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The Alien Tort Statute (codified in 1948 as ; ATS), also called the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), is a section in the United States Code that gives federal courts jurisdiction over lawsuits filed by foreign nationals for torts committed in violation of international law. It was first introduced by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and is one of the oldest federal laws still in effect in the U.S.

The ATS was rarely cited for nearly two centuries after its enactment, and its exact purpose and scope remain debated. The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the Act's primary purpose as "[promoting] harmony in international relations by ensuring foreign plaintiffs a remedy for international-law violations in circumstances where the absence of such a remedy might provoke foreign nations to hold the United States accountable."

Since 1980, courts have generally interpreted the ATS to allow foreign nationals to seek remedies in U.S. courts for human rights violations committed outside the United States, provided there is a sufficient connection to the United States. Both case law and jurisprudence differ on what characterizes a sufficient U.S. connection, particularly with respect to corporate entities.

Text
The statute reads as follows:

History
The ATS was part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which was passed by the First U.S. Congress to establish the federal court system. There is little surviving legislative history regarding the Act, and its original meaning and purpose are uncertain. Scholars have surmised that it was intended to assure foreign governments that the U.S. would seek to prevent and remedy breaches of customary international law, especially breaches concerning diplomats and merchants.

The ATS may have been enacted in response to a number of international incidents caused by the unavailability of remedies for foreign citizens in the U.S. The peace treaty ending the American Revolutionary War provided for the satisfaction of debts to British creditors, but several states refused to enforce the payment of such debts, prompting threats of retaliation by Great Britain. In 1784, French diplomat François Barbé-Marbois was assaulted in Philadelphia, but no legal remedy was available to him, as any prosecution was left to the discretion of local authorities. The incident was notorious internationally and prompted Congress to draft a resolution asking states to allow suits in tort for the violation of the law of nations; few states enacted such a provision, and Congress subsequently included the ATS in the Judiciary Act of 1789.

However, until 1980 the ATS remained largely dormant, being invoked in only two reported court decisions.

Revitalization: Filartiga v. Pena-Irala

In 1980, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decided Filártiga v. Peña-Irala, which "paved the way for a new conceptualization of the ATS". In Filartiga, two Paraguayan citizens resident in the U.S., represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights, brought suit against a Paraguayan former police chief who was also living in the United States. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendant had tortured and murdered a member of their family, and they asserted that U.S. federal courts had jurisdiction over their suit under the ATS. The district court dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, holding that the "law of nations" does not regulate a state's treatment of its own citizens.

The Second Circuit reversed the decision of the district court. First, it held that the ATS, which allowed jurisdiction in the federal courts over a suit between two aliens, was a constitutional exercise of Congress's power, because "the law of nations...has always been part of the federal common law", and thus the statute fell within federal-question jurisdiction. Second, the court held that the contemporary law of nations had expanded to prohibit state-sanctioned torture. The court found that multilateral treaties and domestic prohibitions on torture evidenced a consistent state practice of proscribing official torture. The court similarly found that United Nations declarations, such as the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, manifested an expectation of adherence to the prohibition of official torture. The court therefore held that the right to be free from torture had become a principle of customary international law. However, one of the judges on the panel hearing the case later wrote that Filartiga "should not be misread or exaggerated to support sweeping assertions that all (or even most) international human rights norms found in the Universal Declaration or in international human rights treaties have ripened into customary international law enforceable in the domestic courts".

Since Filartiga, jurisdiction under the ATS has been upheld in dozens of cases.

First U.S. Supreme Court hearing: Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain

The first U.S. Supreme Court case to directly address the scope of the ATS was Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain in 2004. The plaintiff, Alvarez, brought a claim under ATS for arbitrary arrest and detention. He had been indicted in the United States for torturing and murdering a Drug Enforcement Administration officer. When the United States was unable to secure Alvarez's extradition, the United States paid Sosa, a Mexican national, to kidnap Alvarez and bring him into the U.S. Alvarez claimed that his "arrest" by Sosa was arbitrary because the warrant for his arrest only authorized his arrest within the U.S. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that Alvarez's abduction constituted arbitrary arrest in violation of international law.

The Supreme Court reversed and clarified that ATS did not create a cause of action, but instead merely "furnish[ed] jurisdiction for a relatively modest set of actions alleging violations of the law of nations." Such actions must "rest on a norm of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined with a specificity comparable to the features of the 18th-century paradigms we have recognized." Although the scope of ATS is not limited to violations of international law recognized in the 18th century, with respect to recognizing contemporary international norms, the Court's opinion stated that "the judicial power should be exercised on the understanding that the door is still ajar subject to vigilant doorkeeping."

In Alvarez's case, "a single illegal detention of less than a day, followed by the transfer of custody to lawful authorities and a prompt arraignment, violates no norm of customary international law so well defined as to support the creation of a federal remedy."

Ongoing controversy
Exercising legal jurisdiction in the United States over matters that occurred abroad is a controversial practice and some have suggested that Congress eliminate it. Others believe that a multilateral solution, including through either the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or the UN, would be more appropriate.

Scope of the statute

"Violation of the Law of Nations"
The Supreme Court held in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain that the ATS provides a cause of action for violations of international norms that are as "specific, universal, and obligatory" as were the norms prohibiting violations of safe conducts, infringements of the rights of ambassadors, and piracy in the 18th century. Courts have found torture; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment; genocide; war crimes; crimes against humanity; summary execution; prolonged arbitrary detention; and forced disappearance to be actionable under the ATS.

Since Sosa, courts have struggled to define the level of specificity required for a norm to be actionable under the ATS.  For example, subsequent to Sosa, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit overturned prior lower-court decisions that had found cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment actionable, noting that Sosa repudiated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as a source of law under the ATS.  Similarly, courts have held that economic, social, and cultural rights are too indeterminate to satisfy Sosa'''s specificity requirement.  For example, in Flores v. Southern Peru Copper Corp., the Second Circuit stated that the rights to life and to health are too indeterminate to constitute a cause of action under the ATS.

The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, however, has held that the limits of a norm need not be defined with particularity to be actionable; rather, the norm need only be so defined that the particular acts upon which a claim is based certainly fall within the bounds of the norm.  In Doe v. Qi, the court stated, "The fact that there may be doubt at the marginsa fact that inheres in any definitiondoes not negate the essence and application of that definition in clear cases." The court also described how to determine whether specific actions fall within the proscriptions of an international norm, holding that the actions alleged should be compared with actions that international adjudicatory bodies have found to be proscribed by the norm in question.  It therefore examined decisions by institutions such as the Human Rights Committee, the European Court of Human Rights, and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights to determine that pushing, hitting, and choking a plaintiff during one day of incarceration did not constitute cruel, unusual, or degrading treatment, whereas forcing a hand into a plaintiff's vagina did constitute cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.

