text:
Go Public's New EP, And More Music News and Gossip
by Gordon Lamb December 7, 2022
MAKE YOUR OWN MUSIC: Athens multi-instrumentalist, songwriter and music instructor Julia Nyunt just released her second single of the year, and it's named "Good Feeling." It straddles a super-fine line between being straight-up R&B and simply R&B-adjacent. It's got all the horns and swingy rhythms of early-mid 1970s soul, but also a decent smidge of self-care comfort à la Edie Brickell, although I would say Nyunt's voice is stronger. The single released earlier this year, "Radio," is similar in tone and vibe, but without the pronounced horn arrangement. It's a smoother and, indeed, lovelier exhibition of Nyunt's vocal skills, which are absolutely spot on. Find each of these on Spotify, and for more information, please see facebook.com/JuliaNyuntmusic.
READY ORR NOT: As promised a few weeks ago, when Flagpole premiered the video for lead single "We Stuff," the new album by Joe Orr is out now on Arfus Records. It's titled Very Much Alive and, once again, Orr has delivered an album packed with hooks that suffers only from lack of editorial oversight. Not only do the songs "Make It Work (Let Me Go Berserk)," "Book Report" and "Satan and His Rapidly Approaching Army of Winged Henchmen" not belong on this album, they don't belong on any album anywhere ever. Now, that said, when Orr is dialed into his pure power pop sensibilities, he not only delivers, but sounds more confident in doing so. Nearly any of these songs could be singles. Especially "Lovin' Me, Lovin' Me, Lovin' Me," "Feels So Real" and "High School Is Over" which starts with what could've at one time been a great opening riff for an Alice Cooper track. And while it didn't appear so at first listen, closing song "Please Cooperate" shares similar intellectual aesthetics, and decidedly not musical ones, with Game Theory, which was a nice connection to realize, even if Orr didn't intend it. You can find this digitally on all major streaming services, and find physical compact discs in local shops as well as at arfusrecords.com. For more information, you can try the rarely updated facebook.com/joeorrband or the much more frequently updated facebook.com/arfusrecords.
THIS IS WHAT YOU GET: The new self-titled EP from Go Public is out now. This is a legitimate Athens supergroup composed of Jay Domingo (The Dignity of Labor), Adrian Finch and SA Rawls (each of Masters of the Hemisphere and then Elf Power and Still Flyin', respectively), and Sam Gunn (Iron Hero). And what they've made is, indeed, super. The seven songs here are so completely representative of the band's chosen aesthetic and sound—heavily rhythmic and propulsive, aggressive post-punk—that it's almost as if the past 40 years never happened. It's a nearly perfect marriage between everything that was ever loved about A Certain Ratio and pre-1986 Public Image Ltd. Each song is so stupendously composed, arranged and performed, I can't even be bothered to recommend specific ones. There is, however, something of an Easter egg available to careful listeners. Knowing these dudes' pedigrees and ages, no one will ever convince me that the horn riff in "Fresh Neg" isn't an interpolation of the vocal melody from Genesis' "That's All." Find this as quickly as you can over at gopublic.bandcamp.com.
EP by Go Public
GROWLERS SOLD AND SERVICED: Thrash monsters Beast Mode have loosed the hounds of hell and dropped a new single named "The Forge." It's from the group's upcoming EP, Seventh Solstice, which is due for release Feb. 17. In a press release the band said the title track was "originally written in 2019 for a mock 'supergroup' project under the name 'Ølengeist,'" which I'm assuming is a goal lost to the ether now. The new single was written specifically for this release. The upcoming EP also features re-recordings of two songs—"Becoming the Beast" and "Blasphemy"—from the band's 2016 album Blood Moon. Find the new single at beastmodega.bandcamp.com, and keep up with the guys via facebook.com/BeastModeGa.
Seventh Solstice by Beast Mode
MUSIC AND MEMORIES: The Hey, You! Hoe-Down Music Festival & Art Auction happens Saturday, Dec. 10 from 2–8 p.m. at Athentic Brewing Company. This event is a benefit for the Carrie Fischer Siegmund Fund for Classroom Innovation. Siegmund, who died last December, is remembered as a beloved instructor and professional with Clarke County Schools. She was specifically dialed into instructional technology, and at the end of her career was director of innovation and learning design at the Northeast Georgia Regional Education Service Agency. This fundraiser is in support of the The Carrie Fischer Siegmund Grant, which is to be "awarded to an educator who seeks to inspire through innovative, interdisciplinary, and meaningful learning that results in a long-lasting impact on students." The live music lineup includes Climbing Cedars, 38 Strings, Red Oak String Band, EDDie halfasS (sic) and Custom Concern. There is an art auction, too, with works from Dan Smith, Marisa Leilani Mustard, Jason Thrasher, Jamie Calkin, Sarah Cook, Elise Siegmund and more. This event is free and open to the public. For more information on the fund, please see bit.ly/SiegmundClassroomFund, and for more event-specific information, please see facebook.com/athenticbrewing.
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Calendar Pick: Historic Athens Holiday Gala
by Patrick Barry - Dec 7, 2022
Crossword (12/7/22)
by Margie E. Burke - Dec 7, 2022
Split Silk's Cathartic Punk, And More Music News and Gossip
GOODBYE, FRIEND: Longtime Athens musician, songwriter and friend Todd McBride died Monday, Jan. 16 after a short period of intense illness that began in early December. Although he played...
Ohmu's Hypnotic Improvisation, And More Music News and Gossip
ROLL UP: On Friday, Jan. 27 at Ciné there will be a listening party for the new album, Legacy, by Athens hip-hop godfather Ishues. Fort Knox will host, JiiG...
Tomorrow's News Today: A Forecast of the Athens Music Scene in 2023
Well, happy New Year, y'all. As we do each year at this time, we're going to go ahead and get the year's news out of the way and just...
Ishues' Legacy, And More Music News and Gossip
Hi, Everyone. Here we are. This is the final column of the year. I want to take a moment to thank everyone who read these words this year, sent...


My buddy owns a tire store, he had been looking for some 285 or 295 BFG's used, but nothing has come.
He got in 7 Discovery AT 305/70/16 tires. They are no BFG look, but I like the big lugs, with a street look.
Will they fit, from looking and holding up, then measuring I say ya. Just off-road, until I get the lift, they will rub, on the inner fender plastic during compression.
So will they fit, before I waiste time putting them on?
Anyone need 3 good tires?
I have just attached BFG A/T 305's on my 100, without lift. NO PROBLEM!
I should have tried 315's instead, but I don't know if they would fit. Have anyone tried 315 without lift?
I held 315's up, and no dice. If you cranked the bars up, you would be fine.
But for offroad, and no lift, they would smack every where.
My 305s rub even with a lift.
I am assuming you mean the 305/70R16? If so these are, basically, the same OD as the 285/75R16...which I am running in the MT/R version...no rubby here.
Although I am installing the OME kit (t-bars, coils, shocks & diff drop kit), from Christo (thanks Christo for answering my stupid questions!). Done with the rear...tonight start on the front.
How about 315's on an AHC 100 with it's push-button 2" of lift?
Macneil, do you know exactly where it is rubbing?
295's do not rub with or without a lift.
Yeah, I mean the 305/70R/16s. The rubbing is slight, and I'm pretty sure it has to do with the width of the 305 vs. a 285. The 285 is not as wide. The rubbing only happens when the wheels are full cranked.
It's rubbing up against the plastic/rubber flap guard thing between the wheel well and exhaust manifold.
Thanks guys will post pics of finished product, Mon, once I install on Sat.
I have 315 on my truck (for 25k mi) and they do rub some on full flex. BTW as far as tire fitment, if you do not lower the bump stops, it does not matter if you have a lift or not.
Hey Cruiser99, what color paint did you use to match the ARB to the truck?
The same as the original bumper. Don't remember the code. Base coat/clear coat.
cruiser99 is that without a lift? if lifted which one? BTW, the bumper looks great! I'm looking for a 100/LX and an alos interested if the 315's would rub with the AHC lift and how about in parking lots locked?
[how about in parking lots locked] ????


