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A Taxonomy for Pacifism
Levi Asher • November 8th, 2015
Big Thinking Classics Eastern Ecology Economics Existential History Language Lists Memes Nature Politics Religion
A couple of days ago we talked about the need to reclaim the word "pacifism" and return it to general use. We believe the time is ripe right now — if Bernie Sanders can bring "socialism" back from the dead we're sure pacifism can't be far behind.
Pacifism is not a simple word but rather indicates a vast family of meanings and possible connotations. The image above is a first attempt at capturing the complexity of pacifist practice and philosophy in a single diagram. Please join us in stepping through the various branches of this tree, and please click through to the corresponding Wikipedia pages if you'd like to further investigate each of these terms. We'll also discuss many more related words and terms that didn't make the cut for our initial illustration, but might be included in a larger version in the future.
We'd also like your feedback, critique and further suggestions so we can make the next version of this tree more accurate and complete. Just like our world, this diagram is a work in progress! Let's begin with the trunk.
Pacifism: "Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism or violence."
Utopianism: At its deepest level, pacifism is an expression of the notion that a better world is possible. Schemes to build an ideal society are often generally referred to as utopian, following St. Thomas More's Utopia. This notion also has other literary antecedents offering a variety of tangentially related terms such as Platonism (following Plato's Republic) and Panglossianism (following Voltaire's Candide).
The taxonomy of pacifism appears to split into two main branches. We'll look first at Practical Pacifism, which indicates an approach to problem-solving that is realistic and results-oriented. Forms of practical pacifism include:
Isolationism is the controversial practice of avoiding foreign entanglements and simply "minding one's own". While isolationists may or may not give any thought to pacifist philosophy, they tend to implicitly support pacifist positions by eschewing the types of foreign adventurism or opportunism that often lead to war.
Peacebuilding is a form of practical pacifism that takes the opposite tack of isolationism. Peacebuilding individuals and organizations venture bravely into the most troubled areas of the world and try to improve situations through direct interaction with civilians and institutions. A related term is Grassroots pacifism.
It's worth noting that, while "pacifism" appears to remain poorly understood around the world today, there are countless organizations out there on the field today doing incredibly heartening and encouraging work at the grassroots level. In 2015, peacebuilding is one of the most fruitful and fast-growing areas of pacifist activity in the world.
Fiscal conservativism is not directly pacifist at all, but the doctrine that government should spend and tax as little as possible often coexists (peacefully) with the pacifist goal of reducing military spending. Fiscal conservatives may also cross over into pacifism when they look skeptically at the often fraudulent excuses offered for military expenditures, such as when US President and fiscal conservative Dwight David Eisenhower warned against the growing influence of military-industrial lobbyists in Washington DC. (Related: Pro-trade pacifism, another conservative-friendly approach that emphasizes the damage war does to international commerce, and the potential for lost profits in time of war.)
Anti-militarism is a practical political doctrine distilled to a single point: governments will govern best by avoiding military action, military spending and (most crucially) participation of military leadership at the seat of power. While "anti-militarism" is not often discussed as a specific doctrine, so many nations around the world today suffer under cruel and arbitrary military dictatorships that anti-militarist sentiments are widely and generally understood as a call for freedom, democracy and justice, especially in those regions where military power is most paramount in domestic government.
Libertarianism is the controversial but popular movement that objects to the increasing encroachment of government into private life, and refuses to exchange personal freedom for geopolitical or communal unity. Because military activity tends to offer governments a great excuse to encroach into private lives (either by drafting citizens as soldiers, demanding tax increases to pay for wars or spying on citizens to protect the peace), libertarians tend to be very sympathetic to pacifist ideas. In recent USA presidential nominating contests, both Ron Paul and Rand Paul have sometimes associated themselves with pacifist or isolationist positions. Whistleblowers Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning have been embraced as heroes by both libertarians and pacifists.
Anarcho-pacifism is a loosely-defined but essential syncretism between anarchism and pacifism. Anarcho-pacifists may emphasize either the potential for a peaceful future world without government, or (more commonly) the importance of adopting anarchic and non-hierarchical structures within pacifist movements before achieving world peace. This form of pacifist expression tends to emerge from the writings of creative or experimental pacifists such as Leo Tolstoy, Bertrand Russell, Dorothy Day, Jean-Paul Sartre, Abbie Hoffman, John Lennon, Yoko Ono and Allen Ginsberg, and probably best describes the attitude of generational peace movements in the Vietnam War/Woodstock era as well as that of modern protest groups such as Occupy Wall Street.
As we move from practical pacifism to the more idealistic forms, some of the most important and historically resonant entries in the pacifist vocabulary emerge, with strong support from both branches.
The phrases civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance may bring happy tears to the eyes of many pacifists, because they are historically connected with our greatest and most heroic successes: Mahatma Gandhi's various protest movements in South Africa and India (against British imperialism, against the Hindu caste system, against the genocidal outbreaks of the 1947 India/Pakistan partition) and Martin Luther King's struggle for African-American civil rights in the United States. Both Gandhi and King have acknowledged the importance of Henry David Thoreau's essay Resistance to Civil Government (in which he describes the night he spent in jail in 1846 after refusing to pay a state tax that would support the US/Mexican War and the American institution of slavery) in crystallizing the modern approach to nonviolent protest.
In contrast to the common misunderstanding that pacifists are passive, it is often helpful for pacifists to emphasize that both civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance are aggressive forms of activism that require great courage and determination.
Various permutations of the related terms can be found in popular use, including Nonviolence and civil resistance. Each term can be understood to have a singular specific meaning, and the two Wikipedia pages linked above help to explain how "civil disobedience" and "nonviolent resistance" are often differentiated. Both terms are also popularly indicated by action words such as "sit-in", "boycott", "protest" and "march".
The second of our pacifist tree's two main branches, Satyagraha is the great term invented by Mahatma Gandhi (with the help of a few associates, as he describes in his autobiography) to represent the underlying personal, psychological and spiritual belief system from which a program of successful political activism may emerge. Wikipedia says:
The term originated in a competition in the news-sheet "Indian Opinion" in South Africa in 1906. It was an adaptation by Gandhi of one of the entries in that competition. "Satyagraha" is a Tatpuruṣa compound of the Sanskrit words satya (meaning "truth") and Agraha ("polite insistence", or "holding firmly to"). The word was formed as a combination of loosely translated as "insistence on truth" (satya "truth"; agraha "insistence" or "holding firmly to") or holding onto truth or truth force.
While "Satyagraha" is obviously associated with Gandhi, it can be used as a general term for any peace movement that is both action-oriented and highly philosophical or idealist in nature. While it helps to differentiate "satyagraha" from "practical pacifism" (and to posit them as the two main branches of pacifism as suggested in the diagram above), it's important to realize that even these two branches tend to be highly harmonious with each other, and often entwine and coincide.
One World or "world government" ideologies argue for the feasibility of a united world government that would prevent war and international violence, injustice and oppression. This highly controversial idea currently manifests itself within the United Nations, though the UN is widely seen as a weak or compromised institution, and many one-worlders look past the United Nations in their hopes for a truly effective world government.
As branches cross within the pacifist tree, it's worth pointing out that one-world pacifism and anarcho-pacifism seem to directly contradict each other. One hopes for a strong world government and the other for an absence of government. However, both seek to end the plague of militarism and war.
Ahimsa is an ancient religious term that is often translated directly as "nonviolence" or "harmlessness". Ahimsa notably includes not only human beings but also animals, plants, insects, microscopic organisms and the planet earth itself in the circle of beings that must be always treated with consideration and care. According to Wikipedia:
Ahimsa is one of the cardinal virtues and an important tenet of 3 major religions (Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism). Ahimsa is a multidimensional concept, inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself. Ahimsa has also been related to the notion that any violence has karmic consequences. While ancient scholars of Hinduism pioneered and over time perfected the principles of Ahimsa, the concept reached an extraordinary status in the ethical philosophy of Jainism. Most popularly, Mahatma Gandhi strongly believed in the principle of ahimsa.
"Ahimsa" is sometimes offered as an alternative term for "nonviolence" or for "pacifism" itself, though a broad look at the pacifist taxonomy suggests that it belongs on the moral or idealistic side of the tree, and cannot encompass some merely practical applications of pacifism that ignore moral questions altogether. The notion of ahimsa also coincides for obvious reasons with vegetarianism.
When I asked for alternatives to the word "pacifism" in my last article, one Litkicks reader suggested the Taoist term Wu Wei, which is explained by Wikipedia as follows:
Wu wei is an important concept in Taoism that literally means non-action or non-doing. In the Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu explains that beings (or phenomena) that are wholly in harmony with the Tao behave in a completely natural, uncontrived way. The goal of spiritual practice for the human being is, according to Lao Tzu, the attainment of this purely natural way of behaving, as when the planets revolve around the sun. The planets effortlessly do this revolving without any sort of control, force, or attempt to revolve themselves, instead engaging in effortless and spontaneous movement.
Because we are emphasizing here that pacifism is an action-oriented and even often an aggressive and confrontational philosophy, we cannot agree that "wu wei" stands as a good alternative for the word "pacifism" itself. However, the deep correspondence between the beautiful and peace-minded Taoist religion and pacifist philosophy does deserve recognition, and "wu wei" does seem to merit a place within the pacifist tree.
This brings us to the larger sub-branch of Satyagraha that can be labelled Religious Pacifism, and while we only list the two leaf nodes Buddhism and Christianity here (because the pacifist connotations of both Jesus's and Buddha's powerful teachings are so explicit and clear), it's worth noting that every religion appears to contain major pacifist branches or sects, including Islam (Ahmadiyya), Judaism (Neturei Karta) and Baha'i, and also that there are numerous specifically pacifist movements within the larger religions (such as the Christian Quakers). Even more importantly, it must be pointed out that every religion can be seen as an approach to personal and global peace, and thus that every religion in the world has a pacifist connotation. (Which is not to say, of course, that atheists cannot also be great pacifists. They can be and often are.)
This completes our first draft of a pacifist taxonomy. We'll be happy to update and expand this based on your suggestions. Please send corrections, additions and thoughts.
This taxonomy will appear as a key feature on the website of the new organization called Pacifism21 we are working hard to launch, and we're trying to raise $10,000 to give this website a proper debut. We're halfway to our fundraising goal and would really appreciate your financial support via our Indiegogo campaign. The Pacifism21 website will launch in the next few days!
5 Responses to "A Taxonomy for Pacifism"
by Mileage on Sunday, November 8, 2015 03:25 pm
So happy to see this wonderfully noble effort.! Looking forward to its ongoing development, with hopes to contribute...I've always carried the aphorism (?) "Dont just do something, stand there !" in high esteem since first hearing it at a pot party 50 years ago. The Golden Rule must also be applied at every opportunity. Thank you !
by Bill_Ectric on Tuesday, November 10, 2015 11:12 am
I'm on board! I'm glad you included Christianity in the taxonomy. Christianity has been given a bad name by the many people who do bad things in its name. I am a liberal, leftist Christian, far from the religious right people who always make us look like intolerant idiots. You know how people sometimes say a punk band "sold out" once they signed to a major label? I think Christianity got "sold out" once Constantine made it an official state religion. Our founding fathers knew this was a bogus idea and tried to insure it wouldn't happen here. Just because I believe in it doesn't mean you have to. But I digress. Jesus said the greatest commandment is love. Not "make sure you have plenty of oil."
by Levi Asher on Tuesday, November 10, 2015 09:31 pm
Well said, Bill.
I'm not a "Christian" but I sure do admire what he stood for, and the words in the Gospels.
by TKG on Wednesday, November 11, 2015 07:41 pm
Hi Levi,
I know you are busy so I will make it quick. I was looking for words for you.
Irenic, or irenicism.
Irenic means aiming or aimed at peace.
from Greek eirēnikos, from the Greek word ειρήνη eirēnē which means 'peace.'
Here is a bit from a Baltimore Sun feature on words:
IRENIC
Irene, the daughter of Zeus and Themis, was the goddes of peace. (Themis was the goddess of justice, the woman with the scales, so the peace-and-justice link long antedates contemporary liberals.) From Irene we get not only a female name, but also an adjective, irenic, pronounced eye-REN-ik or eye-REEN-ik, for aiming or aimed at peace, promoting peace, peaceful or pacific. The Greek root words are eirenikos and eirene.
http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-11-08/news/bs-md-in-a-word-1108-20...
Irenic means aiming or aimed at peace and does not have connotations that pacifism has inherent in both its etymology and common understanding.
Irenics is contrasted to polemics, which comes from πόλεμος (polemos) meaning war.
Pacifism implies a modus operandi (e.g. non-violence) whereas irenicism relates only to working for peace, via reason and understanding, without any necessarily predetermined or proscribed means or method.
by Levi Asher on Wednesday, November 11, 2015 09:11 pm
Wow, that's a good word, TKG. Thanks!
Not sure exactly where this should fit into the taxonomy, but we can figure that out for the next version. It does have a nice ring to it.
Philosophy Weekend: Comprehending China's Holocaust
by Levi Asher Saturday, February 9, 2013 06:40 pm
I went through a weird sequence of emotions when I spotted a new history book, 'Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958-1962' by Yang Jisheng. First, there was a flash of excitement: this will be the book that will help me to understand this unimaginable episode in history ...
Philosophy Weekend: The Cure For Our Condition
by Levi Asher Saturday, May 24, 2014 09:13 am
"The philosopher's treatment of a question is like the treatment of an illness." -- Ludwig Wittgenstein
Philosophy Weekend: The Buddhist Fable of Bob and Maureen McDonnell
by Levi Asher Friday, September 5, 2014 11:13 pm
The Bob McDonnell scandal was about much more than greed. If you ache to own a Rolex, you suffer from greed. If you ache to be seen wearing a Rolex: well, you are suffering from something, but it's probably not greed.
Practical Pacifism: The Simple Equation
by Levi Asher Friday, October 23, 2015 08:16 am
Some mistakenly believe that pacifism is an extreme position, or that it requires mystical belief. But the practical case for pacifism is obvious and simple: war acts like a cancer, and cancers can be removed.
by Levi Asher Saturday, January 8, 2011 10:40 am
The challenge Socrates laid out to his Athenian friends, recorded in Plato's dialogues, remains unanswered today.
Philosophy Weekend: Ethics and the Concept of Evil
by Levi Asher Sunday, June 2, 2013 10:43 am
What can the word "ethics" possibly mean in a world torn between forces of Good and Evil? In this context, the word loses its meaning completely.
Philosophy Weekend: Why Michael Lind and Jonah Goldberg are Wrong About Communism
by Levi Asher Sunday, June 16, 2013 08:53 am
Is it true that the 20th Century proved that Communism must always fail to produce a better society? Or might the real lesson be that militarism must always fail to produce a better society?
Philosophy Weekend: Chomsky the Hopeless Anarcho-Syndicalist
by Levi Asher Saturday, August 3, 2013 11:12 am
Does Noam Chomsky really believe that things have to get worse before we can have an anarcho-syndicalist society?
Philosophy Weekend: Why Russell Brand is Right
by Levi Asher Saturday, October 26, 2013 11:13 am
Comedian Russell Brand delivers a surprisingly powerful and urgent argument for political and spiritual revolution to a mocking interviewer.
Philosophy Weekend: Blood Alienation
by Levi Asher Saturday, March 15, 2014 09:50 am
Suspicion, it turns out, is even more dangerous than hatred. Different ethnic groups can hate each other and still coexist in peace for centuries. It's only when they become suspicious of each other that genocides and atrocities occur.
Philosophy Weekend: A Bedrock Philosophy for Pacifists
by Levi Asher Wednesday, May 14, 2014 07:21 am
Conservatives and Communists have them, but we don't. Who are the go-to philosophers for pacifists?
Philosophy Weekend: Occam's Razor
by Levi Asher Sunday, August 17, 2014 08:44 am
A medieval theologian named William of Ockham gave us a philosophical principle that can help explain the violent conflicts that puzzle and terrify us today.
The Empty Space Where A Peace Movement Should Be
by Levi Asher Sunday, November 9, 2014 11:08 am
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Juniors Thayne Macy and Willis Schneider don Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump masks at the home football game against Cheyenne south. The presidential election has been the story of the year nationally and locally too.
Everywhere you go on the internet these days seems to be filled with presidential election discourse, but overwhelmingly there's something we haven't experienced so intensely from an election result for a long time, if ever: fear. Minorities, members of the LGBTQ community, women, and more all fearing for their rights and safety. People across the country and even in other countries worry that with the election of Donald Trump for our next President, America will backslide on any progress we've made in the department of human rights. Whether or not this will really happen remains to be seen, but the man hasn't even done anything yet and people are already terrified. Suicides have spiked with many directly citing Donald Trump as a reason. Is this really what the wake of a presidential election should be like? People killing themselves and fearing for their lives, identities, and the safety of themselves, their family, and their friends?
One indisputable fact is that no matter what the outcome, 50% of the country would have been unhappy and that is one of the major things really worries me about what this election means for the country. We didn't really want either of them; they have the lowest approval ratings of any candidates in history. For me, and I think a lot of the rest of the country, it was about the perceived lesser of two evils and that's not a good mindset when choosing someone you're going to trust your country, and ultimately your safety, to for 4+ years.
And I know what you're thinking: what about my job/my parents' job/Wyoming's economy? All legitimate fears, but the simple fact is that we MUST make the switch to cleaner, more renewable energy and the sooner we do it, the better. Yes, there will be a period of flux and people are probably going to be out of work for a little while, but in that time they could train for new positions in a cleaner, more environment-conscious, and possibly more lucrative and stable energy industry. And if you think that I simply don't care what happens to oil families, take into account that several of my closest friends and significant other all have parents in the industry. I understand the fear, but we simply must make a change.
Going back to what really scares me about possible day-to-day life in wake of this election, I'm afraid that Trump will further feed into the sensationalist spiral that our world seems to be going down in. His campaign has already inflamed so many people needlessly, fueling bigots, racists, and hateful people to rise up once again (whether or not that was his actual intention), I tremble to see what he might accomplish from the Oval Office. (I am also simply disappointed in the country that we have so many people who would choose hate to avoid change in new directions.) But with his pathos-ridden rhetoric and…shall we say, blunt, opinions, he insults and diminishes all those around him for the most petty of things. Sound like a familiar recipe pattern? You'd be thinking of tabloids which are known for their petty, vindictive, and often false judgment of other people's lives. Not exactly what I'd consider Presidential material.
As is probably clear, a lot of my dissatisfaction with the turn our country has taken comes from concern about those close to me. I don't want to see all my friends and family hiding their true selves because they fear for their safety and I don't want to spend my formative years transitioning into adulthood with that hanging over me or with so much hate filling the world. We owe it to each other as fellow human beings to respect our differences and made decisions that make the world better for everyone instead of just staying in our bubbles of comfort and expecting everyone else to conform to our personal morals and beliefs. The world is diverse, and that is what makes it beautiful. Please put some extra good into the world these coming times.


