text:
The Indispensable PC Hardware Book.
2007 • 1182 Pages • 29.67 MB • English
Posted March 04, 2021 • Submitted by jalyn.spencer
Summary of The Indispensable PC Hardware Book.
The Indispensable PC Hardware Book Your Hardware Questions Answered THIRD EDITION Hans-Peter Messmer UNIVERSITAT JAUME I BIBLIOTECA (iti+ T p. P 6 ,,, '? ?+ ADDISON-WESLEY . I;'.. .2 '_,I i'" Harlow, England � Reading, Massachusetts � Menlo Park, California � New York ;. ~ Don Mills, Ontario � Amsterdam � Bonn � Sydney � Singapore Tokyo � Madrid � San Juan � Milan � Mexico City � Seoul � Taipei 6 ,._ -1. ,, I 0 L,', C'O ,,:;t;;r * ?' Part 1 Basics I This chapter outlines the basic components of a personal computer and various related peripherals as an introduction to the PC world. Though this chapter is intended for beginners, advanced users would also be better prepared for the later and more technically demanding parts of the book. 1 Main Components 1.1 The Computer and Peripherals Personal computer (PC), by definition, means that users actually work with their own apersonaln computer. This usually means IBM-compatible computers using the DOS, OS/2 or Windows (NT) operating system. Mainframe users may wonder what the difference is between a PC and a terminal: after all, a terminal also has a monitor, a keyboard and a small case like the PC, and looks much the same as that shown in Figure 1.1. Where there is a difference is that the PC contains a small but complete computer, with a processor (hidden behind the names 8086/SOSS, 80286 or i486, for example) and a floppy disk drive. This computer carries out data processing on its own: that is, it can process files, do mathematical calculations, and much more besides. On the other hand, a terminal only establishes a connection to the actual computer (the main- frame). The terminal can't carry out data processing on its own, being more a monitor with poor input and output capabilities that can be located up to a few kilometres away from the actual computer. That a small PC is less powerful than a mainframe occupying a whole building seems obvious (although this has changed with the introduction of the Pentium), but that is only true today. One of the first computers (called ENIAC, developed between 1943 and 1946, which worked with tubes instead of transistors) occupied a large building, and consumed so much electricity that the whole data processing institute could be heated by the dissipated power! Nevertheless, ENIAC was far less powerful than today's PCs. Because PCs have to serve only one user, while mainframes are usually connected to more than 100 users (who are logged in to the mainframe), the impact of the lack of data processing performance in the PC is thus reduced, especially when using powerful Intel processors. An- other feature of PCs (or microcomputers in general) is their excellent graphics capabilities, which are a necessary prerequisite for user-friendly and graphics-oriented programs like Micro- soft's Windows. In this respect, the PC is superior to its <<big brother,,. Figure 1.1 shows a basic PC workstation. The hub, of course, is the PC, where you find not only the above-mentioned processor but one or more floppy disk drives, hard drives, interfaces and other devices. These are dealt with in some detail in Section 1.2. Because you can't enter 2 Chapter 1 b. Monitor Figure 1.2: Basic PC equipment. commands into the actual PC, or receive data from it, a keyboard (for entering commands and data) and a monitor (fo; data output) are also present. High quality computer monitors are far more powerful (and therefore much more expensive) than a TV. With this equipment you can start work: for example, entering text files, doing mathematical calculations, or playing computer games. To use the PC's graphics capabilities (with Windows, for example) a mouse is usually needed. In this book, CCPG~ always means the sum total of these components, because without a keyboard and a monitor you can't control the machine. For printing text files, of course, you need a printer. By using various interfaces you can connect additional peripherals like a plotter (for drawing plans with coloured pencils) or a modem (for world- wide data communication). ccl'eripherals) means all those units located outside the PC's case. 1.2 Inside the Personal Computer This chapter deals with the various components of a PC, starting with basic definitions of concepts like the motherboard, the controller etc; their functions are outlined. Also, an overall picture of the interworkings between individual components is given. 1.2.1 How to Open the Case To work with a PC or to understand how it works, you don't, of course, need to open the case. But I think there are a lot of curious users who will soon want to look inside. The following gives some tips on doing this, while trying to avoid burnt-out electric components and rather unpleasant electric shocks. To open the case you'll need a screwdriver and some common sense. It is best to use a magnetic screwdriver because, in my own experience, one or more screws will inevitably fall into the case. With a magnetic screwdriver you can get them out quite easily. \1 C' I r r t I \ I I I I I 1 I ( C ' ; ( , 1 1 1 Main Components 3 You may have heard that magnetic objects should never be placed near a PC. 1 would like to comment on this: In the Eal;h has a magnetic field; if you scratch your disk with a sharp object you do so at your own risk; it doesn't matter whether it is a knitting needle, a hammer or a magnetic screwdriver; opening a hard disk drive means losing the data simply because of the dust that is always present in the air; whether the hard disk is disturbed magnetically afterwards is completely insignificant; the distance between the read/write heads and the disk surface is less than about 1 pm. principle, the Earth's magnetic field is shielded by the PC's metal case, but as soon as you remove the cover the magnetic field penetrates all the components. As all electronic and mag- netic components are exposed to the Earth's magnetic field when the computer is assembled, this obviously can't have an adverse influence. Floppy and hard disks are coated with a thin magnetizing layer: if someone deliberately scratches off this coating, he really doesn't know what he is doing. The data medium of the hard disk drives is enclosed in a case so that dust particles in the air don't act as a sort of scouring powder. Therefore, the hard disk is destroyed not by magnetic but by mechanical action. Whether you are additionally damaging the still present magnetic pattern with a magnetic object after the mechanical destruction of the data medium would seem to be unimportant. Finally, the distance between the read/write heads and the data medium is less than about 1 pm. Because of the protective envelope the closest you can bring the screwdriver to the data medium of a floppy disk is one millimetre away at most. That is one thousandth of the head- data medium distance. According to magnetostatic laws, the strength of the magnetic field decreases in proportion to the square of the distance. This means that the screwdriver must have a local field strength which is one millionth of the field of the read/write head. Perhaps someone could show me this monster of a screwdriver with its superconducting magnet! In the case of hard disk drives, this ratio is much greater because of the additional separation provided by the drive's case. The dangers of mechanical destruction are clearly far more likely. I always use a magnetic screwdriver because I always lose a screw in the case, and because of the danger of a short circuit caused either by the screw or by a rash action after having tried to get the screw out. Advice: If your case is sealed and there is a notice advising that breaking the seal will invalid- ate the warranty, you should open the case only after having contacted your dealer. Figure 1.2 shows three examples of PC cases (two desktops and one tower), which are the most common types. If you are one of those lucky PC buyers who got a technical reference book or at least a user handbook when you bought your PC, you should have a look at this handbook first to find out how to open the case. If you've found this information, then follow the manual and ignore the next paragraph. 6 Chapter 1 devices the board is connected to. The individual components are presented below in greater detail. 1.2.2 Data Flow inside the PC Personal computers, like other computers, are used for electronic data processing (EDP). For this, data must be input into the PC, and the PC has to supply (the resulting) data. Between input and output, a varying amount of data processing takes place using a program. Figure 1.5 shows a typical PC with the most important functional units necessary for data processing. ,--------- /' . . ..__...._......._..............................~........ Figure 1.5: Block diagram of a PC with peripherals. The arrows indicate the direction of the data flow. The 80x86 CPU and the RAM are located on the motherboard. All parts surrounded by the broken line are normally inside the PC me. The main part is the processor, also called the 80x86 Central Processing Unit (CPU) (x is a dummy variable from e#~ to cc4>> or Pentium to denote the 8086/8088, 80186, 80286, i386, i486, Pentium family of Intel processors used in IBM-compatible PCs). Because of the large number of incoming and outgoing arrows, it can be seen that this processor represents (so to speak) the heart of the computer, in which all data processing events take place. Immediately next to the Main Components 7 CPU is the main memory, or Random Access Memory (RAM) that the CPU uses to store or read intermediate results to or from data processing or programs. The CPU and RAM are the main components of the motherboard. The processor is connected to the keyboard, with which you enter data (text, for example) or commands (DIR, for example). To display such inputs visually, the CPU is further connected to a graphics adapter, which accepts the data to display, and processes it so it can be displayed on the monitor. At this point I want to mention that a computer doesn't necessarily need a monitor to output data; the monitor mainly supports the user. There are a lot of computers (the engine control Motronic, for example) that are very powerful, but which have neither a keyboard nor a monitor. In this case, the computer is usually called a process computer. To read more extensive datasets, or to store them for a longer time, jopw and hard disk drives are included. The processor may read data from them or write data to them with a controller. This is necessary because (apart from CMCEXAM and the main memory of some laptops) all RAMS lose their contents when the PC is powered down. All data stored in that memory is thus irrevocably lost. Nearly all PCs have at least one parallel interface (called PRN, LPTI, LPI?! or LPT3 under DOS) to which a printer may be connected, and at least one serial interface (called COMl-COM4 under 'DOS). The serial interface is also often called the communication interface because a modem can 'be connected to it, and with an appropriate program you can exchange data with other com- lputers via public telephone or data networks. For example, it is possible to access a database in another country via satellite. In this way, your tiny (and seemingly unimportant) PC becomes a member of an international data network. (You can see what unexpected possibilities a PC offers beyond computer games!) Many PCs also have a network adapter, with which you embed your computer into a local area network (LAN), that is, you may exchange data with another or several computers that are also equipped with a network adapter. Nevertheless, the other com- puter does not also have to be a PC. With your network adapter and appropriate software you may easily access a supercomputer and start to work on it. ?.2.3 The Motherboard r' _$s the name implies, the motherboard is the heart of your PC, on which all components that are absolutely necessary are located. Figure 1.6 shows a typical motherboard, though the layout of motherboards may vary considerably. You can see the motherboard and several slots into ,which the circuit boards of the graphics adapter and the interfaces are located (the slots are often called bus slots). If your motherboard has such bus slots but no further electronic com- ponents, you have a PC with a so-called modular board. The motherboard in a modular PC is 5divided into a bus board (which has the slots) and a separate processor board. The latter is inserted 'bto a slot in the same way as all the other boards, but its internal structure is the same as the &otherboard described below. Figure 1.7 shows the motherboard in diagrammatic form. *?' As mentioned earlier, the 80x86 processor is the central unit of the board. It executes all the data processing, that is, numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied or divided, logic operations with .tWo items are executed (logical AND, for example) and therefore their relations (equal, above, .below, etc.) are determined, or data is input and output. For extensive mathematical operations such as, for example, the calculation of the tangent of two real numbers with very high accuracy, 8 Chapter 1 M- Figure 1.6: The motherboard comprises all the central parts of a personnl computer, such ns the CPU, main memory nnd extension slots for ndditional adopter cords. a mathematical coprocessor or processor extension is available. Intel calls the coprocessors belong- ing to the 80x86 family 80x87: for example, the 80287 is the coprocessor for the 80286 chip. Other companies also supply mathematical coprocessors (Weitek, Cyrix). Usually, PCs are not equipped with a coprocessor when shipped, only with a socket for it. You can buy the corresponding chip afterwards and put it into this socket. The 80x86 automatically recognizes whether a coprocessor is present, and transfers the corresponding commands to it; the 80x87 then calculates the requested mathematical value. Coprocessors may calculate the tangent of an arc up to 100 times more quickly than <normal,, processors. So if you are doing extensive mathematical applications (like, for example, three-dimensional computer graphics or CAD) this gives an enormous advantage. The 486DX and its successors Pentium and Pentium Pro already implement an FPU on-chip so that a coprocessor is obsolete. Only some 486DX mother-boards have a socket for a Weitek coprocessor. Another important motherboard component is the main memory or RAM. Usually, the RAM is divided into several banks, though recently it has been made up of memory modules (SIMM or SIP). Each bank has to be fully equipped with memory chips, meaning that the main memory may only be extended bank-by-bank - the memory of a partially equipped bank will not be recognized by the PC. The lowest value for the main memory size of an AT-386 today is 4 Mbytes; fully equipped Pentium PCs have at least 32 Mbytes of RAM. The CPU stores data and intermediate results, as well as programs, in its memory and reads them later. For this, the processor has to tell the memory which data it wants to read (for example). This is done by an mfdrcss, which is something like the house number of the data unit requested. Transferring this ac G tr 24 In P' bc nc se A a CLi m by t, Ci d, Main Components 9 i486/Pentium ; , Figure 1.7: Diagram of a motherboard. The diagram shows the typical structure of a motherboard. The central part is the CPU 80x86. The CPU can be associated with an 80x87 coprocessor for mathematical applications and cache controller and cache RAM to enhance performance. The i486 or Pentium integrates all these parts on a single chip. Additionally, on the motherboard there are the memory (RAM), the ROM BIOS, the 8237 and 8254 support chips, a keyboard interface, and the bus slots. address to the memory is carried out by an address bus, and the transfer of the data by a data bus. Generally, in computer terms a bus means a number of lines through which data and signals are transferred. Therefore, the address bus consists of several lines, in the PC generally 20 (PC/XT), 24 (AT) or 32 (i386, i486, Pentium) lines. In the context of main memory you will often hear the expression access time. This is the time period between the CPU's command to the memory that data should be read and this data being transferred to the processor. Modern memory chips have an access time of about 60-70 ns, which for humans is a minute time period (batting the eyelid takes at least one 100th of a second, that is, 100 000 * 100 ns), but not so for modem computers with a high clock frequency. Actually, the access time is one of the most important restrictions on the operational speed of a PC. Therefore, powerful and fast-clocked computers (150 MHz and above) have a so-called cache or cache memory. Usually, this cache is significantly smaller than the main memory, but much faster (with an access time of lo-20 ns). The cache holds data that is frequently accessed by the CPU so it is available to the processor more quickly. The CPU, therefore, doesn't have to wait for its relatively slow main memory. If the CPU reads data out of main memory, the cache controller first checks to see whether this data is held in the cache memory. If it is, the data is immediately transferred to the CPU; otherwise, the cache controller reads the data from 10 Chapter 1 the main memory and transfers it to the processor simultaneously. If the CPU wants to write data it is written into the cache memory at a high speed. Later, the cache controller writes it into the main memory. You sometimes demonstrate similar behaviour yourself; for example, if you are programming some routines you take off the shelf those documents that you are likely to need. In this case, your desk is the cache memory and you are the cache controller. When a problem arises you take additional documents off the shelf and put them on your desk. If the desk is full (the cache memory is exhausted) you put those documents you are unlikely to need back on the shelf. Other documents that you need may then be placed on your desk. In these circumstances it is important that the cache memory is transparent to the processor, that is, the CPU doesn't recognize that a fast cache memory is installed between itself and the main memory. In other words, the processor operates as if no cache memory were present. On the new and powerful 80x86 family processors, the processor, coprocessor, cache memory and a cache con- troller are integrated on a single chip to form the i486 or Pentium. The motherboard also includes a Read Only Memory (ROM). Located