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MCAS Chemistry Practice Test: Get Ready for Your MCAS Chemistry Exam!
The Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) test in chemistry is administered by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education.
This test covers the topics of atomic structure and periodicity, bonding and reactions, properties of matter and thermochemistry, solutions, equilibrium, and acid-base theory.
It contains realistic questions that provide not only review key chemistry concepts, but also familiarize one with the MCAS exam format.
MCAS Chemistry Exam Practice
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Your answers are highlighted below.
Please mark the statement which explains why the temperature of ice and water, when mixed together, will remain constant as heat is added:
Heat is stored in the solid ice.
Heat is stored in the liquid water.
Heat is used to turn the solid ice into liquid water.
Heat is absorbed equally by the solid ice and the liquid water.
Question 1 Explanation:
Heat is used to turn solid ice into liquid water.
Please mark the statement which explains why the alkali metal family contains elements that are highly reactive:
Alkali metals are easily ionized.
Alkali metals are negatively charged.
Alkali metals have an odd number of protons.
Alkali metals have an odd number of electrons.
Please mark the statement that describes the role of a buffer:
The buffer increases the rate of a reaction.
The buffer keeps the pH of a solution within a small range.
The buffer changes the oxidation states of elements in a compound.
The buffer shifts the reaction equilibrium to favor more product formation.
The buffer's role is to keep the pH of a solution within a small range.
Please mark the correct quantity of grams of KCI dissolved in 2.00 L of a 0.200 M solution of KCl:
Why would a leaf that floats on a pond stay on top of the water?
The leaf has nonpolar covalent bonds between its atoms.
The density of the water is lesser than the density of the leaf.
The hydrogen bonding holds the water molecules tightly together.
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the water are chemically bonded.
Each of the atoms of silver (Ag) have 47 protons. Please mark one of the following statements which describe an atom of silver:
This atom has no neutrons.
This atom has 47 electrons.
This atom has 23 neutrons and 24 electrons.
This atom has a total of 94 neutrons and electrons.
The atom of silver has 47 electrons.
A polar covalent bond holds together a hydrogen fluoride (HF) molecule, a hydrogen atom, and a fluorine atom. Why is this bond polar?
Due to the large difference in the atomic radii of hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
Due to the large difference in the atomic masses of hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
Due to the large difference in the electronegativities of hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
Due to the large difference in the number of electrons of hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
This bond is polar due to the large difference in the electronegativities of hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
Please mark the action which occurs in an ionic bond?
Two ions share protons.
Two ions share electrons.
Similarly charged ions attract.
Oppositely charged ions attract.
Please mark the three states of water in order of increasing entropy:
ice, liquid, vapor
liquid, ice, vapor
ice, vapor, liquid
vapor, liquid, ice
Please mark the activity which causes liquid molecules to overcome intermolecular attractive forces and become gas molecules:
Adding a solute to the liquid
Adding a catalyst to the liquid
Increasing the temperature of the liquid
Increasing the air pressure above the liquid
Question 10 Explanation:
Increasing the temperature of the liquid.
Please mark the observed property which is reliable in classifying a substance as a metal:
good conductor of heat
low melting temperature
unreactive with other elements
crumbles when hit by a hammer
good conductor of heat.
Please mark the one which is most directly involved in chemical bonding:
protons
neutrons
alpha particles
valence electrons
Please mark the statement which describes an exothermic reaction but not an endothermic reaction:
During the reaction, energy is destroyed.
Energy is used to form chemical bonds.
Energy is used to break chemical bonds.
Energy is released as heat during the reaction.
Please mark the statement which explains why oxygen is classified as a pure substance while air is classified as a mixture:
Oxygen is more reactive than air.
Oxygen has a higher density than air.
Oxygen undergoes phase changes, whereas air is always a gas.
Oxygen contains only one substance, but air contains several substances.
Please mark one of the following statements which best describes milk, considering that the pH of milk is 6.4:
It is very basic.
It is very acidic.
It is slightly basic.
It is slightly acidic.
What is reason for the change of barium to the element lanthanum after a course of several months:
exposure to air
reactions with the container wall
absorption of moisture from the air
Please mark the statement that applies to the mixture of water and salt:
This mixture is a solution.
This mixture is a pure substance.
The salt is not evenly distributed throughout this mixture.
The salt chemically combines with the water in this mixture.
Please mark the statement which explains why elements in the same family of the periodic table have similar bonding properties:
The elements have similar atomic sizes.
The elements have similar atomic masses.
The elements have similar numbers of protons.
The elements have similar valence electron configurations.
Please mark the statement which describes all the exothermic reactions:
Exothermic reactions form gases.
Exothermic reactions require a catalyst.
The energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products.
The energy of the reactants is higher than the energy of the products.
Why potassium (K) reacts easily with bromine (Br)?
Because potassium and bromine both have valence electrons in the fourth energy level.
Because potassium and bromine have the same number of electrons in their highest energy levels.
Because potassium has one electron in its highest energy level, and bromine needs one electron to complete its highest energy level.
Because potassium needs one electron to complete its highest energy level, and bromine has an extra electron in its highest energy level.
Why atoms bond?
In order to make new substances.
In order to become less chemically stable.
In order to change from a liquid to a solid.
In order to become more chemically stable.
Atoms bond in order to become more chemically stable.
Please mark the statement that accounts best for the positive charge of the potassium ions, in a case when a sample of potassium chloride dissolves in water, it separates into potassium ions and chloride ions:
Potassium ions have extra mass.
Potassium ions have a large volume.
Potassium ions have fewer electrons than protons.
Potassium ions have a high density of neutrons and protons.
Please mark one of the following characteristics which allow blood to resist changes in pH:
basicity
buffering capacity
clotting factors
Please mark the statement which applies to a nuclear fission reaction:
The reaction has no commercial applications.
The reaction takes place only at very high temperatures.
The reaction produces only short-lived radioactive waste.
The reaction releases large amounts of energy when nuclei split apart.
Please write how much gold-198 remains in the sample, if a 100 g sample of gold-198 decays for 9 days, considering that gold-198 has a half-life of approximately 3 days:
Please mark the event which occurs when the temperature of a sample of formaldehyde rises from -93°C to -91°C, considering that formaldehyde in solution is used as a preservative and has a melting point of -92°C:
The molecules move more freely.
The molecules lose electrical charge.
The molecules break apart into atoms.
The molecules become fixed in a crystal structure.
Please mark the solution which has the highest concentration of solute:
1.0 mol solute in 200 mL solvent
3.0 mol solute in 1 L solvent
4.0 mol solute in 1.5 L solvent
Why does a wet covering keep the water cool, in a case when a biker carries drinking water in a metal canteen which, during the summer, he covers with a wet cloth to prevent the water from heating?
Because a wet covering transfers coolness to the water in the canteen.
Because a wet covering insulates the canteen better than a dry covering.
Because evaporation of water from the covering transfers heat away from the canteen.
Because condensation of water from the covering transfers heat away from the canteen.
What happens to a gas inside a balloon as the external pressure on the balloon decreases and the temperature stays constant?
The volume increases.
The volume decreases.
The molecular speed increases.
The molecular speed decreases.
Why does ice float on water?
Because water has a higher specific heat than ice.
Because ice has the same molecular mass as water.
Because heat is absorbed when water changes from the solid state to the liquid state.
Because hydrogen bonding causes water to be less dense in the solid state than in the liquid state.
What did the scientists learn about the atom from Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
They learned that atoms combine in simple ratios to form compounds.
They learned that electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in concentric circular paths.
They learned that the mass of an atom and its positive charge are concentrated in the nucleus.
They learned that the atomic mass of an atom is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Please mark the metalloid:
What holds two elements in a molecule who have the same electronegativity values together and why?
They are kept together by an ionic bond, because electrons transfer from one element to the other.
They are kept together by a nonpolar covalent bond, because the elements share electrons equally.
They are kept together by a polar covalent bond, because the elements do not share electrons equally.
They are kept together by an intermolecular force, because the elements do not form a chemical bond.
Why water vapor condenses as temperature decreases?
Because of the collisions between water vapor molecules becomes elastic.
Because of the water vapor molecules which chemically react when they collide.
Because of the water vapor molecules which are pulled together by the force of gravity.
Because of the attractive forces between water vapor molecules which overcome molecular motion.
Please mark the element which is located in period 3 and is a member of the halogen family:
argon (Ar)
bromine (Br)
chlorine (Cl)
sulfur (S)
What is the difference between a mixture and a pure substance?
The difference is that a mixture tends to be homogenous, while a pure substance tends to be heterogeneous.
The difference is that a mixture has a specific melting point, while the melting point of a pure substance can vary.
The difference is that the density of a mixture can change with temperature, but the density of a pure substance cannot change.
The difference is that the composition of a mixture can vary from sample to sample, but the composition of a pure substance is always the same.
Please mark the evidence which supports Bohr's idea that electrons occupy specific energy levels within an atom:
Each element has physical and chemical properties that are unique to that element and different from those of other elements.
Beryllium atoms bombarded with alpha particles produce beams that are not influenced by magnetic fields.
Each element emits a unique bright-line spectrum when it falls from an excited state to a ground state.
Sodium atoms become positive ions when they lose electrons.
Please mark the right result regarding the volume of a ball that contains 0.85 mol of air, considering that the air inside a beach ball is at a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 1.0 atm:
Please mark the description which correctly pairs a phase of matter:
Liquid: Particles are more strongly attached to one another than when in the solid phase.
Liquid: Particles expand to fill any container in which they are placed.
Gas: Particles have higher amounts of energy than when in the liquid phase.
Solid: Particles have no motion.
Please mark the section of the periodic table which contains only metals:
Please mark the bonding which is responsible for the water strider to be able to walk a water surface without sinking:
oxygen bonding
hydrogen bonding
nonpolar covalent bonding
Mary left a bottle of cola and a bottle of distilled water outside overnight. In the morning, she found only one of the liquids frozen. Please mark the liquid which was frozen and the reason for this reaction:
The distilled water froze because pure substances have a higher freezing point than solutions.
The sugary drink froze because solutions have a higher freezing point than pure substances.
The distilled water froze because pure substances are denser than solutions.
The sugary drink froze because solutions are denser than pure substances.
Please mark the characteristic of an element that can be determined by considering the specific position of the element on the periodic table:
the density of the solid
the radius of each ion
the number of protons in each atom
the boiling point of the liquid
Please mark the order of solutions, from most acidic to most basic:
battery acid, blood, laundry detergent, lemon juice
laundry detergent, blood, lemon juice, battery acid
battery acid, lemon juice, blood, laundry detergent
lemon juice, battery acid, blood, laundry detergent
Please mark the explanation in regard to the reason why the bond in hydrogen chloride (HCI) is polar covalent:
The electronegativity of chlorine is greater than that of hydrogen.
The diameter of a chlorine atom is greater than that of a hydrogen atom.
The atomic mass of chlorine is greater than that of hydrogen.
The number of valence electrons in a chlorine atom is greater than that in a hydrogen atom.
Please mark the sample of sugar which will dissolve fastest in a pitcher of lemonade:
5 g of granulated sugar in 5°C lemonade
5 g of cubed sugar in 20°C lemonade
5 g of granulated sugar in 20°C lemonade
5 g of cubed sugar in 5°C lemonade
Please mark the comparison which describes subatomic particles:
A proton has a positive charge and a mass smaller than the mass of an electron.
An electron has a negative charge and a mass larger than the mass of a proton.
A neutron has a negative charge and a mass smaller than the mass of a proton.
A neutron has a neutral charge and a mass larger than the mass of an electron.
Please mark the method which can separate components of some mixtures:
a chemical reaction
a filtration process
a nuclear reaction
an electrolysis process
Please mark the description of separation of the components of a mixture:
Salt is isolated from seawater through evaporation.
Propane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
Calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
Water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen.
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This alert is part of our Beat by Beat Series, which explores global digital health developments.
Faced with rising health costs and the demands of aging populations, governments around the world are increasingly exploring more sustainable payment models, as well as the efficiencies and potential cost-savings of digital technologies. But this transformational shift cannot take place unless policymakers address a potential Catch-22 around a sensitive topic: data. Innovative digital health companies cannot operate or scale without it; patients and providers, however, justifiably worry about the privacy and security of sensitive, personal information. Governments, industry, patients and other stakeholders are therefore reflecting deeply about how to approach data access and data rights, privacy, cybersecurity, and other related questions in order to responsibly unlock the promise of improved health outcomes and lower costs.
In early 2018, Prime Minister Modi announced an initiative – the National Health Protection Mission – to expand subsidized care to the nation's extreme poor. With more than half a billion citizens living in poverty, it may be the largest expansion of public care in history – and India's government will rely on data-centric innovation to fuel this expansion. The public health care scheme will rely on data to monitor quality of service and as well as determine fees. Officials recently partnered with players in the United States to establish application programming interfaces (APIs), a move that may improve health IT interoperability, unleash innovation, and make health information more accessible for providers and patients.
At the same time, India is considering a sweeping data privacy bill to regulate data sharing and protect consumers. As it stands, many fear that the proposed bill may stymie digital health innovation. The draft legislation, created by the Data Protection Committee, would impose data processing and security requirements on the government, any Indian company, any Indian citizen, or any person incorporated or created under Indian law. The Committee also recommended a broad definition of "sensitive data," including health information, and new requirements for handling such data, suggested restrictions on the use of anonymized datasets, and proposed data localization requirements that could increase costs, create access challenges, and reduce security for data controllers, such as health providers. Many of the provisions seek to translate elements of the European Union's model for privacy of its citizens as articulated in the General Data Protection Regulation, which has been criticized as inflexible for existing and emerging business models and may lead to increased costs for health care providers or limitations in use of data that could be useful for health care improvements. As controllers of large amounts of sensitive data, health care providers and companies must pay particular care with GDPR-inspired provisions around the world, which give patients more control and rights over their personal and health data. In addition to potentially steep fines for non-compliance, such regulations might change how patient data is used for diagnosis, how it is shared between health care professionals, and require new retention and storage models to comply with patient rights, such as the "right to be forgotten." The Committee has submitted the bill to India's Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), where officials are receiving public comment while they review the proposal and consider next steps. The bill must pass both houses of Parliament to become law.
China and Korea: The Next Health Data Leaders?
India's shift towards utilizing health data is indicative of a larger global trend. In 2016, the Chinese State Council issued a plan to promote and regulate "healthcare big data," which the government declared to be a strategic national resource. The plan includes a pledge to construct 100 regional clinical data demonstration centers, along with three national databases. It goes on to note that the expansion of health data collection necessitates not only the development of interconnected platforms, services, and related technical capacity, but also a regulatory and policy framework to underpin it. Likewise, the South Korean Minister of Trade, Industry, and Energy announced an initiative to collect and harness the genetic and biometric data of 10 million Koreans, create a comprehensive database, and launch data analytics-driven pilot projects in an effort to spur innovation and support the country's biopharmaceutical and healthcare sector. How China and Korea address questions surrounding health data access and ownership, as well as privacy and security, in these initiatives remains to be seen. What is certain is that those policies will be critical to informing business models for digital health companies seeking to operate in those markets.
Unlike countries that have been focused on data protection and patient access to healthcare, Israel has been focusing on digital health innovation and use of data and technology to support new treatments for patients.
Israel has a rich technology industry and is investing in using government investment to spur the use of health data to support technology and pharmaceutical innovation that can support health care improvement. Earlier this year, Israel announced a plan to invest $275 million to bring into a single database of the digital medical records that it has collected over a period of 20 years and digitize the personal health records of its nearly 9 million citizens for use by researchers and life sciences companies to help develop new drugs. The government is working with a software partner to gather information from Israeli volunteers and create a database for academics and foreign health care companies to use in the development of preventive medicines and personalized care. The government expects the plan to attract foreign investment and encourage partnerships with local entrepreneurs.
The Israeli government also launched an $8.73 million pilot program that pairs up private technology companies with public HMOs, in an effort to harness innovation and improve Israel's role as a global leader in digital health.
Meanwhile, as attention focused on the entry into force of the EU's GDPR, momentum continues to grow around the Cross Border Privacy Rules (CBPR) system created by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Developed and endorsed by APEC's 21 member economies, the CBPR system strengthens privacy protections while facilitating the international flows of data that fuel trade, power e-commerce, and underpin the 21st-century global economy. The CBPRs are a voluntary but enforceable privacy code of conduct, whereby participating member economy organizations may be certified by independent, third-party "Accountability Agents."
In early 2018, Singapore became the sixth participating APEC economy, joining the United States, Japan, Korea, and others, with the Philippines, Australia, and Chinese Taipei all taking steps to join the system. As more countries join, CBPR is demonstrating that a balance can be struck between protecting privacy and enabling cross-border data flows.
As governments seek to accelerate technology innovation to drive improved health outcomes and lower costs, issues of data collection, management, privacy, security, and usability will be paramount. Industry, patient groups, researchers, and other stakeholders have a critical role to play in engaging with governments around the world to shape policies that will responsibly enable innovation.


