controlled phase was implemented by changing the phase of the second $\pi/2$ pulse.
By changing the phase of the pulse, the system could be rotated around the $x$ or $y$ axis of the Bloch sphere.

In general, consider a rotation of the form
\begin{equation}
R(\theta)=\exp[i(\sigma_x \sin\theta + \sigma_y \cos\theta)\pi/4].
\end{equation}
Performing this rotation followed by a measurement yields the probabilities
\begin{equation}
P(\pm|B) = \frac 12 \left[ 1\pm \cos(2t\gamma B-\theta)\right].
\end{equation}
Hence this technique provides a controlled phase that is mathematically equivalent to that used in optics.

For the phase measurement technique of Refs.~\cite{said11,wald12,nusran}, the times used are multiples of a base time, $\tau$.
It is therefore convenient to define a phase
\begin{equation}
\phi := 2 \gamma B \tau .
\end{equation}
The phase shifts will be of the form $2^k\phi$.
No multiples of $\phi$ smaller than $1$ will be considered, so $\phi$ is measured in the range $(-\pi,\pi]$.
The corresponding range for measurement of $B$ is $(-B_{\rm max},B_{\rm max}]$, where
\begin{equation}
B_{\rm max} := \frac {\pi}{2\gamma\tau}.
\end{equation}

An important feature of Ramsey interferometry is the visibility of the interference.
It starts significantly less than $100\%$, then exponentially decays with time due to decoherence.
Taking this into account, the probability distribution for the measurement results is \cite{said11}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:probdist}
P(\pm | \phi ) = \frac{1}{2}[1 \pm f_d e^{-2^k \tau / T_2}\cos\left(2^k \phi - \theta \right) ],
\end{equation}
where $f_d$ is a factor representing the visibility of the measurement, and $T_2$ is the transverse spin coherence time.
The time $T_2$ indicates the decay rate of spin coherence in the system, and sets an effective limit on the maximum duration of measurements on the system.

If one were to just use all measurements with the same interaction time, $\tau$, then for a \emph{total} interaction time $T$ the phase variance would be no less than
$1/N$, where $N:=T/\tau$.
This corresponds to an uncertainty in $B$ lower bounded as
\begin{equation}
\Delta B \ge \frac 1{2\gamma\tau\sqrt{N}}.
\end{equation}
We can reduce the variance by increasing $\tau$, but that also reduces the range of the measurement.
The dynamic range (the ratio of the uncertainty to the maximum magnetic field that can be detected) is lower bounded as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lim1}
\frac{\Delta B}{B_{\rm max}} \ge \frac{\pi}{\sqrt{N}}.
\end{equation}

In contrast, when we use multiple interaction times, the phase variance is lower bounded as approximately $(\pi/N)^2$ (the exact lower bound is in Eq.~\eqref{eq:holbnd}).
The corresponding lower bound to the dynamic range is then
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lim2}
\frac{\Delta B}{B_{\rm max}} \gsim \frac 1N.
\end{equation}
That is, we potentially obtain a square improvement in the dynamic range by using measurement techniques with multiple interaction times.
This is analogous to the improvement from the standard quantum limit to the Heisenberg limit with NOON states.

\section{Measurement techniques and analysis}
\label{meth}

\subsection{Bayesian estimation}

In order to determine estimates of the phase (and thereby the magnetic field),
it is convenient to use Bayesian estimation to calculate the probability distribution for the system phase based on successive measurement results \cite{berry00,berry01}.
This enables one to calculate the exact phase variance for a given measurement scheme \cite{berry00,berry01}.
It is assumed that the magnetic field is initially unknown, other than being confined to the range $(-B_{\rm max},B_{\rm max}]$.
This means that there is no initial knowledge of the phase, so the prior distribution is
\begin{equation}
P(\phi | \vec u_0) = \frac{1}{2 \pi}.
\end{equation}
Here the notation that is used is that the successive measurement results are $u_1$, $u_2$, and so forth, and a vector of $n$ measurement results is $\vec u_n:=(u_1,\ldots,u_n)$.
The initial vector of zero length before any measurement results are taken is $\vec u_0$.