on this chip are the pro- grams and data that the PC needs at power-up (because it loses the contents of its main memory when it is powered down). The processor reads these programs and executes them at power- up. In the ROM there are also various support routines for accessing the keyboard, graphics adapter, etc. - known collectively as the ROM-BIOS. If you enter data via the keyboard, the keyboard interface communicates directly with the processor (for advanced readers, it issues a hardware interrupt; see Chapter 261, and informs it that a character has been input. The CPU can then read and process that character. As mentioned above, data is exchanged via the address and data buses. To control the data transfer processes, additional control signals are required; for example, the CPU must tell the memory whether data should be read or written. This is carried out by a so-called write-enable signal, for which one bus line is reserved. Because of the various signals, the slot has, for example, 62 contacts for the XT bus (the XT's system bus) and 98 contacts for the AT bus. (Note that the bus slots therefore have different lengths.) The lines for the control signals are guided in parallel to the address and data buses and lead to the bus slots. The data bus, address bus and all the control lines are known as the system bus, which ensures that all inserted adapter cards are informed about all the operations taking place in the PC. For example, a memory expansion card may be inserted in one bus slot. The CPU accesses the memory on this adapter card in the same way as it accesses the memory on the motherboard. Therefore, the bus slots must have all the signals necessary to control the PC components (and this expansion card, for example, is one of them). Theoretically, it does not matter into which free slot an adapter card is inserted, as long as all the contacts fit into the bus slot. In practice (especially if you are using a low quality motherboard or adapter card), an adapter card may only run correctly in a certain bus slot, as it is only in this bus slot that all the bus signals arrive at the appropriate time. Frequently, extensive amounts of data must be transferred from a hard or floppy disk into the main memory, as is the case when text is loaded into a word processor, for example. For such minor tasks an 80x86 processor is too valuable a chip, because it can carry out far more complex operations than this. For this reason, the motherboard has one (PC/XT) or two (AT) chips optimized for data transfer within the computer - the Direct Memory Access (DMA) chips. They are connected to the main memory and the data bus, and to certain control Main Components 11 lines that are part of the bus slots. Using these control lines, the DMA chips can be activated to carry out data transfer from a hard disk into main memory, for example, at a very high speed. In this process the CPU is bypassed and is not allocated the data transfer operation. You have probably realized that your PC can also be used as a clock, telling the date and time (DOS commands DATE and TIME). To implement this function a timer chip is present, which periodically tells the processor that the DOS-internal clock has to be updated. (This chip also controls memory refresh and the speaker.) In a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), the information stored vanishes as time passes (typically within a period of 10 ms to 1 s). To avoid this, the DRAM has to be periodically refreshed to regenerate the memory contents. DRAMS are used in the PC as main memory. Bus slots are vitally important in making PCs flexible. Besides the standard plug- in graphics adapters, controllers, etc., you can also insert other adapters, such as a voice synthes- izer to program spoken output on your PC. This might be a first step towards a multimedia PC. 1.2.4 Grabhics Adapters and Monitors For a user, an essential part of a PC is the monitor, as well as the accompanying graphics or display adapter card. Strictly speaking, a graphics adapter is electronic circuitry for displaying graphics. A display adapter is the generic term, and it also includes electronic devices that can only display text (that is, no free lines, circles etc.), though because text adapters are no longer used in PCs, this strict distinction has vanished. The graphics adapter is usually constructed as a plug-in card for a bus slot. Figure 1.8 shows a VGA adapter card. Figure 1.8: A typical VGA adayter card for displayirrg text and graphics on-screen Although it is possible to run a PC without a monitor and to output directly to a printer, this is a painstaking process. If graphics are to be printed, a dot matrix printer is usually occupied for several minutes, and a laser printer will be tied up for many seconds. Moreover, in the age of the upaperless office,) it is inappropriate to output all draft documents to paper immediately. Therefore the monitor, with its short response time and the vibrancy of its displayed data, is far better as an output medium. If, for example, a line has to be inserted into a drawing, only this new line has to be formed, not the whole displayed image. Under DOS, the monitor and the 12 Chapter 1 Graphics Adapter t _--.......___________________-______________________. keyboard are regarded as a single entity because of their special usage as standard input/output devices, and are thus called the console (DOS-unit CON). The hub of a graphics adapter is the graphics control chip, for example a Motorola 6845 or an S3 chip for accelerating the video output with Windows (Figure 1.9). You'll find this, or a compat- ible and more developed chip, on many adapters. It is responsible for driving the monitor, that is, supplying pulses for horizontal and vertical retraces, displaying the cursor, controlling the number of text lines and columns, as well as the display of text and graphics. The picture on the monitor is written by an electron beam similar to that in a TV, which scans the screen line by line. If the beam reaches the lower right comer, it returns to the upper left corner, that is, a new page. Graphic Controller ---) Character Chip (6845 Generator or S3) L____________........______-------..-.-..__._________ Figure 1.9: Graphics adapter. The central part is a graphics control chip, which controls the character genemtor and the video RAM. The CPU can access the control chip and the video RAM via the bus interface. The graphics adapter has two operation modes: text and graphics. Characters are displayed as a fixed pattern of points, graphics as a free pattern. If a certain character is to be displayed in text mode, the CPU need pass only the number or code of this character to the graphics control chip. The video RAM holds data (codes) that determine the character to be displayed on-screen. The job of the character venerator is to convert this code into a corresponding pattern of pixels so that the character can be displayed on-screen by the graphics control chip. On the other hand, in graphics mode the video RAM is read out directly and the character generator is not enabled. Therefore, far more complex <<patterns> (i.e. graphics) may be displayed. The data for the screen contents is written into the video RAM by the CPU. The CPU may also read data out of the video RAM, for example to determine the character at a certain location Main Components 13 on-screen. For this the graphics adapter has a bus interface, which detects whether data for the graphics adapter is present on the system bus. Via the bus interface, the CPU can write data into the video RAM which, for example, is displayed as text on-screen. On the other hand, the CPU may read data about to be overwritten by a new window under MS-Windows and store it in main memory. It is thus possible to restore the original state by retransferring, after closing the window, the data stored in main memory back into the video RAM. Moreover, the graphics control chip can be reprogrammed via the bus interface so that, for example, instead of the usual 25 lines and 80 columns each, a new mode with 60 lines and 132 columns each is displayed. Because reprogramming the graphics control chip from a standard mode to the mode mentioned above is dependent upon the particular hardware on the graphics adapter, high-resolution (S)VGA adapter cards have their own BIOS. This is located in a ROM, and supports the ROM- BIOS on the motherboard. It includes routines to switch between different display modes (modem graphics adapters may have up to 80 different such modes), to set points with a certain colour at a certain location on the screen, or to use various pages in video memory. For this, the CPU on the motherboard calls the corresponding program in the ROM-BIOS of the graphics adapter via the bus interface. On the back of the graphics adapter there are usually one or more jacks. Connectors for mono- chrome and RGB monitors (red-green-blue) have two rows of holes; connectors for analogue monitors have three rows. Monochrome and RGB monitors are driven by digital signals so that a maximum of 16 different colours may be displayed simultaneously: two each for red, green and blue, and an additional intensity signal (high, low). Therefore, 2" = 16 different signal com- binations are possible. With an EGA adapter card, these 16 colours may be chosen from a palette containing 64 colours. This means that only 16 of these 64 colours can be displayed simultaneously. The VGA card and other new adapters drive an analogue monitor with an analogue signal. In principle, any number of colours may now be displayed simultaneously, but for technical rea- sons the VGA standard limits them to 256 simultaneously displayable colours. The 256 colours may be selected from a palette of 262 144 (64 red * 64 green * 64 blue) different colours. High- resolution graphics adapters with a resolution of 1280 * 1024 points drive the correspondingly more powerful monitors by an analogue signal, which is transmitted via a BNC cable. The cable is shielded against external influences so that the driving signals are not disturbed and the cable doesn't act as an antenna and influence other equipment. Some graphics adapters have all three jacks. On the Hercules and other compatible graphics cards, a parallel interface is integrated onto the adapter card. You will see this if a jack for connecting a printer with a parallel interface is present. Figure 1.15 shows the layout of the parallel interface jack. 1.2.5 Drive Controllers, Floppy and Hard Disk Drives As already mentioned, the main disadvantage of main memory is the volatility of the stored data. When the PC is switched off, or if the power supply is interrupted, all the data is lost. Therefore, RAM is unsuitable for long-term data storage. For this reason, magnetic memories were developed very early on. Before the invention and the triumphant progress of semi- conductor memories and integrated memory chips, even main memory consisted of magnetic drums. Later, these drums were replaced by magnetic core memories, tiny magnetic rings through 14 Chapter 1 which run read and write wires. In the PC field, floppy disks and hard disk drives are now generally established (see Figure 1.10). Figure 1.10: A typical floppy drive, hard disk drive and SCSI con&controller. Floppy disk drives belong to the group of drives with so-called removable data volume, because different floppies (data volumes) can be inserted into a single drive and removed later. The actual floppy disk is a circular and flexible disk, coated with a magnetic material and housed in a protective envelope (see Figure 1.11). Flexible Env\lope Hard Hole Plastic Case Disk 'index Hole \ Notch Figure 1.11: Floppy disks. Presently for the PC, 5'14" floppy disks in a @ible envelope with capaciries of 360 kbytes and 1.2 Mbytes ns well IIS 3'12" jloppy disks in hard plastic cases with capacities of 720 kbytes and 1.44 Mbytes are available. For IBM-compatible PCs, floppy disks 5'/4" and 3'/~" in diameter are available. The smaller 3'/2" floppies are enclosed in a hard plastic case, and are inserted together with the case into the drive, which writes data to it or reads data from it. On 5'/4" floppy drives, the drive flap must be locked down as otherwise no data can be read or written; 3'/2" drives automatically lock the Main Components 15 floppy disk in place. On the other hand, on hard disk drives or hard disks the data volume cannot be removed; it is fixed in the drive. Furthermore, the data volumes are no longer flexible, but stiff ((chard,)) disks. Typically, a hard disk holds 1000 times more data than a floppy disk. Floppy and hard disk drives are also used in other computers, such as the Apple Macintosh, Commodore Amiga, or mainframes. Therefore, the technique of floppy and hard disk drives is completely independent of the technology of a PC. To read and write data with the CPU on the motherboard, it is necessary to control the drives. For this, a controller is inserted into one bus slot to control the floppy and hard disk drives, and to transfer data between the drive and main memory. Figure 1.12 shows a block diagram of a controller. The controller is the link between the CPU and the drives. For this reason it has two interfaces: the bus interface (which we met in the section on graphics adapters) for data exchange with the CPU; and one interface for every floppy or hard disk drive. Today's PCs usually have a combicontroffer, with which two or more floppy drives and two hard disk drives can be connected. The combicontroller has its own microprocessor, with programs stored in ROM to control the electronic components on the controller card. To avoid any confusion, I must emphas- ize that this microprocessor is not identical to the 80x86 CPU on the motherboard, but is sited independently on the controller. Therefore, the controller is actually a small and independent computer (a further example of a computer without a monitor), to which the CPU on the motherboard supplies <<commands) via the bus interface. Similarly, you enter commands for the CPU via the keyboard (interface). We shall meet this idea of independent, small computers that support the central processor on the motherboard again, hence the name Cerrtrul Processor Unit. The microprocessor now controls data flow between the bus and drive interfaces by driving the programmable storage controller and the data synchronizer appropriately. On floppy and hard disks, the data is held in a form that is especially suited for data recording on these magnetic data carriers. For processing in a PC this form is, however, completely unsuitable. Therefore, the data synchronizer carries out a conversion between these two incompatible formats. The 16 Chapter 1 programmable storage controller controls the read and write operations, and checks the read data for correctness. To use and control the drives effectively, many controllers have their own ROM-BIOS. As for the ROM-BIOS on a graphics adapter, this ROM-BIOS holds several routines for accessing the hard disk controller. The control routines for the floppy drives are already located in the ROM- BIOS on the motherboard - do not confuse this ROM-BIOS with the ROM code. The routines in the ROM code control the microprocessor on the controller and cannot be accessed by the CPU on the motherboard, whereas the routines in the ROM-BIOS on the controller support the CPU on the motherboard. With intelligent drives like IDE, SCSI or ESDI, the controller is fixed to the drive so that drive and controller together form an entity. Therefore, instead of a controller being inserted into a bus slot, there is a host adapter in the slot; this host adapter establishes a connection between the system bus and the controller. Usually, the host adapter has its own BIOS. In the mainframe field, the actual computer is called athe host)), and the user is connected to the host via a terminal. Because a standard controller can be connected to many different drives, the controller has to be constructed in a very general and simple way. A controller that is fixed to a certain drive, however, may be adapted specially to that drive. Because of the low prices of today's electronic components, using a fixed controller (which requires one controller per drive) influences the overall price only a little. Some host adapters or controller cards have a jack on the reverse to connect an external drive. SCSI adapters often have an additional jack on the back which directly connects to the internal SCSI bus; thus external SCSI units may also be connected - for example, an external streamer drive can be used. 1.2.6 Streamers and Other Drives Data backup is enormously important for users. Using floppy disks means spending a lot of time on data backups because floppy drives are slow compared to hard disk drives; also, the capacity of a floppy disk is roughly 100 times smaller than that of hard disks - to back up a hard disk of about 100 Mbytes capacity you would need 100 floppy disks. It is particularly frustrating because almost every minute the filled floppy disk has to be removed and a new one inserted! To overcome this restriction, and so that a qualified programmer is not occupied as a sort of ((disk jockey,, streamer drives (streamers) were developed (see Figure 1.13). As the name indic- ates, a regular streaming of data from the hard or floppy drives to a magnetic tape enclosed in a streamer cartridge takes place. Magnetic tapes have been unbeatable up to now in view of their simple handling, insensitivity, storage capacity and price, so they are well-suited for data backup. The tapes used have an enormous storage capacity (up to several gigabytes) and are enclosed in a highly accurate case. This virtually guarantees that the read/write head will be able to locate the data tracks again later. Simple streamer drives may be connected to a floppy disk controller. Very powerful streamers with a higher data transfer rate, on the other hand, have their own controller, which is inserted into a bus slot and controlled by the accompanying software, or have a SCSI interface. With such a system, a large hard disk can be backed up in less than 15 minutes.
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IT Essentials PC Hardware and Software Labs and Study Guide
PC Transporter
IBM Personal Computer PC 300 Series
The Complete A+ Guide to PC Repair
2012 • 1006 Pages • 101.69 MB
PC : Le guide du montage PC : Le guide du montage
Troubleshooting Your PC for Dummies (ISBN - 0764577425)
GPIB-PC User Manual for the IBM Personal Computer and Compatibles
Principles of Computer Hardware
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7th Edition
2009 • 5 Pages • 708.67 KB


