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Preventing Ovarian Cancer through early Excision of Tubes and late Ovarian Removal (PROTECTOR): protocol for a prospective non-randomised multi-center trial
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4081-6883Faiza Gaba1,2,
Sadiyah Robbani3,
Naveena Singh4,
W Glenn McCluggage5,
Nafisa Wilkinson6,
Raji Ganesan7,
Gareth Bryson8,
Gareth Rowlands9,
Charlotte Tyson3,
Rupali Arora6,
Ertan Saridogan10,
Helen Hanson11,
Matthew Burnell12,
Rosa Legood13,
D Gareth Evans14,
Usha Menon12 and
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-5057Ranjit Manchanda1,2
on behalf of the PROTECTOR team
1 Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts CRUK Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
2 Department of Gynaecological Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
3 Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
4 Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
5 Department of Pathology, Royal Belfast Hospital; United Kingdom, Belfast, UK
6 Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
7 Birmingham Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
8 NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
9 Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
10 Department of Gynaecology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
11 St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
12 University College London, London, UK
13 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
14 The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Correspondence to Dr Ranjit Manchanda, Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, Barts CRUK Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; r.manchanda{at}qmul.ac.uk
Background Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is the 'gold standard' for preventing tubo-ovarian cancer in women at increased risk. However, when performed in pre-menopausal women, it results in premature menopause and associated detrimental health consequences. This, together with acceptance of the central role of the fallopian tube in etiopathogenesis of high-grade serous carcinoma, by far the most common type of tubo-ovarian cancer, has led to risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy being proposed as a two-step surgical alternative for pre-menopausal women declining/delaying oophorectomy.
Primary Objective To evaluate the impact on sexual function of risk-reducing early salpingectomy, within a two-step, risk-reducing, early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy tubo-ovarian cancer prevention strategy in pre-menopausal women at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer.
Study Hypothesis Risk-reducing early salpingectomy is non-inferior for sexual and endocrine function compared with controls; risk-reducing early salpingectomy is superior for sexual/endocrine function, non-inferior for quality-of-life, and equivalent in satisfaction to the standard risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy.
Trial Design Multi-center, observational cohort trial with three arms: risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy; risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy; controls (no surgery). Consenting individuals undergo an ultrasound, serum CA125, and follicle-stimulating hormone measurements and provide information on medical history, family history, quality-of-life, sexual function, cancer worry, psychological well-being, and satisfaction/regret. Follow-up by questionnaire takes place annually for 3 years. Women receiving risk-reducing early salpingectomy can undergo delayed oophorectomy at a later date of their choosing, or definitely by the menopause.
Major Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Inclusion criteria: pre-menopausal; aged >30 years; at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer (mutation carriers or on the basis of a strong family history); completed their family (for surgical arms). Exclusion criteria: post-menopausal; previous bilateral salpingectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; pregnancy; previous tubal/ovarian/peritoneal malignancy; <12 months after cancer treatment; clinical suspicion of tubal/ovarian cancer at baseline.
Primary Endpoint Sexual function measured by validated questionnaires.
Sample Size 1000 (333 per arm).
Estimated Dates for Completing Accrual and Presenting Results It is estimated recruitment will be completed by 2023 and results published by 2027.
Trial Registration Number ISRCTN registry: 25 173 360 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN25173360).
gynecologic surgical procedures
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-001541
BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers have a 17–44% lifetime risk of tubo-ovarian cancer and a 69–72% lifetime risk of breast cancer.1 Primary surgical prevention in the form of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is the most effective option and gold standard for tubo-ovarian cancer risk reduction, particularly given the absence of an effective national screening program. Pre-menopausal risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy leads to premature surgical menopause, which has detrimental long-term health sequelae (increased risk of coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, sexual dysfunction, neurocognitive decline), especially if individuals are unable to use hormone replacement therapy.2–5 Widespread acceptance of a central role for the fallopian tube as the site of origin of most high-grade serous carcinomas, by far the most common and aggressive sub-type of adnexal malignancy, from a precursor known as serous tubal intra-epithelial carcinoma, has led to the attractive proposal of a two-step alternative tubo-ovarian cancer surgical prevention strategy in pre-menopausal women who have completed their family but decline, or wish to delay, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. This involves risk-reducing early salpingectomy as the first step followed by delayed oophorectomy after the menopause. Risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy has the advantage of providing some level of risk reduction while conserving ovarian function and avoiding the negative health consequences of premature menopause. Lack of clarity on several key issues strengthens the case for offering risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy solely within a research setting. The precise estimate of tubo-ovarian cancer risk reduction and long-term health outcomes with risk-reducing early salpingectomy remain unclear. Salpingectomy will not prevent tubo-ovarian cancer arising outside the tube. Residual fimbrial tissue may remain on the ovarian surface after salpingectomy in 9.8% of cases,6 and could be a potential site for malignant transformation, which could also theoretically arise from tubal-type tissue within the ovarian stroma (endosalpingiosis/cortical inclusion cysts). The etiopathogenesis of tubo-ovarian cancer is complex and our current understanding incomplete. It has been suggested that there are different types of serous tubal intra-epithelial carcinoma and the natural history, progression rates, outcomes, and rate-limiting step in its development associated with each type remains unknown.7 In addition, a proportion of high-grade serous carcinoma have histologically normal tubes (even after complete examination using a sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end protocol) and serous tubal intra-epithelial carcinoma may not be the precursor of all high-grade serous carcinoma.8 The long-term impact of salpingectomy on sexual function, endocrine-function, and onset of menopause is unknown. Clinicians have concerns about attrition from delayed oophorectomy and a proportion of patients who do not undergo delayed oophorectomy may develop tubo-ovarian cancer. In addition, uncertainties remain around cost-effectiveness.
We present the protocol for the 'Preventing Ovarian Cancer through early Excision of Tubes and late Ovarian Removal' (PROTECTOR) Trial, which evaluates risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy in UK women who are at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer. The full PROTECTOR protocol can be found at http://protector.org.uk/ (ISRCTN25173360). Our hypotheses are: (1) risk-reducing early salpingectomy is non-inferior for sexual and endocrine function compared with controls and (2) risk-reducing early salpingectomy is superior for sexual/endocrine function, non-inferior for quality-of-life, and equivalent in satisfaction compared with the standard risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy.
Multi-center, observational cohort trial with three arms: risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy; risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy; controls (no surgery). Eligible individuals self-select which of the three arms they wish to opt for. Randomization to a control arm involving no surgery is unethical in high-risk women as is randomization to a risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy arm given the lack of clarity on tubo-ovarian cancer risk reduction. Furthermore, randomization is unacceptable to women and reported to be a barrier to participation in a similar clinical trial among BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers and gynecological oncologists/geneticists.9
A pragmatic way forward is a prospective observational cohort study based on a standardized nationally acceptable protocol, with a well-designed patient information sheet (highlighting advantages and limitations) and comprehensive evaluation of short- and long-term outcomes. This is a UK-wide study with 41 sites planned (30 currently active and 11 being set up).
Inclusion criteria include pre-menopausal women aged ≥30 years who have completed their family (surgical arms), and are at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer. Women may be at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer if they carry a pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutation in the BRCA1/BRCA2/RAD51C/RAD51D/BRIP1 gene or based on a strong family history of tubo-ovarian cancer (BRCA-negative or BRCA-unknown with two or more first-degree relatives with tubo-ovarian cancer or three or more relatives with tubo-ovarian cancer (affected relatives must be on the same (maternal/paternal) side of the family)).
