Yesterday, President Donald Trump, signed the Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability Act of 2018. The law, which defines as Genocide crimes perpetrated in recent years by Jihadists on Christians and Yazidis in Iraq and Syria, commits the US government to supplying aid to victims of violence and pursuing those responsible for such crimes.
The law increases US financial assistance for humanitarian projects, aimed at stabilising and rebuilding in favour of religious minorities in Iraq and in Syria. It ensures that US aid may come through federal government or other entities, including faith-based groups. It also enables the State Department, in collaboration with other federal agencies, to conduct criminal investigations and apprehend individuals identified as alleged ISIS members, and to identify warning signs of genocide and threats of persecution.
USCIRF, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a federal independent and bipartisan institute of Congress, praised President Trump for signing the bill. "In this bill we recognise the message that those responsible for these crimes, including genocide, will not escape justice ", said Kristina Arriaga USCIRF vice president.
The legislative move, consenting groups motivated by religious beliefs to receive financial help on the part of the United States, partly modifies the previous policy of the State Department and the US Agency for International Development, which for distribution used mainly United Nations channels - considered "neutral" from the religious point of view.
On 25 October 2017, US Vice President Mike Pence had preannounced this change in procedures used by US policy concerning funding for humanitarian emergencies. "We will no longer rely only on the United Nations organisation to assist persecuted Christians and minority communities" Pence said on the occasion of the Christians in the Middle East Benefit Dinner, organised in Washington by the American organisation In Defense of Christians. The US vice president said then that US federal agencies would work "side by side with faith groups and private organisations to help people persecuted for their faith."
Earlier Chaldean Patriarch Louis Raphael Sako said in an interview "in recent years in the Middle East Christians have suffered because of injustices, violence and terrorism. But this happened also to their Muslim Iraqi brothers and sisters, and those of other religious beliefs. We must not separate Christians from the others because this only feeds a sectarian mentality."


Digital Shadows is a technology start-up that focuses on enhanced data security for its clients. The digital shadow, that the company name refers to, is the term given to information that a business or user may inadvertantly leave behind online.
James Chappell, Chief Technology Officer, explains how Digital Shadows works to protect its clients from cyber attacks, and how winning the Cisco Big Awards would have a major impact on the company.


1 Now of the things which we have spoken, this is the sum: We have such an high priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of majesty in the heavens, 2 A minister of the holies, and of the true tabernacle, which the Lord hath pitched, and not man. 3 For every high priest is appointed to offer gifts and sacrifices: wherefore it is necessary that he also should have some thing to offer. 4 If then he were on earth, he would not be a priest: seeing that there would be others to offer gifts according to the law, 5 Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things. As it was answered to Moses, when he was to finish the tabernacle: See (saith he) that thou make all things according to the pattern which was shewn thee on the mount. 6 But now he hath obtained a better ministry, by how much also he is a mediator of a better testament, which is established on better promises. 7 For if that former had been faultless, there should not indeed a place have been sought for a second. 8 For finding fault with them, he saith: Behold, the days shall come, saith the Lord: and I will perfect unto the house of Israel, and unto the house of Juda, a new testament: 9 Not according to the testament which I made to their fathers, on the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt: because they continued not in my testament: and I regarded them not, saith the Lord. 10 For this is the testament which I will make to the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord: I will give my laws into their mind, and in their heart will I write them: and I will be their God, and they shall be my people: 11 And they shall not teach every man his neighbour and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for all shall know me from the least to the greatest of them: 12 Because I will be merciful to their iniquities, and their sins I will remember no more. 13 Now in saying a new, he hath made the former old. And that which decayeth and groweth old, is near its end.


Anyway, I'm pleased to say I made quite a dent on the Overture section of the song today. I absolutely love the thundering tom sound on it and managed to get it down pretty quickly, except for sequencing the fill that finishes it together...I spent an hour on six seconds of music, I love it.
For the few of us who don't know what 2112 is (like me ), could you put up a link to this tune?
2112 is an awesome album. One of my favorites.
Whenever the questions is asked "what is the one album you can't do without" this is my answer. I have had 2112 in every format except reel to reel.
If I ever meet any of the guys in Rush I am going to ask them "who resumed control".
My wife is a Priest of the Temple of Syrinx. Every time I tell her I want to get back into a band and start playing out she tells me to "forget about my silly whim" because "it doesn't fit the plan."
I think "the plan" is to nag me to vacuum the living room until I agree to be turned into Soylent Green....(sigh).
I play Sonor Signature Series drums, Zildijian & Sabian cymbals.
I hear the same thing.
I can't see or hear the number 2112 without a warm gushy feeling overwhelming me. But hey, next to zeppelin, it's the best band to ever touch instruments.... and dare I say... i think Peart may be my absolute favorite drummer... even beyond bonham.
this isn't a question.........or an answer! Why the hell is it in this section of the forum?!?!?!?!