Newmark Grubb Central America works with institutions and private investors seeking to maximize their real estate position and portfolio strategy. Newmark Grubb Knight Frank firms complete more than $10 billion in investment sales annually in properties ranging from portfolios of owned real estate and non-performing loans, to single-tenant net leases, multi-family properties, hotels, industrial parks and corporate headquarters.
Newmark Grubb Central America maintains ongoing relationships with buyers of investment and development properties, and continually tracks buyer activity along product type, value range and geographic area.
Our brokers are experts at selling properties at top market value and they know the local sub-market, rental rates, demand and competition. They also know how to manage, lease and reposition assets when needed to add value.
Newmark Grubb's technology-enabled systems can instantly connect prospects to properties electronically, and buyers can hyperlink directly to obtain initial property information. Complete property information is available to buyers through the password-protected Web site, or through hard copy due-diligence packages.
When appropriate, Newmark Grubb markets properties through extensive advertising, Internet promotion and wide distribution of property brochures.
The investment team has their fingers firmly on the pulse of the marketplace and has direct relationships with the most qualified and most active buyers.


text:
package com.example.hidrivesample;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.ProgressDialog;
import android.content.ActivityNotFoundException;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.provider.MediaStore;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.ProgressBar;
import android.widget.RelativeLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import com.strato.hidrive.api.HiDriveRestClient;
import com.strato.hidrive.api.connection.gateway.DomainGatewayResult;
import com.strato.hidrive.api.connection.gateway.interfaces.DomainGatewayHandler;
import com.strato.hidrive.api.dal.FileInfo;
import com.strato.hidrive.api.dal.RemoteFileInfo;
import com.strato.hidrive.api.dal.TokenEntity;
import com.strato.hidrive.api.session.HiDriveSession;
import com.strato.hidrive.api.session.HiDriveSession.HiDriveSessionListener;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

	private static final String CLIENT_ID = "replace_me";
	private static final String CLIENT_SECRET = "replace_me";

	final static private int NEW_PICTURE = 1;

	private HiDriveSession session;
	private HiDriveRestClient hdClient;

	private Button btnLink;
	private Button btnDownload;
	private Button btnUpload;
	private ImageView ivPicture;
	private RelativeLayout rlContent;
	private TextView tvHint;
	private ProgressBar pbProgress;

	private String mCameraFileName;

	@Override
	protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
		session = new HiDriveSession(this, CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, hidriveSessionListener);
		hdClient = new HiDriveRestClient(session);

		initUI();

		updateUI();
	}

	private void initUI() {
		setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
		btnLink = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnLink);
		btnDownload = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnDownload);
		btnUpload = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnUpload);
		ivPicture = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.ivPicture);
		rlContent = (RelativeLayout) findViewById(R.id.rlContent);
		tvHint = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tvHint);
		pbProgress = (ProgressBar) findViewById(R.id.pbProgress);

		btnLink.setOnClickListener(onLinkBtnClickListener);
		btnDownload.setOnClickListener(onDownloadClickListener);
		btnUpload.setOnClickListener(onUploadClickListener);
	}

	public void updateUI() {
		btnLink.setText(session.isLinked() ? R.string.button_unlink_title
				: R.string.button_link_title);
		rlContent.setVisibility(session.isLinked() ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE);
	}

	@Override
	public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
		if (requestCode == NEW_PICTURE) {
			if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
				Uri uri = null;
				if (data != null) {
					uri = data.getData();
				}
				if (uri == null && mCameraFileName != null) {
					uri = Uri.fromFile(new File(mCameraFileName));
				}
				File file = new File(mCameraFileName);

				if (uri != null) {
					uploadFile(file);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	private void uploadFile(File file) {
		FileInputStream stream;
		try {
			stream = new FileInputStream(file);
		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			showToast("Can not get file");
			return;
		}
		final ProgressDialog dialog = new ProgressDialog(this);
		dialog.setMessage("Uploading...");
		dialog.show();
		hdClient.uploadFile(hdClient.getUserDirectoryPath(), file.getName(), stream, file.length(),
				new DomainGatewayHandler<RemoteFileInfo>() {
					@Override
					public void handleDomainGatewayResult(DomainGatewayResult<RemoteFileInfo> result) {
						dialog.dismiss();
						if (result.getGatewayError() != null) {
							showToast(result.getGatewayError().getErrorMessage());
						} else {
							showToast("Image succesfully uploaded");
						}
					}
				});
	}

	private void downloadRandomPictureFromFolder(RemoteFileInfo folder) {
		List<FileInfo> images = new ArrayList<FileInfo>();
		for (FileInfo file : folder.getChilds()) {
			if (!file.isDirectory()
					&& ("png".equals(file.getExtension()) || "jpg".equals(file.getExtension()))) {
				images.add(file);
			}
		}
		if (images.isEmpty()) {
			tvHint.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
			pbProgress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
			return;
		}

		tvHint.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
		FileInfo choosedImage = images.get((int) (Math.random() * images.size()));

		hdClient.loadThumbnailForFile(choosedImage.getFullPath(), ivPicture.getWidth(),
				ivPicture.getHeight(), new DomainGatewayHandler<Bitmap>() {
					@Override
					public void handleDomainGatewayResult(DomainGatewayResult<Bitmap> result) {
						pbProgress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
						if (result.getGatewayError() != null) {
							showToast(result.getGatewayError().getErrorMessage());
						} else {
							ivPicture.setImageBitmap(result.getResult());
						}
					}
				});
	}

	private OnClickListener onLinkBtnClickListener = new View.OnClickListener() {
		@Override
		public void onClick(View v) {
			if (session.isLinked()) {
				session.unlink();
			} else {
				session.link();
			}
			updateUI();
		}
	};

	private OnClickListener onDownloadClickListener = new View.OnClickListener() {
		@Override
		public void onClick(View v) {
			pbProgress.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
			hdClient.getDirectory(hdClient.getUserDirectoryPath(),
					new DomainGatewayHandler<RemoteFileInfo>() {
						@Override
						public void handleDomainGatewayResult(
								DomainGatewayResult<RemoteFileInfo> result) {
							if (result.getGatewayError() != null) {
								pbProgress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
								showToast(result.getGatewayError().getErrorMessage());
							} else {
								downloadRandomPictureFromFolder(result.getResult());
							}
						}
					});
		}
	};

	private OnClickListener onUploadClickListener = new View.OnClickListener() {

		@Override
		public void onClick(View v) {
			Intent intent = new Intent();
			intent.setAction(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);

			Date date = new Date();
			DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd-kk-mm-ss");

			String newPicFile = df.format(date) + ".jpg";
			String outPath = new File(Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory(), newPicFile)
					.getPath();
			File outFile = new File(outPath);

			mCameraFileName = outFile.toString();
			Uri outuri = Uri.fromFile(outFile);
			intent.putExtra(MediaStore.EXTRA_OUTPUT, outuri);
			try {
				startActivityForResult(intent, NEW_PICTURE);
			} catch (ActivityNotFoundException e) {
				showToast("There doesn't seem to be a camera.");
			}
		}
	};

	private HiDriveSessionListener hidriveSessionListener = new HiDriveSessionListener() {

		@Override
		public void onConnectionProblem(Exception error) {
			updateUI();
			showToast("Connection error: " + error.getMessage());
		}

		@Override
		public void onAuthorizationComplete(String userName, TokenEntity token) {
			updateUI();
			showToast("Authorization complete.\nUsername: " + userName);
		}

		@Override
		public void onAuthorizationCancelled() {
			updateUI();
			showToast("Authorization cancelled");
		}
	};

	protected void showToast(final String string) {
		Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, string, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This table brings Patricia Urquiola's imaginative vision to life with superbly skilled use of aluminum.
The legs radiate with the diamond-like sparkle of 1-mm thick aluminum foil on a core folded in bends reminiscent of origami. The cores are injected with polyurethane to give a dense feel while balancing strength with aesthetics.
The wood-finish tabletop version brings out the natural beauty of the grain.


text:
Virtual reality for the masses is here. But do the masses want VR?
The next six months are of crucial importance for the future of VR, if products such as Oculus Rift are to avoid being remembered as yesterday's tomorrow
@alexhern
Fri 7 Oct 2016 09.46 EDT Last modified on Mon 9 Jul 2018 07.16 EDT
Facebook co-founder and chief executive, Mark Zuckerberg, speaks at an Oculus developers conference in San Jose, California. Photograph: Glenn Chapman/AFP/Getty Images
At an Oculus Connect event this week, Facebook chief Mark Zuckerberg announced a small change to the Oculus Rift, his company's virtual reality headset, which will have massive repercussions for the technology over the next year of its life.
It wasn't the news that the company is working on a standalone VR headset, nor that it's now selling in-ear headphones for $49 to go with your rift. Instead, its a small technique added to the Oculus development kit with the odd name of "asynchronous spacewarp".
The addition allows the Oculus Rift to shift the field of view smoothly as the player turns their head, without needing to fully re-render the entire image. It might not sound like much, but smooth visuals are one of the hardest things about the technology to get right: screw it up, and the dreaded VR sickness will hit you like a punch to the gut. (Get it right, and the VR sickness might still hit you. Such is the way of VR.)
Asynchronous spacewarp isn't just intended to do away with retching users, though. Instead, the goal is to lower the amount of data transfer that is needed to get VR running smoothly at all, from the current minimum of 90 frames per second down to a startlingly low 45 frames per second. For comparison, that's low enough for the framerate to be evident even on a normal screen, if only in moments of rapid action.
Why does this matter? Simply, you won't need to spend the price of a second-hand family car to buy a PC capable of running VR games anymore. In fact, on stage, Zuckerberg also announced the first sub-$500 Oculus-ready PC, bringing the total cost of the full package down to under £1,000 – even taking the Brexit-induced slide in the pound into account.
Playstation VR, which is being launched next week Photograph: Eugene Hoshiko/AP
It's not exactly a price-cut, but even so, it's probably not a coincidence that Oculus announced the new package a week before the launch of its biggest competitor yet – Sony's Playstation VR. That's going to bring the barrier to entry down even lower, to just £625 all-in (including the PS4, PSVR, and the camera required for head tracking). And while many PC gamers still have to buy a whole new computer to use an Oculus Rift – or Valve and HTC's even higher-specced competitor, the Vive – every Playstation 4 can work with the PSVR.
Virtual reality is about to hit the mass market, and it's not exaggeration to say that the next six months are of existential importance for the field.
The technology is uniquely hard to demonstrate: watching someone use VR on TV doesn't sell it, nor does seeing video footage of what's coming through the headset on a normal monitor. Even sitting next to someone with a VR headset on will leave you with a sense of missing out, but not really a full understanding of what, exactly, you're missing out on.
That's part of the reason VR manufacturers have been aggressively touring the devices, rather than simply advertising them. Sony has traipsed PSVR units up and down the country on its "future of play" tour, while Oculus has set up demo locations in branches of John Lewis, Curry's PC World, Game and Harrods.
It's an open question whether simpler VR-style technology can do a similar job. The rise of high-resolution, motion-sensitive smartphones has led to systems like Google's Cardboard and Daydream VR, and Facebook and Samsung's Gear VR. These headsets simply hold a phone close to your face and offer something close to a full VR experience for a fraction of the cost.
The hopeful conclusion is that those experiences, stripped down as they are, excite people about the possibility of VR, and prompt them to seriously consider dropping between £350 and £1,000 on the real deal. The worry for many is that instead, they may deliver some of the VR experience without the magic that full set-ups offer, and prompt a feeling of "been there, done that" once the novelty wears off.
Both the PSVR and the new lower-minimum Oculus do offer that magic – the moment when the view on-screen and your actions in the real world merge so perfectly that you feel transported into the virtual reality presented to you. That said, they still have their flaws. The dreaded VR nausea is there too often, for too many people, and there's still somewhat of a content drought, reflecting the chicken-and-egg situation the technology faces.
These will be improved in time, but it's time the platform doesn't have, lest it be relegated to the same "yesterday's tomorrow" position of similar techs like 3D TVs and motion-controlled video games. The line between short-lived novelty and transformational new technology is thinner than many give it credit, and VR needs to leap over it soon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Located on the affluent north shore of Long Island, this smart two-story building is not only home to the Regus Syosset center but also boasts a theatre-style conference room that can cater for up to 88 people. The town actively promotes small businesses and it is close to good road and rail links into New York City less than 30 miles away. Long Island is a popular choice for many scientific, medical research and engineering firms and the Department of Energy research facility. Companies with a major presence on the island include laboratories, aircraft manufacturers and cellphone companies. Long Island is also home to the East Coast's largest industrial park, the Hauppauge Industrial Park with more than 1,300 companies and more than 55,000 employees. Fishing is an important industry here and, in the past 25 years, vineyards have also become big business.