Corporate liability under the statute
In 2011, there was a circuit split regarding whether corporations, as opposed to natural people, could be held liable under the ATS. In 2010 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. that "customary international law has steadfastly rejected the notion of corporate liability for international crimes"  and thus that "insofar as plaintiffs bring claims under the ATS against corporations, plaintiffs fail to allege violations of the law of nations, and plaintiffs' claims fall outside the limited jurisdiction provided by the ATS". However, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals all ruled that corporate liability is possible under the statute.

The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiori on October 17, 2011 to answer the question of corporate liability. After arguments on February 28, 2012, the Court ordered the case to be reargued the following term on the separate question of extraterritoriality. On April 17, 2013, in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., the Court issued a decision affirming the Second Circuit's decision, but on different grounds, holding that the ATS did not create jurisdiction for a claim regarding conduct occurring outside the territory of the United States, leaving the question of corporate liability unresolved.

In Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC, the Supreme Court again revisited the question of corporate liability and ruled that foreign corporations may not be sued under the ATS. However, the only parts of the opinion that commanded a majority of the court expressly limited its holding to suits against  corporations. The concurring opinions by Justices Alito and Gorsuch focused on foreign relations concerns with foreign corporations. Justice Alito expressly limited his concurrence to foreign corporations: "Because this case involves a foreign corporation, we have no need to reach the question whether an alien may sue a United States corporation under the ATS." Because the majority opinion was limited to foreign corporations, it is possible that Jesner does not settle the question of corporate liability for U.S. corporations.

In the most recent decision concerning the ATS, the Supreme Court ruled in Nestlé USA, Inc. v. DoeProminent cases under the statute

Doe v. Unocal

In September 1996, four Burmese villagers filed suit against Unocal and its parent company, the Union Oil Company of California; in October 1996, another fourteen villagers also brought suit. The suits alleged various human rights violations, including forced labor, wrongful death, false imprisonment, assault, intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligence, all relating to the construction of the Yadana gas pipeline project in Myanmar, formerly Burma.

In 2000, the district court dismissed the case on the grounds that Unocal could not be held liable unless Unocal wanted the military to commit abuses, and that plaintiffs had not made this showing. Plaintiffs appealed and ultimately, shortly prior to when the case was to be argued before the Ninth Circuit en banc court in December 2004, the parties announced that they had reached a tentative settlement. Once the settlement was finalized in March 2005, the appeal was withdrawn and the district court opinion from 2000 was also vacated.

According to a joint statement released by the parties, while the specific terms were confidential, "the settlement will compensate plaintiffs and provide funds enabling plaintiffs and their representatives to develop programs to improve living conditions, health care and education and protect the rights of people from the pipeline region. These initiatives will provide substantial assistance to people who may have suffered hardships in the region."

 Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC

On April 3, 2017, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC, which asks the question: "Whether the Alien Tort Statute... categorically forecloses corporate liability." The case arose when plaintiffs and their families were injured by terrorist attacks in the Middle East over a ten-year period. American nationals brought their claim under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 18 U. S. C. §2333(a), and foreign nationals brought their claim under the ATS. The plaintiffs alleged that Arab Bank helped finance terrorism by allowing Hamas and other terrorist groups to use bank accounts for terrorists and to pay the families of suicide bombers.

The District Court, following the Second Circuit decision in Kiobel that corporations are immune from liability under the ATS, dismissed the ATS suit. The Second Circuit, also adhering to Kiobel, affirmed.

On April 24, 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that foreign corporations may not be sued under the Alien Tort Statute. Justice Kennedy wrote for a splintered majority. In the majority opinion, the Court expressed its concern for foreign relations problems if the Court were to extend liability to foreign corporations. "For 13 years, this litigation has 'caused significant diplomatic tensions' with Jordan, a critical ally in one of the world's most sensitive regions . . . These are the very foreign-relations tensions the First Congress sought to avoid." Justices Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch concurred.

Justice Sotomayor wrote a 34-page dissent, arguing the decision "absolves corporations from responsibility under the ATS for conscience-shocking behavior." Immunizing corporations from liability "allows these entities to take advantage of the significant benefits of the corporate form and enjoy fundamental rights ... without having to shoulder attendant fundamental responsibilities."

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum

The plaintiffs in Kiobel were citizens of Nigeria who claimed that Dutch, British, and Nigerian oil-exploration corporations aided and abetted the Nigerian government during the 1990s in committing violations of customary international law. The plaintiffs claimed that Royal Dutch Shell compelled its Nigerian subsidiary, in cooperation with the Nigerian government, to brutally crush peaceful resistance to aggressive oil development in the Ogoni Niger River Delta. Plaintiffs sought damages under the ATS. The defendants moved to dismiss based on a two-pronged argument. First, they argued that customary international law itself provides the rules by which to decide whether conduct violates the law of nations where non-state actors are alleged to have committed the wrong in question. Second, they contended that no norm has ever existed between nations that imposes liability upon corporate actors. On September 29, 2006, the district court dismissed the plaintiffs' claims for aiding and abetting property destruction; forced exile; extrajudicial killing; and violation of the rights to life, liberty, security, and association. It reasoned that customary international law did not define those violations with sufficient particularity. The court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss with respect to the remaining claims of aiding and abetting arbitrary arrest and detention; crimes against humanity; and torture or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. The district court then certified its entire order for interlocutory appeal to the Second Circuit based on the serious nature of the questions at issue.

In a 2–1 decision issued on September 17, 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that corporations cannot be held liable for violations of customary international law, finding that: (1) under both U.S. Supreme Court and Second Circuit precedents over the previous 30 years that address ATS suits alleging violations of customary international law, the scope of liability is determined by customary international law itself; (2) under Supreme Court precedent, the ATS requires courts to apply norms of international law—and not domestic law—to the scope of defendants' liabilities. Such norms must be "specific, universal and obligatory"; and (3) under international law, "corporate liability is not a discernible—much less a universally recognized—norm of customary international law", that the court could apply to the ATS, and that the plaintiffs' ATS claims should indeed be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

Kiobel petitioned the Supreme Court for review of the Second Circuit's decision, and this was granted on October 17, 2011. Oral arguments were held on February 28, 2012,  The arguments received considerable attention in the legal community. Unexpectedly, the Court announced on March 5, 2012 that it would hold additional arguments on the case during the October 2012 term, and directed the parties to file new briefs on the question "Whether and under what circumstances the Alien Tort Statute ... allows courts to recognize a cause of action for violations of the law of nations occurring within the territory of a sovereign other than the United States." The case was re-argued on October 1, 2012; on April 17, 2013 the Court held that there is a presumption that the ATS does not apply outside the United States.