Once you have reviewed the prospectus, click on any of the applications below to begin. Print, fill out and sign the the applications. Send your completed applications to Nicholas Family Of Funds, c/o U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC, P.O. Box 701, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0701.
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text:
MONICA WILLIAMS, FOUNDER/VISIONARY/AUTHOR
Monica is a native of Baltimore, Maryland who now resides in the state of Pennsylvania. She is the founder and visionary of Women Empowering Women To Be Women of Truth. A vision inspired to empower women from various walks of life to be their authentic self by removing the layers of mask we parade around in daily in order to be accepted, validated, or welcomed. Monica has always provided support, a listening ear, a shoulder to cry on, and prayer when needed. She would give the unadulterated truth when asked and sometimes when not asked. Monica would spend countless hours on the phone or face to face without hesitation with women venting about the overwhelming cares of life. Those same women could not wait to also share good and exciting news with her.
At a very young age Monica seemed to connect with hurting, neglected, rejected, abused, angry, broken, and wounded women searching for love. She realized those women were a reflection of her and they shared similar life experiences. Her mother would often tell her as young as a teenager, that she should be a counselor because she was always offering advice. In addition to friends and family, Monica extends herself by inspiring women any and everywhere she can, especially women who are overlooked in a crowded room.
A minister at a former church shared with Monica a dream she had. She told Monica she was a vine surrounded by hundreds of berries which represented the women she would soon be ministering to. In addition to God speaking to Monica, over the years she received several personal prophetic messages confirming that dream and God's plans for her life. She is a humbled servant motivating women to be who they are while they walk through their journey of life together. As complicated as things can be, Monica is committed to the call, as she knows it is not just about her.
Monica earned a Bachelor of Arts and a Master's Degree in Social Work, from Millersville/Shippensburg University. She also studied at the Maryland Theological Seminary in Baltimore. She is also the author of How I Loved God and Her: The Battle of the Heart which was featured in the York Dispatch Newspaper and her new book, The Unveiling: Pain, Trauma, & Truth. Monica and her spouse have five children, two grandchildren, and enjoy vacationing, cooking, watching movies, fellow shipping, and spending time with close family and friends. She is always thinking of ways she can improve in her personal, professional, and spiritual life as she becomes the best version of herself in her quest to be the image of God in every way possible. One of her favorite scriptures is Luke 1:45, "Blessed is she who has believed that the Lord would fulfill His promises to her."
SHARRON MERRITT, ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
Minister Sharron Merritt began ministry over 20 years ago working with youth and young adults. Her ministry ranged from singing on the choir to caring for the elderly that were sick and shut in. She has also facilitated annual church and secular meetings and conferences. Sharron is passionate about promoting healthy, positive and God-centered families. She believes that communities and the world at large will become healthy as we strive to empower and mend broken families no matter their socio-economic status. Men, women and children need support and encouragement as individual members of the family unit. However, since women are charged with the awesome task of being the incubators of life, she feels that it is necessary to be their midwife. Whether it is whispering, "Just breathe through the pain" or "It is time to push", offering her gifts to help women birth whatever or whomever God has allowed them to carry in their wombs is a privilege and honor not taken lightly.
Women Empowering Women to be Women of Truth is a ministry that Sharron helped her cousin Monica Williams give birth to. She is grateful to be a part of such an awesome ministry that is changing lives with each event. Her role in the ministry is to help facilitate an environment that is safe for women who are broken, confused, insecure, and to those who struggle with finding their identity. The environment also serves as a fertile ground for inspiration and encouragement to women from diverse social-economic backgrounds to give birth to the dreams and visions that God has instilled in them not to mention cultivating new life-long friendships.
She has three sons and grandchildren whom she absolutely adores. She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Psychology and is pursuing a Master of Science degree in Marriage, Couples and Family Therapy. For fun, she loves spending time with her family and traveling.
She is also the sole proprietor of Moore Sass Body Scrubs and operates as an independent travel consultant (Agape2Travel).
JUANIKA BALLARD, AV/TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Juanika is a West Baltimore, Maryland native who has spent more than a decade giving back to her community in numerous ways. She has always had a passion for working with at-risk youth, especially the male population. In her young adult years she served as a 4th grade summer school teacher, after school basketball coach to elementary school aged children, and counselor to children with emotional and mental disorders.
Juanika is a veteran Baltimore County Police Officer. She has worked in various precincts and Specialized Units. She serves and protects her community by enforcing the law, mentoring youth, and showing random acts of kindness.
Juanika is an Ordained Minister. She also holds a Bachelor's Degree in Applied Psychology from Coppin State University and a Master's Degree in Pastoral Counseling from Loyola University Maryland.
Juanika and her spouse currently reside just outside of Maryland and they have 5 beautiful children. "Give a man a fish and he'll eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and he'll eat for a lifetime," this African Proverb is dear to her heart and governs her daily life.
GRETCHEN MCBRIDE, ADMNISTRATION
Gretchen Trusty-McBride is a mother, a healthcare professional, and has a passion for inspiring people to be the best they can be. Her love for God and her strong faith has empowered her to overcome some of life's most challenging adversities, giving her the ability to share her story in hopes of helping others. Her genuine love for people has allowed her to accept people where they are in life, without judging.
In 2010, Gretchen embarked on a path to complete her undergraduate degree in healthcare. A recent honors graduate from the University of Baltimore; she has been given the opportunity to advance her career within the University of Maryland Medical System. In addition, she received her Master's Degree in Health Information Management from the Southern New Hampshire University in 2020. Every day she sees people who are in need and many without hope. This is what keeps her grounded and thankful.
Gretchen enjoys traveling, meeting new people, and spending time with family and friends. Her favorite quote is "Never regret a day in your life: good days give happiness, bad days give experience, worst days give lessons, and best days give memories." She attempts to live by these words daily.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home ECONOMY First Lady Margaret urges youth to pursue arts as an economic activity
First Lady Margaret urges youth to pursue arts as an economic activity
First Lady Margaret Kenyatta has urged the youth to fully utilize their talents in the arts and culture as an economic activity.
The First Lady observed that the arts and culture present vast opportunities for the youth to apply their creativity and generate income.
"We must encourage our youth to pursue the arts and culture as a new frontier towards economic development for the future," she said.
The First Lady was speaking on Thursday when she officially opened a photo exhibition by diplomats based in the country dubbed, 'Kenya Through the Diplomats Lens'.
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"This Exhibition celebrates our country's diversity and also provides appreciation of culture, heritage and harmony through photographs. As a result of its empowerment and mentorship projects, it will also have great social impact that will inspire and nurture the talents our youth in photo-art," the First Lady said.
The photo exhibition showcased a unique collection of photographs taken by members of the diplomatic community in Kenya illustrating the nation's beauty and diversity.
It also featured photographs taken by students from Kibera sponsored by the Nikon Photo School, who through pictures, communicated their thoughts, imagination and passion.
"We are also here to appreciate the remarkable talents of our youth who have participated by showcasing their creative work through images presented at this event," the First Lady said.
Proceeds from the sale of the photographs will go towards supporting Destiny Children's Centre which caters for orphaned children in Kibera and Karika Care Giving Centre for the elderly in Kawangware, Nairobi.
On environmental conservation, the First Lady said the photo exhibition depicted different aspects of the country and reminded all Kenyans of the need to pay special attention to the environment.
"Land, air and water are all central to our survival. We must be deliberate in our actions to protect and preserve it for future generations. We are all custodians of this planet," she said.
Sports, Culture and Heritage Cabinet Secretary Amina Mohamed said the exhibition was a step in the right direction as it promoted the preservation of the country's cultural and national heritage.
The CS pointed out that the event created a new watermark in the recognition of photography as form of art with immense economic potential.
"We will collectively work to see the expansion of this space as a source of livelihood for many," the CS said noting that the cultural and creative sector is increasingly being recognised as an engine that powers job creation.
Other speakers included National Museums of Kenya Director General Mzalendo Kibunjia and Iraqi Amb. Burhan Al-Jaf who is also the chairman of the 'Kenya Through the Diplomat's Lens' photo exhibition.
Earlier at State House Nairobi, the First Lady hosted the Chief Executive Officer of Save a Child's Heart (SACH) Ms Rina Attias at a meeting where they discussed the challenges facing children from poor families born with heart conditions.
SACH is an international non-profit organization that works to save lives by improving the quality and accessibility of cardiac care for children.
The First Lady, who is the patron of the Kenyan chapter of SACH, was briefed on the progress made by the organization in helping 48 Kenyan children to undergo complex heart surgeries in Israel.
The organization also runs a training programme for Kenyan paediatric cardiologist and cardiac surgeons in Israel.
First Lady Margaret Kenyatta commended the organization for its outstanding charitable work and promised to continue to supporting its programmes.
Luis Garcia To Grace Chapa Dimba Na Safaricom National Final
Bidco conservation drive gathers speed with First Lady's backing


text:
Q: Can you create a parameter query that allows you to select the field? I am trying to make a small database in Access that will have a button that allows you to type in a field name then set a high and low value, then it will display the values of that field in that range. I know how to set up the parameter query for the limits, but I do not know how make it prompt the user for a field. If there is a way I can have a drop down box for the field then click a button and set the limits, that would work too.

A:
Can you create a parameter query that allows you to select the field?

Not directly.
Your parameter value will most likely be a string which matches the name of a field in your table.  So you need to reference the value of the field whose name matches the parameter string.
You could use a Switch expression to map between them, but it can get ugly fast.
PARAMETERS Field_Name Text ( 255 ), lo_end IEEESingle, hi_end IEEESingle;
SELECT *
FROM YourTable
WHERE
    Switch
        (
            [Field_Name] = 'Field1', [Field1],
            [Field_Name] = 'Field2', [Field2],
            [Field_Name] = 'Field3', [Field3]
        )
    BETWEEN [lo_end] AND [hi_end];

Furthermore you may need to contend with misspelled field names and non-numeric field types (which aren't compatible with your value range constraint).
So although what you asked is possible, if it were me, I would look for a different approach.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Restrictions that will severely limit what people can drink after midnight are being introduced across central Sydney.
From July 18, patrons at pubs and clubs across most of the city centre will no longer be able to buy shots of liquor, double measures or ready-to-drink beverages with more than five per cent alcohol content after midnight.
Sales will be limited to four drinks per person per order after midnight and to just two drinks after 2am.
The blanket restrictions will be in place across licensed venues in most of the city centre.
The new so-called Sydney CBD Entertainment Precinct Restricted Zone stretches west to Darling Harbour, north to The Rocks, south to parts of Surry Hills and east to parts of Potts Point.
Nightclub district Kings Cross is already covered by tough restrictions, including 1.30am lockouts, drink limits and identity scanners.
The get-tough measures were introduced in Kings Cross this year following a series of violent assaults and one-punch attacks.
Police and NSW ministers say the Kings Cross measures have led to a reduction in violence they hope will now be mirrored across Sydney.
The state government defended the new restrictions, which are almost certain to cause anger among pub and club owners.
NSW Assistant Police Commissioner Mark Murdoch said the restrictions would make Sydney safer.
"This is something that is targeted entirely at community safety," he said.
"While there has been some criticism that there should be a more targeted approach, that some venues should be excluded or that we're winding back to the point where we're making NSW a nanny state - that is rubbish."
The restrictions do not apply to restaurants but do apply to most other licensed venues within the entertainment zone, including the NSW parliamentary bar.
Hospitality Minister Troy Grant said the restrictions would be reviewed periodically, and the pub and club industry had been consulted about the changes.
"This is an opportunity for people to enjoy everything the city has got to offer without being subject to or being in the middle of totally unacceptable behaviour, or likely getting a smack in the mouth," he said.
Other new restrictions that will affect venues in the precinct include a total ban on outlaw motorcycle gang colours.
Bar staff will be ordered to undergo updated responsible service of alcohol training.
Venue managers are required to keep around-the-clock incident registers and to preserve violent crime scenes.