This 299,091-sq-ft building was transformed from a vacant pharmaceutical facility to a Class-A speculative office building.
Photo courtesy Layton Construction Co.
The project included demolition of solid-grouted masonry walls and 100,000 sq ft of interstitial space.
General Contractor: Layton Construction Co.
Structural Engineer: Caruso Turley Scott Inc.
MEP Engineer: Van Boerum & Frank Associates Inc.
This two-story, 299,091-sq-ft building was transformed from a vacant pharmaceutical facility to a Class-A speculative office building. Features in the re-imagined facility include mezzanine areas, new windows, upgraded elevators, an amphitheater-style conference center and a commercial cafeteria.
In the original condition, louvers spanned the entire east side of the building to relieve the mechanical room that sat just inside the envelope. Since the design called for exterior louvers to be replaced with glass, after they were removed, the openings served as material removal points.
Mini excavators with jack hammers were used to demolish interior walls on both floors. The mini excavators were followed by skid-steer loaders that carefully picked up and removed the material.
Demolition sequencing used a top to bottom approach to maintain the safest working environment possible.
The project team ran into a few unforeseen issues when performing demolition in the lobby. When the ceiling was opened up, the team discovered that the building hadn't been constructed as the architects thought. The project team worked closely with the architect and engineer to redesign the ceiling in order to accommodate a new HVAC system as well as existing I-beams.
The energy-efficient facility has more than 3,000 tons of chilled water capacity, high-efficiency air handlers, Solatube daylighting, a fully redundant power supply and LED lighting.
The existing footprint had a deep distance from the center of the building to the window line which presented an issue for bringing daylight into the center of the building.
The tall floor-to-floor dimension helped mitigate this issue along with the addition of the Solatube lighting shafts to brighten the second floor. The use of mirrored-tube skylights reduced the number of fixtures required to light the space.
This $15-million project was completed on time in September 2017.


