text:
Guided Sportfishing & Accommodations
on Alaska's Kenai Peninsula
mark@mgfalaska.com
King / Chinook Salmon
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Edgewater One
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Kenai Peninsula Guide
Enjoying Your Catch
Alaska Fishing Reports & News
Alaska Fishing Report
Fishing Rates
Fishing & Lodging Combo Packages
State of the Art Gear
The "Kenai Current" Newsletter
Kasilof River King Salmon Fishing
26 Jan Kasilof River King Salmon Fishing
Posted at 15:41h in - Mark's Blog -, Kasilof River, King Salmon, Salmon Fishing	by	Mark Glassmaker
Are you interested in booking a drift boat fishing trip on the Kasilof River? Click here or call 1-800-622-1177!
In the Shadow of Giants
(This article was written by Kenai/Kasilof River guide Mark Glassmaker and was originally published in Fish Alaska magazine in July 2006.)
The Kenai's lesser known neighbor has a king-sized reputation all its own.
When most people think about visiting the Kenai Peninsula, the Kenai River naturally takes center stage. Home of the largest king salmon in the world and rainbow trout as long as your arm; the Kenai often backs up its colossal reputation with one magical experience after another.
If it were not less than 15 miles from Alaska's most fabled salmon river, the Kasilof (pronounced Kah-sea-lof) would likely enjoy far more independent notoriety. For just like the Kenai, the Kasilof sees two distinct runs of king salmon, along with hundreds of thousands of sockeye, and a serious run of silver salmon. It also supports large populations of resident rainbow trout and dolly varden and to top the Kenai, it even has a substantial return of steelhead. But much like the proverbial red-headed stepchild, the Kasilof has always remained a side-act while the mighty Kenai remains the headliner. It's tough to compete with a river twice as big and ten times as accessible. Unlike the Kenai, the Kasilof is largely unfishable with a motor for most of May and June. Because it is fairly shallow, swift and rocky, the Kasilof proves challenging and dangerous for an outboard and motor use while fishing is actually prohibited during May, June and July on the lower portion of the river. Except for certain sections and in high water, seeing a motorized vessel on the Kasilof is pretty rare.
The Kasilof has less than five feasible access points and all but two are private. The Kenai National Wildlife Refuge maintains a boat launch facility at the outlet of Tustamena Lake, officially mile 18.5 of the river. From here, the river makes a slow and winding entrance for roughly a mile and then carves a very swift, rapid-like descent to Cook Inlet. This descent is punctuated by a number of very popular and productive fishing holes, most of which are in the final 8 miles before salt and below the Sterling Highway Bridge. Most of the early season boat traffic on the Kasilof River enters the river from the Kasilof River State Park site, located immediately upriver of the Sterling Highway bridge.
Even though it may not carry the reputation of its sibling the Kenai, the Kasilof has certainly been well discovered for its own sportfishing opportunities. Fishing activity in May and June centers around Crooked Creek, a small tributary to the Kasilof just above tidal influence. Alaska Department of Fish and Game operates a hatchery facility just a short distance beyond the confluence of Crooked Creek and the Kasilof and they have been enhancing the early run of Crooked Creek king salmon for the past 30 years. As a general rule, Alaska's fishery managers are naturally reluctant toward planting hatchery fish on top of wild stocks, although the Crooked Creek project has long been an exception.
"The Crooked Creek hatchery was established in the early 1970's," according to the current biologist in charge of Kasilof River King Salmon, Jeff Breakfield. "It began as a Fisheries Rehabilitation and Enhancement Division (F.R.E.D) project to produce sockeye, steelhead, coho and chinook." Today it acts primarily as a recovery and limited holding facility for Chinook only rather than a full blown A-Z hatchery. "Essentially we capture a certain number of returning adults each season to use as brood stock. The eggs are actually raised in hatcheries elsewhere and then returned to the Crooked Creek facility as smolt for imprinting and subsequent release," added Breakfield.
The first enhancement of king salmon began with a smolt release in 1975. The planted fish were originally taken from wild Crooked Creek stock, raised at the hatchery, and then released not only back into the Kasilof via Crooked Creek but were also introduced to a number of different watersheds throughout the Kenai Peninsula (from Sport Lake near Soldotna to Resurrection Bay in Seward.)
Due to straying concerns into the Kenai River, managers deciding to mark all hatchery origin Crooked Creek king salmon in 2000. This decision would help ensure biologists could distinguish between the stocked fish and those early run fish that were reproducing naturally in Crooked Creek and the Kasilof River itself. It also made them easier to identify in cases of straying, something that was a concern after several crooked creek hatchery fish were reportedly discovered in Slikok Creek, a tributary of the Kenai just downstream from Soldotna. Among the choices for mitigating the possible straying issue, fin clipping was deemed the most affordable. This reduced the size of the run from a 210,000 smolt released in 1999 to a 105,000 release in 2000.
Clipping the fins and reducing the overall release of hatchery fish occurred at a time when fishing popularity and pressure on the Kasilof was peaking. According to Alaska State Parks records, the number of guides on the Kasilof went from 75 in 2000 to 134 in 2002. These numbers decreased to 108 in 2004.
Early run brings bright kings, anglers and new rules.
It is interesting to note that 90% of guided anglers access this fishery during the May-June "early run" when an abundance of hatchery fish are available. From the opening day of bait on May 16 to about the third week of June (the historical decline of newly arriving early run hatchery fish) one can count on a regular flow of drift boats as well as bank anglers, all presenting favorite baits and lures to newly arriving hatchery and naturally-produced Kasilof Kings.
For those fishing from shore, the Kasilof also offers fairly good access at a number of points, the most popular being the Alaska State Parks and Recreation site near the Crooked Creek Campground. Unlike the larger Kenai where bank fishing is very difficult for king salmon, the Kasilof offers bank anglers an excellent opportunity to catch a king from the shore. Public access adjacent to Crooked Creek campground provides hiking trails to what has popularly become know as the "People's Hole;" a long, deep holding area located just above tidal influence and just below the confluence of Crooked Creek. Both staging and newly arriving king salmon frequently pile up in this area, perhaps more so than any other section of the river. According to Fish and Game Statewide Harvest Survey Data, 53% of the early run kings caught on the Kasilof River over the past five seasons were taken from the bank.
Despite the smolt reductions and there being fewer hatchery kings than in the past, the overall number of fish has remained remarkably steady. The mix of both natural producing kings and hatchery stocks means one can expect good fishing in late May, extending at times well past mid June. But the Kasilof has not maintained this steady supply of early run king salmon without a few hurdles along the way.
The Kasilof has always been seen more as a "meat and potatoes" fishery where one had a greater chance to harvest a king than on the more technical and prestigious Kenai. At times when the Kenai is slow or emergency restrictions are placed on the early run of Kenai Kings, a significant amount of angling pressure can overwhelm the Kasilof in a hurry. With only one primary put-in and a small hand full of take-outs, some crowding during peak times has occurred. In recent years, private anglers looking for a more reliable and predictable fishery during the early season naturally chose the Kasilof, and likewise, many local guide services (primarily based on the Kenai or in one of the peripheral areas such as Seward, Cooper Landing or Ninilchik) have purchased drift boats and hired guides, so that their guests can access the Kasilof in May and June (particularly during lean years on the Kenai). Many visiting anglers have discovered the benefit to planning a variety of fishing trips when they visit the Kenai Peninsula. Since the Kenai, even on its best days, is not known for producing sheer numbers of one after another fishing, peripheral fisheries such as halibut fishing, trout fishing, fly out fishing and the Kasilof all offer something totally unique.
For many visiting anglers, simply catching a fish is their main goal; it need not be a 70lb. Kenai King. Consistency makes the Kasilof very popular in this regard, and the quiet drift boat experience adds to the Kasilof's charm. Certainly the influx of hatchery fish is largely responsible for the more "predictable" fishing, but behind that run of planted, adipose fin-clipped kings is also a strong return of wild spawners from both Crooked Creek and the main stem Kasilof River.
Since for many years the hatchery fish returning to Crooked Creek were not adipose-clipped, some of the hatchery stock surely mixed with naturally produced fish in the creek. Not being able to distinguish between the two stocks meant managers were unable to estimate run strength of the wild or naturally produced Crooked Creek king salmon. This cloudy stock assessment, along with the recent rise in popularity led the Alaska Board of Fisheries to impose a number of restrictions for the 2003 season. Among the more extreme measures taken was prohibiting the retention of naturally-produced, unclipped Kasilof Kings in May and June. This meant that in order to keep a king it had to have a clipped adipose fin, but at the time, only a certain percentage of the hatchery return would arrive with clipped fins. It would be 2004 before all parent years of hatchery fish were marked. Limiting retention to adipose-clipped kings only was also accompanied by no fishing after retaining a king, single hook only and several other restrictive measures. This was all done to curb pressure and limit harvest numbers until Fish and Game could get a reasonable handle on the number of early season king salmon spawning naturally within Crooked Creek and establish a Sustainable Escapement goal (SEG) which is now set at 650-1700 kings.
For many that fish the Kasilof frequently during this return, the new regulations delivered a different attitude and feel to the fishery, as not being able to readily harvest whatever you catch did reduce fishing pressure. The Kasilof's reputation as a "meat and potatoes," harvest-oriented fishery was beginning to wane.
In addition to a new attitude, the new regulations also revealed some interesting trends within the make-up of the king return. A large number of wild or un-clipped king salmon were present beginning in mid May and at times seemed to outnumber the hatchery return. Combined in-season harvest surveys and creel samples from 2003 through 2005 revealed nearly 55% of all the king salmon caught on the Kasilof during these three years were naturally produced Chinook.
The Board of Fisheries once again met in early 2005 for its annual Cook Inlet meeting. They were presented with evidence from the department and anecdotal evidence from attending Kasilof River guides, noting the apparent strength of this natural return of Early Run Kasilof kings. It seemed along with ample numbers of wild fish, a large number of hatchery fish were not being harvested under the current regulations. Given these circumstances, the board saw fit to return some of the rules they had rescinded just two years prior. They returned fishing after retention, gave back multiple hooks and allowed an angler to keep wild fish on two days of the week: Tuesdays and Saturdays. With only 2 years of definitive data on the status of this stock, Fish and Game recommended limited harvest (two days a week) to be sure this wild segment of the early run of Kings on the Kasilof was truly headed in the right direction. The Board did establish regulations allowing Fish and Game managers to adjust in-season the number of days wild harvest is allowed, particularly in years of extreme surplus. On May 8, 2006, Fish and Game announced they would add one additional day per week for the harvest of wild Crooked Creek King salmon with the following explanation: "Beginning May 18, Thursday will be an additional day anglers may keep a naturally produced king salmon…According to ADF&G weir count data, escapement of naturally produced king salmon has been exceeding the goal of 650-1700 fish. In 2005, for example, 1903 naturally produced king salmon were counted past the weir on Crooked Creek…and adding Thursday will likely help meet the escapement goal while increasing king salmon fishing opportunity for recreation anglers."
And this is where the regulations stand today, with a new Cook Inlet Board of Fish Cycle approaching in early 2008. If this wild segment of the early run continues to prosper, perhaps the harvest of wild kings will be allowed seven days a week. Until then, the Kasilof early run is once again what it has always been: a fun-filled, action-packed salmon fishery where someone visiting Alaska or from Anchorage can jump in their car, drive to the river, catch a king for the dinner table (or release it ), and head back to Anchorage all in one day. Quality road accessible fisheries like the Kasilof River are hardly a dime a dozen in Alaska.
Dr. June and Mr. July
Comparing the Kasilof in May and June to the same river in mid to late July is like explaining the difference between winter and summer in Alaska, there simply is no comparison. During July the river literally triples in size as the seasonal snowmelt, glacial runoff and rain all converge into one mother of a flow, a raging torrent fed by Tustamena, the largest lake on the Kenai Peninsula and the fifth largest in the state!
In July, the Kasilof becomes an entirely different river in many regards; the amount of fishing pressure is greatly reduced as the late run Kenai King Fishery explodes. The size and origin of the king salmon also changes as large quantities of hatchery king returns dwindle and somewhat limited numbers of big, wild second run kings arrive. Likewise, the river you catch them in changes dramatically and the volume of water and relentless current makes back-trolling from a drift boat in July very difficult.
With the majority of the July King Salmon effort on the Kenai Peninsula fixed on the Kenai, the Kasilof late run has passed under the radar for years from both an angling perspective, and also when it comes to documentation by fish and game. In fact, ADF&G readily admits they know very little about the late run of King salmon on the Kasilof and in the last few years they have redirected some funding in an effort to establish some baseline for a preliminary stock assessment. Interest in the late run of Kasilof kings dates back to 2002 when the Fish and Game launched a feasibility study to see if the kings could be live captured in the Kasilof for testing purposes. Results from this study were favorable and subsequent netting, radio telemetry and harvest monitoring projects proceeded in 2003 and 2005.
Perhaps those that know the most about these fabled late run Kasilof kings are the small handful of guides and locals that have fished the run for generations. Their stories are filled with all the same lore and legend as you'll hear from longtime Kenai guides. No, the record did not come from the Kasilof and certainly there are not as many fish, but make no mistake, these are very large and very unique Chinook, much like their cousins only one stream to the north. The largest late run Kasilof King salmon sampled in river by ADF&G in recent memory was estimated to weigh over 80 pounds, and every year fish approaching seventy pounds are reported.
As with many sockeye producing river systems in Cook Inlet, king salmon returning to the same river as the sockeye are often intercepted in both onshore set and off shore drift gill nets primarily targeting the more profitable sockeye. Set gill nets on the beaches south of the Kasilof intercept passing schools of both Kasilof and Kenai bound sockeye along with newly arriving Kenai and Kasilof late run Chinook. Along with a native run of sockeye, the Kasilof was also artificially enhanced with a stocking program in Tustamena Lake. This program was started by the state and taken over in the mid 1990's by local Cook Inlet commercial fishing group Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association. Kasilof sockeye returns have easily exceeded their escapement goals in the past several seasons and this has resulted in record commercial harvests of king salmon in the Kasilof district.
Court Decision may reduce sockeye returns
A 2004 decision made it illegal to commercially enhance sockeye on the Kasilof River since it was being done in Federal waters. In the case of: The Wilderness Society and Alaska Center for the Environment vs. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The 9th circuit Court of Appeals ruled commercial enterprises should not be allowed in the National Wildlife Refuge as it was almost entirely wilderness area and does not permit commercial uses in its enabling legislation (Wilderness Act of 1964) "There is no exception given for commercial enterprise in wilderness when it has benign purpose and minimally intrusive impact," the court ruled. Local Kenai attorney, Trout Unlimited President and avid sport angler Joe Ray Skrha followed the Tustamena stocking case very closely and commented on the court's decision, "In previous years, agencies have chosen to…authorize the dumping of up to 6 million sockeye fry into Tustamena Lake. The goal was to have those fry return several years later to the east side of Cook Inlet as fully mature four – to eight -pound salmon.
Commercial fishermen are allowed mostly unlimited fishing time below the Blanchard line (Kasilof-Kenai harvest area dividing line) on the theory that if these enhanced salmon are not caught, they will go to waste. Unfortunately, in capturing these "enhanced hatchery-raised" salmon, many wild fish are taken incidentally; among these are wild Tustamena sockeye, Kasilof Chinook, Kasilof steelhead and Kenai Chinook salmon. If those "enhanced hatchery-raised" sockeyes are kept out of Cook Inlet, there will be no need to start fishing the "lower beaches" below the Blanchard Line by the end of June and if those lower beaches are allowed to fish only when the "wild run" returns, many more king salmon destined for the Kenai River (and Kasilof) will make it…and not be incidentally caught along with the "enhanced hatchery-raised" sockeyes of Tustamena Lake." 2008 will be the last year that the vast majority of enhanced Tustamena Lake sockeye salmon will return to the Kasilof River. Unlike the Kenai, which has an advanced sonar system specifically set up to count incoming king salmon, the overall population estimates for late run Kasilof King Salmon remain as murky as the water these large Chinook lay their eggs in. Baseline population estimates will allow managers to establish vital escapement goals and management plans which can help to assure these genetically unique king salmon are well protected into the future.
Despite the complexity of its salmon runs and the myriad of sport fishing opportunities it offers, it seems highly unlikely the Kasilof will ever become a household name like the Kenai. This said the Kasilof continues to assume more and more independent infamy and is certainly one of the most exciting and predictable road-accessible king fisheries in all of Alaska. Its ability to produce regular action for those just looking to land one of Alaska's most venerable game fish is paramount to its reputation. There are many that credit the Kasilof for taking much needed pressure from the Kenai's less predictable early season king returns although the Kenai, with its own recent regulation changes and revised escapement goals, seems far more stable heading into the future. When fishing both of these rivers, it is very important for anglers to remember and respect the tremendous resiliency these rivers display given the level of pressure they receive on an annual basis. The Kasilof, much like the Kenai, is rich in angling mystic and its chalky, glacial green waters teem with fish. It provides countless annual fishing opportunities for both Alaskans and visitors alike and deserves unique consideration for its individual and distinctive allure. If this sounds like an appealing invitation to you than you may soon find yourself in the shadow of giants.
1-800-622-1177 mark@mgfalaska.com
33361 Keystone Dr, Soldotna, AK 99669
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© 2018 Alaska Fishing with Mark Glassmaker
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Make more milk with these milk making balls. Yes, laugh, that is what my youngest calls them, milk making balls.
I am always hungry, this breastfeeding hunger is "killer". I make this in a big batch to last about one week.
These milk producing oatmeal balls are quick to make, last me just about all week, and my kids can also eat them. No, it doesn't make them produce milk, that would be nuts. It is a great easy to make a snack and is healthy too.
This can also be a great on the go breakfast too. You can easily eat them while you are nursing the baby or pumping your milk.
Things I have added in are Craisins, dried fruit pieces ( I cut them really small ), I have added yogurt and other things, like M&M's, mini chocolate chips and mini marshmallows cut in half too. I didn't measure those, my eyes did.
For the coconut milk, you can use any milk like almond milk, hemp milk or another milk of your choosing.
Do Not Leave Out That Butter! If left out, these will crumble, be messy and basically, the butter adds another healthy fat you want and need.
Make a large batch of balls and freeze some for later. Make some for the new mom or mom who just had her baby. My baby is eleven months old and I still eat these just about daily.
I know others will say to you they aren't sure if this really works or not, but I know for a fact that when I haven't had these in a while my milk isn't as plentiful.