Riga Motor Museum is currently elaborating new educational programs about car history, technics, science and road traffic safety for children.
While we are working on new education programs, we recommend to visit Road Traffic Safety Directorates webpage for kids: www.berniem.csdd.lv . Here you can find useful information about road traffic safety, get involved in interesting activities and games.


text:
Immunohistochemistry in surgical pathology practice: A current perspective of a simple, powerful, yet complex, tool
Nirmala Ajit Jambhekar, Anshuman C Chaturvedi, Bhulaxmi Prakash Madur
Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a powerful tool in the surgical pathologists' armamentarium. The requests for IHC and the list of monoclonal antibodies have increased tremendously in the past decade. Issues concerning technical reproducibility, uniformity of interpretation, inter-laboratory comparability, and quality assurance are assuming greater importance due to the increased availability of IHC and its impact on diagnosis and therapy. An attempt has been made to give a current perspective of this simple and yet, in some aspects, a complex tool.
Keywords: Immunohistochemistry, monoclonal antibodies, surgical pathology, tumors
Jambhekar NA, Chaturvedi AC, Madur BP. Immunohistochemistry in surgical pathology practice: A current perspective of a simple, powerful, yet complex, tool. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008;51:2-11
Jambhekar NA, Chaturvedi AC, Madur BP. Immunohistochemistry in surgical pathology practice: A current perspective of a simple, powerful, yet complex, tool. Indian J Pathol Microbiol [serial online] 2008 [cited 2020 Jan 19];51:2-11. Available from: http://www.ijpmonline.org/text.asp?2008/51/1/2/40382
Immunologic methods for diagnostic use were first described by Coons and Jones, using immunofluorescent technique for the detection of bacteria. [1] However, it was in the late 1970s that the discovery of monoclonal antibodies gave the much needed impetus for ushering objectivity in surgical pathology diagnosis. Initially begun as a diagnostic tool, immunohistochemistry (IHC) today has far surpassed its initial expectations. Newer bio-molecules which have a role in prognostication or which form the basis of justification of expensive targeted therapy have increased the demands from surgical pathology services. [2] Today we are indeed in an era of "translational crossroads for biomarkers," and IHC will remain center stage in the demonstration of newer monoclonal antibodies. [3]
It is not infrequent to read surgical pathology reports with a footnote stating "IHC confirmation is necessary," almost as a disclaimer to the diagnosis being offered. Ever so often, clinical colleagues directly refer cases requesting IHC tests. In either situation, sometimes, IHC may be irrelevant. This happens due to a prevailing belief in some quarters that IHC is akin to any biochemical test. To some extent this is true, because IHC is slide-based chemistry; but the similarity unfortunately ends there; the vital difference being IHC is not a machine-generated value. The variables involved in the generation of the IHC result are far too many; and unlike biochemistry tests, the concept of control samples and "reference range" is complex. Even after all technical and methodological issues are sorted out, the final IHC interpretation is largely subjective. Issues of major concern today are those related to ushering in objectivity in interpretation, reproducibility, inter-laboratory comparability, and quality assurance. This article is a broad overview on IHC in the current context.
The following format has been applied to the ensuing text:
Generation of IHC result
Recent advances and future directions
Quality assurance in immunohisto- chemistry
For a more elaborate understanding of IHC and also for the theoretical and technical aspects, the reader is requested to refer and study standard texts.
Several factors influence the final IHC result, and no two tissue samples react in an identical way. Pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical factors all contribute to this variation.
(a) Pre-analytical factors pertain to generation of the sample at source. This includes the time taken to remove the tissue at surgery, the ensuing ischemia, the interval between surgical resection and fixation, the type of fixative, the length of fixation, the dimensions of the tissue, prior frozen section, etc.
(b) Analytical factors pertain to laboratory procedures. A laboratory SOP (standard operating procedure) manual ensures reproducibility, comparability, and evaluation. It is useful to identify and fix problematic areas with precision. The IHC technique includes the following steps:
De-paraffinization of tissue sections taken on polylysine -coated slides (or else the aqueous solutions do not penetrate).
Quenching of endogenous enzymes (which otherwise react with IHC reagents giving false-positive results). Alkaline phosphatases, peroxidases, and biotin are examples of these endogenous enzymes. This is usually done by 3% H 2 O 2 or with free avidin.
Antigen retrieval as elaborated in the ensuing text.
Blocking of nonspecific binding sites.
Binding primary antibody.
Binding with biotinylated secondary antibody.
Detection methods using peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods, avidin-biotin conjugates, peroxidases complexes, or the more recently widely used polymer-labeling two-step method.
Addition of chromogen substrate, usually DAB.
Counterstaining, dehydrating, and cover-slipping the slide. [4]
Antigen retrieval (AR) methods are necessary because formalin fixation masks epitopes, and this procedure increases accessibility to the antigens. [5] The AR technique with its numerous modifications includes using the water bath, autoclaving, microwave heating, the pressure cooker treatment, etc. [6],[7],[8],[9] The high temperatures or, in the microwave, the molecular movement apparently contributes most directly to the reversal of formalin-based loss of antigenicity. [10] Of the several methods, pressure cooking and autoclaving are considered to be more effective than microwaving, due to the more uniform heating and higher temperatures achieved. [11] The use of nondeleterious aqueous media, retrieval fluids with an alkaline pH, and EDTA (greater capacity for calcium chelation compared to citrate and other types of salts) have also been found to be more effective. [12] However, heat-mediated antigen retrieval methods (HMAR) are not necessarily suitable for all antigens. To quote an expert, "HMAR is a powerful and versatile method and it is essential for recovering the antigenicity of nuclear antigens (such as Ki-67, ER and PR) and certain low-density surface antigens (such as CD4 on T cells and CD5 on B cells), in addition to its value in increasing or enhancing the antigenicity of a wide variety of surface antigens (including CD20, CD3 and CD8); but however, it is not valuable for high-density antigens such as over-expressed Her-2 in breast cancer." [12] All AR methods have their limitations, and excessive or reduced temperatures may produce negative results, stressing the importance of adhering to the procedures. [9] Thus antigen retrieval is indeed a complex task. [13] Each laboratory needs to carefully fine-tune this vital aspect of the IHC recipe.
Between rabbit polyclonal antibodies and mouse monoclonal antibodies, the former have the advantage of sensitivity but nonspecific staining is known; whereas the latter confer greater specificity but the immunoreactivity is sometimes weak. Monoclonal antibodies from rabbit hybridomas offer the promise of both high specificity and high sensitivity. [14] The ever-expanding list of monoclonal antibodies is available on websites.
The number of antibodies an IHC laboratory would want to invest in would depend on the type of pathology practice, the demands of the clinicians being serviced, and the cost considerations. At a very modest estimate, it would be advantageous to have the following antibodies in a routine surgical pathology IHC laboratory: (i) panel for carcinomas - CK, EMA, CEA; (ii) panel for differentiating metastatic carcinomas - CK7, CK20; (iii) panel for lymphomas - LCA, CD20, CD3, Bcl 2, CD30, CD5, CD23, Alk-1; (iv) panel for malignant round cell tumors [CD99 (MIC2), Desmin, Myoglobin] and for neuroendocrine tumors (NSE, Chromogranin, Synaptophysin); (v) panel for melanomas - S-100, HMB-45; (vi) panel for germ cell tumors - AFP, B-HCG; (vii) panel for CNS tumors - GFAP, MIB1, S-100; (viii) panel for mesotheliomas - HBME1, Calretinin; (ix) panel for IHC tests related to therapy and prognosis - ER, PR, Cerb-2 in breast carcinoma, C-kit in case of spindle cell tumors suspected to be gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and CD20 in case of B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
(c) Post-analytical evaluation is the crucial component of the IHC test. Interpreting immunostains as merely positive or negative without appreciating the staining pattern is inappropriate. [15] The IHC reactions need to be interpreted not only in the cells or the structure which is being sought, but the positive cells should also reveal the correct pattern of staining (membranous, cytoplasmic, nuclear; diffuse, dot-like or perinuclear). The number of cells showing immunoreactivity (percentage) and the intensity of staining make up the remaining variables. All these features have a bearing on the final interpretation. To cite a few examples, the CD20, CD99 (MIC2), EMA, and C-erB-2 (HER-2/neu) stains are membrane stains [Figure - 1]. The hormone receptors ER, PR, and nuclear proliferation markers such as Mib1 are nuclear stains. Sometimes the staining pattern of a single stain could be different in different diagnostic contexts. For example, CD3, which is a T cell marker, reveals cytoplasmic staining of precursor T-cell neoplasms; whereas the peripheral T-cell neoplasms show membranous staining. [16]