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text:
Ангиогенез — процесс образования новых кровеносных сосудов в органе или ткани, в ходе которого происходит реорганизация первичной капиллярной сети, которая сокращается до более простой и чёткой системы капилляров, артерий и вен. В норме в организме процессы ангиогенеза протекают с умеренной интенсивностью и активизируются только при регенерации повреждённых тканей, канализации тромбов, ликвидации очагов воспаления, образовании рубца и тому подобных процессах восстановления, а также при росте и развитии организма.

В опухолевых же тканях, особенно в тканях злокачественных опухолей, ангиогенез протекает постоянно и очень интенсивно. Это является одной из причин быстрого роста злокачественных опухолей, поскольку они очень хорошо кровоснабжаются и получают значительные количества питательных веществ, лишая их здоровые ткани организма. Кроме того, усиленный ангиогенез в опухоли является одним из механизмов её быстрого метастазирования, так как опухолевые клетки имеют свойство метастазировать по ходу кровеносных сосудов (вдоль стенок) или разносятся по всему организму с током крови.

Усиленный ангиогенез в опухолевых тканях сделал возможным создание противоопухолевого лекарства, активируемое под действием тимидинфосфорилазы (опухолевого ангиогенного фактора), — Капецитабина.

Лекарственные средства, подавляющие злокачественный ангиогенез, преимущественно имеют своей мишенью факторы роста эндотелия сосудов (, бевацизумаб) и их рецепторы (сорафениб, сунитиниб, , , рамуцирумаб).

Стимулирование ангиогенеза (терапевтический ангиогенез) используется для лечения или профилактики патологических состояний, характеризующихся снижением функции образования новых кровеносных сосудов, а также при создании витализированных имплантатов.

См. также
 Ангиостатин
 Эндостатин
 Тромбоспондин
 Ангиогенин
Ангиотензин
Ангиопоэтин
Ангиопротекторы
 Терапевтический ангиогенез

Примечания

Литература
 Гарбузенко Д.В.  Перспективы антиангиогенной терапии портальной гипертензии при циррозе печени // Рос. журн. гастроэнтерол., гепатол., колопроктол. – 2018. - Т. 28, № 5. - С. 35-45
 Гарбузенко Д.В.., Арефьев Н.О. Ангиогенез - новая мишень для таргетной терапии портальной гипертензии при циррозе печени. - М.: Наука, 2020. - 151 с..

Онкология
Биология развития

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeOpinionsIs Congress trying to help China by making racist comments?
Editor's picksFeaturedOpinionsPolitics
Updated: 12 May, 2020
Is Congress trying to help China by making racist comments?
In the space of less than one year, the leader of the Congress Party in Lok Sabha has made two outrageous remarks. One has made Pakistan extremely happy. The other has given a handle to China to dismiss criticism against them.
Abhishek Banerjee
Adhir Chowdhury and Rahul Gandhi, image via Twitter
Do you have questions for the government of China? Of course you do. You probably want to know when exactly the outbreak of Wuhan Coronavirus was detected. You probably want to know whether the information about the outbreak was suppressed and for how long? How many people were allowed to leave Wuhan? Was crucial information about the spread of the disease, its modes of transmission, its infectiousness and mortality rate suppressed?
In other words, how many lives could have been saved if the Chinese government had been forthcoming with information? How many jobs and livelihoods could have been saved? How many hundreds of billions of dollars of economic devastation avoided?
For the government of China, these are extremely difficult and uncomfortable questions. It would be extremely convenient for them not to answer their critics.
What is China's strategy? They want to silence their critics by calling them racist. It's an easy escape route for them. The global liberal ecosystem has been very helpful to China in this regard. They have worked very hard to snuff out as much criticism of China as possible, by labeling it as racist.
So what do you make of it when someone like Adhir Chowdhury puts out an offensive tweet like this? Who really benefits from this?
Tweet by Adhir Chowdhury
By using an expression like "yellow expansionist," has Adhir Chowdhury not given a handle to China to dismiss legitimate questions? An opportunity to label their critics as racist?
We should bear in mind that Adhir Chowdhury is not just another Congress MP. He is a very senior leader and indeed the leader of the Congress party in the Lok Sabha. In other words, if the Congress had won the required minimum of 55 seats, he would have been Leader of the Opposition, enjoying among other things, the status of a Cabinet Minister. Could a man of his political maturity be speaking in such an absurd manner?
The mention of Taiwan in his tweet is also very interesting. It is well known that the very mention of Taiwan sends China into absolute rage. In the current pandemic, the WHO has been heavily criticized for ignoring what could have been useful and timely information provided by Taiwan. The United States and many of its allies such as Australia and New Zealand have come out openly to say that Taiwan should be allowed to have some representation at the World Health Organization.
China is furious. And how is China trying to defend the current WHO? You guessed it!
Article by Global Times
There it is, straight from China's state run Global Times newspaper.
So when Adhir Chowdhury uses an expression like "yellow expansionist," whose propaganda does it help?
This is not the first time that the leader of the Congress in the Lok Sabha has said something that undermines our position versus another country.
Article by Times of India
That is music to Pakistan's ears. It is everything that Pakistan ever wanted to hear.
Will Congress clarify? What is going on?
Adhir Chowdhury
adhir ranjan chowdhury
Congress ecosystem
Abhishek Banerjeehttps://dynastycrooks.wordpress.com/
Abhishek Banerjee is a columnist and author.
Former BSF jawan kills puncture shop worker Dilshad Hussain for abducting, raping his minor daughter: What happened


text:
Соколо́ва — село в Україні, у Хмільницькій міській громаді Хмільницького району Вінницької області. Населення становить 790 осіб.

Історія
12 червня 2020 року, відповідно до Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України № 707-р, «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Вінницької області», увійшло до складу Хмільницької міської громади.

17 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи і ліквідації колишнього Хмільницького району, село увійшло до складу новоутвореного Хмільницького району.

Відомі люди
 Віктор Бронюк — український музикант, лідер гурту «ТіК».
 Ясевін Віктор Степанович — депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 9-го скликання.