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HomestatenewsLockdown to ease from April 20, two-wheelers allowed on roads | BHN
Lockdown to ease from April 20, two-wheelers allowed on roads | BHN
Lockdown to ease from April 20, two-wheelers allowed on roads
Haveri:
inter-district travel will not be allowed, though Bengaluru and Ramanagara district could be, for this purpose, considered as one district as there is more movement of construction materials and workers to the city.
Section 144 will remain in place until May 3, the CM said.
The lockdown easing measures (after April 20) that were announced include:
> An incident commander will be appointed in each containment zone, and assisted by police and health officials. These commanders, who will have magisterial powers, will be responsible for maintaining crowd movement and providing basic amenities.
> In non-hotspots, two-wheelers will not require a pass to move around after April 20. Until April 20, only those with a pass can move. Good vehicles and cars with passes can move around.
> For transportation of construction materials and construction work, permission is not required. Transportation of sand and stones can take place.
> In the IT/BT sector, 33% of employees can go to their workplace after April 20, and should come to offices in hired buses. Other employees are encouraged to continue working from home.
> If the workers are on-site, then building construction activities can continue in the city.
> Industrial areas in rural places, SEZ and townships can start working.
> 33 percent of the workforce of government departments will be allowed to work. They can travel in contract buses that will be hired exclusively for them.
> No more new shops will be allowed to open. Malls, showrooms will remain closed.
> Wearing masks will be mandatory.
> Senior citizens and persons vulnerable to disease should remain indoors for the next three months.
> Spitting in public places is banned.
statenews