Unexpected immunoreactivity should be viewed critically and interpreted with caution. A false-positive result due to endogenous biotin present in both normal and neoplastic tissues is known. The false-positive staining appears as a dull brown granular or fluffy staining pattern. Meticulous examination of tissue-specific negative controls has been recommended to avoid an erroneous interpretation. [17] A negative IHC result in general has less value, and lack of immmunoreactivity per se is not sufficient evidence, either to support or to negate a good hematoxyline and eosine (H and E) diagnosis.
Immunohistochemistry results dubbed as "nonspecific reactivity," cross reactivity, or aberrant expression of antibodies are well recognized. The original dogmatic belief implying lineage specificity to antibodies is no longer valid. A highly cited paper in histopathology documenting expression of cytokeratin in over 50% cases of normal, benign, and malignant smooth muscle tissues challenged the concept that cytokeratin expression was a completely reliable marker of epithelial differentiation. [18] The practical implications of such aberrant or unexpected IHC reactions in diagnostic surgical pathology are significant. [19] Over the years, increasing evidence of such expression in diverse histological entities has accumulated. To cite an example, CD30 is positive in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and Hodgkin's disease; it is also positive in embryonal carcinoma, seminomas, mesenchymal tumors, decidual cells, lipoblasts, myoepithelial cells, reactive and neoplastic vascular lesions, mesotheliomas, and macrophages.
The ultimate step of IHC involves integration of the IHC result in the correct clinical setting. In the absence of an expected IHC result, there is a tendency to fault the technique, or the potency of the antibody. Assuming that proper pre-analytical and analytical factors have been adhered to, the final label in case of a diagnostic dilemma is not merely at the mercy of the IHC result; rather, it is a function of a well-knit integration of all available clinical, routine H and E, and the IHC observations. An inter-laboratory trial involving 172 pathologists and 3,526 immunostains has aptly highlighted this. The multivariate model of this study, wherein each step of the diagnostic pathway was introduced, revealed that the only factors independently predictive of the correct final diagnosis were the correct tentative diagnosis, the interpretation of the IHC stains, and the conclusions drawn from the IHC stain. Neither antibody selection nor quality of immunostain correlated independently to the correct final diagnosis. Thus a definitive diagnosis could not be rendered if the morphological tentative diagnosis was incorrect or not included in the differential diagnosis. [20]
Application of IHC in routine settings: In a routine surgical pathology service, the maximum utility of IHC is in distinguishing carcinoma from lymphoma [Figure - 2] and melanoma [Figure - 3] and also in the work-up of hematolymphoid neoplasms [Figure - 4],[Figure - 5]. The following text comprises some comments as alluded in standard textbooks and publications on the frequently used IHC antibodies in hematolymphoid neoplasms. [16],[21] CD20 is a B-cell marker which shows membrane staining, CD3 is a T-cell marker, CD21/CD35 stain follicular dendritic cells and are useful to demonstrate germinal centers within lymphoid proliferations; CD5 is used to detect B-cell CLL/SLL and mantle cell lymphomas. CD23 is a marker for B-CLL/SLL, whereas mantle cell lymphoma is negative, the later shows immunoreactivity to Cyclin D1, a nuclear protein. Hence CD23 is a useful marker in differentiating CD5-positive small lymphoid disorders. A useful antibody is Alk-1, which is specific for anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL). ALK-positive ALCL tumors are usually CD30 positive [Figure - 4] and focally EMA positive. Bcl-2 is particularly useful to distinguish reactive follicles (negative) from follicles of follicular NHL (positive), and it is also positive in several other NHLs. [21] CD10 is positive in Burkitts lymphoma. CD15 and CD30 are positive in Hodgkin's disease [Figure - 5]. CD45 is found on all leukocytes, and it is useful in identifying most lymphomas. CD99 (MIC2) is positive in lymphoblastic leukemia-lymphoma. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt) is a sensitive marker for lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia of both B and T cell lineage. [22] Immunohistochemical staining has also become an integral part of the diagnostic work-up of bone marrow trephine biopsies, and procedural modifications may be necessary due to the alternative fixatives and decalcification procedures used for bone marrow biopsies. [23]
The second major workload of an IHC laboratory comprises breast tumors. The diagnostic dilemmas posed by papillary and intraductal proliferations, low-grade carcinomas, radial scars, sclerosing adenosis, tubular carcinomas, and lobular carcinomas have been addressed utilizing various IHC markers to demonstrate myoepithelial cells (actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, p63, calponin) and by the loss of E-cadherin in lobular carcinoma as opposed to ductal carcinoma. [24],[25],[26] The assessment of ER/PR and Cerb B2/HER-2 status and its incorporation in the report of a breast cancer case has now become a standard practice. Immunoscoring is based on a combination of the intensity of staining (nil, weak, intermediate, or strong) and the percentage of positive cells to quantify the ER-PR results. [27] A maximum score would indicate intense staining of all the cells [Figure - 6]. Different scoring systems such as H-score, the Quick score, and the Allred score have been employed. [28],[29],[30] Interpretative nonconcordance of ER-PR immunostains as a result of diverse reagents, diverse detection systems, and diverse scoring systems has been a much-debated issue. Of late, the importance of scoring has been undermined. The statement by the National Institutes of Health recommends any nuclear ER immunostaining (weak and in 1% to 10% of cells) as enough reason for initiation of anti-estrogen treatment. As regards estimation of Cerb B2 (HER-2/neu), two IHC methods are in use: the routine IHC HER-2/neu (Cerb-2) or the patented and FDA-approved "Hercep test." The latter is much more expensive. The scoring of Cerb-2 (HER-2/neu) is based on membrane immunostaining of invasive carcinoma cells. A score of 3+ shows strong, complete membrane staining in more than 10% of tumor cells [Figure - 7]. Weak-to-moderate but complete membrane staining in more than 10% of cells is scored 2+. Membrane staining seen only in part of the cell is scored as 1+. [31]
The diagnosis of malignant round cell tumors often necessitates IHC and forms the third most frequent request category after lymphomas and breast tumors. Antibodies to CD99/MIC 2, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, S-100 protein, muscle-specific actin (MSA), Desmin, and the myoregulatory proteins MyoD1, and myogenin each have a role. CD99 reveals almost 95% sensitivity for a diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma/PNET [Figure - 8]. [32] But both CD99 and NSE lack specificity and have been demonstrated not only in ES/PNET but also in DSRCT and rhabdomyosarcoma. Synaptophysin is relatively a more specific marker for neuroendocrine differentiation. [33] Thus no single exclusive marker exists.
In certain situations such as metastatic carcinoma from unknown origin, the intelligent use of a minimum optimal panel is of immense value. [34] This has been highlighted by the judicious combination of CK7 and CK20 antibodies, which are expressed differently in different epithelia. [35] An undetected adenocarcinoma of the lung metastatic to a supraclavicular lymph node will be CK7 positive/CK20 negative; further application of more specific markers such as thyroid transcription factor and surfactant protein B helps to confirm metastasis from a lung carcinoma [Figure - 9]. [36] The following CK7/CK20 immunoreactivity pattern is helpful: (i) CK7+/CK20+ - transitional cell carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gastric carcinoma, ovarian mucinous carcinoma; (ii) CK7+/CK20 - nonsmall cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma lung, duct and lobular carcinoma of breast, nonmucinous ovarian carcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma; (iii) CK7−/CK20+ - colorectal adenocarcinoma, merkel cell carcinoma; iv) CK7−/CK20− - small cell carcinoma and squamous carcinoma lung, prostate adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma. [36]