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Exploiting Inequalities: Conflict and Power Relations in Bel Air
In the first trimester of 2014, Norwegian Church Aid published the study "Exploiting inequalities: Conflict and Power Relations in Bel Air". The conflict analysis examines the driving factors of conflict, key actors, "connectors and dividers" and gender dimensions of conflict.
Background and purpose
The overall purpose of the study is to improve the effectiveness of future peacebuilding programs in Greater Bel Air, by ensuring that they are addressing key driving factors of conflict. A specific objective for Norwegian Church Aid was to systematize and make explicit the information and insights gathered from a wide range of informants and organizations working on conflict resolution and violence reduction in Greater Bel Air, and to create a baseline upon which further programming can be developed.
Factors provoking violence
The study posits that multiple structural and proximate factors converge to provoke the violence in Greater Bel Air today.
Poverty is the underlying factor explaining the violence perpetrated in Bel Air, yet the convergence of inequality and exclusion was found to be more significant causal factors of violence.
Weak state institutions and political leadership are an important root cause of poverty, which contributes as a driving factor of violence.
The breakdown of vertical and horizontal social bonds predisposes individuals and groups to take part in violent political mobilizations.
Negative stereotypes of "Haiti's gangs" often do not correspond to how these groups construe themselves and are viewed by the local population.
A "generational gap" exists between the old and new guards, with the latter described as "opportunists" aligned to whichever political and economic elite best serve their interests.
Political, economic and social changes at the national level in Haiti have historically had an important impact on the nature and operations of armed groups in neighbourhoods such as Bel Air.
Violence in Haiti is often linked to high-level political and economic actors with connections to globalized systems of trade or illegal transnational networks such as the drug trade.
Key recommendations
A set of 15 key recommendations have been formulated to improve the effectiveness of future peacebuilding programs in Greater Bel Air.
Regularly carry out market assessment to determine what skills are needed and tailor vocational training programmes accordingly. Develop linkages with good-willed members of the private sector to create personal relations and training opportunities. Create incentives to demonstrate to business that peace is in their interest.
Integrate life skills and psycho-social elements related to identity-needs into violence reduction initiatives. Target specifically at risk children and youth. Strengthen alternative sources of belonging (religious youth groups, community groups).
Increase opportunities for youth to engage in positive civic participation activities with the increased involvement of local level leaders including mayors and city delegates as a way of developing bonds of accountability and transparency.
Regularly carry out stakeholders' analyses to identify key individuals who can make linkages between grassroots and national level peacebuilding – and those who will resist change.
Reinforce the role of leaders who can serve as models for leadership; not elevate former armed group leaders unless they have displayed positive leadership qualities through actions in favor of community interests
Create and support multi-track dialogue processes at local, middle and top levels, and bring the tracks together, using tools such as "Transformative Scenaria Planning" to promote an inclusive, action-oriented dialogue process
Identify key individuals who are able to influence specifically the younger generation of baz leaders and members, and bring them into peacebuilding activities including community development projects and cultural events
For NGOs working in Great Bel Air, regularly undertake "Do No Harm" analyses in relation to hiring practices, community partners and community leaders with whom they engage. For donors supporting NGOs, request that such analyses are underpinning the NGOs' work.
Render mediation work between different neighborhoods and baz more effective through collaboration between different NGOs, which may wield different levels of influence with different baz.
Increase responsibility and ownership for conflict resolution and violence reduction efforts amongst the local population: activities should be done by and with the local population, not for them
Engage in coordinated advocacy amongst NGOs and international donors engaged in Bel Air targeted at specific political and economic actors to create greater political will for peace in Bel Air. Advocate for formal spaces for mediation and liaison with the government
Carry out a gender barrier analysis to identify barriers to greater participation of women in associative life, and a gender analysis on roles, responsibilities and workloads of women and girls to inform gender sensitive programming. Use spatial mapping to identify urban configurations that make women more vulnerable to violence.
Strengthen the community policing programme and build linkages with HNP and MINUSTAH's civilian policing division to bring concerns and priorities of the inhabitants of Bel Air to the police reform agenda.
Engage in specific coordination of violence prevention efforts amongst international donors, I/NGOs, local associations before "trigger" events such as elections.
Adopt a "whole of society" approach to peacebuilding: a multi-sectoral approach linking different sectors of peacebuilding and including stake- holders from multiple levels of society.
The implementation of these recommendations require the commitment and collaboration of various organizations and actors at multiple levels.
NCA relied on the collaboration of many different stakeholders who contributed to the analysis, and we hope to be able to continue working with many of them in the framework of peacebuilding programmes in Haiti.
Publisert: torsdag 27. mars 2014 12.11.00