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


he divorce between federal NDP staffers and their union was an amicable one — but the split shines a light on the partisanship of the labour movement.
regardless of whether they belonged to the Liberal or NDP faction.
For the bargaining unit at the federal NDP, the move was not only an affront to their political beliefs, it also put their jobs at risk. With the writ for the federal election expected to drop in 2015, the president of the local union said they needed representation that would unequivocally support their party and their employer.


We feel it's doing great! We are still in this initial phase where most hunters are chasing the low hanging fruit and are competing to be the first to report them. It puts a lot of pressure on our security team to triage the massive amount of submissions and coordinate fixes as quickly as possible to avoid frustrations related to duplicates.
We're happy to see more experienced hunters starting to focus on the business logic bugs that require more time to get acquainted with the product, but also are more likely to yield high value bugs. Like the hunters, these are the bugs we find most exciting!
We are also starting to see "specialized" hunters that have developed a vertical expertise on some of the technologies in use at dailymotion (Kubernetes, GraphQL, Oauth, etc.) and are able to dig very deep to uncover complex implementation bugs that may have otherwise been missed.
At an operational level, how has the program been perceived by developers?
We have quarterly planning day sessions where every team share their roadmap for the coming quarter and list the dependencies that will weigh on other teams. We have used this opportunity to announce the launch of the program so that the teams can forecast their workload accordingly.
In parallel, they are already used to the security team routing bugs to the appropriate teams, agreeing on a mitigation strategy, priority level and then signing off on the correction. After an audit, or when we broaden the scope of the bounty, we just batch the issues by team and have a weekly follow up meeting; rather than dealing with them on a case by case basis like we usually do.
Generally speaking, this is not so different from the way we treat any other bug, except that we tend to fix bugs coming from the bug bounty faster that those that would come from an internal audit.
What impact does the bounty program have on team resources? How do you adjust to deal with this?
It's a lot of work, especially when around the program milestones.
For the workload there are several levers you can tweak to have a smoother ramp up: the assets that you include in your scope, the amount of the rewards, the number of hunters that you invite to your program. For two years we have been fine-tuning these parameters so that the program stays active whilst not exceeding our operating budget or our workload capabilities.
Regarding the expertise, we are a tech company and have a dedicated security team. In this respect we are able to internally evaluate the technical impact associated with each submission and translate it into a business risk.
What is your feedback regarding the communication with hunters through the platform?
In most cases everything goes well. On isolated occasions we would have hunters disregarding the program's rules or communication issues with hunters that would disagree with risk rating associated to their submission.
We're doing our best to treat the hunters fairly in the judgement calls we make, and we are asking a second opinion to YesWeHack in the few cases where we have a dispute on a reward. We have tried our best to ensure the rules are as comprehensive and as clear as possible to manage the community's expectations and as far as possible we try to stand by these rules whilst staying open to discussion.
Join Dailymotion's Public Bug Bounty Program !


Why jump on the software bandwagon?
It is a day of reflection here, a day off after a hectic weekend has me looking round the place and wondering what are my priorities? Do I live to work or work … [Read more...] about Why jump on the software bandwagon?


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Carson City road report for January 23 to 29, 2023
Road report as of Thursday. The following applies to Jan. 23-29 (weather permitting):
Road closures are expected at the following locations due to road/utility work:
Caroline Street between Valley Street and Anderson Street will be closed, Monday-Thursday, 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. for roadway reconstruction.
5th Street between Carson Street and Stewart Street will be closed, Monday, 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. for a special event.
Lane restrictions are expected at the following locations due to road/utility work:
Anderson Street between Washington Street and Robinson Street will have narrowed lanes, Monday-Thursday, 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. for roadway reconstruction.
Arrowhead Drive between Lamotte Drive and Hytech Drive will have reduced lanes with flaggers, Monday-Friday, 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. for utility work.
Curry Street between 5th Street and Musser Street will have narrowed lanes, Monday-Thursday, 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. for roadway improvements.
Dori Street between Sherman Lane and Catherine Circle will be reduced to one lane with flaggers, Monday-Friday, 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. for utility work.
Winnie Lane between Victoria Lane and Ormsby Boulevard will have reduced lanes with flaggers, Monday-Friday, 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. for utility work.
Carson City road report for January 9 to 15, 2023
Carson City road report for January 2 to 8, 2023
Carson City road report for December 26, 2022, to January 1, 2023


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Q: Reading username and emailid of members under outlook distribution list using C# I want to fetch username and email id of all users under particular Distribution List from outlook.
I have the below code.
                DirectorySearcher search;
                DirectoryEntry entry;

                entry = new DirectoryEntry("LDAP://" + Domain);
                search = new DirectorySearcher(entry);
                search.Filter = "(&(objectClass=Distribution Lists) (CN=" + distList + "))";

                //search.Filter = "CN=" + distList;
                //search.Filter = "cn=" + distList + ",ou=Distribution Lists,dc=bosch,dc=com";
                //search.Filter = "cn=" + distList + ",ou=Distribution Lists";
                int i = search.Filter.Length;

                string str = "", str1 = "";
                foreach (SearchResult AdObj in search.FindAll())
                {

                    foreach (String objName in                  AdObj.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["member"])
                    {
                        COnsole.writeline(objName);
}
}

'FindAll' method is not able to fetch anything.
Is there anything wrong with my code??
CAn some one give me sample code which can fetch username and email Id of all users under Distribution List??
Any help is appreciated.
Thank you in advance!!

A: Try this link.
http://forums.asp.net/t/1224607.aspx?Displaying+Members+in+a+Distribution+List
It worked for me. It should work for you too. The code is as follows:
        DirectorySearcher search;
        DirectoryEntry entry;

        entry = new DirectoryEntry(LDAPpath);//, Domainwithuser, password);
        search = new DirectorySearcher(entry);
        search.Filter = "CN=DistributionList1";
        int i = search.Filter.Length;

        string str = "", str1 = "";
        foreach (SearchResult AdObj in search.FindAll())
        {
            foreach (String objName in AdObj.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["member"])
            {
                str += Convert.ToString(objName) + "
";
                int selIndex = objName.IndexOf("CN=") + 3;
                int selEnd = objName.IndexOf(",OU") - 3;
                str1 += objName.Substring(selIndex, selEnd).Replace("\\", "") + "
";

                DirectorySearcher dsSearch = new DirectorySearcher(entry);
                dsSearch.Filter = "CN=" + objName.Substring(selIndex, selEnd).Replace("\\", "");
                foreach (SearchResult rs in dsSearch.FindAll())
                {
                    str1 += "<p align='right'>" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["mail"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["displayName"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["sAMAccountName"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["department"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["memberOf"].Value) + "</font>
";
                }
            }
        }
        Response.Write("<BR>" + str + "<Br>" + str1 + "<BR>");

        MessageBox.Show(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["sAMAccountName"].Value.ToString() + " : " + rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["mail"].Value.ToString());

A:         entry = new DirectoryEntry("LDAP Path");//, Domainwithuser, password);
        search = new DirectorySearcher(entry);
        search.Filter = "CN=#nameofyourDL";
        int i = search.Filter.Length;

        string str = "", str1 = "",final="";
        foreach (SearchResult AdObj in search.FindAll())
        {

            foreach (String objName in AdObj.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["member"])
            {
                str += Convert.ToString(objName) + "<Br>";
                int selIndex = objName.IndexOf("CN=") + 3;
                int selEnd = objName.IndexOf(",OU") - 3;
                str1 += objName.Substring(selIndex, selEnd).Replace("\\", "");

                DirectorySearcher dsSearch = new DirectorySearcher(entry);
                dsSearch.Filter = "CN=" + objName.Substring(selIndex, selEnd).Replace("\\", "");
                foreach (SearchResult rs in dsSearch.FindAll())
                {
                    //str1 += "<p align='right'>" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["mail"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["displayName"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["sAMAccountName"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["department"].Value) + "|" + Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["memberOf"].Value) + "</font>
";
                    str1 = Convert.ToString(rs.GetDirectoryEntry().Properties["mail"].Value);
                    final += str1 + ",";
                }
                //final=str1+",";
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        //("<BR>" + str + "<Br>" + str1 + "<BR>");

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        throw ex;

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}

This will give you emails separated by commas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Critically acclaimed adult drama-thriller, or critically acclaimed Disney animation? Choices, choices!
Outside its technical and artistic sense, Silence is both an examination and antithesis on faith and spirituality.
This weekend brings us the return of Mel Gibson the director! Also, Rock On 2 and some other releases.
"RUN ALL NIGHT" — Win Tickets to the U.A.E. advance screening!
Win tickets to the advance screening in Dubai!