text:
The Advantage of Skate Skiing Techniques
Skate skiing is a graceful, rhythmic snow skiing technique that uses diagonal skating strides in a style which is similar to ice-skating or roller-blading. Various forms of skate skiing have been around for centuries and the technique is believed to have originated with ancient Scandinavian hunters.
In basic skate skiing the skier steps out of the ski track with the dominant leg and pushes against the snow with the inner edge of the ski at an angle for propulsion, while the other ski is used to glide on. Different limb-movements are used for various terrains and for different speeds. The Nordic ski racing world adopted skate skiing in the 1980's and it soon became popular among recreational cross-country skiers once it was discovered that skate skiing is one of the fastest ways to cover varied terrain on skis.
Bill Koch from Vermont, USA, surprised the Nordic racing world in 1982 by winning a World Cup race with a snow skiing style called the "marathon skate". Having made use of a technique he had seen elsewhere, he is quick to set the record straight when he is credited with inventing skate skiing. The fact remains that he was the first to use skate skiing as a technique in World Cup racing and other racers were quick to follow his example. Initially, this new technique of snow skiing did not go down too well with World Cup officials, who felt that it was too different from the classic race form and tried to eliminate it. Due to its increasing popularity, however, skate skiing was soon accepted on the racing circuit.
It is generally agreed that skiers who have learned to ice skate or roller blade may find it easier to master skate skiing than classic skiing. Although some instructors feel that mastering classic skiing first is an advantage. Specialized skate skis are shorter and stiffer that skis used in the classical skiing technique and the poles are longer. Alternatively, "combi" skis can be used for both skate and classic skiing. Neither fish scale skis nor grip wax are suitable for use in skate skiing.
Skate skiing can be difficult under some circumstances, such as when snow has gathered on a groomed trail, and the trails in some ski areas are not wide enough to accommodate skate skiing. However, skate skiing enthusiasts agree that particularly in cross-country skiing, mastering skate skiing can mean the difference between slogging through the snow or gliding along with ease.
cross country nordic racing skating skiing world cup
The Challenging and Fun World of NASTAR
NASTAR is a racing program whereby recreational skiers can test their snow skiing skills on courses set up at more than 100 participating resorts across North America. Times and scores are ...
Doug Coombs, the Skier's Skier
Doug Coombs was one of Extreme Skiing's most enthusiastic promoters as well as being a highly skilled practitioner of this spectacular sport. Born in Boston, Coombs cut his teeth skiing the ...
How Often Should Skis Be Waxed?
Comparing Tobogganing and Sledding
Ski Archery
Bahrain's Iceberg Tower
Winter Park's Village Cabriolet
Indoor Skiing in Israel
Ski Dancing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Еусе́біу (уроджений Еусебіу да Сільва Феррейра, ;  25 січня 1942, Лоренсу-Маркеш, Мозамбік —  5 січня 2014, Лісабон) — видатний португальський футболіст мозамбіцького походження. Більшість кар'єри провів у лісабонській «Бенфіці», забивши понад 700 голів, що є клубним рекордом.