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text:
\section{Introduction}

The real structure of the media are characterized
by an extremely complex and irregular geometry \cite{Mand}.
Because the methods of Euclidean geometry, which ordinarily
deals with regular sets, are purely suited for
describing objects such as in nature, stochastic
models are taken into account \cite{Beran}.
Another possible way of describing a complex structure of
the media is to use fractal theory of sets
of fractional dimensionality \cite{Mand}.
Although the fractal dimensionality does
not reflect completely the geometric
properties of the fractal, it nevertheless permits
a number of important conclusions about the behavior
of fractal structures \cite{Zaslavsky1,Zaslavsky2}.
For example, if it is
assumed that matter with a constant density is distributed
over the fractal, then the mass of the fractal enclosed
in a volume of characteristic dimension
$R$ satisfies the scaling law $ M (R) \sim R^{D}$, whereas
for a regular n-dimensional Euclidean object $M (R) \sim R^n$.
Let us assume that a medium can be treated on a scale $R$ as
a stochastic fractal of dimensionality $D <3$ embedded in a Euclidean
space of dimensionality $n = 3$. Naturally, in real objects
the fractal structure cannot be observed on all
scales.
For example, Katz and Thompson \cite{KT} presented experimental
evidence indicating that the pore spaces of a set of
sandstone samples are fractals
in length extending from 10 angstrom to 100 $\mu m$.

In the general case, the fractal media cannot
be considered as continuous media.
There are points and domains that are not filled of the medium particles.
We suggest to consider the fractal media  as special
(fractional) continuous media.
We use the procedure of replacement of the fractal medium
with fractal mass dimension by some continuous medium that
is described by fractional integrals.
This procedure is a fractional generalization of
Christensen approach \cite{Chr}.
Suggested procedure leads to the fractional integration and
differentiation to describe fractal media.
The fractional integrals allow us to take into account the fractality
of the media.
In order to describe the fractal media by continuous medium model,
we must use the fractional integrals.
The order of fractional integral is equal
to the fractal mass dimension of the media.
More consistent approach to describe the fractal media
is connected with the mathematical definition of the integrals
on fractals. In Ref. \cite{RLWQ} was proved that integrals
on net of fractals can be approximated by fractional integrals.
Therefore, we can consider the fractional integrals as approximation
of the integrals on fractals \cite{Nig4}.
In Ref. \cite{chaos}, we proved that fractional integrals
can be considered as integrals over the space with fractional
dimension up to numerical factor. To prove this statement,
we use the well-known formulas of dimensional regularizations \cite{Col}.