Soft tissue neoplasms often have overlapping morphology. A broad practical approach to investigate the four common diagnostic settings, namely, round cell tumors, monomorphic spindle cell tumors, the epithelioid soft tissue tumors, and the pleomorphic spindle cell tumors, is useful. [37] The instability of soft tissue tumor cells with respect to differentiation has been highlighted by IHC, and no single stain is pathognomonic for any given condition, emphasizing thereby that routine H and E stain should still be regarded as the gold standard. [38] Typically, synovial sarcomas show, in addition to vimentin reactivity, conspicuous positivity to epithelial markers and also to Bcl 2 [Figure - 10]. Tumors of adipocytes, cartilage, and bone are best diagnosed by light microscopy. In the skeleton, IHC is useful in the differential diagnosis of primary from metastatic nonosseous tumors [Figure - 11] and in the categorization of small-round-blue-cell tumors. [39] Surgical pathologists toil to distinguish between mesothelioma and its mimics, but this exercise has been aptly summed up as "new tools, same dilemmas." [40] Immunohistochemistry has been used extensively to tell apart epithelioid mesotheliomas and carcinoma; however, no single antibody is able to differentiate reliably between these two tumors. [41],[42] In case of central nervous system neoplasms, antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) - Synaptophysin, NSE, and S-100 protein - are valuable. [43] Meningiomas are EMA positive. Germ cell tumors show positivity for HCG and PLAP. [43] Pituitary adenomas need a combined morphologic and immunohistochemical diagnostic approach. [44] For the diagnosis of choroid plexus tumors, immmunoreactivity pattern of CK7, CK20, CK, VIM, and S100 protein is useful. [45],[46] The ovary is a common site of metastatic tumor, and many metastatic adenocarcinomas mimic primary ovarian adenocarcinomas. The differential cytokeratin staining has been widely used as an aid to distinguish between a primary and secondary ovarian adenocarcinoma. [47] The neuroendocrine neoplasms include one group with epithelial lineage which is CK positive and a second group which shows neuroectodermal differentiation and is positive for neurofilament protein. [48] Testicular and paratesticular neoplasms can be investigated with placental-like alkaline phosphatase and alpha-fetoprotein, but newer markers such as OCT4 show almost 100% sensitivity and specificity for seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified type. [49] In case of prostatic adenocarcinoma, P63 and high-molecular weight cytokeratin highlight the basal cells found in benign glands, and negative staining is most suspicious for adenocarcinoma. A recently recognized cytoplasmic protein AMACR has been found to be significantly up-regulated in (80-100%) prostate cancer. Thus negative staining for basal cell markers and positive staining for AMACR can help to recognize carcinomas. [50]
Application of IHC in prognostic and predictive settings: The prognostic markers include those that allow assessment of microscopic invasion of basal lamina, micro-metastasis to sentinel/regional nodes and bone marrow, hormone receptors (ER/PR), angiogenesis, a number of tumor-associated genes including p53, growth factor receptors and anti-metastasis genes and markers that predict response to therapy such as p-glycoprotein and c-erbB-2. [51] The breach in basement membrane by epithelial neoplasms constitutes invasion; and the chances of local invasion, destruction, and access to the lymphovascular channels increase, allowing for metastases. Antibodies to the basement membranes (type IV collagen and laminin) are used to study invasion. [52] Similarly endothelial markers (CD31 and CD34, Factor VIII-related protein, and Ulex europeaus lectin) assist in identification of lymphovascular spaces to ascertain tumor embolization within, particularly in cases showing retraction artifact of an invasive tumor. Micro-metastasis in lymph nodes and bone marrow can be recognized with immunomarkers, and IHC could correctly identify occult metastases in as many as 23% nodes previously declared node negative on routine examination. [53],[54] The predictive markers have the ability to predict a definite response to a particular intervention and are therefore considered to be distinct from prognostic markers. The former are few. [31],[55] Of these, hormone receptors (ER, PR) and C-erbB-2 in breast malignancies are currently the only predictive markers of note that are in routine clinical practice.
Several recent developments emphasize the increasingly important role immunohistochemistry will play in the coming years. These include genogenic immunohistochemistry for diagnosis, search for proteins for targeted therapy, methods to develop better monoclonal antibodies with recombinant technology, "technician-free" automation of the IHC procedures, and "pathologist-free" microscopic image analysis technology for interpretation of high-throughput results.
"Genogenic immunohistochemistry" heralds a new era in immunohistochemistry, and identification of the underlying molecular changes by immunohistochemistry is being used both for diagnosis and therapy. [56] Markers to monitor drug resistance include P-glycoprotein, the product of the mdr gene (multidrug resistant); N-myc and tumor suppressor genes such as p 53; retinoblastoma susceptibility suppressor gene; putative suppressor genes - BRCA-1 gene, DNA repair genes (microsatellite instability) are all examples of genogenic IHC.. The genetic mutations such as loss of E-cadherin protein in lobular carcinoma of the breast, ALK over-expression to recognize the t(2;5) translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, FLI-1 over-expression for the t(11;22) translocation of PNET/ES; WT-1 over-expression for the t(11;22) translocation of DSRCT are the newer examples of genogenic IHC markers. [56]
For targeted therapy, trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody to HER-2 NEU gene (Cerb2) (breast cancer); rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (B-cell NHL); and imatinib against C-kit positive tumors (GIST) have demonstrated success [57],[58],[59] [Figure - 12]. Research and trials are in vogue for monoclonal antibodies against several growth factor-related receptors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFR-B), and epidermal growth factors (EGFR) for the treatment of cancers of breast, colon, lung; and renal cancers.
Newer technology for the development of more specific antibodies from recombinant antibody fragments has paved the way for molecules with ultra-high affinity, high stability, and increased potency, which is almost unattainable by the traditional immunization methods. [60] Automation in IHC has been advocated for carrying out the procedures for consistency in performance. [61] Methods using automated computerized image capture and analysis systems as opposed to the traditional subjective observations of IHC stains are being introduced. [62] The emergence of tissue microarrays (TMA) as a high-throughput technique for examining hundreds of marker molecules in histological microarray sections comprising between 100 and 1,000 core tissues on a single glass slide enables economical evaluation in terms of sample utilization and reagent costs. [62],[63],[64] In future, TMA will be an increasingly sought-after tool for evaluating the expression of proteins by IHC and thus validating the findings of DNA microarrays. This technique holds the promise of better understanding of the genetically heterogeneous groups of diseases, such as lymphomas, which have shown different response to treatment despite identical international prognostic index (IPI). [65],[66] The results obtained by these high-throughput methods can be analyzed by automated image analyzers. Finally it is of interest that IHC has a newfound role to detect agents of bioterrorism, and it is also of value in the field of veterinary pathology. [67],[68]
Quality Assurance in Immunohistochemistry
Standardization in IHC is the need of the day. [69] The steps towards quality assurance include ensuring technical reproducibility, uniformity in interpretation, quantification of extent of immunoreactions by the use of a scoring system, and participation in an external quality assessment program.
Standardization of monoclonal antibody dilutions and validation of the control paraffin blocks are basic requirements of the IHC laboratory. Multi-tissue blocks and tissue microarray blocks have been advocated for use as controls. [70] It is necessary to put up positive and negative controls with each run for every case on a daily basis. Negative control usually involves replacing the primary antibody with the normal serum or unreactive antibody and not merely subtracting the specific antibody. [71]
All validation records elaborating the protocol, the clone of the antibody tested, the antigen retrieval method employed, the identity of the control blocks tested, the optimal dilution, and also record of details of repeat requests need to be maintained. A regular audit of all repeat IHC requests helps identify the problem areas. Such records form part of the guidelines for quality control and also for accreditation.
Monoclonal antibodies are expensive, and most laboratories retain the infrequently requested antibodies beyond their expiry dates. It is being debated whether or not there is enough evidence to prove that such expired antibodies are unsuitable for use. Such antibodies have been found to be useful beyond their shelf life. [72] According to Chan, there is no need to discard these antibodies if the immunoreactivity on the controls is good. [2]