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Secrets of a Highgate Cemetery Tour Guide
Highate Cemetery, opened in North London in 1839 and now covering 15 hectares, is a both paradise for history buffs and paranormal enthusiasts alike.
The burial grounds are a popular tourist destination not only for fans of political philosopher Karl Marx, who is buried there, but those wanting to enjoy its magnificent architecture, eerie atmosphere and esteemed permanent "guests".
Today we hear from a former Highgate Cemetery tour guide, who on the condition of anonymity, about what it's like working in the world's most famous graveyard.
Highgate Cemetery Tour Guide's story:
"I always came home from tour guiding at Highgate Cemetery, with eyes shining and with a sense of excitement.
Apart from it being a "jewel in the crown" of London, and a relatively unknown wonderful find for tourists, Highgate Cemetery West was a mysterious and awe-inspiring place even though I had visited it for the umpteenth time.
During my time as tour guide, I learned a great deal about the cemetery's "population" and discovered a few spooky things that I can't explain.
From the moment you step through the gates at Highgate, a great sense of peace washes over you. The sound of the wind in the trees and the sound of your own footsteps on the gravel courtyard all add to the atmosphere.
I loved taking visitors around. My favourite grave is the grave of James William Selby (1844-1888), who was a famous (in his own lifetime) Victorian Coachman.
Selby was bet that he could not break the current record of London to Brighton and back in eight hours with coach and horses. He did it in 7 hours and 50 minutes! He was a very popular man.
Walking up towards the impressive Egyptian Avenue, leading to the Lebanon Circle of tombs and the Julius Beer Mausoleum (used for filming in Taste the Blood of Dracula and The Abominable Dr Phibes), it does create a sense of spooky excitement.
Carrying on to the other side of the cemetery, Elizabeth Siddal (1829-1862) is buried in the Rossetti grave. She was the wife of the artist, Dante Rossetti. She died of a laudanum overdose and was laid to rest with a book of poetry by her husband.
Seven years following Siddal's death, Rossetti wanted to publish a book of his complete works and decided to retrieve those poems he had buried with Lizzie. He hired men to go in the middle of the night and dig by torchlight and retrieve the poems.
The men are quoted as "gasping in awe as she remained as beautiful as the day she was buried with her long red tresses continuing to grow around the poems". It is said Rossetti never overcame his guilt and drove himself mad.
An anonymous admirer left tulips on her grave on or near Valentines Day every year while I was worked as a guide at the cemetery.
Strange things happen at Highgate Cemetery Tour
Over the few years I was at the cemetery a few strange things happened.
Small stones would sometimes fall at your feet, some have said they have felt something touch their arm and if alone an overwhelming sense of being watched was felt.
Once I took a group to the Rossetti grave and was telling them the story of her death when I spotted a little dog sniffing around the bushes and headstones.
I made a mental note to report it upon my return to the office. When I got back I did mention I had seen a small dog and maybe someone should go look and try to find it. Maybe it got in through a hole in the fence somewhere.
I was asked where I saw this dog and when I replied it was the Rossetti grave, my colleagues looked blankly at each. Apparently, people have been seeing this mysterious canine for years!
The place is very overgrown but paths are being cleared as we speak and another visit from me is well overdue.
If you have a spare Saturday or Sunday from 11am, I can heartily recommend the tour … just don't be surprised if you see a ghost dog!"
Have you ever seen anything strange on a Highgate Cemetery Tour? Tell us about it in the comment section below!
Contact us now on our Contact Page if you'd like to write for Spooky Isles!
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Sam Perrin 21 August 2013 At 8:59 am
I've been a guide at Highgate for ten years and not one of us have heard this pile of claptrap about a ghost dog. Estelle, please stop telling these sensationalist stories – you saw a fox.
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1982 – 2015, different phases, different work.
"Picture Letters", The New Language!
"Picture Lettes" The New Language!
heavily dependent upon "The Picture Letter".
from within, tangible like blood.
together, to form "words", meanings and stories.
Exhibition, Art Now Gallery: Zeppa paintings, Anthony Caro sculptures.
Studio V:a Hamngatan: Zeppa was engaged to portray Ingrid, a profile in beauty and fashion in Gothenburg at the time. But Zeppa lost her bearings for a while… unfortunately the potrait of Ingrid was never completed. This from the first sketch meeting with Ingrid.
"Letter From Diana" Acrylic on canvas, 118"x118"/300cmx300cm, Tripptylk… parts of the painting in this picture.
in Gothenburg, and chose to take part with the interlude work.
for a while Zeppa was very fascinated by different small celebrity doll lookalikes … and had to put them in some sort of context.
Retrospective Exhibition, Art Now Gallery 2005.
zeppa having a talk/chronicle about her meeting with The Phantom, here with the members of the Swedich Phantom-club at Mölndals Museum, Forscafet.
Collaboration: zeppa:costym and scenery, dancer Carmen Olsson: dans and corre??


If you happen to have Easter leftovers, (although if you followed our recipe that we posted last week I'd be very surprised if there is any left over!) here is a great recipe that will make sure you use every last piece of that ham!
In a large pot add the split peas with 6 cups cold water; bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer for 1½ hours until the peas are tender. Strain and set aside.
In a soup pot, melt the butter over medium heat and then add carrot, celery, onion and garlic. Sauté until soft. Add flour and cook for 10 minutes, stirring often making sure it does not burn.
Add the broth slowly stirring constantly to avoid lumps, add split peas, sugar, lemon juice, bay leaf and all the spices. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer for 10 minutes. Then add frozen peas and continue simmering for another 5 minutes.
Remove the bay leaf, then puree with a hand blender for a smooth soup or leave as is.
Add the cream and chopped ham and simmer for an additional 10-15 minutes, adjust seasoning with salt and pepper and serve.