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Civica announces Asidua acquisition
lucbouchard 11 November 2014
Civica has announced the acquisition of software and consultancy service provider Asidua as the company moves to enhance its capabilities in providing agile, self-service and automated solutions to public sector clients.
With experience of working with local government authorities across the UK to provide application integration and specialist telecoms solutions, Belfast-based Asidua will now be integrated into Civica's Digital Business Solutions portfolio, with the company continuing to work under its existing management team.
Under the agreement, the terms of which have not been disclosed, Civica said it expects to broaden the services it offers public sector clients, pointing to Asidua's Customer Contact Platform, which has already has been implemented by the government of Northern Ireland and a number of UK authorities to integrate their operations.
"The acquisition provides an enhanced capability to help customers change the way they operate to support more self-service channels, automated processes and more agile working," Civica said.
Civica chief executive Simon Downing said that the addition of Asidua's business expertise to its existing operations would allow the company to expand its reputation for improved public service delivery and cost efficiencies. Asidua, which presently employs 130 staff, works with public and private sector organisations in the UK, Ireland, Europe, the US and the Far East.
The move for Asidua is the latest in a number of acquisitions by Civica during 2014. The company has also purchased Bristol-based Coldharbour Systems in March and asset management software specialist Keystone in May.
Civica acquires asset management software specialist Keystone
Civica buys care software company Coldharbour Systems


The Ketogenic Diet is a diet that is carbohydrate restrictive. Because it restricts one macro-nutrient, the other two (fat and protein) need to be adjusted to make up the daily values of the diet. It is also called Low Carb – High Fat. We add fat to the diet to make up for the decrease in carbohydrates and keep protein at a moderate level. The name, ketogenic, comes from the natural state of ketosis that the body enters when it creates ketone bodies as fuel for the brain when it converts fat to fuel in the low carbohydrate state. There is a lot more science to it than that, so if you are interested in more details and history we can point you to more references.
Well No. Not really. The magic doesn't come from eating the fat. The magic happens from the carbohydrate restriction and the natural process that the body has built in to withstand famines and long periods of time without certain types of food. Its quite incredible! Our bodies would burn the fat stored in our cells for a while, but eventually we would have to eat some dietary fat for fuel. No, we are not eating fat to burn fat.
No. Atkins took the basics of the ketogenic diet and then went somewhere else entirely. Atkins is not ketogenic.
Not necessarily. Sugar free does not mean keto-friendly. There are many artificial sweeteners or sugar alcohols that cause an insulin response that is the same or higher than sugar. It is important to understand what they are prior to diving in head first to a bag of sweets. Most people would be better to stay away from sweets overall as the sugar free variety often have a special laxative effect anyway.
There are a couple of things to remember in this area. First off, yes you can drink booze, but not your regular beer. If you want a beer you should opt for that extra-extra light no flavor crap, otherwise you need to stick to the straight whiskey, rum or vodka. Yep!
That's right, liquor! You can have hard liquor. But with the absence of carbohydrates your diet you will be drunker than ever in about have a shot, so be very careful and go slow. If you are trying to lose weight, remember that your body stops weight loss while it is purging the alcohol so you can't burn fat and alcohol at the same time.
Our suggestion would be to keep it to 1 drink.
Getting started is the easy part. Sticking to it can be the hard part. To get started we recommend to not really count calories for the first week simply track your carbohydrates. Use an app like myfitnesspal. Verify your entries are correct. Keep your carbohydrates under 25g per day eating only when you are hungry. At the end of the first week begin tracking your calories too keeping your calories under your designated goal. Stick with it and add in your exercise routine as time goes on. Stick with it for a minimum of a month. At the one month point you will know if it is for you or not. You will be keto adapted and flying on so much energy you wont know what to do with it.
I Just Started, Why do I feel Sluggish/Headachy?
You are experiencing the keto-flu. When you enter ketosis your insulin levels drop, causing your body to release water and electrolytes. The lack of electrolytes causes flu like symptoms, including headaches, sluggishness, and general fatigue. You should intake between 3-5g (3000-5000mg) of sodium a day while on keto minimum. Chicken broth is a great way to get this up quickly. Vomiting and nausea is not part of the keto flu. If you are experiencing these symptoms, you may need to seek medical attention.
Is There Any Additional Recommended Resources?
Yes! We highly recommend the Ketogenic Bible You can get it on amazon through the link supplied. It is one of the best resources we have found and the one that we go to.
This list is far from inclusive, we will be adding more as we go.


Preparing appropriate studies and plans required to meet current and long-term community needs.
Approving all core planning documents.
Communicating and delivering plans to member jurisdictions.
Facilitating effective and harmonious planning of the region served by the MPO.
Preparing annual work plans and budgets to comply with federal and state agency requirements.
Meets the 3rd Thursday of January, March, May, June, and October at 1:30 pm.
Location: Please check agenda packet as the location rotates between the City Halls of member jurisdictions, and the Linn County Public Service Center. The agenda packet is posted 24 hours before the meeting.
**All Board and Committee meetings are open to the public and can be viewed live on our Facebook page.