Providing quality IHC services is often handicapped by several pre-analytical and analytical procedures. Repeat performance of IHC tests at different laboratories or within the same laboratory at different times may yield results at variance with the original results. Such discordance may have a major impact on the diagnosis (as in lymphoma versus carcinoma) or therapeutic management (Cerb2 or C-kit positive versus negative tumors). A recent audit at the Fox Chase Cancer Center aimed at assessing the utility of re-performing and/or performing IHC on referred cases which had a previous diagnosis of cancer, revealed that IHC on these referrals had led to a change in diagnosis in 18.3% of cases, with an overall nonconcordance to the extent of 21.2%. [73] The antibody which has been subjected to maximum scrutiny is HER-2/neu over-expression. The reliability of the HER-2 assay could be greatly improved by stringent quality control, and an ongoing quality assurance program utilizes a standard reference obtained from cell lines. [62],[74],[75] A large study, wherein 172 laboratories participated, evaluating inter-laboratory and inter-observer agreement for semi-quantitative assessment of estrogen receptor (ER) using tissue array technology suggested that neither pH of the formalin buffer nor the duration in the fixative greatly influenced the detection of ER. Variability in subsequent IHC practices (such as antigen retrieval) and interpretation of results were a greater source of diagnostic error. [76]
The UK National External Quality Assessment Service organizes an EQA program specifically for IHC-based work (http://www.ukneqas.org.uk). The scheme offers different modules for general pathology, breast pathology, neuropathology, lymphoma, and nongynec cytology. Participants demonstrate appropriate diagnostic antigens on the distributed slides, as well as on "in-house" sections, and receive result sheets and yearly "performance record."
The US-based Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology (www.adasp.org) recommends that a quality assurance and improvement plan (QA and I) should have a departmental committee to oversee its implementation, utilizing inbuilt QA and I monitors, to audit the processes involved in generation of the final result. [77] Certification and proficiency-testing programs and a checklist for laboratories going in for accreditation can be read at the website of College of American Pathologists ( http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/.....anatomic_pathology_december2006_changes.doc ). Participants receive unstained paraffin sections with methodological instructions and a detailed critique of the results at the end. [61]
IHC Information Sources
Referral to updated and comprehensive resources which give information of the possible range of reactivity is necessary, and some of the helpful links are listed below:
http://immunoquery.com, http://immunohypermart.net, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/prow, http://www.e-immunohistochemistry.info/'vade mecum'. The vade mecum website provides a regularly updated comprehensive knowledge bank on IHC. [78] Two other useful sites are WWW.DAKO.COM for the newer antibodies and http://www.mh-hannover.de/aktuelles/projekte/hlda7/hldabase/select.htm for the leukocyte antibodies. The journals focused on IHC techniques include Immunocytochemistry, Journal of Histochemistry, Cytochemistry, Applied Immunohistochemistry , in addition to the standard journals in diagnostic histopathology. The Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry ( www.appliedimmuno.org ), the Histochemical Society ( http://www.histochem.org/ ) and the internet group's sci.bio.immunocytochem and http://www.mailman.srv.ualberta.ca/mailman/listinfo/patho are further sources of information. The websites for IHC External Quality Assurance include http://www.ukneqas.org.uk and http://www.cap.org/apps/....tomic_pathology_december2006_changes.doc
Immunohistochemistry is an essential extension of surgical pathology practice. Even in our resource-crunched setting, IHC has become necessary for the work-up of lymphomas, for the detection of ER-PR and HER-2/neu status, for diagnosing MRCT, and in case of metastasis from an unknown site. Immunohistochemistry, however, is not a surrogate for routine histopathology diagnostic skill; a good tentative diagnosis is a prerequisite for the success of IHC. There will always be a limitation to the number of IHC antibodies one can possibly do. Health care administrators trained in evidence-based medicine are likely to question the utility and the cost-benefit ratio of expensive tests. [79] Developing diagnostic algorithms based on available "best evidence" will help decide the issue of how many immunostains and/or molecular methods should be performed in a given case. [79] As opposed to the past decade, many laboratories in the country are now offering IHC services. Nonconcordance of IHC results from different laboratories, from the same laboratory at different times or by different reporting pathologists causes confusion. A system to obtain reproducible results, no matter where and when the tests are done, is a pressing need. In future the practice of IHC will witness more automation, shorter turn-around time, better visualization methods, and hopefully better concordance of IHC results.
The authors are sincerely grateful to all departmental colleagues, comprising consultant staff members, scientific and technical personnel, present and past, whose individual contributions over the past two decades have added immense value to the functioning of the diagnostic IHC services of the Institute. The authors regret their inability to thank everyone individually. We also acknowledge accessing information from the several internet sites as alluded in the text.
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69. Moskaluk CA. Standardisation of clinical immunohistochemistry: Why, how and by whom? Am J Clin Pathol 2002;118:669-71. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT]
70. Chan JK, Wong CS, Ku WT, Kwan MY. Reflections on the use of controls in immunohistochemistry and proposal for application of a multitissue spring-roll control block. Ann Diagn Pathol 2000;4:329-36. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT]
71. Burry RW. Specificity controls for immunocytochemical methods. J Histochem Cytochem 2000;48:163-5. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT]
72. Tubbs RR, Nagle R, Leslie K. Extension of useful reagent shelf-life beyond manufacturer's recommendations: Cell Markers Committee of the college of American Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998;122:1051-2.
73. Wetherington RW, Cooper HS, Al-Saleem T. Clinical significance of performing immunohistochemistry on cases with a previous diagnosis of cancer coming to a national comprehensive cancer center for treatment or second opinion. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1222-30.
74. Rhodes A, Jasani B, Anderson E. Evaluation of HER-2/neu immunohistochemical assay sensitivity and scoring on formalin- fixed and paraffin-processed cell lines and breast tumors: A comparative study involving results from laboratories in 21 countries. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;118:408-17.
75. Hsu FD, Nielsen TO, Alkushi A. Tissue microarrays are an effective quality assurance tool for diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Mod Pathol 2002;15:1374-80.
76. Wasielewski RV, Mengel M, Wiese B l. Tissue array technology for testing interlaboratory and interobseerver reproducibility of immunohistochemical estrogen receptor analysis in a large multicenter trial. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;118:675-82.
77. Nakhleh R, Coffin C, Cooper K. Recommendations for quality assurance and improvement in surgical and autopsy pathology. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:1469-71.
78. Bishop PW. An immunohistochemical vade mecum. Curr Diagn Pathol 2002;8:123-7.
79. Alberto MM. The application of special technologies in diagnostic anatomic pathology: Is it consistent with the principles of evidence-based medicine? Semin Diagn Pathol 2005;22:156-66.
Nirmala Ajit Jambhekar
Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, E. Borges Marg, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012, Maharashtra
[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3], [Figure - 4], [Figure - 5], [Figure - 6], [Figure - 7], [Figure - 8], [Figure - 9], [Figure - 10], [Figure - 11], [Figure - 12]
1 Different approaches for interpretation and reporting of immunohistochemistry analysis results in the bone tissue – a review
Nickolay Fedchenko,Janin Reifenrath
Diagnostic Pathology. 2014; 9(1): 221
2 Immunohistochemistry
Haresh Mani,Dani S. Zander
Chest. 2012; 142(5): 1316
3 Automated analysis of protein expression and gene amplification within the same cells of paraffin-embedded tumour tissue
Timo Gaiser, Lissa Berroa-Garcia, Ralf Kemmerling, Aparajita Dutta, Thomas Ried, Kerstin Heselmeyer-Haddad
Cellular Oncology. 2011;
4 Authorsæ reply
Sharif, M.A.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2010; 20(11): 777-778
5 HER-3 Overexpression Is Prognostic of Reduced Breast Cancer Survival : A Study of 4046 Patients
Connie G. Chiu, Hamid Masoudi, Samuel Leung, David K. Voduc, Blake Gilks, David G. Huntsman, Sam M. Wiseman
Annals of Surgery. 2010; 251(6): 1107
6 Histopathology in present era
Kazi, J.I., Mubarak, M.
Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009; 59(1): 1-2
Jambhekar NA
Chaturvedi AC
Madur BP
Generation of IH...
Recent Advances ...
Quality Assuranc...
IHC Information ...