Примітки

Література
 Соколо́ва // Історія міст і сіл Української РСР : у 26 т. / П.Т. Тронько (голова Головної редколегії). — К. : Головна редакція УРЕ АН УРСР, 1967 - 1974 — том Вінницька область / А.Ф. Олійник (голова редколегії тому), 1972 : 788с. — С.677

Посилання
 Погода в селі Соколова

Села Вінницької області


Wine is a mixture of mood and light.
According to articles 10 and 11 of the Regulations linked to the Statute, the Board of the Enoteca Regionale del Barolo provides for the appointment of staff, which is obliged to avoid interfering in the choise of purchases, refringing from suggest or recommend any one of the wines available. The Board also specifies the functions, assignments and skills related to it, reserving the right to use the collaboration of consultants and experts whenever it deems necessary especially at special events.
Graduated in Modern Foreign Languages and Literatures, in 1997 she almost accidentally approaches the Enoteca Regionale del Barolo as a project collaborator and since then she is a part of it.
Guided and accompanied, among others, by the "maestro" and Oenologist Armando Cordero, is enthusiastic for the world of wine in general and for Barolo in particular and tries to convey and communicate her passion.
Today she performs Executive Management tasks and takes care of the Back Office, but continues to follow her original task Front Office, with particular reference to educational tastings in Italian, English, French and German.
Once graduated as Secretary, in 2000 she arrives at the Enoteca Regionale del Barolo as an employee and in following years her role transforms, adapting to the changes imposed by the needs of a structure in search of more flexible and modern identity.
Today she performs the tasks of Boutique Assistant: every day she juggles between orders, transport documents, invoices, deliveries and Help Desk, collaborating also with logistics and executive phase of the events.
"When I started working at the Enoteca, I just knew that Barolo was one of the most famous Italian wines in the world. I never imagined to discover, through the years, thanks to the wonderful people I have known and with whom I still work, the stories of sacrifice and passion in the vineyard and in the cellars, that hide behind this stark and noble wine.


text:
WYFF4 Conducts Palmetto Politics Poll
Nigel Robertson
WYFF News 4 wanted to give you a look at what voters across the state are thinking as election day gets closer.For the past few weeks we've been conducting our own scientific poll, called the Palmetto Politics Poll.With the help of a national polling agency we contacted 1,000 people from across the state of South Carolina. We asked would-be voters questions about the governors race, the state Legislature, as well as questions about taxes, gambling and even their thoughts on approving medical marijuana in the palmetto state. Margin of error for our our poll usually ranges 3 to 4 percent, which is a 95 percent confidence level.Here are the results:If the general election for governor were held today and the candidates were Nikki Haley, the Republican candidate, Vincent Sheheen, the Democratic candidate, Tom Ervin, the Independent Party candidate, Steve French the Libertarian Party candidate, which of these I just read would you vote for?1. Nikki Haley - 46%2. Vincent Sheheen - 42%3. Tom Ervin - 03%4. Steve French - 02%5. Undecided - 06%6. Refuse - 00%Do you approve or disapprove of the job Nikki Haley is doing as governor?1. Approve- 48%2. Disapprove- 41%3. Undecided- 11%4. Refuse 00%Thinking ahead to the general election for governor and U.S. Senate on Tuesday, Nov. 4, would you rate your chances of voting in this election as excellent, good, fair or poor?1. Excellent - 85%2. Good - 15%Which one of the following six issues will most influence your vote at the polls this November - job creation, taxes, health care, education and public schools, roads and transportation or illegal immigration?1. Job creation - 22% 2. Taxes - 13% 3. Health care - 23% 4. Education/public schools - 16% 5. Roads and transportation - 08% 6. Illegal immigration - 15% 7. Other - 02% 8. Refuse - 00%Is South Carolina going in the right direction, or has it has gotten on the wrong track?1. Right direction - 44%2. Wrong track - 41%3. Undecided - 14%4. Refuse - 01%Do you approve or disapprove of the job the state legislature in Columbia is doing?1. Approve - 22%2. Disapprove - 45%3. Undecided - 33%4. Refuse - 01%Do you approve or disapprove of the job Tim Scott is doing as United States Senator?1. Approve - 48%2. Disapprove - 27%3. Undecided - 25%4. Refuse - 01%Do you approve or disapprove of the job Lindsey Graham is doing as United States Senator?1. Disapprove - 44%2. Approve - 39%3. Undecided - 17%4. Refuse - 00%If the general election for United States Senate were held today, and the candidates were Lindsey Graham, the Republican candidate, Brad Hutto, the Democratic candidate, Victor Kocher, the Libertarian Party candidate, Thomas Ravenel, the Independent Party candidate, which of these I just read would you vote for?1. Lindsey Graham - 45%2. Brad Hutto - 33%3. Thomas Ravenel - 10%4. Victor Kocher - 04%5. Undecided - 08%6. Refuse - 00%Do you support or oppose legalizing online gambling?1. Support - 17%2. Oppose - 68%3. Undecided - 15%4. Refuse - 00%Do you support or oppose legalizing marijuana for medical purposes?1. Support - 53%2. Oppose - 36%3. Undecided - 10%4. Refuse - 00%Do you support or oppose an increase in the state sales tax as a way to raise new revenue to completely eliminate the state income tax?1. Support - 40%2. Oppose - 34%3. Undecided - 26%4. Refuse - 00%Thinking way ahead to the next election for president in 2016, which of the following people would you most like to see run for President - Jeb Bush, Hillary Clinton, Rand Paul, Joe Biden, Chris Christie or Andrew Cuomo.1. Clinton - 33%2. Bush - 21%3. Paul - 15%4. Christie - 09%5. Biden - 05%6. Cuomo - 02%7. Other/Undecided - 15%8. Refuse - 00%Do you approve or disapprove of the job Barack Obama is doing as President?1. Disapprove - 57%2. Approve - 39%3. Undecided - 04%4. Refuse - 00%
WYFF News 4 wanted to give you a look at what voters across the state are thinking as election day gets closer.
For the past few weeks we've been conducting our own scientific poll, called the Palmetto Politics Poll.
With the help of a national polling agency we contacted 1,000 people from across the state of South Carolina.
We asked would-be voters questions about the governors race, the state Legislature, as well as questions about taxes, gambling and even their thoughts on approving medical marijuana in the palmetto state.
Margin of error for our our poll usually ranges 3 to 4 percent, which is a 95 percent confidence level.
If the general election for governor were held today and the candidates were Nikki Haley, the Republican candidate, Vincent Sheheen, the Democratic candidate, Tom Ervin, the Independent Party candidate, Steve French the Libertarian Party candidate, which of these I just read would you vote for?
1. Nikki Haley - 46%
2. Vincent Sheheen - 42%
3. Tom Ervin - 03%
4. Steve French - 02%
5. Undecided - 06%
6. Refuse - 00%
Do you approve or disapprove of the job Nikki Haley is doing as governor?
1. Approve- 48%
2. Disapprove- 41%
3. Undecided- 11%
4. Refuse 00%
Thinking ahead to the general election for governor and U.S. Senate on Tuesday, Nov. 4, would you rate your chances of voting in this election as excellent, good, fair or poor?
1. Excellent - 85%
2. Good - 15%
Which one of the following six issues will most influence your vote at the polls this November - job creation, taxes, health care, education and public schools, roads and transportation or illegal immigration?
1. Job creation - 22%
2. Taxes - 13%
3. Health care - 23%
4. Education/public schools - 16%
5. Roads and transportation - 08%
6. Illegal immigration - 15%
7. Other - 02%
Is South Carolina going in the right direction, or has it has gotten on the wrong track?
1. Right direction - 44%
2. Wrong track - 41%
Do you approve or disapprove of the job the state legislature in Columbia is doing?
1. Approve - 22%
2. Disapprove - 45%
Do you approve or disapprove of the job Tim Scott is doing as United States Senator?
Do you approve or disapprove of the job Lindsey Graham is doing as United States Senator?
If the general election for United States Senate were held today, and the candidates were Lindsey Graham, the Republican candidate, Brad Hutto, the Democratic candidate, Victor Kocher, the Libertarian Party candidate, Thomas Ravenel, the Independent Party candidate, which of these I just read would you vote for?
1. Lindsey Graham - 45%
2. Brad Hutto - 33%
3. Thomas Ravenel - 10%
4. Victor Kocher - 04%
Do you support or oppose legalizing online gambling?
1. Support - 17%
2. Oppose - 68%
Do you support or oppose legalizing marijuana for medical purposes?
Do you support or oppose an increase in the state sales tax as a way to raise new revenue to completely eliminate the state income tax?
Thinking way ahead to the next election for president in 2016, which of the following people would you most like to see run for President - Jeb Bush, Hillary Clinton, Rand Paul, Joe Biden, Chris Christie or Andrew Cuomo.
1. Clinton - 33%
2. Bush - 21%
3. Paul - 15%
4. Christie - 09%
5. Biden - 05%
6. Cuomo - 02%
7. Other/Undecided - 15%
Do you approve or disapprove of the job Barack Obama is doing as President?


If you've got an overbite, underbite, crooked teeth, or any other type of bite or alignment problem, braces may be the answer. Fortunately, you've got several great options to choose from at the practice of Nicholas G. Rendon, DDS, in Vero Beach, Florida. Dr. Rendon offers traditional braces, fast braces, and clear aligners. To learn more. Book an appointment online or over the phone today.
How long do traditional braces take to straighten teeth?
If you want a straight smile in a shorter amount of time, Fastbraces® may be a good alternative for you.
The Fastbraces system is an alternative to traditional metal braces for patients who want quicker results. With Fastbraces, you can correct any of the problems traditional braces can resolve, but you can do it in 3-12 months instead of two years.
Fastbraces uses unique high-performance triangle brackets and flexible wires. While traditional metal braces move the crowns into position first, and then later the roots, Fastbraces moves the crowns and roots at the same time.
Clear aligners are plastic trays that you click over your teeth. They're transparent, flexible, removable, and comfortable.
Like braces, clear aligners move your teeth gradually. You'll wear a series of slightly adjusted aligners, usually changing them out every 1-2 weeks.
The total straightening time with clear aligners will depend on several factors, including how serious your alignment problem is and how many sets of aligners you use. Most patients straighten their teeth in around 12 months with clear aligners.
Can braces fit into my budget?
Dr. Rendon strongly believes that patients deserve affordable dental care, and he'll discuss financing options with you in detail. If your insurance covers braces, Dr. Rendon and his team can help you with your claim.
If money is tight, Dr. Rendon can discuss a financing plan, the in-house discount plan, or other options.
To learn more, book an appointment online or over the phone with Nicholas G. Rendon, DDS, today.


Try these Asian green beans, flavored with oyster sauce, fresh ginger, and sesame oil, for a new and delicious twist on your go-to side dish.
Cook green beans in boiling water 4 to 6 minutes or until crisp-tender; drain. Plunge into ice water to stop the cooking process; drain.
Sauté green onions, garlic, and ginger in hot sesame oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium heat 1 minute. Add green beans and bell pepper; cook 1 minute. Add oyster sauce and pepper, stirring until thoroughly heated. Sprinkle with almonds.
Nomnom! Great with Hoisin Glazed Salmon.


Support is that a normal battery usege?
Discussion in 'Android Devices' started by nuke777, Aug 8, 2010.
I've noticed that when I restart the phone and let it load fully, I would lock it for 20 min and check the spare parts, it shows me that out of 20 min my phone was awake for only 1+ min. however when I start to fully use my phone and lock it and come back in 20 min spare parts shows me that half the time it was awake. is that a normal thing?
I disabled autosync and backround data usage, I am now testing for how long it will last me.


This time it's time to upgrade your Warehouse!
You will be able to upgrade it to level 16.
A Warehouse protects resources from being plundered by your enemies. Upgrade a Warehouse to increase its storage capacity.
- This level can protect 7.840.800 resources.


text:
Quantitative RT-PCR analysis
Catabolism of l-arginine in macrophages
Nitrite production and arginase activity
M1 and M2 activation catabolizes arginine differently
M1 and M2 activation increases arginine transport through the y+ system, thereby inducing Slc7A2 expression
In the absence of Slc7A2, macrophage activation is limited
Arginine transport is not regulated by the levels of NOS2 or arginase
Research Article| May 15 2006
Arginine Transport via Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 Plays a Critical Regulatory Role in Classical or Alternative Activation of Macrophages1
Andrée Yeramian;
Andrée Yeramian
*Macrophage Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Barcelona Science Park, and
Lorena Martin;
†Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedical Research, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain;
Neus Serrat;
Neus Serrat
Luis Arpa;
Luis Arpa
Concepció Soler;
Concepció Soler
Joan Bertran;
Joan Bertran
Carol McLeod;
Carol McLeod
‡Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093; and
Manuel Palacín;
Manuel Palacín
Manuel Modolell;
Manuel Modolell
§Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
Jorge Lloberas;
Jorge Lloberas
Antonio Celada
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Antonio Celada, Macrophage Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail address: acelada@ub.edu
Received: September 07 2005
Accepted: February 27 2006
Published: May 15 2006
Andrée Yeramian, Lorena Martin, Neus Serrat, Luis Arpa, Concepció Soler, Joan Bertran, Carol McLeod, Manuel Palacín, Manuel Modolell, Jorge Lloberas, Antonio Celada; Arginine Transport via Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 Plays a Critical Regulatory Role in Classical or Alternative Activation of Macrophages1. J Immunol 15 May 2006; 176 (10): 5918–5924. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.5918
Arginine is processed by macrophages in response to the cytokines to which these cells are exposed. Th1-type cytokines induce NO synthase 2, which metabolizes arginine into nitrites, while the Th2-type cytokines produce arginase, which converts arginine into polyamines and proline. Activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages by these two types of cytokines increases l-arginine transport only through the y+ system. Analysis of the expression of the genes involved in this system showed that Slc7A1, encoding cationic amino acid transporters (CAT)1, is constitutively expressed and is not modified by activating agents, while Slc7A2, encoding CAT2, is induced during both classical and alternative activation. Macrophages from Slc7A2 knockout mice showed a decrease in l-arginine transport in response to the two kinds of cytokines. However, while NO synthase 2 and arginase expression were unmodified in these cells, the catabolism of arginine was impaired by both pathways, producing smaller amounts of nitrites and also of polyamines and proline. In addition, the induction of Slc7A2 expression was independent of the arginine available and of the enzymes that metabolize it. In conclusion, the increased arginine transport mediated by activators is strongly regulated by CAT2 expression, which could limit the function of macrophages.
To perform their function, macrophages must be activated either by Th1-type cytokines, such as IFN-γ, which is called classical activation or M1, or by Th2-type cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, etc., referred to as alternative activation or M2 (1). Activation induces biochemical and morphological modifications in the macrophages that allow them to perform their functional activity (2). Activation blocks the proliferation of these cells (3). The two types of activation are characterized by the way in which arginine is processed. Th1-type cytokines induce NO synthase (NOS)2,3 causing the production of NO, while Th2-type cytokines produce arginase, which metabolizes arginine in polyamines and triggers the urea pathway (4, 5).
Cell activation requires arginine for the synthesis of proteins, for the production of NO via classical activation, and for the production of polyamines and proline through alternative activation (1, 5). The extracellular milieu is the main source of arginine. The functional significance of arginine transporters was demonstrated in macrophages, in which NOS2-mediated NO synthesis largely depends on the extracellular supply of l-arginine (6, 7, 8). Arginine crosses the plasma membrane through several transport systems. Depending on the cell type, a number of transport activities may be induced (9). The SLC7 family of transporters is divided into two subgroups, the cationic amino acid (the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family, SLC7A1–4) and the glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters (the gpaAT family, SLC7A5–11), also called L chains or catalytic chains of the hetero(di)meric amino acid transporters. The CAT family includes four members, CAT-1 to CAT-4, whose corresponding genes are SLC7A1 to SLC7A4. The first three members transport cationic l-amino acids, while the function of CAT-4 is not known. The hetero(di)meric amino acid transporter family comprises seven proteins, whose genes are SLC7A5 to SLC7A11; however, only y+LAT2 (SLC7A6), y+LAT1 (SLC7A7), and bo+AT (SLC7A9) transport cationic amino acids (9). In addition, the B0,+AT transporter (SLC6A14), belonging to the SLC6 family, also transports arginine, but in a sodium- and chloride-dependent fashion (10).
Macrophages require arginine to elaborate gene products when they become activated, e.g., IFN-γ induces the expression of >300 genes (11). Consequently, to meet their metabolic demands, macrophages require the uptake of exogenous arginine; this process may therefore be a key regulatory step for physiological responses in these cells. In this study, we investigated how classical and alternative activation affects arginine transport activity. To this end, we used bone marrow-derived macrophages, which are nontransformed cells that respond to both Th1- and Th2-type activating stimuli. We showed that macrophage activation leads to an increase in arginine transport. For both types of activation, the only gene to show increased expression was Slc7A2, the product of which is a limiting factor that regulates the catabolism of arginine and the production of NO and polyamines.
LPS and recombinant cytokines were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Nω-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA) was purchased from Bachem. In several experiments, the results obtained with commercial LPS were compared with highly purified LPS from Salmonella abortus equi, donated by C. Galanos (Max Planck Institute, Freiburg, Germany) (12), and no differences were found. All other chemicals were of the highest purity grade available and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Deionized water that had been further purified with a Millipore Milli-Q system was used.
Bone marrow-derived macrophages as well as peritoneal macrophages were isolated from 6-wk-old BALB/c mice (Charles River Laboratories), as previously described (13). Bone marrow-derived macrophages were cultured in plastic tissue culture dishes (150 mm) in 40 ml of DMEM containing 20% FBS (Sigma-Aldrich) and 30% L cell-conditioned medium as a source of M-CSF. Penicillin and streptomycin were added. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. After 7 days of culture, macrophages were obtained as a homogenous population of adherent cells (>99% Mac-1+). To render cells quiescent, at 80% confluence, cells were deprived of L cell-conditioned medium for 16–18 h before treatment. Macrophages from knockout (KO) mice and the corresponding wild-type controls were isolated under the same conditions. The KO for Slc7A2 has been reported (14), while the NOS2 KO mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. Peritoneal exudate cells were harvested by lavage from mice that had been injected i.p. with 3 ml of 10% protease peptone (Difco Laboratories) 3 days earlier. Macrophage monolayers were prepared by seeding the exudate cell suspension into flat-bottom tissue culture plates. The cells were adhered for 2 h at 37°C, and the plates were washed vigorously to remove nonadherent cells. Animal experiments were performed in accordance with institutional and government guidelines (University of Barcelona).
Cells were washed twice with cold PBS, and total RNA was extracted with the acidic guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method, as described (15). RNA was treated with DNase (Ambion) to eliminate DNA contamination. For cDNA synthesis, 1 μg of RNA and TaqMan reverse-transcription reagents (including Multiscribe reverse transcriptase and random hexamers) were used, following the manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems). The primers used to amplify mouse were: for NOS2, GCCACCAACAATGGCAACA and CGTACCGGATGAGCTGTGAATT; for arginase 1, AACACGGCAGTGGCTTTAACC and GGTTTTCATGTGGCGCATTC; for Slc7A1, CTTGGACCAGTGCAAATGACG and TGATCCTGAGGCATGAGTGCA; for Slc7A2, GTGAAGAGGTTCGGAATCCACA and CGTTAAAGCTGCAGA; and for Slc7A3, GGCTCCCTCTGTGCACTTTCTA and TAGCAAGGACACGGAACAGGA. Real-time monitoring of PCR amplification of cDNAs was done using the TaqMan Universal master mix (Applied Biosystems) in an ABI Prism 7700 sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems). Relative quantification of gene expression was performed using β-actin, as described in the TaqMan users' manual (GCACCACACCTTCTACAATGAGCTGT and CTGCTGGAAGTCTAGAGCAACATA). The threshold cycle was defined as the cycle number at which the fluorescence corresponding to the amplified PCR product is detected. The PCR arbitrary units of each gene were defined as the mRNA levels normalized to the β actin expression level in each sample. The RT-PCR analysis was controlled by sequencing the amplification products. In addition, we included a sample without RNA in each reaction.
Cells were plated in 6-well plates 1–2 days before the transport assay (106 cells/well) and treated as indicated in the figures. To measure l-arginine uptake, cells were washed three times in preheated (37°C) uptake solution (10 mM HEPES, 5.4 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4 7 H2O, 2.8 mM CaCl2 2 H2O, 1 mM KH2PO4, and 137 mM NaCl (pH 7.4)). They were then incubated with 0.5 ml of uptake solution containing 50 μM l-[3H]arginine (5 μCi/ml) in the presence or absence of l-leucine (5 mM) or l-arginine (5 mM) for 1 min. Uptake was stopped by removing the uptake solution and washing cells with 2 ml of ice-cold stop solution (10 mM HEPES, 10 mM Tris, and 137 mM NaCl (pH 7.4) with 10 mM nonradioactive l-arginine) three times. After the third wash, cells were lysed in 200 μl of 0.1% SDS and 100 mM NaOH, and 100 μl was used to measure the radioactivity associated with the cells. Values obtained in the presence of 5 mM l-arginine as competitor were always below 10% of the total transport and were subtracted to estimate y+ activity.