Sarei v. Rio Tinto
In 2000, residents of the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea brought suit against multinational mining company Rio Tinto. The lawsuit is based on a 1988 revolt against Rio Tinto, and the plaintiffs allege that the Papua New Guinea government, using Rio Tinto helicopters and vehicles, killed about 15,000 people in an effort to put down the revolt. On October 25, 2011, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, issued a divided opinion holding that certain claims against a foreign corporation implicating the conduct of a foreign government on foreign soil could proceed under the ATS. The company filed a petitioned the Supreme Court for review of the decision; on April 22, 2013, the Supreme Court remanded the case back to the Ninth Circuit for further consideration in the light of its decision in Kiobel.

Kpadeh v. Emmanuel
Charles McArthur Emmanuel (also known as "Chuckie Taylor" or "Taylor Jr."), the son of former Liberian president Charles Taylor, was the commander of the infamously violent Anti-Terrorist Unit (ATU), commonly known in Liberia as the "Demon Forces". In 2006, U.S. officials arrested Taylor Jr. upon entering the U.S. (via the Miami International Airport) and the Department of Justice later charged him based on torture he committed in Liberia. He was convicted of multiple counts of torture and conspiracy to torture and was sentenced to 97 years in prison. The World Organization for Human Rights USA and the Florida International University College of Law filed a civil suit in the Southern District of Florida on behalf of five of Taylor Jr.'s victims pursuant to the Alien Tort Statute and the Torture Victim Protection Act. The plaintiffs won by default judgment as to liability on all counts, and in February 2010, following trial on damages at which Taylor appeared, the court found Taylor liable to the plaintiffs for damages of over $22 million.Rufus Kpadeh et al. v. Charles McArthur Emmanuel, No. 09-20050-civ (S.D. Fla. Feb. 5, 2010).

Presbyterian Church of Sudan v. Talisman Energy, Inc.
On October 2, 2009, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in Presbyterian Church of Sudan v. Talisman Energy, Inc., held that "the mens rea standard for aiding and abetting liability in Alien Tort Statute actions is purpose rather than knowledge alone." In this case—which involves allegations against a Canadian oil company concerning its purported assistance to the government in Sudan in the forced movement of civilians residing near oil facilities—the court concluded that "plaintiffs have not established Talisman's purposeful complicity in human rights abuses."  In reaching that conclusion, the Second Circuit stated that "the standard for imposing accessorial liability under the Alien Tort Statute must be drawn from international law; and that under international law a claimant must show that the defendant provided substantial assistance with the purpose of facilitating the alleged offenses."

Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Company

On August 11, 2009, the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit issued a decision in Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Company.  In this case, plaintiffs alleged that Coca-Cola bottlers in Colombia collaborated with Colombian paramilitary forces in "the systematic intimidation, kidnapping, detention, torture, and murder of Colombian trade unionists."  However, the district court dismissed the complaint and the Eleventh Circuit upheld that ruling.  In doing so, the Eleventh Circuit relied upon the Supreme Court's recent Ashcroft v. Iqbal decision in addressing the adequacy of the complaint, which must have "facial plausibility" to survive dismissal, and noted that Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure demands "more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation."  The Eleventh Circuit then applied the Iqbal standard to plaintiffs' allegations against Coca-Cola and held that they were insufficient to survive dismissal.

Bowoto v. Chevron Corp.

Nigerian villagers brought claims against Chevron Corp. regarding events that occurred on a Chevron offshore drilling platform in 1998, when Nigerian soldiers suppressed a protest against Chevron's environmental and business practices. The protesters, with the help of nonprofit organizations including the Center for Constitutional Rights, the Public Interest Lawyers Group, and EarthRights International, brought claims for wrongful death, torture, assault, battery, and negligence against Chevron, alleging that the company had paid the soldiers that landed on the platform and were therefore liable for the actions that they took. In December 2008, a jury found that Chevron was not liable.

Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo!

In 2007, the World Organization for Human Rights USA filed a lawsuit against Yahoo! on behalf of Chinese dissidents Wang Xiaoning and Shi Tao (Guao Quingsheng), claiming jurisdiction under the ATS. According to the complaint, Wang and Shi Tao used Yahoo! accounts to share pro-democracy material, and a Chinese subsidiary of Yahoo! gave the Chinese government identifying information that allowed authorities to identify and arrest them. The Complaint alleges that the plaintiffs were subjected to "torture, cruel, inhuman, or other degrading treatment or punishment, arbitrary arrest and prolonged detention, and forced labor."

Yahoo! settled the case in November 2007 for an undisclosed amount of money, and it agreed to cover the plaintiff's legal costs as a part of the settlement. In a statement released after the settlement was made public, Yahoo! said that it would "provide 'financial, humanitarian and legal support to these families' and create a separate 'humanitarian relief fund' for other dissidents and their families."

 Nestlé USA, Inc. v. Doe

The most recent case concerning the ATS was John Doe I, et al. v. Nestle, which was heard by the Supreme Court on December 1, 2020 and decided June 17, 2021. Consolidated with Cargill, Inc. v. Doe, the case alleges that Nestle and Cargill aided and abetted forced child labour in the Ivory Coast in connection with the harvesting of cocoa. The applicability of the ATS was interpreted by each circuit individually, with the Ninth and Fourth Circuits in support of investigating Nestle's liability, while the Second Circuit maintained that the Statute did not apply to corporate liability. In an 8–1 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. federal judiciary lacked jurisdiction over the case due to neither corporate defendant having sufficient connections to the U.S. beyond "mere corporate presence".

The Nestle/Cargill ruling was assessed by international legal jurists as narrowing the scope of the ATS while failing to clarify whether or how corporate defendants may be liable thereunder. While the Court rejected "general corporate activity", such as the making of operational decisions, as insufficient U.S.-based conduct to establish jurisdiction under the Statute, it did not specify what activities or ties would meet the requirements. However, the Court rejected the defendants' argument to narrow the applicability of the ATS to abuses that take place on U.S. soil, and also disagreed with the Trump Administration's amicus curiae brief asserting that there should be no aiding and abetting cause of action under the Statute.