text:
Q: Nested links in jQuery/html This is my code:

                    {% trans %} global.item {% endtrans %} {{ pendingItems() }}

And I have this jQuery too:
    $('#pending-badge').click(function () {
        window.location.href = '{{ path('pending') }}';
    });

However I've noticed clicking the badge doesn't actually redirect me to that page.
If I put console.log('test'); in the jQuery function I do see it in the console so I know the event is being registered. But I think because it's occurring in that broader  link it's just defaulting to that (homepage) instead of the link I provide (pending) in the jQuery.
How can I fix this?

A: You can prevent the default action by return false or by calling event.preventDefault()
$('#pending-badge').click(function (e) {
    window.location = 'http://google.com';
    return false;
});


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If you don't turn things into a problem, you don't have a problem. This is Janne's attitude about the fact that her new boss's brother-in-law slept with her against her will. She conceals the incident and continues her way of life as usual. But her silence has consequences, not only for the love that she feels for her friend Piet.


In this work we present experimental results about synthesis, structure evolution and in vitro bioactivity of new calcium phosphate silicate/wollastonite (CPS/W) glass-ceramics. The samples obtained were synthesized via polystep sol-gel process with different Ca/P+Si molar ratio (R). The structure of the materials obtained was studied by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. XRD showed the presence of Ca15(PO4)2(SiO4)6, β-CaSiO3 and α-CaSiO3 for the sample with R=1.89 after thermal treatment at 1200°C/2h. The XRD results are in good agreement with FTIR analysis. SEM denotes that apatite formation can be observed after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF).
Citation Information: Open Chemistry, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 317–321, ISSN (Online) 2391-5420, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0022-2.


Each graduate consultant knows that benefits is most likely the essential components of the thesis. The people in the fee develop their perception of a thesis basing on a introduction. In defense, generally speaking, the final outcome and the development of thesis are mainly questioned.
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The introduction of the thesis serves as a traveling to charge card of our investigating, implemented depending on the rules of research does the job. Seeing that graduating job is a vital phase in exploring from a school, the thesis must really be properly written, proofread and edited. Do the job filled with an intro with a huge number of syntactic, grammatical, punctuation and semantic issues can be instantaneously went back towards the executor for revision. In order to save some time and craft the entry of an thesis carefully, college students should look into the application associated with the task a couple of months ahead of when it truly is presented.
Initially, it actually is beneficial to discover the building within the admission inside the thesis. Conventional components of the thesis guide: meaning, circumstances, goals, goals and objectives of your thesis, content-object arrangement of examine, hypothesis, theoretical and functional usefulness, basic research systems and tools and equipment.
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What do hot peppers, green tea and gin-soaked raisins have in common? They're all natural remedies for the pain and swelling of arthritis' at least, that's what many people would swear to if you asked them.
Arthritis is common, affecting one in six Canadians. They're not all seniors, either: Sixty percent of people with arthritis are under the age of 65. For those dealing daily with this disease, it can be a challenge to find relief. That's why they turn to a try-anything approach.
Another challenge is that everyone's disease is different. What works for some people may have absolutely no effect on others. Injections of hyaluronic acid, a lubricant, have been shown in a recent Swiss study to cause uncomfortable side effects without offering much help. Yet there's a small number of people whose arthritis temporarily improves after the injections.
The same for glucosamine with chondroitin sulfate, as research funded by the U.S. National Institutes for Health has demonstrated. While this supplement combo didn't help most people with osteoarthritis, there was significant pain relief in a subgroup. 'We're so heterogeneous, it makes it hard to do a study,' says Dr. Hart.
Science can and does show promise for certain remedies, like the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils. The University of Dundee in Scotland reported that people with rheumatoid arthritis who took a daily cod liver oil supplement instead of a placebo were able to reduce their anti-inflammatory medications. But Dr. Hart points out that subjects in a study like this would probably realize they're taking cod liver oil ('Your skin, your sweat smells like fish oil'). So it's difficult to do a true double-blind study, in which neither the test subjects nor the researchers initially know who's getting a placebo.
Even when a supplement truly works, that's no guarantee that the capsules you buy at your local health store have been produced with the strength required to have an effect. 'In many cases, there's no standardization as to the potency of a particular concoction. The formulation can vary from one supplier to the next,' Dr. Hart says. While there is evidence that capsaicin cream (with hot pepper extract) may provide a limited amount of relief from arthritis pain, for instance, products differ in their concentration of the substance.
But you can probably put on the kettle with confidence. Several encouraging studies show links between green tea and a reduction in the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. But raisins soaked in gin? There's only weak evidence that juniper (used in gin) may have an anti-inflammatory effect. So there isn't enough strong science yet to send you to the liquor store.
How about other non-pharmaceutical remedies? It's proven that weight loss will help with arthritis symptoms. 'For every 10 pounds that you weigh, it puts another 40 pounds of loading on your knee,' says Dr. Hart. 'Some people on waiting lists for joint replacements can go home, lose 40 pounds and their knees won't hurt anymore.' Plus activities that improve your sleep, like yoga and meditation, can help cut your chronic pain.


text:
Q: How can i execute 2 or more commands in the same ssh session? I have the following script:
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'rubygems'
require 'net/ssh'

Net::SSH.start('host1', 'root', :password => "mypassword1") do |ssh|
    stdout = ""

    ssh.exec("cd /var/example/engines/")
    ssh.exec!( "pwd" ) do |channel, stream, data|
        stdout << data if stream == :stdout
    end
    puts stdout

    ssh.loop
end

and i get /root, instead of  /var/example/engines/

A: ssh.exec("cd /var/example/engines/; pwd")

That will execute the cd command, then the pwd command in the new directory.
I'm not a ruby guy, but I'm going to guess there are probably more elegant solutions.

A: In Net::SSH, #exec & #exec! are the same, e.g. they execute a command (with the exceptions that exec! blocks other calls until it's done).  The key thing to remember is that Net::SSH essentially runs every command from the user's directory when using exec/exec!.  So, in your code, you are running cd /some/path from the /root directory and then pwd - again from the /root directory.
The simplest way I know how to run multiple commands in sequence is to chain them together with && (as mentioned above by other posters).  So, it would look something like this:
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'rubygems'
require 'net/ssh'

Net::SSH.start('host1', 'root', :password => "mypassword1") do |ssh|
    stdout = ""

    ssh.exec!( "cd /var/example/engines/ && pwd" ) do |channel, stream, data|
        stdout << data if stream == :stdout
    end
    puts stdout

    ssh.loop
end

Unfortunately, the Net::SSH shell service was removed in version 2.

A: You can just give different commands separated by a new line. Something like:
@result = ssh.exec!("cd /var/example/engines/
                    pwd
                   ")
puts @result

Its probably easier (and clearer) to pass the command to a variable, then pass the variable  into exec. Same principle though.

A: Im not a ruby programmer, but you could try to concatenate your commands with ; or &&

A: see if there's something analogous to the file(utils?) cd block syntax, otherwise just run the command in the same subshell, e.g. ssh.exec "cd /var/example/engines/; pwd" ?