Macrophages were incubated with a number of cytokines in a microplate (105 cells/well). After 24 h, cells were washed and incubated for 2 or 6 h at 37°C in 0.1 ml of arginine-free DMEM containing 2% FCS and 0.1 μCi of l-(U-14C) arginine (Amersham Biosciences). Cells were subsequently lysed by two freeze-thaw cycles. The remaining arginine and synthesis of metabolic products were evaluated by TLC. To identify the spots, 10 μl of a solution containing 2.5 mg/ml arginine, ornithine, and spermine was added to the cell lysates. A total of 20 μl of the samples was spotted onto TLC plates (Cromatoplates TLC 20 × 20 cm; Silica Gel 60 F254; Merck) and dried for 1 h at 42°C. Plates were developed in the solvent system chloroform/methanol/ammonium hydroxide/water 0.5/4.5/2.0/1.0 (v/v) and dried. Spots were developed with ninhydrin (Spray Solution; Merck) by heating at 120°C for 5 min and scraped into scintillation tubes containing 6 ml of EcoscintA (National Diagnostics). Radioactivity was determined by scintillation counting (Beckman Instruments), and the values for each compound were expressed as percentage of the total radioactivity measured in triplicate cultures ± SD.
NO was measured as nitrite using the Griess reagent (16). Culture supernatant was mixed with 100 μl of 1% sulfanilamide, 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl)ethyl-enediamine dihydrochloride, and 2.5% H3PO4. Absorbance was measured at 540 nm in a microplate reader (Molecular Devices). Arginase activity was measured in cell lysates, as previously described (16), but with slight modifications. Briefly, cells were lysed with 100 μl of 0.1% Triton X-100. After 30 min on a shaker, 100 μl of 25 mM Tris-HCl was added. We then added 10 μl of 10 mM MnCl2 to 100 μl of this lysate, and the enzyme was activated by heating for 10 min at 56°C. Arginine hydrolysis was conducted by incubating the lysate with 100 μl of 0.5 M l-arginine (pH 9.7) at 37°C for 15–120 min. The reaction was stopped with 900 μl of H2SO4 (96%)/H3PO4 (85%)/H2O2 (1/3/7, v/v/v). The urea concentration was measured at 540 nm after addition of 40 ml of α-isonitrosopropiophenone (dissolved in 100% ethanol), followed by heating at 95°C for 30 min. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 1 μmol of urea per minute.
To calculate the statistical differences between the control and treated samples, we used the Student's paired t test. Values of p < 0.05 or lower were considered significant.
In our experiments, we used bone marrow-derived macrophages, a homogeneous population of primary and quiescent cells. Treatment of these cells with several cytokines causes a series of modifications that allow them to develop their functional activities (3). To study M1 activation, we used IFN-γ or LPS, while IL-4 and IL-10 were used to examine M2 activation. Although these two types of activation regulate distinct sets of genes (17), both require arginine, either for NO production in classical activation or as a substrate for arginase induced during alternative activation. Only molecules from M1 activation induced nitrite production, while only cytokines involved in M2 activation stimulated arginase activity (Fig. 1, A and B). IFN-γ and LPS, but not IL-4 or IL-10, led to NOS2 expression. In contrast, Th2-type but not Th1-type cytokines induced arginase (Fig. 1, A and B). To determine the metabolism of arginine, we incubated activated macrophages with radiolabeled substrate and then separated the distinct products by TLC. When macrophages were incubated with Th2-type cytokines, an increased amount of ornithine and spermine was produced as a result of the catabolic activity of arginase (Fig. 1,C). However, when these cells were treated with IFN-γ or LPS, the amount of citrulline increased, indicating the processing of arginine by NOS2. Therefore, the reagents used in this study determined macrophage activation via the M1 or M2 pathway. No production of NOS2 was observed when cells were incubated with IL-4 or IL-4 + IL-10 (Fig. 1,A). However, an increased amount of citrulline was produced (Fig. 1 C). This was probably mediated through the urea cycle, which is active in macrophages (18). Through the action of carbamoylphosphate and ornithinecarbamyltransferase, ornithine may be converted into citrulline.
IFN-γ and LPS induce M1 activation of macrophages, while IL-4 and IL-10 lead to M2 activation. Macrophage activation increases arginine uptake through the y+ system. Macrophages were cultured for 24 h in the presence of IL-4 (10 U/ml), IL-10 (10 U/ml), IFN-γ (500 U/ml), or LPS (10 ng/ml). Nitrites (A) or arginase activity (B) were then determined. The values shown correspond to the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. A, p < 0.01 between IL-4- or IL-4 + IL-10-treated samples and IFN-γ-, LPS-, or IFN-γ + LPS-treated samples. B, Value of p < 0.01 between IFN-γ-, LPS-, or IFN-γ + LPS-treated samples and IL-4- and IL-4 + IL-10-treated samples. C, Macrophages were incubated for 2 (□) or 6 h (▪) with radiolabeled arginine. The products were then separated by TLC. The results are indicated as percentage of the arginine added at the beginning of the assay. The values shown correspond to the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. There is a significant difference for ornithine and spermine production between macrophage controls and those treated with IL-4 and IL-4 + IL-10 (p < 0.01). Also, a significant difference was found for citrulline between the controls and cells treated with IFN-γ or IFN-γ + LPS (p < 0.01). D, Macrophages were incubated for 24 h with the activators indicated, and arginine uptake was then measured. There is a significant difference between the control values and the values after LPS treatment with 50 and 100 ng/ml or after 5 and 10 U/ml IL-4 (p < 0.01). Results are representative of three independent experiments. E, Macrophages were incubated for 24 h in the presence of IFN-γ (500 U/ml) and LPS (100 ng/ml) or IL-4 (10 U/ml) and IL-10 (10 U/ml). Then, 50 μM l-arginine was added and uptake was measured in the absence (□) or in the presence of 5 mM l-leucine (▪) under linear conditions (1-min incubation). There is a significant difference in arginine transport before and after treatment with LPS, IFN-γ + LPS, or IL-4 + IL-10 (p < 0.01). Results are representative of three independent experiments.
Because arginine is required for macrophage metabolism, in this study we examined whether M1 and M2 activation modulates the transport of this amino acid. In a dose-dependent manner, both LPS and IL-4 produced an increase in arginine transport (Fig. 1,D). Next, among the transport systems that mediate arginine uptake (y+, Bo+, bo+, and y+L) (9), we identified the system induced in macrophages activated by Th1- or Th2-type cytokines. Arginine transport was measured in the absence and in the presence of 5 mM l-leucine, in medium containing sodium, to distinguish between total and y+ system-mediated transport. l-leucine inhibited most of the basal l-arginine transport, indicating that very little y+ activity is present in these macrophages under basal conditions. In contrast, the increase in transport that occurred in the presence of Th1- or Th2-type cytokines was mediated by the y+ system (Fig. 1 E).
The y+ system is encoded by the CAT genes Slc7A1 (19, 20), Slc7A2 (21, 22), and Slc7A3 (23). Using a quantitative PCR, we determined the levels of the three members of the y+ system in macrophages activated by Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. Low levels of Slc7A1 were found in untreated cells. Expression of this gene was not modified by the treatments (Fig. 2). Slc7A2 was not detected in quiescent cells, but was induced by LPS and LPS + IFN-γ and also by IL-4 and IL-4 + IL-10. Slc7A3 was not detected. In addition, the expression of the genes of the y+ system was measured in arginine-free medium; however, no differences in induction by the distinct cytokines were observed in relation to the controls (Fig. 2).
M1 and M2 activators induce the expression of Slc7A2. Macrophages were cultured for 24 h in the presence of the activators indicated, and the expression of Slc7A1, Slc7A2, and Slc7A3 was then measured using real-time PCR. For the expression of Slc7A2, there is a significant difference between the values of the controls and those after treatment with LPS, LPS + IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-4 + IL-10 (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed when we compared the corresponding values in the presence or absence of arginine. Results are representative of two independent experiments.
Our results to date indicate that, in basal conditions, CAT1 mediates the transport of arginine through the y+ system, while CAT2 is the main l-arginine transporter for activated macrophages. To confirm these data, we used macrophages from mice with disrupted Slc7A2 (14). In basal conditions, without stimulation, the amount of arginine transported was similar in macrophages from Slc7A2 KO mice and controls (Fig. 3,A). However, while classical or alternative activators produced an increase in arginine transport in controls, no increase in cells from Slc7A2 KO mice was observed (Fig. 3 A). When analyzed in more detail, the increased transport activity corresponded to the y+ system (data not shown). Slc7A1 expression was not modified in Slc7A2 KO macrophages or in controls when they were treated with activators, and Slc7A3 was not expressed in this model (data not shown). These results confirm that macrophage activation induces Slc7A2 expression, which is responsible for increased arginine transport.
The induction of arginine transport by M1 and M2 activators is due to CAT2. A, Arginine uptake was measured in macrophages from Slc7A2 KO mice (▪) and the corresponding wild-type controls (□). There is a significant difference for the amount of transport between the controls and KO macrophages after treatment with LPS, LPS + IFN-γ, IL-4, or IL-4 + IL-10 (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed when we compared the corresponding values of the controls. Results are representative of two independent experiments. B, Macrophages from Slc7A2 KO mice (▪) and the corresponding wild-type controls (□) were incubated with the activators indicated for 24 h, and the expression of NOS2 or arginase 1 was measured using real-time PCR. No significant differences were found between the corresponding values. Results are representative of two independent experiments.
We next addressed the functional consequences of Slc7A2 disruption on macrophages. M1 activation produced NOS2, and M2 activation induced arginase 1 in Slc7A2 KO and control cells at similar levels (Fig. 3,B). Comparable results were found when we measured the expression of protein by Western blot and when we used peritoneal macrophages (data not shown). When macrophages were incubated with activating agents, Slc7A2 KO macrophages showed a reduced catabolism of arginine (Fig. 4,A). Also, the amounts of ornithine, spermine, and citrulline produced by these cells were decreased in relation to controls (Fig. 4 B).
CAT2 is a limiting factor for M1 and M2 activation. A, Macrophages from controls (□) and Slc7A2 KO mice (▪) were incubated for 6 h with radiolabeled arginine. The products were then separated by TLC. Results are indicated as percentage of the arginine added at the beginning of the assay. The values shown correspond to the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. For arginine, ornithine, and spermine, in macrophages treated with IL-4 and IL-4 + IL-10, the values between controls and Slc7A2 KO macrophages were significantly different (p < 0.01). Also, for arginine and citrulline, values were significantly different after treatment with IFN-γ, LPS, or IFN-γ + LPS (p < 0.01). B, Macrophages from Slc7A2 KO mice and the corresponding wild-type controls were incubated for 24 h with the activators indicated, and the activity was measured. Nitrites were determined, and a significant difference (p < 0.01) was found between the corresponding values for IFN-γ, LPS, and LPS + IFN-γ. Results are representative of three independent experiments.
On the basis of the decreased catabolism of arginine in macrophages from Slc7A2 KO mice, we next studied the functional activity of these cells. Although the amounts of NOS2 were similar to those of controls, a significant decrease in NO production was detected in both bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages (Fig. 4 B). As the measurement of NO production is made with the entire cell, we conclude that the low amount of NO produced is due to the lower amount of intracellular arginine available. The enzymatic assay for arginase activity requires the rupture of the cell and the addition of external substrate. Under these conditions, arginase activity in Slc7A2 KO macrophages was similar to the controls. However, because the metabolic conversion of arginine into ornithine and polyamines is impaired in the entire cell, these data show that the amount of arginine available is the limiting factor for arginase activity. Therefore, CAT2 limits the activation of macrophages by Th1- and Th2-type cytokines.
We next studied whether the induction of the enzymes that catabolize arginine produces an increase in the transport of this amino acid. To explore the role of arginase 1, we used the specific inhibitor nor-NOHA, which blocks arginase activity by inhibiting the degradation of arginine into ornithine, but does not block the production of NO after IFN-γ treatment. Treatment with nor-NOHA did not affect the transport of arginine induced by the IL-4 + IL-10 or LPS + IFN-γ treatments (Fig. 5,A). As expected, the induction of Slc7A2 expression in macrophages via classical and alternative activation was not modified by incubation with nor-NOHA (Fig. 5 B).
Arginine uptake and Slc7A2 induction are independent of arginase or NOS2 activity. A, Macrophages were incubated for 2 h with or without nor-NOHA (50 μM), and the activators indicated were then added and macrophages were incubated for 24 h. Arginine uptake was then measured. B, Slc7A1, Slc7A2, and Slc7A3 expression was determined by real-time PCR under the same conditions as A. For arginine transport and gene expression, no significant differences were found between cells treated or not with nor-NOHA. C, Macrophages from NOS2 KO mice and wild-type controls were incubated for 24 h with the activators indicated. Arginine uptake was then measured. D, Slc7A1, Slc7A2, and Slc7A3 expression was determined by real-time PCR under the same conditions as C. For arginine transport and gene expression, no significant differences were found between cells from NOS2 KO mice and the controls. Results are representative of three independent experiments.
To determine the role of NOS2, we used macrophages from NOS2 KO mice. As in the case of arginase, the elimination of NOS2 did not modify the increase in arginine transport induced by M1 and M2 activators (Fig. 5,C). No significant difference in Slc7A2 expression was observed when we compared NOS2 KO macrophages with the controls (Fig. 5 D).
Arginine is one of the metabolic and signaling functions required for protein synthesis by macrophages. In addition, it is the key amino acid involved in both M1 and M2 activation (1, 5). Macrophages require exogenous arginine to meet their metabolic demands. Therefore, the transport of this amino acid across the plasma membrane is an essential regulatory first step during activation of the macrophage, which synthesizes a large number of proteins (11). In addition, these cells catabolize arginine to NO by NOS2 induced by Th1-type cytokines or to ornithine, proline, and polyamines by arginase induced by the Th2-type cytokines (1, 5, 24).
Stimulation of l-arginine transport by only Th1-type inductors has been reported in several macrophage populations, including murine peritoneal (14, 25, 26, 27), rat alveolar (28), human monocyte derived (27), and the murine cell lines J774 (27, 29, 30, 31) and RAW264 (32). However, data on arginine transport in macrophages are limited. In peritoneal macrophages, this transport is induced by LPS + IFN-γ through the y+ system and particularly by CAT2 (14), while in human monocytes, IFN-γ stimulates this transport through the y+L system (33). In rat alveolar macrophages, the y+ and y+L transport systems participate in arginine transport (28). Previous observations in rat alveolar macrophages described an increase in CAT2 after LPS treatment (28).
In this study, we used murine bone marrow-derived macrophages because they are primary cells and precursors of the different types of macrophages (peritoneal, alveolar, dendritic cells, etc.). Moreover, these cells constitute a unique culture model, which, unlike peritoneal or alveolar macrophages, is not previously activated and which responds to Th1- and Th2-type cytokines (2). Because the two types of macrophage activation require extracellular arginine, we studied the transport systems and their regulation in this model. Under basal conditions, y+-mediated l-arginine transport is due only to CAT1, and after activation, the increase in transport is due to CAT2. Interestingly, although CAT1 is functional, the absence of CAT2 caused a decrease in NO production and also in the production of polyamines and proline. This observation indicates that arginine transported by CAT1 does not fulfill the requirements of the machinery responsible for macrophage activation.
Our results disagree partially with those described by Nicholson et al. (14), who reported the absence of NO production in Slc7A2−/− macrophages after activation. In these macrophages, the arginine content was unchanged in relation to controls. This finding indicates that two defined pools of l-arginine may be present in these cells, only one of which is accessible for NOS2, while the other covers the CAT1-dependent metabolic requirements of the cell. Nicholson et al. (14) proposed that CAT2 and NOS2 coassociate. However, no physical interaction was demonstrated. The disagreement between these and our results may be attributable to technical differences in experimental design. In fact, in our case, NO production was determined after incubating macrophages for 19 h in the presence of cytokines, while in the study performed by Nicholson et al. (14), macrophages were incubated with cytokines and then washed and incubated in fresh cytokine-free medium for an additional 24 h, after which NO production was measured. Therefore, under these conditions, in the absence of cytokines, the levels of NOS2 decline (34) and NO production also decreases. However, we cannot exclude other explanations for the discrepancy, such as differences in culture conditions or the measurement method used. However, the background of KO animals (C57BL/6 or BALB/c) does not explain these discrepancies because similar results were found when we used the two strains (data not shown). It should be noted that for these authors, the production of NO in fibroblasts and astrocytes is not completely dependent on CAT2 (35, 36).
Recently, we reported that the transport system of nucleosides in macrophages differs when cells proliferate or when they become activated by either IFN-γ or LPS (37, 38). This finding indicates distinct pools for different activities. When we studied the effect of M-CSF on arginine transport, no increase was observed in relation to the controls and no expression of Slc7A2 was detected (39). This observation shows that the arginine transport systems used in macrophages differ when these cells are activated or when they proliferate. Therefore, the regulation of Slc7A2 is a limiting factor for the activation of macrophages by restricting the supply of the substrate to the appropriate machinery that triggers M1 or M2 activation.
Regarding the control of arginine transport by NOS2, there are contradictory data in the literature. Although some studies report that the LPS-induced NOS2 expression regulates arginine transport (27, 40), in other cases, the regulation of this transport is independent of NOS2 activity (30). These differences may be related to the distinct populations of macrophages used in the studies, as well as to the methods applied to inhibit NOS2 activity. Using macrophages from NOS2 KO animals, we found that M1 and M2 activators induce Slc7A2 expression, which is responsible for the increase in l-arginine transport. Furthermore, no modifications of Slc7A2 expression or transport induced by activators were detected when we blocked arginase activity, thus demonstrating that the activators' control over Slc7A2 is independent of the induction of either NOS2 or arginase activity. However, several signal transduction pathways may be common for the regulation of NOS2 and Slc7A2 genes, such as NF-κB (41).
The catabolism of arginine by macrophages through NOS2 or arginase generates several crucial products for immune regulation. For example, NOS2 produces NO, while arginase gives proline and polyamines, thereby inducing the synthesis of fibrinogen, which plays a role in inflammation (42). However, in some cases, the degradation products of arginine have a beneficial effect on intracellular microbes. For example, polyamines are required for the intracellular growth of Leishmania (24). Also, Mycobacterium enhances arginine transport in infected macrophages and acquires the metabolites necessary for bacterial growth (43). Furthermore, polyamines modulate the functional activities of macrophages (44). For example, spermine inhibits proinflammatory cytokine synthesis (45, 46, 47, 48) and has been reported to down-regulate arginine transport and NOS2 expression in rat alveolar macrophages (49).
Several of the genes involved in the control of growth or amino acid metabolism are regulated by amino acid availability (50). In our studies, in the absence of arginine, no differences were found for the induction of genes regulated by M1 (MHC class II IA-β, NOS2, or TNF-α) or M2 activators (arginase 1 or mannose receptor). In addition, the absence of arginine did not affect the regulation of the transporter genes Slc7A1 or Slc7A2.
In conclusion, there is a clear association between CAT2 and macrophage activation. This finding is of particular interest because arginine transporters may offer a suitable new drug target for the clinical management of aberrant macrophage activation in diseases.
We thank Tanya Yates for editing the manuscript.
The authors have no financial conflict of interest.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
This work was supported by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología BFU2004-05725/BMC (to A.C.) and SAF03-08940-C02-01 (to M.P.), and by the European Commission Grant EUGINDAT LSHM-CT-2003-502852 (to M.P.). C.S. and J.B. are researchers from the Programa Ramón y Cajal of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. L.M. and L.A. are recipients of fellowships from the Comissió Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovació Tecnològica (Generalitat de Catalunya). A.Y. is recipient of a fellowship from the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Madrid.
Abbreviations used in this paper: NOS, NO synthase; CAT, cationic amino acid transporter; KO, knockout; nor-NOHA, Nw-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine.
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. Nuclear factor-κB mediates simultaneous induction of inducible nitric-oxide synthase and up-regulation of the cationic amino acid transporter CAT-2B in rat alveolar macrophages.
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Peteroy-Kelly, M. A., V. Venketaraman, M. Talaue, A. Seth, N. D. Connell.
. Modulation of J774.1 macrophage l-arginine metabolism by intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG.
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. Spermine differentially regulates the production of interleukin-12 p40 and interleukin-10 and suppresses the release of the T helper 1 cytokine interferon-γ.
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And… The Young Protectors's donation widget is now live! Special thanks and very warm hugs go out to Barbara B., Ammon T., Chukwudum O. and Virginia H. for starting us off with their generous donations over the last few days! Y'all ROCK!
In other news, as Artifice was wrapping up, some of you were interested in me starting a forum for y'all to discuss my comics but also to have a space to chat about whatever with the awesome members of the community we've formed. I'd like to find out if there is still interest in me setting that up. My plate is pretty full with creating future comics, so I'd need a few potential forum moderators to step up—commenters I've known for some time whom I could trust to maintain the respectful tone of our discussions. People who could commit to being active moderators for at least six months. But if there's strong interest in a forum here, I am willing to put in the work setting it up (after my brain stops smoking from this Kickstarter thing… So a couple weeks from now…) Let me know in the comments if that's something you'd all like and especially if you'd be up for taking on the hours of work of being a moderator.
So! Another page! And like many of the pages before it, not a lot of dialogue on this one… 😀 As a reader pointed out to me on Facebook, whereas a page like this would make this scene feel very quick when read all at once, as a webcomic that updates once a week… well, because it doesn't move the plot forward much, it can actually make things feel slower and more "decompressed" (even though I don't think this actually is decompressed storytelling). When you're updating a page a week, a page chock full of dialogue (or at least several panels) will, I imagine, feel like more of a "meal".