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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. vol.54 no.3 São Paulo 2018 Epub Nov 29, 2018
A study of the phytotoxic effects of the aerial parts of Senecio westermanii Dusén (Asteraceae) on Lactuca sativa L. and Allium cepa L. seeds
Francis José Zortéa Merino1 *
Daniele Felipe Ribas1
Cristiane Bezerra da Silva1
Ana Flávia Schvabe Duarte1
Cristiane da Silva Paula1
Maislian de Oliveira1
Josiane de Fátima Gaspari Dias1
Marilis Dallarmi Miguel1
Obdulio Gomes Miguel1
1 Federal University of Paraná, Pharmacy Department, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the ethanolic crude extracts and fractions of the species Senecio westermanii Dusén on Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Allium cepa L. (onion) seeds. We assessed the germination, growth, root respiration and photosynthesis of the target species in Petri dishes (9.0 cm diameter) containing filter paper n°6. The study was conducted using 50 seeds per plate and held in 4 replicates per concentration of each sample. In the germination there was an inhibitory effect of fractions hexane (FH) and chloroform (FCl) at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg/mL. There was a reduction in the radicle growth of lettuce by 14 to 24% and a reduction of hypocotilum by 14 to 28%. As for the radicle of the onion was up 74% reduction to the FCl and the coleoptile was 24 and 45% reduction for FH and FCl, respectively. Inhibitory effects in the root respiration of lettuce were detected in all the samples analyzed, with results ranging from 16 to 83%. For the seeds of A. cepa, there was an encouragement for the FCl and ethyl acetate fractions (FAE), with results ranging from 94 to 142% and 76 to 150%, respectively. With regard to the photosynthesis of L. sativa, there was no significant difference between the control, and as for the A. cepa, there was a strain in inhibition concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL, which ranged from 27 to 68%. The samples of S. westermanii caused changes in the target species and thus can be used as a natural herbicide.
Keywords: Senecio westermanii/extract/effects; Lactuca sativa; Allium cepa; Allelochemicals; Allelopathy.
Allelopathy plays a key role in the detection of bioactive compounds of commercial importance. Several studies indicate that the allelochemicals of plant products are agrochemicals ideal for creating biological changes (El-Amier, Abdullah, 2014).
The presence of weeds among crops raises the cost of production for farmers, especially for intensive agriculture, as it induces changes in the population of these plants, changing the predominant species that best fits the middle. The interference of these plants in cultures of commercial interest occurs by the allelopathic effect and competition for water, light, CO2 and nutrients, causing a qualitative and quantitative reduction in production (Ferreira, Souza, Faria, 2007).
The negative effects of allelopathy on germination lead to the non-uniformity of culture, as the allelochemicals can cause oxidative stress, forming reactive oxygen species and causing damage in the physiological processes and early development of seedlings (Silva, 2012).
The allelopathic effects and mechanism of action of allelochemicals are fundamental to understanding the interaction between plants. The production of allelopathic substances and the natural chemistry differ between plant species, as well as with regard to the sensitivity to allelochemicals of other plants. These differences may affect the species' specifics and quantitative composition of weed communities (Cruz-Silva et al., 2015).
The main release of these components are leaching, volatilization and decomposition, which can change the membrane permeability, absorption of nutrients, growth, photosynthesis, enzymatic activity, and respiration. When these substances are released into the environment, they are capable of influencing the metabolism of the surrounding species (Silva, 2012).
The allelopathic compounds produced by higher plants are synthesized by the acetic acid and shikimic routes, and among the most active substances cyanogenic glycosides, phenolic, quinones, lactones, volatile organic acids and terpenes are present (Możdżeń, Repka, 2014).
The production of allelochemicals is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity and soil type, and your summary is an evolutionary process as part of the defense system. These substances are present in the leaves, bark, roots, flowers, stems, fruits and seeds of various plant species (Borella, Pastorini, 2009).
Francescato et al. (2007) comment that one of the main reasons for the use of the genus Senecio L. in folk medicine is the different classes of secondary metabolites identified. In this genus, some species were able to change the development of other plant species through bioassays.
According to Ahmed, Wardle (1994), the species S. jacobaea L. was able to change the development of Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass), Trifolium repens L. (white clover), T. pratense L. (red clover), T. subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) and Medicago sativa L. (lucerne). The species S. brasiliensis (Spreng) altered the germination and development of Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce), Zea mays L. (corn) and Glycine max (L.) Merr (soy) less (Cruz-Silva, Satorum, Bini, 2009). In addition to these species, S. vulgaris presented allelopathic effects against Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) (Schutt et al., 1975).
Merino et al. (2015) detected the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, iridoides, steroids, saponinic glycosides and amino group in S. westermanii, in a study aimed at evaluating the germination velocity index, growth, root respiration and photosynthesis of Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Allium cepa L. (onions) in direct contact with crude ethanolic extract and fractions hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic remaining aerial parts of S. westermanii Dusén.
Senecio westermanii Dusén was collected at Quatro Barras in Paraná, Brazil, at coordinates 25°18'27" S and 48°56'37" W. The exsicata was deposited (MBM 379066) and identified in the Botanical Museum Municipal of Curitiba, Paraná. The project was regularized in accordance with resolution no. 35, of 27 April 2011, by the Ministry of environment, which provides for regulating access to genetic heritage activities.
Obtaining the crude extract and fractions
6300 g were dried plant at room temperature (25 °C) and crushed in knife and hammer mill. From this mass of crude extract obtained in ethanolic Soxhlet apparatus modified under the registration PI 0601703-7 and concentrated on the 150 rpm rotary evaporator at 65 °C. Then the crude extract (CE) was partitioned by liquid/liquid extraction with solvents of increasing polarity, obtaining fractions of hexane (HF), chloroform (CLF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and remaining (RHF) (Carvalho et al., 2009).
Study of allelopathic activity
5 mL of crude extract and fractions (250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL and 1,000 μg/mL) were added in Petri dishes (d: 9.0 cm) containing filter paper Whatman (nº. 1.0). Then, they were placed randomly on 50 diasporas of Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. The plates containing the diasporas were placed in the germination chamber (BOD) with internal light conditions, constant 160 W, relative humidity (± 80%) and temperature of 25 °C. All testing was conducted in four replications, including distilled water control (Brasil, 2009).
The readings were taken at 12-12 hours for seven days, always at the same time, considering the germinated the seeds with visible radicle protrusion through the integument. It has been estimated the germination velocity index (GVI) noting daily the number of germinated seeds. In the end, the number of germinated seeds were added by day, by dividing by the number of days from seeding according to the formula: GVI = (G1/N1) + (G2/N2) + ... + (Gn/Nn), where "G" is the number of germinated seeds and "N" is the number of days from sowing to the 1st, 2nd, ..., umpteenth evaluation (Laboriau, 1983).
For the bioassay, the growth methodology described by Barnes et al. (1987) and Macias, Castellano, Molinillo (2000) was followed. After three days of root protrusion, the radicle elongation and hypocotilum (Lactuca sativa)/coleoptile (Allium cepa), with ten seedlings per plate, were measured with graph paper.
Respiration of roots
The test was performed according to Steponkus, Lanphear (1967). 10 roots were cut and transferred to test tubes containing 5 mL of triphenyl tetrazolium hydrochloride (TTC) 0.6% (p/v) and 1 mL of buffered sodium phosphate (mono-and dibasic) 0.05 M (pH 7.0). Then, the tubes were left at room temperature for 2 hours. After this period, the tubes were transferred to an oven at 40 °C for 15 hours. The solution was drained and rinsed with distilled water and added with 7 mL of 95% ethanol (v/v) and packed in a water bath (±100 °C) for 15 mins. After cooling, 10 mL of ethanol 95% (v/v) was added, and the reading was performed in the 530 nm spectrophotometer.
10 primary leaves-whole and sectioned-were placed in test tubes containing 5.0 mL of DMSO, and the tubes were wrapped in aluminum foil and kept at room temperature (25 °C) for 24 hours. At the end of the period, the readings of chlorophyll a (645 nm) and b (663 nm) were performed with a spectrophotometer. The total chlorophyll content was calculated according to the equation of Arnon (1949) and Lichtenthaler (1987):
Chlorophyll total:20.2 x AbsA+8.02 x AbsB
where: AbsA = absorbance of the chlorophyll a; AbsB = absorbance of the chlorophyll b.
From the results, the statistical analysis was performed by the Scott-Knott test (p <0.05), using the software Sisvar 5.4 (Build 80). The graphs were compiled using GraphPad Prism 6.01 software.
According to the results presented with the extract and fractions of S. westermanii, the allelopathic pattern in L. sativa and A. cepa were different. L. sativa had an inhibition in the GVI treated with fractions HF and CLF (500 and 1000 µg/mL), while the GVI of A. cepa was unchanged by the samples (Figure 1).
FIGURE 1: Germination velocity index (GVI) of L. sativa (A) and A. cepa (B). Treatment means differ significantly (p< 0.05) when compared to control means iinhibiting or estimulating germination velocity by Scott-Knott test. Treatment means do not differ significantly from ccontrol means.
The species L. sativa (lettuce) in the class of dicots is widely used in allelopathic tests for being sensitive to various plant extracts and diminishing germination and changing the GVI (Wandscheer, Pastorini, 2008). While the target species A. cepa (onion) belongs to monocotyledons, it is also used in studies of allelopathic interference with extracts of plant species (Abdelgaleil, Hashinaga, 2007).
Several species of plants representing different genus feature allelopathic activity on germination of L. sativa as Solanum megalochiton Mart (Krause et al., 2016), Aristolochia esperanzae O. Kuntze (Gatti, Perez, Lima, 2004), Bidens pilosa and B. alba (Lima et al., 2011).
However, for the seeds of A. cepa, some studies have shown that this species of monocotyledon was not influenced by other species in germination. A study by Oliveira et al. (2012) with different extracts of Solanum lycocarpum, where different target species were studied, showed that only the seeds of A. cepa were indifferent in germination. The same was observed in Parvez et al. (2004) when studying the allelopathic effect with seeds and bark of Tamarindus indica L.
The change in germination index demonstrates that there occur changes in metabolic reactions that are part of the germination. But with the rise of that index, there is possibly a loss of sync in these reactions affecting germination (Maraschin-Silva, Aqüila, 2006).
According to Dodd, Donovan (2009), the germination and growth of seeds are critical stages and subject to high rates of failure, as the seeds are more susceptible and less tolerant to various environmental factors.
The allelochemicals inhibit and change the patterns of growth or development of plants, possessing a selective form of action. Plants act by modulating the action of these chemical compound forms, becoming the complex knowledge of attack of the allelochemicals (Gatti, Perez, Lima, 2004). The allelopathic action among species involves a complex chemical interaction between plants because of the low concentrations of allelochemicals in the environment; this demonstrates that the allelopathic action is due to the effect of various substances that act together, causing the allelopathic effect (Maraschin-Silva, Aqüila, 2006).
Belinelo et al. (2008) commented that the mechanism by which the allelochemicals act is related to the modification of physiological processes and biochemical processes. Souza, Velini, Maiomoni-Rodella (2003) pointed out that a series of compounds can affect the physiological activity of target plants, and there is a respiration that can be modified for aromatics, aldehydes, phenols, flavonoids and coumarins. In addition to these compounds, they may also have crystals, such as the raphids of calcium oxalate, and natural polymers, such as tannins, lignins and resins. As the allelopathic effect is mediated by different classes of secondary metabolites, it becomes difficult to identify which of the groups comes from the occurred effect.
The allelopathic activity, as a result of the test, can be linked to the synergistic effect of various allelochemicals found in the species. In addition, the secondary compounds produced by plants are mostly applied in other species, modifying the development and effect of the organisms affected and reducing their populations (Moreira, Souza, Terrones, 2008).