Hydrovac Services in the Bakken Area and Eagle Ford.
Hydrovac excavation is the process by which pressurized water is blasted into the soil with a vacuum tube next to it. As the pressurized water blasts thru the soil it, the soil removed is then suctioned into the vacuum tube and into the debri-bin in the back of the truck. This process of excavation reduces the potential damage to infrastructure that might be underground in the area. Let it be pipeline, power lines, telecommunication lines. Exposing these lines with a Hydrovac service will increase the excavation rate, where high levels of infrastructure might be present.
We provide vacuum truck services necessary for construction, drilling, completion and production of natural gas wells. Our certified staff of technicians are trained in all aspects of safety regarding hydro vacuum excavation practices.
Providing Hydro-excavation services with water for fast, non-destructive, cost effective and accurate location of underground utilities when utility conflicts exist or when precise excavation within congested areas is required.
Keeping the environment clean is everyone's responsibility. But there are always accidents that might occur. When they happen SOS will be there to clean them up safely, efficiently and professionally.
Slot Trenching, Expose Live Gas Lines, Safely Expose Utilities, Daylight Utilities (Potholing), Limited Access Areas, Water Outfall Cleanouts, Pit Cleanouts, Tank Cleanouts, Expose Multiple Lines, Low / No Water Usage, Minimal Disruption.
Roustabout Services in the Bakken Area.
Maintaining and Repairing a wellsite is high priority to keep the production of oil for a company. With our 10 year experienced technicians we can do anything with quality and excellence to keep that oil flowing.
Installation of pipelines in oil and gas locations can be difficult, but with our experienced team of operators, we get the job done safely and efficiently. With the support of our Hydrovac division, getting the lines underground and Tied-in is our specialty.
With 10 years experience in building of Salt Water disposals, Tank Batteries, Pumping Units for the mayor players in the Bakken Area SOS will get the job done Safely and Efficiently to meet the demands for oil and gas of our customers.
A Hydrostatic testing is a way in which pressure vessels such as pipelines, plumbing, gas cylinders, boilers and fuel tanks can be tested for strength and leaks.
A Right-of-Way is a right to make a way over a piece of land, usually to and from another piece of land.
Shale's 10 year experience Pipeline crew will get the job done, safely, efficiently and cost-effectively.
When a pipeline has to cross waterways, roads, or environmental sites. Directional boring from Shale Oilfield Services is the answer.
In the case of a pipeline emergency, Shale Oilfield Services is at the ready with a team of emergency response Members. Ready to take the job at at any hour as soon as possible.


text:
Redshift-Site-Icons Redshift-Site-Icons Redshift-Site-Icons Redshift-Site-Icons Redshift-Site-Icons
Inside My Design Mind
The Real Life
An Affordable Housing Development Ascends From Ashes to Build Community
Newsletter icon-search
by Zach Mortice
Architecture - Mar 13 2017 - 5 min read
A courtyard at Hunts Point Peninsula in the South Bronx, New York City. Courtesy Body Lawson Associates.
For Victor Body-Lawson of architect-and-planning firm Body Lawson Associates (BLA), designing and building the Hunts Point Peninsula is less like designing a building and more like building a village.
"We think of it as building a community," Body-Lawson says. The new affordable housing development—located in the South Bronx, New York City—seeks to do more than put a roof over peoples' heads; it aims to promote their personal and economic well-being.
The Peninsula will occupy the former site of the infamous Spofford Juvenile Detention Center, a place where there were 50 suicide attempts in one year alone, according to a report from Correctional Association of New York. Spofford's appalling conditions made it unsuitable to rehabilitate children, as well as blight on the Hunts Point neighborhood. After a long battle, the Spofford facility was shuttered in 2011. Then in 2014, the nonprofit Sustainable South Bronx partnered with Autodesk to imagine alternatives to transform the site.
A bird's eye view of the Hunts Point Peninsula in the South Bronx, New York City. Courtesy Body Lawson Associates.
Spofford's negative connotations within the community made it clear the building itself shouldn't be preserved. In its place, the Hunts Point Peninsula, a joint effort by BLA and WXY Studio, is a $300 million development shepherded by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYC EDC) and New York's Department of Housing Preservation and Development. "With this project," says WXY Studio Principal Claire Weisz, "the idea is to create a full live-work community, which means covering all aspects, from banking to health care, groceries to bakeries."
This approach posits that affordable housing will work best if it tackles the issue within a larger context. Body-Lawson imagines integrating services to create a "nexus that makes the community a lot stronger"—addressing employment, health, and education simultaneously. "This will be a complete reinvention of the site, looking to grow South Bronx businesses and provide a new future," Weisz says.
Essential to WXY and BLA's plan is forging partnerships with local institutions. Offering services that support residents of all ages and encourage healthy lifestyles, these businesses will serve as something like a jobs and economic development incubator for the entire neighborhood.
"This will be a complete reinvention of the site, looking to grow South Bronx businesses and provide a new future."—Claire Weisz
Partners include Urban Health Plan, which will set up a clinic onsite; Super Fi Emporium, a supermarket offering better access to healthy foods; and South Bronx–based Spring Bank, providing affordable financial services. In addition, a local catering company and bakery will offer mentoring and job training, as will The Knowledge House, a technology education nonprofit. Maker fabrication labs will reflect the neighborhood's industrial heritage with ultra-flexible spaces.
"We want to make the spaces feel like a place for people who produce things," Body-Lawson says, "a place where kids and adults can learn from the way the spaces are designed so that they feel like they are always evolving."
There are precedents for the Peninsula's mix of housing and social services. Via Verde, by Grimshaw Architects and Dattner Architects, also in the Bronx, is a much smaller affordable housing project that offers residents education and wellness programs. Stephanie Baez, vice president of public affairs at the NYC EDC, says the large lot size (5.3 acres) in Hunts Point has allowed her team's project to offer a much wider array of local businesses and social services.
Can vacant lots become thriving public spaces? >>
Slotting these disparate organizations and businesses together, each with different spatial needs, was one of WXY and BLA's biggest challenges. The industrial maker spaces need access to natural light; the bakery needs a kitchen closed off from public circulation; the bank needs a street frontage to bring in foot traffic, etc. "Each program is bespoke to a particular business or community facility," he says. Together, these programs create a mosaic of institutions unique to the South Bronx.
Body-Lawson says the Peninsula design is a "reverse panopticon"—meant to be the opposite of Spofford's original layout, which had guard observation platforms looking outward to the wings of cellblocks. The new plan, designed using Autodesk AutoCAD and Revit, features an open courtyard at the center of the complex, so residents are looking into an "open center with Jane Jacobs' 'eyes on the street,'" he says.
Surrounding this courtyard will be five midrise residential towers of 10 to 14 stories each, and all units in the complex will be subsidized at some level. In addition to funding from for-profit developers Gilbane Development Company, Hudson Companies, and the Mutual Housing Association New York, the project will be built using funds from a variety of tax credits and money from public agencies. Units will be divided among residents who make from 30 to 90 percent of the area median income, and the first phase of the project is to be completed in 2021.
The low-rise community building at Hunts Point Peninsula features solar panels on its sawtooth roof. Courtesy Body Lawson Associates.
A low-rise community building sits nearest to the street, distinguished by its sawtooth roof, lined with solar panels and clerestory windows. It's where many of the businesses and nonprofits will set up shop—most of which are local to the South Bronx. And that's important because no one is parachuting in to "save" this largely Hispanic and poor section of New York City. "All of the program functions strengthen what's already in the community," says Body-Lawson.
Weisz says the Peninsula plan is a concentrated version of what she often designs for entire neighborhoods. "This is a compressed version of many of the master plans we take on for districts and neighborhoods looking to address multiple stakeholders by creating places they all want to be," Weisz says.
The reasons for installing supportive social programming goes beyond the direct services they can offer. Failed high-rise public housing often lacked integrated business-and-service providers and offered few chances to meet and socialize with neighbors in a purely civic sphere. At the Peninsula, "the public realm is what pulls things together and makes space among industry, culture, play, and living," Weisz says.
Past generations' tower blocks of undifferentiated housing stretched out like islands of poverty, with little investment in residents' potential. That austere housing model offered no "sense of identity" or connection to external cultural touchstones that define any place, Body-Lawson says. "How close are you to amenities? How close are you to your neighbors? Do you actually get to meet them, to get to know them? Affordable housing took out that humane element in the past, and that's one of the things we're trying to do here, to create that sense of place."
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All floating aquaculture plants shall have a system certificate before they can be used. The process until the issue of a system certificate involves several certification services. Certifications are made in accordance with NS9415: 2009 and the NYTEK-Regulations.
For land-based installations all tanks, pipes and hoses must be product-certified in accordance with NS 9416:2013. The product certificate applies to a unique product and must be issued to the manufacturer, its representative or any supplier.
Aquastructures is accredited by Norwegian Accreditation for all these services. In addition, we certify service of nets and installations of mooring systems.


text:
Application objects derive from file objects. Therefore, application objects inherit all of the properties of the file object. This means that you can inspect properties such as 'modification time' or 'Product Version' of an application just as you would a file. See the properties of a file object for a complete list of these. The real power and primary purpose of the application object is their creation. The creation methods are optimized in anticipation of the importance of this object.

<b>Note:</b> See  File' for a list of the Application properties. Folder and file names may be case sensitive. Use "as uppercase" or "as lowercase" if you don't know the actual case when making comparisons. For Windows versions of these inspectors, a properly installed application will register itself with the operating system. It does this by creating a registry sub-key usually named after the executable. The regapp inspector uses the default value of this sub-key as a string that is the full pathname of the executable.

# inspectability of <application> : boolean

No documentation exists.

# task name of <application> : string

No documentation exists.