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Exit Strategy: Just as Important as the Initial Investment
It goes almost without saying that running a business is a process. The process involves a series of stages, often beginning with building the business and its networks and later selling the business as it reaches maturity. Each stage involves different energies and requires varying roles. Many would argue that the most important of these stages is the beginning – building the business. There is certainly some truth to this and Opus Consulting Group is helping businesses during this stage. We have all heard the dismal statistics in certain industries as well as the stories of startups that fail on the runway. However, much less attention is given to the later stages, which includes exiting or selling that business. The hard truth is that exiting your business is just as important, if not more so than the initial investment.
Reasons behind this truth are numerous, most important however is that it comes down to value. Often times an owner won't get the value it deserves when it comes to selling the business. Owners need to recognize that a successful exit can mean the difference of 15 to 20 percent in returned capital after the sale of their company.
Furthermore, research bears out the tendency for companies to linger. Many studies have shown that as a business ages, the average total return to shareholders eventually tends to decline. In addition, studies show that most family-owned businesses are unsuccessful in their implementation of transitions, be it through sale or succession, and that they tend to exit at the troughs of business cycles – usually the worst time to sell.
The case of GM and its Saturn line illustrate this issue. In 1985, General Motors launched Saturn. It was a small-car division that was GM's response to rapid demand for compact Japanese brands. Consumers were incredibly receptive and sales peaked in 1994. Aftwerward, however, sales drifted sideways and eventually lower. GM reorganized the division, and in 2004 agreed to invest a further $3 billion to rejuvenate the brand. Over 20 years later however, the line had become completely unprofitable, and as a result GM never saw its initial investment return to the black. In 2009 GM sold Saturn to Penske for less than what the value was in the mid 1990's.
So, these are the facts. Whether the business is failing and needs to be restructured, or owners are ready to leave and want to protect the equity they have, a successful and well thought out exit strategy should always be a central component of any business plan. Opus Consulting Group is the business component of the exit process. Contact us to know more and how we can help.
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MD County Ask State To Review Gun Sale Precautions
By Tom Knighton | Apr 21, 2020 7:00 PM ET
Right now, COVID-19 has changed the way a lot of things get done. It's also created an insane patchwork of measures that some folks may be having a hard time dealing with right now. After all, there are so many guidelines that it's difficult for anyone to keep up with everything.
As a result, at least one county in Maryland is asking the state for some clarification.
Montgomery County Council wrote to the state last week asking it to make sure gun shops are following social distancing orders and that background checks for gun purchases are completed in a timely basis.
Council Vice President Tom Hucker explained the impetus for the letter, which was sent to Gov. Larry Hogan, arose after he saw a photo circulating on social media of "long lines out the door and around the block" at Atlantic Guns on Bonifant Street in Silver Spring soon after restrictions about social distancing were put in place.
Gun sales are up in Maryland, according to the FBI's National Institute Criminal Background Check System (NICS). There were 5,810 background checks for gun permits conducted in March of this year. During the same month in 2019, there were 4,123.
Gun shops are considered essential businesses in Maryland.
All nine councilmembers, as well as the leaders of several non-profit pro-gun control organizations, signed the letter, which noted that they were concerned about long lines in and outside crowded stores and "about customers touching inventory items and inadvertently spreading disease."
Other concerns expressed in the letter dealt with security and background checks.
"Lack of accountability with our gun policies in a time of upheaval can have deadly consequences for individuals who are at higher risk during times of serious social isolation, particularly those expressing domestic violence and/ or mental health crises and who might not access support systems that would be available during normal circumstances," it said in the letter.
Another concern expressed in the letter was whether the seven-day wait for a background check was being met in light of the increase in requests.
"Additionally we are concerned about the rapid increase in background check requests and the state's ability to accommodate this surge," the council members wrote.
Gun stores all over the nation are reporting a meteoric rise in the number of new gun buyers, which is taxing an already taxed system to an insane degree. Concerns about whether the system can handle it are likely to be quite valid.
However, let's not pretend that this sudden influx of gun sales is likely to have any real impact on domestic violence. While those numbers do appear to be climbing, that likely has more to do with people being forced to not just be at home but to remain there no matter what. There's no real escape for victims.
In fact, one of the few things they can do is buy a gun to defend themselves with during these troubled times. Assuming, of course, they can get one with the current demand and the draconian regulations in place in states like Maryland.
Tags: GUN CONTROL GUNS MARYLAND GUN RIGHTS COVID-19