In the studies with species of the genus Senecio, it was observed that secondary compounds were responsible for the change in the germination pattern of the target species. The β-caryophyllene compound isolated from S. salignus inhibited the germination of Physalis ixocarpa at the concentration of 150 μg/mL, but the caryophyllene oxide did not affect germination (Sánchez-Muñoz et al., 2012). The hydroxylated eremophilanolide (1α, 6β, 10β-trihydroxy-8α-methoxyeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8β-olide) isolated from S. candidans and S. magellanicus reduced the germination of L. sativa by 25% (Reina et al., 2012).
Burgueño-Tapia et al. (2007) evaluated six cacalolides and six eremophilanolides in L. sativa seeds, a cacalolide isolated from S. madagascariensis (14-isovaleryloxy-1,2-dehydrocacalol methyl ether (1)), two cacalolides from S. barba-johannis (13-hydroxy-14-oxocacalohastine (2) and 13-acetyloxy-14-oxocacalohastine (3)) and three eremophilanolides of S. toluccanus (6-hydroxyeuryopsin (4), 1(10)-epoxy-6-hydroxyeuryopsin (5) and toluccanolide A (6)), in addition, with three cacalolides derivatives (methyl ether (7), cacalol acetate (8) and 1-acetyloxy-2-methyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetradehydrocacalol acetate (9)) and three eremophilanolides derivatives (6-acetyloxyeuryopsin (10), 6-acetyloxy-1(10)-epoxyeuryopsin (11) and toluccanolide A acetate (12)). The authors observed that compounds 2-6 and 12 inhibited germination by >50% within 24 hours.
In the root growth, both species have undergone changes in the pattern of growth with the inhibition of the radicle and hypocotilum (lettuce)/coleoptile (onion). For L. sativa, the radicle had a growth delay in all concentrations of CE, CLF and the largest concentrations of the other fractions. The results show that there has been a reduction in the development by 14 to 24% in the size of the radicle. The greatest influence occurs in hypocotilum because all the fractions and the CE delayed growth, and there has been a reduction from 14 to 28%. For the radicle of A. cepa, there was a similar inhibition pattern, but with a reduction in all concentrations of CE, HF and RHF, there was a reduction in the growth by up to 74% on CLF. As for coleoptile, there was a reduction in the HF (250 µg/mL) and CLF (250 µg/mL), with a reduction of 24 to 45%, respectively (Figure 2). This shows that the species can change the growth of seedlings tested in early development.
FIGURE 2: Root growth of L. sativa (A and C) and A. cepa (B and D). Treatment means differ significantly (p< 0.05) when compared to control means iinhibiting or estimulating root growth by Scott-Knott test. Treatment means do not differ significantly from ccontrol means.
The allelopathic effect of Sorghum bicolor on the growth of L. sativa and Zea mays L. plants that belong to different classes, different results. And for the seeds of lettuce, a reduction in cell elongation of the root was observed, while for corn there was no significant difference (Netzly et al., 1988). Otherwise, the result demonstrated for the seeds of A. cepa, which is also monocots, with the samples of S. westermanii was that they were able to change the root development. This demonstrates that the action and the effect sense for species of the same class can present different answers.
The root growth and elongation of the aerial parts are due to the formation of the cambium and xylem, but they depend on the distribution of nutrients for the seedling. In addition, the development occurs through cell division (Hoffmann et al., 2007).
Comparing the effect on the aerial parts with the roots of plants, phytotoxic effects are more pronounced in the root region due to the direct contact of the roots with the fractions, increasing the likelihood of influence of toxins in this region (Cândido et al., 2010).
The bioassays of radicle elongation have been shown to be more sensitive to the allelopathic effects than the germination of seeds (Souza Filho, Guilhon, Santos, 2010). In addition, allelopathic studies have demonstrated inhibitory effects, mainly in primary root (Maraschin-Silva, Aqüila, 2006). The results also demonstrate that when comparing the results of germination and root growth for L. sativa and A. cepa, it is observed that the inhibitory effect was most prominent in roots compared to germination.
Several studies prove the interference of secondary compounds of the genus Senecio on the root growth of the target species. The β-caryophyllene compound isolated from S. salignus inhibited the root growth in P. ixocarpa by 42 to 53% at concentrations of 50 to 150 μg/mL, respectively, and inhibited the Echinochloa crus-galli root length by 30% in a concentration of 150 μg/mL. Moreover, caryophyllene oxide inhibited the elongation of E. crus-galli root by 23% and 30% with 100 and 150 μg/mL, respectively (Sánchez-Muñoz et al., 2012).
In addition to the S. candidans and S. magellanicus species, several sesquiterpenes were isolated, and the derivatives of these compounds were obtained, using an eremophilanolide derivative with a carbonyl at carbon 1 and another with a double bond between carbons 1 and 10, which inhibited the elongation of the L. sativa radicle (Reina et al., 2012). The secondary metabolite furanoeremophilane (6β-tigloyl-9-oxofuranoeremophilane) present in S. macrotis, S. asperulus (Portero et al., 2012) and S. magellanicus (Reina et al., 2012) were also able to delay the development of L. sativa radicle.
In Burgueño-Tapia et al. (2007), a study involving S. madagascariensis, S. barba-johannis and S. toluccanus species, it was observed that the compounds (1) (3) (5) (7) (8) (9) and (11), previously reported, obtained an inhibition on L. sativa radicle >50%. In addition to these compounds, the silphinene sesquiterpene isolated from S. palmensis (Reina et al., 2002) inhibited the root length of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. (Rivero-Cruz et al., 2000).
Although most compounds delay root growth of the target species, the compounds 6β-hydroxy-8α-methoxyeremophila-1(10),7(11)-dien-12,8β-olide; Tolucanolide A and Tolucanolide C from S. candidans and S. magellanicus were able to stimulate the root development of L. sativa (Reina et al., 2012).
With regard to the root respiration of L. sativa, there was inhibition in all the samples analyzed, ranging from 16 to 83%. As for the seeds of A. cepa, there was an encouragement for the fractional CLF and EAF with results that ranged from 94 to 142% and 150% to 76, respectively (Figure 3).
FIGURE 3: Root respiration of L. sativa (A) and A. cepa (B). Treatment means differ significantly (p< 0.05) when compared to control means iinhibiting or estimulating root respiration by Scott-Knott test. Treatment means do not differ significantly from ccontrol means.
The allelochemicals present in plants are able to stimulate or inhibit cellular respiration, and this can occur according to the compounds present.
The allelochemicals alter the water balance and cellular respiration of plants exposed to plant extracts. The cellular respiration is affected because the secondary metabolites interfere in the steps of this process. A change in breathing may have occurred in the cell membranes, thus changing the functioning of mitochondria and contributing to the reduction of plant growth (Carmo, Borges, Takaki, 2007).
The allelopathic compounds present in the extracts can affect the processes of respiration as in the case of the aqueous extracts of Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer was able to reduce the cellular respiration of root Sorghum bicolor L. (Carmo, Borges, Takaki, 2007). In soybean seeds submitted to germination in aqueous extract of tiririca bulbs stimulation of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (6GPD) with an increase in the concentration of extracts. This enzyme is related with pentose phosphate oxidation and, according to the author, could accelerate the respiratory activity due to the presence of substances with such ability in the extract (Muniz et al., 2007).
In the photosynthesis of L. sativa, there was no significant difference between the control, but there was a strain in the inhibition concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL, which ranged from 27 to 68% (Figure 4).
FIGURE 4: Photosynthesis of L. sativa (A) and A. cepa (B). Treatment means differ significantly (p< 0.05) when compared to control means iinhibiting or estimulating photosynthesis by Scott-Knott test. Treatment means do not differ significantly from ccontrol means.
The reduction in the rate of photosynthesis can be explained by the closing of stomata, which decreases the absorption of CO2 by these organelles. In addition, the reduction of Mg-porphyrin synthesis can be one of the reasons for the lower production of chlorophyll by A. cepa, or the reduction of chlorophyll by the oxidation of the secondary compounds present in the crude extract and fractions may also be the reason (Einhellig, 1986).
The sorgoleone compound extracted from Sorghum bicolor inhibited photosynthesis in chloroplasts of pea and soybean leaves (Einhellig et al., 1993). In addition to inhibiting photosynthesis, the same metabolite has the ability to reduce oxygenation and cause leaf bleaching (Nimbal et al., 1996).
The photosynthesis of the P. ixocarpa leaves was evaluated with the β-caryophyllene compound isolated from S. salignus, and the samples treated with 100 μg/mL of the isolate, which produced effects on the photosynthesis of the target species in 72 hours of analysis. It was observed that the electron transport per cross section and the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry decreased by 50%. In addition, the electron capture and transport decreased by about 50% (Sánchez-Muñoz et al., 2012).
Allelopathy is recognized as an important ecological process in natural and managed ecosystems, influencing the primary and secondary plant succession, structure, composition and dynamics of native or cultivated plant communities. In the latter case, the allelochemicals are seen as alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals, aiming at sustainable management and ecological agricultural production. Many allelopathic substances present great potential for use in the biological control of weeds. In contrast to power, the phytotoxic effects of germination and plant growth caused by allelochemicals are also of interest to agricultural management (Maraschin-Silva, Aqüila, 2006).
The species S. westermanii has phytotoxic activity on the species L. sativa and A. cepa, proven by the changes caused in the germination velocity index, growth, root respiration and photosynthesis. And for the seeds of L. sativa, the greatest influence was observed in radicle growth/root respiration and short embryonic inhibition in all the samples tested. As for A. cepa, the biggest influences were observed in the growth of the radicle/coleoptile and photosynthesis, with inhibition in all the samples analyzed for root respiration, and there was an encouragement for the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. The identification of compounds present in the fractions is important to determine the components responsible for the side effects of inhibition and stimulation, thus making it essential for the isolation of these compounds in subsequent studies. In addition, the species S. westermanii is a potential species for use as a natural herbicide, decreasing the environmental impact caused by conventional herbicides.
We would like to thank the CAPES and CNPq, for providing scholarships and funding the project, and the Municipal Botanical Museum of Curitiba City Hall, for the help in the identification of the species.
1. Abdelgaleil S, Hashinaga F. Allelopathic potencital of two sesquiterpene lactones from Magnolia grandiflora L. Bioch Syst Ecol. 2007;35(11):737-742. [ Links ]
2. Ahmed M, Wardle DA. Allelopathic potential of vegetative and flowering ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) plants against associated pasture species. Plant Soil. 1994;16491:61-68. [ Links ]
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10. Carvalho JLS, Cunico MM, Dias JFG, Miguel MD, Miguel OG. Termoestabilidade de processos extrativos de Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Brassicaceae por sistema Soxhlet modificado. Quím Nova. 2009;32(4):1031-1035. [ Links ]
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18. Ferreira MC, Souza JRP, Faria TJ. Allelopathy of plant extracts on germination and initial growth of beggartick (Bidens pilosa L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Ciên Agrotec. 2007;31(4):1054-1060. [ Links ]
19. Francescato LN, Deuschle RAN, Mallmann CA, Alves SH, Heinzmann BM. Atividade antimicrobiana de Senecio heterotrichius DC. (Asteraceae). Rev Brasil Ciên Farm. 2007;43(2):239-245. [ Links ]
20. Gatti AB, Perez SCJGA, Lima MIS. Atividade alelopática de extratos aquosos de Aristolochia esperanzae O. Kuntze na germinação e no crescimento de Lactuca sativa L. e Raphanus sativus L. Acta Bot Brasil. 2004;18(3):459-472. [ Links ]
21. Hoffmann CEF, Neves LAS, Bastos CF, Wallau GL. Atividade alelopática de Nerium oleander L. e Dieffenbachia picta Schott em sementes de Lactuca sativa L. e Bidens pilosa L. Rev Ciên Agrov. 2007;6(1):11-21. [ Links ]
22. Krause MS, Duarte AFS, Merino FJZ, Paula CS, Miguel MD, Miguel OG. Phytotoxic Analysis of Extract of Leaves of Solanum megalochiton Mart. Solanaceae on Lactuca sativa L. and Allium cepa L. Int J Scien. 2016;5:36-42. [ Links ]
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35. Parvez S, Parvez M, Fujii Y, Gemma H. Differential allelopathic expression of bark and seed of Tamarindus indica L. Plant Grow Reg. 2004;42(3):245-252. [ Links ]
36. Portero AG, González-Coloma A, Reina M, Díaz CE. Plant-defensive sesquiterpenoids from Senecio species with biopesticide potential. Phytochem Rev. 2012;11(4):391-403. [ Links ]
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Received: March 21, 2017; Accepted: January 23, 2018
*Correspondence: F. J. Z. Merino. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Farmácia, 80210-170 - Pref. Lothário Meissner Road, 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. secocio@yahoo.com.br.
Declaration of interest statement
The author(s) have not declared any conflict of interests.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580
05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil
bjps@usp.br