Each interferometric measurement provides additional information about the phase $\phi$, and therefore the magnetic field.
This information is quantified by using Bayes' rule to update the probability distribution as
\begin{equation}
P(\phi | \vec u_n) \propto P(u_n | \phi) P(\phi | \vec u_{n-1}),
\label{bayesequ}
\end{equation}
where $u_n$ is the outcome of the most recent measurement.
Note that the denominator of the Bayesian function has not been
explicitly given here as it is independent of the measurement outcome, and serves only as a normalising factor for the probability distribution.
The formula to use for $P(u_n | \phi)$ is given in Eq.~\eqref{eq:probdist}.

\subsection{The Fourier Series Representation}

As the Bayesian probability distribution is a product of sinusoids, it is convenient to use the Fourier series of the probability distribution function to represent it.
We write the general form of the probability distribution as
\begin{equation}
P(\phi) = \sum_{w=-\infty}^{\infty} b_w e^{i w \phi}.
\end{equation}
Note that, in practice, the sum need not be taken to infinity, because the probability distribution is a product of a limited number of sinusoids.

Combining the representation above with Eq.~\eqref{eq:probdist}, it is possible to derive the simple update rule for the coefficients of the Fourier series
\begin{equation}
b_{w}^{n} = \frac{1}{2}b_{w}^{n-1}+\frac{u_nV}{4}b_{w-2^k}^{n-1}e^{-i \theta}+\frac{u_nV}{4}b_{w+2^k}^{n-1}e^{i \theta},
\end{equation}
where $V:= f_d e^{-2^k \tau / T_2}$.
Note that this formula is only applicable when the system is restricted to integer multiples of the interaction time, which will be the case for the metrology methods considered within this paper.
Numeric simulations of the phase estimation process may be performed by tracking the coefficients of the probability distribution and updating them for each measurement using the formula given above.

To estimate the accuracy of the phase measurement, it is convenient to use the Holevo variance \cite{holevo}
\begin{equation}
V_H := \frac 1{|\langle e^{i(\hat\phi-\phi)}\rangle|^2} -1,
\end{equation}
where $\hat\phi$ is the estimate of the phase.
To account for biased estimates of the phase one can use $\langle \cos(\hat\phi-\phi)\rangle$ in place of $\langle e^{i(\hat\phi-\phi)}\rangle$.
The Holevo variance is close to the usual variance for narrowly peaked distributions.
For phase an advantage of the Holevo variance is that it is naturally modulo $2\pi$.
That is, a phase close to $-\pi$ is regarded as also close to $\pi$.
In the case where the phase is used for measuring the magnetic field, this is a little problematic, because an estimate near $-B_{\rm max}$ would be regarded as accurate if the actual magnetic field is near $B_{\rm max}$.

To avoid the problem of having a large error in the estimate of the field near $\pm B_{\rm max}$, one can consider an initial probability distribution for the magnetic field that is in the range $(-B'_{\rm max},B'_{\rm max}]$, where $B'_{\rm max}=B_{\rm max}-c\Delta B$.
Here $c$ is a constant chosen such that the probability of the error (in the magnetic field estimate) being larger than $c\Delta B$ is negligible.
Then the actual dynamic range would be $\Delta B/B'_{\rm max}$, but for large dynamic range this will be close to $\Delta B/B_{\rm max}$.
We do not consider that correction in this work, because we consider large dynamic range where it is negligible.

Another feature of the Holevo variance is that it means only one coefficient of the Fourier series for the probability distribution is important.
First, the optimal phase estimate to use is $\hat\phi=\arg(b_{-1})$ \cite{berry01}.
Second, the Holevo variance can be determined exactly by summing the value of $|b_{-1}|$ over all combinations of measurement results.
See Ref.~\cite{berry09} for explanation of how this is done.
It is therefore unnecessary to track all nonzero coefficients, and we can restrict ourselves to recording those that contribute to the final value of $b_{-1}$.
This considerably simplifies the calculation.
The calculation can be further simplified by noting that the probability distribution is real, so $b_{-w}=b_w^*$, and only half the coefficients need be stored.

The lower bound to the Holevo variance is \cite{berry00,luis}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:holbnd}
V_H \ge \tan^2\left[ \frac{\pi}{N+2} \right].
\end{equation}
This bound is slightly less than $(\pi/N)^2$, but it approaches $(\pi/N)^2$ in the limit of large $N$.
The lower bound $1/N$ given in Sec.~\ref{sec:ram} for measurements with all the same interaction time was also in terms of $V_H$.
In that case it is not a tight lower bound, and there does not appear to be a known analytic expression for the tight bound.