A: There used to have a shell service which allow stateful command like your trying to do in net/ssh v1 but it has been remove in v2. However there's a side project of the author of net/ssh that allows you to do that. Have a look here: http://github.com/jamis/net-ssh-shell

A: The current location of net-ssh-shell is changed.
What I decided to use though to call a random shell script is to scp a file to the remote machine and source it into shell. Basically doing this:

    File.write(script_path, script_str)
    gear.ssh.scp_to(script_path, File.dirname(script_path))
    gear.ssh.exec(". script_path")


text:
Edwige Berger
Paris | 32 rue de Monceau, Paris, France 75008
+33 1 57 57 81 57 | +33 1 57 57 80 81
edwige.berger@dechert.com
Corporate Finance and Capital Markets
Edwige Berger practices corporate law with an emphasis on advice relating to private equity investments, mergers and acquisitions and restructurings, representing investment funds, issuers, founders and managers. Ms. Berger also advises on various corporate projects, including domestic, cross-border, private and public transactions. Her clients come from a range of industries, healthcare and technology.
Prior to joining Dechert, Ms. Berger served as an associate at another leading international law firm, where she worked on private equity deals and M&A transactions. She previously completed a secondment to the corporate and governance legal department of Compagnie de Saint-Gobain.
Université Paris II Panthéon-Assas, Master 2, Banking & Finance, 2010
Université Paris II Panthéon-Assas, Master 2, Business & Corporate Law, 2008, With Honors
Montagu Private Equity on the acquisition of the French software company Maincare Solutions from Symphony Technology.
Montagu Private Equity on the sale of St. Hubert to the consortium consisting of Beijing Sanyuan Foods & Co. Ltd and Fosun International Limited.
Umanis & Umanis Founders, French listed company leader in data and digital, in connection with LFPI minority investment.
Phenix Groupe, in connection with CM-CIC minority investment.
Includes matters handled at Dechert or prior to joining the firm.
Below are resources relating to Edwige Berger
VIEW ALL Edwige Berger KNOWLEDGE


Have you heard about Jill Stein?
She's the Green Party Presidential Candidate that is exploding in the media!
Once you know Jill, you'll realize... Trump and Clinton are not your only choices for president.
In fact, they're the two most unpopular candidates to ever run for the nation's highest post!
Jill Stein, on the other hand, is the candidate you can believe in. She's the only one backing the kinds of common-sense policies American's are on record as supporting.
will change the lives of Millennials forever.
Jill Stein supports completely abolishing student debt.
"We are the only campaign that will cancel all student loan debt. Cancel the debt.
We did it for the corporate crooks, why don't we do it for the young people who are the victims of those corporate crooks.
We will bail out Millennials and the generation held hostage in debt. When they tell you it's futile, that resistance is futile, tell them where to shove it.
Forget the lesser evil, fight for the greater good. We can do this. We can create an America - and a world - that works for all of us."
Will You Support Jill's Campaign Today?
of corporate, PAC, or special-interest money.
Every donation is from an individual like you.
any individual can contribute is $2700 under federal election laws.
who are making Jill's campaign possible?
As Jill says... It's in our hands!"


text:
WTF Did We Just Do, Michael Brendan Dougherty?
By Reid Cherlin
Still trying to wrap your head around that 18-month, six-billion dollar campaign? Not quite sure what to make of Tuesday's results? Not to worry: for the next few days we'll be surveying the best and brightest in politics and the punditry to help you make sense of it all.
brendanmichaeldougherty.png
With Michael Brendan Dougherty, national correspondent for The American Conservative.
GQ: What the f*ck did we just do for the last year?
MBD: Exhaust ourselves in mutual umbrage-taking, mostly. The Obama campaign had no new ideas for the country, so it resorted to trolling social conservatives. And it was a success!
The Republican party had no new ideas for the country either. But their old ideas were offensive to their own base of voters and ones that might one day vote Republican: we're going to cut your Medicare to pay for a tax cut for guys like Romney.
GQ: What do Republicans need to do now?
MBD: One the one hand: Don't panic! You had an unappealing candidate with no message and you weren't beaten that badly. You're still recovering from the disastrous Bush presidency and that takes time.
One the other hand: liquidate the country clubbers and the Randians before it's too late. Your modern majorities were built on bringing together the old GOP with Southerners, ethnic whites, etc. But you're message to them lately is: "our doctrines about free markets and self-reliance are more important than your jobs. We only break those rules against handouts for the undeserving and indebted for AIG and Citibank." That's why the GOP electorate didn't show up.
One last thought. I know this goes against the current thinking that somehow amnesty will save the GOP, but a conservative party should learn to be competitive with African-Americans and urban voters generally before it tries to win recent immigrants.
GQ: What does Obama need to do?
MBD: Obamacare got through the House and Senate so shaken and rickety that it needs an overhaul before it is even implemented. Mostly, Obama just has to avoid getting us into a war in Syria or Iran so we can enjoy a small peace dividend and the economic recovery that is coming soon. Also, he should prepare to be investigated. You can't staff something as big as the Ecutive Branch of the U.S. with angels; somebody was a criminal. Your own party in Congress has no upside in blocking oversight of your wrongdoings now. Nixon, Reagan, Clinton, and Bush all faced some kind of criminal scandal; it's the reward for your reelection.
GQ: What's the lesson you're taking away from this election? Or what struck you most about it?
MBD: Our political parties and alliances are basically the same as they were in 1972. It's just that more Nixon voters died, and more people joined the McGovern coalition. And most people really do sense they are on one side of the culture war or the other, and then rationalize the rest of their politics to fit team Red or Blue.
GQ: Give us one song that sums up your feelings about the end of the campaign.
MBD: "Name Calling" by Eli Paperboy Reed, because great R&B restores good feelings. It's time to find someone lovely and dance with them.
Read more: The GQ Election Decompression.
Follow Reid Cherlin on Twitter for more updates from the campaign trail.
Related Stories for GQBarack ObamaMitt RomneyPolitics
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By Eileen Cartter
The Most Chaotic Congress in Memory Is Pure Style Chaos, Too
The Best Jeans You Can Get for Under $100


Democracy in Burkina Faso: the women left their homes at 4 am to be at their first democratic citizens' forum on time. Before leaving they had prepared food for their families for the whole day.
Democracy is the form of governance that best expresses the fundamental ideas in the Bible regarding the equal worth, rights and obligations of all people. Truly just and sustainable development is only possible if rights holders themselves have power over their own future.
We do the main part of our work at local level by supporting partner organizations to enable people living in poverty, particularly women and young people, to organize, change power relations and ensure qualitative participation in decision-making processes.
On issues such as legislation, decentralisation, accountability and anti-corruption, the democracy work at local level is linked to that at national level. Diakonia also works with similar processes to enable rights holders and partner organizations to offer their input at regional and international level.
When governments are incapable or unwilling to protect or fulfil rights, listen to their citizens or put mechanisms for dialogue and negotiation into practice, they may try to hinder and control civil society measures. During 2010 the space for action afforded to civil society started shrinking. Diakonia monitors this trend in relation to CSOs and works to reverse it.
The development opportunities of developing countries are often strongly affected by the rules, regulations and policies of international institutions. In practice, most developing countries have limited space to influence decisions regarding them.
By supporting partner organizations and as an advocacy actor in our own right, Diakonia will work to increase the transparency and accountability of these international institutions and private actors.


All domains at DNSimple are served through Anycast. Use the name servers from the DNSimple name servers support article for your domain.
If you want to learn more about Anycast, read this support article.


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All discounted private accommodation at single place! Book yourself a cheap summer holiday on Adriatic - on time, or last minute, choose on your own.
Apartments with a parking space Šmrika (Kraljevica) - 15709
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Holiday house with a parking space Rošići (Opatija) - 11318
3.8/5 Very good, recommended
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71 m2 + 6 m 2
Seaside holiday house Cove Gradina (Korčula) - 13486
4/5 Very good, recommended
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Apartments with a parking space Kruševo (Novigrad) - 17149
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4.8/5 Excellent, highly recommended
The hosts were very kind and helpful. The apartment is brand new, clean and well-equipped, quiet, and the AC worked fine. There is a washing machine in the basement that you can use. Beaches and town centre at a 5-minute walk. We had a lovely holiday here, thanks! 8) (Csaba Kiss, 07/07/2019)
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Excellent place for summer vacation: great location, a fully equipped apartment, shaded parking lot, a breathtaking view and very friendly owners! We defenately recommend it;)8) (Grzegorz Strojny, 08/07/2019)


text:
Magelonidae is a family of annelids belonging to the order Spionida.

Genera:
 Dannychaeta Chen, Parry, Vinther, Zhai, Hou & Ma, 2020
 Magelona Müller, 1858
 Meridithia Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2000
 Octomagelona Aguirrezabalaga, Ceberio & Fiege, 2001

References

Annelids

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia