Back in the 1970s, one of the greatest baseball teams of all time was the Cincinnati Reds. The Big Red Machine. They had a lineup that included Johnny Bench, Pete Rose, Joe Morgan, Tony Perez, Jose Concepcion, George Foster, Ken Griffey, and Cesar Gerónimo. Many of them now in the Hall of Fame. They won six National League Western Division titles, four National League Pennants and two World Series. They were the Pirates nemesis during that decade, beating them in the NL Championship Series three times. The Reds' manager was Sparky Anderson. And believe it or not, he had a dress code for the Reds. When acting on team business off the field, team members were required to wear slacks, dress shirts and blazers. On the field, their hair could not go over the top of their ears, side burns had to stop at the earlobe, and they were not permitted to have any facial hair. The players were not particularly fond of these rules, particularly because the 70s were an era of … well … hair. And lots of it. But the Reds followed the rules. Because it they didn't, they didn't get in the game. You want to be a Red? This is how you act. There is a team in Pittsburgh right now that might think about using that kind of discipline.
This all came to mind when I read this week's text. Let me set the stage. You might recall that last week Jesus was preaching to his disciples and followers. The "blessed" folks were there with him and so were close to Jesus and the Kingdom. The "woeful" were not. This week Jesus is still preaching. Who is he preaching to? Those who are listening to him. Us. We are still there listening. We want to be disciples of Jesus. To be on the Jesus Team. Then Jesus tells us the team rules. If you want to live in the Kingdom, here is what you need to do. Love your enemies. Do good to those who hate you. Pray for those who abuse you. If someone tries to humiliate you, walk away. If someone sues you and takes your property, let them have it. Give to anyone who asks and expect nothing in return. Do to others as you would have them do to you. Don't judge. Don't condemn. Forgive. Wow! These are some hard rules. Really hard. As my mother might have said: "It would be easier for a watermelon to get through a keyhole, than for someone to follow these rules." Can any of us play for that team? Do any of us want to play for that team? These rules go against human nature. We live in a world where retaliation and condemnation have become almost an art form. Just look at social media. It seems to be a game of who can come up with the snarkiest retort to someone else's snarky comment. We equate "I hate your opinion" with "I hate you"!
Jesus turns all this on its head. I can imagine Jesus' audience. Us. Like my Mom, we are troubled. "What?" "If we follow your rules, Jesus, won't we become meek doormats who allow others to abuse us at will?" That would be a misreading of this text. How do we read it? Jesus really has only one rule. Love your enemies. So now we have to break that down a bit. The Greek word for love here is agape. Agape is what you do, not how you feel. Love that is pure verb. But even if we are called to love our enemies, we are not called to like them. Liking someone is a way of feeling about them. Agape is doing good, despite a complete lack of good feeling. How do we love these folks? Jesus says, "treat others the way you want them to treat you." Not the way they treat you. We call this the "Golden Rule". Next, we need to know who our enemies are. The Greek work for enemy is echthrus. It means basically hostile opposition. Your enemies are not those who simply disagree with you, they are the ones who try to hurt you. It's easy to treat the folks who simply disagree with you well. But how do you treat those who seek to harm you well? Jesus provides a brief list. These are cultural illustrations of what loving enemies might look like to his listeners. And he adds an important one. Don't judge or condemn them. Forgive them. The implication and reality is that if you judge, you get judged back. If you condemn, you get condemned back. If you refuse to forgive, your get no forgiveness. This is not about God. This is the retaliation we see every day in the world. The Greek word for judge is krino. The meaning in this context is punishment or vengeance. It includes condemnation. The Greek word for forgiven is apolyo. It means to "let it go". So, when we put all these things together, we Jesus tells us this: If you want to be a disciple of Jesus, you must treat those who with hostility oppose you, not with retaliation, but as you want them to treat you, letting go of your bad feelings for them. This has little to do with conceding, but it certainly does have something to do with justice. It's called peacemaking. What peacemaking looks like changes with each and every situation. Turning the other cheek and then praying and doing good for someone who physically or verbally attack you does not mean that you must allow them to continue. Complying with those who make unwanted demands does not mean you don't seek justice. The metric is how would you want to be treated? Treat these enemies with respect and justice, which might mean you have to cooperated or separate. And here is the hard part. Jesus puts the onus on us, his disciples.
We are required to do these things, even when we are not treated the same way. How do we do that? Here is one way. Boundaries is a series of books written by Henry Cloud and John Townsend. The primary point I got from these books is this: No one can control what other people will do or think. The only person I can control is me. So, when someone is acting in a way that harms me in some way, I must decide what I will do to avoid the harm. I need to set boundaries. Boundaries are rules for the relationship. Boundaries are lines I draw. No one is allowed inside my boundaries. If someone crosses the line, I will do act in a way that causes that person to be outside the boundary. My action will not be retaliation, nor will it be judgmental. It will simply remove a threat from inside my boundary. The act might be leaving that person's presence, asking a person to leave your presence, ending a conversation, changing a subject, or any other action that stops the harm, even up defending yourself or to calling the police. These actions allow you to maintain the boundary of safety you have set for yourself. From there, you can treat the person the way you want to be treated without judgment and, from a safe distance, forgive.
Paul offers this, in Romans 12: 18-21 citing Proverbs 25: 21-22: 18If it is possible, so far as it depends on you, live peaceably with all.19Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave room for the wrath of God; for it is written, 'Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord.'20No, 'if your enemies are hungry, feed them; if they are thirsty, give them something to drink; for by doing this you will heap burning coals on their heads.' 21Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.
So, there is that. Regardless of Paul's alternative point of view, treating someone the way you want to be treated is the kind of love that makes peace. This is living the Jesus way. So, from that standpoint, what Jesus requires of his team seeks peace in the world and so preserves the world. Because if we follow the eye for eye and tooth for tooth method of relating to each other, the reciprocal loss of body parts will end up with no bodies, and nobody. But there is more than that. We are called to treat each other the way God treats us.
Your reward will be great, and you will be children of the Most High; for he is kind to the ungrateful and the wicked. 36Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful.
And when we do, we become children of God. Kingdom dwellers. Disciples of Jesus. Don't get me wrong, this is hard stuff. The Reds just had to shave and buy some nice clothes. Luke … well … was fiction, and he had the force with him. We live in a world full of conflict and violence. A world where retaliation is not only condoned but expected. Where peacemaking is considered a weakness. And yet somehow, we are to love our enemies. How do we even start? Jesus gives us a way. Pray for them. Pray for the people you count as your enemies. And pray that you can treat them the way you want to be treated. If we do that, maybe, just maybe, we can live the Jesus way.


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Community InspirationJune 30, 2020
Meet Along the Way: Connie Angle, Klodean Crader, and Sierra Kaiser
By Mia Pohlman
Women do incredible things. This section features the stories of women who are a part of the Southeast Missouri community by way of living here, being from here or passing through. We hope these stories inspire you to connect with others and that they encourage you to be who you are in the world. We need you and your unique gifts.
This story first appeared in the April 2020 issue of "The Best Years (TBY)."
Connie Angle of Burfordville shows part of the process of making infant burial clothes to the Southeast Missourian on Thursday, Jan. 23, 2020, at Angle's home in Burfordville. Photo by Jacob Wiegand.
A bridesmaid gown or wedding dress is something you wear once. And then the wearer wonders what to do with it.
Connie Angle, RN, and her mother, Klodean Crader, are providing a way to reuse formal dresses while bringing comfort to other women: they sew infant burial gowns and rompers from the formals. These outfits are then given to families grieving the loss of their baby from miscarriage, stillbirth or newborn death, families who often haven't had time or energy to think about this aspect as they grieve their loss.
Angle, who has worked as a registered nurse in the newborn intensive care unit at SoutheastHEALTH since she graduated from a Southeast Missouri State University two-year nursing program in 1985, says the endeavor can be attributed to divine intervention.
The story goes like this: one Sunday approximately five years ago at her church, prayer was requested for a family who had lost their baby. That same afternoon, recognizing a need at the hospital, Connie asked her mother if she would be interested in making burial gowns from old wedding and bridesmaid dresses for babies who had passed away. Crader agreed, and Angle found patterns on the Internet that evening. The next morning at 6:45 a.m. at the time clock at work, she told the head of the Share program that she was considering making the dresses and rompers. Mid-morning, even though he hadn't heard that Angle was considering doing the project, another nurse brought in a wedding dress to donate and said he had heard that burial gowns could be made from wedding dresses. Connie took that as her sign.
"This is just kind of a God-sent program," Connie says.
So she began collecting wedding and bridesmaid dresses, and she and Crader got to work sewing. They make a variety of sizes for babies who weigh one pound and up in dresses for girls and rompers for boys; each dress or romper takes a few hours to make. They also make a fleece blanket to go along with every dress or romper, as well as include a handkerchief made from the same dress as the baby's dress for parents to keep. Additionally, they put satin on teddy bears' feet so that a baby's footprint can be stamped on it in ink.
There has been an outpouring of support for this project from the community; currently, the mother-daughter team has 40 dresses that have been donated and are not accepting more donations for the time being. Angle tries to let each bride who has donated her dress see a finished burial gown created from her dress.
The project allows Angle and Crader to use their gifts in the service of others: Crader has been sewing since she was around five years old. Growing up on a farm without electricity, sewing was one of the things she liked to do. She learned to sew on a treadle machine, and after she graduated from high school, her sister who was four years older than her and didn't like to sew bought the material and had Crader use her passion for sewing to make them dresses. Crader then went to work sewing at Deever's Shoe Factory in Lutesville until it closed, then to Inland Shoe in Advance for 20 years until it closed and then to Tri-Con making seat covers in Cape Girardeau, where she was laid off. She then worked at Paramont Hat Factory in Marble Hill until they closed and then finally at Henschel Hat Factory in Sedgewickville. She still sews on a 1950s model Singer sewing machine.
Angle learned how to sew as a little girl from Crader, who had her sew straight lines on notebook paper and then later scrap fabric onto JCPenney's or Sears' catalogue pages. Angle still has the pieces of fabric sewn onto catalogue pages that function as quilt blocks; she has yet to sew them together. In the eighth grade through high school, Angle took home economics, tailoring and sewing classes to further her skills. She still sews on the machine her husband bought for her when she was pregnant with their first son.
Angle and Crader say they have always been close, and that they enjoy doing this project with each other to help families.
"We get to work together," Crader says of one of the reasons she makes the infant burial gowns and rompers.
"It's the most emotionally-draining day you'll ever have as a nurse, but it's also the most rewarding," Angle says of the days they give out the dresses and rompers. "And whether you have seconds, minutes, hours — you cherish every moment. Some babies are born stillbirth, but you try to focus [on] help[ing] the mom really look at the baby because memories and pictures is all she's going to have. And so we try to cherish every moment that we get. Some moms get minutes, seconds, hours; whatever they get, we make the most of it."
Sierra Kaiser of Scott City, Missouri, received one of these dresses for her daughter, Daivlyn, who was born with Trisomy 18, a condition caused by meiotic disjunction that results in a baby having three chromosome 18s rather than two, causing complications that are often life-threatening in the early months and years of a baby's life. Because of this, specialized doctors in St. Louis had suggested to Kaiser that she terminate her pregnancy; Kaiser refused, saying that if there was any chance her baby could live for any amount of time, she wanted to give her that. Daivlyn, who was born in March 2019, lived for nearly three days, during which time Kaiser says she saw it as her "job to love her."
Kaiser has three photo albums full of photos to show this is just what she did. During this time, the Share program provided Kaiser and her family with a slideshow of pictures of Daivlyn, a teddy bear with her heartbeat recorded in it and castings of her hands and feet. And of course, she received a burial gown made from a donated wedding dress.
"It means a lot, and it was beautiful," Kaiser says of the dress and the Share program. "To have [the nurses] still contact me — call me, text me, [ask] how are you doing — checking up on me and stuff, it means a lot."
She decided to keep the dress since her daughter wore it, so that she would have something to remember Daivlyn by. She displays it in a shadow box. "It hurts, but … at least I have something," she says.
Although Angle refers to the dresses and rompers as "such a small gesture" when put in perspective with what the parents are dealing with, this is the sort of support and comfort she hopes to provide to families dealing with this type of loss.
"As every bride's unique, every baby's unique," Angle says. "I say all the gowns were worn in love, and every baby's been wrapped in love."
Previous Meet Along the Way: Anna Lipska Volodymyrivna
Next Meet Along the Way: Church Women United

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HomeFinland-StartupsFinnish startup AISTI scores €1.6 million to revolutionize construction material industry with...
Finland-StartupsFunding
Finnish startup AISTI scores €1.6 million to revolutionize construction material industry with sustainable acoustic tiles
Shaking up the construction material industry, AISTI has just picked up €1.6 million for its sustainable approach to tiling. The funding was raised by a group of investors assembled by Valve Ventures, and at the same time, two new members were invited to the company's Board of Directors, Pirkka Palomäki and Eerik Paasikivi.
Tackling the climate crisis, making greener choices and moving towards a more sustainable economy is now part of every market and industry. The construction industry, while perhaps slower to join this shift, is no exception. Founded in 2019, AISTI is developing wood fiber-based acoustic tiles that are carbon negative, easy to recycle and plastic-free – bringing sustainability to construction tile by tile.
The Finnish startup is bringing a viable option to the construction industry to help the goal of attaining a reduced carbon footprint and greener choices. By using AISTI tiles instead of existing (stone and glass wool) products, construction companies can reduce their carbon footprint without any cost impact. In addition, the Aisti tiles cause no irritation during installation or use.
Mikko Paananen, the company's founder and CEO, explained: "Our goal is to rise alongside the world's largest acoustic tile manufacturers by offering sustainable products for the needs of today's construction."
AISTI's founders Antti Fredrikson, Petri Jetsu and Mikko Paananen have a strong background in acoustics, business development, wood fibre-based product and process development and brand creation. The first customers have already been obtained from large architectural firms and the demo tiles have been well received by developers and construction companies.
The young startup is bringing something new to the market. While there's been a demand for carbon-negative products growing for years until now there's been no supply. The fresh funding will be used by AISTI to build a demo plant, product development and the preparation of an investment for a large production plant – key parts of the goal to take on the tile market.
Pirkka Palomäki, Maki.vc's partner, added: "AISTI's technology is ready and scalable quickly. There is a huge potential in carbon-negative and cost-competitive new building materials".
aisti
Oslo-based Dr.Dropin picks up €19 million for digi-physical medical service that's democratising private healthcare
Wojtek Sadowski, the Co-Founder & CEO of Packhelp will speak at the EU-Startups Summit on May 12-13 in Barcelona!
Munich-based tado° scoops up €43 million to make Europe more energy efficient
Wayout: The startup offsetting the need for bottled water and cutting plastic pollution secures €6 million
Sustainable chocolate brand Love Cocoa unwraps €4.8 million to push forward chocolate innovation
Balancing economics and the environment in the built environment | A conversation with Jens Thumm, Co-Founder and CEO, Predium
Amsterdam-based Crisp consolidates its status as a market leader with acquisition of De Krat
Carbon removal through enhanced rock weathering: InPlanet closes €1.2 million to scale its vision


text:
Tomáš Pajonk (* 11. srpna 1981 Havířov) je český politik a podnikatel, v letech 2017 až 2019 předseda Strany svobodných občanů, předtím v letech 2013 až 2015 místopředseda strany. V letech 2016 až 2020 byl zastupitelem Zlínského kraje.

Život a politické působení
Vystudoval Vysokou školu ekonomickou v Praze, kde získal inženýrský titul v oboru Matematické metody v ekonomii. V roce 2009 založil firmu Solvertech, která se zabývá vývojem software pro optimalizaci dopravy. Členem Svobodných a krajským předsedou se stal v roce 2012. O rok později byl zvolen místopředsedou strany. Předsednictvo jej pověřilo dohledem na kampaň k volbám do Evropského parlamentu 2014.

Ve volbách do Evropského parlamentu v roce 2014 kandidoval za Svobodné na 3. místě jejich kandidátky, ale neuspěl. Ve volbách do krajského zastupitelstva Zlínského kraje v roce 2016 utvořili zlínští Svobodní pod Pajonkovým vedením koalici se Stranou soukromníků ČR a Pajonk byl zvolen krajským zastupitelem. Ve volbách v roce 2020 již nekandidoval.

Po volbách do Poslanecké sněmovny PČR v roce 2017, které dopadly pro Svobodné neúspěšně (získali jen 1,56 % hlasů), rezignovalo dosavadní vedení strany. V nové volbě předsedy v listopadu 2017 zvítězil a porazil tak i Petra Macha. Funkci předsedy strany zastával do října 2019.

Ve volbách do Evropského parlamentu v květnu 2019 kandidoval jako člen Svobodných na 2. místě kandidátky subjektu s názvem "Svobodní, Liberland a Radostné Česko - ODEJDEME BEZ PLACENÍ", ale nebyl zvolen.

Postoje
Pravo-levé rozdělení považuje za přežité; sám sebe považuje spíše za libertariána- Minarchistu. Kritizuje Evropskou unii, která podle Pajonka není reformovatelná. Kritizoval Holešovskou výzvu. Distancoval se od Akce D. O. S. T. Navrhuje zakázat orgánům státní správy propagovat sebe sama, protože jde o nepotřebné plýtvání. Stát podle něj "není komerční firma" a "nemá se co propagovat".

Pro Pajonka je "rodina více než stát" a byl by raději, kdyby stát do rodinných záležitostí vůbec nezasahoval.

V lednu 2014 polemizoval s Petrem Hájkem, který Pajonka za výrok "rodina je více než stát" kritizoval, neboť podle Hájka je stát potřebný k ochraně rodiny. Navíc se Pajonk vyjádřil, že homosexuálové mají stejná práva, jako ostatní lidé, čímž měl zaútočit na tradiční rodinu, neboť podle Hájka je politickým cílem "homosexualistického hnutí" destrukce tradiční rodiny. Pajonk reagoval, že rodina nepatří státu, a jsou to naopak státní zásahy do rodiny a snaha rodinu chránit, které rodiny rozbíjejí. Zbytečné útoky na homosexuály z nich podle Pajonka dělají utlačovanou menšinu, což dává munici různým levicovým aktivistům, aby se mohli pasovat na ochránce lidských práv.

Osobní život
Je ženatý a má pět dětí. Žije ve Veselé v blízkosti obce Zašová (okres Vsetín).

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Tomáš Pajonk, pajonk.cz, osobní stránky.
 Petr Hampl: Tomáš Pajonk. Zapamatujte si to jméno!
 Solvertech.cz, stránky firmy založené v roce 2009 Tomášem Pajnokem.

Čeští podnikatelé
Zastupitelé Zlínského kraje
Předsedové Svobodných
Místopředsedové Svobodných
Libertariáni
Absolventi Vysoké školy ekonomické v Praze
Narození v roce 1981
Narození 11. srpna
Narození v Havířově
Žijící lidé
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Lake Jessie is a body of water located two miles east of Binford in Griggs County, in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The lake has a surface area of . It is bordered by the Lake Jessie State Historic Site. John C. Frémont named Lake Jessie for his future wife, Jessie Benton Frémont.

References

Lakes of North Dakota
Bodies of water of Griggs County, North Dakota


Was born on January 11, 1963 in Kuzek-Shok settlement of Mendykara district of Kostanay region.
Graduated from Almaty branch of Dzhambul technological institute of light and food industry and Modern humanitarian institute, Moscow city.
1986-1988. Master, head of department of Kustanay Grain Production of Lenin order of the Ministry of procurement of Kazakh SSR.
1997-1998. President of "Tobol elevator" JSC.
1998-1999. Director of representative office of "Food corporation" CJSC for Kostanay region.
2000-2004. Deputy Akim of Kostanay region.
2004-2005. General director of "Қостанай астық өнімдері" grain company" Ltd..
2005-2009. First Deputy Chairman of the Committee for rural areas, head of staff, executive secretary of the Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2010-2012. Adviser of Chairman of Executive Board of "KazAgro" National management holding" JSC.
2012-2015. Managing director – head of staff (member of Executive Board) of "KazAgro" National management holding" JSC.
Since May 2012. Managing director - member of Executive Board of "KazAgro" National management holding" JSC.
Omarov T.Y. is a chairman of the Board of directors of "KazAgroProduct" JSC and member of the Board of directors of "Food contract corporation" National company" JSC.


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Nov 14, 2014· This Powder filling machine is completely made of stainless steel, Filling system is driven by servo-motor, and Taiwan made maintenance-free reducer is used for agitating motor, Product cabinet is specified as fully closed, damper air-pressure control, made of stainless steel and glass .
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Allow the vibrant aroma of pomegranate and freesia to penetrate the air with this stylish scent diffuser.
This product is no longer stocked at MECCA.
A balance of traditional reed diffusion and an innovative alcohol-free formulation, this elegant diffuser unleashes a fresh aroma that is both fruity and floral. Captured in a sophisticated glass vessel.


In its latest beta update (via Android Police), Nova Launcher is adding true integration with Google Now, no gesture workarounds needed. Simply swipe to the left on your homescreen and you'll be greeted with your Google Now cards. If things work as advertised, it should be as seamless as on Google's official options.
How does this work? Up until recently, adding Google Now support to a launcher in the way of the Google Now and/or Pixel Launcher required the launcher application to be loaded as a system application. That's why manufacturers such as Motorola and Sony have Google Now built into their homescreens. Without root access, third-party launchers just didn't have the option for this.
However, things changed behind the scenes recently as this functionality can be enabled thanks to the Google app checking if the client app is debuggable and not Google's own app. Sounds great right? An easy way to use Google Now with Nova Launcher. While true, there's still an issue. Debuggable applications can't be published on Google Play, so to get things working properly, users need to sideload an app.
To get Google Now on Nova Launcher, you'll need to be on the latest beta version of the app, v5.3-beta1 which you can download from the Play Store (once enrolled in the beta). From there, you'll need to download the "Nova Google Companion" add-on APK from APKMirror. Once that is installed, Nova Launcher will detect it and use that app to automatically enable the Google Now panel on your homescreen.
This isn't a perfect, seamless solution, but it works a whole lot better than having to root your device and opens it up to a lot more users as well. This new feature is open to all Nova users, Prime or not, on any Android smartphone running Marshmallow and up.


Corporation stop - The corporation stop is connected to the water main.
This connection is usually made of brass and can be connected to the main by use of a special tool without shutting off the municipal supply. The valve incorporated in the corporation stop permits the pressure to be maintained in the main while the service to the building is completed.
Sanitary Drainage System: The proper sizing of the sanitary drain or house drain depends on the number of fixtures it serves. The usual minimum size is 6 inches in dial diameter. The materials used are usually cast iron, vitrified clay, plastic, and in rare cases, lead. For proper flow in the drain the pipe should be sized so that it flows approximately one-half full. This ensures proper scouring action so that the solids contained in the waste will not be deposited in the pipe.


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Not to be confused with the exponential families of probability distributions.
Cumulative distribution function
λ > 0 rate, or inverse scale
x ∈ [0, ∞)
λ e−λx
cdf:
1 − e−λx
mean:
λ−1
median:
λ−1 ln 2
variance:
skewness:
ex.kurtosis:
entropy:
1 − ln(λ)
mgf:
In probability theory and statistics, the exponential distribution (a.k.a. negative exponential distribution) is a family of continuous probability distributions. It describes the time between events in a Poisson process, i.e. a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate.
Note that the exponential distribution is not the same as the class of exponential families of distributions, which is a large class of probability distributions that includes the exponential distribution as one of its members, but also includes the normal distribution, binomial distribution, gamma distribution, Poisson, and many others.
1 Characterization
1.1 Probability density function
1.2 Cumulative distribution function
1.3 Alternative parameterization
2.1 Mean, variance, and median
2.2 Memorylessness
2.3 Quantiles
2.4 Kullback–Leibler divergence
2.5 Maximum entropy distribution
2.6 Distribution of the minimum of exponential random variables
3 Parameter estimation
3.1 Maximum likelihood
3.2 Bayesian inference
3.3 Confidence interval
4 Generating exponential variates
5 Related distributions
6.1 Occurrence of events
6.2 Prediction
The probability density function (pdf) of an exponential distribution is
Alternatively, this can be defined using the Heaviside step function, H(x).
Here λ > 0 is the parameter of the distribution, often called the rate parameter. The distribution is supported on the interval [0, ∞). If a random variable X has this distribution, we write X ~ Exp(λ).
The exponential distribution exhibits infinite divisibility.
The cumulative distribution function is given by
Alternative parameterization
A commonly used alternative parameterization is to define the probability density function (pdf) of an exponential distribution as
where β > 0 is a scale parameter of the distribution and is the reciprocal of the rate parameter, λ, defined above. In this specification, β is a survival parameter in the sense that if a random variable X is the duration of time that a given biological or mechanical system manages to survive and X ~ Exponential(β) then E[X] = β. That is to say, the expected duration of survival of the system is β units of time. The parameterisation involving the "rate" parameter arises in the context of events arriving at a rate λ, when the time between events (which might be modelled using an exponential distribution) has a mean of β = λ−1.
The alternative specification is sometimes more convenient than the one given above, and some authors will use it as a standard definition. This alternative specification is not used here. Unfortunately this gives rise to a notational ambiguity. In general, the reader must check which of these two specifications is being used if an author writes "X ~ Exponential(λ)", since either the notation in the previous (using λ) or the notation in this section (here, using β to avoid confusion) could be intended.
Mean, variance, and median
The mean or expected value of an exponentially distributed random variable X with rate parameter λ is given by
In light of the examples given above, this makes sense: if you receive phone calls at an average rate of 2 per hour, then you can expect to wait half an hour for every call.
The variance of X is given by
The median of X is given by
where ln refers to the natural logarithm. Thus the absolute difference between the mean and median is
in accordance with the median-mean inequality.
Memorylessness
An important property of the exponential distribution is that it is memoryless. This means that if a random variable T is exponentially distributed, its conditional probability obeys
This says that the conditional probability that we need to wait, for example, more than another 10 seconds before the first arrival, given that the first arrival has not yet happened after 30 seconds, is equal to the initial probability that we need to wait more than 10 seconds for the first arrival. So, if we waited for 30 seconds and the first arrival didn't happen (T > 30), probability that we'll need to wait another 10 seconds for the first arrival (T > 30 + 10) is the same as the initial probability that we need to wait more than 10 seconds for the first arrival (T > 10). Students taking courses on probability often misunderstand this idea: the fact that Pr(T > 40 | T > 30) = Pr(T > 10) does not mean that the events T > 40 and T > 30 are independent.
To summarize: "memorylessness" of the probability distribution of the waiting time T until the first arrival means
It does not mean
(That would be independence. These two events are not independent.)
The exponential distributions and the geometric distributions are the only memoryless probability distributions.
The exponential distribution is consequently also necessarily the only continuous probability distribution that has a constant Failure rate.
Quantiles
The quantile function (inverse cumulative distribution function) for Exponential(λ) is
for 0 ≤ p < 1. The quartiles are therefore:
first quartile
ln(4/3)/λ
ln(2)/λ
third quartile
Kullback–Leibler divergence
The directed Kullback–Leibler divergence between Exp(λ0) ('true' distribution) and Exp(λ) ('approximating' distribution) is given by
Maximum entropy distribution
Among all continuous probability distributions with support [0,∞) and mean μ, the exponential distribution with λ = 1/μ has the largest entropy. Alternatively, it is the maximum entropy probability distribution for a random variate X for which E(X) is fixed and greater than zero.[1]
Distribution of the minimum of exponential random variables
Let X1, ..., Xn be independent exponentially distributed random variables with rate parameters λ1, ..., λn. Then
is also exponentially distributed, with parameter
This can be seen by considering the complementary cumulative distribution function:
The index of the variable which achieves the minimum is distributed according to the law
Note that
is not exponentially distributed.
Suppose a given variable is exponentially distributed and the rate parameter λ is to be estimated.
Maximum likelihood
The likelihood function for λ, given an independent and identically distributed sample x = (x1, ..., xn) drawn from the variable, is
is the sample mean.
The derivative of the likelihood function's logarithm is
Consequently the maximum likelihood estimate for the rate parameter is
While this estimate is the most likely reconstruction of the true parameter λ, it is only an estimate, and as such, one can imagine that the more data points are available the better the estimate will be. It so happens that one can compute an exact confidence interval – that is, a confidence interval that is valid for all number of samples, not just large ones. The 100(1 − α)% exact confidence interval for this estimate is given by[2]
which is also equal to:
where is the MLE estimate, λ is the true value of the parameter, and χ2p,ν is the 100(1 – p) percentile of the chi squared distribution with ν degrees of freedom.
Bayesian inference
The conjugate prior for the exponential distribution is the gamma distribution (of which the exponential distribution is a special case). The following parameterization of the gamma pdf is useful:
The posterior distribution p can then be expressed in terms of the likelihood function defined above and a gamma prior:
Now the posterior density p has been specified up to a missing normalizing constant. Since it has the form of a gamma pdf, this can easily be filled in, and one obtains
Here the parameter α can be interpreted as the number of prior observations, and β as the sum of the prior observations.
A simple and rapid method to calculate an approximate confidence interval for the estimation of λ is based on the application of the central limit theorem.[3] This method provides a good approximation of the confidence interval limits, for samples containing at least 15 – 20 elements. Denoting by N the sample size, the upper and lower limits of the 95% confidence interval are given by:
Generating exponential variates
A conceptually very simple method for generating exponential variates is based on inverse transform sampling: Given a random variate U drawn from the uniform distribution on the unit interval (0, 1), the variate
has an exponential distribution, where F −1 is the quantile function, defined by
Moreover, if U is uniform on (0, 1), then so is 1 − U. This means one can generate exponential variates as follows:
Other methods for generating exponential variates are discussed by Knuth[4] and Devroye.[5]
The ziggurat algorithm is a fast method for generating exponential variates.
A fast method for generating a set of ready-ordered exponential variates without using a sorting routine is also available.[5]
Related distributions
Exponential distribution is closed under scaling by a positive factor. If then
If and then
If then
The Benktander Weibull distribution reduces to a truncated exponential distribution
If then (Benktander Weibull distribution)
The exponential distribution is a limit of a scaled beta distribution:
If then (Erlang distribution)
If then (Generalized extreme value distribution)
If then (gamma distribution)
If and then (Laplace distribution)
If then (logistic distribution)
If and then (logistic distribution)
If then (Pareto distribution)
Exponential distribution is a special case of type 3 Pearson distribution
If then (power law)
If then (Rayleigh distribution)
If then (Weibull distribution)
If (Uniform distribution (continuous)) then
If (Poisson distribution) where then (geometric distribution)
If and then (K-distribution)
The Hoyt distribution can be obtained from Exponential distribution and Arcsine distribution
Y ∼ Gumbel(μ, β), i.e. Y has a Gumbel distribution, if Y = μ − βlog(Xλ) and X ∼ Exponential(λ).
X ∼ χ22, i.e. X has a chi-squared distribution with 2 degrees of freedom, if .
X ∼ SkewLogistic(θ), then log(1 + e−−) ∼ Exponential(θ): see skew-logistic distribution.
Let X ∼ Exponential(λX) and Y ∼ Exponential(λY) be independent. Then has probability density function . This can be used to obtain a confidence interval for .
Other related distributions:
Hyper-exponential distribution – the distribution whose density is a weighted sum of exponential densities.
Hypoexponential distribution – the distribution of a general sum of exponential random variables.
exGaussian distribution – the sum of an exponential distribution and a normal distribution.
Occurrence of events
The exponential distribution occurs naturally when describing the lengths of the inter-arrival times in a homogeneous Poisson process.
The exponential distribution may be viewed as a continuous counterpart of the geometric distribution, which describes the number of Bernoulli trials necessary for a discrete process to change state. In contrast, the exponential distribution describes the time for a continuous process to change state.
In real-world scenarios, the assumption of a constant rate (or probability per unit time) is rarely satisfied. For example, the rate of incoming phone calls differs according to the time of day. But if we focus on a time interval during which the rate is roughly constant, such as from 2 to 4 p.m. during work days, the exponential distribution can be used as a good approximate model for the time until the next phone call arrives. Similar caveats apply to the following examples which yield approximately exponentially distributed variables:
The time until a radioactive particle decays, or the time between clicks of a geiger counter
The time it takes before your next telephone call
The time until default (on payment to company debt holders) in reduced form credit risk modeling
Exponential variables can also be used to model situations where certain events occur with a constant probability per unit length, such as the distance between mutations on a DNA strand, or between roadkills on a given road.[citation needed]
In queuing theory, the service times of agents in a system (e.g. how long it takes for a bank teller etc. to serve a customer) are often modeled as exponentially distributed variables. (The inter-arrival of customers for instance in a system is typically modeled by the Poisson distribution in most management science textbooks.) The length of a process that can be thought of as a sequence of several independent tasks is better modeled by a variable following the Erlang distribution (which is the distribution of the sum of several independent exponentially distributed variables).
Fitted cumulative exponential distribution to annually maximum 1-day rainfalls using CumFreq [6]
Reliability theory and reliability engineering also make extensive use of the exponential distribution. Because of the memoryless property of this distribution, it is well-suited to model the constant hazard rate portion of the bathtub curve used in reliability theory. It is also very convenient because it is so easy to add failure rates in a reliability model. The exponential distribution is however not appropriate to model the overall lifetime of organisms or technical devices, because the "failure rates" here are not constant: more failures occur for very young and for very old systems.
In physics, if you observe a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure in a uniform gravitational field, the heights of the various molecules also follow an approximate exponential distribution. This is a consequence of the entropy property mentioned below.
In hydrology, the exponential distribution is used to analyze extreme values of such variables as monthly and annual maximum values of daily rainfall and river discharge volumes.[7]
The blue picture illustrates an example of fitting the exponential distribution to ranked annually maximum one-day rainfalls showing also the 90% confidence belt based on the binomial distribution. The rainfall data are represented by plotting positions as part of the cumulative frequency analysis.
Having observed a sample of n data points from an unknown exponential distribution a common task is to use these samples to make predictions about future data from the same source. A common predictive distribution over future samples is the so-called plug-in distribution, formed by plugging a suitable estimate for the rate parameter λ into the exponential density function. A common choice of estimate is the one provided by the principle of maximum likelihood, and using this yields the predictive density over a future sample xn+1, conditioned on the observed samples x = (x1, ..., xn) given by
The Bayesian approach provides a predictive distribution which takes into account the uncertainty of the estimated parameter, although this may depend crucially on the choice of prior.
A predictive distribution free of the issues of choosing priors that arise under the subjective Bayesian approach is
which can be considered as (1) a frequentist confidence distribution, obtained from the distribution of the pivotal quantity ;[8] (2) a profile predictive likelihood, obtained by eliminating the parameter λ from the joint likelihood of xn + 1 and λ by maximization;[9] (3) an objective Bayesian predictive posterior distribution, obtained using the non-informative Jeffreys prior 1 / λ; and (4) the Conditional Normalized Maximum Likelihood (CNML) predictive distribution, from information theoretic considerations.[10]
The accuracy of a predictive distribution may be measured using the distance or divergence between the true exponential distribution with rate parameter, λ0, and the predictive distribution based on the sample x. The Kullback–Leibler divergence is a commonly used, parameterisation free measure of the difference between two distributions. Letting Δ(λ0||p) denote the Kullback–Leibler divergence between an exponential with rate parameter λ0 and a predictive distribution p it can be shown that
where the expectation is taken with respect to the exponential distribution with rate parameter λ0 ∈ (0, ∞), and ψ( · ) is the digamma function. It is clear that the CNML predictive distribution is strictly superior to the maximum likelihood plug-in distribution in terms of average Kullback–Leibler divergence for all sample sizes n > 0.
Dead time – an application of exponential distribution to particle detector analysis.
Laplace distribution, or the "double exponential distribution".
^ Park, Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum entropy autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model". Journal of Econometrics (Elsevier): 219–230. http://www.wise.xmu.edu.cn/Master/Download/..%5C..%5CUploadFiles%5Cpaper-masterdownload%5C2009519932327055475115776.pdf. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
^ K. S. Trivedi, Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queueing and Computer Science applications, Chapter 10 Statistical Inference, http://www.ee.duke.edu/~kst/BLUEppt/chap10f_secure.pdf
^ Guerriero V. et al. (2010). "Quantifying uncertainties in multi-scale studies of fractured reservoir analogues: Implemented statistical analysis of scan line data from carbonate rocks" (PDF). Journal of Structural Geology (Elsevier). doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.04.016.
^ Donald E. Knuth (1998). The Art of Computer Programming, volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms, 3rd edn. Boston: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89684-2. See section 3.4.1, p. 133.
^ a b Luc Devroye (1986). Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96305-7. See chapter IX, section 2, pp. 392–401.
^ "Cumfreq, a free computer program for cumulative frequency analysis". http://www.waterlog.info/cumfreq.htm.
^ Ritzema (ed.), H.P. (1994). Frequency and Regression Analysis. Chapter 6 in: Drainage Principles and Applications, Publication 16, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 175–224. ISBN 90 70754 3 39. http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/freqtxt.pdf.
^ Lawless, J.F., Fredette, M.,"Frequentist predictions intervals and predictive distributions", Biometrika (2005), Vol 92, Issue 3, pp 529–542.
^ Bjornstad, J.F., "Predictive Likelihood: A Review", Statist. Sci. Volume 5, Number 2 (1990), 242–254.
^ D. F. Schmidt and E. Makalic, "Universal Models for the Exponential Distribution", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Volume 55, Number 7, pp. 3087–3090, 2009 doi:10.1109/TIT.2009.2018331
Online calculator of Exponential Distribution
v · d · eProbability distributions
Discrete univariate with finite support
Benford · Bernoulli · Beta-binomial · binomial · categorical · hypergeometric · Poisson binomial · Rademacher · discrete uniform · Zipf · Zipf-Mandelbrot
Discrete univariate with infinite support
beta negative binomial · Boltzmann · Conway–Maxwell–Poisson · discrete phase-type · extended negative binomial · Gauss–Kuzmin · geometric · logarithmic · negative binomial · parabolic fractal · Poisson · Skellam · Yule–Simon · zeta
Continuous univariate supported on a bounded interval, e.g. [0,1]
Arcsine · ARGUS · Balding-Nichols · Bates · Beta · Noncentral beta · Irwin–Hall · Kumaraswamy · logit-normal · raised cosine · triangular · U-quadratic · uniform · Wigner semicircle
Continuous univariate supported on a semi-infinite interval, usually [0,∞)
Benini · Benktander 1st kind · Benktander 2nd kind · Beta prime · Bose–Einstein · Burr · chi-squared · chi · Coxian · Dagum · Davis · Erlang · exponential · F · Fermi–Dirac · folded normal · Fréchet · Gamma · generalized inverse Gaussian · half-logistic · half-normal · Hotelling's T-squared · hyper-exponential · hypoexponential · inverse chi-squared (scaled-inverse-chi-squared) · inverse Gaussian · inverse gamma · Kolmogorov · Lévy · log-Cauchy · log-Laplace · log-logistic · log-normal · Maxwell–Boltzmann · Maxwell speed · Mittag–Leffler · Nakagami · noncentral chi-squared · Pareto · phase-type · Rayleigh · relativistic Breit–Wigner · Rice · Rosin–Rammler · shifted Gompertz · truncated normal · type-2 Gumbel · Weibull · Wilks' lambda
Continuous univariate supported on the whole real line (−∞, ∞)
Cauchy · exponential power · Fisher's z · generalized normal · generalized hyperbolic · geometric stable · Gumbel · Holtsmark · hyperbolic secant · Landau · Laplace · Linnik · logistic · noncentral t · normal (Gaussian) · normal-inverse Gaussian · skew normal · slash · stable · Student's t · type-1 Gumbel · variance-gamma · Voigt
Continuous univariate with support whose type varies
generalized extreme value · generalized Pareto · Tukey lambda · q-Gaussian · q-exponential · shifted log-logistic
Mixed continuous-discrete univariate distributions
rectified Gaussian
Multivariate (joint)
Discrete: Ewens · multinomial · multivariate Pólya · negative multinomial
Continuous: Dirichlet · Generalized Dirichlet · multivariate normal · Multivariate stable · multivariate Student · normal-scaled inverse gamma · normal-gamma
Matrix-valued: inverse-Wishart · matrix normal · Wishart
Univariate (circular) directional: Circular uniform · univariate von Mises · wrapped normal · wrapped Cauchy · wrapped exponential · wrapped Lévy
Bivariate (spherical): Kent Bivariate (toroidal): bivariate von Mises
Multivariate: von Mises–Fisher · Bingham
Degenerate and singular
Degenerate: discrete degenerate · Dirac delta function
Singular: Cantor
Circular · compound Poisson · elliptical · exponential · natural exponential · location-scale · maximum entropy · mixture · Pearson · Tweedie · wrapped
v · d · eSome common univariate probability distributions
Cauchy
chi-squared
log-normal
Student's t
Weibull
binomial
discrete uniform
hypergeometric
negative binomial
List of probability distributions
Exponentials
Poisson processes
Distributions with conjugate priors
Beyond This Horizon
exponential distribution — a skewed probability distribution with right tail extending to infinity and having the density function f(x) = λe−λx for x ≥ 0 and λ > 0. The mean is 1/λ and the variance is (1/λ)2. The mode is at zero and the … Medical dictionary
exponential distribution — noun a class of continuous probability distributions often used to model the time between events that happen at a constant average rate … Wiktionary
Hyper-exponential distribution — In probability theory, a hyper exponential distribution is a continuous distribution such that the probability density function of the random variable X is given by: f X(x) = sum {i=1}^n f {Y i}(y) p i,where Y i is an exponentially distributed… … Wikipedia
Double exponential distribution — In statistics, the double exponential distribution may refer to Laplace distribution, or bilateral exponential distribution, consisting of two exponential distributions glued together on each side of a threshold Gumbel distribution, the… … Wikipedia
Exponential — may refer to any of several mathematical topics related to exponentiation, including: *Exponential function, also: **Matrix exponential, the matrix analogue to the above *Exponential decay *Exponential growth *Exponential map, in differential… … Wikipedia
Exponential family — Not to be confused with the exponential distribution. Natural parameter links here. For the usage of this term in differential geometry, see differential geometry of curves. In probability and statistics, an exponential family is an important… … Wikipedia
Exponential decay — A quantity undergoing exponential decay. Larger decay constants make the quantity vanish much more rapidly. This plot shows decay for decay constants of 25, 5, 1, 1/5, and 1/25 for x from 0 to 5. A quantity is said to be subject to exponential… … Wikipedia
Exponential smoothing — is a technique that can be applied to time series data, either to produce smoothed data for presentation, or to make forecasts. The time series data themselves are a sequence of observations. The observed phenomenon may be an essentially random… … Wikipedia
Exponential sum — In mathematics, an exponential sum may be a finite Fourier series (i.e. a trigonometric polynomial), or other finite sum formed using the exponential function, usually expressed by means of the function:e(x) = exp(2pi ix).Therefore a typical… … Wikipedia
Exponential power distribution — The exponential power distribution, also known as the generalized error distribution, is a probability distribution that takes a scale parameter a and exponent (or shape parameter) b . The probability density is: p(x) , dx = {1 over 2 a… … Wikipedia


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Language Network Recognized as a Leading On-site Interpreting Company Worldwide
Language Network | Jan 13, 2023
Independent market research firm CSA Research recognizes Language Network as a leader in the interpreting services industry
(Los Angeles, California) – Meeting the demand for information in someone's native language − and sometimes the legal requirements to do so – fuels an indispensable, multi-billion translation, interpreting, and localization industry. Based on verified data, Language Network has been recognized by independent market research firm CSA Research as a leader in on-site interpreting services, ranking in the top 20 in the world based on overall revenue.
Language Network is a trusted language solutions company with over 30 years of experience, specializing in translation, interpretation, and localization services in 200 languages. Language Network has provided both consecutive and simultaneous interpreting support in healthcare, government, social service, business, and government settings.
"Our team works tirelessly to provide critical language access and interpreting to our communities and it's a privilege to be recognized for that effort" – Jordan Evans, CEO
Comments Hélène Pielmeier, Senior Analyst at CSA Research, "Interpreting is a complex specialty area. Once you get past ad hoc jobs, it requires distinct expertise to deliver the interpreting, a complex supply chain infrastructure, specialized technology to coordinate and deliver the jobs, and the right approach when working with clients."
For the ranking, CSA Research considered all the providers in its 18th annual market survey and singled out the companies that derived the largest annual revenue in 2021 from on-site interpreting services.
About Language Network
Language Network is a language solutions company specializing in interpretation, translation, and localization services for government, healthcare, and international businesses. Language Network provides critical language access and support in over 200 languages.
About CSA Research
CSA Research, formerly Common-Sense Advisory, is the premier market research firm specializing in the language services and technology industry. It provides primary data and insight to assist companies with planning, brand strategy, innovation, competitive positioning, and a better understanding of global markets. An independent market research company, its trusted and verified data helps companies profitably grow their international businesses and gain access to new markets and new customers.
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Thanks for your interest in the Network Administrator position. Unfortunately this position has been closed but you can search our 139 open jobs by clicking here.
Cisco voice networks including Cisco Call Manager, Unity Connection, SIP, and basic understanding of VoIP.


Bathroom vanity cabinets are considered bathroom furniture, and usually range from simple two door storage units with a wood veneer or a single color paint to exquisitely detailed richly carved hard wood cabinets, with hand applied finishes and marble inlay tops. The vanity cabinet is the place to start in adding sophisticated elegance to the bathroom, as it can and tie together the occasional disparate element between mirror and sink. The bathroom vanity cabinet can compensate, enliven and embellish any bathroom setting.
Bathroom vanity cabinets often come with a sink and/or fixtures depending on where and how you buy. If you purchase a single unit with sink, top, and fixtures you avoid the challenge of assembling a coherent aesthetic from individual pieces and, chances are, you will get a deal. There are those homeowners among us, however, who find working with their own vision far more gratifying than purchasing a ready-made item or unit.
Tradition has always been a partner to innovation, and so there are many creative choices in the bathroom world. Adapting antique dressers for use as bathroom vanity furniture can lead to stunning results. Some exclusive companies and designers will make this conversion for you. A less expensive and more popular route is to purchase a reproduction that comes with a basin that matches the period of the dresser.
There are also a host of contemporary choices available, often making use of different synthetic materials, metals and woods. One great example is the use of a small-brushed chrome cabinet, usually seen in an office environment, beneath a minimally decorated counter top and basin. This kind of unusual and tasteful choice can revitalize any room, with a clean, modern effect. Bathroom vanity cabinets are often the central focus of the bathroom vanity, and the creative options are endless, from the unique graining of wood to the exciting shine of brushed metal.
Bathroom Vanities Info provides detailed information on discount and contemporary bathroom vanity cabinets, sinks, tops, mirrors, lights, and more. Bathroom Vanities Info is the sister site of Shower Curtains Web.
Colors affect our minds, our physiologies, and our social interactions. The colors you choose when decorating a room can have an effect on any occasion that you hold there.
A Room With A ViewHave you ever wished you had a great view right outside your bedroom window but all you see when you wake up in the morning is the wall of the next-door neighbor's house? Well then follow these easy steps to create your own window with a great view.What You Will Need for This Decorating Project:1.
Of all the various kits available from hobby stores and websites across the Internet, cuckoo clock kits are very rare indeed. Why is this? Two reasons: one is that as simple the cuckoo clock's design may seem (after all, it was invented in 1730), it is actually very complicated and can only be replicated by masters.
Back in the day, fireplaces were an integral part of heating the home. People relied on the heat which radiated from their fireplace as their main heat source.
It is a clich� that wines get better with age. How a wine ages will depend on how the wine is stored.
"There are a number of factors that must be taken into account when installing a wood stove. It is important to make sure that the stove is set on a proper type of flooring.


I'm currently remodeling my kitchen and have the room completely gutted. The party wall is basically 110 year old 2x4 construction with no insulation but but does have some lathe partitioning the two apartments that appears to have been left after previous remodels which currently limits the thickness of insulation I can use without removing.
Has anyone tackled a similar situation?
You bet I have. If you want good soundproofing, convert the wall into a staggered stud wall, or double stud, if you're really serious about it. Since you're going to gut the room, this is not difficult.
Skip the cotton and MLV. Fiberglass works fine, and if you have a decoupled wall and 2 layers of 5/8" drywall, you're good to go... Just remember your sealing.
Here in Canada we have a product called Safe and Sound insulation by Roxul. It is way better than standard fibreglass insulation....works very well if you have studs....unfortunately I have to go over plaster and patchy old concrete and have no room for a new framed wall.
Roxul is just mineral wool insulation, and we have it in America, too. Although it works a bit better than fiberglass, it's not a 'miracle' noise reduction product. If you have a 'regular' wall - panels directly connected to each other by the studs - It's going to have a trivial effect on the amount of isolation you can achieve: 4-6 points STC improvement, max. If you go to the trouble to slightly modify the wall: 20+ points STC.
You wouldn't need to build an entirely new wall to get good effects. You would just need to widen the wall plates (if you use 1X4's, you'll only use 3/4" of floor space) and add new staggered studs in between the existing studs. With insulation, double 5/8" drywall and good sealing, you can easily get STC 50+, compared to the paltry 30-35 you have now. The difference will be massive.
If you don't modify the wall, expect an STC of 36-39. Considering the time, energy and money you're going to invest, that's not much of an improvement.
Can the new 'staggered' studs be inserted between old studs to reduce space on either side?


Mineral Spirits also known as mineral turpentine, turpentine substitute, petroleum spirits, solvent naphtha, varsol, stoddard solvent or, generically paint thinner, is a petroleum-derived clear, transparent liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting and decorating.
Mineral Spirits are used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of Mineral Spirits consumption is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes. Mineral Spirits is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry.
In households, Mineral Spirits are commonly used to clean paint brushes after use.


text:
Serving the community since 1878 ~ A By Light Unseen Media publication
Week of August 20 to August 27, 2020
Courier Archives
Remote start to hybrid cohorts, Sizer School releases Return to School Plan 2020
This is an example Sizer School classroom arranged to accommodate hybrid learning while allowing for required social distancing guidelines.
On Monday, Aug. 10, the Sizer School Board of Trustees approved a 2020-2021 Return to School Plan for reopening the school in September.
"The Return to School Plan 2020 is the culmination of an incredible amount of Sizer team work," according to Sizer School's new Executive Director Michelle Paranto, Ed.D. "We dedicated ourselves to gathering as much information as possible to make the best decisions for our students, staff, teachers and our community."
"The plan is focused on creating a strong academic learning environment while meeting all health and safety guidelines," added Paranto. Sizer School, a North Central Charter Essential School, is a free public charter school located in Fitchburg serving students in grades seven through twelve from 25 local towns and cities. Sizer released their Return Plan on Monday, which outlines a phased-in hybrid model. The Sizer School year will start with remote learning for seven weeks. There will then be three weeks of a phased-in hybrid model of returning students to the building in cohorts by grade level. Seventh grade students will return first, followed by eighth and ninth grade students and finally, 10th, 11th and 12th.
"We decided on a phased-in hybrid model for several reasons," explained Paranto. "We wanted to establish a robust remote learning foundation upon which to build our hybrid model and to have in place if we should need to return to a remote-only learning model at any time throughout the year. Once we have the remote model in place, we will then be ready to phase-in bringing students into the building and into our classrooms. The phased-in approach allows students and teachers the time needed to establish our 'new normal' for going to school."
According to the outlined plan, Sizer School will begin Remote Learning on September 14, 2020 and run through October 30, when first quarter grades close.
During the Remote Learning Phase:
Staff will be working from the building.
Teachers will be encouraged to teach/work from the building with a phased-in hybrid approach to bringing them back to teach in classrooms during Week 11.
Each Grade Level Team will be designing a plan to best meet the unique needs of their students by grade.
Teaching will follow a regular school schedule with a combination of synchronous and asynchronous learning within a structured remote model.
Sizer School Principal Frederick Randall says the 2020 remote and hybrid models were designed to allow for the flexibility needed to maintain the accessible, quality education that Sizer School is known to offer students.
"Sizer School remains committed to meeting all learning needs during both the remote and hybrid models," he said. "The building will be accessible as needed by students and staff in accordance with all state safety guidelines."
On November 2, the hybrid model will begin for students Grade 7, on November 9 hybrid begins for students grade 8 & 9 and on November 16 hybrid begins for students grades 10-12.
Looking beyond November, Sizer plans to continue with the hybrid model with cohorts of students in the building throughout the rest of the school year unless the Massachusetts data on the pandemic indicates a return to full-time remote learning or a move to full-time in-person learning.
Overall, Paranto says, "Our Return to School Plan 2020 is a dynamic plan that will adapt and change as the school year progresses and the pandemic continues to evolve in Massachusetts. We are very much looking forward to the start of the school year and believe our plan provides the guidance needed for Sizer to do school well."
The Winchendon Courier
Winchendon, MA 01475
Owner/Publisher: Inanna Arthen
editor@winchendoncourier.net


OAKLAND, Calif., August 2, 2016 — John Ladley, First San Francisco Partners President, will present at the Data Governance Winter Conference November 14–18 in Delray Beach, FL. The event, sponsored by DATAVERSITY and Debtech International, is endorsed by DAMA International and the Data Governance Professionals Organization.
Malcolm Chisholm, Chief Innovation Officer, will also present on behalf of First San Francisco Partners (FSFP).
FSFP is dedicated to the cost-effective delivery of integrated information management solutions that enable organizations to transform their operations and achieve outstanding business success. FSFP's team of senior-level business and technology experts, including Founder and CEO Kelle O'Neal, excel in working collaboratively with business stakeholders and IT departments to make informed decisions about enterprise information management planning and organizational alignment. FSFP helps organizations quickly identify ways to reduce risks, contain costs and increase operational efficiencies.


text:
package org.renjin.primitives.packaging;

import org.renjin.sexp.SEXP;

public abstract class Dataset {

  public abstract String getName();

  public abstract SEXP load();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Recent Articles in Currency Reports
Currency - Update on the U.S. Dollar (DXY)
The DXY has turned up after holding at the lower end of the regression trend channel.
The DXY has pulled back to channel support and is reversing from this oversold area.
US Markets - Update on the 10-Yr. T-Note Yield and TLT
The 10-yr. yield and TLT both achieved our Money Flow Unit target levels, and we are closing out our technical calls for each.
Technical Tuesday - March 12, 2019 - Currency & Commodity Report
The DXY remains above support with improving upside momentum. On the other side of the coin, we have the EURO hitting our initial target at 1.115 and remaining in a firm downtrend. Momentum remains very weak.
Technical Tuesday - March 5, 2019 - Currency Commodity
The DXY is making its way above an important resistance area, and we expect it to trade higher from here.
Technical Tuesday - February 19, 2019
The next few days will be very telling for both the DXY and EURO. The overall bias for the EURO is weak and we are looking for a short-term rally to sell into.
Please find in the attached pdf this weeks review of a number of currencies and commodities.
Technical Tuesday - January 29, 2019
Today's report covers the G10 currencies, the TLT and 10-yr. T-Note Yield and a number of commodities.
On a short-term basis, we have a trading sells on the S&P 500, Nasdaq Composite, Russell 2000 and the Midcap 400 (MDY). All of these indices are into a confluence of resistance and overbought. Our intermediate to long-term view remains bullish as we had extreme readings on a number of market internals into the December low.
Technical Tuesday - January 8, 2019
Volatility brings opportunity, and we sure have seen a lot of that in recent weeks. As we reviewed the a number of market indices and internals, we feel that for most markets, we have seen an internal low and now wait for the external low to take shape.
Technical Tuesday - December 18, 2018
WTI Crude Oil is approaching a range of support between $42—$45. Gold is close to our initial target of 1285 with improving momentum.
Technical Tuesday - November 27, 2018
Not much has changed for the U.S. markets when viewed on an intermediate-term basis. We did highlight a short-term buy in the S&P last week based on the daily timeframe and that buy remains in effect. Momentum for the Nasdaq Composite remains very weak and we would continue to use any strength to lighten up on Tech. Defensive areas such as Utilities are holding up very well and we had U.S.REITs as viewed by the IYR trigger a buy this week. We are working on a complete sector review for later this week.
We are looking for declines from this year's highs to be in the -18% to -20% range, yes, more to go.
Technical Tuesday - November 6, 2018
The U.S. indices had a good bounce last week, but not enough to change the overall outlook which remains cautious. The S&P 500 had a 5% rally off the MFU-4 target based on the daily timeframe, but all it has really done is to rally into a zone of resistance. The intermediate-term momentum measures remain weak. We continue to see more weakness in Growth relative to Value.
Technical Tuesday - October 29, 2018
Crude looks good for a long trade for a tactical trader. Gold remains in a favorable position.
More Articles >>