See also
 Aut dedere aut judicare

Notes

References

External links
 Corporate Liability Claims Not Actionable Under Alien Tort Statute in the Suffolk Transnational Law Review Debate over Founders' original intent with the Alien Tort Claims Act in the Harvard Law Record''
 Alien Tort Statute Today (last updated Feb. 2011)
 Alien Tort Statute Cases Resulting in Plaintiff Victories
 Alien Tort Statute: From Corporate Personhood to Corporate Humanity (TedX Hampshire College)

United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes
1789 in American law
United States federal judiciary legislation


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Q: Secure communication from React Landing Page with Rails Backend? I'm building a Landing Page in React where a visitor submits some data (including name and phone) and this data is sent over HTTP to a Rails 4.2 Backend.
Now, in order for the Landing Page to be able to POST data to the backend, there needs to be some sort of authentication, as only a registered staff member should have access to the data. The Rails backend currently uses regular Devise user/password login to the backend.
I thought about making a dummy account and hardcode an authorization token on the POST header from the landing page, but this is obviously a big security flaw as anyone can see the hardcoded token when they submit the form.
How can I secure the Landing Page to send / receive data to the backend server in a user-agnostic way (since visitors don't make accounts, they just fill a form with their details)?

A: I am not rails user. But as for your API, like almost all the RESTful API backend, I would assume that rails has the concept of public/private API. I would make the API for getting data from the user public, so that people can send their information without authentication and the other API routes private.
In java spring framework, I can allow an API route to accessible by everyone, like login and generic(no private info) API routes and every other API routes are private which requires Authentication(like an auth-token).

A: When, you do the login flow and the user has entered the password and hit send, Once your backend authenticates the details, you would have to create an signed authorization token using maybe JWT** ( Json web token ) and send this authorization token to the front-end.
Then, Whenever the front-end makes a call to the backend, it has to attach this token in the header before making the API call. And the back-end should de-code the token to find out which user is requesting it and if the ttl* is within the limits as the issuing token.
If both the cases pass, the back-end should send the requested data or it should send a HTTP CODE - 403/Forbidden, which should then be handled in the front-end to logout the user and open up the login page again.
*(Time to live calculated based on the hours this token is valid from the time of issuing/login)
** JWTs are basically base-64 encoded data ( and signed with a unique key by your backend ) of the user's data. A decoded JWT token of a user would most likely look like this :
{
    userIs : "0000-aa12-bb43-cd18",
    userName : "Some name",
    ttl : "Time to live of this token"
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Humans have artificially enhanced the productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems on a global scale by increasing nutrient loading. While the consequences of eutrophication are well known (e.g., harmful algal blooms and toxic cyanobacteria), most studies tend to examine short-term responses relative to the time scales of heritable adaptive change. Thus, the potential role of adaptation by organisms in stabilizing the response of ecological systems to such perturbations is largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that adaptation by a generalist consumer (Daphnia pulicaria) to toxic prey (cyanobacteria) mediates the response of plankton communities to nutrient enrichment. Overall, the strength of Daphnia's top–down effect on primary producer biomass increased with productivity. However, these effects were contingent on prey traits (e.g., rare vs. common toxic cyanobacteria) and consumer genotype (i.e., tolerant vs sensitive to toxic cyanobacteria). Tolerant Daphnia strongly suppressed toxic cyanobacteria in nutrient-rich ponds, but sensitive Daphnia did not. In contrast, both tolerant and sensitive Daphnia genotypes had comparable effects on producer biomass when toxic cyanobacteria were absent. Our results demonstrate that organismal adaptation is critical for understanding and predicting ecosystem-level consequences of anthropogenic environmental perturbations.
The online version of this article ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04401-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
We thank Randall Goodman, Mark Peterman, and the staff of the Auburn University E.W. Shell Fisheries Research Center for logistical support. Steve Cason provided assistance in the lab. Dennis DeVries, Sharon Hermann, Rusty Wright, Volker Rudolf, Bri Reed, Andy Turner, Alan Tessier, Doug Levey, Sam Scheiner, Jon Chase, Jason Hoverman, and Mike Vanni provided helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by an EPA STAR Graduate Fellowship, NSF Grants DEB-0841864, DEB-0841944, and DBI-0965272, and the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
MFC, OS, and AEW conceived and designed the experiments. MFC, LMJ, VRA, and AEW performed the experiments. MFC, OS, AA, and AEW analyzed the data. MFC, OS, AA, and AEW wrote the manuscript; other authors provided editorial advice.


It was about 12:30 p.m. yesterday when I left a Montgomery restaurant only to discover that someone had parked WAAAY to close to the driver's side of my car. I mean, like they were about 12-15 inches away.
Of course, being a male I thought I might still be able to wiggle my way through the small opening and get in my car. And perhaps I once could have–but that was lots of pounds and lots of years ago when my waist was much smaller and my limbs much more limber. Still I gave it a shot. It was futile. Talk about a camel through the eye of a needle.
So I tried the passenger side where I had plenty of room for the door to open. Maybe I could crank the car, ease it into reverse from the passenger's seat and slowly back out. Only one problem. In order to shift from park to reverse, I had to mash the brake pedal. That was impossible so I retreated to weight my options.
What ensued was several minutes of straining, wondering if I could ever get one leg over the console and on the opposite side. Alas, I made it. I was in the driver's seat, I could reach the brake pedal, I could crank the car and put it into reverse. All I needed to do was sit there for several minutes trying to catch my breath.
As I recovered, I thought that what I had just done would've made a helluva "funniest home videos." Either that, or the alternative to waterboarding.


Dunmow were unable to follow up their opening day Two Counties Championship Division Two victory as they fell to defeat against a strong Clacton side on a much better day for cricket.
Choosing to bowl first, Dunmow made an early breakthrough when Sheikh chipped meekly to mid-off for one off the bowling of Josh Rix.
The next chance was spurned as, before scoring, Ryan Chamberlain was dropped in the gully, he went on to make 32, while at the other end Clacton skipper Scott Facey made a rapid 46 before becoming Rix's second victim.
The Clacton upper order continued to score briskly, with Brad Turner making 52 and Gary Kirk 47.
All this meant that after 35 overs, Clacton were 188-5 and looking at a very sizeable total.
But the Dunmow bowlers, particularly James Reyburn (2-24) and Rix (6-54) impressed and ensured Dunmow claimed maximum bowling points.
A good start was needed to give Dunmow a chance of chasing this total and did not come, with Joe Gallant, James Reyburn and Ali mustering just four between them; with the subsequent dismissal of Luke Swanston for 16, Dunmow were looking at being embarrassed at 20-4.
Skipper Paul Reid (23) and Mark Rosewell (41) steadied the ship, Ieuan Bush (20), Rix (24 not out) and Matt Gibson (13) all made useful contributions to get Dunmow to 150-3 and batting points.
The pick of the Clacton bowlers was Athukoralage who ended with 3-38 from 13 overs.
This Saturday Dunmow 1st XI travel to Ipswich, while the 2nd XI host Kelvedon & Feering 3rd XI.