Лауреат «Золотого м'яча» 1965 року, бронзовий призер і найкращий бомбардир чемпіонату світу 1966 року. Другий найкращий бомбардир збірної Португалії всіх часів — 41 гол у 64 поєдинках. Увійшов до десятки найкращих футболістів XX століття за версією IFFHS. Лауреат Ювілейної нагороди УЄФА як найвидатніший португальський футболіст 50-річчя (1954—2003).

Кар'єра

«Бенфіка»
Першим клубом нападника був «Спортінг» (Лоренсу-Маркеш), але після прибуття до метрополії він почав виступати не за «Спортінг» (Лісабон), а за «Бенфіку» (Лісабон). Став одним із перших футболістів з Африки, який здобув всесвітню популярність.

У 1962 році допоміг «Бенфіці» виграти Кубок європейських чемпіонів, забивши у фіналі 2 голи у ворота мадридського «Реала» (підсумок — 5:3). Наступного року португальський клуб знову вийшов до фіналу, але поступився «Мілану» 1:2. Єдиний гол за «Бенфіку» забив Еусебіу.

Відзначався дуже високою результативністю — багато разів ставав найкращим бомбардиром чемпіонату Португалії. У 1965 році став найкращим голеадором не лише першості Португалії, а й Кубку європейських чемпіонів, а «Бенфіка» знову вийшла до фіналу, де поступилась міланському «Інтеру» 0:1. Європейські спортивні журналісти у кінці того року визнали нападника найкращим футболістом Європи — Еусебіу став першим португальцем, який здобув «Золотий м'яч».

Лінія нападу лісабонської «Бенфіки» у 1960-х роках була однією з найсильніших у світі — поряд з Еусебіу виступали Жозе Торреш, Маріу Колуна, Жозе Ауґушту й Антоніо Сімоеш, які були також основою атаки збірної Португалії. У відборі до ЧС-66 португальці випередили Чехословаччину, віцечемпіона світу. У груповому раунді португальці виграли всі 3 матчі, перемігши сильні команди Бразилії, Угорщини і Болгарії.