Our dealership has been around for quite awhile and we enjoy a long-standing relationship with the Moss Point, MS community we are proud to be a part of. Our Toyota dealership is family-owned and that family has been in the automotive business since 1951; we've learned a thing or two since then! Here at Estabrook Toyota, we're not about gimmicks. We have a straightforward and honest way of doing business and our low-key environment will help put you at ease so that you can have a relaxing shopping experience. You won't deal with the hassle and pressure that other car dealerships offer, instead, you'll be treated to a range of new and used options while we listen to your needs and help narrow down your search. Our team is here to find the Toyota vehicle that complements your lifestyle and if our experts don't know the answer to a question, we'll work diligently to find out! We offer everything automotive from purchases, specials, finance assistance, genuine auto parts, service and even research information. Come by and receive a free tire inspection! Don't be shy, head over to our Moss Point, Mississippi location today and let us know how we can help!


A man who not only resisted, but also assaulted two police officers as they tried to arrest him, will spend the next four months behind bars as punishment.
Magistrate Douglas Frederick handed down a six-month sentence to 22-year-old Brian Chuckie Marville of Block 5A, Madison Terrace, Deacons Farm, St Michael when he appeared in the District 'A' Magistrates Court this morning.
Having spent the past two months on remand after pleading not guilty to the charges of assaulting and resisting police constables Veronica Carrington and Justin Henry in the execution of their duties, as well as having cannabis in his possession on February 9, 2016, Marville changed his plea when he reappeared in court today.
On imposing the sentence, Frederick told him he took the two months he had served on remand into account, which meant he would only have to serve a further four months in HMP Dodds.
Police prosecutor Sergeant Martin Rock told the court that Carrington and Henry saw Marville, who was wanted by the police at the time, walking along Madison Terrace.
As they approached him and tried to arrest him, he resisted and fought the two officers, kicking them in the groin and face, which resulted in them sustaining soft tissue damage.
After he was eventually arrested and taken to Central Police Station, a search was conducted and $5 worth of cannabis was found on his person.


I've been cast as a lead role in a new musical titled The Lesbian Love Octagon! I'll be participating in the cast recording this November. The show has a slated Off-Broadway opening in fall of 2013. I participated in the first workshop production of this show two years ago and, I must say, it is one fantastic musical. It's an all-female cast (14 of them, in fact) and it contains a beautiful story with catchy, fun music. I'm the crazy comedic relief. Typical. Super excited to continue to be a part of this wonderful piece of theatre!!


Challenge and Fun offers a wide selection of high-quality toys and games including soft dolls, natural baby toys, puzzles, animal puppets, cuddle dolls, children's jewelry, and baby toys. Challenge and Fun selects products that are environmentally responsible and their products are made from materials like organic cotton, bio-certified wool, oko-tex certified non-toxic cotton, and wood finished with non-toxic water based stains. They work with some of the best wooden toy producers in Germany and offer fair trade products as well. Challenge and Fun strives to select products that are durable, beautiful, and will last as keepsakes. Their products are available online and ship from their location in California.
Zia & Tia Pure Luxury Organics is a Canadian business that began after the owner's adoption of their daughter from China. They offer organic, sustainable, and eco-friendly products for babies, children, and dogs. Their products include hand knit and fair trade toys, hand knit baby dresses, sweaters, hats, shoes and blankets, hand knit dog sweaters, organic baby gifts, and organic fairtrade Peruvian Alpaca yarn. Their handmade knits are crafted stitch by stitch on 2 needles using organic cotton and organic wool. Their handknit toys are stuffed with certified Oeko-Tex polyfill and their fair trade toys are non-toxic. They work with suppliers who are committed to creating a more fair & sustainable world and they support organizations that help women and children. Products may be ordered online with worldwide shipping rates clearly displayed.
Snugbags produces natural baby and toddler merino and organic cotton sleeping bags, swaddles and base layers. Located in New Zealand, Snugbags uses locally sourced merino wool that is superfine and of exceptional quality. Their fabrics are knitted, dyed, and manufactured in New Zealand to ensure an ethical product with high quality and safety standards. Snugbags sleeping bags are made entirely of untreated fabrics to provide a chemical free sleep environment. Snugbags uses fabric dyes that are eco-friendly and free of formaldehyde and solvents. All prints are woven into the fabrics rather than printed, using only non-bleached & non-dyed cotton. Snugbags products are available online with worldwide shipping.