We use the fractional integrals to describe fractal media.
We consider the simple example of application of fractal integrals to
describe the fractal medium.
We discuss the possible experimental testing of the continuous medium
model for fractal media that is suggested in \cite{PLA05}.
This test is connected with measure of period of
the Maxwell pendulum with fractal medium cylinder.

It is known that the homogeneous medium cylinder with mass $M$ and
the radius $R$ such that the medium of cylinder has the integer mass
dimension, has the moments of inertia
\[ I^{(2)}_z=(1/2)MR^2 ,\]
where $z$ is a cylinder axis.
If the fractal medium cylinder has the mass $M$, radius $R$,
and the fractal mass dimension, then the
moment of inertia has the form
\begin{equation} \label{Ialpha} I^{(\alpha)}_z=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+2} MR^2 , \end{equation}
where $\alpha$ is a fractal mass dimension of cross-section of
the cylinder ($1<\alpha\le 2$). The parameter $\alpha$ can be calculated
by box counting method for the cross-section of the cylinder.

As the result, we get that two homogeneous cylinders
with the same masses and radiuses have the unequal moments of inertia.
These cylinders have the different properties as Maxwell pendulums.
The periods of oscillation for these pendulums are connected by the equation
\[ \Bigl(\frac{T^{(\alpha)}_0}{T^{(2)}_0}\Bigr)^2=
\frac{4(\alpha+1)}{3(\alpha+2)} . \]
where $T^{(\alpha)}_0$ is a period of oscillation of
fractal medium Maxwell pendulum.
For example, the experiment can be realized by using the sandstone cylinder.
Note that Katz and Thompson \cite{KT} presented experimental
evidence indicating that the pore spaces of a set of sandstone samples
are fractals and are self-similar over three to four orders of magnitude
in length extending from 10 angstrom to 100 $\mu m$.

\section{Fractal Media and Fractional Integrals}

The cornerstone of fractals is the meaning of dimension,
specifically the fractal dimension.
Fractal dimension can be best calculated by box counting
method which means drawing a box of size $R$
and counting the mass inside.
The mass fractal dimension \cite{Mand,Schr} can be easy measured
for fractal media.
The properties of the fractal media like mass obeys a power law relation
\begin{equation} \label{MR} M \sim R^{D} , \quad (D<3),  \end{equation}
where $M$ is the mass of fractal medium, $R$ is a box size
(or a sphere radius),
and $D$ is a mass fractal dimension.
Amount of mass of a medium inside a box of size $R$
has a power law relation (\ref{MR}).

The power law relation (\ref{MR}) can be naturally
derived by using the fractional integral.
In Ref \cite{PLA05}, we prove that the mass fractal dimension
is connected with the order of fractional integrals.
Therefore the fractional integrals can be used to describe fractal
media with non-integer mass dimensions.

Let us consider the region $W_A$ in 3-dimensional
Euclidean space $E^3$, where $A$ is the midpoint of this region.
The volume of the region $W_A$ is denoted by $V(W_A)$.
If the region $W_A$ is a ball with the radius $R_A$,
then the midpoint $A$ is a center of the ball, and
the volume $V(W_A)=(4/3)\pi R^3_A$ .
The mass of the region $W_A$ in the fractal medium is denoted by $M(W_A)$.
The fractality of medium means that the mass of this medium
in any region $W_A$ of Euclidean space $E^3$ increase more slowly
that the volume of this region.
For the ball region of the fractal medium,
this property can be described by the power law (\ref{MR}),
where $R$ is the radius of the ball $W_A$.

Fractal media are called homogeneous fractal media if the power
law (\ref{MR}) does not depend on the translation
of the region. The homogeneity property of the medium
can be formulated in the form:
For all regions $W_A$ and $W_B$ of the homogeneous fractal medium
such that the volumes are equal $V(W_A)=V(W_B)$,
we have that the masses of these regions are equal $M(W_A)=M(W_B)$.
Note that the wide class of the fractal
media satisfies the homogeneous property.
In many cases, we can consider the porous media \cite{Por1,Por2},
polymers \cite{P}, colloid aggregates \cite{CA}, and
aerogels \cite{aero} as homogeneous fractal media.

In Ref. \cite{PLA05}, the continuous medium model for the fractal media was
suggested. Note that the fractality and
homogeneity properties can be realized in the following forms: \\

\noindent
(1) Fractality:
The mass of the ball region $W$ of fractal medium obeys a power law relation
\begin{equation} \label{MR2} M_D(W)=M_0 \Bigl( \frac{R}{R_c} \Bigr)^D , \end{equation}
where $D<3$, $R$ is the radius of the ball, and
$R_c$ is the characteristic value.
In the general case, we have the scaling law relation
$M_D(\lambda W)=\lambda^D M_D(W)$,
where $\lambda W=\{\lambda {\bf x}, \ \ {\bf x} \in W \}$. \\

\noindent
(2) Homogeneity:
The local density of homogeneous fractal media
is translation invariant value that have the form
$\rho({\bf x})=\rho_0=const$.

\vskip 3mm

These requirements can be realized by the
fractional generalization of the equation
\begin{equation} \label{MW} M_3(W)=\int_W \rho({\bf x}) d V_3  . \end{equation}
Let us define the fractional integral
in Euclidean space $E^3$ in the Riesz form \cite{SKM}.
The fractional generalization of Eq. (\ref{MW}) can be realized
in the following form
\begin{equation} \label{ID} M_D(W)=\int_W \rho({\bf x}) dV_D , \end{equation}
where $dV_D=c_3(D,{\bf x})d V_3$, and
\[ c_3(D,{\bf x})=\frac{2^{3-D} \Gamma(3/2)}{\Gamma(D/2)} |{\bf x}|^{D-3} . \]
Here we use the initial points in the fractional integrals are set to zero.
The numerical factor in Eq. (\ref{ID}) has this form in order to
derive usual integral in the limit $D\rightarrow (3-0)$.
Note that the usual numerical factor
$\gamma^{-1}_3(D)={\Gamma(1/2)}/{2^D \pi^{3/2} \Gamma(D/2)}$,
which is used in Ref. \cite{SKM}
leads to $\gamma^{-1}_3(3-0)= {\Gamma(1/2)}/{2^3 \pi^{3/2} \Gamma(3/2)}$
in the limit $D\rightarrow (3-0)$.

In order to have the usual dimensions of the physical values,
we can use vector ${\bf x}$, and coordinates
$x$, $y$, $z$ as dimensionless values.
For example, we can define $x=x_1/x_0$, $y=x_2/x_0$, $z=x_3/x_0$, where
$x_1$, $x_2$, and $x_3$ are the coordinates with the usual physical dimension.

We can rewrite Eq. (\ref{ID}) in the form
\begin{equation} \label{MWD}  M_D(W)=\frac{2^{3-D} \Gamma(3/2)}{\Gamma(D/2)}
\int_W \rho({\bf x}) |{\bf x}|^{D-3} d^3 x . \end{equation}

If we consider the homogeneous fractal medium
($\rho({\bf x})=\rho_0=const$) and the ball region
$W=\{{\bf x}: \  |{\bf x}|\le R \}$, then we have
\[ M_D(W)= \rho_0 \frac{2^{3-D} \Gamma(3/2)}{\Gamma(D/2)}
\int_W |{\bf x}|^{D-3} d V_3 . \]
Using the spherical coordinates, we get
\[ M_D(W)= \frac{\pi 2^{5-D} \Gamma(3/2)}{\Gamma(D/2)} \rho_0
\int_W |{\bf x}|^{D-1} d |{\bf x}|=
\frac{2^{5-D} \pi \Gamma(3/2)}{D \Gamma(D/2)} \rho_0 R^{D} . \]
As the result, we have $M(W)\sim R^D$, i.e., we derive Eq. (\ref{MR2})
up to the numerical factor.
Therefore the fractal medium with non-integer mass dimension $D$ can be
described by fractional integral of order $D$.

Note that the interpretation of the fractional integration
is connected with fractional dimension \cite{chaos}.
This interpretation follows from
the well-known formulas for dimensional regularizations \cite{Col}:
The fractional integral can be considered as a
integral in the fractional dimension space up to the numerical
factor $\Gamma(D/2) /( 2 \pi^{D/2} \Gamma(D))$.

\section{Moment of Inertia of Fractal Medium Cylinder}

In this section, we consider the fractional generalization of the equation
for moment of inertia.

The equation for the moment of inertia of homogeneous cylinder with
integer mass dimension has the well-known form
\begin{equation} \label{0}
I^{(2)}_z=\rho_0 \int _S (x^2+y^2) dS_{2} \int_L dz . \end{equation}
Here $z$ is the cylinder axis, and $dS_2=dxdy$.
The fractional generalization of Eq. (\ref{0}) for moment of inertia
can be defined by the equation
\begin{equation} \label{1}
I^{(\alpha)}_z=\rho_0 \int _S (x^2+y^2) dS_{\alpha} \int_L dl_{\beta} , \end{equation}
where we use the following notations
\begin{equation} \label{2} dS_{\alpha}=c(\alpha)
\left(\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\right)^{\alpha-2} dS_2 ,
\quad dS_2=dxdy ,
\quad c(\alpha)=\frac{2^{2-\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha/2)} , \quad
dl_{\beta}= \frac{|z|^{\beta-1}}{\Gamma(\beta)} dz . \end{equation}
The numerical factor in Eq. (\ref{1}) has this form in order to
derive usual integral in the limit $\alpha\rightarrow (2-0)$ and
$\beta \rightarrow (1-0)$.
The parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are
\[ 1 < \alpha \le 2, \quad 0 < \beta \le 1 . \]
If $\alpha=2$ and $\beta=1$, then Eq. (\ref{1}) has form (\ref{0}).
The parameter $\alpha$ is a fractal mass dimension of the cross-section
of cylinder. This parameter can be easy calculated from
the experimental data. It can be calculated by box counting method
for the cross-section of the cylinder.