Exclusion criteria include post-menopausal women (follicle-stimulating hormone >40), women who have undergone previous bilateral salpingectomy/bilateral oophorectomy, those with clinical suspicion of tubo-ovarian cancer at baseline, women with a history of tubo-ovarian/peritoneal malignancy, women <12 months after cancer treatment, pregnancy, or those unable to provide informed consent.
Recruitment is undertaken through cancer genetics, high-risk familial cancer, gynecological oncology, and general gynecology outpatient clinics within NHS hospitals and primary care.
The primary objective is to evaluate impact on sexual function of early salpingectomy within risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy, as a two-step tubo-ovarian cancer prevention strategy in pre-menopausal women at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer.
Secondary objectives are to evaluate the impact of risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy on endocrine function; quality-of-life; health and well-being; psychological-health; satisfaction/regret; cancer-risk perception; incidence of tubal in situ and invasive tubo-ovarian cancer; surgical outcomes; to develop utility scores for early salpingectomy and determine cost-effectiveness; and to establish a national register to facilitate long-term follow-up of women undergoing risk-reducing early salpingectomy.
The primary endpoint is sexual function (measured by the Sexual Activity Questionnaire10 and Sexual Quality-of-Life 3D Questionnaire).11 Secondary endpoints include, but are not limited to, quality-of-life and psychological health, incidence of tubal in situ and invasive tubo-ovarian cancer, surgical morbidity, and cost-effectiveness.
Figure 1 summarizes interventions and relevant time-points.
PROTECTOR Trial flowchart. DO, delayed oophorectomy; ES, early salpingectomy; FU, follow-up; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; MDT, multidisciplinary team; PIS, participant information sheet; RRESDO, risk-reducing early salpingectomy and delayed oophorectomy; RRSO, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy; USS, ultrasound scan.
Baseline Screening Tests
A baseline hormonal profile (follicle-stimulating hormone) is measured for all. Serum CA125 and ultrasound scans are done for risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy/risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy arms only.
Interventional Questionnaires
Questionnaires used in the study have been derived from validated questionnaires. Questionnaires include the Sexual Activity Questionnaire; Sexual Quality-of-Life 3D Questionnaire; endocrine sub-scale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Endocrine Symptom Questionnaire; European Quality-of-life Scale Five Dimension Five Level (EQ5D-5L) Questionnaire; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Impact of Events Scale; Decision Regret-Scale; and one item from Madalinska 2005 ('I am satisfied with the decision I have made' on a five-point Likert Scale). Cancer risk perception is assessed with 'Compared with other people of your age and sex, do you think your chances of getting cancer at some point in your life are much lower, lower, about the same, higher, much higher?' An additional risk item used is 'On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0=no chance at all and 100=absolutely certain, what do you think are the chances that you will get cancer sometime during your lifetime?' Tubo-ovarian cancer worry is assessed by a four-item, four-point Likert Scale.
A small number of women from each study arm are invited to one-to-one semi-structured in-depth interviews. Women who elect to have surgery will be followed up with another interview 1 year after surgery (risk-reducing early salpingectomy and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy).
Risk-Reducing Surgeries
Volunteers opting for the risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy/risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy arms undergo bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy as per our surgical protocol (online supplementary 1). Timing of delayed oophorectomy in the risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy arm is non-prescriptive and dependent on the wishes of the individual. However, participants will be advised to undergo delayed oophorectomy once they become post-menopausal. Further counseling will be arranged if women are post-menopausal, and are not compliant with delayed oophorectomy. While minimal-access surgery is the preferred route, it is not mandatory and the choice of surgical route will be made by the treating clinician. Peritoneal washings are taken during all risk-reducing surgeries and sent for cytology. Participants who are in the control arm are also subsequently (in a few years' time) free to switch to any one of the surgical intervention arms. If any women in the control arm are using combined hormonal contraception at age 50 years, they will be advised to stop the combined hormonal contraception, switch to non-hormonal contraception and have a repeat follicle-stimulating hormone measurement in 3 months.
[ijgc-2020-001541supp001.pdf]
Pathological Examination and Central Pathology Review
All ovaries and fallopian tubes are submitted in their entirety for histological examination and the tubes are processed using a sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end protocol (online supplementary 2). In addition to local histopathology reporting at recruitment sites, all tubal and ovarian histopathology slides and cytology slides from peritoneal washings are reviewed by an independent team of central specialist gynecological pathologists. Blocks from consenting participants are stored in a bio-resource facility for future translational work.
Management of Abnormal Histopathology/Cytology Results
Invasive disease is managed as per local clinical protocols. Participants will be referred to their regional cancer center gynecological oncology multidisciplinary team for further investigations, staging, and management. Table 1 summarizes the management of serous tubal intra-epithelial carcinoma lesions. Investigation and treatment outcome data will be obtained by the co-ordinating center from the treating clinician/regional cancer center.
Management and follow-up of serous tubal intra-epithelial carcinoma (STIC) lesions (without invasion)
Participants are followed up actively at 1 month, 3 months (after surgery in the surgical arms) and annually for 3 years (all arms). Patients are followed up directly by the central coordinating center trials unit and the local clinical site. Follow-up compliance will be ensured by direct contact with the patient as well as good communication and liaison with the local site clinical team and the patient's general practitioner. Long-term passive annual follow-up is planned through establishment of a national registry/database and linkage via cancer registries, or databases such as the Office for National Statistics, Hospital Episode Statistics or NHS Digital.
Data collection is standardized and is collected on electronic case report forms hosted on a customized study database via a web interface. Figure 1 summarizes data collection time points. Data on electronic case report forms will be identified by a unique alphanumeric volunteer reference number auto-generated by the database each time a new participant is enrolled into the trial. The database will enable participant flagging/tracking and electronic data upload/access.
We aim to use the NHS number as the primary identifier when linking to national registries and to track individuals throughout the NHS.
Sample size is based on the primary outcome of sexual function, assessed by the Sexual Activity Questionnaire. Sample size is estimated for 90% power and with either alpha=0.05, two-sided (for superiority tests) or alpha=0.025, one-sided (for non-inferiority tests). For a non-inferiority margin (∆)=0.9 on the Sexual Activity Questionnaire pleasure scale, between risk-reducing early salpingectomy and controls, the sample size needed is 266/arm. For testing superiority of risk-reducing early salpingectomy compared with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy, to achieve a mean difference of 1 on the Sexual Assessment Questionnaire pleasure scale (SD=3.2–3.5) the sample size needed is 237/arm.
However, these calculations assume random allocation to the arms. Because participants self-select their arm (non-randomized), it will be necessary to adjust all tests for potential confounders that might relate to both arm and outcome. Assuming inclusion of confounders into a regression model reduces the partial r-squared brought about by the treatment arm by 20%, then the necessary sample size increase to maintain power is by 25%. For our primary-hypotheses, the largest sample size needed is therefore 266×1.25=333 per arm, resulting in an overall sample size of approximately 1000 patients allocated equally between each arm.
Baseline characteristics will be calculated using descriptive statistics. Appropriate statistical tests will be used for analyses. Chi-square tests will compare categorical variables, and t-test (parametric) and Mann-Whitney (non-parametric) tests will compare continuous outcome variables between groups. Random-effects models adjusted for covariates/confounders (including age, family history, pathogenic-variant type, parity, contraception, body mass index, sub-fertility, etc) will be used to compare outcomes between the different groups over time. Non-inferiority is established when the 97.5% CI does not cross the non-inferiority margin. A two-sided 95% CI will be used to test equivalency of satisfaction. The different non-inferiority/equivalency margins for various outcomes are based on clinically meaningful changes where available or set at no more than 0.5 SD worse than values from prior studies.
Utility scores: index values from the Sexual Quality-of-Life-3D Questionnaire will be used to generate utility values for salpingectomy. Utility values generated will be used to calculate quality-adjusted life years, which will be used in an economic evaluation.
Cost-effectiveness: a Markov-model will be developed for cost-effectiveness of risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy. A lifetime horizon will be used to capture all costs and benefits and the analysis will be conducted using a healthcare perspective. A 3.5% discount rate will be applied to costs and outcomes. Both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses will be performed. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio will be calculated and compared with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence cost-effectiveness willingness-to-pay threshold to determine cost-effectiveness of risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy.
This trial protocol describes a prospective non-randomized multi-center UK cohort trial evaluating the impact of risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy in pre-menopausal women, at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer. PROTECTOR ensures that an early salpingectomy tubo-ovarian cancer prevention strategy can be offered to high-risk UK women who choose to decline/delay oophorectomy, within a safe clinical study setting, with strict protocols, proper consent, monitoring, and independent oversight. Risk-reducing early salpingectomy permits women to retain their natural hormones for longer and limits harmful consequences of premature menopause. Risk-reducing early salpingectomy also enables women who have completed childbearing, but who are too young for oophorectomy by current clinical guidelines, the option of undergoing risk-reducing surgery. The trial will provide long-term outcome data to examine knowledge gaps which currently exist, including impact of risk-reducing early salpingectomy on sexual/endocrine function, quality-of-life, psychosocial consequences, utility scores, and cost-effectiveness. Data will be collected on attrition from delayed oophorectomy and interval cancers. This study will generate new insights to inform provision of NHS care and tubo-ovarian cancer prevention guidelines in women at increased risk of tubo-ovarian cancer. The bio-resource generated will facilitate translational research and secondary studies to provide further insights into disease biology.
Currently, four other non-randomized trials are investigating different aspects of risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy, being undertaken in France (Fimbriectomy Trial),12 the Netherlands (TUBA—TUbectomy with delayed oophorectomy to improve quality-of-life as alternative for risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers),13 and USA (PSDO–Prophylactic Salpingectomy with Delayed Oophorectomy14; WISP—Women Choosing Surgical Prevention Trial).15 The ongoing trials vary with respect to primary outcomes, design, and sample sizes. The Fimbriectomy trial is powered on tubo-ovarian/primary peritoneal cancer incidence, while the others are powered on menopause-related quality-of-life (TUBA), delayed oophorectomy uptake (PSDO), and sexual function (WISP). The Fimbriectomy trial does not involve delayed oophorectomy. delayed oophorectomy is undertaken in the TUBA trial at 40–45 years in BRCA1 and 45–50 years in BRCA2 carriers, and in the PSDO trial 3 years after risk-reducing early salpingectomy. Delayed oophorectomy is undertaken in pre-menopausal women well before onset of menopause in the TUBA and WISP studies. Similarly, in the WISP study, women are given the choice as to when to undergo delayed oophorectomy but are encouraged to have this done between ages 40 and 50. While the TUBA and the PSDO trials include only BRCA carriers, the Fimbriectomy trial also includes women ascertained using family history. The WISP trial in addition offers risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy to PALB2/BARD1/MSH2/MSH6/MLH1/PMS2/EPCAM mutation carriers. However, validated data linking BARD1/EPCAM/PMS2 mutations with increased tubo-ovarian cancer risk are currently lacking. In addition, mutations in the Lynch syndrome genes are not thought to be associated with an increased risk of high-grade serous carcinoma but with ovarian endometriosis-related neoplasms, such as endometrioid/clear-cell carcinoma, which typically present at earlier-stages with a better prognosis.
In conclusion risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy remains the gold standard for preventing tubo-ovarian cancer in women at high-risk. However, when performed in pre-menopausal women, it increases the risk of coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, neurocognitive decline, vasomotor symptoms, and sexual dysfunction. Use of hormone replacement therapy until the natural menopause mitigates risks and there are data supporting safety of short-term hormone replacement therapy use in BRCA carriers without a personal history of breast cancer. Acceptance of the central role of the fallopian tube in tubo-ovarian cancer etiopathogenesis, together with the health consequences of premature menopause from early oophorectomy, has led to risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy being proposed as a two-step surgical alternative for pre-menopausal women who have completed childbearing but prefer to decline/delay oophorectomy. It is essential that this is robustly evaluated in clinical trials to deal with various knowledge-gaps and inform future practice. PROTECTOR, TUBA, and WISP are three trials offering risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy which are currently open for recruitment. These studies will generate important data and provide an evidence base to inform future international practice with respect to risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy in high-risk women. International collaboration is warranted to pool outcome data from these studies to better understand the benefits and safety profile (including reduction of tubo-ovarian cancer risk) with risk-reducing early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy and inform policy and management guidelines in the future.
We are grateful to the entire medical, nursing, and administrative staff who work on the PROTECTOR trial and to the independent members of the trial steering committee (chaired by Mr Tim Mould), data monitoring committee (chaired by Professor Richard Edmondson) and central pathology committee (chaired by Professor Naveena Singh). We acknowledge support provided by a number of charities and stakeholders including BRCA Umbrella (Caroline Presho), The Eve Appeal, Ovacome, Target Ovarian Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Action. We are grateful to the central trials coordinating team at the Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, QMUL including Charlotte Tyson and Kelly Mousa. We are grateful to the study sponsor, Queen Mary University of London. In addition, we are grateful to all our collaborators (supplementary material 3): Dr Munaza Ahmed (North East Thames Cancer Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Aarti Sharma (Cardiff and Vale UHB), Dr Gautam Mehra (Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Adam Rosenthal (University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Ian Harley (Belfast Health & Social Care Trust), Professor Emma Crosbie (Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Michelle Mackintosh (Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Professor Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami (Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Professor Omer Devaja (Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust), Professor Sudha Sundar (Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust), Dr Tim Duncan (Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Iain Cameron (Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Claire Newton (University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Sonali Kaushik (Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust), Dr Angela Brady (London North West Healthcare NHS Trust), Dr Supratik Chattopadhyay (University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Dr Natalia Povolotskaya (Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Dr Rema Iyer (East Kent Hospitals University NHS Trust), Dr Lucy Side (University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Katie Snape (St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Anil Tailor (Royal Surrey County Hospital Foundation Trust), Dr Manon van Seters (Worcestershire Acute Hospital Trust), Dr Katherine Edey (Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Sian Taylor (Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Suma Kodiathodi (North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Partha Sengupta (County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Scott Fegan (NHS Lothian), Dr Karin Williamson (Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Dr Mahalakshmi Gurumurthy (NHS Grampian), Dr Kalpana Ragupathy (NHS Tayside), Dr Andrew Phillips (University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Mark Willett (East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust), Dr Tony Chalhoub (The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Sanjay Rao (South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Nicholas Matthews (South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust), Beena Abdul (Northampton General Hospitals NHS Trust), Ibraheem Hamoodi (Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Claire Park (Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust), Jane Borley (Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust), Thumuluru Kavitha Madhuri (Royal Surrey County Hospital Foundation Trust), Richard Hutson (Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust), Kerryn Lutchman-Singh (Swansea Bay University Health Board), Richard Peevor (Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board).
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. Evidence for a dualistic model of high-grade serous carcinoma: BRCA mutation status, histology, and tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2015;39:287-93. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000369 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581732
Eckert MA ,
Pan S ,
Hernandez KM , et al
. Genomics of ovarian cancer progression reveals diverse metastatic trajectories including intraepithelial metastasis to the fallopian tube. Cancer Discov 2016;6:1342–51.doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0607 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27856443
Arts-de Jong M ,
Harmsen MG ,
Hoogerbrugge N , et al
. Risk-reducing salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers: patients' and professionals' perspectives. Gynecol Oncol 2015;136:305–10.doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.12.031 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560807
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. The sexual activity questionnaire: a measure of women's sexual functioning. Qual Life Res 1996;5:81–90.doi:10.1007/BF00435972 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901370
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. Using DCE and ranking data to estimate cardinal values for health states for deriving a preference-based single index from the sexual quality of life questionnaire. Health Econ 2009;18:1261–76.doi:10.1002/hec.1426 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142985
Leblanc E ,
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. Radical fimbriectomy: a reasonable temporary risk-reducing surgery for selected women with a germ line mutation of BRCA 1 or 2 genes? rationale and preliminary development. Gynecol Oncol 2011;121:472–6.doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.02.012 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411127
. Early salpingectomy (TUbectomy) with delayed oophorectomy to improve quality of life as alternative for risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers (TUBA study): a prospective non-randomised multicentre study. BMC Cancer 2015;15:593. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1597-y pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26286255
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. Criteria for appraising the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening programme, 2015. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/evidence-review-criteria-national-screening-programmes/criteria-for-appraising-the-viability-effectiveness-and-appropriateness-of-a-screening-programme [Accessed Dec 2019].
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Twitter @ProfManchanda
Correction notice Since the Online First publication of this article, the authors have noticed that Emma Crosbie and Thumuluru Kavitha Madhuri were omitted from the list of PROTECTOR team members in the Collaborators section. These names have now been added.
Collaborators PROTECTOR team: Katie Snape, Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami, Gautam Mehra, Angela Brady, Adam Rosenthal, Michelle MacKintosh, Emma Crosbie, Ian Harley, Sudha Sundar, Claire Newton, Omer Devaja, Tim Duncan, Supratik Chattopadhyay, Natalia Povolotskaya, Rema Iyer, Lucy Side, Anil Tailor, Manon van Seters, Suma Kodiathodi, Partha Sengupta, Iain Cameron, Sonali Kaushik, Karin Williamson, Katherine Edey, Sian Taylor, Andrew Phillips, Mark Willett, Tony Chalhoub, Sanjay Rao, Nicholas Matthews, Aarti Sharma, Scott Fegan, Mahalakshmi Gurumurthy, Kalpana Ragupathy, Beena Abdul, Ibraheem Hamoodi, Claire Park, Jane Borley, Thumuluru Kavitha Madhuri, Richard Hutson, Kerryn Lutchman-Singh, Richard Peevor.
Contributors Trial conception and design: RM. Protocol development: RM, UM, DGE, NS, FG, MB, RL, WGM, RG, NW, GB, GR. Pathology committee: NS, WGM, NW, RG, GB, GR, RA, RM, FG. Trial management: RM, FG, SR, CT, NS, UM, DGE, ES, HH. Preparation of tables and figures: FG, RM. Initial draft of manuscript: FG, RM. Statistical aspects: MB, RM, RL. Manuscript writing and approval: all authors.
Funding This trial is funded by Barts and The London Charity and Roseetrees Trust.
Competing interests RM declares research funding from Barts and The London Charity and Roseetrees Trust for the PROTECTOR Study and is chief investigator. RM declares research funding from The Eve Appeal and Cancer Research UK outside this work, as well as an honorarium for grant review from Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research and from MSD and Astrazneca for advisory board meetings. RM is supported by an NHS Innovation Accelerator (NIA) Fellowship for population testing. UM has a financial interest in Abcodia, Ltd, a company formed to develop academic and commercial development of biomarkers for screening and risk prediction. The authors declare no conflict of interest. GE is supported through the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC1215-20007).
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Data availability statement All relevant data are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. A copy of the protocol can be requested from the corresponding author or the study team.
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Copyright © 2023 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, International Gynecologic Cancer Society, & European Society of Gynaecological Oncology. All rights reserved.

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Home INSTAGRAM STAR Emma Blackery Net Worth 2021 -2022, Biography, Age, Youtuber, Boyfriend & Wiki
Emma Blackery Net Worth 2021 -2022, Biography, Age, Youtuber, Boyfriend & Wiki
1 Biography & Wiki
2 Age, Height, and Weight
3 Personal Life & Family
5 Emma Blackery Net Worth 2021 – 2022
5.2 Disclaimer
Biography & Wiki
Emma Blackery was born on 11 November 1991 in Basildon, Essex, England. She did his schooling from The Bromfords School and did his college from SEEVIC College. His birth sign is Scorpio. He was very fond of music since childhood. That's why they spread their talent to people through YouTube.
She used to sing in school drama competitions. She is a big fan of WWE and Zelda and has a Triforce tattoo on her body. He likes vocals, guitar and ukulele in music instruments.
Birthday Name Emma Blackery
Date of Birth 11 November 1991
Birthplace Basildon, Essex, England
Zodiac sign Scorpio
Nationality United States
Residence Basildon, Essex, England
Nick Name Emma
School/College The Bromfords School
Debut 2012 In Youtube
Hobbies Playing Guitar, Swimming
Profession Instagram Star, TikTok
She was born on 11 November 1991 in England. This is a 28-year-old, beautiful, Famous, and fit girl in 2020. To keep himself looking good, he has kept his body fit. Their height is 5 feet 2 inches and weight is 57 kg. Apart from this, his hair color is black and eye color is brown.
Height: – 5 feet 2 inches
Weight: – 57 Kg
Read More: Josephine Langford
Personal Life & Family
Emma comes from a very good family. His father Michael Blackery is the Freedom of Speech of England and his mother Sheila Blackery is a housewife. It has two siblings named Febe and Travis.
Father Michael Blackery
Mother Sheila Blackery
Siblings Febe and Travis
On 13 May 2012, he started his career through YouTube. She makes videos on his YouTube channel (: comedy, music, self-help & advice videos, rants, beauty videos, weekly vlogs). [1]
Due to the popularity of her YouTube video "AWKWARD SEXY TEENAGE MOMENTS" on Emma's channel, her channel started growing. The video garnered +2.5 million views, through which their channel has a subscriber of +1.35M in today's time.
On 17 May 2012, he released his first EPS titled "Human Behavior". After this, on 31 August 2018, he recorded his first album called "Villains". In 2013, he released his first single track titled "Go The Distance".
On 4 Apr 2017, he made his second YouTube music channel, the name of this channel is "EmmaBlackeryVEVO". In this channel, Emma uploads all her music videos.
Emma is a musician as well as a social media influencer. He has +313K followers on his Instagram account. It uploads lifestyle, hair color photos and videos on its Instagram account. [2]
Emma Blackery Net Worth 2021 – 2022
His major income comes through brand promotion, it promotes beauty and fashion brands. 70% of their income comes from brand promotion and the remaining 30% comes from monetization of YouTube. He has 2 YouTube channels which has a million subscribers.
According to Socialblade's report, it makes an income of $680- $1.3K every month through its YouTube channel. Every year it earns $4.3K – $11.2K from its YouTube. Emma Blackery Net Worth 2021 Approx $1.0 million. [3]
Emma Blackery Net Worth 2021 $1.0 Million *Approx
Salary in 2021 Not Know
Socialblade.com
You have not been given any wrong information in this article. Whatever information you have been told in it, is told after the search. We have given the source link to the place where we did research.


The Top of the Country project was great for Chris Ryan's career, he says, because it put his name, and his music, out there. Ryan also plays guitar for sensational powerhouse Carolina East.
To read full article from the Newfoundland Herald Click Here!


The 'RHOBH' star and supermodel daughter share how they stay level-headed, despite a life in the spotlight.
Families featured on any Real Housewives franchise are never your truly typical family, and the Hadid-Foster clan is no exception—but only to a certain extent.
Yolanda Foster has built quite the life for herself. The Dutch beauty started off as a freelance hair stylist, and when she was asked to take the runway last minute as a stand-in, that's when her star started to rise. Quickly spotted by Eileen Ford of Ford modeling agency, Yolanda began a life of strutting her stuff on runways around the world.
But nothing was ever given to the Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star. Her success is the product of some good luck mixed in with some very hard work—a sentiment she's passed on to both of her daughters, supermodels Gigi and Bella.
Both girls are now Los Angeles transplants in the Big Apple, somewhat of a surprise. "People who start in L.A. end up in L.A.," Bella tells Du Jour. For Bella it was about following her dream—she now studies photography at the Parsons School of Design—which, she thinks, makes her fit right in with the rest of the native New Yorkers. "Everyone here is too busy living their dream to notice you."
And despite growing up in a sprawling mansion on the cliffs of Malibu, Yolanda is teaching Bella that life sometimes is more important focusing on simple independence—learning how to build a budget, or change a lightbulb, for instance.
But there's always time for fun and games, especially together, even when working on a photo shoot. Making goofy voices and doing silly voices, the mother-daughter duo got too caught up with each other to take the direction of the photographer. "Sorry, we weren't paying attention," a laughing Yolanda offers as an apology.


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New City Upon a Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland | James Howard
New City Upon a Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland
Joseph R. Mitchell and David L. Stebenne, New City Upon a Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007).
The authors of this book have prepared the first major work on Columbia in more than a decade. The book provides a clear discussion of the history, starting with the early settling of Howard County and its agricultural development and moving through James Rouse's early years into his desire to build Columbia. The history shows the social interactions among Columbia's founders and residents and how those interactions shaped Columbia during its first forty years. This work provides new insight through extensive interviews which go beyond the initial founders and describes how individuals living in Columbia worked with each other to create community while the city was built around them.
Mitchell and Stebenne interviewed more than seventy-five of Columbia's founders and early residents to produce a concise and accessible history of Columbia, Maryland. The book is well-researched through the records of The Rouse Company, the Columbia Association, and other contributors to Columbia's development.
Tags: book reviews Columbia Columbia Association land use


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Western Hudson Bay polar bears in great shape after five good sea ice seasons
By: Admin - Climate DepotSeptember 6, 2019 9:47 AM
https://polarbearscience.com/2019/09/05/western-hudson-bay-polar-bears-in-great-shape-after-five-good-sea-ice-seasons/
polarbearscience / by susanjcrockford
Polar bear researcher Andrew Derocher says it takes four years of good sea ice conditions to recruit a polar bear from birth but implies that 2019 is the first year in decades that conditions for bears have been 'good' in Western Hudson Bay. He thinks he can get away with saying this because he hasn't published any of the data on body weight and body condition he's collected on these bears over the last 25 years (apparently, whatever funding agency pays for his research does not require him to publish the data he collects).
But independent observations such as dates of ice freeze-up in fall, ice breakup in summer, dates and condition of bears recorded onshore, suggest he's blowing smoke: at least five out of five of the last sea ice seasons for WH bears have been good. That means we should be seeing more bears in the next official population count.
Derocher claims it takes four good sea ice years to recruit a polar bear and lays it out this way: year 1 spring, good hunting for pregnant female to get really fat to support the pregnancy; year 2 spring, good hunting so that nursing cub-of-the-year survives; year 3, good hunting so that yearling cub can nurse all year and get strong [although he leaves out the fact that cubs of all ages also feed on the seals their mothers catch]; year 4 spring, good hunting for 2 year old bear on its own for the first time [although he's leaving out the fact that a 2 year old can catch plenty of seals and still have trouble surviving if there are lots of adult males around to steal his catch].
Fat pregnant polar bear intent on finding a secure place to dig a den in the permafrost where she can stay cool over the summer and give birth this winter, photographed by the RCMP during a manhunt for suspected murderers, probably near the western edge of Wapusk National Park.
That's fair and accurate enough for twitter (which is his primary mode of communication). However, he implies that 2019 has been the first 'good' year that Hudson Bay polar bears have had in many years – and on that I call nonsense.
The tweet below is from late June (after his field season was over), and he reiterated the point in late August. In other words, he's suggesting that 'good' cub recruitment in Hudson Bay will only be possible if ice conditions are as good as 2019 for the next three consecutive years (2020-2022).
We don't have data from his field work, but we do have critical secondary information: breakup and freeze-up dates and reports on body condition since the fall of 2014.
Breakup, freeze-up, and condition of bears by year
2019: This year, WH polar bear started coming off the ice near Churchill the first week of July but at least half of Derocher's tagged bears were still out on the ice at the end of July. I am assuming that the bulk of the population did not come off until the fourth week of the month (22-28) into the first week of August. This followed an early freeze-up last fall at about 10-12 November(which was slightly earlier than the 1980s average of 16 November and one of the earliest freeze-up dates since 1979). Derocher (see below) has declared this a good year for Hudson Bay bears:
Regarding dates of bears coming ashore and leaving for the ice, I've pointed out before,
"According to a recalculation of data that goes up to 2015 and back to 1979 (Castro de la Guardia 2017), in the 1980s bears left for the ice at freeze-up (10% sea ice coverage in WHB) about 16 November ± 5 days while in recent years (2004-2008) they left about 24 November ± 8 days, a difference of 8 days.
The relative change in the dates that bears left the shore between the 1980s and recent years is only about 1 week, on average (with lots of variation).
Freeze-up dates of 10-12 November or so (Day 314-316) for 2017 and 2018 are therefore two of the earliest freeze-up dates since 1979 (the earliest being 6 November, Day 310, in 1991 and 1993), see Fig 3 from Castro de la Guardia 2017 below."
Derocher has stated outright that ice conditions this summer were "similar to the 1980s" (copied below) but conditions in the past four years were not appreciably different, as you'll see.
2018: Most bears in 2018 were off the ice near Churchill by the third week in July (16-22) – only a week or so earlier than 2019 – with a few bears similarly reported off the ice the week before (9-15). Freeze-up the previous fall (2017) was as early as 2018 and therefore earlier than the average in the 1980s (about 10-12 November). How is this not 'good'?
2017: Most bears were off the ice near Churchill by the fourth week of July (24-30)and were reported to be in "great shape". However, freeze-up had been late the fall before (2016 was an El Niño year, as was 1998) and the bears were not able to leave the shore in 2016 until early December. However, since they had come off the ice late and in such good shape, the extra few weeks ashore did not appear to cause them any harm. Number of conflicts with people in Churchill was up because of increased vigilance after the 2013 attack as well as increased time ashore. Derocher told the media (here and here) that WH bears were doomed. Seal researcher Steve Ferguson bizarrely predicted no ice in Hudson Bay in winter within 5-10 years. Despite the late freeze-up, this was still a pretty good year.
2016: Bears came off the ice at Churchill well-fed and in great shape by mid-July (11-17) The previous fall (2015), there had been enough ice along the west coast of Hudson Bay for bears to leave the shore by about 5-6 November, which would have tied 1991 and 1993 (see quote above) for the earliest dates bears had left since 1979 (Castro de la Guardia et al. 2017). How is this not 'good'?
2015: There were a few bears around Churchill by the third week of July (20-26)but like 2019, there was lingering ice on the bay until mid-August. Also like 2019, most of Derocher's tagged bears were still on the ice at 15 July. I presume based on this information that most bears were not off the ice until the end of July (i.e. like they were in the 1980s and in 2019). The previous fall (2014), bears left about the middle of November (13) – a bit earlier than the average in the 1980s (Castro de la Guardia et al. 2017). How is this not 'good'?
Derocher often insists there is a downward trend in Western Hudson Bay sea ice conditions but the published data refute that.It's not me claiming he's wrong but rather me repeating what Derocher's students and colleagues have published (Cherry et al. 2013; Castro de la Guardia et al. 2017; Crockford 2017; 2019a, b; Lunn et al. 2016; Obbard et al. 2015, 2016)
Derocher's criteria for conditions that are 'good' for polar bears appears to be 'like the 1980s'. He is hoping the public don't realize that for the last 5 years at least, conditions have been almost identical to the 1980s (there was even a late freeze-up in the 1980s, in 1983).
However, Derocher, along with senior colleague Ian Stirling, is also willfully ignoring the great years of starvation, lower reproductive rates, and high cub mortality that Western Hudson Bay bears went through between 1983 and the early 1990s (Crockford 2019b). Both now pretend the 1980s were nothing but good times. Not so – there was avery late freeze-up in 1983 that is rarely mentioned but it hit the bears very hard because (unlike 2016), they had not come off the ice in very good shape.
This is what I wrote earlier this year:
And as I discuss in my new book, The Polar Bear Catastrophe That Never Happened, poor body condition, lowered reproductive rates and much reduced cub survival was a hallmark of Western Hudson Bay polar bears in the 1980s and early 1990s – before declining sea ice was any kind of issue but when polar bear numbers were higher than they'd been in perhaps a century or more (Derocher 1991; Derocher and Stirling 1992, 1995; Ramsay and Stirling 1988).
Too many bears relative to the food supply seemed a logical explanation at the time. But before Stirling had time to investigate fully, he jumped on the climate change bandwagon and banged the climate drum so loudly that concerns about WH bears in the 1980s were forgottern. From that point forward, everything bad that has happened to polar bears in general – and Western Hudson Bay bears in particular – has been blamed on global warming (Stirling and Derocher 1993; Stirling et al. 1999, 2012).
Derocher admitted to Mail on Sundayjournalist David Rose that Western Hudson Bay bears have not been suffering in recent years but that's a back-handed compliment. It's hard to imagine that life has not been 'good' for polar bears over the last five years given the 1980s-like breakup and freeze-up dates and reports of bears coming ashore in great condition every year. If Derocher wants to argue otherwise, he is going to have to present strong data from his field research to support his claim instead of twitter bluster. And if Western Hudson Bay population numbers aren't up at the next count, there is good reason to ask why not.
Castro de la Guardia, L., Myers, P.G., Derocher, A.E., Lunn, N.J., Terwisscha van Scheltinga, A.D. 2017. Sea ice cycle in western Hudson Bay, Canada, from a polar bear perspective. Marine Ecology Progress Series 564: 225–233. http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v564/p225-233/
Cherry, S.G., Derocher, A.E., Thiemann, G.W., Lunn, N.J. 2013. Migration phenology and seasonal fidelity of an Arctic marine predator in relation to sea ice dynamics. Journal of Animal Ecology 82:912-921. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.12050/abstract
Crockford, S.J. 2017. Testing the hypothesis that routine sea ice coverage of 3-5 mkm2 results in a greater than 30% decline in population size of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). PeerJ Preprints 19 January 2017. Doi: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2737v1 Open access. https://peerj.com/preprints/2737/
Crockford, S.J. 2019a. State of the Polar Bear Report 2018. Global Warming Policy Foundation Report 32, London. pdf here.
Crockford, S.J. 2019b. The Polar Bear Catastrophe That Never Happened. Global Warming Policy Foundation, London. Available in paperback and ebook formats.
Lunn, N.J., Servanty, S., Regehr, E.V., Converse, S.J., Richardson, E. and Stirling, I. 2016. Demography of an apex predator at the edge of its range – impacts of changing sea ice on polar bears in Hudson Bay. Ecological Applications, in press. DOI: 10.1890/15-1256
Obbard, M.E., Stapleton, S., Middel, K.R., Thibault, I., Brodeur, V. and Jutras, C. 2015. Estimating the abundance of the Southern Hudson Bay polar bear subpopulation with aerial surveys. Polar Biology 38:1713-1725.
Obbard, M.E., Cattet, M.R.I., Howe, E.J., Middel, K.R., Newton, E.J., Kolenosky, G.B., Abraham, K.F. and Greenwood, C.J. 2016. Trends in body condition in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Southern Hudson Bay subpopulation in relation to changes in sea ice. Arctic Science, in press. 10.1139/AS-2015-0027
Filed under: arctic, ice, polar bears, species


Unfortunately most of them are discontinued, so generally speaking, second hand is the only way.
They aren't necessary per se, but they do help to make your brakes quieter.
Upper trailing arm spacing Lower trailing arm spacing Spring hat spacing.
Note: the springs and upper trailing arms are not in ideal positions. Springs are quite elastic and should bridge and flex. The upper arms are very short and sit on a bit of a dodgy angle when flexed 13mm sideways. Id suggest an upper arm cut and weld mod to get it right.
RA40 springs have a tight wound tapered end whereas ae86 ones have two fat ends. You will need RA40 springs for the diff end as that is the end where the spring tapers. Note coronas etc were very similar and springs will interchange.
The RA40 trailing arms are identical length units to AE86. Different bushes though. I have taken rough measurements and the cup diameter looks much the same.
The RA has mounts 10mm further forward on the housing for all the suspension arms including the panhard rod. Their relative positions to each other are all much the same, but the RA diff will sit further back using the AE86 floorpan mounts and suspension arms.
Yes the ra40 panhard rod is a different length to an ae86. The pin to mount the rod is in a different position on the RA40 diff, making the rod about 50mm shorter than the AE86 one. Im not sure how the mount on the floorpan will compare from the RA to AE86. I have not checked. Use an adjustable rod.
Im not sure at this stage about whether you can use the RA40 rear section or not. I measured the length from face to face on the ra40 one, it is 760mm. In my opinion if it is about 10mm longer than a t18 rear section then the RA40 rear tailshaft section will be fine, and will effectively lengthen your wheelbase by 10mm, when used in an AE86. This could be why you have to force it together when using a t18 rear section, since the trailing arms are all the same length from RA40 to AE86, but the RA40 diff is sitting further back due to its mounts being further forwards on the housing.
SOMEONE WITH A T18/JDM TAILSHAFT SITTING AROUND PLEASE MEASURE THE REAR SECTION. My guess is 750mm.
The centre bolt is larger on the ra40 bushes/diff. The outer bush cup size is the same on both cars, according to my measurements. Note, I have not actually fitted it yet, but my assumption is I would use an RA40 bush one end, and aa AE86 one the other. Look to the info above for real practical advice.
The RA40 diff I looked at had no mounts on it. The JDM one does. You will need a welder.
Most RA40 diffs have drums on them. Not sure of their size but I suspect they are slightly larger drums than AE86. Only RA40GTs came out with factory lsd and disc brakes. That diff pictured is very rare and expensive. Don't get your hopes up of finding better than a drum braked, open centre 4.1 ratio.
The width from one mounting face to another is 1410mm on the RA40 diff. Not sure if a JDM diff is the same as I was comparing a housing to a complete diff. Hope this settles a few bets.
You can jump onto us ebay and search for ae86 brake pad fitting kit and you should pull up the set of clips for the rear caliper.
I had a RA40 T series diff in my old AE86.
I used the standard ae86 trailing arms, the ra40 handbrake cables, t18 rear half of the tailshaft and a whiteline adjustable panhard rod.
The whole diff pretty much bolted right up, I didn't have much trouble with the arms being on any strong angles or anything. Although you could see how the trailing arm brackets on the diff are in slightly different locations than they are on a T18 T series. Thats also the reason why the pinion will be slightly pointing up compared to standard.
The spring seats are definitely smaller but it's not so small that your springs would fall through or anything. If you're worried about the chance of the springs falling through then forget the idea of putting a cheap RA40 T series diff into your car and fork out whatever you need to for a T18 T series or an AE86 item.
Oh and all T series centres are interchangeable between each other, it doesnt matter if one is out of an ra40 or a t18 or an ae86. I had a T18 centre with a TRD 2 way in my ra40 t-series.
FYI when putting a TRD 2 way lsd into a ra40 t series you need to shave roughly 5mm off the edge of the axle to get it all to fit.
The carrier and crown wheel & pinion are usually interchangeable, but there are 2 different diameter axles depending on the year of manufacture. Later AE86's had larger axles, October 1985 they switched to a larger size. All centres before that were interchangeable.
will kouki JDM handbrake cables disc brake work with my AE71?
what do you mean front half? the bit which the separate cables hook into?
I ended up using the disc brake liners but replacing the inner wire. The cable clamps on the body are in different locations to an AE86, so when the cables are installed they're too short.
I don't know about the AE86 front cable section, but I its plausible.


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PLDT ranked as fourth in top 100 'most influential' ICT companies worldwide
December 3, 2020 | 12:04 am
BW FILE PHOTO
PLDT, Inc. announced on Thursday that it ranked fourth out of the top 100 "most influential" information and communications technology companies worldwide in the 2020 Digital Inclusion Benchmark of the World Benchmarking Alliance.
PLDT Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Manuel V. Pangilinan said this recognition "affirms how our technologies can play a significant role in making major contributions to the sustainable development of the country."
The telco said the World Benchmarking Alliance had collaborated with an expert review committee of members from the World Bank Group and International Telecommunication Union to develop the study.
"Stretching across 33 economies worldwide, the benchmark covers digital systems across three industries: telecommunication services; hardware, consisting of the manufacture of digital goods such as end-user devices, network equipment and semiconductors; and IT services, consisting of software applications, data centers, cloud computing and platform services," it noted,
The World Benchmarking Alliance, according to PLDT, "lauded" its level of reporting on its economic value generated and distributed.
"WBA lauded PLDT and Smart for efforts in pursuing cyber security governance, with the Chairman and Board of Directors subjected to annual trainings on cyber security, and a Cybersecurity Operations Group that reports directly to the Top Management," it added.
PLDT saw its attributable net income for the third quarter surge 95% to P7.41 billion versus the P3.79 billion it generated in the same period last year.
The company attributed its profit growth for the quarter to the spike in customer demand for digital or online services triggered by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
PLDT saw a 10% increase in its total revenues to P46.49 billion. The company's service revenues grew 9% to P44.37 billion while its non-service revenues increased 18% to P2.12 billion.
Hastings Holdings, Inc., a unit of PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund subsidiary MediaQuest Holdings, Inc., has a majority stake in BusinessWorld through the Philippine Star Group, which it controls. — Arjay L. Balinbin
Arjay L. Balinbin


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            android:text="A Japanese ship was en route to the open sea. The Japanese captain went for a shower removing his diamond ring and Rolex watch on the table. When he returned, his valuables were missing. \n A Japanese ship was en route to the open sea. The Japanese captain went for a shower removing his diamond ring and Rolex watch on the table. When he returned, his valuables were missing."
            android:id="@+id/tcd_question"
            android:textColor="@color/tcd_color_card_text"
            android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceMedium"
            android:maxLines="6"
            android:layout_marginTop="@dimen/default_gap"
            android:layout_below="@+id/tcd_title"
            android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
            android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
            android:layout_above="@+id/tcd_status" />

        <TextView
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceMedium"
            android:text="..."
            android:textColor="@color/tcd_color_content_text"
            android:id="@+id/textView"
            android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
            android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"/>
        <TextView
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceSmall"
            android:text="Date and status"
            android:id="@+id/tcd_status"
            android:textColor="@color/tcd_color_status_text"
            android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
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    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="#60"
        android:singleLine="true"
        android:id="@+id/tcd_id"
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        android:padding="@dimen/default_gap"
        android:background="@drawable/tcd_background_1"
        android:textColor="@color/tcd_color_id_text"
        android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceLarge"
        android:layout_marginLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
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</RelativeLayout>
    <!--TODO remove placeholder strings-->

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Human Side of the Obamacare Debate
by rgrigoni
Donald Trump, Obamacare, PatientsLikeMe
In his first address to a joint session of Congress, President Donald Trump on Tuesday night is expected to explain how he will overhaul the Affordable Care Act.
Americans, especially those who are sick, have a complicated relationship with Obamacare. For some, the law has eased their burdens. For others, their health insurance struggles have continued.
Read more at CNBC
Obamascare: 60% of Online Obamacare Defenders 'Paid to Post' Hits on Critics
Obamacare, posts
A majority of online and social media defenders of Obamacare are professionals who are "paid to post," according to a digital expert.
"Sixty percent of all the posts were made from 100 profiles, posting between the hours of 9 and 5 Pacific Time," said Michael Brown. "They were paid to post."
His shocking analysis was revealed on this weekend's Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson, broadcast on Sinclair stations and streamed live Sunday at 9:30 a.m. Her upcoming show focuses on information wars and Matthew Brown was describing what happened when he had a problem with Obamacare and complained online.
Read more at The Washington Examiner
John Boehner Says Obamacare Repeal Is "Not Going to Happen"
GOP replacement, Obamacare
With Republicans on Capitol Hill no closer to coalescing around an Obamacare replacement plan, and angry constituents and liberal activists staging protests at G.O.P. town halls across the country, former House Speaker John Boehner says there is little chance the party can successfully repeal Barack Obama's signature health-care law this year—let alone replace it.
It's not going to happen," Boehner said Thursday while speaking at a health-care conference in Orlando, Florida, Politico reports. He dismissed claims by Donald Trump and G.O.P. leadership that Congress will successfully "repeal and replace" the Affordable Care Act by the end of the year, calling the prospect mere "happy talk."
Boehner told the crowd on Thursday that he "started laughing" when congressional Republicans, ecstatic after Trump's unexpected election triumph, predicted that they would rapidly repeal and replace Obamacare. "Republicans never ever agree on health care," said Boehner, who resigned in 2015 from his House leadership role amid widespread turmoil in the party.
Read more at Vanity Fair
Obamacare Getting More Popular With Voters in First Month of Trump's Presidency
Obamacare, poll
Obamacare is getting more popular with voters even as President Donald Trump moves to get rid of the landmark health-care law.
A total of 45 percent of registered voters say they approve of Obamacare, compared to 45 percent who oppose the law, a new Politico/Morning Consult poll finds.
Since early January — weeks before Trump moved into the White House — there has been a drop of seven percentage points among voters opposed to Obamacare.
Obamacare Launched a New Wave of Startups. Now They're Bracing for What's Next.