# virtualizer of <application> : string

No documentation exists.

# <application> as string : string

No documentation exists.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Dany Michalski: Wiki, Bio, Age, Height, Family, Husband, Kids, YouTube
April 10, 2022 February 13, 2022 by Admin
Dany Michalski: Wiki, Bio, Age, Family, Husband, Children, Youtube, Alter, Height, Religion, College, Instagram, Partner, Parents, Latest News, Ethnicity, Weight, Net Worth: Dany Michalski is a very beautiful, bold, and very talented German model as well as an actress. She has a very dynamic and impressive personality and she knows the magic of capturing everyone around her with her charismatic personality and intoxicating aura. She has a very bubbly nature. She has worked with many different and big German as well as international beauty and fashion brands. She has also been a participant of De Bachelor. Get to know all about her in the article below.
Dany Michalski Birth Details
Dany Michalski Video Biography
Dany Michalski Parents and Siblings
Dany Michalski Education
Dany Career as an Actress and Model
Dany Breast Cancer News
Dany Personal life and Boyfriend
Dany Bio, Height, Weight, Profile, Net Worth
Some lesser-known facts about Dany:
Dany Michalski came into the world on 12 February 1976 and she is currently 46 years of age as of the year 2022. Her original birth name, as given to her by her parents at the time of her birth, is Dany Michalski only, and her close friends, family members, and fans call her Dany. She was born to her parents in Dusseldorf, Germany and she holds a German nationality since her birth. For the people who believe in astrology, her zodiac sign or her birth sign is Aquarius as she was born in the month of February. She follows Christianity as her only religion and belongs to the White ethnicity. She has spent a significant part of her childhood in Dusseldorf, Germany with her family and close friends.
Talking about her parents, her father's name is not known as she has never mentioned the name of her father anywhere. and her mother's name is Annelie Eberhart. Her father used to work as a professional surgeon at a private hospital. She has posted many pictures with her father on her Instagram account and he also wished him father's day with a very sweet note.
She also had a dog in her family who was more than a family member to her. They have named him Kimmy but unfortunately, he left them in the year 2019. It was a very painful time for all of them, especially her.
Talking about her education, Dany Michalski has completed her high school education at a Private HIgh school in Germany (in her hometown) along with her childhood friends. Further, she went to the Weidig-Gymnasi,um and completed her graduation from there. We do not know in which subject she has specialized. She did her post-graduation at CFA Institute in Virginia, USA.
Talking about her modeling and acting career, the career of Dany Michalski has always been an inspiration to many young girls and aspiring actresses who want to join the German entertainment industry.
She has been a brand ambassador of many big, successful as well as international beauty, clothing, fashion and cosmetic brands. She just loves this industry. She had also been a part of the German version of the American reality show The Bachelors name DE BACHELOR. She has also been the lead model of the popular GUESS magazine for two years consecutively.
In the year 2021 on Breast Cancer Awareness Day, Dany Michalski wrote an official announcement for her fans from all around the world telling them that she had been diagnosed with the fatal disease of breast cancer. It shi=ocked her fans and they prayed the best for her recovery.
She shifted to Ayurvedic methods for her treatment instead of chemical methods like chemotherapy. Now, she is totally fit and fine and excelling in her career like never before. She is a survivor and a warrior and motivates others to be the same and fight the monster of cancer.
To start with, nothing much is known about her personal life in detail because as we have mentioned earlier, Dany Michalski is a very private and reserved person. She does not allow a lot of people to be in her close circle. Also, she has huge respect for her privacy and she does not want her private affairs and personal matters to become news and media headlines.
She has a lot of close friends whom she has been spotted with in the past but none of them were her boyfriends. Her name has not been linked with any famous personality and allegedly she is single. She prefers serious relationships and true love over casual hookups. She is basically an old-school lover.
Here is the full Bio/Wiki of Dany Michalski, her/his family/ mother/ father/ brother name, age, height in feet, weight, body measurements, interests/hobbies, boyfriends, girlfriends, husband, wife, spouse, cars, property, bikes, address, email, house, hometown, ethnicity, hometown, birthplace, parents, achievements, phone number, school, his/her Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, earning /income/net worth, birthday, zodiac sign, education, caste, religion, Date Of Birth, Family, Husband, Children, Youtube, Alter, Height, Religion, College, Instagram, Partner, Parents, Latest News, Ethnicity, Weight, Net Worth.
Real Name Dany Michalski
Nickname Dany
Profession Actress, Model, Youtuber, TV Reality Star
Height (approx.) in centimetres– 168 cm
in meters– 1.68 m
in feet inches– 5' 6"
in pounds– 160 lbs
Figure Measurements (approx.) 34-28-34
Eye Colour Hazel
Hair Colour Dark Brown
Age (As of 2022) 46 Years
Birth Place Dusseldorf, Germany
Zodiac sign/Sun sign Aquarius
Hometown Dusseldorf, Germany
School Private HIgh school in Germany (in her hometown)
College/University Weidig-Gymnasium
Ethnicity White Caucasian
Address Dusseldorf, Germany
Hobbies/Interests Traveling, Listening to Music, Painting, Reading
Affairs/Boyfriends/Girlfriends N/A
Parents Father: Mr. Michalski
Mother: Annelie Eberhart
Siblings Brother: N/A
Sister: N/A
For the people who believe in astrology, her zodiac sign or her birth sign is Aquarius.
According to some reports, her net worth or her net income is around 4 Million US Dollars.
Dany Michalski loves to wear bright-colored clothes which give a very vibrant vibe because she feels confident and bold in them.
Her father used to work as a professional surgeon at a private hospital.
Dany Michalski has always been a very huge fan of big cars. As an adult and independent woman, she has a very good collection of cars.
Also read: Natasha Chen (Journalist)
Subscribe to us to get the latest updates about Dany Michalski!
Categories Actress, Models, YouTubers


b.Variability of the stock price.
a.Put options give investors the right to buy a stock at a certain strike price before a specified date.
b.Call options give investors the right to sell a stock at a certain strike price before a specified date.
c.Options typically sell for less than their exercise value.
d.LEAPS are very short-term options that were created relatively recently and now trade in the market.
3.An investor who writes standard call options against stock held in his or her portfolio is said to be selling what type of options?
a.An option's value is determined by its exercise value, which is the market price of the stock less its striking price. Thus, an option can't sell for more than its exercise value.
b.As the stock's price rises, the time value portion of an option on a stock increases because the difference between the price of the stock and the fixed strike price increases.
c.Issuing options provides companies with a low cost method of raising capital.
d.The market value of an option depends in part on the option's time to maturity and also on the variability of the underlying stock's price.
e.The potential loss on an option decreases as the option sells at higher and higher prices because the profit margin gets bigger.
5. Suppose you believe that Johnson Company's stock price is going to increase from its current level of $22.50 sometime during the next 5 months. For $310.25 you can buy a 5-month call option giving you the right to buy 100 shares at a price of $25 per share. If you buy this option for $310.25 and Johnson's stock price actually rises to $45, what would your pre-tax net profit be?
6. The current price of a stock is $50, the annual risk-free rate is 6%, and a 1-year call option with a strike price of $55 sells for $7.20. What is the value of a put option, assuming the same strike price and expiration date as for the call option?
6.Which of the following is NOT a capital component when calculating the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)?
7.Schalheim Sisters Inc. has always paid out all of its earnings as dividends, and hence has no retained earnings. This same situation is expected to persist in the future. The company uses the CAPM to calculate its cost of equity. Its target capital structure consists of common stock, preferred stock, and debt. Which of the following events would reduce the WACC?
a.The market risk premium declines.
b.The flotation costs associated with issuing new common stock increase.
e.The flotation costs associated with issuing preferred stock increase.
7.Nelson Enterprises, an all-equity firm, has a beta of 2.0. Nelson's chief financial officer is evaluating a project with an expected return of 21%, before any risk adjustment. The risk-free rate is 7%, and the market risk premium is 6%. The project being evaluated is riskier than Nelson's average project, in terms of both its beta risk and its total risk. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a.The project should definitely be accepted because its expected return (before any risk adjustments) is greater than its required return.
b.The project should definitely be rejected because its expected return (before risk adjustment) is less than its required return.
c.Riskier-than-average projects should have their expected returns increased to reflect their higher risk. Clearly, this would make the project acceptable regardless of the amount of the adjustment.
d.The accept/reject decision depends on the firm's risk-adjustment policy. If Nelson's policy is to increase the required return on a riskier-than-average project to 3% over rS, then it should reject the project.
e.Capital budgeting projects should be evaluated solely on the basis of their total risk. Thus, insufficient information has been provided to make the accept/reject decision.
8. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a.In the WACC calculation, we must adjust the cost of preferred stock (the market yield) to reflect the fact that 70% of the dividends received by corporate investors are excluded from their taxable income.
b.We should use historical measures of the component costs from prior financings when estimating a company's WACC for capital budgeting purposes.
c.The cost of new equity (re) could possibly be lower than the cost of retained earnings (rs) if the market risk premium, risk-free rate, and the company's beta all decline by a sufficiently large amount.
d.Its cost of retained earnings is the rate of return stockholders require on a firm's common stock.
e.The component cost of preferred stock is expressed as rp(1 ï? T), because preferred stock dividends are treated as fixed charges, similar to the treatment of interest on debt.
9. Crary Consolidated has 2 divisions of equal size: a computer division and a restaurant division. Its CFO believes that stand-alone restaurant companies typically have a WACC of 8%, while stand-alone computer companies typically have a 12% WACC. He also believes that Crary's restaurant and computer divisions have the same risk as their typical peers. Consequently, Crary estimates that its composite, or corporate, WACC is 10%. A consultant has suggested using an 8% hurdle rate for the restaurant division and a 12% hurdle rate for the computer division. However, Crary's CFO disagrees, and he has assigned a 10% WACC to all projects in both divisions. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a.While Crary's decision not to use risk-adjusted WACCs will result in its accepting more projects in the computer division and fewer projects in its restaurant division than if it followed the consultant's recommendation, this should not affect the firm's intrinsic value.
b.Crary's decision not to adjust for risk means, in effect, that it is favoring the restaurant division. Therefore, that division is likely to become a larger part of the consolidated company over time.
c.Crary's decision not to adjust for risk means that the company will accept too many projects in the computer business and too few projects in the restaurant business. This will lead to a reduction in the firm's intrinsic value over time.
d.Crary's decision to not risk adjust means that the company will accept too many projects in the restaurant business and too few projects in the computer business. This will lead to a reduction in its intrinsic value over time.
e.Crary's decision not to risk adjust means that the company will accept too many projects in the computer business and too few projects in the restaurant business. This may affect the firm's capital structure but it will not affect its intrinsic value.
10. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a.The cost of capital used to evaluate a project should be the cost of the specific type of financing used to fund that project, i.e., it is the after-tax cost of debt if debt is to be used to finance the project or the cost of equity if the project will be financed with equity.
b.The after-tax cost of debt that should be used as the component cost when calculating the WACC is the average after-tax cost of all the firm's outstanding debt.
c.Suppose some of a publicly-traded firm's stockholders are not diversified; they hold only the one firm's stock. In this case, the CAPM approach will result in an estimated cost of equity that is too low in the sense that if it is used in capital budgeting, projects will be accepted that will not maximize the firm's intrinsic value.
d.The cost of equity is generally harder to measure than the cost of debt because there is no stated, contractual cost number on which to base the cost of equity.
e.The bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach is the most sophisticated and objective method for estimating a firm's cost of equity capital.
11. Hettenhouse Company's perpetual preferred stock sells for $102.50 per share, and it pays a $9.50 annual dividend. If the company were to sell a new preferred issue, it would incur a flotation cost of 4.00% of the price paid by investors. What is the company's cost of preferred stock for use in calculating the WACC?
12. To help finance a major expansion, Delano Development Company sold a noncallable bond several years ago that now has 15 years to maturity. This bond has a 10.25% annual coupon, paid semiannually, it sells at a price of $1,025, and it has a par value of $1,000. If Delano's tax rate is 40%, what component cost of debt should be used in the WACC calculation?
13.Kovach Lumber Company hired you to help estimate its cost of capital. You were provided with the following data: D1 = $1.10; P0 = $27.50; g = 6.00% (constant); and F = 5.00%. What is the cost of equity raised by selling new common stock?
14. Roxie Epoxy's balance sheet shows a total of $50 million long-term debt with a coupon rate of 8.00% and a yield to maturity of 7.00%. This debt currently has a market value of $55 million. The balance sheet also shows that that the company has 20 million shares of common stock, and the book value of the common equity (common stock plus retained earnings) is $65 million. The current stock price is $8.25 per share; stockholders' required return, rs, is 10.00%; and the firm's tax rate is 40%. Based on market value weights, and assuming the firm is currently at its target capital structure, what WACC should Roxie use to evaluate capital budgeting projects?
15. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows.
a.A project's NPV is found by compounding the cash inflows at the IRR to find the terminal value (TV), then discounting the TV at the WACC.
b.The lower the WACC used to calculate it, the lower the calculated NPV will be.
c.If a project's NPV is less than zero, then its IRR must be less than the WACC.
d.If a project's NPV is greater than zero, then its IRR must be less than zero.
e. The NPV of a relatively low risk project should be found using a relatively high WACC.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows.
Assume a project has normal cash flows. All else equal, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a.The project's IRR increases as the WACC declines.
b.The project's NPV increases as the WACC declines.
c.The project's MIRR is unaffected by changes in the WACC.
d.The project's regular payback increases as the WACC declines.
e.The project's discounted payback increases as the WACC declines.
1. d.All of the above.
4. d.The market value of an option depends in part on the option's time to maturity and also on the variability of the underlying stock's price.


Where in the world is Ann?
Cut your training costs when you piggyback your program Save money when you piggyback your workshop by scheduling it when I'm already "in the neighborhood." Book your program the day before or after another organization's and split my airfare and ground transportation with the other group. Ask about piggybacking on my upcoming engagements in: Anchorage: Aug. … [Read more...] about Where in the world is Ann?
The folks at Wylie Communications have been enjoying: Writing and editing copy for Direct Energy's employee magazine Presenting writing workshops for Toyota and Davis & Company Presenting webinars for Taubman … [Read more...] about What are we up to?


text:
Fitchburg Historical Society
History is Yesterday Today and Tomorrow
About FHS
Fitchburg History to 1880
Fitchburg History Books
Town Chairs and Mayors
Town Halls to City Halls
Fitchburg Schools
Christmas at Stoner School
Busing Students, 1972
Fitchburg Becomes a City
Fitchburg Railroads
Rural Fitchburg
Fitchburg Barns
Centennial Farms
Fitchburg Dairy Farms
Fitchburg Dairies
Biographical Sketches
First Landowners
1880 Federal Census
Family Histories
Garrett Barry Family
Family History Books
1903 Signature Quilt
Old St Mary's Cemetery Burials
Oak Hall Cemetery Burials
Oak Hall Cemetery Vet Burials
Swan Creek Sewing Circle
FHS Collection
Fitchburg and The Fitchburg Historical Society Will Miss a Dear Friend
Kathleen "Kay" (Fahey) Harty was a wonderful Irish Lane neighbor and friend. Kay was raised on a small farm in Fitchburg with her two sisters, Elizabeth and Ellen. She loved her sheep, horses and dogs when she was growing up (and her dogs as an adult!) and spoke often of them and the joy they gave her. Kathleen was born to Thomas and Katherine (Keeley) Fahey April 5, 1932. Her grandparents were John and Julia Monks Fahey, and her great grandparents were James and Bridget White Monks who came from Ireland and settled on Irish Lane in 1855. Kathleen was married to Charles Harty in 1959 and has a son, Robert (Mona) Harty, and two granddaughters, Kamryn and Carolyn, who were very dear to her.
Kay received her start in education in Fitchburg Center School, one of Fitchburg's one-room schools before the consolidation of rural schools. The school was located on the corner of Fish Hatchery and Whalen Roads with grades one through eight, and is now a home. It is there that she attended grades one through six, and then transferred to Edgewood Campus School in Madison and was placed in eighth grade. A story she often told about her Fitchburg school days, was when she came to school riding in her pony cart one day and one of the boys untied the pony from the fencepost when no one was around, and the pony and the cart went home, much to the "chagrin" of her mother when she saw it coming! Her mother did not have a car at that time, and the school did not have a phone. One can only imagine her concern…………..
Kathleen loved the rural setting of her home, and would frequently ask a nearby neighbor, Bill Kinney, to please keep the rather large honeysuckle bush that grew along the line fence cut down, as it was blocking her "east view" of the countryside!
As an educator, Kay excelled in the field of education as an elementary school teacher, a specialist in reading and early childhood education, a principal of Midvale Elementary and Gompers Elementary Schools in Madison, to name a few of her achievements. She obtained her undergraduate and graduate degrees from UW-Whitewater, and a Ph.D. from UW-Madison. Arthritis eventually caused her great discomfort and she retired early. She continued to remain active in various organizations.
The Fitchburg Historical Society appreciated Kathleen's presence on their Board with her suggestions for programs for the annual membership and other meetings, and her sharing of her historical knowledge of the Fitchburg community. Kay was always open to new things, and willing to do her part in contributing to the successful growth of the Fitchburg Historical Society. Her name will be added to the plaque of former Board members that is hanging in the Fitchburg Room on the second floor of the Fitchburg Public Library.
Carole S. Kinney
Archivist of F.H.S.
Click to view Kay Harty's obituary
Ann O'Brien Interview on the Doll Hospital
Ann O'Brien, longtime Fitchburg resident, experienced a unique childhood. Her mother ran a doll hospital in Madison in which Ann was intimately involved working alongside her mother and uncle. Dolls were brought into the hospital with broken limbs to be repaired, hair to be replaced, or perhaps needing a new outfit uniquely designed for each doll. Teddy bears were made and sold along with various accessories available to enhance the appearance of beloved dolls. Experience Ann's first hand account of running a doll hospital with the hard work and creativity required to operate a successful family business catering to the special needs of doll lovers.
Fall FHS Meeting a Success
Jason Himebauch answering questions after the presentation
On Sunday, October 28, Jason Himebauch, foreman at the Nevin Fish Hatchery in Fitchburg described the inner workings of the fish hatchery and its role in harvesting eggs, rearing fish and stocking and monitoring fish in Wisconsin. His duties not only involve the rearing of the fish but managing the machinery, reacting to natural events and controlling predatory animals that enjoy free meals from the fish raceways and ponds. A link to the video of the presentation made be FACTv will be placed on our Video Presentations webpage as soon as it is made available to us.
For those that would like to take a self guided tour of the hatchery at 3911 Fish Hatchery Road in Fitchburg, they are open Monday through Friday (except holidays) from 8 am to 3 pm. Stop in office to ask questions. For guided tours of 15 or more people contact the office at 608-275-3246.
Complete Images of the 1903 Signature Quilt Now Available
The 1903 signature quilt is still on display in the Fitchburg Room of the Fitchburg library and it is periodically refolded to show other names. For those that cannot come to the library or want to view all the signatures in detail, we now have added a complete set of high resolution images of the quilt to our website.
Click to view signature quilt images
Annual Meeting Sunday, April 22
The Fitchburg Historical Society had its annual meeting April 22. At the meeting, 4 board members, Rich Eggleston, Kay Phistry, Catherine Schneider and Allan Tereba were each reelected to another 3-year term. Adrianne Imilkowski presented a short background presentation on the 1918 influenza pandemic and Professor Mary Hayney (picture at right) from the UW Pharmacy School presented the keynote address on how influenza virus works, how it caused the 1918 pandemic and how we are dealing with influenza virus today. The meeting had over 50 people and generated a large number of thoughtful questions.
Obituary Project
At our board meeting Saturday, April 7, our collections advisor Elizabeth Leith and her six students, Megan Bernards, Kelsey Breen, Virginia Fetzer, Jackson Rohde, Onah Rongstad and Caroline Schlingsong presented a progress report on our project to digitize our substantial obituary collection and obtain other genealogical information on people associated with Fitchburg. The students should finish scanning over a thousand obituaries by April 13 and will continue to gather information from these obituaries for inclusion in our FHS FileMaker Pro Database and on our website. This project was funded in part by a grant-in-aid from Wisconsin Historical Foundation, Inc., administered by Wisconsin Council for Local History, Inc. The students are volunteering as a service learning course project. Before the meeting the students discussed the preservation and restoration of wall murals such as our Village of Fitchburg mural in the Fitchburg Room.
A Spring Check-up On Our Collections
This spring, several students from the University of Wisconsin did a "Preservation Review" of our Collections. It was a learning experience for them, and an opportunity to review our archival procedures. After receiving their report in May we have been working in our basement storage area of the Fitchburg Public Library to make sure that items stored there are in archival quality containers, and that items close to the floor are in waterproof containers in the event of water damage.
Other suggestions are in the process of being implemented including the backup of our Collection Records and organizational documentation in multiple secure places. Our mini grant will provide the funds for an external hard drive to assist in this process.
Our Photographic Collection has undergone a real transformation this past year, and will continue to be emphasized as we implement our digitization process, another facet of the Preservation Review. The Obituary area receives constant updates and a list of available obituaries is on our Website. In addition, various articles are added regularly to our paper files, and a careful digital and paper inventory is kept of all our Collections.
Many hours have been put into updating the archives, and the report from the U.W. students was both useful and encouraging.
FHS Hosts Networking Meeting
Some of the networking meeting participants
On September 23 the Fitchburg Historical Society hosted the renewal of the Dane County Historical Society networking meetings. Presentations discussed the development of Websites and Facebook and highlighted the roles they play in interacting with the public. The Wisconsin Historical Society and the Wisconsin Council for Local History also presented updates. Many of the more than 30 participants took advantage of the time devoted to personal interactions between the local historical societies.
Grand Army of the Republic Flag Holder
In 1987 the Oak Cemetery Association, which had been formed in 1853, was left with only two aging members. With no prospects of acquiring new members the cemetery was turned over to the City of Fitchburg. The cemetery was closed to new burials and the Parks Department took over the chore of mowing and keeping the cemetery neat and orderly. They also took responsibility of placing flags at the veterans' graves each Memorial Day. During the original clean-up process they found a broken and rusted remains of a Grand Army of the Republic flag holder. With no knowledge of whose grave this was from they turned it over to the Fitchburg Historical Society. The relic has been sandblasted and is now kept in the archives. The words over the center pictorial read: Grand Army of the Republic, and below: 1861 Veteran 1866.
F. H. S. Board of Directors Honor Plaque
A special plaque to honor members who served so faithfully on the F.H.S. Board of Directors in the past, and have now passed on, can be viewed in a prominent place on the large desk in the Fitchburg Room of the Library. A number of the members listed were Charter Members, and are noted as such.
Map of Cultural Resources in Fitchburg
Come and see a beautiful 2 ft x 3 ft map of the "Cultural Resources of Fitchburg" prepared by the Fitchburg Planning and Zoning Commission in September of 2008, and recently framed and hung in the Fitchburg Room of the Library by the Fitchburg Historical Society. The map includes places on the National Register of Historic Places, other historic buildings, and historic schoolhouses. It also shows locations of a lead mine, stone quarries, Indian camps and trails, and a Mound group.
This well done Fitchburg Cultural Resource Map is a "must see" for anyone interested in the history of this growing community.
Newsletters and Books
FHS Reference Books
Dane County Plat Books
Oregon History Books
Verona History Books
Dane County History Books
Wisconsin History Books
Church History Books
General History Books
FACTv Interviews & FHS Meeting Talks
Fitchburg HS Facebook
Wisconsin HS website
Dane County HS website
Oregon AHS website
Verona AHS website
Middleton AHS website
Fitchburg Plat Map Links
FHS plat books


text:
Green Worcester Plan Informs Doherty High Design
As the design of the new Doherty Memorial High School has been progressing, the City of Worcester has, at the same time, been drafting, refining and sharing its Green Worcester Plan 2020, which outlines ambitious goals for sustainability and climate resiliency on multiple fronts. From investment in renewable electricity to expanding green spaces, implementing sustainable transportation options and developing an enhanced local food system, the plan is both comprehensive and progressive in its approach.
One of the key goals of the Green Worcester Plan is net-zero carbon emissions by city operations by 2050. With that goal in mind, Doherty will be the most sustainable municipal building in Worcester when it opens in 2024. Although LPA|A's work on Doherty began before the plan was in place, the school will be the first city building constructed under the new plan, and the plan has helped to inform the design team's approach. LEED certification and net zero readiness were already goals for the project, but the Green Worcester Plan's focus on the reduction of fossil fuels, in particular, has had a major impact on key elements of Doherty's building systems.
The new Doherty High School has been highly anticipated for many years, and community interest in the project is high. A well-attended public Sustainability workshop in October of 2020 made clear the community's interest in the reduction or elimination of fossil fuels from the final building design. To achieve that end, a high-efficiency natural gas-fired HVAC system that was originally considered for the project was significantly scaled back such that gas-fired boilers are serving only as a back up system for unusually cold days and to ensure resiliency in cases of outages. This and other HVAC design changes resulted in an 85% reduction in projected fossil fuel usage from the original design, which was presented to the community on March 8th.
The building is now projected to be not just carbon neutral, but carbon negative — meaning energy transmission losses are offset by the energy produced on site — achieved through a number of strategies. Roof top solar photovoltaics combined with an HVAC system that is primarily electric, as well as a highly efficient, energy-saving, building envelope design will make this 420,000 square foot school a model for efficiency in the city.
The measures being implemented are not only designed to significantly reduce carbon footprint for the building, but also prioritize a comfortable and healthy learning environment for students and staff.
"Multiple studies have shown that facilities that combine higher efficiency envelopes with properly designed HVAC and air flow systems, provide a multitude of benefits such as even temperatures, less outside sound disruptions, and healthier, comfortable, and more productive environment for its occupants," said John Odell, Energy and Asset Director for the City of Worcester.
Categorized In: Articles, News
Tagged In: K-12 Schools, Sustainable Design, Worcester
Christina S. Bazelmans
AIA, LEED AP BD+C
Robert F. Para Jr.
Doherty Memorial High School›


text:
Q: Evaluate this infinite product: $\prod_{n=3}^{\infty} \left(\;1-\frac{4}{n^2}\;\right)$
$$\prod_{n=3}^{\infty} \left(\;1-\frac{4}{n^2}\;\right)\;=\;\text{???}$$

I took the LCM and split the numerator as $(n+2)(n-2)$ and then took the product of the numerator and the denominator separately but I was not able to get the answer from that so can you please help me in what to do next.

A: Note that, by induction, we have $$F(K)=\prod _{n=3}^K \left(1-\frac{4}{n^2}\right) = \frac{(K+1) (K+2)}{6 K (K-1)}$$ for $K\geq3$.
It's them simple to see that $$\lim_{K\to\infty}F(K) = \frac{1}{6}.$$

A: A different solution. You can use the fact that
$$\sin(\pi x)=\pi x \prod_1^\infty \left(1-\frac{x^2}{n^2} \right).$$
So your product is e qual to
$$\lim_{x \to 2} \frac{\sin(\pi x)}{\pi x (1-x^2)(1-x^2/4)}=1/6$$

A: $$ \prod_{n=3}^{\infty} \left( 1 - \frac{4}{n^2} \right) = \prod_{n=3}^{\infty} \left( \frac{(n-2)(n+2)}{n^2} \right) = \prod_{n=3}^{\infty} \left( \frac{n-2}{n} \right)\prod_{n=3}^{\infty} \left( \frac{n+2}{n} \right) = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \frac{2^2}{4!} \frac{(n-2)!}{n!} \frac{(n+2)!}{n!} $$
So now we pull out Stirling's Approximation
$$ \frac{1}{3!} \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{2 \pi \sqrt{n^2-4}\left( \frac{n-2}{e} \right)^{n-2}\left( \frac{n+2}{e} \right)^{n+2}  }{2 \pi n \left( \frac{n}{e} \right)^{2n}} $$
Dividing out common terms we have:
$$ \frac{1}{3!} \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\sqrt{n^2-4}\left( \frac{n-2}{e} \right)^{n-2}\left( \frac{n+2}{e} \right)^{n+2}  }{n\left( \frac{n}{e} \right)^{2n}} $$
We can take a natural logarithm and then exponentiate our answer to recover the original. So now consider:
$$ \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{2} \ln \left(\frac{n^2 - 4}{n}  \right) + n \ln \left( \frac{(n+2)^2}{n^{n}(n-2)^2} \right)+n - \ln(3!) $$
Our problem then simplifies to:
$$ \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}   n \ln \left( \frac{(n+2)^2}{(n-2)^2} \right)+n - \ln(3!) -  n \ln(n)$$
Which at limit yields:
$$ \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} O(n) - O(n \ln n)$$
And so obviously tends to $-\infty$. This means that the original tends to 0.
So we conclude that the product tends to 0 (using our approximation).

An easier method.
Note that
$$ \frac{1 \times 2 ... \times n-2}{3 \times 4 ... \times n} = \frac{2}{(n-1)n} $$
On the other hand we have:
$$ \frac{5 \times 6 ... \times n+2}{3 \times 4 ... \times n} = \frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{3 \times 4} $$
So their combined product is
$$ \frac{2(n+1)(n+2)}{12(n-1)n} = \frac{1}{6} \frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n-1)}$$
Now it's easy to prove $\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}
 \frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n-1)} = 1$ and you get the desired result.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our favorite noodle and broth dish, HBFC-style, is back on the menu for one week only, Tuesday February 12th - Sunday February 17th!
Available for dine in, take out, and delivery.
Available in-house, for pick-up or Caviar delivery.


Simon Wassall has been with Harvey Nash for more than 20 years and joined the PLC board in 2005. As European managing director, he is responsible for the UK and European professional recruitment operations. Prior to joining Harvey Nash, Wassall opened several new operations for Austin Benn, which led to his board appointment to a newly acquired advertising and marketing company. Wassall is actively involved in the community and participates in Byte Night: the IT industry's annual sleep-out in support of Action for Children. In 2017, Harvey Nash posted revenue of £889 million and acquired IT solutions recruitment firm Crimson Ltd. and Swedish HR consultancy PAT Management.


Whether you're looking for some inspiration, to find your next collaboration or get the low-down on the latest beauty or places to be, Instagram is the place to go. With influencers constantly filling our feeds with flawless and fascinating insights into their lives, you can easily get lost bouncing from one profile to another.
Former makeup artist, turned beauty blogger and successful businesswoman Huda Kattan is a leading force in the world of beauty influencers.
Deemed the 'Kim Kardashian West' of the beauty influencer sphere, Huda started her career by blogging and sharing makeup tips on social media. Today, she is one of the most influential women in the Middle East and the founder of the billion-dollar cosmetics brand 'Huda Beauty' .
Despite running an international beauty empire, Huda is still devoted to her Instagram channel and continues to be a great source of beauty inspiration and tips.
With over 7 million YouTube subscribers, Caspar Lee is one of the UK's biggest YouTube stars.
Whilst his vlogs continue to be loved by millions, his career has reached far beyond the video platform. His hilarious online antics have landed him several roles in popular films, including The Spongebob Movie: Sponge Out of Water and has regularly featured in videos with high-profile celebrities as a comedic interviewer.
Filling his channel with inspiring pics of his everyday life and sneak previews of his latest vlogs, Caspar is undoubtedly one of the top influencers today and someone we should all be following.
Having originally made a name for himself as MySpace royalty, Jeffree Star has reentered the limelight as a controversial but incredibly talented beauty influencer.
Since he was 13-years old, he has been makeup obsessed. Having now launched his own cosmetics range, Jeffree Star Cosmetics, he is one of the biggest names in the business.
Filling our instagram feed with bold, eye-catching images, Jeffree's channel is the place to be for creative inspiration. Sharing snippets of his latest make-up tutorials and inspiring images, Jeffree is someone that every beauty lover should be following. As a talented artist and entertaining influencer, we are pretty sure he's going to continue to be a big name in 2019.
Thanks to his amazing beauty videos and out-of-this-world makeup looks, James Charles is undoubtedly one of the biggest YouTube stars today. With over 1,054,655,350 views to date, his YouTube channel is definitely worth checking out but so is his Instagram account.
Serving some serious looks, James regularly shares pictures of his amazing makeup skills. From creative makeup art to more natural, everyday looks, his profile provides a wealth of inspiration and new ideas for beauty fans. What's more, you will often seen a famous face too as he has filmed makeovers with the likes of Hannah Stocking , Demi Lovato and the Instagram queens themseleves, Kylie Jenner and Kim Kardashian-West .
Since starting her YouTube channel in 2017, Emma Chamberlain has become something of an online sensation. Despite being just 17-years-old, her Instagram posts are now averaging a staggering 1.5 million likes per post - that's an engagement rate of about 25%, which is higher than the likes of Kim Kardashian and Selena Gomez.
Creating entertaining vlogs and Instagram stories about her life in LA , Emma's dry, sarcastic side has made her one of the biggest social media stars and a huge hit with Instagram users. So if you haven't already, go check out her latest post and we are sure you'll be entertained for hours by this young superstar.
If you have haven't already heard of Em Sheldon, she's definitely one to add onto your follow list.
As the face behind the award-winning blog 'Em Talks', Em is a great source for the latest trends in fashion, beauty, fitness and travel. Sharing her life experiences with fans across the world, she has recently been voted Cosmopolitan's Best Newcomer and In Style Magazine's Top Lifestyle & Travel Blogger.
Keeping our feeds filled with all-round life inspiration, she definitely gets our vote in 2019.
Covering everything in the realms of fashion, beauty and lifestyle, we predict Jordan Lipscombe will be one of the top UK Influencers for 2019.
With over 1.5 million subscribers, her YouTube channel is already hugely popular amongst devoted beauty fans. Although her Instagram has a smaller following, it is still a great place to get the latest on the best beauty and fashion products and to see what the social star is up to.
Despite being just 19-years-old, she has already worked with major brands like Nivea , NYX Cosmetics , BeautyBay and Hairburst . And who knows what the year holds for one of the UK's trendiest influencers?
Showing mums around the world how they can continue to fulfill their dreams having given birth, Karen Edwards is the face behind the award-winning blog Travel Mad Mum.
After using her year-long maternity leave to travel to 10 countries with her husband and newborn baby, she has become one of the most inspiring travel influencers. Her feed is full of hundreds of incredible travel photos that any globetrotter would seriously envy.
Despite having already covered 81 countries, we have a feeling Karen has no plans of slowing down. So if you're looking for some new ideas on where to escape to in 2019, why not give her a follow?
Relatively low-key, but still a fantastic source for general fashion / beauty inspiration, Sophia and Cinzia are two upcoming Instagram influencers.
Loved for their vlogs, makeup tutorials, and fashion tips, the lifestyle duo are quickly building a significant online following. As a result, reputable brands like Topshop , Zara and Nasty Gal have worked with the fashionable pair on both their YouTube and Instagram channels.
Despite being one of the original influencers on the health and fitness scene, Kayla Itsines is still one of the top Instagram influencers.
Posting pictures of tasty recipes, daily workout routines and real-life transformations, Kayla is the perfect person to fill your feed with inspiring fitness posts. As a true health and fitness guru, her profile has a workout for just about everyone and as a result, she is loved by millions.
If you're ever in need of some body motivation, Kayla's Instagram is definitely the place to go.
Best friends and popular YouTube duo, Syd and Ell are two of the UK's most promising social media influencers.
Sharing entertaining content around the worlds of beauty, fashion and lifestyle, they are regularly updating their followers with an array of videos and pictures.
Never taking life too seriously, the pair is definitely worth a follow and are worth keeping an eye out for in 2019.
As a full-time YouTuber and popular Instagram star, Laura Meachem is one of the UK's most glamorous fashion influencers.
Working with popular brands such as Abbott Lyon and Zara , Laura is continuously filling our feeds with some serious fashion inspo. If you're ever short on ideas of what to wear, her Instagram is definitely a go-to.
Since starting her YouTube channel dedicated to makeup, Holly Boon has become a firm favourite amongst many beauty fans.
Using both her YouTube and Instagram accounts to share inspiring vlogs and snaps of her flawless looks, she has earnt herself over half a million subscribers. Whilst most of her followers are there for her makeup tips, her recent ventures with brands such as Doll Beauty have also attracted fashion and fitness fans who envy her sensational figure.
Leaving her job as a TV producer to become a full-time fashion blogger, Elle is the face behind the hit blog 'The Elle Next Door'.
Covering a wide range of topics including fashion, beauty and travel, Elle is one of the best lifestyle influencers on Instagram. Besides providing tips and tricks on how to look good, she is also a great person to follow for finding gluten-free foods around the world - different, but very handy.
Life after Love Island has been somewhat of a success for Zara McDermott.
Like most of her fellow constants, she has amassed a significant Instagram following and has now started her very own YouTube channel to share vlogs about her current life with boyfriend Adam Collard.
Inspiring millions with her sensational and very glamorous pics, Zara is certainly an Instagram influencer to watch.
Dedicated to promoting healthy living and independence, Carly Rowena is one of the best fitness influencers to follow.
Filling her Instagram with easy home workouts and the occasional cute baby pic, she provides the perfect place to be inspired to get in shape and live a healthier life – whether you're a yummy-mummy or a fitness fan.
Regularly posting beauty tutorials, skincare routines, product hauls and 'Get Ready With Me' videos for her subscribers, her channel is the perfect haven for those obsessed with beauty and fashion. But her YouTube channel isn't the only place full of great content. Her Instagram is packed with inspiring posts and sneak previews of her new vlogs.
As a huge YouTube personality, Misha Grimes is definitely one to add to your 'follow' list.
Despite having only started her channel back in 2017, she has already grown a respectable following and is dedicated to sharing videos on anything to do with fashion, beauty and lifestyle. We think 2019 has big things in store for this former beauty queen and she is well-deserving of a place on our list.
Obsessed with all things beauty and fashion, Emily Canham is an upcoming social media personality.
Despite being just 21-years-old, she has already become the L'Oreal Paris Digital Makeup Ambassador and worked with a number of leading brands.
In addition to makeup, fashion, and beauty videos, Emily's channel also features challenges, motivational videos, gift ideas, general vlogs, and lots more. So why not give her follow?
Last but by no means least, Anastasia Kingsnorth is a popular beauty, fashion and lifestyle YouTuber who has captured our attention.
Filling her feed with flawless pics of her lifestyle, beauty routine and fashion tips, she has an impressive following and presence in the influencer market. As a result, she has launched her own merchandise range and collaborated with the likes of Rimmel London , Daniel Wellington , The Body Shop and Spotify .


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