Substituting Eq. (\ref{2}) in Eq. (\ref{1}), we get
\[ I^{(\alpha)}_z=
\frac{\rho_0 c(\alpha)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \int_S (x^2+y^2)^{\alpha/2} dS_2
\int^H_0 z^{\beta-1} dz . \]
Here we consider the cylindrical region $W$ that is defined by the relations
\begin{equation} \label{cyl}  L=\{z: \ 0\le z\le H \},
\quad S=\{(x,y): \ 0\le x^2+y^2 \le R^2 \} . \end{equation}
Using the cylindrical coordinates $(\phi,r,z)$, we have
\[ dS_2=dxdy=r dr d\phi , \quad (x^2+y^2)^{\alpha/2}=r^{\alpha} . \]
Therefore the moment of inertia is defined by
\begin{equation} \label{11} I^{(\alpha)}_z=\frac{2 \pi \rho_0 c(\alpha)}{\Gamma(\beta)}
\int^R_0 r^{\alpha+1} dr \int^H_0 z^{\beta-1} dz=
\frac{2 \pi \rho_0 c(\alpha)}{(\alpha+2) \beta \Gamma(\beta)}
R^{\alpha+2} H^{\beta} . \end{equation}
As the result, we have
\[ I^{(\alpha)}_z=
\frac{2 \pi \rho_0 c(\alpha)}{(\alpha+2)
\beta \Gamma(\beta)} R^{\alpha+2} H^{\beta} . \]
If $\alpha=2$ and $\beta=1$, we get $I^{(2)}_z=(1/2)\pi\rho_0 R^4H$.

The mass of the usual medium cylinder (\ref{cyl}) is defined by the equation
\begin{equation} \label{M2} M=\rho_0 \int_S dS_{2} \int_L dz=
2 \pi \rho_0  \int^R_0 r dr \int^H_0 dz=  \pi \rho_0 R^2 H . \end{equation}
We can consider the fractional generalization of this equation.
The mass of fractal medium cylinder (\ref{cyl}) can be defined
by the equation
\begin{equation} \label{Ma} M_{\alpha}=\rho_0 \int_S dS_{\alpha} \int_L dl_{\beta} . \end{equation}
Using the cylinder coordinates, we get
\[ M_{\alpha}=\frac{2 \pi \rho_0 c(\alpha)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \int^R_0 r^{\alpha-1} dr
\int^H_0 z^{\beta-1} dz=
\frac{2 \pi \rho_0 c(\alpha)}{\alpha \beta \Gamma(\beta)} R^{\alpha} H^{\beta} . \]
As the result, we have
\begin{equation} \label{M-F}
M_{\alpha}=\frac{2 \pi \rho_0 c(\alpha)}{\alpha \beta \Gamma(\beta)} R^{\alpha} H^{\beta} . \end{equation}

Substituting the mass (\ref{M-F}) in the moment of inertia (\ref{11}),
we get the relation
\begin{equation} \label{I-F} I^{(\alpha)}_z=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+2} M_{\alpha} R^2 . \end{equation}
Note that Eq. (\ref{I-F}) does not have the parameter $\beta$.
If $\alpha=2$, we have the well-known relation $I^{(2)}_z=(1/2) M R^2$
for the homogeneous cylinder that has the integer mass dimension $D=3$
and $\alpha=2$.

If we consider the fractal medium cylinder with the mass and radius
that are equal to mass and radius of
the homogeneous medium cylinder with integer mass dimension,
then the moments of inertia of these cylinders are connected by the equation
\begin{equation} I^{(\alpha)}_z=\frac{2\alpha}{\alpha+2} I^{(2)}_z .\end{equation}
Here $I^{(2)}_z$ is the moment of inertia for the
cylinder with integer mass dimension $D=3$ and $\alpha=2$.
For example, the parameter $\alpha=1.5$ leads us to the relation
$I^{(3/2)}=(6/7) I^{(2)}_z$.
Using $1\le \alpha \le 2$, we have the general relation
\[ (2/3) \le I^{(\alpha)}_z/ I^{(2)}_z \le 1 . \]

\section{Equation of Motion for Maxwell Pendulum}

Maxwell pendulum is used to demonstrate transformations
between gravitational potential energy and rotational kinetic energy.
Wind the string up on the small axis, giving the device some initial
gravitational potential energy. When released, this gravitational
potential energy is converted into rotational kinetic energy,
with a lesser amount of translational kinetic energy.
We consider the Maxwell pendulum as a cylinder that is suspended
by string. The string is wound on the cylinder.

The equations of motion for Maxwell pendulum have the form
\[ M_{\alpha} \frac{dv_y}{dt}=M_{\alpha}g-T , \quad
I^{(\alpha)}_z\frac{d\omega_z}{dt}=R T , \]
where $g$ is the acceleration such that $g\simeq 9.81 (m/s^2)$;
the axis $z$ is a cylinder axis, $T$ is a string tension.
Using $v_y=\omega_z R$, we have
\[ M\frac{dv_y}{dt}=Mg-\frac{I^{(\alpha)}_z}{R^2} \frac{dv_y}{dt} . \]
As the result, we get the acceleration of the cylinder
\begin{equation} \label{a-y} a_y=\frac{dv_y}{dt}=\frac{Mg}{M+I^{(\alpha)}_z/R^2}
=\frac{g}{1+I^{(\alpha)}_z/(MR^2)} .  \end{equation}
Substituting Eq. (\ref{I-F}) in Eq. (\ref{a-y}), we get
\begin{equation} a_y=\frac{\alpha+2}{2\alpha+2} g . \end{equation}
For the fractal mass dimension of cross-section of cylinder
$\alpha=1.5$, we get $a_y=(3/5)g \simeq 6.87 \ (m/s^2)$.
For the cylinder with integer mass dimension of
the cross-section ($\alpha=2$),
we have $a_y=(2/3)g \simeq 6.54 \ (m/s^2)$.
The period $T_0$ of oscillation for this Maxwell pendulum
is defined by the equation
\[ T_0=4t_0=4\sqrt{2L/a_y}, \]
where $L$ is a string length, and
the time $t_0$ satisfies the equation  $a_yt^2_0/2=L$.
Therefore, we get the relation for the periods
\begin{equation} \frac{T^{(\alpha)}_0}{T^{(2)}_0}=\sqrt{{a^{(2)}_y}/{a^{(\alpha)}_y}}=
\sqrt{\frac{4(\alpha+1)}{3(\alpha+2)}} . \end{equation}
Using $1< \alpha <2$, we can see that
\[ (8/9)<\Bigl(T^{(\alpha)}_0 / T^{(2)}_0\Bigr)^2<1 . \]
Note the parameter $\alpha$ can be calculated by box counting method
for the cross-section of the cylinder.
For $\alpha=1.5$, we have $\Bigl({T^{(\alpha)}_0}/{T^{(2)}_0}\Bigr)^2=0.952$.

\newpage

\section{Conclusion}

In the general case, the fractal media cannot
be considered as continuous media.
There are points and domains that are not filled of the medium particles.
In Ref. \cite{PLA05}, we suggest to consider the fractal media
as special ("fractional") continuous media.
We use the procedure of replacement of the medium
with fractal mass dimension by some continuous medium that
is described by fractional integrals.
This procedure is a fractional generalization of
Christensen approach \cite{Chr}.
Suggested procedure leads to the fractional integration and
differentiation to describe fractal media.
The fractional integrals are considered as approximation
of the integrals on fractals \cite{RLWQ}. Note that
fractional integrals can be considered as integrals
over the space with fractional dimension up to numerical factor
\cite{chaos,PRE05,JPCS}.
To prove we use the well-known
formulas of dimensional regularizations \cite{Col}.
The fractional integrals allow us to take into account
the fractality of the media.

The fractional continuous models of fractal media
can have a wide application.
This is due in part to the relatively small numbers of parameters
that define a random fractal medium of great complexity
and rich structure.
In many cases, the real fractal structure of matter
can be disregarded and the medium can be replaced by
some "fractional" continuous mathematical model.
In order to describe the media with
non-integer mass dimension, we must use the fractional calculus.
Smoothing of the microscopic characteristics over the
physically infinitesimal volume transform the initial
fractal medium into "fractional" continuous model
that uses the fractional integrals.
The order of fractional integral is equal
to the fractal mass dimension of the medium.
The fractional continuous model allows us
to describe dynamics for wide class fractal media
\cite{AP05,Chaos05,Physica2005}.

In this Letter we consider the simple experiment
that allows us to prove the fractional continuous media model \cite{PLA05}
for fractal media.
This simple experiment prove that the fractional integrals
can be used to describe fractal media.