Obamacare, Silicon Valley
Steadily and without fanfare, the Affordable Care Act has created a boom in Silicon Valley. Since the law passed nearly seven years ago, billions of investor dollars have flowed into digital health startups such as Stride Health that were spurred by the legislation's overhaul of the health-care system and the market forces it unleashed. The law's reach also extends to a generation of "gig economy" companies — including Uber, Lyft, TaskRabbit and Instacart — that are dependent on the labor of flexible workers, who are among the biggest ACA consumers. Tech entrepreneurs have also relied on the law, saying it has made it easier for them to found startups.
Today, many startups are trying urgently to read the tea leaves of a new Congress and presidency that is set to strike down President Obama's sweeping health law. With no clear replacement plan at hand, many in Silicon Valley wonder how its repeal will ripple across the region.
Read more at the Washington Post
'Obamacare Orphans' Could Be a Huge Problem for GOP Health Plan
Obamacare, Obamacare Orphans
As the Trump White House and Republican Congress start to flesh out their replacement plans for the Affordable Care Act, be prepared to hear a lot about "Obamacare orphans." These orphans have the potential to be one of the most lethal political time bombs in American history.
Most people will think of "Obamacare orphans" as the millions of people who got health coverage because of the ACA and will lose it thanks to the expected repeal of the law by Congress as well as major insurers like Humana pulling out of the Obamacare exchanges.
It looks like there could be a lot of them.
Trump Administration Proposes Stricter Obamacare Rules
individual participation, Obamacare
The Trump administration on Wednesday proposed changes to the Obamacare individual insurance market that insurers welcomed as a good start but that others pointed out could raise out-of-pocket cost for consumers.
President Donald Trump and congressional Republicans have promised to scrap the 2010 healthcare law that is a key legacy of Democrat Barack Obama's presidency. But they are struggling to agree on a replacement for the law, which extended health insurance to 20 million Americans.
Read more at Reuters
Fake Obamacare 'Death Panels' Are Back
death panels, Obamacare
A Republican Party chairman in Florida's Pasco County was met with jeers last week when he brought up death panels at a town hall.
"There is a provision in [Obamacare] that anyone over the age of 74 has to go before what is effectively a death panel," Bill Akins said. "Yes, they do. Yes, they do. It's in there, folks."
Read more at CNN
12.2 Million Sign up for 'Obamacare' Despite Its Problems
Obamacare, sign-ups
More than 12.2 million people have signed up for coverage nationwide this year under the Obama-era health care law even with the uncertainty created by President Donald Trump's vow to repeal and replace it.
A count by The Associated Press shows that many consumers returned to the program despite its problems. Aside from the political turmoil, those difficulties include a spike in premiums, rising deductibles and dwindling choice of insurers.
Read more at KXAN
One-Third Don't Know Obamacare and Affordable Care Act Are the Same
Affordable Care Act, Obamacare
A sizable minority of Americans don't understand that Obamacare is just another name for the Affordable Care Act.
This finding, from a poll by Morning Consult, illustrates the extent of public confusion over a health law that President Trump and Republicans in Congress hope to repeal.
In the survey, 35 percent of respondents said either they thought Obamacare and the Affordable Care Act were different policies (17 percent) or didn't know if they were the same or different (18 percent). This confusion was more pronounced among people 18 to 29 and those who earn less than $50,000 — two groups that could be significantly affected by repeal.
Read More at The New York Times
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Two days on and we're still talking about Facebook/WhatsApp. Can you blame us? That $19 billion deal has pushed the value of tech M&A to a level not seen since the height of the dot-com bubble, says Dealogic. And we all know what came next: Pop goes the weasel.


text:
Hunter Biden Is Petrified at the New Investigation the DOJ Just Launched
Hunter Biden's name is connected to a huge international scandal.
This nerve-wracking situation could destroy him.
Hunter Biden is petrified at the new investigation the DOJ just launched.
The Department of Justice is reportedly investigating a lobbying firm because of actions connected to their involvement with Burisma, a Ukrainian energy company, while Hunter Biden was sitting on the board.
Burisma hired Blue Star Strategies, a multinational lobbying firm which was founded by alumni of the Clinton administration, but Blue Star did not file paperwork that it was doing international lobbying, potentially under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), Politico reported Thursday.
FARA "requires certain agents of foreign principals who are engaged in political activities … to make periodic public disclosure of their relationship with the foreign principal, as well as activities, receipts and disbursements in support of those activities," according to the Justice Department.
FARA defines political activities as "any activity that the person engaging in believes will … or … intends to … influence any agency or official of the Government of the United States or any section of the public within the United States with reference to formulating, adopting, or changing the domestic or foreign policies of the United States."
While the Delaware U.S. Attorney's Office is reportedly carrying out the investigation, it is not Hunter Biden who's the target. However, Blue Star Strategies used Biden's name in multiple emails in order to help meet with State Department officials.
Burisma hired Blue Star Strategies to figure out the State Department's position after U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Geoffrey Pyatt insinuated that the company's owner, Mykola Zlochevsky, was corrupt in a New York Times article.
Biden went out of his way to meet with then-Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken, though what they talked on is not currently known.
In addition, Blue Star "deliver[ed] letters to Members of Congress… who had oversight or interest in the area of concern for the national interest of Ukraine Group," Karen Tramontano, Blue Star co-founder and CEO, testified to Congress in August 2020. She denied "try[ing] to influence U.S. policy with respect to Ukraine."
Amos Hochstein, the former Special Envoy and Coordinator for International Energy Affairs, testified to Congress in September 2020 that Tramontano told him Blue Star was hired "to look into the accusations against Mr. Zlochevsky and Burisma and to give an assessment of the veracity of the charges against… Zlochevsky."
Hochstein said in a meeting with Burisma lawyer John Buretta and Blue Star founders that America still felt that Burisma was a corrupt company.
"They did not like my answer, and they tried to convince me otherwise," he testified.
Tags Burisma DOJ FARA Hunter Biden Investigation
Joe Biden Came Out and Made an Admission of Weakness That Startled Everyone
A Judge Smacked a Big-Name Democrat With a Ruling That Changed Everything


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. Tags: eee pc, hp, Linux, mini-mate, mini-pc, SuSe.
After the runaway success of the Asus eee pc, HP launched their first sub-portable, the HP 2133 mini-note yesterday. At first glance, the mini-note looks to be both stylish & functional, and priced competitively.
In comparison with the Asus eee pc, the mini-note has a larger, higher definition screen (8.9-inch diagonal, 1280 x 768 WXGA vs eee's 7 inch 800 x 480 resolution), a larger keyboard (stated as 92% the size of a full-sized keyboard) and comes with a choice of either a solid-state flash (4 GB) or traditional SATA hard drive (120GB 5400 or 7200 RPM). HP is also offering a choice of operating system installations ranging from Windows Vista Business (with a windows XP Professional downgrade available) to SuSe Enterprise Desktop 10.
HP's mini-note is scheduled for shipping next week, although early versions of HP's web site appeared unsure of their own products specification and dimensions, stating that the mini-note has a 6.9 inch diagonal screen in one specification, and the (correct) 8.9 inch screen in the adobe pdf.
PC World has a detailed review of a mini-note, running the Windows Vista Business operating system and priced at $749.
I'm looking forward to a detailed review of the eee Linux competitor, priced at a very affordable $499 running SuSE Linux, a VIA C7-M 1-GHz processor, with 512MB of RAM— and their $599 configuration which will come with a 1.2-GHz processor, 1GB of RAM, and a Windows operating system (either Vista Basic or XP).