В 1/4 фіналу Португалія грала з невідомою до того збірною КНДР і вже до 24 хвилини програвала 0:3. Тоді Еусебіу взяв гру на себе і в першому таймі скоротив відставання до 2:3, а у другій половині забив ще 2 м'ячі. За всю історію тільки кільком гравцям вдавалось забити 4 голи в одному матчі чемпіонату світу. Півфінал португальці програли господарям англійцям 1:2, а голи забивали Еусебіу і два — лідер збірної Англії Боббі Чарлтон. Чарлтон став головним суперником Еусебіу під час визначення лауреата «Золотого м'яча» у кінці 1966 року і набрав лише на одне очко більше від португальця (81:80). У матчі за 3 місце Португалія перемогла СРСР, здобувши «бронзу». Це досягнення залишалось найвищим для збірної Португалії на чемпіонатах світу аж до 2006 року. Еусебіу став найкращим бомбардиром чемпіонату, забивши 9 голів.

У 1968 році став першим лауреатом щойноствореного призу «Золотий бутс» для найкращого бомбардира національних першостей у Європі і того ж сезону ще раз вивів свій клуб до фіналу єврокубка, але у вирішальному матчі за КЄЧ «Бенфіка» програла «Манчестер Юнайтед» 1:4. У 1969 році всьоме і востаннє став чемпіоном Португлії у складі «Бенфіки».

Дві серйозні травми коліна протягом 1967—1969 років знизили рівень гри нападника. У 1970 році став переможцем першого опитування на найкращого футболіста Португалії, у 1973 році отримав цю нагороду вдруге. Останній матч у складі «Бенфіки» провів улітку 1975 року. Загалом гравець у складі клубу 11 разів ставав чемпіоном країни, 5 разів здобував Кубок Португалії, двічі — Кубок європейських чемпіонів і тричі виходив до фіналу КЄЧ. 1960-ті роки і досі вважать «золотою ерою» «Бенфіки» завдяки насамперед неповторній грі Еусебіу. Після цього нападник поїхав виступати за клуби Північноамериканської ліги (НАСЛ), що готові були виплачувати високі гонорари футболістам.

Пізні роки
Американський клуб «Род-Айленд Оушенірс» () заявив, що готовий підписати контракт із зіркою, але не зміг знайти потрібних для цього коштів, тож Еусебіу вибрав іншу команду зі США — «Бостон Мінутмен». Оскільки чемпіонат у Штатах проводили за системою «весна-осінь», нападник 1975-го провів там лише 7 ігор, забивши 2 м'ячі. Від листопада 1975 року до лютого 1976 року виступав за мексиканську команду «Монтеррей», а на початку 1976 року повернувся до команди НАСЛ «Торонто Метрос-Кроейша» з Канади. Сезон у Торонто став найкращим у заокеанськомку періоді кар'єри португальця — у регулярному чемпіонаті він забив 16 голів у 21 грі, а також здобув титул чемпіона, забивши перший гол у фіналі НАСЛ, який «Мотрос-Кроейша» виграли у «Міннесоти Кікс» з рахунком 3:0. Потім короткий час пограв у команді «Лас-Вегас Квіксілвер» і португальських «Бейра-Мар» (1976/77) та нижчолігового «Уніау де Томар» (II дивізіон, 1977/78). На сезон 1978 підписав контракт із клубом Дивізіону 2 «Нью-Джерсі Амеріканс». 1980 року завершив футбольну кар'єру.

Стиль гри
Володів величезним набором фінтів, високою технікою, швидкістю і спритністю, одним із його прізвиськ було «європейський Пеле». Добре грав у повітрі, мав сильний і точний удар з різних дистанцій.

Шана

У 2000 році Міжнародна федерація футбольної історії і статистики визнала Еусебіу найкращим португальським футболістом XX століття і помістила на 9-те місце у списку найкращих гравців світу XX століття. У 2003 році УЄФА готуючись до свого півстолітнього ювілею, провела опитування, щоб визначити найкращого гравця від кожної європейської країни за останні 50 років. Найсильнішим футболістом Португалії останнього 50-річчя визнано Еусебіу.

Смерть та похорон
Еусебіу помер у ніч на 5 січня 2014 року на 72-му році життя внаслідок гострої серцевої недостатності. Португальська влада оголосила в країні триденний траур у зв'язку зі смертю футболіста. На всіх державних установах у країні приспустять прапори. Крім того, будуть скасовані різні розважальні заходи, а телебаченню та радіокомпаніям порекомендували прибрати з ефірної сітки розважальні передачі.

Смерть Еусебіу прокоментувало багато політиків, футболістів та тренерів як у Португалії, так і за кордоном. Зокрема, португальський нападник мадридського Реала Кріштіану Роналду назвав Еусебіу вічно живим, а португальський тренер лондонського «Челсі» Жозе Моурінью — одним із найбільших португальців в історії футболу, на рівні Боббі Чарлтона або Пеле. «Футбол втратив легенду», — написав у Твіттері президент ФІФА Зепп Блаттер. «Португалія сьогодні втратила одного з найулюбленіших своїх синів, Еусебіу да Сілва Феррейру. Країна сумує через його смерть», — заявив президент Португалії Анібал Каваку Сілва. У Мозамбіку, на батьківщині футболіста, президент країни Жоакім Чіссану сказав, що особисто він втратив друга. «Португальський футбол втратив одного з найбільших своїх кумирів. Футбол зближав Мозамбік та Португалію, і в Мозамбіку все пишаються Еусебіу».

6 січня процесія з труною Еусебіу, драпірованою в кольори прапора клубу «Бенфіка», проїхала вулицями столиці Португалії, після чого тіло було виставлено на «Ештадіу да Луж», домашній арені рідного клубу покійного. На стадіоні труна простояла всього п'ять хвилин, після чого його провезли по прощального колу, як заповідав сам Еусебіу, винесли та відвезли на катафалку до церкви, де відбулося відспівування. Віддати останні почесті футболістові прийшли десятки тисяч людей. Еусебіу був похований того ж дня на кладовищі Луміар у Лісабоні.

Досягнення

Командні

Бенфіка

 Чемпіон Португалії(11) : 1960/61, 1962/63, 1963/64, 1964/65, 1966/67, 1967/68, 1968/69, 1970/71, 1971/72, 1972/73, 1974/75
 Володар Кубка Португаліі (5): 1962, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1972
 Володар Кубка європейських чемпіонів: 1961/62
 Фіналіст Кубка європейських чемпіонів: 1962/63, 1964/65, 1967/68
 Збірна Португалії
 Бронзовий призер чемпіонату світу: 1966

Статистика виступів

Статистика клубних виступів

Статистика виступів за збірну

Титули та досягнення

 Чемпіон Португалії: 1960–1961, 1962–1963, 1963–1964, 1964–1965, 1966–1967, 1967–1968, 1968–1969, 1970–1971, 1971–1972, 1972–1973, 1974–1975
 Кубок Португалії: 1961–1962, 1963–1964, 1968–1969, 1969–1970, 1971–1972
 Футболіст року в Португалії: 1970, 1973
 Кубок європейських чемпіонів: 1960–1961, 1961–1962
 фіналіст Кубка європейських чемпіонів: 1962–1963, 1964–1965 і 1967–1968
 чемпіон НАСЛ: 1976
 3-є місце чемпіонату світу: 1966
 найкращий бомбардир чемпіонату світу: 1966
 «Золотий м'яч»: 1965
 «Золотий бутс»: 1968, 1973
 Найвидатніший португальський футболіст 50-річчя (1954—2003)

Література
 Соскин А. Всё о футболе. Страны. Клубы. Турниры. Футболисты. Тренеры. Судьи. — Москва: Физкультура и спорт, 1972. — С. 433
 Andrzej Gowarzewski, Grzegorz Stański, Wielcy piłkarze, sławne kluby, Warszawa, Sport i Turystyka, 1979 ISBN 83-217-2189-3
 Малов В. И. 100 великих футболистов. — Москва: Вече, 2004. — C. 216—220

Примітки

Посилання

 Помер легендарний португальський футболіст Ейсебіо
 Життєпис на офіційній сторінці «Бенфіки»
 Статистики виступів у НАСЛ
 Статистика виступів за «Монтеррей» (mediotiempo.com)
 Ігри за збірну Португалії (rsssf.com)
 Eusébio da Silva Ferreira (grandefabrica.blogspot.com)

Уродженці Мапуту
Португальські футболісти
Гравці збірної Португалії з футболу
Кавалери ордена ФІФА «За заслуги»
Футболісти «Бенфіки» (Лісабон)
Футболісти «Бостон Мінітмен»
Футболісти «Монтеррея»
Футболісти «Торонто Бліззард» (1971—1984)
Футболісти «Бейра-Мар»
Португальські футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери у США
Футбольні легіонери в Мексиці
Футбольні легіонери в Канаді
Померли від серцевої недостатності
Переможці Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА
Поховані в Національному Пантеоні
Мозамбіцькі емігранти до Португалії

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: xml to javaconfig: profile and properties I want to convert the following spring beans from xml to a javaconfig class.

<bean name="recorder" class="Recorder" />
<bean name="RecordFilter" class="RecordFilter">
    <property name="resourceLocation" value="classpath:ports.list" />
</bean>

<bean name="iRecorder" class="iRecorder">
    <property name="auditRecorder" ref="auditRecorder" />
</bean>

<beans profile="logging">
    <bean name="logger" class="Logger" />
</beans>

But I dont know how to write profile and ref in JavaConfig:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
    @Bean
    public Recorder recorder() {
        Recorder recorder = new Recorder();
        return recorder;
    }

    @Bean
    public Filter filter(){
        Filter filter = new Filter();
        filter.setResourceLocation("classpath:audit/ignoredports.list");
        return filter;
    }

    @Bean
    public Recorder recorder(){Recorder recorder = new Recorder();
        ???????
        return methodInvocationRecorder;
    }

    @Bean
    ??????????????

}

I saw the same request but didn`t find answer.

A: I am not 100% sure what you are trying to acheive, but this might point you in the right direction.
Spring java config does allow for @Profile
so taking your example:
<beans profile="logging">
    <bean name="logger" class="Logger" />
</beans>

in java config it could be represented like this:
@Configuration
@Profile("logging")
public class LoggingConfiguration {

    @Bean
    public Logger logger() {
        Logger myLogger = new Logger();
        return myLogger;
    }

}

Thus the logger bean will only be available/created when the "logging" profile is active.
A simple way of activating a spring profile is by setting them in the property:
spring.profiles.active=dev,logging

This can also be overwritten via environment variables.
For further extensive reading you can reference the docs:
https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/5.0.1.RELEASE/spring-framework-reference/core.html#beans-definition-profiles-java

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Movie News Netflix New Horror on Netflix: October 2016
New Horror on Netflix: October 2016
Written by John Squires
New horror movies on Netflix can be hard to find. That's why we put together this list of scary movies streaming on Netflix right now. Watch these trailers below, note your favorites, and get ready for a frightening movie night! If you're looking for horror series on Netflix and other terrifying Netflix picks, visit our ultimate Netflix guide here.
MURDER MAPS: SEASON 2 – OCTOBER 1ST
This drama-doc series takes us back in time to the most shocking and surprising murder cases in history. Nicholas Day guides us into into the world of the killer as we see how police ingenuity and early forensics helped bring them to justice.
QUEEN OF THE DAMNED – OCTOBER 1ST
The vampire Lestat becomes a rock star whose music wakes up the queen of all vampires.
SPHERE – OCTOBER 1ST
In this new horror on Netflix, A spaceship is discovered under three hundred years' worth of coral growth at the bottom of the ocean.
THE UNINVITED – OCTOBER 1ST
Anna Ivers returns home to her sister Alex after a stint in a mental hospital, though her recovery is jeopardized thanks to her cruel stepmother. Her dismay quickly turns to horror when she is visited by ghastly visions of her dead mother.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l_HeQyKEOU
AMERICAN HORROR STORY: HOTEL – OCTOBER 4TH
The plot centers around the enigmatic Hotel Cortez in Los Angeles, California, that catches the eye of an intrepid homicide detective. The Cortez is host to the strange and bizarre, spearheaded by its owner, The Countess (Lady Gaga), who is a bloodsucking fashionista. This season features two murderous threats in the form of The Ten Commandments Killer, a serial offender who selects his victims in accordance with biblical teachings, and "The Addiction Demon", who roams the hotel armed with a drill bit dildo.
iZOMBIE: SEASON 2 – OCTOBER 6TH
iZOMBIE continues with more brainy adventures! From the executive producers of Veronica Mars, the series stars Rose McIver as Olivia "Liv" Moore, a medical resident on the fast track to a perfect life … until she's turned into a zombie. But Liv finds her calling — and an endless supply of food — working at the Seattle coroner's office, helping to solve crimes with her "visions." As season two begins, Liv's ex-fiancé and love, Major, is reeling from recent events and the knowledge that Liv is a zombie. Meanwhile, Blaine — now human — struggles to maintain his zombie world; Clive searches for Blaine and suspects Major's involvement in the Meat Cute massacre; and Ravi is bent on finding the tainted Utopium. So power up with your favorite brain food and prepare for more fun and thrills! Malcolm Goodwin, Rahul Kohli, Robert Buckley and David Anders also star, while Steven Weber continues his guest-starring role as Max Rager's CEO.
SUPERNATURAL: SEASON 11 – OCTOBER 7TH
In the show's tenth season, Sam and Dean Winchester (Jared Padalecki & Jensen Ackles) faced their most personal threat yet. The all-powerful Mark of Cain threatened to consume Dean, turning him into one of the monsters he has spent his life hunting. Meanwhile, a formidable witch, Rowena (Ruth Connell), rose to power to claim her position at the right hand of the King of Hell, Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard). Once Rowena revealed herself to be Crowley's mother, the King was forced to choose between his family and the Winchesters — all while Sam, with the help of fallen angel Castiel (Misha Collins), Crowley and some unlikely allies, waged a desperate battle to save Dean from the Mark of Cain. Taking matters into his own hands, Dean paid a terrible price to break free of the curse, but with Death defeated and Darkness freed upon the Earth, the Winchesters will need all the help they can get.
THE VAMPIRE DIARIES: SEASON 7 – OCTOBER 8TH
Get ready for more epic thrills and romance in the seventh season of The Vampire Diaries. After saying an emotional goodbye to Elena Gilbert, some characters will recover while others falter and Bonnie, in particular, will explore her new lease on life. As Damon and Stefan's mother, Lily (guest star Annie Wersching), tries to drive a wedge between the Salvatore brothers, hope remains that Stefan and Caroline's love story is tough enough to survive. Damon will do whatever it takes to take down his mother and her band of Heretics, and Enzo will struggle with where his loyalties lie. Plus, with Mystic Falls in disarray and the arrival of the Heretics — who are set on retaliation and mayhem — the suspense will be stronger than ever.
DARK MATTER: SEASON 2 – OCTOBER 16TH
Six people wake up on a deserted spaceship. They can't remember who they are or what they're doing there. They set off to find answers.
BLACK MIRROR: SEASON 3, PART 1 – OCTOBER 21ST
A television anthology series that shows the dark side of life and technology.
I AM THE PRETTY THING THAT LIVES IN THE HOUSE – OCTOBER 28TH
A young nurse takes care of elderly author who lives in a haunted house.
THE FALL: SEASON 3 – OCTOBER 29TH
In the final new horror movie being added to Netflix this October, we're entering the world of a Serial Killer. Two hunters, one cold, deliberate and highly efficient and the other, a strong, athletic man with a wife, two children and a counseling job… one of them is a serial killer and one is a cop.
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Claire Rice is a popular West Country artist based in Somerset. With a background in engineering design, she has been painting professionally for over twenty years.
She works mainly in watercolour and ink, and occasionally with elements of collage. Taking inspiration from the people and places around her, the work is often brightly coloured, with an element of fun that reflects the artist. She often works as an in house painter in various galleries and welcomes observers. Her work appears in collections and galleries across the country.