Xodol withdrawal happens when an opioid-dependent person stops taking Xodol. Xodol withdrawal causes physical flu-like symptoms that last five days or longer. Xodol withdrawal also causes psychological symptoms that can last much longer, especially if left undetected or improperly treated.
The human body can adapt to the long-term presence of Xodol by adjusting its own chemistry to maintain a safe chemical balance. With continuous use, the body begins to rely on a certain level of Xodol to feel "normal." When Xodol levels drop, the body struggles to maintain chemical balance; the individual feels this battle for stability through withdrawal symptoms.
Doctors refer to this process as detoxification. The detoxification process causes withdrawal symptoms.
A person is opioid-dependent if he feels withdrawal symptoms when he skips a dose of Xodol or if he takes a smaller dose than usual. Certain drugs, such as naloxone, reduce opioid levels and initiate the detoxification process.
Anyone who uses Xodol may become physically dependent upon it. Using high doses of Xodol or using this drug for a long time increases the risk for dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Non-medical use of Xodol also increases this risk; using a drug non-medically means to use it to get high or to treat a condition other than the one it was prescribed to treat.
Prolonged Xodol use may increase the body's tolerance to this drug; this means it takes more Xodol to achieve the same pain relieving or euphoric effect. Lowered tolerance means the body is more sensitive to the effects of Xodol.
Xodol contains hydrocodone and acetaminophen. Hydrocodone is a powerful opioid pain reliever that acts similar to codeine. Hydrocodone is the most widely prescribed medicine in the United States. In 2010, pharmacists filled more than 139 million prescriptions for products containing hydrocodone, including Xodol. Hydrocodone is also the most widely abused drug in the U.S.
Doctors prescribe Xodol to ease a patient's moderate to severe pain. Some people abuse Xodol to get high because it produces a pleasant euphoria.
Hydrocodone works directly on the central nervous system, or CNS, to relieve pain and produce euphoria. Hydrocodone also works on smooth muscle groups, like those in the digestive tract. Because of the way hydrocodone acts on the nervous system and digestive tract, withdrawal produces CNS and gastrointestinal symptoms such as anxiety, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and tremors.
Acetaminophen interrupts the production of certain chemicals associated with pain. Working together, hydrocodone and acetaminophen change the way the brain perceives pain.
Xodol comes in varying strengths. Xodol may contain 5 mg, 7.5 mg or 10 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate. All Xodol formulas contain 300 mg of acetaminophen.
The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, or DEA, classifies controlled substances according to their relative risk for abuse, with schedule I drugs posing the highest threat for abuse and schedule V posing the lowest. For example, heroin is a schedule I drug and Robitussin AC cough syrup is a schedule V.
The DEA classifies hydrocodone as a schedule II narcotic, meaning it carries a relatively high potential for abuse. The DEA mitigates this risk by requiring a prescription and mandating that drug makers must always combine hydrocodone with a less potent analgesic. Xodol fulfills this requirement by combining hydrocodone with acetaminophen.
About one in every 20 Americans used a prescription opioid for non-medical reasons in 2010. High abuse rates are causing high addiction rates. In 2010, there were about 1.9 million Americans addicted to prescription painkillers; there were only 329,000 heroin addicts that year.
Widespread abuse could be due to widespread availability - Americans take more painkillers than any other group. Although the United States represents only about 5 percent of global population, it gobbles up about 80 percent of the world's opioids.
Xodol withdrawal symptoms are uncomfortable and discouraging, but usually not life threatening. Xodol withdrawal symptoms are typical of all opioids. Everyone experiences Xodol withdrawal slightly differently but most people experience both physical and psychological symptoms.
There are several ways to ease symptoms. One method of overcoming Xodol withdrawal is to wait - left untreated, symptoms will last five or more days with the worst symptoms occurring about the fourth day. Detoxification clinics administer anti-withdrawal medications to reduce discomfort. An individual might take a replacement drug that mimics the effects of opioids to ease Xodol withdrawal.
Finally, taking another dose of Xodol will stop the detoxification process and ease withdrawal symptoms. Without help, many individuals choose this option and relapse to Xodol abuse.
While Xodol detoxification is not normally life threatening, withdrawal symptoms may cause dangerous complications. Vomiting and then inhaling stomach contents into the lungs is the serious complication aspiration, which may result in lung infections or fluid in the lungs. Excessive vomiting and diarrhea may cause dehydration resulting in electrolyte imbalances.
Relapse is primary complication associated with Xodol withdrawal. Without medicine to ease withdrawal symptoms or rehabilitation to change the behaviors associated with drug abuse, the opioid-dependent individual is likely to return to drug use.
Without adequate treatment, dependence on Xodol may cause disability or premature death. Long-term use of Xodol raises the chances for experiencing adverse reactions or toxic overdose. Drug abuse is associated with an increased risk for contracting or spreading infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, and tuberculosis.
More than 23 million American adults needed treatment for alcohol or substance abuse in 2010. Of those that needed therapy, only about 11 percent received treatment at a facility staffed with people trained in detoxification and rehabilitation procedures. The rest choose local hospitals or other facilities that do not provide specialized care for substance abuse.
There are two components to treatment for opioid-dependence: detoxification and rehabilitation. The detoxification process lowers opioid levels while rehabilitation focuses on the behaviors associated with substance abuse.
Some people try to overcome Xodol dependence alone, without the help of anti-withdrawal drugs or the expertise of trained professionals, in a process called self-detoxification. This is commonly called "going cold turkey" as a reference to the appearance skin takes on during the detoxification process: pale, cold, clammy with goose bumps, much like a plucked turkey.
Self-detoxification is associated with a high rate of complications, such as aspiration, dehydration and relapse.
Many individuals use homemade treatment plans to address withdrawal symptoms. One such concoction is The Thomas Recipe, which calls for valium to calm nerves and induce sleep and Imodium to halt diarrhea. Vitamins, supplements and hot baths soothe aching muscles while L-Tyrosine with B6 gives a burst of energy and curbs malaise.
While The Thomas Recipe eases withdrawal symptoms, it does not protect the individual from complications, such as relapse that could lead to toxic overdose.
Anyone who takes Xodol on a regular basis can overdose on the hydrocodone or the acetaminophen component of Xodol. Acetaminophen overdose frequently occurs because the individual took several medications that contained this common analgesic.
Returning to opioid abuse after any amount of detoxification increases the risk for overdose. Detoxification lowers the body's tolerance, so a person could potentially overdose on a smaller dose than he used to take before experiencing even moderate withdrawal symptoms.
Overdose is a serious, potentially fatal medical emergency. Prescription painkiller overdoses killed nearly 15,000 people in the United States in 2008, according to the CDC. In case of suspected Xodol overdose, contact poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 or go directly to the emergency department. Nearly half a million people go to the emergency department every year due to prescription pain relievers.
Emergency department doctors will administer naloxone to drop hydrocodone to safe levels. Nurses will establish an airway to help the patient breathe and monitor for complications. Nurses may pump the stomach or administer charcoal to absorb excess Xodol. Doctors and nurses will perform CPR and other life saving measures as necessary.
Those not in immediate danger of toxic overdose may participate in DRT, or drug replacement therapy. DRT drugs act similar to the hydrocodone in Xodol but do not produce the euphoric effects. DRT drugs include methadone, Suboxone and buprenorphine.
DRT allows the individual to participate in behavior modification to learn how to live without Xodol before attempting the detoxification process. After the patient engages in some amount of rehabilitation, he weans himself from the replacement drug by taking smaller doses further apart.
Some people find it difficult to stop using the replacement drug. About one-quarter of methadone patients use this replacement drug forever while another 25 percent eventually quit drug use altogether. The other 50 percent go on and off methadone for the rest of their lives.
DRT is one type of MAT, or Medication-Assisted Treatment. MAT refers to any substance abuse treatment plan that includes anti-withdrawal drugs. MAT improves survival rates, improves birth outcomes for pregnant opioid- dependent women and reduces the risk for contracting or spreading infectious diseases. MAT helps keep patients in treatment and reduces illicit opioid abuse. MAT also reduces criminal activities and increases employment.
Standard detoxification in inpatient clinics is another type of MAT. During standard detoxification, physicians administer naloxone and anti-withdrawal medications while nurses monitor for complications.
Standard detoxification reduces the severity and duration of withdrawal symptoms somewhat, but the patient still battles several days of demoralizing psychological symptoms that could make her feel unworthy or incapable of recovery. Standard detoxification requires an inpatient stay that could last for several days.
Rapid detox is the most humane and efficient form of detoxification therapy available today. During rapid detox, board certified anesthesiologists administer sedatives and anesthesia alongside the standard detoxification and anti-withdrawal drugs. The patient dozes in a pleasant "twilight sleep." When she awakens, she will not recall the grueling detoxification process. She is ready for meaningful behavior modification in a few hours rather than in a few days.
Detoxification is only the first stage in treatment for dependence on Xodol and, by itself, does little to reduce long-term substance abuse. Rehabilitation is necessary to help the individual change behaviors associated with drug abuse. Rehabilitation usually includes behavior modification along with individual, family and group counseling. Medications are an important part of treatment for many, especially for those with coexisting mental problems such as depression.
Opioid-dependence is a complex condition that requires an equally dynamic approach to treatment. No one treatment works for everyone and many people engage in several types of treatment. Effective treatment addresses the wider scope of the individual's needs, not just her drug abuse.
Treatment must be readily available to encourage participation and completion. It is critical that the patient remains in treatment long enough to change behaviors associated with drug abuse.
The counselor is an important part of the rehabilitative process. The counselor will assess the individual's condition and develop a personalized treatment plan for that patient. The counselor will continually assess the patient's condition and modify treatment accordingly.
The patient may be required to submit to drug tests, as relapses do occur commonly during treatment. The patient might also be tested for infectious diseases and receive appropriate educational material to decrease his risk for contracting or spreading these diseases.


There are several places where riding between countries is simply impossible (ocean crossings) or just insane (the Darien Gap). Here is a collection of pages that detail how I made each crossing. These pages will be created during the planning stages and then updated after each crossing in the hope that it will help others who are attempting the same thing.


Big Government many times works hand-in-hand with Big Business to advance regulations designed to weed out competition in the name of health and safety. It's cronyism, and it seems to be afoot in North Carolina when it comes Big Ag and their push to ban herd-sharing (again).
Under herd-share agreements, consumers pay a farmer a fee for a "share" in either an individual animal, or a herd of cows or goats. In return, the owner of the share can obtain, but does not purchase, raw milk.
The N.C. General Assembly legalized herd-share practices, allowing North Carolinians to enter into herd-share agreements and obtain raw milk for human consumption, in the Farm Act of 2018. Gov. Roy Cooper vetoed the act, but was overridden.
Now the N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the North Carolina Farm Bureau, and the state's dairy industry (Big Ag) are working to repeal the law legalizing the distribution of raw milk through herd-share agreements. The raw milk opponents are trying to end the herd-share law in the name of food safety, of course, before the law even has a chance to get off the ground. Moreover, there are reports that state government labs that test pasteurized milk for safety are refusing to test raw milk produced by herd-share farmers.
It may seem like a small issue, but it's yet another example of Big Government heeding the beck and call of Big Business to stamp out competition and infringe on individual liberty in the process.
One should be able to secure food and agricultural products from local farms unhindered. Those farmers should be able to make a living and leverage herd-share agreements to augment their operations in order to bolster their bottom line. Banning the herd-share/raw milk practice violates these principles.
Proponents of raw milk point out that the product has a good overall safety record, and if the N.C. Department of Agriculture was so concerned with the safety they should help to insure state labs actually accept it for testing.
Opponents may flag safety concerns as motivation, but is clear that their interests are really in limiting herd-share farmers ability to compete with their product. This is not the proper role of government, and it's antithetical to the principles our country and state were founded upon.
North Carolina is known as the 'First in Freedom' state. It's motto is 'Esse Quam Videri,' or, 'To be, rather than to seem.' Lawmakers should resist the push to reinstate a ban on herd-sharing agreements if we are to be about freedom, instead of merely seeming like it while working against its very foundation on behalf of those with powerful lobbies.


text:
John Hein (ur. 27 stycznia 1886 w Nowym Jorku; zm. 29 sierpnia 1963 tamże) – amerykański zapaśnik, srebrny medalista igrzysk olimpijskich w Saint Louis w 1904 w zapasach w stylu wolnym w wadze papierowej.

W turnieju olimpijskim brało udział jedynie czterech zawodników, wszyscy reprezentowali Stany Zjednoczone. Hein w półfinale tych zawodów pokonał Claude'a Holgate'a, natomiast w finale przegrał z Robertem Currym.

Reprezentował Boys' Club of New York. Po zakończeniu kariery został trenerem.

Mistrz Amateur Athletic Union w 1905, 1910 i 1913 roku.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Amerykańscy zapaśnicy
Medaliści Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1904
Zapaśnicy na Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 1904
Urodzeni w 1886
Zmarli w 1963
Amerykańscy medaliści olimpijscy
Ludzie urodzeni w Nowym Jorku

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia