text:
WIB: Web Server In A Box, Pt.1 - November 2009
Publisher's Letter: High-speed broadband in Australia will be an expensive farce
Review: Quantumdata 780 HDMI Tester by Leo Simpson
Review: Milling Prototype PC Boards With The Roland EGX-350 by Mauro Grassi
Project: WIB: Web Server In A Box, Pt.1 by Mauro Grassi
Project: Twin-Engine Speed Match Indicator For Boats by John Clarke
Feature: PICAXE Update: The Latest Releases by Clive Seager
Project: High-Quality Stereo Digital-To-Analog Converter, Pt.3 by Nicholas Vinen
Project: GPS Synchronisation For Clocks With Sweep Hands by Geoff Graham
Project: A Dead-Simple Masthead Amplifier by Branko Justic & Ross Tester
Vintage Radio: The development of AC mains power supplies, Pt.2 by Rodney Champness
This is only a preview of the November 2009 issue of Silicon Chip.
Items relevant to "WIB: Web Server In A Box, Pt.1":
dsPIC33FJ128GP802-I/SP programmed for the Webserver in a Box (WIB) [0711109A.HEX] (Programmed Microcontroller, AUD $20.00)
Webserver in-a-Box (WIB) Programming Tables (PDF download) (Software, Free)
dsPIC33 firmware (HEX file) and website files for the Webserver in-a-Box project (Software, Free)
Webserver in-a-Box (WIB) PCB pattern (PDF download) [07111092] (AUD $3.00)
Webserver in-a-Box (WIB) front panel artwork (PDF download) (AUD $3.00)
WIB: Web Server In A Box, Pt.1 (November 2009)
WIB: Web Server In A Box, Pt.2 (December 2009)
Web Server In a Box, Pt.3 (January 2010)
Internet Time Display Module For The WIB (February 2010)
FAQs On The Web Server In A Box (WIB) (April 2010)
Items relevant to "Twin-Engine Speed Match Indicator For Boats":
Twin Engine SpeedMatch Indicator for Boats PCB pattern (PDF download) [04111091] (AUD $3.00)
SpeedMatch meter scale artwork (PDF download) (Panel Artwork, AUD $3.00)
Items relevant to "High-Quality Stereo Digital-To-Analog Converter, Pt.3":
ATmega48 programmed for the Stereo DAC [0110909A.HEX] (Programmed Microcontroller, AUD $15.00)
ATmega48 firmware and C source code for the Stereo DAC [0110909A.HEX] (Software, Free)
Stereo DAC Digital/Control board PCB pattern (PDF download) [01109091] (AUD $3.00)
Stereo DAC Analog board PCB pattern (PDF download) [01109092] (AUD $3.00)
Stereo DAC Switch board PCB pattern (PDF download) [01109093] (AUD $3.00)
High-Quality Stereo Digital-To-Analog Converter, Pt.1 (September 2009)
High-Quality Stereo Digital-To-Analog Converter, Pt.2 (October 2009)
High-Quality Stereo Digital-To-Analog Converter, Pt.3 (November 2009)
A Balanced Output Board for the Stereo DAC (January 2010)
Items relevant to "GPS Synchronisation For Clocks With Sweep Hands":
VK2828U7G5LF TTL GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO module with antenna and cable (Component, AUD $25.00)
GPS-Synchronised Clock PCB pattern (PDF download) [04203091] (AUD $3.00)
PIC16LF88-I/P programmed for the GPS Synchronised Clock for sweep hands [0420309B.HEX] (Programmed Microcontroller, AUD $10.00)
PIC18LF88 firmware and C source code for the GPS-Synchronised Clock with sweep hands [0420309B.HEX] (Software, Free)
A GPS-Synchronised Clock (March 2009)
GPS Synchronisation For Clocks With Sweep Hands (November 2009)
The development of AC mains power supplies, Pt.1 (October 2009)
The development of AC mains power supplies, Pt.2 (November 2009)
Monitor & log up to four analog inputs & control four digital outputs from a remote location using a web browser Web We're very excited about this project. It will let you house your own website with possibly hundreds or even thousands of pages, all in a little box connected to the internet via your modem/router. You don't need a computer to operate and house a website – this little box does it for you and it can be accessed from anywhere around the world, at any time, even from a mobile phone which has a web browser. In fact, it is a complete web server in a box – so we've called it WIB (Web server In a Box). E VERYONE KNOWS THAT web servers normally involve big, expensive, powerful computers with large memory, large hard disks and exotic software, don't they? Well, that is the normal approach but now it doesn't have to be. In fact, you don't 24 Silicon Chip even need a computer! WIB can do it all. Even better, it does not have a hard disk, uses practically no power and costs not much at all. WIB is just a small PC board (singlesided, no less) with a microcontroller, an SD/MMC card reader and not much else. In fact, it involves a total of just three ICs and a 3-terminal regulator. Why have a memory card? This is the "Eureka!" feature: SD/MMC cards are used in the majority of digital cameras and they can pack a huge amount of memory for very little cash; we've siliconchip.com.au Pt.1: By MAURO GRASSI WI B Server I n a Box seen them for as little as $8 for four gigs and going down all the time! So for not a lot more money WIB can use an SD/MMC memory card which can be 16 or even 32 gigabytes and that means it can store many thousands of pages of data, pictures or whatever and all of these can be accessed as a website via the internet. Want to change the content? Well you could upload new data remotely via the internet or you could simply whip out the SD card, plug it into your computer and away you go. Or you could have several such SD cards, all with different web formats, presentations or whatever. Maybe you would like to have a large picture library or whatever, accessible via the internet. Of course, siliconchip.com.au you could take the conventional web server approach, as outlined above. Or you could do it with our WIB. In fact, the applications are unlimited. Think of an application involving a website and WIB can probably do it. For example, do you have a small business, perhaps selling goods via the Internet? Maybe WIB could house your website. We're sure there a lots of applications that have just been waiting for this simple hardware solution. It only requires a modem or a modem/router to connect it to the internet. And while it and the modem will need to be hooked up permanently, its energy use rates as flea power compared to a desktop computer or even a laptop when permanently powered up. Furthermore, WIB can monitor the temperature or any other parameter (just connect a suitable sensor) and it can also be used to control four digital outputs and an RS232 serial port. Down to earth OK, we'll come clean. While we are very excited about this project, it didn't start out with such ambitious targets. The original intention was to produce a simple project which could monitor temperature or any other parameter in a home or remote location and display the resultant data on a website. At the same time it could control a few outputs – perhaps switch on a heater or air-conditioner or a few other prosaic functions. But then we had the idea of using November 2009 25 Fig.1: WIB's home page lets you configure the various functions, including the network, logging, email and FTP settings. It also allows you to read the analog inputs (it's showing a temperature reading of 27.45°C here) and toggle the digital outputs. You can also send data strings to the serial port. an SD/MMC memory card to store the data and website. And it just grew from there. Having thought of the memory card as the bulk memory for the project and realising just how cheap it was, the potential uses seemed to grow enormously. We are sure readers will come up with a host of different uses. Let's also be realistic. We need to describe how this WIB project works, how it connects to the internet and all the necessary know-how that this requires. There is a lot of jargon to be digested and understood but when we have finished describing WIB in considerable detail, we are sure that you will see the potential. WIB presents a great learning opportunity for anyone interested in creating a personal website – it will be great for schools, too. For example, it could possibly be teamed up with our popular Seismograph project (SILICON CHIP, September 2005) or a weather station. Students would be able to access it at any time via a mobile phone with a web browser. WIB is not the complete server solution – it lacks some features like server side scripting and encryption, for example, althought for most applications, this won't be a problem. Its main advantage is that it is considerably simpler, cheaper and easier 26 Silicon Chip to set-up than a more powerful web server. In fact, if you have already gone through the set-up procedure for connecting a broadband modem to your computer, this project should not be any more challenging. Remote monitoring In most basic applications, WIB lets you monitor up to four analog inputs and control up to four digital outputs, as well as an RS-232 serial port. WIB not only features an inbuilt web server but includes inbuilt FTP and an email (SMTP) client as well. We will explain these terms as we go through. The email client is used by the WIB to send emails to a nominated email address via an email server. Most ISPs (Internet Service Providers) provide an outgoing email server that the WIB can connect to, in order to send email. The FTP (file transfer protocol) serv er allows you to store and retrieve files from a remote location and also allows you to manage your website remotely. In addition, you can use it to back-up files off-site or transfer files (both text and images) to a remote location (eg, from the office to home). The memory card can actually be an MMC, SD or SDHC card (up to 32GB). The website can include dynamic content that's constantly updated with data from the four analog inputs and WIB can perform data logging of the inputs (as in a weather station) and save this information to a file. The logged data can then be accessed either via the inbuilt FTP (file transfer protocol) server or it can be automatically emailed to you at regular intervals. Just think – you will get emails from WIB – mind-boggling! The emails will be sent from the SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) client within the WIB. In practice, you can set the logging period (ie, how frequently the values are logged) and how many entries to keep in the log file. When this number is exceeded, the log file is automatically emailed to you and then cleared, ready for the next cycle. In this way, you could have daily reports of fluctuations in temperature or whatever emailed to your inbox. The WIB also allows a limit to be set on a variable being monitored and can notify you via email when the variable exceeds this limit. For example, you can set it to email you if the temperature rises above a preset level, so that you immediately know there is a problem. Digital outputs As stated earlier, you can also control four digital outputs and the serial RS-232 port using your browser (eg, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari, Google Chrome, etc). These outputs can then be used to control external devices, either directly or via an interface board. It's just a matter of toggling the digital outputs high or low by clicking on the "Toggle" buttons – see Fig.1. Network time Another feature of WIB is an SNTP (Simple Network Time Protocol) client, which allows the correct time to be gathered automatically from the Internet. This time is used for logging purposes and can also be displayed in a dynamic web page. A dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) client is also included. Domain Name refers to any website name (such as siliconchip.com.au). DNS enables the unit to keep track of its public IP (Internet Protocol) address and notify a DDNS (Dynamic Domain Name System) service if this address changes. By using this service, you can log into the web server using a domain name rather than its IP address (an IP address is siliconchip.com.au numerical and all devices connected to the internet, such as your modem, have an IP address). This is necessary as the public IP address can change if your modem is turned off for some time, so you might not always know what it is. • Highly customisable. Most settings including IP address, port numbers and Earlier design • HTTP (web) server with changeable file permissions, dynamic pages, modified This is not the first web server project to be published in SILICON CHIP. An earlier project, the PICAXE Net Server, was published in the October 2006 issue and was based on a common Realtek ethernet controller chip and a PIC microcontroller. It came as a pre-built module and stored its web pages in an onboard EEPROM chip. Because the data was stored in an EEPROM, the website was limited to 64 kilobytes. Even so, it did allow you to monitor several analog inputs remotely using dynamic web pages and had configurable I/O pins, including a PWM (pulse width modulation) output. By contrast, our new design can store much more complex web pages. Another advantage of the new design is that it implements simple file permissions through HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) authentication. This means that you can set a user name and password to access the whole website or just certain pages. You can also restrict access to certain files, based on the file extensions. The earlier design lacked a method of restricting access to its web pages and so its onboard website was completely open to the public. Finally, the WIB is highly configurable and can be set up to work with almost any ethernet network. Did we mention ethernet? This refers to the ethernet cable and connectors on the back of your modem. Ethernet is a standard which is used to transmit data over a local network (eg, in an office) or to the internet via a modem. We will also be providing the source code for a website so that you can easily modify the web server's settings if necessary, to suit your requirements. Circuit details Refer now to Fig.2 for the complete circuit details of the WIB. It's based on a dsPIC33FJ64GP802 microcontroller (IC1) and an ENC28J60 ethernet controller (IC2), both from Microchip. The ethernet controller (IC2) provides the ethernet link, including siliconchip.com.au Main Features servers can be arbitrarily set. • MMC/SD/SDHC memory card for storage of web pages and other files (FAT/ FAT32 file system). CGI commands and HTTP basic authentication. • SMTP (email) client for automatic email notifications with dynamic content. • FTP (file transfer protocol) server for uploading web site. • Dynamic DNS client (DDNS) to allow server to be contacted using a hostname. • Network time (SNTP) client to gather Internet time for logging, etc. • Four analog inputs. These can be: (a) monitored remotely using a web browser; (b) logged with periodic log files automatically emailed to a chosen email address; (c) assigned set limits, with automatic email notification when limits are exceeded. • Four digital outputs for controlling devices over the Internet. • 12 user defined file extensions, file permissions and file content for the HTTP server. • A serial port output that's controllable via the Internet. • System logging of special events. MAC (Media Access Control) and the 10BaseT PHY (this means it runs at 10Mbits/second). It has 8KB transmit and receive dual port RAM buffers, hardware assisted CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check – for error checking), automatic retransmit on collision (in case messages "collide") and programmable packet (blocks of data) filtering. Although Microchip makes microcontrollers with in-built ethernet controllers, these are only available as surface-mount devices (SMDs). We wanted to avoid SMDs as far as possible so we have specified an external controller (IC2) which comes in a conventional DIL package, as does the specified PIC microcontroller (IC1). The only SMD chip used in the whole project is the 8-pin MAC address chip (IC3) which comes in an SOIC package. And while IC2 does include Media Access Control (MAC), we still need IC3 for providing the unique MAC address; more on this below. In operation, the microcontroller (IC1) communicates with the ethernet controller via an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) bus. This SPI bus is also shared with the MAC address chip (IC3) and the memory card, which is accessed in SPI mode. SPI communication requires four lines and these are: CS-bar (chip select – active low), SO (serial data output), SI (serial data input) and SCK (serial clock). You can share the bus among multiple devices by having multiple CS-bar lines and ensuring that only one of these lines is active at any one time. In this case, we use three CS-bar lines: one for the ethernet controller (RB8 of IC1), one for the memory card (RB2 of IC1) and one for the MAC address chip (RB6 of IC1). These are all controlled by the SPI master (IC1). MAC address chip The 25AA02E48 MAC address chip is a 256-byte EEPROM with an SPI interface. It's main feature is that its last six bytes (bytes with addresses 0xFA to 0xFF) contain a unique, licensed MAC (Media Access Control) address. An ethernet device must have a unique MAC address in order to communicate in a network. By using this chip, we are ensuring that the MAC address for the web server is globally unique. These chips are intended for use in designs with small production runs and save on the cost of licensing a range of MAC addresses from the relevant authority (IEEE). Note that it is quite possible to overwrite the pre-programmed MAC November 2009 27 Reading & Writing Data To The Memory Card T O TRANSFER files from a PC to the memory card, you may need a low-cost SD/SDHC/MMC-card reader. The one shown at left is available from Jaycar for less than $10 (Cat No: XC4756), while the unit at right reads all sorts of memory cards and is also address (it is an EEPROM chip after all). However, the chip has a write protect feature that can be enabled on a 64-byte block basis and the last such block, which contains the MAC address, is protected by default. In any case, the current version of the firmware does not write to the EEPROM and only reads from it. Pin 3 (WP-bar) is the write protect pin and this prevents writing to the EEPROM when low. In our case, however, it has been tied high to allow it to be written to if there is a future firmware upgrade. Pin 7 (HLD-bar) is the hold pin and this pauses the SPI interface logic inside IC3 if it is low. This feature is used in SPI bus sharing situations but has been disabled here by tying pin 7 high. Instead, we rely on the firmware in IC1 to provide proper arbitration between the three SPI devices. Ethernet controller The ethernet controller chip (IC2) provides the physical and data link layer of the network. As already mentioned, it is a 10BaseT PHY (physical layer) running at 10Mbits/s and the data is transmitted on twisted-pair copper cables terminated in an RJ45 connector (the ethernet socket). PIC microcontroller IC1 writes to the ethernet controller's registers via the SPI bus which runs at 8MHz. Ethernet transmissions occur by Manchester encoding on the T+ (pin 17) and T- (pin 16) pins of IC2 via two 51Ω resistors. 28 Silicon Chip available from Jaycar (Cat. XC-4849). They are simply connected to a PC via a USB port. Suitable memory card readers are also available from Altronics. The resistor values are chosen to be close enough to match the characteristic impedance of the 10BaseT (ethernet) cable, which is 100Ω. Similarly, reception occurs on the R+ (pin 13) and R- (pin 12) pins of IC2. The ethernet controller (IC2) requires some passive components to complete the physical ethernet link (ie, to transmit and receive data), including two transformers. These transformers plus, four 75Ω resistors and a 1nF capacitor, are all part of RJ45 connector CON2 and provide electrical isolation from the network. In addition, the RJ45 connector contains two LEDs, one green and the other yellow. According to the datasheet for the ENC28J60 (IC2), a 2.32kΩ resistor from pin 14 (RBIAS) to ground is required to set the signal amplitude on the transmitting pair. This is made up using series 2kΩ and 330Ω resistors to give 2.33kΩ, which is near enough. IC2 also requires a 25MHz crystal to operate correctly and this, together with its two 33pF loading capacitors, is connected to pins 23 & 24. Outputs LEDA and LEDB of IC2 drive the two LEDs in the RJ45 connector. These outputs can be configured (using the registers in IC2) to light the connector LEDs under various conditions. In this case, we have chosen to drive the LEDs to conform to the usual convention, with the green LED indicating a valid ethernet link and the yellow LED indicating data activity. The remaining line to IC2 is the RSTbar line (pin 10). This is the reset line and is driven by the RB7 (pin 16) output of the microcontroller. It simply resets the internal logic of the ethernet controller (IC2) when required. Note that there are two other lines on IC2 which are unused: CKO and INT-bar. CKO (pin 3) is a clock out line and this delivers a square-wave whose frequency is related to IC2's system clock (in turn derived from the 25MHz crystal). This frequency can be configured via IC2's registers (it can be used to provide the clock for a microcontroller for example) but is not used here as IC1 has its own crystal (X1). This was done to allow the microcontroller to run at its highest rated clock frequency. The other unused line (pin 4) is the interrupt line. This can be used to interrupt the microcontroller under certain circumstances but again is not used here. Memory card As mentioned above, the memory card is accessed in SPI mode and this is done via the SD card socket (CON4). This allows microcontroller IC1 to read from and write to the memory card. MMC/SD/SDHC cards can be accessed either in native mode or in SPI mode. The advantage of the SPI mode is that any off-the-shelf microcontroller that has an SPI peripheral can be used, making the hardware layer easy to implement. The interface with SPI is also simpler but the penalty is slower transfer speeds. However, SPI speeds are quite adequate for serving web pages. Inputs & outputs Connector CON3 provides access to the analog inputs and the digital outputs. The four analog inputs are AN0-AN3 of IC1 (pins 2-5) and these inputs are all protected using 10kΩ current-limiting resistors. An AD22103 temperature sensor IC (IC4) is shown connected to AN0 on Fig.2 but other types of sensors with a linear 0-3.3V output (or less) can also be used on the analog inputs. The digital outputs are at RB12RB15 (pins 23-26) of IC1 and toggle between 0V and 3.3V. CON5 allows optional access to the serial (UART) port of IC1. Note that siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au November 2009 29 A SC 2009 CON5 13 Tx Rx Vr R1: 110Ω GND 33pF 4 x 10k Vdd (+3.3V) 110Ω R3:0Ω R2: 180Ω OUT ADJ +V IN REG1 LM317T 33pF X1 8MHz 10 µF 1 10 9 11 28 Vss RB6 8 19 AVss 27 Vss OSC2 OSC1 RB4 RB2 RB5 330Ω +3.3V 6 15 12 RA4 7 RB3 16 RB7 17 RB8 22 RB11 21 RB10 18 RB9 IC1 dsPIC33 FJ64GP 802 Vcap 2 AN0 3 AN1 4 AN2 5 AN3 14 13 MCLR Vdd AVdd RB12 24 RB13 25 RB14 26 RB15 23 20 470 µF 1k WIB: WEB SERVER IN A BOX TEMPERATURE SENSOR (OPTIONAL) 3 GND 1 CON3 33 µF K D1 1N4004 IC4 2 Vo AD22103 1 Vs CON1 +6-9V DC INPUT K K λ LED2 A 330Ω 10 µF 2.0k λ LED1 A 330Ω OSC1 SO 8 Vcc 1 CS SI Vss 4 23 24 26 27 HLD 3 A K 1N4004 WP 7 +3.3V Vss 2,11,18 21,22 Vcap IC3 25AA02 6 SCK E48 5 2 1 13 T+ 17 16 T– R– 12 CKO 4 INT 5 NC 10 R+ RST 9 IC2 CS 6 ENC28J60 SO 7 SI LEDB 8 SCK LEDA 14 Rbias OSC2 3 Vdd 15,19,20, 25,28 100nF 33pF X2 25MHz 7 9 51Ω 8 10 4 6 5 3 1 K λ RJL2 A K λ RJL1 A Vo Vs AD22103 K A (RJ45) 1nF 4x75Ω 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 LEDS ADJ OUT LM317T IN 6 3 1 5 2 7 4 OUT CON4 Vss2 Vss1 CS CK DI DO Vdd SD CARD SOCKET (AMPHENOL RJMG163218101NR) RECEIVE LED1: DISK ACCESS LED2: BLINKING = NORMAL OPERATION 100nF 51Ω 51Ω GND 33pF 2 x 330Ω 100nF 51Ω 2 CON2: RJmag CONNECTOR MODULE TRANSMIT Fig.2: the circuit is based on a PIC microcontroller (IC1), an ENC28J60 ethernet controller (IC2), a 25AA02E40 MAC address chip (IC3) and an external memory card. The PIC microcontroller interfaces to the memory card, reads the analog inputs and controls the digital outputs at RB12-RB15. It also drives the ethernet controller (IC2) which in turn interfaces to the external network via an RJ45 connector. IC4 is an optional temperature sensor (AD22103) and is connected to one of the analog inputs (AN0 in this case). Power comes from a 6-12V DC regulated plugpack supply. – + All The Jargon Explained DNS (Domain Name System): a system whereby domain names can be resolved to IP addresses. DDNS (Dynamic Domain Name System): a system whereby a fixed domain name can be associated with a dynamic IP address. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): a protocol that allows a DHCP server to assign an IP address to a DHCP client requesting it. The IP address is handed out on a limited time lease. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): a solid-state nonvolatile memory chip that can be written to and erased. Ethernet: a network standard for the physical and data link layer that determines how data is transmitted and received from a common medium. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): a protocol used to transfer files across a network. Gateway: a network node to which data traffic is directed. It relays this traffic in a way so as to reach its destination (using routing information). HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): a protocol commonly used to transfer web pages and content from a web server to a browser. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): a protocol used to send status and error messages across the Internet. It is typically used for Ping (Packet Internet Groper). IP (Internet Protocol): a protocol used for transmitting data packets across a network, primarily used in the Internet. IP Address: each device sending or receiving IP packets must have a unique IP address, typically written as four decimal numbers in the range 0-255 (8-bit) and separated by dots. An example IP address is 192.168.0.34. MAC (Media Access Control): a protocol that implements the data link layer on an ethernet network where nodes share a common medium. MAC Address: each device sending or receiving ethernet packets must have a unique MAC address. This is is a 6-byte address which is often written as six hexadecimal bytes joined by colons, for example: 00:04:A3:21:09:6C. Manchester encoding: a self-clocking method of encoding binary data that relies on edge transistions. Multi-tasking: the ability of a processor to run multiple tasks. NAT (Network Address Translation): a technique whereby a router can modify address and port information in packets to translate from one address space to another. Typically used in routers to share a single connection from your ISP among many devices in a home network. Port Forwarding: a technique used by routers to redirect traffic on a particular TCP or UDP port to a private IP address. Protocol: a set of rules to allow network devices to communicate with each other. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): a protocol used for sending email. SNTP (Simple Network Time Protocol): a protocol used to receive time information from a remote time server. The time is returned as a number that represents the number of seconds that have elapsed since the epoch time which is set at 00:00 1 January 1970. Static DHCP: a technique whereby a DHCP server can be made to assign a static IP address to a particular network device (by associating a static IP address with a MAC address). Subnet Mask: this is in the style of an IP address and is used as a bitwise AND mask to determine whether an IP address is in the same network subnet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): a protocol for transmission of data that is connection oriented. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): a family of protocols that allow network devices to communicate. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter): a circuit used for serial commun ication between devices. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): a protocol for transmission of data that is packet oriented. 30 Silicon Chip the levels are not true RS232 levels but simply 3.3V CMOS levels. LED indicators Outputs RA4 and RB3 from IC1 are used to drive indicator LEDs1 & 2. LED1 (green) lights when ever the memory card is accessed (ie, for both reads and writes), while LED2 (orange) is on during boot up until all initialis ations have been completed. Once the web server has initialised, LED2 blinks on and off to indicate normal operation. When LED2 is blinking, it shows that the cooperative multitasking main loop is executing, ie, no process is blocking operation or taking up inordinate processor time. At no time should the orange LED stop blinking during normal operation, otherwise data packets will be dropped. Clock signals Clock signals for the microcontroller are derived from an 8MHz crystal (X1). This is connected between pins 9 & 10 (OSC1 & OSC2), together with two 33pF capacitors which provide the correct loading. Note that IC1 runs at its maximum of 40MIPS (millions instructions per second) – an internal PLL (phase lock loop) stage is used to derive the system clock. Power for the CPU inside IC1 is derived from the main 3.3V rail using an internal 2.5V regulator. This requires a 10µF tantalum bypass capacitor on pin 20. Similarly, a 10µF bypass capacitor is fitted to pin 1 of the ethernet controller (IC2). Note that IC1's reset pin (MCLR-bar, pin 1) is pulled permanently high by a 1kΩ resistor and so is not used here. Instead, IC1 is reset by its internal power-on reset logic. Power supply Power for the circuit is derived from a 6-9V DC plugpack and this is applied via reverse polarity protection diode D1. The resulting DC rail is then filtered using a 33µF capacitor and fed to an LM317T adjustable 3-terminal regulator (REG1) to derive a +3.3V rail. This +3.3V rail then powers ICs1-3 and the memory card. REG1's output voltage is set by the divider network on its OUT & ADJ terminals according to the following formula: VOUT = 1.25V x (1 + (R2/R1)) By using a 110Ω resistor for R1 and a siliconchip.com.au 180Ω resistor for R2, we get an output voltage that's very close to 3.3V. In practice though, the 1.25V reference in the regulator can vary anywhere between 1.2V and 1.3V, due to manufacturing tolerances. For this reason, provision is made on the PC board for an additional resistor (R3) in series with R2 so that you can adjust the output voltage if necessary. In most cases, you won't need to do this and a wire link is used for R3 instead (more on this later). The supply rail at the output of diode D1 is also fed to a terminal on CON1, so that it can be used to power external devices if necessary. In addition, the +3.3V rail is fed to two other terminals on CON3, in one case via a 110Ω current-limiting resistor. The current-limited +3.3V rail (Vr) is used to power the AD22103 temperature sensor (IC4). The 110Ω current-limiting resistor is necessary because the temperature sensor is connected to the circuit via a stereo jack socket. In operation, it prevents the supply rail from being shorted to ground each time the stereo jack is plugged into its socket (the jack's tip touches the socket's ring as it is inserted). The 110Ω resistor protects against short circuits and doesn't interfere with the operation of the temperature sensor itself, as the latter's current draw is negligible. Ethernet Web Server Parts List 1 PC board, code 07111091, 123 x 74mm 2 28-pin 0.3-inch IC sockets 1 3-way pin socket, 2.54mm pitch 8 M3 x 6mm machine screws 4 M3 x 15mm tapped Nylon spacers 1 250mm-length of 0.7mm tinned copper for links 1 2.5mm PC-mount male DC power connector (Jaycar PS0520, Altronics P-0621A) 1 TO-220 mini heatsink (Jaycar HH-8502, Altronics H-0630) 1 8MHz crystal (X1) 1 25MHz crystal (X2) 1 plastic instrument case, 95 x 158 x 47mm (Jaycar HB-5922) 1 SD surface-mount memory card socket (Altronics P5722) 1 ethernet RJ45 Connector with Magnetics, Amphenol RJMG163218101NR (Farnell 135-7435) 3 3-way screw terminal blocks (5.04mm pitch) 2 2-way screw terminal blocks (5.04mm pitch) 1 6-9V DC 300mA plugpack (Jaycar MP-3145 or Altronics M-9208 plus M-9191 connector) 1 3.5mm stereo jack (optional) 1 3.5mm stereo socket, chassis mount (optional) Semiconductors 1 dsPIC33FJ64GP802-I/SP programmed with 0711109A.hex (IC1) 1 ENC28J60 ethernet controller (IC2) 1 25AA02E48 serial EEPROM with MAC address (IC3) 1 AD22103 temperature sensor (IC4) (optional) (Farnell 1438415) 1 1N4004 silicon diode (D1) 1 LM317T adjustable 3-terminal regulator (REG1) 1 3mm green LED (LED1) 1 3mm orange LED (LED2) Capacitors 1 470µF 16V electrolytic 1 33µF 16V electrolytic 2 10µF tantalum 3 100nF monolithic 4 33pF ceramic Resistors (0.25W, 1%) 4 10kΩ	1 180Ω 1 2kΩ	2 110Ω 1 1kΩ	4 51Ω 5 330Ω Firmware overview OK, so that's the hardware side of things and it's all fairly straightforward. Most of the features are implemented in the firmware, so let's now take a closer look at this. The firmware uses the freely available TCP/IP stack from Microchip. We've customised it and also implemented some missing features in the minimal stack. The stack is based on a cooperative multi-tasking model (ie, a lot of tasks run concurrently) and this has been retained. The main program is an infinite loop, with finite state machines used to keep track of stack processes that need attention. The other major addition is the memory card driver and the FAT/ FAT32 file system that resides on top of that. The WIB recognises the FAT/ FAT32 file system which means that you should be able to read the memory card using any Windows, Mac or Linux box (and a card reader). siliconchip.com.au The modules used in the TCP/IP stack include HTTP, FTP, ICMP, SNTP, SMTP, DNS and Dynamic DNS. Only the limited amount of program memory on the microcontroller prevented us from including further modules such as a DHCP client to automatically pick up an IP address. Because there's no DHCP client, the web server is assigned a static IP address and this is also necessary for port forwarding. However, a DHCP client working in conjunction with static DHCP could have been useful for incorporating the web server into an automatically configured network. In any case, the DHCP server in your router must be configured to reserve a static IP address for the WIB. We'll tell you how to do that next month. MMC/SD/SDHC memory cards Either an MMC, SD or SDHC memory card can be used in the web server. MMC (MultiMedia Card) and SD (Secure Digital) cards use FLASH memory technology and are available in capacities up to 2GB. SDHC cards are essentially high-capacity SD cards and are available in sizes ranging from 4GB to 32GB. All three types of card can be used in this project. Note that while all three types look alike, MMC cards have only seven metal contacts whereas SD cards have nine. MiniSD and MicroSD cards can also be used. These are essentially SD cards but are smaller. You will need an external adaptor in order to plug them into the SD card socket used in the web server. Construction Building the WIB is easy with all parts mounted on a single-sided PC board coded 07111091. This board measures 123 x 74mm and is housed inside a plastic utility case. The only slightly tricky bit is the surNovember 2009 31 Fig.3: install the parts on the PC board as shown on this layout diagram. Make sure all polarised parts are correctly oriented and leave IC1 & IC2 out until after the power supply has been checked – see text. CON2 CON1 RJMG1632 18101NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 33mF 180W 0W D1 7 REG1 LM317T 8 10 9 + 110W 330W 470mF + R19 GND 100nF 100nF Fig.4 (below): this diagram and the accompanying photos show how IC3 and the SD memory card socket are installed on the track side of the PC board. Note the orientation of the IC and don't forget to solder the two tabs of the memory card socket adjacent to the edge of the board. 2.0k + IC3 (UNDER) 10mF 10mF + IC3 IC1 dsPIC 33FJ64GP802 X1 10k 10k 33pF CON5 LED1 33pF NOTE: IF PC BOARD HAS NO SOLDER MASK LAYER, PLACE A 23 x 16mm PIECE OF INSULATING SHEET UNDER CON4 TO PREVENT ITS SHIELD PLATE SHORTING COPPER TRACKS. 