Want to get your friends and family interested in making natural products? Try hosting a Make and Take Party! During your party, guests will see, smell, and maybe even taste all the herbs and oils you already know and love in a variety of ways. From the avid enthusiast, to the curious observer, everyone will have a good time while learning about making natural beauty and personal care products. Not only that, they will also leave with some beautiful creations in hand to try in their daily lives.
Now's a great time to plan a make and take party for another reason: holiday gifts! Many of us have aspirations of DIYing lots of beautiful holiday gifts (like those here), but the reality is: it's easy to let that sort of thing fall to the backburner. Especially if you've never done it before! Getting together with friends to get it done simplifies things a lot. PLUS, you'll all save on ingredients if you can buy them in bulk.
To begin party planning, create a list of people to invite. Keep in mind how many people your location can hold, but remember about half the people invited will typically be unable to attend. Send out invitations approximately two weeks prior to the event. This extra time allows people to add your party to their schedule and builds anticipation.
A great way to streamline the planning process is to pick a theme. Themes assist you in making decisions on party decorations, food, and even the items to make. Themes can be as simple as health remedies, or as elaborate as a purple and teal spa night. Keep your theme in mind throughout the planning phase. Decide on the refreshments you will provide and think of fun ways to incorporate those things too. An herb-inspired evening could include herbal teas and desserts. The possibilities are endless.
Make a shopping list for all the items you will need including food, decorations, and ingredients for the gifts guests will be making. If you will be charging guests to attend the party, figure out the cost per guest and set your prices accordingly. If you want to discuss options for what to make with your guests ahead of time, a Facebook event can be a great place to do that! You can even create a poll to let your guests vote on different options.
Prior to your party, arrange stations for each item to be made. Include a recipe card, ingredients, stir sticks, containers, and ingredients! As guests arrive, greet them at the door and welcome them into your home or location. Point out the stations, refreshments, and general gathering area. Make introductions as necessary. Once everyone has arrived, it's time to start the party! Have each guest introduce herself. Then explain what you're all going to be making and some information about the ingredients you're using. Having a handout with this information would also be helpful. Dismiss the guests to the creation stations and let them get busy. Make sure to walk around to each station to assist and answer questions.
Guests love Make and Take parties because they can get together with friends, be creative, eat some yummy food, and best of all, take something home with them! The sky is the limit when it comes to gifts, just make sure it is easy to make, relatively inexpensive, and something guests will use.
Have you ever hosted a Make + Take Party? Have any questions? Leave a comment below!
Get DIY supplies at Mountain Rose Herbs!
This is a GREAT idea! So fun and interactive, which is important for everyone to find what they like!
This is awesome, thanks so much for sharing! I am about to host a DIY Body Scrub evening for friends to make for Christmas presents. I would love to do a candle evening too, but haven't figured out the logistics of melting wax etc…do you have any tips?
I'm always looking for different things to do with the girls. This looks like it would be a good time.


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Listening to stories from the major leagues in the 1950s is everything anyone could ever hope for during an entertaining afternoon.
As a very little boy nearly 50 years ago, I began hearing about the O'Brien twins. How Johnny and Eddie beat the Globetrotters while at Seattle U, how Johnny scored at will on passes from his brother, how they played major-league baseball. And how they did all of this while being only 5 feet 9.
I heard enough about them that I felt like I knew them, but I could not have imagined ever meeting them. I thought about that during a recent two-hour lunch with Johnny O'Brien, finally meeting the legend my grandfather, father and uncles had told me about. My only regret was not doing this before Eddie passed away four years ago.
Johnny began telling me stories, and he started to worry that he was taking up too much of my time. I told him I could sit there for hours listening to him. I heard stories about Elgin Baylor, Jackie Robinson, Roy Campanella, Hank Aaron and more.
Listening to this warm, funny and remarkably humble legend was a labor of love and one of the highlights of my career.
I felt like I did nearly 30 years ago when I interviewed Mark Koenig, the last living member of the 1927 New York Yankees, when I listened to stories of him partying with Babe Ruth and spending time at Lou Gehrig's house. I knew that was something I would never forget and would one day tell my grandkids about.
It was 1956, and when O'Brien got the call to get his arm loosened up in the eighth inning, he assumed it would be as a defensive replacement at second base for Curt Roberts. But Pirates manager Bobby Bragan had a different idea.
"I go to second base and there is Roberts standing there. I look over at the dugout and Bragan's pointing at the mound. It was Bragan's idea, not mine. So (catcher) Hank Foiles comes out to the mound. I tell him I can throw hard and I have a knuckleball I throw hard that goes straight down. He goes OK, 1 is a fastball, 2 is a curve, 3 is a slider and 4 is … and I say why are you putting all those pitches in there, I only throw two. On the first warmup pitch, I hit the screen and (Cincinnati manager) Birdie Tebbets comes out and starts yelling, 'He can't pitch, he can't pitch.' But in the National League, there wasn't a pitching roster and we could pitch anyone we want.
O'Brien pitched in 25 games in his big-league career. He and Eddie are the only twins to each have a win in the majors.
The Pirates are playing the Giants and one of biggest brawls in big-league history ensues and O'Brien races to the scene.
After finishing at Seattle U in 1953, the O'Briens joined the Pirates. Branch Rickey, the legendary Dodgers executive, had just become general manager of the Pirates.
O'Brien gave up Hank Aaron's 87th home run and Willie Mays' 182nd.
O'Brien had offseason jobs while in the majors, as did most players not lucky enough to get a bonus check from winning the World Series.
The Pirates were perennial losers when the O'Briens were playing there. That worked in Johnny's favor once when the twins and their wives were out on a date.
In the 1955-56 offseason, Johnny O'Brien took a job as coach of a high-level AAU basketball team. He had 11 players on his team and when he got a call about a possible 12th player, he was adamant about not adding any players.
It didn't matter that the player was pretty good, O'Brien was not going to budge. After some persuading, O'Brien said the kid could at least work out with the team at one practice.
And on the first trip through the layup line, that player, 6-foot-5 Elgin Baylor, did a reverse jam.
Baylor led Seattle U to the NCAA title game two years later, before starring in the NBA and landing in the Basketball Hall of Fame.
So Johnny O'Brien was the first person in Seattle to coach Baylor, the only player to pass O'Brien as Seattle U's best. It seems rather fitting.