The fractal medium cylinder with the mass $M$, radius $R$,
and the fractal mass dimension,  has the
moment of inertia in the form
\[ I^{(\alpha)}_z=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+2} MR^2 , \]
where $\alpha$ is a fractal mass dimension of cross-section of
the cylinder ($1<\alpha \le 2$). The parameter $\alpha$ can be calculated
by box counting method for the cross-section of the cylinder.
As the result, we get that two homogeneous cylinders
with equal masses and radiuses can have the unequal moments of inertia.
These cylinders have the different properties as Maxwell pendulums.
The periods of oscillation for these pendulums are connected by the equation
\[ \Bigl({T^{(\alpha)}_0}/{T^{(2)}_0}\Bigr)^2=
\frac{4(\alpha+1)}{3(\alpha+2)} . \]
where $T^{(\alpha)}_0$ is a period of oscillation of
fractal medium Maxwell pendulum.
For example, the experiment can be realized by using the sandstone.
Note that Katz and Thompson \cite{KT} presented experimental
evidence indicating that the pore spaces of a set of sandstone samples
are fractals and are self-similar over three to four orders of magnitude
in length extending from 10 angstrom to 100 $\mu m$.
The deviation $T^{(\alpha)}_0$ from $T^{(2)}_0$ is no more that 6 per cent.
Therefore the precision of the experiments must be high.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Benton County MN Republicans
Benton County Republicans is a non-profit organization based in Benton County, Minnesota. Our goal is to educate the people of Benton County and the State of Minnesota on conservative principles and to advocate the Republican Party's philosophy and initiatives while empowering men and women of all ages, ethnicity and backgrounds in the political process. Join us as we share ideas, form friendships and help good, conservative candidates get elected through volunteer work and political activism.
Voter ID & Fraud with Mary Kiffmeyer
Monday, October 29th at 7:00 PM @ Michael's Restaurant
Mary Kiffmeyer, current member
Former MN Secretary of State
Topic: Voter ID and fraud
Hosted by the Central MN Tea Party
Biography/Mary Kiffmeyer
Because of her commitment to election integrity developed while an election judge for 11 years, Mary entered the political spotlight in 1999 as Secretary of State and served until 2006. In 2009, she was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives, where she currently serves. Among her many accomplishments as Secretary of State, was aiding Minnesotans to lead the nation in voter turnout, in 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006. In 2004, Minnesota had 77.7% voter turnout, the highest in the state since 1960. She also transformed the office website for voter information, election results, a My Ballot feature and a precinct finder system in use today in addition to several data conversions projects in business services division. Rep. Kiffmeyer initiated legislation to establish the Safe At Home program for battered women to vote while keeping their address private. She has received several awards among them the LedAnn Elliott Excellence in Election Administration from Kids Voting USA As a legislator, Mary authored a proposed constitutional amendment for Voter ID, which passed through the legislature and will appear on the ballot in November 2012.
Married for over 44 years, Rep. Mary Kiffmeyer counts raising 4 children and enjoying involvement with her 14 grandchildren as one of her greatest delights in life. In addition to being a Registered Nurse, she is also a small business owner and very involved in her community, including: American Legion Auxiliary, previously serving on the local hospital and nursing home board, Community Education Advisory Council and a variety of church activities.
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Dancing for her Namesake
Thu, 01/24/2019 - 1:35pm admin
St. Michael's Ireland Rose Langer shares her passion for Irish dancing, and placing 6th in the World Championship
Miriam Orr
We all had grand dreams when we were kids.
For some, they dreamed of traveling the far reaches of space as astronauts, while others just wanted to pilot the rocket ship. Others wanted to be cowboys, firemen, or police officers; models, singers, and movie stars being not far behind. Marine biologists – primarily for swimming with dolphins, no doubt – and paleontology flood the minds of youngsters each and every day. On a much more practical scale for dreaming are the artists, nurses, or teachers.
Yet for some, there are other dreams. Dreams of hard work and determination; of learning new things and honing a skill for the betterment of a sport and an art fill their minds. Some overlook the hard work and seemingly impossible outcomes – some just see the vision and the passion. It becomes natural and like breathing to them, an extension of who they are – almost as if the dream itself becomes a member of the family.
For Ireland Rose Langer, that dream was – and is – Irish dancing.
Ireland Rose
Ireland Rose Langer grew up in St. Michael her entire life, and graduated STMA in 2018. At 18 years old, she's as starry-eyed and optimistic as you'd expect any recently-graduated young woman to be. What's more, she's all smiles and giggles as she seats herself beside her mom, Sheila, to talk about her "absolute favorite thing" – Irish dancing.
"I've been Irish dancing since I was eleven," Ireland Rose explained. "It's been such a foundational part of my life – I can't imagine where I'd be without it in my life."
For her, it all began at the Landmark Center in St. Paul, where she witnessed Irish dancing for the first time during the renowned St. Patrick's Day celebration. She explained that the movement, music, and dedication of the dances were inspiring, even at 11 years old – and she just knew she had to learn how.
So, it wasn't long after the celebration that Ireland Rose enrolled in lessons, and she discovered that not only was the dancing "cool," but it was also fulfilling – and, she wasn't bad at it, either.
Her mother, Sheila Fallon-Langer, chuckled as her daughter nonchalantly shared that the early experience was "cool, so I kept going."
According to Wikipedia.com, Irish dance, in its current state, came to be from various influences, such as French quadrilles and English country dancing throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The dances themselves were taught by "traveling dance masters," which ventured across Ireland throughout this period. Once the dances were expressed and passed along, separate dance forms developed according to regional practice and differing purposes – such as social dances, performance-based dances, and competition.
Ireland Rose explained that the sport itself has five competitive levels, beginning with competition that would propel a dancer forward. Within the first level, there are five separate dances to be mastered, and then from there, a dancer continues to compete until a championship level is within grasp. And, once mastering the championship levels, any dancer may begin to earn titles and national recognition.
Perhaps the biggest motivation for practice and dedication is the Oireachtas Rince na Cruinne, or "The World Championships," which is held in Ireland each year. Ireland Rose has had the honor to perform in Dublin a number of times, starting by placing 10th in her first competition in 2012, and just recently earning herself 6th place.
"The goal has always been to move higher and higher up at Worlds," she shared. "Every dance that I work on is in hope of going higher up that ladder. The competition, the athleticism, and the work are just bonus points."
While Irish dance does have its solo platforms, Ireland Rose has had the privilege to work in teams, as well. While solo stepping is her favorite aspect of the dance, the values she learns from working on a team are irreplaceable. "You learn how to work with people whose ideals don't fit in with yours. You learn compromise, and how to trust, and how to work together, even when things are really hard. I think that's so important in life, and it's a skill I'm thankful to have."
Specifically, Ireland Rose enjoys soft shoe dancing, which focuses on kicks and jumps, while it's alternative, hard-shoe dancing, is far more traditional and emphasizes rhythm and traditionalism, as well as power and steps, and how the shoes sound, which she referred to as "noise judgment."
Ireland Rose explained that one of the reasons she loved Irish dance so much is that there is a story in each and every dance – a mode of storytelling that has been fostered and perfected since the 18th and 19th century. What's more, she's learned a lot about herself, and what she is capable of under pressure, while fostering work ethic and independent confidence, too.
"This takes a lot of time and dedication," Ireland Rose shared. "You have to be willing to sacrifice stuff in your life that other people think would be fun to get good at it. Sometimes it's meant missing school, so you have to work even harder to keep your grades up."
One of the biggest things Ireland Rose is teaching herself is to independently train – while working with coaches and trainers, she is striving to develop a better understanding of the element of dance without necessarily needing a trainer or a coach. She's taken personal control of her diet and exercise routines, all in hope of working towards a big goal she's greatly anticipating in April.
April will usher in the opportunity for her to study in Dublin, where she will be working with professional Irish dancers in "the homeland" with people who have dedicated their lives to Irish dance at a professional and athletic level, and that understand the history and cultural significance of the art. She is more than excited, evidenced by the grin and the excited squirming in her seat.
"I am beyond excited to study in Dublin with local dancers," she said. "Seeing the history of the dance come alive, while getting to work with experts, is the greatest opportunity. I've already started studying some of the things they've suggested, while working on travel details. It couldn't come any slower!"
Preparation for the Worlds 2019 involves practice each day – she spends one to two hours each day working on steps and choreography, and that's not even mentioning physical training, like cardio and strength. Langer works with a coach one to two days a week, while also attempting to take things into her own hands by videoing herself and breaking down her movements.
Sheila, Langer's mother, explained that the dance has completely changed their life, and they couldn't be happier. "It's been a fun journey, and it's been wonderful to watch her grow. Her first competition, well, we didn't think she'd want to do it again when she got up on stage," Sheila shared, smiling. "But, when she'd finished and came rushing off stage, we just knew she'd do this for a long time, and this is what she'd do."
On her second competition, Ireland Rose qualified to perform at the Irish Opener, which is one of the biggest competitions within the sport. In what would be her third performance ever, Ireland Rose made 4th place, and Sheila commented that the achievement was "it!" From then on, the family knew that Irish dancing was what their daughter would do.
"I couldn't imagine her doing anything else," Sheila said.
"I can't imagine doing anything else," Ireland Rose replied. "This has opened my eyes to an entire new world, a new culture – there are so many opportunities for people, so many different places. Being exposed to the 'different' in the world has really taught me a lot about life here, and how fortunate I am."
In addition to her performance and competition, Ireland Rose has also danced with bands across the state, including the Nashville Celts, where she performed solo. Twice, she's been to New York, where she participated in a "flash dance mob" dance with a group that is organized to appear in Times Square. To the fact she's been on national and global TV, Ireland Rose can only smile and shrug, commenting that the sport is often televised and that it "isn't a big deal."
Ireland Rose dances under the CRN Organization, which is the organization she's been under since she began dancing. Though not a sponsorship, it's where she has learned training and is "enrolled." She'll be studying at Naomh Fionnbarra School of Irish Dancing when she travels to Dublin in April.
Currently, Ireland Rose is enrolled at St. Thomas University where she is underway with her second semester. While undecided in her major, she's sticking to what many have called the trade of her namesake – Irish dancing.
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text:
The Caja Madrid Obelisk (, Columna de Calatrava or Obelisco de Calatrava) is an obelisk designed by Santiago Calatrava located in the Plaza de Castilla in Madrid, Spain. The monument—intended to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Caja Madrid— was donated by the saving bank to the city of Madrid.

History

To mark the 300th anniversary of its foundation (1702-2002), Caja Madrid commissioned the architect and sculptor Santiago Calatrava to design a monument that would be donated to the Villa de Madrid.

It was conceived as a monument able to describe a helicoidal movement, yet the hefty maintenance costs led to the Ayuntamiento de Madrid's preference for keeping it "static".

According to the initial project, the work would measure 120 meters tall. However, the complex network of tunnels that pass underneath the Plaza de Castilla made this original project unworkable, because of its weight. A decision was therefore made to lower the height to 92 metres.

In early October 2007, the Caja contracted construction company Acciona to carry out the project, and in July of the following year building work began, having dismantled the  fountain which existed previously at the selected spot. The obelisk was unveiled on 23 December 2009 by Juan Carlos I.

Description
Caja Madrid decided to call this monument an obelisk despite it lacking the typical pyramid-like tip. In fact, its design is inspired by the Endless Column, a work of 29.33 meters in height by Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, built in 1938 in Târgu Jiu, Romania.

Calatrava described his work as "a mobile obelisk participating in the masculinity of the vertical [direction] and the delicacy and femininity of movement."

The inner core of the work, 92 meters high, is a cylindrical metal shaft of equal length and 2 meters in diameter, which rests on three metal legs. These, which weigh 50 tons each, are based in turn on three concrete piles 80 inches in diameter and 26 meters long. Instead of supporting the mast directly above its long axis, it was decided to do it this way to not make extreme demands on pre-existing tunnel at the site.

By fixing shaft through joints, 462 ribs and 462 bronze strips 7.70 meters in length, lining the entire obelisk. These strips have a tilting movement transmitted through the ribs, giving the appearance of an outwardly moving wave of ascension along the spine.

References

Santiago Calatrava structures
Spanish art
Buildings and structures in Madrid
Cultural infrastructure completed in 2009
2009 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Madrid
Bronze sculptures in Spain
Caja Madrid
Buildings and structures in Tetuán District, Madrid
Monuments and memorials in Madrid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Martín Ramírez de Helguera y Martínez de Cubillas (Villoldo, 11 de noviembre de 1853 - 26 de marzo de 1933), fue alcalde y abogado de Carrión de los Condes (provincia de Palencia).

Biografía
Nacido en Villoldo de Campos, sus padres, Marcos y Andrea, eran agricultores. En 1889 contrajo matrimonio con Isabel Merino Merino, hija del abogado Buenaventura Merino, de Villada, que había sido gobernador civil de Palencia y de Santander, y de María de las Mercedes Merino, de Carrión de los Condes, fallecida en 1913. Del matrimonio nacieron, seis hijos, Julio, que murió a los dos años, Mercedes, Martín, María de Loreto, Buenaventura, Andrea que murió a los dos años e Isabel, fallecida a los 14 años.

Estudió Gramática y Latinidad en Palencia el año 1865, ingresando el año siguiente en el Instituto Provincial, donde cursó el bachiller, recibiendo su título en 1870. Inició la carrera de Derecho en la Universidad de Valladolid en 1870 y se licenció en octubre de 1875. Ese mismo año se matriculó en la Universidad de Madrid para cursar el Doctorado, que no pudo terminar por enfermedad. De 1876 a 1878 ejerció su profesión en los bufetes de Groizar, Gamazo y García del Pozo.

En distintas épocas de su vida profesional ejerció como juez y fiscal municipal en Carrión de los Condes.
En 1879 fue Comisionado Especial de Villoldo y sus Anejos para la defensa de sus Propios ante la Caja General de Depósitos y durante muchos años fue el abogado de la Beneficencia de la Provincia de Palencia.
En 1878, ingresó en la Administración Civil del Estado con la categoría de Oficial de 4ª Clase, prestando servicios en Palencia (1878), Oviedo (1878), donde actuó como fiscal en el expediente incoado con motivo del incendio de aquella ciudad, y en León (1879).
Por Real Decreto de 28 de julio de 1900, la reina regente, María Cristina de Habsburgo, lo nombró Jefe de Administración Civil, "en atención a los méritos y circunstancias que concurren en su persona". Firmaba el Real Decreto Eduardo Dato, Ministro de la Gobernación, en San Sebastián.

Instalado en Carrión de los Condes desde antes de su matrimonio, fue concejal de su ayuntamiento desde 1889, teniente de alcalde en 1890 y 1891, alcalde en los periodos comprendidos entre 1899 y 1901, 1909 Y 1911 y hasta 1913.
Durante estos mandatos municipales consiguió para Carrión de los Condes en 1894 los títulos de Ciudad y Muy Noble y Leal, así como el tratamiento de ilustrísima a su corporación municipal, y en 1903, consiguió que la Comisión Mixta de las Reales Academias de la Historia y de Bellas Artes la declaración de Monumento Nacional Histórico-Artístico para el Claustro del Real Monasterio de San Zoilo.

En sus funciones edilicias, en 1899 redactó las Ordenanzas Municipales para el Gobierno de la Ciudad de Carrión de los Condes, así como un Nomenclátor de sus plazas y calles, con los nombres de hijos ilustres, protectores y bienhechores.

Como agricultor, en 1899 fue elegido presidente de la Cámara Agraria Carrionesa, de la que redactó su Reglamento Orgánico.
Paralelamente escribió artículos en periódicos y revistas; así en 1880, publicó una serie de artículos en el periódico "Crónica de León", en 1883 en el "Semanario Carrionés", en 1885 inició su colaboración en el "día de Palencia", escribiendo una sección titulada Semana Carrionesa, y fundó, en calidad de administrador-presidente el semanario "El Carrionés", cuyo primer número se editó el día 3 de abril de dicho año. También colaboró asiduamente en el "Regional Carrionés", desde su fundación en 1927.

Con carácter monográfico, escribió y publicó cuatro libros. En 1884, firmado con el seudónimo de Zerimar, editó en la imprenta de Alonso, de Palencia, un Libro de Contabilidad, dedicado especialmente a la Escuela de Obreros. En 1885 publicó un "Estudio Histórico de las Leyes y Colecciones Antiguas y Modernas de España o Resumen de la Historia General del Derecho Español", que dedicó a D. Esteban Collantes.

En 1894, como antecedente de la Historia de Carrión, publica, en el "Día de Palencia", una serie de artículos que titula "Datos Históricos de Carrión de los Condes", y sobre la base de ellos, en 1896, publica "El Libro de Carrión de los Condes (con su historia)", que edita en la imprenta de Abundio Z. Menéndez de Palencia, registrándolo en el de la Propiedad Intelectual, con el número de inscripción 21.605. Es un trabajo histórico de importancia para Carrión, lleno de datos muy interesantes y puntuales. Dedicó el libro a la Corporación Municipal de Carrión de los Condes, con un prefacio a todos sus convecinos, en el que expone la dificultad de su labor, sin antecedentes recopilados con anterioridad, sin ayuda de nadie, en base únicamente a su labor personal de investigación en fuentes dispersas, ya que el archivo municipal fue incendiado en la guerra de la Independencia.

Por último, en 1900, publica, en la imprenta de Gutiérrez, Litar y Herrero, de Palencia, un estudio titulado "El Real Monasterio de San Zoilo de la Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad de Carrión de Los Condes, ante la Historia y el Arte", dedicado al Rdo. P . E'idel Fita y Colomer y a D. Juan Guijelmo Aguado. En él se hace un estudio, si no exhaustivo, si muy meritorio
del Real Monasterio mediante una Disquisición Histórica, otra Disquisición Artística del mismo y por último, un ensayo sobre "El Mejor Claustro de España", como titula esta parte su autor.

Por estas labores se vio reconocido públicamente por el Consejo Supremo Español de la Orden Hospitalaria, cuyo presidente y fundador Salvador de Ory, le concedió el título de Caballero Hospitalario, "por su amor a la caridad", el 5 de febrero de 1876.
S. M. el Rey por Real Decreto de 24 de marzo de 1884 y "en pago a la lealtad acrisolada", le nombró Caballero de la Real Orden de Isabel la Católica.
La Real Academia de la Historia, el 4 de julio de 1900, le nombró Miembro Correspondiente de la misma. También la Sociedad Económica de Palencia, le designó como socio de número el 30 de septiembre de 1889.

A comienzos del siglo XXI Carrion dedicó a su memoria una calle

Enlaces externos

 Página de un particular sobre Carrion
 Datos del Libro de Carrion
 Datos del Libro de San Zoilo
 Biografía
 Ayuntamiento de Carrion
 Historia del Nombre Martin Ramírez contada por un bisnieto
 Página web un nieto

Abogados de España del siglo XIX
Abogados de Castilla y León


Cauliflower is a vegetable that, for no good reason, I often don't buy. But last week when I sent my husband to shop for our dinner, that's what he came home with. I had to figure out a way to cook it that we would all enjoy--and I did! Here is a simple way to roast your cauliflower into a healthy, tasty side dish!
[#image: /photos/57d8e8b624fe9dae32833caa]|||||| ____Place the clean florets into a 9x13 baking dish.
[#image: /photos/57d8e8b7f71ce8751f6b7089]|||||| ____Take your olive oil (about 3-4 Tablespoons), kosher salt (1/2 teaspoon), fresh ground pepper (1/2 teaspoon), garlic (1-1.5 Tablespoons minced jarred...I always use fresh but since we are roasting at a high heat I used jarred because it doesn't seem to burn as easily) and bread crumbs (3-4 Tablespoons for now) and sprinkle them evenly on the florets.
[#image: /photos/57d8e8b724fe9dae32833cab]|||||| ____Toss the florets so they are coated. Place the baking dish in an oven that has been preheated to 450 degrees and set the timer for 25 minutes.
[#image: /photos/57d8e8b946d0cb351c8c746e]|||||| ____After roasting for 10-minutes, pull the baking dish out of the oven and toss around the florets so they cook evenly. Add another 2-3 Tablespoons of bread crumbs when you toss them. Do this again after another 10-minutes of roasting.
[#image: /photos/57d8e8b950778cef321a6d6f]|||||| ____When the cauliflower have roasted for the full 25-minutes they should be soft but not mushy with a nice golden brown toast to them. Enjoy! Hungry for more healthy food? Try quick, delicious weekday recipes, 30 healthy snacks, and pick from great breakfast options, too!


text:
import _ from 'lodash';
import Fuse from 'fuse.js/dist/fuse.basic.common.js';
import request from 'lib/request';
import details from 'lib/wallet/details';
import LS from 'lib/wallet/localStorage';

let cache;
let all;
let tokens;
let index;

const TOKEN_PLATFORMS = ['ethereum', 'binance-smart-chain', 'avalanche-c-chain', 'tron', 'solana'];

export function init() {
  if (!cache) {
    cache = request({
      url: `${process.env.SITE_URL}api/v3/cryptos`,
      method: 'get',
      seed: 'public',
    })
      .then(data => {
        all = data;
        tokens = all.filter((item) => item.type === 'token' && TOKEN_PLATFORMS.includes(item.platform));
      })
      .then(cleanLegacy)
      .then(() => {
        const walletTokens = (details.get('tokens') || []).map((walletToken) => {
          if (walletToken._id) {
            const current = getTokenById(walletToken._id);
            if (current) return current;
          }
          const platform = walletToken.platform || walletToken.network;
          const current = getTokenByAddress(walletToken.address, platform);
          if (current) {
            LS.renameTokenId(walletToken._id, current._id);
            return current;
          }
          const _id = `${walletToken.address}@${platform}`;
          if (walletToken._id !== _id) {
            LS.renameTokenId(walletToken._id, _id);
          }
          return {
            _id,
            platform,
            type: 'token',
            name: walletToken.name,
            symbol: walletToken.symbol,
            address: walletToken.address,
            decimals: walletToken.decimals,
          };
        });
        if (!_.isEqual((details.get('tokens')), walletTokens)) {
          return details.set('tokens', walletTokens);
        }
      })
      .catch((err) => {
        console.error(err);
      });
  }
  return cache;
}

function getTokenById(id) {
  return tokens.find(item => item._id === id);
}

function getTokenByAddress(address, platform) {
  return tokens.find(item => item.address === address && item.platform === platform);
}

function requestTokenByAddress(address, platform) {
  const urls = {
    ethereum: `${process.env.API_ETH_URL}api/v1/token/${address}`,
    'binance-smart-chain': `${process.env.API_BSC_URL}api/v1/token/${address}`,
    'avalanche-c-chain': `${process.env.API_AVAX_URL}api/v1/token/${address}`,
    tron: `${process.env.API_TRX_URL}api/v1/token/${address}`,
    solana: `${process.env.API_SOL_URL}api/v1/token/${address}`,
  };

  return request({
    url: urls[platform],
    method: 'get',
  }).then((data) => {
    return {
      _id: `${address}@${platform}`,
      platform,
      type: 'token',
      name: data.name,
      symbol: data.symbol,
      address,
      decimals: parseInt(data.decimals, 10),
    };
  });
}

function searchTokens(query) {
  if (!query || !query.trim()) {
    return tokens;
  }
  if (!index) {
    index = new Fuse(tokens, {
      keys: ['name', 'symbol', 'address', '_id'],
    });
  }
  return index.search(query.trim()).map(item => item.item);
}

function cleanLegacy() {
  const oldTokens = details.get('walletTokens');
  if (oldTokens) return details.set('walletTokens').catch(() => {});
}

function getLogoUrl(logo) {
  const filepath = `/assets/crypto/${logo}?ver=${process.env.VERSION}`;
  if (process.env.BUILD_TYPE === 'web') {
    return filepath;
  } else {
    switch (logo) {
      case 'bitcoin.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/bitcoin.svg');
      case 'litecoin.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/litecoin.svg');
      case 'dash.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/dash.svg');
      case 'bitcoin-cash.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/bitcoin-cash.svg');
      case 'bitcoin-sv.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/bitcoin-sv.svg');
      case 'ethereum.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/ethereum.svg');
      case 'dogecoin.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/dogecoin.svg');
      case 'binance-smart-chain.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/binance-smart-chain.svg');
      case 'avalanche-c-chain.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/avalanche.svg');
      case 'tron.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/tron.svg');
      case 'xrp.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/xrp.svg');
      case 'stellar.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/stellar.svg');
      case 'eos.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/eos.svg');
      case 'monero.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/monero.svg');
      case 'tether.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/tether.svg');
      case 'cardano.svg':
        return require('@coinspace/crypto-db/logo/cardano.svg');
      default:
        return new URL(filepath, process.env.SITE_URL);
    }
  }
}

export default {
  init,
  async getCryptos() {
    await init();
    return all;
  },
  getTokenById,
  getTokenByAddress,
  requestTokenByAddress,
  searchTokens,
  getLogoUrl,
  TOKEN_PLATFORMS,
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Discover the beautiful versatility of Tunisian Crochet with Leisure Arts. Get our best-selling Tunisian Crochet instruction books for the low, low price of just $39.99! That's a 40% savings.
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Tunisian crochet is so rewarding! What could possibly make it better? Working in Short Rows! Each project in this book from Kim Guzman is actually a series of small fabric segments that are quick to complete. In less time than you might imagine, you'll make a fun scarf and beret, a beanie, a lacy wrap, a feminine cardigan, and a romantic two-piece cape -- all with Short Row Tunisian Crochet. This exciting technique will motivate your fingers to fly a little faster, helping you finish one extraordinary project after another!
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Organized from Easy to Intermediate-Plus, the 8 designs include: Basket Weave Blocks, Purple Garden, Frosted Stitch Stripes, Color Waves, Bubbling Bobbles, Telegram, Cables and Honeycomb, and Bright Strands.
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The dishcloths, designed by Becky Stevens and made using cotton medium weight yarn, are Easy Peasy, Basket Weave, Crossed Stitch, Open Boxes, Lacework, Double Stitch Stripes, Extended Stitch, Double Stitch, Mesh, Diagonal Duo, Americana, Wavy Wonder, Bright Wipes, Lattice, Brocade, and Snowflakes.
If you like the ease of working with a crochet hook, but admire the look and feel of knitted fabric, you'll love learning Tunisian crochet. Award-winning teacher Kim Guzman walks you through the basics and takes you through each step with clear photos and friendly instructions. Nine fresh projects for you to explore will help you develop the skills you need.
Designed for a variety of yarns, the nine unique projects include Stockinette Scarf and Hat, Seed Stitch Ruana, Drop Stitch Cowl, Diagonal Hearts Crib Cover, Felted Duffel, Cabled Mitts, Hoodie Vest, and Mitered Vest.


text:
Q: MS Access form groups records after splitting database After successfully splitting my Access database I have noticed an odd behavior in the primary user form. When I enter a new record in a subform, it moves places after navigating away from and back to an order. Here is an image of the form before navigating away from an order. You can see "TEST ENTRY" is the last record in the subform.

Here is a picture from after navigating away from and back to the order. You can see that "TEST ENTRY" record has moved to the first row, above items entered earlier. Its almost as if the subform is sorting on some criteria I'm unaware of now.

All the data looks good when I view the tables themselves, but I find this a bit odd, as it never happened before splitting the database.
I would appreciate any advice the community has to offer. Much thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rochester, New York, March 31, 2003 - Rochester Software Associates (RSA) today announced the immediate availability of WebCRD 3.0, further enhancing the premier on-line print job submission and print production/management solution for in-house print centers. Product demonstrations of the newest WebCRD software will be shown in the RSA exhibit at the On Demand Digital Printing and Publishing show in New York's Jacob Javits Convention Center, April 7-9, 2003. Online demonstrations are also available at www.rocsoft.com. The latest release of WebCRD features an attractive and highly intuitive user interface, adding or enhancing over 25 productivity expanding features to further improve ease of use and control over print production, while minimizing the amount of training users require before being productive. Streamlined order placement with an advanced ability to specify binding, folding, and finishing requirements, along with a simple one-step reorder process, make it even simpler for users to submit jobs to their print center. The power of WebCRD in the print center means that these customer generated electronic job tickets will directly drive production printers, eliminating error-prone data entry. As part of WebCRD 3.0, two automated PDF workflow options reduce/eliminate print center make ready requirements, providing solid return on investment. SurePDF™ is powered by Adobe® PDF Transit™, for reliable client-based Adobe PDF generation for proofing and production while CentralPDF™ is used for server-based PDF creation. Users receive an online proof and job cost estimate prior to initiating print production. WebCRD 3.0 provides authorized access to private and shared folders (including robust group definition functionality), powerful finishing options, table-driven cost estimating, and targeted data extracts simplify chargeback/invoice reporting and interfacing to other systems. "Response from the market has been outstanding — customers indicate WebCRD exceeds anything available in the industry," said Dave Vanable, Director, WebCRD Business Development. "Security and reliability are significant concerns in today's environment. WebCRD's unique ability to run on the scalable Sun/Unix platform provides the highest level of reliability and security at an affordable cost. Add to that low IT burden, an elegant new user interface, outstanding PDF workflow options, and the most comprehensive job submission direct to production printers, and you see why customers and industry analysts are so excited about WebCRD." RSA has been delivering software that automates print centers and print production since 1994. WebCRD is RSA's third generation electronic ordering and print center automation product, developed by RSA based on customer's needs and experience. For more information about how WebCRD will automate digital print fulfillment in your in-house print center, please visit www.rocsoft.com or see RSA at On Demand, in booth #3719.