10k 10118 7 10k CON4 LED2 330W ANALOG INPUTS Vss (GND) Vdd (3.3V) 100nF X2 IC2 ENC28J60 1k DIGITAL I/O +3.3V 51W 330W CON3 51W 51W 330W +DC IN 51W 330W 33pF 33pF 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 CON4 07111091 MMC/SD/SDHC ETH WEB SERVER CARD SOCKET MG 07/09 29011170CARD MMC/SD/SDHC REVRES BEW HTE SOCKET (UNDER) 90/70 GM UNDERSIDE VIEW SHOWING SMD COMPONENTS face-mount IC (IC3) which is mounted on the copper side of the PC board. However, this SOIC device has only eight pins and the pin spacing is around 1.27mm, so it's not difficult to hand solder. Figs.3 & 4 show the parts layout on the PC board. However, before beginning the assembly, it's a good idea to carefully inspect the board for etching defects (eg, shorted tracks and hairline cracks). Such faults are rare but checking now can save a lot a hassle later on. Check also that corner cutouts have been made at the CON1 & CON2 end of the board, so that it will later clear the mounting posts inside the case. If not, you will have to make the cutouts yourself using a fine-toothed hacksaw and a small, flat file. Having done that, the first job is to install the 11 wire links – see Fig.3. These can be cut from a length of 0.7mm tinned copper wire. If necessary, you can first straighten the link wire by clamping one end in a vise and 32 Silicon Chip then stretching it slightly by pulling on the other end using a pair of pliers. Once the links are in, the next step is to install the resistors. These can go in either way and some are mounted end-on to save board space. Table 1 shows the resistor colour codes but you should also check each one with a DMM before installing it. You can either use a zero-ohm resistor for R3 or you can install a wire link. Diode D1 and crystals X1 & X2 are next on the list. Note the orientation of D1 and don't get the two crystals mixed up. The 8MHz crystal is used for X1, while the 25MHz crystal is X2. Now for the LM317T regulator (REG1). This mounts horizontally on the board and is fitted with a mini heatsink for cooling. It's installed by first bending its leads down by 90° about 5mm from its body. It's then secured in place, along with its heatsink, using an M3 x 6mm machine screw, flat washer and nut and its leads soldered. Note: do not solder REG1's leads before bolting it down. If you do, the PC tracks could crack as the assembly is tightened down. The two 28-pin machine IC sockets can now be installed. Be sure to orientate these with their notched ends as shown on Fig.3. If you are unable to obtain 28-pin 0.3-inch sockets, you can use pin header strips instead. Alternatively you can cut 28-pin 0.6inch sockets in half or you can use two 14-pin sockets mounted end-to-end. Do not install the two ICs in their sockets yet. That step comes later. Follow these parts with the capacitors, starting with the 33pF ceramic and 100nF monolithic types. The two 10µF tantalum capacitors can then be installed, followed by the 33µF and 470µF electrolytics. Note that the tantalum and electrolytic capacitors are all polarised, so make sure they go in the right way around – see Fig.3. Connectors The DC socket (CON1), the RJ45 siliconchip.com.au make sure they are oriented correctly. A 25mm-high cardboard spacer can be used to set their height. Just slide this spacer between each LED's leads and push the LED down onto it before soldering it in place. Initial tests You will need a 6-9V DC 300mA (or greater) regulated plugpack fitted with a 2.5mm connector to power this project. Suitable plugpacks include the Jaycar MP-3145 and the Altronics M-9208. Note, however, that the latter requires swapping the supplied 2.1mm connector for a 2.5mm connector (Altronics M-9191). With the three ICs out of the circuit, apply power and use a DMM to measure the voltage between the OUT terminal of REG1 and GND. It should measure close to 3.3V and this same voltage should also appear at the Vdd (3.3V) terminal of CON3. If you don't get the correct reading, switch off immediately and check for wiring errors. In particular, check the resistor values on the OUT and ADJ terminals of REG1 if the reading is high or low. Alternatively, if you don't get any voltage at all, check the supply polarity and D1's orientation. This view shows the completed PC board. Note that there are a few differences between this prototype board and the final version shown in Fig.3, especially around CON1, CON2 and REG1. connector (CON2) and the 3-way pin socket (CON5) can now go in. Make sure that these parts are sitting flush against the PC board before soldering their pins. In addition, take care when soldering the RJ45 connector as some of its pins are quite close together and it's easy to get solder shorts. Don't forget to solder the two pins near the edge of the PC board, as these help secure the socket in position. The 13-way screw terminal block (CON3) is made up using three 3-way Trimming the 3.3V rail The accuracy of the +3.3V rail is important because some MMC/SD/ SDHC cards operate over quite a narrow voltage range. The firmware checks that the inserted card operates at 3.3V and so it is crucial that REG1's output be close to +3.3V. If the 3.3V rail is more than 3.4V or less than 3.2V, you will need to change one or both of the values for R2 and R3. For example, if the voltage is around +3.17V, you will need to install a 10Ω resistor for R3 and this should increase the rail so that it is close to +3.3V. Alternatively, if the output voltage is +3.41V, you should change the value blocks and two 2-way blocks. These should all be dovetailed together and mounted as a single unit, with the access holes facing the edge of the board. The board assembly (minus the three ICs and the SD card socket) can now be completed by soldering in the two LEDs. These should both be mounted at full lead length, with their bodies 25mm above the board so that they will later protrude through the lid of the case. Use the green LED for LED1 and the orange LED for LED2 and Table 1: Resistor Colour Codes o o o o o o o siliconchip.com.au No. 4 1 4 1 2 4 Value 10kΩ 1kΩ 330Ω 180Ω 110Ω 51Ω 4-Band Code (1%) brown black orange brown brown black red brown orange orange brown brown brown grey brown brown brown brown brown brown green brown black brown 5-Band Code (1%) brown black black red brown brown black black brown brown orange orange black black brown brown grey black black brown brown brown black black brown green brown black gold brown November 2009 33 69 (TOP OF CASE) A A 5 45 95 108 26 158 15.75 A A (BOTTOM OF CASE) 32 HOLES 'A' ARE 3mm DIAMETER 63.5 103.5 22.5 A A ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES 15.75 Fig.5: here are the drilling details for the top and bottom case sections. All the holes are drilled to 3mm diameter. of R2 to 160Ω and R3 to 10Ω (giving a total value for R2 + R3 = 170Ω), or you could use 150Ω for R2 and 22Ω for R3. Again, this should bring the voltage from REG1 pretty close to +3.3V. Once the supply voltage is correct, switch off and install IC1 & IC2 into 34 Silicon Chip their sockets. Make sure they are oriented correctly (see Fig.3) and don't get them mixed up. Installing the SMD parts The SMD parts (ie, IC3 and SD card socket CON4) mount on the copper side of the board as shown in Fig.4. You will need a fine-tipped soldering iron, some fine solder, some solder wick and (preferably) a magnifying lamp. Begin by carefully aligning the IC with it solder pads, making sure that siliconchip.com.au The PC board fits neatly inside a standard plastic utility case (note: the final board is longer than the version shown here). The memory card can be removed or installed by sliding the adjacent end panel out of its slot. it is oriented as shown (ie, pin 1 at upper right, as indicated by the dot in its body). If you like, you can hold it in position using self-closing tweezers. That done, lightly tack solder pin 1, then remove the tweezers and inspect the IC under a magnifying glass to make sure it is in the correct position. The remaining pins can then be soldered, starting with the diagonally opposite pin (pin 5). Don't forget to add a little more solder to pin 1 if necessary to complete the job. Do this job quickly, so as not to overheat and damage the tracks on the PC board. Once you have finished, inspect the job under a magnifying glass again. If any of the pins are shorted by solder (other than pins 7 & 8), then you can remove the excess solder using the solder wick. Memory card socket While you are on the copper side of the PC board, you can solder in the memory card socket as well. It is an SMD socket so you must place it over its pads and solder in one of the pins first to anchor it in position. Once that is done, check that it is correctly aligned before soldering the remaining pins. Note that there are two mounting siliconchip.com.au RJ45 CUTOUT 11 16 41 16 DC INPUT CUTOUT 14 12 10 18 17.5 (RIGHTHAND END PANEL) 88 Fig.6: here's how to make the cutouts in the righthand end panel for the RJ45 socket and the DC power socket. M3 x 6mm SCREWS PC BOARD M3 x 15mm NYLON SPACERS BOTTOM OF CASE M3 x 6mm SCREWS Fig.7: the PC board is mounted in the case on four M3 x 15mm tapped Nylon spacers and secured using M3 x 6mm screws. pads towards the front of the socket that also have to be soldered. Final assembly The prototype was housed in a plastic instrument case measuring 95 x 158 x 47mm (Jaycar HB-5922). This is marked out and drilled as shown in Figs.5 & 6. As shown, you need to drill two 3mm holes in the lid for the LEDs and four 3mm mounting holes in the base (Fig.5). In addition, you have November 2009 35 Installing The Temperature Sensor The optional AD22103 ratiometric temperature sensor (IC4) is installed by mounting it inside a 3.5mm stereo plug – see Fig.8. Its +Vs lead is connected to the ring terminal of the stereo plug, its Vo lead to the sleeve and its GND lead to the tip. This then plugs into a matching stereo jack socket mounted on the end of the case and this is wired back to CON3 on the PC board. As shown in Fig.8, the +Vs supply lead connects to the +Vr terminal (terminal 2) of CON3, the GND lead connects to terminal 7 of CON3, and the Vo (sensor voltage output) lead connects to one of the four analog inputs of CON3 (either terminal 9, 10, 11 or 12). The temperature sensor is mounted outside the case to ensure that it is unaffected by the heat generated by other The AD22103 temperature sensor is mounted inside a 3.5mm stereo jack – see Fig.8. to make two square cut-outs in one of the end panels for the DC socket and RJ45 connector (Fig.6). Each of these cut-outs can be made by drilling a series of small holes GND TO PIN 7 OR 13 OF CON3 +Vs TO PIN 2 OF CON3 Vo TO PIN 9, 10, 11 OR 12 OF CON3 HIS SERVER relies on a username and password for security. This username and password combination must be used to access the FTP server (to modify the file system) and to access private web pages through HTTP (ie, using a web browser). This is the main security mechanism to prevent unauthorised access from a remote location over the Internet. All settings should also be protected by the username/password combination and this is the approach taken in the sample website we are providing for download from the SILICON CHIP website. 36 Silicon Chip RING SLEEVE 3.5mm STEREO PLUG END OF CASE +Vs TO RING TEMP SENSOR PLUGS IN HERE AD22103 TEMP SENSOR (FLAT SIDE) GND TO TIP Vo CONNECTED TO SLEEVE PLUG COVER Fig.8: connect the AD22103 temperature sensor to the 3.5mm stereo plug as shown here. You can use a DMM to identify the tip and ring terminals. parts. This heat comes mainly from the LM317T voltage regulator but the ICs also contribute. Mounting the sensor outside the case ensures an accurate measurement of the room temperature. around the inside perimeter, then knocking out the centre piece and cleaning up the edges with a flat file. If you are installing the specified temperature sensor, then you will also need to drill a 6mm hole in the second end panel (see Fig.8 and photos). Deburr all holes using an oversize drill, then secure four M3 x 15mm Nylon spacers to the base using M3 x 6mm screws. The PC board can then be dropped into place along with the righthand end panel and secured using another four M3 x 6mm screws as shown in Fig.7. Installing the memory card You will need a suitable MMC, SD or SDHC memory card to use with the Security Disclaimer T 3.5mm STEREO JACK SOCKET TIP Note, however, that given the correct username and password combination, a user could log into the server and change all the settings by accessing the file system on the memory card through an FTP client. In addition, they could change the password and username combination to lock others out of the system. If that ever happens, the remedy is to write to the card using a PC and a memory card reader and define a new username/password pair. Of course, this assumes you have physical access to the memory card. This web server cannot be WIB. This should be formatted with a FAT/FAT32 file system before plugging it into the memory card socket (see photo). With the ICs installed and power applied, the orange LED should blink on and off approximately twice a second. That completes the construction of the WIB. However, before using the device, you need to copy the necessary files to the memory card and interface the server to your network. This will involve entering a few settings like the Gateway address, IP Address and Subnet mask, turning on port forwarding in your router and activating a dynamic DNS (DDNS) service. We'll explain how that's all done in SC Pt.2 in next month's issue. considered highly secure because it is prone to DoS (denial of service) attacks, as are most web servers. On a positive note, HTTP authentication occurs server side and therefore no transmission of a coded version of the username and password occurs (although it is possible to intercept the HTTP headers that contain the correct username and password – they are not encrypted but encoded using base64). There are also a limited number of commands, no server side script execution and the microcontroller uses a (modified) Harvard architecture, making the server somewhat more secure than most. siliconchip.com.au


text:
What Women Want: Recap and Recording
A conversation with Dr. C. Nicole Mason President & CEO, Institute for Women's Policy Research (IWPR) about key issues women have identified as post-pandemic priorities.
Dr. C. Nicole Mason
On Wednesday, June 16, Dr. Mason discussed post-pandemic policy priorities for women from her recent report, Building the Future: Bold Policies for a Gender Equitable Recovery.
Keisha Blake Harp
In a wide-ranging interview with Keisha Blake Harp of the Women's Business Enterprise Council Metro New York, Mason also shared her personal journey as the child of a single mother, her own challenges with juggling work and parenting during COVID-19 and her recently published memoir, Born Bright.
Will Ginsberg
Following the Interview, Community Foundation for Greater New Haven President and CEO Will Ginsberg shared The Community Fund for Women and Girls recent work with statewide partners to analyze and report on the impact of COVID-19 on women in Connecticut, and affirmed The Foundation's commitment to advancing both gender and racial equity.
Women were already struggling before the pandemic and most affected by the economic downturn due to caretaking demands or an inability to find work.
Black and Latina women have been disproportionately affected by job losses. In April 2020, at the height of the pandemic, the unemployment rate for Black and Latina women was 16.4 percent and 20.2 percent, respectively.
There is a disconnect between what women say they want and need in terms of childcare support and what is happening at the federal level.
The federal pandemic response focused on businesses while mothers left the workforce because schools and daycares closed.
The country needs transformative and sustained investments in childcare and living wages.
The Biden administration is taking these issues seriously with the American Families Plan.
This is a once in a generation opportunity to create a more equitable economy.
Keep applying the pressure to elected representatives. This will not be the last pandemic or economic downturn.
Not all action is federal. Involvement at local and state levels are critically important.
Involve more men in the fight for women's issues.
Give locally to an organization that lifts up and empowers women.
Give to or follow The Community Fund for Women and Girls.
Building the Future: Bold Policies for a Gender Equitable Recovery.
IWPR Women's Priorities and Economic Impact Survey
The American Families Plan
Essential Equity: Women, COVID-19 and Rebuilding CT
Learn more about Foundation Convenings.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Independent Schools Queensland's (ISQ) mission is to promote, support and develop independent schooling in Queensland. ISQ provides services and support which promote, strengthen and improve independent schooling.
ISQ provides member schools with services and support which promote, strengthen and improve independent schooling in the following areas:
Guidance on all aspects of the business management and administration of independent schools.
Advice, training and resources to assist independent schools to achieve effective governance and strategic management.
Support, services and resources to empower schools to deliver sustainable practices to lead and develop their teachers and school leaders.
Services and resources to improve the support services that your school provides to students.
Resources and support to improve parent and community engagement in independent schools for improved student outcomes.
Advice and resources for setting up a new school, or adding a campus to an existing school.
Independent Schools Queensland (ISQ) provides specialist services and advice to assist independent schools to confidently meet their regulatory and legislative requirements and to provide best practices in the school services they provide.
Effective governance within schools is vital to enabling missions and visions to be achieved within legal and regulatory frameworks. Independent Schools Queensland (ISQ) supports independent school boards and leadership teams to govern effectively.
Independent Schools Queensland (ISQ) is committed to supporting schools to strengthen student outcomes and enhance staff development.
Independent Schools Queensland provides information to complement the support services that schools provide for students. Access forms, information and resources about students with disability and wellbeing initiatives.
Independent Schools Queensland (ISQ), in partnership with the Queensland Independent Schools Parents Network (QIS Parents Network), is intent on elevating and enhancing parent and community engagement in independent schools for improved student outcomes.
Independent Schools Queensland provides vital advice and resources for setting up a new school, or adding a campus to an existing school.
Infographic - Independent schools at a glance
This infographic highlights the contributions made by independent schools, and parents of students attending independent schools.
View the infographic


text:
Post-War and Contemporary Evening Sale
Property from the Collection of Robert A. M. Stern
Donald Judd (1928-1994)
Untitled (DSS 42)
light cadmium red oil and black oil on wood with galvanized iron and aluminum
76 x 96 x 11¾ in. (193 x 243.8 x 29.8 cm.)
Executed in 1963.
Leo Castelli Gallery, New York
Acquired from the above by the present owner
D. Del Balso, B. Smith and R. Smith, Donald Judd: Catalogue Raisonné of Paintings, Objects and Wood-Blocks 1960-1974, Ottawa, 1975, pp. 57, 115, 294 and 296, no. DSS 42, cat. no. 15, figs. 20 and 22 (illustrated).
Donald Judd, Drawings: 1956-1976, exh. cat., Kunstmuseum Basel, 1976, n.p., fig. 145 and 152 (illustrated).
Donald Judd 1960-1991, exh. cat., Saitama, Museum of Modern Art, 1999, pp. 75, 84, 91, 95 and 196, fig. 16 (illustrated).
Donald Judd: Colorist, exh. cat, Sprengel Museum Hannover, 2000, pp. 14-15 (illustrated in color).
J. Meyer, Minimalism: Art and Polemics in the Sixties, New Haven and London, 2001, pp. 56 and 58 (illustrated).
Donald Judd. The Early Work: 1955-1968, exh. cat., Kunsthalle Bielefeld, 2002, pp. 110-111 (illustrated in color).
Donald Judd, exh. cat., London, Tate Modern, 2004, pp. 10-11 and 257 (illustrated).
New York, Green Gallery, Don Judd, December 1963-January 1964.
São Paulo and Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, National Collection of Fine Arts, VIII São Paulo Biennial, September 1965-March 1966, no. 29.
Minneapolis, Walker Art Center, Eight Sculptors: The Ambiguous Image, October-December 1966, no. 4.
New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Don Judd, February-April 1968, p. 17 (illustrated).
Ottowa, National Gallery of Canada, Donald Judd, May-July 1975, pp. 57, 115, 294 and 296, no. DSS 42, cat. no. 15, figs. 20 and 22 (illustrated).
New York, Whitney Museum of American Art and Dallas Museum of Art, Donald Judd, October 1988-April 1989, pp. 30, 37 and 158, no. 18 (illustrated in color)
New York, Paula Cooper Gallery, Donald Judd, February 1995, n.p., no. VI (illustrated in color).
Lot Essay
"Material, space and color are the main aspects of visual art," Judd proclaimed in 1993."Everyone knows that there is material that can be picked up and sold, but no-one sees space and color. Two of the main aspects of art are invisible; the basic nature of art in invisible" (D. Judd, "Some Aspects of Color in General and Red and Black in Particular," in N. Serota (ed.), Donald Judd, exh. cat., Tate Modern, London, 2004, p. 154). This declaration, the last formal statement the artist made before his premature death the following year, provides a fitting epitaph for Judd's artistic career, striving as he did to find a new, more rigorous, raison d'etre for artistic endeavor in the twentieth century. That journey began almost thirty years previously when, in the nascent age of Pop, Judd began exploring his ideas with a unique body of work that started testing his emerging hypothesis. Untitled (DSS 42) is a very early example of these ideas, one of only five variants on this theme that the artist produced during a short three year period. This important and groundbreaking piece would become the forerunner of many of his most iconic series including his Stacks and Progressions.
With its alluring combination of intense chromatic supremacy and industrial materials, Untitled (DSS 42) possesses an unrivalled sense of presence, commanding the space it occupies with a spellbinding combination of size, material and color. Executed in galvanized iron, aluminum and wood this work explores Judd's concerns that art should be a holistic experience and one that truly encompasses and celebrates all aspects of its creation. The composition is dominated by a large expanse of wood painted with the artist's iconic cadmium red, resulting in an area that resonates and reverberates with an intensity of color that is unrivalled in twentieth century art, except perhaps by the forces of color created by Mark Rothko on his large-scale canvases. Onto this, Judd places a series of precisely positioned wooden bands that cascade down to complete the space between the metal fringes. These bands become one of the earliest examples of Judd's use of space, and 'negative' space in particular, within the body of his sculpture-a device that would eventually manifest itself fully in his famous Stacks and Progressions. This magnificent passage of painted red woodwork is crowned by an elegantly curved galvanized iron cornice and skirt. The gradual arc of gray iron reaches out of the space defined by the traditional picture plane to break new ground (literally and metaphorically), occupying an area normally denied to it by wall mounted work. At the same time this arrangement welcomes the viewer into that space as its gradual cambers lead the eye towards the blistering heart of the work. In a move that would become a precursor of future direction of the artist, these curves were not produced by Judd himself, but were brought into the composition by the pre-fabricated nature of the material that he selected to be used in the work.
At eight feet across Untitled (DSS 42) is, along with Untitled (DSS 34) executed a year earlier, the largest of the five variants that Judd produced. Beginning in 1961 with Untitled (DSS 25) he began producing three-dimensional wall mounted reliefs and the first example was constructed from oil and sand painted plywood with a concave upper and lower edge made from galvanized iron. Speaking to John Coplans in 1971, Judd recalled how this unique form came about: "One of the first three-dimensional ones started off as a piece of canvas from failed painting that I tried to turn up, but I couldn't make the canvas turn up evenly. So after a while it occurred to me to change the material and use something that would curve naturally. I threw out the piece of canvas and replaced it with galvanized iron. The relief is galvanized iron and painted plywood. It's the first really three dimensional relief" (D. Judd, quoted by J. Coplans, Don Judd, exh. cat., Pasadena Art Museum, 1971, p. 21). The rest of the series vary in dimensions and only three, including the present work, have horizontal bands incised in them, to create the alternating shapes and fissures. One of these works, Untitled (DSS 40) was installed by the artist in his bedroom at 101 Spring Street in New York. Judd regarded these works as an important juncture in his career, as they were the first works that allowed him to fully explore the ideas that were beginning to formulate in his mind about what art could and should be concerned with.
In addition to the significance of this particular work within the artist's oeuvre, the distinguishing quality of this piece is Judd's use of intense color to express form. Like other master harnessers of color such as Mark Rothko and Yves Klein, Judd recognized the power of color to exert physical reactions in those who observed his work. Untitled (DSS 42) is one of the first examples to exploit this quality and clearly expresses Judd's belief in both the optical and expressive power of color. In 1916, the Spanish Expressionist painter Johannes Itten wrote about the physical properties of color in art, "Form is also color. Without color there is no form. Form and color are one." This statement resonates with Judd's own views, and in 1993, just a year before his death, he concluded that, 'It never occurred to me to make a three-dimensional work without color. I took Itten's premise, which I had not read, for granted. Color is like material. It is one way or another, but it obdurately exists. Its existence as it is the main fact and not what it might mean, which may be nothing. No immediate feeling can be attributed to color. Nothing can be identified. If it seems otherwise, usually the association is cultural; for example, the light blue and white, supposedly the colors of peace, of the cops and the United Nations. If there were an identifiable feeling to red or to red and black together they would not be useable to me. Color, like material, is what art is made from" (D. Judd, "Some Aspects of Color in General and Red and Black in Particular" 1993, in D. Elger (ed.), Donald Judd. Colorist, exh. cat., Ostfildern-Ruit 2000, pp. 110-114).
Untitled (DSS 42) is also one of the earliest examples in which Judd combines seemingly contrary materials to produce a holistic whole. An overriding interest for Judd was the way in which different materials could work in polarity or alliance. As Judd stated, "the greater the polarity of the elements in a work, the greater the work's comprehension of space, time and existence" (D. Judd, John Chamberlain: New Sculpture, exh. cat., Pace Gallery, New York, 1989, pp. ix-x). Composed of two seemingly antithetical materials--wood and galvanized iron--this work would at first seem to go against Judd's statement in 'Specific Objects' that his work be viewed as '[a] thing as a whole' rather than a conglomeration of parts. But this juxtaposition augments the strategies that would become apparent in Judd's Stack concept, of crating harmonies through material and sensory polarities. Through the interaction of the warmth and surface quality of the vibrant wooden curtain of cadmium red and the cool, dispassionate and industrial nature of the galvanized iron, Untitled (DSS 42) successfully portrays Judd's belief that contradictory elements can exist harmoniously and create an enticing visual experience.
Robert Stern, the renowned architect and Dean of the Yale School of Architecture, acquired the present work in 1968 and has long admired it, not only for its formal and aesthetic qualities but also for the revolutionary nature of Judd's practice, "From the minute I saw the work, I knew of its importance. Not because I could predict what would happen to the history of art, from 1968 on, but I knew what had happened before. I could see that this was a fundamental change. This was not Abstract Expressionism. This was not de Kooning, or Jackson Pollock, or a lot of artists, whom I respected, and still respect today, but this was something different. It was essentially its own thing, as Andy Warhol's play with soap boxes, or even the way he painted flowers. I mean, what was the most cliched subject in the history of art? Probably flower paintings. But when Andy did them flat and silk screened them, they were something else. So that's the same thing I felt about this piece, and I still get that feeling about it" (R. A. M. Stern, interviewed by Christie's, September 2013).
In his 1965 treatise Specific Objects, Judd railed against the constraints that he felt had been placed on Western art for almost a millennia. He felt that the limitations of the rectangular form placed flat against a wall and the need to try and replicate the illusion of space on the painted surface stifled the creative process and needed to be discarded. Works such as Untitled (DSS 42) were Judd's response to what he saw as a crisis in contemporary art and the need to create new forms that responded to the challenges of their time. With works such as this, Judd takes his place among the pantheon of twentieth century artists who fundamentally changed the course of history. Following in the tradition of Jackson Pollock, whose drip paintings finally broke the bond between painter and canvas, and Frank Stella's Black Paintings which discarded the need for spatial illusion, Judd makes the next, unassailable step of taking art into a new dimension--a dimension in which it could finally achieve the full potential of creativity. "Three dimensions are real space," he concluded. "That gets rid of the problem of illusionism and of literal space, space in and around marks and colors--which is the riddance of one of the salient and most objectionable relics of European art. The several limits of painting are no longer present. A work can be as powerful as it can be thought to be" (D. Judd, 'Specific Objects,' Donald Judd: Complete Writings 1959-1975, Halifax, 1975, p. 181).
More from Post-War and Contemporary Evening Sale


text:
City Markets Pension Plan Suffers $758k Overpayment
As of Monday, April 15, 2013
Discuss 1 comment, Blog about
Bishop Simeon Hall
By NEIL HARTNELL
Tribune Business Editor
nhartnell@tribunemedia.net
The City Markets staff pension plan overpaid some beneficiaries by a collective $757,668 between 2004-2010, although some $4.216 million was left available to pay benefits as at end-January 2012.
The details were contained in documents filed with the Supreme Court, which include an audit of the defunct supermarket chain's employee pension fund – the Bahamas Supermarkets Profit Sharing Retirement Trust – by accountant John Bain for the seven months ended January 31, 2012.
They were attached to affidavits filed by staff for James Thompson, the Freeport-based attorney acting for a number of former City Markets staff. The documents noted that the pension fund owned several liquid assets, including three Paradise Island Bridge Authority bonds, plus the equipment and leasehold improvements at the former Cable Beach store that it acquired in the controversial sale and leaseback deal.
Using Mr Bain's audit report, Malissa Saunders, a member of Mr Thompson's staff, alleged: "From the said report, the retirement plan owns three bonds valued at approximately $300,000, and from the said report the retirement plan owns refrigeration equipment, which I am informed is the subject of a sale at a consideration of $800,000.
"I am informed by the said James Thompson that the said bonds have been redeemed and are available for distribution among the pensioners, and that the proceeds from the sale of the said equipment may also be ready for distribution." Ms Saunders conceded, though, that this had not been confirmed.
These details provide a new twist to the ongoing controversy swirling around the City Markets employee pension fund. The saga reared its head again last week, after Whanslaw Turnquest, who has become a spokesperson for the former staff, accused the plan's trustees of trying to disenfranchise beneficiaries from the protection they currently enjoyed by seeking their consent to transfer the trust's assets to a new company, the Bahamas Supermarkets Retirement Plan Ltd.
But Tribune Business was told that Bishop Simeon Hall was acting as an independent overseer of this process, which was designed to give former City Markets staff a choice between whether pension payments were made via their attorneys or direct to them.
This newspaper has seen documents where attorneys are charging 20 per cent of the sums paid out to City Markets pension plan beneficiaries as fees for their services.
Bishop Hall confirmed his role to Tribune Business yesterday, disclosing that he had spend five-six hours per day last week at the office where the trustees for the City Markets pension plan have been issuing certificates to beneficiaries.
These certificates are akin to shares in the Bahamas Supermarket Retirement Plan Ltd, equal to the amount each employee has vested, and Bishop Hall said they should yield a cash payout when the fund's main asset – the former City Markets headquarters building on the East-West Highway – was sold.
Tribune Business understands that the Government, via the National Insurance Board (NIB), is again looking at purchasing the property for around $8 million – a sum that many believe is inflated.
Still, in contrast to Mr Turnquest, Bishop Hall praised the asset transfer and share certificate plan involving the new company. "It's obvious that some wrong has taken place with this myriad of problems," he said of the pension fund, but I am very impressed with this new Board of Trustees that are attempting to shed some light on a dark situation.
"I would encourage all former employees to make good on this situation. I think they [the trustees] will make good on those certificates once the building is sold. They have asked the Government to purchase that building, and if the Government did, they will take that cash and turn it over to the former employees."
Bishop Hall added that the former City Markets employees had "been through a lot", and said: "When capitalism goes awry, it is the poor that suffer.
"But the bottom line, whether they are for or against this, is the sale of the building. If the building is sold, the trustees can make good on their promises."
Tribune Business, meanwhile, understands that Mark Finlayson, principal of Trans-Island Traders, the Finlayson family-owned vehicle that owned a 78 per cent majority stake in City Markets, has resigned as a pension fund trustee.
That leaves Connie Rolle and Christine Turnquest as the remaining trustees.
Mr Bain's audit, meanwhile, showed that the City Markets pension fund held $8.51 million in total assets at end-January 2012, some $7.379 million of this sum being the former headquarters building.
With a revaluation surplus of $4.204 million, the accounts stated that net assets available for benefits totaled $4.217 million. For the period to end-January 2012, the pension plan suffered a $92,379 loss, following a $500,767 loss for its 2011 financial year.
No contributions were made to the City Markets staff pension plan by their employer during the years 2010-2012, and the accounts noted that the company owed it $2.078 million in unpaid rent on the head office and warehouse buildings as at end-January 2012. Given that the supermarket chain had closed, this sum was provided for, as there was an "unliklihood" that this sum would be paid.
proudloudandfnm 8 years, 9 months ago
Well it looks like Perry can keep a promise...


Some years ago it occurred to me that the polar ice caps help keep the Earth steady as it spins like a top while orbiting the sun.
One of the forces that keeps it from wobbling a lot is the presence of the two ice caps, which provide density and weight at the top and bottom of the planet.
If the polar ice caps begin to melt, I figured, the planet will start to wobble… maybe to the point of turning on its axis… like a top that falls down near the end of its spin.
Now science has found evidence that the process could be starting, thanks to global warming. The north and south poles have been drifting since 2006.
Read more about that here… and here….
Could be the start of the long-prophesied Earth Changes… but might take centuries to happen.
If the ice caps melt, changes in the earth's rotation will be very far down on our list of concerns.
This entry was posted in Science and Technology, Worldly matters and tagged earth changes, polar drift. Bookmark the permalink.
Your writings have been great! They are very thought inspiring and could help kickstart a discussion to solve our world's issues on a deeper, more systemic level – even perhaps convincing some of the more resistant forces in our world today.
Speaking of larger, more 'worldly' matters, I had a brief article I wanted to share with you that made me do some thinking. It talks about cosmic rays and the effects on both our consciousness and our natural state. It speaks of the penetration of cosmic rays into our DNA and the formation of new helixes. It's on a website that I use to do some of my exploring and research for spiritual matters: in5d.com .
Here's the article about Cosmic Rays – I would absolutely love to hear your thoughts!
I remember the Harmonic Convergence back in '87, when my first peace anthology was coming out (Solutions for a Troubled World). There was also a "Beyond War" movement around that time. A lot of people were looking for mystical forces that would sweep through world, cleansing humanity of its savage element… a cosmic cleansing.
Hard for me to see how it could happen, knowing what I know now about our noble-savage biochemistry… unless these cosmic rays could change all of these forces inside us in an effective, intelligent way.


Starting at the Pomona turnoff on the Bruce Hwy head straight through Pomona onto Kin Kin Rd. Head through Pinbarren and Kin Kin and turn right onto Cooloolah way just short of Coondoo. Cooloolah Way is about 30 kms of gravel road through pine plantations. KEEP AN EYE OUT FOR LOGGING VEHICLES. About 4kms on veer right onto Harry\'s Hut Rd and follow about 10kms to Harry\'s Hut. Camping facilities and day use areas are available. Camping permits must be obtained from Qld parks and wildlife.
A mix of black top and dirt roads. The last 15kms are all on dirt roads, and are an easy drive. Selecting 4 wheel drive not required in the dry, the day we ventured preceeded a few days of rain and the track was slippery... but still didn\'t need 4wd. Watch out for logging trucks and on coming vehicles as the roads are narrow, with little room.
Bring a canoe to maximise the opportunity to experience the impressive surrounding environs.