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Q: About URI relativize Please see the following java code:
URL u = new URL("http://www.site1.com/aaa/");
URL u2 = new URL("http://www.site1.com/aaa/ccc/aaa/");
URI r = u2.toURI().relativize(u.toURI());
System.out.println(r); // print:   http://www.site1.com/aaa/

However, how to return the REALLY relative path: ../../ ?

A: the code, hope it's useful :)
/**
 * split path
 * the String.split() is a little ambiguous because it might return empty string in the returned array that is unexpected.
 * in this function, the only case that returned array is empty is when path is /
 * @param path
 * @return
 */
public static String[] splitPath(String path) {
    ArrayList<String> ret = new ArrayList<String>();
    Pattern p = Pattern.compile("/+");
    Matcher m = p.matcher(path);
    int s0 = 0;
    int s1,e1;
    while(m.find()) {
        s1 = m.start();
        e1 = m.end();
        if(s1-s0>0) {
            ret.add(path.substring(s0,s1));
        }
        s0 = e1;
    }
    if(s0<path.length()) {
        ret.add(path.substring(s0));
    }
    String[] a = ret.toArray(new String[0]);
    return a;
}

/**
 * get the relative path against the base dir.
 * @param base - the base path, must be a directory.
 * @param path - the path to visit, can be directory or file.
 * @return - the relative path from base to the path.
 */
public static String relativize(String baseDir, String path) {
    if(!baseDir.endsWith("/")) {
        baseDir = baseDir + "/"; // assume the baseDir is always a directory.
    }
    String[] bases = splitPath(baseDir);
    String[] paths = splitPath(path);
    int p = 0, q = 0;

    while(p<bases.length && q<paths.length && bases[p].equals(paths[q])) {
        p++;
        q++;
    }

    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(255);
    int i;
    for(i=bases.length-1;i>=p;i--) {
        sb.append("../");
    }

    for(i=q;i<paths.length;i++) {
        sb.append(paths[i]);
        if(i!=paths.length-1) {
            sb.append("/");
        }
    }

    if(path.endsWith("/")) {
        // ensure the last char of sb is not /
        i = sb.length();
        if(i>0 && sb.charAt(i-1)!='/') {
            sb.append("/");
        }
    }
    return sb.toString();
}

static void testRelativize() {
    String r;
    r = relativize("/", "/acdde");
    if(!"acdde".equals(r)) {
        throw new RuntimeException("1");
    }

    r = relativize("/a", "/b/c");
    if(!"../b/c".equals(r)) {
        throw new RuntimeException("2");
    }

    r = relativize("/c", "/c/a/");
    if(!"a/".equals(r)) {
        throw new RuntimeException("3");
    }

    r = relativize("/c/d", "/c/a/a.txt");
    if(!"../a/a.txt".equals(r)) {
        throw new RuntimeException("4");
    }

    r = relativize("/c/b/d/", "/c/");
    if(!"../../".equals(r)) {
        throw new RuntimeException("5");
    }

    r = relativize("/c/d", "/c/d/a.txt");
    if(!"a.txt".equals(r)) {
        throw new RuntimeException("6");
    }
}

A: You probably want to switch u2 with u, since u is the prefix of u2, like this:
URI r = u.toURI().relativize(u2.toURI());
System.out.println(r); // print:   ccc/aaa/

According to URI.relativize() javadoc:

The relativization of the given URI against this URI is computed as
  follows:

*

*If either this URI or the given URI are opaque, or if the scheme and authority components of the two URIs are not identical, or if the
  path of this URI is not a prefix of the path of the given URI, then
  the given URI is returned.

*Otherwise a new relative hierarchical URI is constructed with query and fragment components taken from the given URI and with a path
  component computed by removing this URI's path from the beginning of
  the given URI's path.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Press Release -- August 31st, 2017
Source: Windstream
Major building supply company selects Windstream's integrated SD-WAN and UCaaS solution to increase productivity and fuel continued expansion
Supplier already seeing the benefits of Windstream's SD-WAN, UCaaS hosted-voice solutions as it begins roll out to more than 3,500 employees in 210 locations in the U.S. and Canada
LITTLE ROCK, Ark., Aug. 31, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Windstream (NYSE:WIN, news, filings), a leading provider of advanced network communications, today announced that a major building supplier has selected it to provide SD-WAN and Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS) solutions to increase the connectivity and productivity of its 3,500 employees located across the United States and Canada.
The supplier selected Windstream's SD-WAN Concierge™ service, a fully-managed solution that includes personalized and proactive guidance from an assigned technical service manager to ensure the best performance and experience. Windstream's SD-WAN solution is transforming how businesses design and manage their networks, and it gives customers increased network agility, seamless scalability and optimized performance, all while also reducing costs.
In addition to SD-WAN, the customer is implementing Windstream's UCaaS solution, which allows it to integrate voice and network communications technologies on a single platform. It will also allow the company's employees to improve real-time communications with customers and each other using voice, instant messaging, presence management, collaboration and mobility, web and video conferencing, desktop sharing, and unified messaging applications.
The supplier originally contracted with Windstream for SD-WAN services in a four-location trial, and the company has now extended service to 25 of its 210 locations with plans to transition its remaining 185 locations to Windstream's SD-WAN solution as quickly as possible.
"This is another example of Windstream partnering with the customer to find the best solution for their unique needs which in this case is our managed SD-WAN service with a single management portal and the support of Windstream technical advisers," said Joseph Harding, executive vice president and enterprise chief marketing officer at Windstream.
Traditional WAN technology has long been the cornerstone of IT for voice and data networking infrastructure, but the expectation for less downtime and latency, as well as the advent of hybrid/cloud architectures and the higher cost of adding locations, are causing many companies to rethink their WAN strategy. Windstream's SD-WAN solution offers customers a more tailored, flexible, cost-effective and controllable WAN experience.
Windstream's solution utilizes dynamic WAN selection to intelligently route traffic over a combination of private and public access types to reach multiple locations. Customers like this to maintain control over their network from a convenient centralized location rather than managing routers and firewalls at each location. The solution also simplifies management and monitoring by presenting comprehensive information to the customer in an SD-WAN Management Tool console – a "single pane of glass."
Windstream offers a full suite of advanced network communications and technology solutions like SD-WAN, UCaaS, Ethernet, Wavelength Services, MPLS and dedicated high-speed Internet along with voice and data services such as VoIP access and SIP trunking. Windstream also offers managed services, cloud connectivity and network security services designed to help businesses increase productivity and improve operational costs. For more information, visit windstreambusiness.com.
About Windstream
Windstream Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ:WIN), a FORTUNE 500 company, is a leading provider of advanced network communications and technology solutions for consumers, businesses, enterprise organizations and wholesale customers across the U.S. Windstream offers bundled services, including broadband, security solutions, voice and digital TV to consumers. The company also provides data, cloud solutions, unified communications and managed services to small business and enterprise clients. The company supplies core transport solutions on a local and long-haul fiber network spanning approximately 150,000 miles. Additional information is available at windstream.com. Please visit our newsroom at news.windstream.com or follow us on Twitter at @Windstream.
Sarah C. Davis, 720.529.7611
sarah.c.davis@windstream.com
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