text:
Barnaby v Johnson – Defendant has no basis for any proper challenge to Will validity
Home Insights Blogs Dispute Resolution Law Blog Barnaby v Johnson – Defendant has no basis for any proper challenge to Will validity
In cases where there might be doubt about the validity of a Will there are a number of grounds on which the Will might be challenged, depending on the circumstances. There might be concerns about the testator's mental capacity, whether they knew they were making a will or understood its terms, or about whether a key beneficiary has applied undue influence to procure a Will in their favour. There might even be concerns about whether the Will is genuine at all, and whether there has been a fraud or forgery. Very often the relevant facts will overlap between the different grounds, with the result that those seeking to challenge a will may do so on several grounds in the alternative.
However, bringing a claim on multiple grounds where the evidence doesn't support it can be a risky strategy, as highlighted in the recent case of Barnaby v Johnson [2019] EWHC 3344 (Ch). In a comprehensive judgment handed down by Deputy Master Linwood on 9 December 2019 the Defendant was held to have "come nowhere near establishing the basis for any proper challenge" to her late mother's will.
The facts of the case concerned the will of Mrs Bascoe dated 27 April 2005 ("the 2005 Will"), under which the Defendant (Mrs Bascoe's daughter) received a legacy of only £100. The remainder of Mrs Bascoe's estate was left to the Claimant (Mrs Bascoe's son). Mrs Bascoe also had another son who had died in 2004 and another daughter who had died in 2017 (who had been left £500 under the 2005 Will). Mrs Bascoe made the 2005 Will through a solicitor who had, by then, acted for her for around 17 years. She appointed the solicitor and the Claimant as executors of her estate. Mrs Bascoe included an 'explanatory note' in her will to explain why she was including such small pecuniary legacies to her daughters, saying that they had "shown very little care and concern" towards her and had "both been rude, unpleasant and in some instances physically violent and abusive".
The Claimants (Mrs Bascoe's son and the solicitor, as the personal representatives of Mrs Bascoe's estate) issued a claim to propound Mrs Bascoe's 2005 Will, and that claim was opposed by the Defendant. If the 2005 Will was found to be invalid, the Defendant would have received a legacy of £10,000 under an earlier will made by Mrs Bascoe in 1992. The Defendant alleged the 2005 Will was invalid on the grounds of:
(i) Lack of testamentary capacity
(ii) Undue influence by the Claimant
(iii) Forgery of Mrs Bascoe's signature on the 2005 Will; and
(iv) Want of knowledge and approval of the terms of the 2005 Will.
The judge ruled in favour of the Claimants, finding that there was no documentary evidence or evidence from independent third parties to support the Defendant's case. He was scathing in his assessment of the Defendant's evidence, judging it to be "contradictory, self-serving and deliberately misleading".
In respect of Mrs Bascoe's testamentary capacity, the judge was persuaded (i) by the comprehensive and detailed medical records which showed an actual diagnosis of dementia in 2008, several years after the 2005 Will, and (ii) by the evidence of the solicitor, who was "long experienced in the making of wills", that he was certain Mrs Bascoe did have capacity to make the 2005 Will. In the circumstances there could be "no other conclusion" than that Mrs Bascoe had the necessary testamentary capacity.
The Defendant claimed that the Claimant had forced Mrs Bascoe to sign the will. To support that allegation of undue influence by the Claimant, the Defendant relied on an alleged incident in 2009 in which the Claimant harmed his mother and an ambulance was called. The judge found it "highly improbable" that the incident took place and in any event he considered that one incident over 4 years after the execution of the will could not amount to evidence of undue influence. The judge found the Defendant's evidence to be "wholly untrue" and concluded that there was "no evidence whatsoever to amount to undue influence".
The Defendant alleged that the signature on the 2005 Will was forged, because it did not look like Mrs Bascoe's signature on her passport (despite claiming as above that Mrs Bascoe had signed the will, but had been forced by the Claimant to do so). The allegation of forgery was unsupported by any expert evidence and the judge dismissed it "without reservation".
Finally, the judge also dismissed the Defendant's challenge on the basis of want of knowledge and approval. He found the evidence of the solicitor and the attesting witnesses to be "clear and compelling". He accepted the evidence that the will had been properly executed after being prepared by a solicitor and read out to Mrs Bascoe, who then signed it the same day, which raised a strong presumption that the will represented Mrs Bascoe's intentions. There was no evidence to reverse that presumption, and even if there had been, Mrs Bascoe's knowledge and approval of her will had been proved through the evidence given by the attesting witnesses and solicitor.
The judge concluded that the 2005 Will was "rational" and was read over to Mrs Bascoe by the solicitor, at a time when she had testamentary capacity. The 2005 Will was "properly executed" and the evidence of the solicitor and attesting witnesses "cannot be impugned".
Accordingly, the Defendant's failed spectacularly in her attempt to challenge the validity of Mrs Bascoe's will. This case serves as a reminder that the court will expect to be presented with compelling and persuasive evidence before it will consider setting aside a will.
ksalter@kingsleynapley.co.uk
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text:
Abbott's Chinese dance
By Katharine Murphy
July 24, 2012 — 4.16pm
TONY Abbott's speech in China is interesting on a number of levels.
Since May, the Opposition leader has been executing a positive pivot on the Asian Century. This transition has left Mr Abbott more comfortable conceptually than he was last October about a bilateral free trade deal between Canberra and Beijing.
Back then, in an interview on our way back from a trip to Cape York, Abbott told me a free trade deal with Japan - the market economy and pluralist democracy - would be a priority under any government he led.
Our exchange went like this.
Are you completely comfortable with Australia's free trade agreement with China?
"Oh well, look. The issue with China is to what extent is China a market economy?"
"I think China is one of the more problematic free trade agreements."
Is it problematic enough not to do it?
"If it's advantageous to Australia as well as to China then why wouldn't you do it?"
"I think, for argument's sake, a free trade agreement with Japan would be a higher priority."
"Japan is vastly more of a market economy than China, as well as being a pluralist democracy."
And that makes Japan more advantageous in your view?
"I think it would be advantageous in any serious person's view."
Given John Howard had initiated the China FTA, and showed himself steely eyed and pragmatic in his dealings with Beijing, Abbott's mild hesitation about his political mentor's policy direction, and his rather direct rationale for it, was note-worthy.
But now, the bilateral FTA will be pursued with vigour.
New Zealand has sealed its deal with Beijing, and under a Prime Minister Abbott, Australia would seek to do the same.
Mr Abbott today: "Of course, it was also the Howard Government that began negotiations on a free trade agreement with China. At the time, it was the first FTA that China had embarked upon with a major developed country.
"Since then, New Zealand has successfully concluded its FTA in just three years while Australia's agreement remains a work-in-progress despite seven years of negotiations. The proposed FTA with Japan has also stalled. As part of its commitment to freer trade more generally, spurred on by New Zealand's experience, an incoming Coalition government would renew our pursuit of these bilateral agreements."
But evident progress in Abbott's personal comfort-level about the proposed free trade agreement notwithstanding, today's speech, viewed in broader terms and across the suite of issues, amplifies the Opposition leader's strongly held belief about the fundamental difference in values between Communist China and democratic Australia.
Abbott has today raised explicitly the idea that China should embark on political reform.
He wants, over time, Australia's relationship with China to be based on shared values and aspirations as well as mutually beneficial economic interests. A lofty goal; and a challenging one, given, well .. everything.
Foreign investment is unwelcome from state owned enterprises.
China's military needs not to get ahead of itself. Abbott: "We accept the modernization of China's armed forces because that's what all countries want for their military. On the other hand, no big country is entitled to get its way with smaller ones just because it can."
Australia will not choose between being a friend to America or China - no matter who asks us to.
And Australia won't forget the pesky issue of human rights. "We will be a strong voice for human rights confident that, over time, the better angels of our natures will everywhere assert themselves."
Katharine Murphy is The Age national affairs correspondent and writes The Pulse blog for The National Times
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I was not compensated for writing this post. I received a review copy of Murder Run to facilitate my review. My opinions are 100% honest and 100% mine.
Murder Run centers on Jed Cooper, a wayward handyman grappling with the untimely death of his employer, a fragile choreographer who secluded herself in the Litchfield Hills.
As the fallout mounts, the reader is taken to various locales in and around Manhattan, an escapade in Miami Springs and back again to the Connecticut hill country until this twisty conundrum finally plays itself out.
I was pretty darn pleased with this novel. It was my first introduction to Shelly Frome, and I'm going to go out on a limb and say it won't be my last.
Murder Run starts off at a steady pace as it lays out the story and then quickly takes you down a rabbit hole of twists and turns.
I would say this is a complex novel, but that doesn't mean it's complicated. It's not. It's effortless and seamless, while it has all the drama and character development of an exciting crime novel. The characters are so real, so human, that you might forget they're fictional.
The main character (Jed) of Murder Run is at the center of a murder investigation and, determined to clear his name, sets out to find the real murderer. In so doing, he takes us to Manhattan and Jersey, and even Miami, as he takes us on a journey through his past. The journey is a fascinating one, one that's key to finding a murderer as well as himself.
Shelly Frome is a member of Mystery Writers of America, a professor of dramatic arts emeritus at the University of Connecticut, a former professional actor, a writer of crime novels and books on theater and film. He is also the film columnist for Southern Writers Magazine.
His fiction includes Sun Dance for Andy Horn, Lilac Moon, Twilight of the Drifter and Tinseltown Riff. Among his works of non-fiction are The Actors Studio and texts on the art and craft of screenwriting and writing for the stage.
Murder Run is his latest foray into the world of mystery/crime and the amateur sleuth. He lives in Black Mountain, North Carolina.