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Sinking Spring man killed family, self,…
Sinking Spring man killed family, self, investigators say
Reading Eagle: Tim Leedy
The house in Sinking Spring where the Short family was found dead Aug. 6.
By ReadingEagle |
PUBLISHED: August 15, 2016 at 7:00 a.m. | UPDATED: August 19, 2021 at 5:07 a.m.
On July 18, as his marriage disintegrated, Mark Short bought a .38-caliber revolver and ammunition from a Lancaster County gun dealer.
Investigators said Monday that the five-shot revolver was the weapon they found next to Short's body three weeks later after he killed his family, their dog and himself in their Sinking Spring home.
Mark Short legally purchased the gun the day after Sinking Spring police were called to their home in the Brookfield Manor development on the northeastern corner of the borough for a domestic dispute, investigators said at a news conference Monday.
Listen to the press conference:
His wife, Megan, called 9-1-1 during the domestic argument, officials said. Her husband left before police arrived, and he couldn't be located, Police Chief Lee Schweyer said.
Megan Short told officers that she feared her husband, and they instructed her how to get a temporary protection-from-abuse order, Schweyer said.
Megan Short never followed through with applying for a PFA, he said.
A week later, however, she leased an apartment in Yardley, Bucks County, and started moving her belongings there, Berks County Chief Detective Michael J. Gombar said.
On Aug. 5, Mark Short took the three children to Hersheypark as part of a family day sponsored by his employer, investigators said. About 7:30 p.m. that night, investigators said, a neighbor saw Megan Short park her car in the driveway of their home directly behind her husband's parked vehicle.
About four hours later, Megan Short posted a Facebook message on her page, investigators said.
On Aug. 6, her mother and other relatives waited at the Yardley apartment for her to arrive with the children, investigators said. When they couldn't reach her on her cellphone or home phone, her mother phoned a neighbor to check if anyone was home at the Short house.
The neighbor got no answer at the door, but reported both family vehicles were in the driveway.
Alarmed, Megan Short's mother, Jacquelyn Massott Campbell, called police to do a welfare check.
Officers broke a kitchen window to gain entry and discovered the awful scene.
On the living room floor, investigators said, police found the bodies of 33-year-old Megan Short, 40-year-old Mark Short and the couple's three children: Liana, 8; Mark Jr., 5, and Willow, 2, all dead of a single gunshot wound each. The family dog also was found dead.
Dr. Neil W. Hoffman, a forensic pathologist, determined after an Aug. 8 autopsy that Mark Short died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head from the revolver found next to his body, investigators said.
The children and Megan Short appeared to have been sleeping in the living room before they were shot because they were found in pajamas under blankets, Gombar said.
Investigators would not specify the order of the killings, but said Mark Short fired a total of six shots, one of which killed his dog.
Detectives with the district attorney's office took over the investigation from Sinking Spring police and seized several items for forensic analysis.
District Attorney John T. Adams said police did everything they are legally permitted to do to help a woman who reports abuse by an intimate partner.
"This was a very, very unfortunate incident," Adams said. "I don't know that anything can be learned other than when leaving an abusive relationship it's often a very dangerous time for a victim, so we urge anyone who's in a similar situation to develop a safety plan and contact their local domestic violence agency for assistance."
Adams added: "We want to express our deepest sympathy to all family members affected by this tragedy. Our heartfelt thoughts and prayers go out to them during this difficult time."
Adams also thanked the numerous first-responder agencies that assisted at the scene and its aftermath.
The press conference in the auditorium of the county agricultural center in Bern Township was the first time officials publicly identified the killer.
"At no time did we want to jump to conclusions," Adams said.
Detectives analyzed a fingerprint from a live round of ammunition in the handgun and it was matched to Mark Short, Adams said.
Investigators believe the bullet was placed in the gun after he reloaded in the basement following the killings.
Police also found a one-page note handwritten by Mark Short. Adams said the suicide note included a confession that he killed his family.
At the family's request, authorities are not giving more details on the contents of the note.
On the day of the slayings, Adams said, Mark Short was going to rent a moving van to help his wife move out. She was going to take the children with her.
Adams said Mark Short had no known mental health issues, but he was clearly distraught over the breakup of his marriage.
He had been demoted at his job, a mortgage company, in part due to poor attendance, he said.
"I don't think we know specifically as to why this relationship had disintegrated," Adams said. "We don't have specific answers for that."
The family was featured in an October 2014 story in the Reading Eagle. Willow, then 5 months old, had undergone a heart transplant at 1 week old, and her condition had been improving.
Megan Short was active in raising awareness for congenital heart disease, regularly promoting it on her Facebook page. She also wrote for Phillyatheart.com, a website associated with the nonprofit Mended Hearts Inc. that shares the stories of families battling congenital heart defects.
The oldest child, Liana, was to be a third-grader at Wilson School District's Green Valley Elementary School.
"This is a very tragic incident that took place in our community and we hope we can heal," Adams said.
Contact Steven Henshaw: 610-371-5024 or shenshaw@readingeagle.com.
Medic pepper-sprayed during COVID call in northeast Berks
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5 things to know about ordering the free COVID tests that became available Monday
New details provided on Reading homicide last week
Ross to open in Exeter Township
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Church plans new home on Reading's last farm
Backyard shed in western Berks gutted by fire
ReadingEagle
Family of Reading man seeks closure 16 years after his slaying
Reading man charged with sexually assaulting girl on her 12th birthday
Delaware County Daily Times

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


M-PRO carefully selects the brands they distribute. Quality, reliability and Service are on top of our list. We strongly believe in all the brands we carry and pride ourselves in having a personal relationship with all our manufacturers. This allows us to quickly respond to any service request from our dealers and ensures the high level of service we aim to provide.


As a fashion retail journalist I am often asked what my check list is for a good shop, what a store has to do to be judged 'great. Well, there's only one thing it has to do, it has to make my heart beat faster. If my heart starts to race then I know the shop has made an emotional connection with me, I've either spotted great clothes, wonderful displays or an amazingly unexpected retail surprise. It doesn't happen that often but it's like a drug rush when it does (I know, I know, it's sad and I should get a life but there we are).
So when I visited the recently opened My Sugarland on St John's Street, London this week and started to hyperventilate before I was even through the entrance I knew I was in for a treat. Wonderful window displays designed with a sense of humour and lots of style lead you through to a store jam packed with an intelligent mix of beautifully displayed clothes and accessories. The atmosphere is calm and spacious and not at all precious, it's almost the perfect clothes shop.
Founder Zoe Lem (she was the style brains behind Trinny & Susannah) has curated a mix of cool (but not scary) labels, vintage and new talent by using her expertise as a stylist and lecturer on body shape to dress her customers. Not only is the range of product highly desirable, Zoe is doing everything right in terms of retail trends to stand out from the boring, overcrowded high street.
She offers free body shape assessments and styling half hours to all her customers (book in advance) and gives sound, expert advice on what works and what doesn't. "I opened the shop to correct everything I hated about shopping for clothes,"she said, "the bad lighting, rubbish changing rooms and crazy atmosphere." She does lots of events in store to educate her customers on shape analysis, how to buy and mix colours and she brings embroiderers and jewellers in store to demonstrate their skills and offer one-off designs.
I asked my usual Woman's Room question about advice to women of our age and she replied firmly that for her it was about shape first, then making it age appropriate and demonstrated by whipping around the shop picking out styles that would work for me. "It's really all about understanding your shape, get that right first and get help if you're not sure. Once you know what suits you, balance that with your lifestyle and concentrate on styles that you know you will get lots of wear out of. Learn how to promote your good bits and stop highlighting your bad bits".
All Zoe's staff are stylist and I spent a glorious hour, once they had assessed what would suit, trying on clothes from designers such as Hoss Intropia, PPQ, Armand Basi and vintage, which resulted in me spending more than I should have. I bought a vintage fitted day dress with hand embroidered floral scrolling at the neckline. I fell in love with the internal details, which feature bra strap holders, waist enhancing petershan braid and lovely lining.
Get your pulses racing and head down to My Sugarland and we suggest you book a session with Zoe to understand your shape and get some great styling tips.


YPT has been invited to participate in a UEFA sanctioned international tournament in Spain in July 2020.
The team will begin training soon and will train regularly until departing for Europe.
If you are a player born in 2004, or after, and would like to be considered for this program just complete this profile and we will be in touch.
YPTusa © 2012. All Rights Reserved.


The Cosmotheist Community Church ships its products world-wide using the United States Postal Service and its foreign counterparts.
Customers will be able to choose from a selection of USPS shipping categories.
Purchases will be processed within 24 hours and transported to USPS once each day during their hours of business.
All purchases will be packaged together.
All packages are tracked and customers will receive a tracking number after their purchase is processed.
For special delivery requests, please use the contact form to communicate with us.


As retail undergoes significant change, private brands are setting the pace for the rest of the industry.
Daymon, Stamford, Conn., released the latest edition of its "Private Brand Intelligence Report," which delivers an inside look into the emerging trends and strategies of private brand programs. The comprehensive report features insights and thought leadership in category, fresh, culinary and wellness, with proprietary analyses, consumer surveys, market research and global intelligence.
As retail undergoes significant change, private brands are setting the pace for the rest of the industry. In 2018, there was a 4% increase in private brand sales, nearly six times the growth of national brands. That growth came from categories across the retail spectrum, including pet and food, among others.
98% of national brand assortment is the same across retailers.
53% of consumers say they shop at a store specifically for its private brands.
81% buy private brand products on every shopping trip.
Innovation is a key pillar to a successful private brand program. In 2018, best-in-class retailers launched more than three times as many new private brand products as compared to the industry average, a pivotal driver of their private brand growth, which outpaced the industry average by nearly five times.
Plant-centric. Rising consumer interest in cleaner and healthier products that limit their impact on the planet will spark continuous innovation in private brands across grocery, etc. Daymon estimates that the influence of this trend is expanding rapidly, going from a handful of categories in 2014 to over 90 categories in 2018 with emerging plant-centric options, representing over $13 billion in cumulative sales in 2018.
Functionality redefined. Macro dynamics (urbanization, new articulations of the modern family and democratization of information) are fragmenting consumer values and creating demand for new and innovative private brand products and services that cater to shoppers' unique needs. Science, specialization and simplicity are embedded into the new definition of functionality, with 49% of consumers finding options that fit their specific lifestyles very important to brand choice.
360-degree sensory. Consumers are increasingly seeking brand and product immersion. Daymon's research shows that 59% of consumers seek out engagement when they shop, and six in 10 crave experiences that stimulate the senses. To differentiate on and off the shelf, private brands should focus on sensory levers that facilitate dynamic interaction with their customers.


Prizm Atmospheric Synth by Super Synths is a Virtual Instrument and a Virtual Effect Audio Plugin and an Audio Plugin Host. It includes, and is therefore "powered by", Wusik Station, which functions as a VST Plugin. It can host VST Plugins.
This product is "Powered By" Wusik Station. The OS and Format icons listed below should be accurate for the latest version of Wusik Station.
Prizm is an atmospheric virtual instrument. Using evolvers, mystical and haunting vocals, lush pads and strings, symphonic brass, guitars, plucked instruments, fat analog timbres, crazy modelled instruments, pianos, sound effects and morphing soundscapes, you can create sound tracks for film, television, games and all types of musical genres. It includes a 30+ gigabyte core library that was recorded in 24-bit, 48 kHz for the highest sonic quality.
Based on the Wusik engine, Prizm is a full featured instrument with 6 oscillator channels, full effects section (including delay, chorus, flange, 64-bit reverb, distortion, and many more), dual tempo-synced step sequencers with arpeggiators, full mixing section with panning, envelopes and more, low frequency oscillators, filters, 4-band eq, integrated groove box (drum machine), sample editor and keymapper, a complete modulation matrix and many more features.
I own the PRIZM and I find the presets and sounds in general to be a convoluted mess that I neither have the time or energy to organize myself. I think quite a few of the samples included wrapped up into the Wusik engine offer a ton of potential (some though are truly crappy and make me choke), but the organization and presets included are so hit or miss (personal taste) and cluttered. I fear to delete or change the organizational structure of the presets, because with every attempt I have made I end up getting "file not found", "missing sounds cannot be loaded" errors. I have had to do more trouble shooting with installing the PRIZM than any other audio product and when your trying to be inspired and flow smoothly, those kind of technical and cluttered errors kill the mood and frustrate you, at least me to the point I ignore it completely now.
One thing with Sampler/ROMpler VSTs like SampleTank or whatever, they give you basic sounds you can then layer and edit (simple pads, basses, etc). Or they give you some nice pre-made performances (editable). However with the PRIZM you get a lot of pads for instance where the LFOs, filter sweeps are all set in stone because it was recorded that way as a WAV... not made inside the PRIZM (Wusik) with the built in LFOs or effects. So its like sampling a Virus doing a glitchy filter sweep, but not being able to change the time, depth and speed of the sweep except through changing the key on the keyboard which then changes the entire pitch/speed and timbre. That annoyance literally pisses me off and is so unprofessional it is sad.
Sampling a complex LFO gated lead and then locking the user into those gate speeds is so misleading. Use the basic lead sound and then use the Wusik's gate/W2/Arp thingy to make the sound so that it actually stays on time when you change notes.
My questions and suggestions... Where are the basic presets? Simple pad sounds, simple leads, simple keys. Why are they not organized into nice little banks like Keys, Brass, Bass, Synths? Instead they are put in a cluttered folder with some sound designers name... and even within those folders they are not organized so you really have to either remember the exact name of the preset you liked or search and search and search. Drive me nuts.
Another glaring point to note is that a lot of the sounds are not looped. You play a pad sound and it comes to an abrupt stop, no fade out, no "real" sustain. This is the reasoning for the giant library, because your getting a WHOLE sampled pad without any clever looping and processing within the PRIZM/Wusikstation itself.
*Question to ask yourself is why can a 8, 16, 32mb real rompler make such more complex sounds that are completely editable and yet take up such little space. Answer is they utilize the synth engine/sample engine itself... like the modulators, LFOs, effects, etc. PRIZM more often than not has recorded all that for you, so don't pan on changing the sounds much at all.
For me, PRIZM is a brick on my hard drive. It is huge, cluttered and completely unusable. The Wusik engine has so much potential just based off small basic waveforms, the LFOs, Gates, W2, etc... the PRIZM does not at all take advantage of this.


Authentic Tennis: Indian Wells Information.
This venue is home to the internationally recognized Pacific Life Open. This annual event, which is held each March, has evolved into the sixth largest, fourteen-day tournament comprised of the best professional ATP and WTA Tour tennis athletes in the world.
(Sweden) 1 1990 Justine H.


James Vivian has been part of the music department at the Temple Church since 1997 and was appointed Director of Music & Organist of the Temple Church in 2006. Previously, he worked closely with the then Director of Music, Stephen Layton, as Sub-Organist and subsequently as Organist.
At the Temple Church, James presides over the famous four-manual Harrison & Harrison organ and directs the professional choir of men and boys about whom the Daily Telegraph commented, 'The Temple Church Choir is a formidable force, fi nely honed and blended'. The choir's latest CD was released on the Signum label in 2010. As an organist, he is known as much for his outstanding interpretation of the solo repertoire as for his colourful and inventive accompanying; he is one of England's most sought-after young organists.


West Yorkshire, UK police seized the car belonging to an innocent man then attempted to charge him $200 for its return.
West Yorkshire, UK Police seized the Vauxhall Astra belonging to an innocent man at 1:30am on November 24 and then attempted to charge the owner £105 (US $205) to get his own car back. Police claim that they towed the vehicle because it was parked near a house that had been burgled. The car's owner, Andrew Thwaites, 22, was across the street at the time. He had done nothing wrong.
"My first thought was 'Somebody's stealing my blooming car,'" Thwaites told the Bradford Telegraph and Argus newspaper. "The lights were on in the house, so you would have thought the police would have come over and asked some questions before towing away a car."
Police computer records incorrectly showed Thwaites' car -- purchased just three days earlier -- as unregistered. After putting Thwaites through what he called "a big inconvenience," police dropped their demand for cash and returned his Vauxhall.


My father is a human dentist and I have many memories of him taking our dogs to the vet growing up. Occasionally, he would challenge our family vet after they performed professional dental services and extracted a tooth. In his line of work, preserving teeth is what he does for a living and he is very proud of his profession. After years of working with veterinarians and being a veterinarian I see my father in some of my clients faces after their pets dentals. I wish I could help them understand this one fact: Veterinary medicine has advanced dental technology that is comparable to human dentists, but our patient's mouths are straight out of the 1800's!
What am I talking about, 1800's? In 2015 we are expected to brush our teeth twice a day or after every meal, visit the dentist every 6 months, floss routinely, and have a pain free mouth. Did you know that before 1930, brushing our teeth was not common place? People walked around with rotting teeth, severe abscesses, heavy calculus and debris. If you went to see your dentist, you expected to have some teeth pulled out of sheer necessity. Now don't get me wrong, there are those golden pet parents out there who regularly brush their pet's teeth and get professional cleanings once a year. But not every pet is compliant nor every owner. And these pets live in chronic pain.
When I open a pets' mouth during a dental procedure, I am often faced with chunks, and I mean chunks, of heavy calculus overlaying deep cavernous pockets and infection. Did you know we have a special instrument just for chiseling off this thick layer of plaque? Often when removing this heavy layer of calculus we find this was the only thing holding the teeth in place and they fall out of their own accord.
The Challenge: Let's bring your pets mouths' into this century!
Stop what you are doing and call your pet over to you right now. Pick up a clean light colored washcloth or hand towel and place it over your index finger. Now rub between your pet's gums and teeth for a few swipes on each side, then retract your hand and look at your cloth. Look how much grime you got off in 2 seconds! Now pat yourself on the back because you just brushed your pet's teeth! That was it! All it takes is 10 seconds a day.
Now, add some pet toothpaste to get your pet to enjoy these "cleanings" and they will start to seek you out for their brushings.
Not every pet is the same, and I don't expect a Labrador to need the same care as a Pekingese. Genetics can play a large role in the amount of calculus build up as well as the crowding of teeth. Follow your veterinarians' advice on how often your pet needs a dental. Some animals need a professional cleaning twice a year while other pets require a cleaning every other year. Your at home care can stretch out the times between full cleanings.
Those non-compliant pets are out there. I know them. And I don't expect you to do something I would not be brave enough to do. There are many other options for these pets; discuss with your veterinarian diet and treat options for dental health. If your pet will not comply, then know you are the perfect candidate for more routine professional cleanings. And that is OK; just make every effort to be consistent.
You should know bad breath is not normal in our pets, but somehow it is accepted by most pet parents as just part of owning a dog. This problem can be prevented and treated. So be patient, start slow, and form those daily habits that you already do for your own dental health and apply them to the rest of your family.


For students in the European Union who are interested in combining academic studies with practical, on-hand experience, Kautex can help in your first step toward a professional future.
For students who are residents of the European Union, four-week internships are available as part of your high school study requirements. Requirements for eligibility vary by country, but in general, students must be at least in their first year of high school and have reliable transportation to and from work. Only online applications will be accepted.
A career at Kautex holds a multitude of interesting opportunities. Start now in a technical or commercial vocational job at our headquarters or at one of our production plants.
Opportunities exist at many of our European facilities - check our current postings for open roles and locations.
The ability to work in a team is just as important as the motivation to learn. We are looking for trainees with an above-average level of commitment, proficiency in the English language, and who are willing to rotate to numerous positions throughout their apprenticeship.
A good academic record and successful completion of your high school diploma are prerequisites to apply. Students must also be residents of the European Union and are responsible to provide their own housing. Interested candidates should apply online.
The best prospects for success are for those who apply two to six months prior to the start of the internship. Your documents should include a cover letter with your topics of interest, a curriculum vita, and your school reports (school completion certificate, pre-degree certificate, internship certificates, and performance record).


text:
Eligibility & Procedures
BBB Rinks
BBB in Action
BBB Ball Hockey
BBB at Camp
BBB Skills
Jo and his Champions Suite
Game On Kids !
Champions For Life
Canadiens Golf Tournament
50/50 Lottery
Scoreboard Message
Mystery Pucks
Digital Silent Auctions
Foundation Holiday Cards
List of fundraising initiatives
Third Party Events
You have a project to get underprivileged kids active?
This document has been prepared for organizations that wish to introduce a project that encourage and support a healthy lifestyle through physical activity for youths between 4 and 17 years of age. By reading this document, you will learn about the terms and conditions that are necessary to present your project.
The funding request form must be filled out to enable the Foundation to determine if the project meets all requirements under its mandate and mission statement.
1. THE MANDATE OF THE MONTREAL CANADIENS CHILDREN'S FOUNDATION
The Montreal Canadiens Children's Foundation mobilizes the resources of the entire Canadiens family and teams up with the community to provide a brighter future and healthy lifestyle for underprivileged children throughout Quebec.
The Foundation establishes its objectives according to a preventive-action strategy that is based on the following:
Encourage and support a healthy lifestyle through physical activity.
The Foundation carries out its mandate in two different ways:
Through the implementation of its flagship BLEU BLANC BOUGE program – refrigerated outdoor multipurpose community rinks – which the Foundation assumes full leadership;
Through the financial support of community organizations whose projects meet the objectives of the Foundation.
2. TYPES OF PROJECTS
The Foundation supports projects that take preventive action to help underprivileged youths between 4 and 17 years of age, and whose objectives are:
3. ELIGIBLE ORGANIZATIONS
All eligible projects must be presented by an organization that meets the following criteria:
Must be private and non-profit;
Must be incorporated and identified as a charitable entity, possessing a Revenue Canada registration number;
Must submit a charitable donation receipt for the full amount of the donation;
Must offer its services and activities within the province of Quebec;
Must show a stable and continuous management;
Must produce financial statements in conformity with recognized accounting standards established for all non-profit charitable organizations;
Must have an established board of directors and clear internal and administrative regulations.
4. CRITERIA FOR ELIGIBLE PROJECTS
Eligibility criteria allow the Foundation to establish if a project meets its objectives. All submitted projects must conform to the following criteria:
Meet the most important needs of a community's group of underprivileged youths between 4 and 17 years of age;
Must have a direct impact on a significant number of children in the community;
Implement a series of preventive intervention strategies that embrace a healthy lifestyle and physical activity;
Make maximum use of volunteers, at the project's management, orientation and implementation levels;
Make use of other revenue sources than solely those of the Montreal Canadiens Children's Foundation for the implementation of the program. The Foundation favours projects that require more than one sponsor/contributor;
The request must clearly indicate to what means the Foundation's funds will be used.
IMPORTANT: If your organization has already obtained financial support for a project, a new request will not be admissible unless a funding follow-up form is filled out and returned to the Foundation within the identified deadline.
5. MANAGEMENT CRITERIA
While an organization may show that its project meets all of the eligibility criteria set forth by the Foundation, it must also prove that it has a solid management. To receive a donation, an organization must:
Establish realistic objectives that can be measured according to actual needs in the community;
Manage and control the various steps in the development of the project;
Be able to identify and evaluate the results of the project and actions taken;
Guarantee a steady management of funds allocated to the project, including a detailed budget that the organization is able to manage in a thorough fashion.
6. TYPES OF SUPPORT
The Montreal Canadiens Children's Foundation establishes its support in the following manner:
Punctual support for organizations whose projects receive financial assistance because they help youth through well-defined activities that are supported by guidelines that are pertinent to the program and to all partnerships involved.
7. PROJECTS, PROGRAMS AND ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE NOT ELIGIBLE
Individual projects and individual therapeutic activities;
Fundraising campaigns or debt-reduction initiatives;
Projects that seek financial support for expenses related to the acquisition, construction, or renovation of buildings or other similar elements;
Projects that solicit funding for research, studies or training;
Initiatives related to current measures, programs or resources of government organizations or ministries;
Private foundations or endowment programs, international organizations or those that offer help outside Canada, churches and religious organizations, political parties or all politically-related activities, organizations that act as third parties and service clubs;
Daycare Centers (Centres de la petite enfance – CPE);
Conferences, workshops, congresses, contests, concerts, celebrations, exhibits of all types and any ponctual events;
Telethons, auctions, fundraising initiatives;
Direct-sales campaigns;
Requests aimed at covering general operation and administrative salaries.
The period to submit a donation request is from September 1 to November 30 of the current year.
Phone 514-925-2133 Fax. 514-925-2144
Montreal Canadiens Children's Foundation
Montreal (Quebec) H3C 5L2
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* Name * First name * Email
©2016 Montreal Canadiens Children's Foundation


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Gucci and French department store Galeries Lafayette have partnered to bring 7 Gucci shops to Galeries Lafayette stores in Nantes, Toulouse, Biarritz, Marseille, Bordeau, Nice (Massena) and Strasbourg. The Nantes location is already open, and the other locations will open Summer 2012. This is the inception of multiple luxury-branded boutiques to open at Galeries Lafayette stores throughout France.
Galeries Lafayette already has a dedicated Gucci boutique at its flagship Paris store. It further continues to open new luxury boutiques and to carry new designers, including a Dior accessories boutique in Nice (Massena location) and a Bulgari jewelry boutique at its store in Lille.
Watch for 'luxury floors' to open at some of the above Galeries Lafayette stores. This strategy is in the spirit of competing with Printemps stores which are also in the process of marketing luxury labels throughout its French stores.
We will continue to update you on continued new luxury offerings at both Galeries Lafayette and Printemps stores throughout France.
"Biarritz", "Bordeau", "Bulgari", "France", "Galeries Lafayette", "Gay French Riviera", "Gucci", "Lille", "Marseille", "Nantes", "Nice", "Paris", "Printemps", "Strasbourg", "Toulouse"


Whether you are an HVAC&R system designer, architect, building owner, building manager/operator, or contractor charged with designing a green building, ASHRAE GreenGuide aims to help you answer your biggest question - "What do I do now?"
Using an integrated, building systems perspective, it gives you the need-to-know information on what to do, where to turn, what to suggest, and how to interact with other members of the design team in a productive way. Information is provided on each stage of the building process, from planning to operation and maintenance of a facility, with emphasis on teamwork and close coordination among interested parties.
This fifth edition of ASHRAE GreenGuide is an easy-to-use reference with information on almost any subject that should be considered in green-building design. The GreenTips found throughout this edition highlight techniques, processes, measures, or special systems in a concise, often bulleted, format. Also, information is provided in dual units - Inch-Pound (I-P) and International System (SI) - so that the content is easily applicable worldwide. References and resources mentioned are listed at the end of each chapter for easy access.