\subsection{Phase Measurement Protocols}

There are several different aspects of the phase estimation procedure that can be controlled with the aim of achieving the best possible estimate.
One can obtain improved performance with entangled states;
for example, the equivalent of optical NOON states would be $N$ entangled \nv\ cent\re s.
Entangled \nv\ cent\re s have been demonstrated \cite{dolde}, but are not yet at the stage where they can effectively be used for magnetometry.
For this reason we consider the improvement of the choice of interaction time and control phase $\theta$.

The procedure to perform the phase is to begin with the longest viable interaction time, and then systematically reduce it by a factor of $2$, performing multiple repetitions for each interaction time.
In the following we use the terminology ``detection'' for the individual measurements, to distinguish them from the overall measurement based on the combination of these individual detections.
The initial interaction time is $2^K\tau$, and the sequence of multipliers is $2^K, 2^{K-1},\ldots, 2^1, 2^0$.

The number of detections used for the longest interaction time is denoted $G$, and each time the interaction time is halved the number of detections is increased by $F$.
Therefore, for interaction time $2^k\tau$, the number of detections is
\begin{equation}
M_k = G+F(K-k).
\end{equation}
The total interaction time used is then \cite{said11}
\begin{equation}
T=\tau [G(2^{K+1}-1)+F(2^{K+1}-2-K)].
\end{equation}
This sequence is similar to that in Refs.~\cite{said11,wald12,nusran}, and to the optical technique in Ref.~\cite{higg07}.

Although it was found to be possible to take $F=0$ for adaptive measurements~\cite{higg07}, for nonadaptive measurements it is necessary to take $F>0$ \cite{higg09}.
Reference \cite{said11} found that the nonadaptive measurements gave better results than the adaptive technique of Ref.~\cite{higg07} for poor visibility.
Nevertheless, if the initial visibility was too low, the nonadaptive measurements were still quite poor.
The experiments in Refs.~\cite{wald12,nusran} addressed this by increasing the number of detections for each interaction time.
Reference~\cite{wald12} used $G=36$ and $F=8$, whereas Ref.~\cite{nusran} used $G=F=9$.

The key difference in our approach is how we adjust the control phase $\theta$ based on the measurement results.
In general, the strategy for choosing the control phase based on measurement results can be described by a binary decision tree, as in Fig.~\ref{ptree}.
The approach used in Ref.~\cite{hent10} was to choose the size of the step dependent on the detection result and the number of previous detections.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{poltree.eps}
\caption{An illustration of a basic symmetric protocol decision tree.
The horizontal axis indicates the phase offset from its initial setting.}
\label{ptree}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

An alternative approach is to update the controlled phase based on the estimate of the system phase.
This approach is essentially an adaptive homodyne measurement, similar to Refs.~\cite{wheat10,yone12}.
Here, after detections with interaction times down to $2^k\tau$, the phase information has only been obtained modulo $2\pi/2^k$.
This means that the only nonzero Fourier coefficients $c_w$ are those where $w \mod 2^k=0$.
This is advantageous for computation, because it means that only those coefficients need be recorded.
However, it means that one cannot use $c_{-1}$ for an estimate of the phase (unless $k=0$).
Instead one can use $c_{-2^k}$ for an estimate of the phase modulo $2\pi/2^k$; that is, it is an estimate of $2^k\phi$.
Taking $\theta$ to be an estimate of $2^k\phi$ plus $\pi/2$ yields the point where the probabilities in Eq.~\eqref{eq:probdist} are most sensitive to $\phi$.

Nevertheless, this adaptive homodyne approach performs very poorly with reduced visibility of the interference.
Recently, a variation was proposed by Cappellaro \cite{cappe12} for this type of phase estimation, in which the controlled phase is updated only after each change of interaction time.
That is, when the interaction time is changed from $2^{k}\tau$ to $2^{k-1}\tau$, the controlled phase is taken to be
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:capp}
\theta = \frac{1}{2}\arg \left(b_{-2^k}\right).
\end{equation}
An estimate of $2^k\phi$ is obtained as $\arg(b_{-2^k})$.
This is then divided by 2 to obtain an estimate of $2^{k-1}\phi$, as is needed because one has $2^{k-1}\phi-\theta$ in the argument of the cosine in Eq.~\eqref{eq:probdist}.

Note that there is ambiguity modulo $\pi$ in the estimate of $2^{k-1}\phi$, but this is unimportant because adding $\pi$ yields equivalent results.
Specifically, adding $\pi$ exchanges the probabilities for detection results $u=+1$ and $u=-1$.
Hence, if $\pi$ is added and the detection result is $u=-1$, the following calculations are the same as if $\pi$ were not added and the detection result was $u=+1$.
This means that the same variance must be obtained regardless of whether $\pi$ is added.

Note that the formula \eqref{eq:capp} does not have $\pi/2$ in it, so it does not give the point where the probabilities are most sensitive to $\phi$.
However, it turns out that when $\pi/2$ is not used, this is the phase that minimises the variance after the next detection (after the change in interaction time).
This can be verified using the formula in Ref.~\cite{berry01}.

\section{Optimisation Algorithms and Techniques}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{bmark.eps}
\caption{A performance comparison of different optimisation methods for an example simulation.
The methods shown are Matlab's inbuilt non-linear programming suite, a simulated annealing approach, and the particle swarm algorithm.
Each was given the same runtime for a phase estimation simulation task.}
\label{bmar}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

To find an improved adaptive protocol for this type of phase estimation system, we applied numerical optimisation to minimise the variance estimated by repeated simulations.
Several different optimisation algorithms were tested, included non-linear programming methods and simulated annealing, however we found that the procedure which gave the best result in a reasonable amount of time was particle swarm optimisation (PSO), which was also used in \cite{hent10, hent11}.

A comparison of some example results from the three different techniques are shown in Fig.~\ref{bmar}.
These calculations were for all the same interaction time $\tau$.
Because $N$ is the total interaction time divided by $\tau$, here it is the number of detections.
For this example $T_2$ was taken to be infinite for simplicity.
Approximately the same calculation times were allowed in each case.
Matlab's inbuilt optimisation routine produced the largest variances.
Simulated annealing produced somewhat improved results, and PSO produced the smallest variance.

The PSO algorithm uses a group of interacting `particles' to search the phase space of the problem. Each particle has a velocity which is updated with semi-random adjustments that are dependent on best values found by both the individual particle and by the entire group. The formula for the velocity update is
\begin{equation}
\vec v' = \chi [\vec v + c_g r_g (\vec x_g - \vec x) + c_l r_l (\vec x_l - \vec x)],
\end{equation}
where $\vec x$ is the particle position, $\vec v$ is the particle velocity, and $\vec v'$ is the updated velocity.
The variables $\vec x_g$ and $\vec x_l$ are the currently known global and local optimums, respectively,
$\chi$ is an overall damping factor to ensure convergence, $c_g$ and $c_l$ are set weightings for the current global and local optimums respectively, and $r_g$ and $r_l$ are random numbers that are chosen uniformly in the interval $[0,1)$ at each step.
We used $\chi=0.729$ and $c_g = c_l = 2.05$.
These are the weighting values recommended by Kennedy and Eberhart \cite{keneber}, the developers of the algorithm, and we found these to perform relatively well.

The space consisted of the phase increments after each detection.
That is, after each detection there was an increment in the controlled phase $\theta$ that depended on the number of the stage and the detection result, but not on prior results.
The position is the set of these phase increments.
The initial positions were chosen uniformly at random in the space.
The initial velocities were chosen uniformly at random, with the maximum velocity corresponding to half the size of the space per iteration.
The maximum velocity tended to act as a soft bound on the area covered, as the particles would usually stay within an area of dimensions that were roughly three times the maximum velocity.

We used fixed boundaries, since we were examining a domain equivalent to one full phase rotation.
The phase space had reflective boundaries to prevent a trapping effect near the edges.
The simulations used 10 particles;
we tested higher numbers of particles, but it did not improve the performance.
The maximum number of iterations was set at 300 to allow the particles to fully converge.

\section{Simulation and Optimisation of Measurement Protocols}
\label{results}

\begin{figure
    \centering
    \subfigure    {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig3a.eps}}    \\
    \subfigure    {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig3b.eps}}
    \caption{A comparison of variances for different methods versus $N$ (the ratio of the total interaction time to $\tau$).
Shown are lines for a nonadaptive decision-tree protocol, a phase update protocol based on Cappellaro's work, and a phase update protocol with a reduced number of detections ($G=2$, $F=1$).
The limit for a single pass time is shown as the dotted line, and the limit for multiple pass times is shown as a solid line.
Parts (a) and (b) are with initial visibilities of $f_d=95\%$ and $f_d=85\%$, respectively.
All protocols shown other than the reduced detections phase update protocol use $G=6$ and $F=2$.}
    \label{fig:non}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure
    \centering
    \subfigure  {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig4a.eps}}    \\
    \subfigure  {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig4b.eps}}
    \caption{A comparison of variances for different methods versus $N$ (the ratio of the total interaction time to $\tau$).
Shown are lines for a phase update protocol based on Cappellaro's work, an optimised decision-tree protocol and a hybrid protocol combining an optimised decision-tree with phase updates.
The limit for a single pass time is shown as the dotted line, and the limit for multiple pass times is shown as a solid line.
Parts (a) and (b) are with initial visibilities of $f_d=95\%$ and $f_d=85\%$, respectively.}
    \label{fig:opt}
\end{figure}

We ran simulations to compare the performance of several different protocols.
In each case, we used a sample size of at least $2^{16}$ ($65536$),
intended to be sufficiently large to ensure accurate results while still being tractable for the computation equipment we used.
In order to reduce the random variation just due to the sampling, we used the same set of random numbers each time.
At the end we used a different set of random numbers to obtain the final estimate of the variance.
This is to ensure that the small variance was not just an artefact of the particular random numbers used.

For our optimised adaptive stepping, the optimisation program allowed for asymmetric steps, meaning that the size and direction of a step after a detection outcome is independent of the step resulting from the alternative outcome.
This also means that we were required to optimise over twice as many variables.

A further consideration was the number of detections for each interaction time.
For most of the results, we used the values $G = 6$ and $F = 2$, which were found to be sufficiently large to give improved scaling at high visibility, while also being useful for comparison with results from other work, such as \cite{said11}.
Smaller detection numbers were found to perform poorly for all protocols.

The results are shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:non} and \ref{fig:opt}, with parts (a) and (b) corresponding to initial visibilities of $f_d=95\%$ and $f_d=85\%$, respectively.
In these figures we took $T_2=10^3 \tau$.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:non}, the results for nonadaptive measurements are shown, as was used in Ref.~\cite{said11}.
For initial visibility of $f_d=95\%$ the product $V_H N$ decreases with $N$, whereas for $f_d=85\%$ the product $V_H N$ slightly increases with $N$.
These results are similar to those in Ref.~\cite{said11} (see Fig.~3 of that work).

Note that $V_H$ is proportional to the square of the dynamic range; that is,
\begin{equation}
V_H = \pi^2 \left( \frac{\Delta B}{B_{\rm max}} \right)^2.
\end{equation}
This means that the limit to the dynamic range for equal measurement times \eqref{eq:lim1} corresponds to $V_H N$ being constant.
Similarly, the ultimate limit to the dynamic range in \eqref{eq:lim2} corresponds to $V_H N$ scaling as $1/N$.
These limits are shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:non} and \ref{fig:opt} for reference.
It can be seen that for the nonadaptive measurement the results are quite similar to what could be obtained for equal interaction times.

An improved result is obtained by only updating the controlled phase each time the interaction time is reduced, according to the Cappellaro approach discussed above.
This yields a result that beats the equal-interaction-time limit for visibility of both $95\%$ and $85\%$.
It has a scaling quite similar to the ultimate limit, though it is a significant distance above the line (about a factor of $10$).
The alternative values $G=2$, $F=1$, which yield fewer detections for each interaction time, also give much higher variances.

The phase variances obtained using the PSO method to choose the controlled phases are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:opt}.
This improves on the phase update based on Cappellaro's technique for visibility of $95\%$, but not for $85\%$ visibility.
To improve the performance, we tested a combined protocol using both optimised adaptive steps and a phase update based on the Bayesian distribution at each change in interaction time.
This method outperformed all others for both visibilities examined.

Although this optimised protocol shows scaling similar to the fundamental limit for moderate values of $N$, it has an upturn for the largest values of $N$.
This is similar to the result found in Ref.~\cite{said11}, and is again due to the fixed coherence time $T_2$.
The largest value of $N$ shown is $8164$, which corresponds to the longest interaction time being $512\tau$.
In comparison, the coherence time was $T_2=10^3\tau$, so the upturn occurs where the longest interaction time is comparable to $T_2$.
This is similar to the result in Ref.~\cite{said11}.
Hence, although our technique can provide improved performance for reduced \emph{initial} visibility, it is still limited by the coherence time, which is a fundamental limitation.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{conc}
Adaptive measurements usually give more accurate results than nonadaptive measurements, but previous adaptive techniques gave poor results for measurements with reduced visibility.
The nonadaptive measurements gave better results, but when the initial visibility is too small even nonadaptive measurements perform poorly.
A partially adaptive scheme was proposed by Cappellaro, which provided some improvement \cite{cappe12}.

Here we have used PSO to find a hybrid technique, that uses the adaptive step from Cappellaro, as well as optimising the other adaptive steps in the measurement.
This technique substantially improves on the technique of Cappellaro, as well as the nonadaptive technique and the earlier adaptive technique from Ref.~\cite{higg07}.
As a result, this hybrid technique should give a substantially improved result when applied to \nv\ cent\re\ magnetometry.

It is also possible to use PSO to search for an adaptive technique, without also using the Cappellaro update step.
In principle this should give the best result, but in practice it did not converge sufficiently well.
For initial visibility of $95\%$, it still gave an improvement over the Cappellaro technique, but it performed very poorly for $85\%$ visibility.

For these results we have not optimised over the number of detections for each interaction time.
There is the possibility that modifying the number of detections for each interaction time may yield a result that is further improved.
Further work remains to be done to determine the best numbers of detections to use, and the dependence of this number on the visibility.

\section{Acknowledgements}
\label{ack}
We would like to acknowledge helpful discussions with Jason Twamley and Alexandr Sergeevich. DWB is funded by an ARC Future Fellowship (FT100100761).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
MD Anderson announces licensing agreements with BostonGene and Tempus for its EGFR Classification
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center today announced licensing agreements with BostonGene Corporation and Tempus for the MD Anderson EGFR Classification, which groups EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on structural modifications and sensitivity to available therapies. Under the agreement, the companies will provide this classification information in their clinical reports for atypical EGFR mutations identified in patients with NSCLC.
We know of more than 70 different EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer, but patient responses to available therapies can vary widely based on location and type of mutation. Identifying the best treatment is not always intuitive in this context. Our model demonstrated utility in predicting sensitivity to targeted therapies based on a mutation's classification, and we hope this information will aid physicians in matching patients to the best treatment option."
John V. Heymach, M.D., Ph.D., Chair of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology
Heymach and his research team discovered that classifying EGFR mutations by structure and function provides an accurate system to match patients with NSCLC to appropriate targeted therapies. The findings, published in Nature, classify mutations into four subgroups based on their structural changes and sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors.
In a retrospective analysis, the MD Anderson EGFR Classification was more effective at predicting patient outcomes than traditional exon-based groupings. The subgroup classification also provides an opportunity to broaden the impact of available therapies, as a given treatment may provide benefit across a subgroup rather than be limited to an individual mutation.
With the increasing repertoire of novel targeted therapies now available, it is no longer sufficient to know that a patient has an EGFR mutation. We believe the MD Anderson EGFR Classification provides valuable information that will enable clinicians to provide the best care possible, and we are excited to be part of this empowerment."
James L. Chen, M.D., Senior Vice President of Cancer Informatics at Tempus
Based on the agreements, clinical reports will include subgroup classification for atypical EGFR mutations present in NSCLC tumors. The reports can be used by physicians as a foundation to make more informed treatment decisions.
"We are committed to advancing precision medicine and to improving patient outcomes. The MD Anderson EGFR Classification provides a useful tool to better utilize the complex EGFR mutational landscape in clinical decision-making," said Andrew Feinberg, president and chief executive officer at BostonGene. "We believe that integrating this feature into our comprehensive tumor and tumor microenvironment reporting will benefit physicians in fully understanding the significance of any specific EGFR mutation that may occur in their patients."
University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
Posted in: Medical Science News | Medical Condition News
Tags: Cancer, Cell, Exon, Lung Cancer, Medicine, Mutation, Neck, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Oncology, pH, Precision Medicine, Research, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Tumor
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