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WIREs Dev Biol
Developmental Biology / All Issues / Vol 7 Issue 1 (January 2018)
Mimicry in butterflies: co‐option and a bag of magnificent developmental genetic tricks
Riddhi Deshmukh, Saurav Baral, A. Gandhimathi, Muktai Kuwalekar, Krushnamegh Kunte
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.291
Butterfly wing patterns are key adaptations that are controlled by remarkable developmental and genetic mechanisms that facilitate rapid evolutionary change. With swift advancements in the fields of genomics and genetic manipulations, identifying the regulators of wing development and mimetic wing patterns has become feasible even in nonmodel organisms such as butterflies. Recent mapping and gene expression studies have identified single switch loci of major effects such as transcription factors and supergenes as the main drivers of adaptive evolution of mimetic and polymorphic butterfly wing patterns. We highlight several of these examples, with emphasis on doublesex, optix, WntA and other dynamic, yet essential, master regulators that control critical color variation and sex‐specific traits. Co‐option emerges as a predominant theme, where typically embryonic and other early‐stage developmental genes and networks have been rewired to regulate polymorphic and sex‐limited mimetic wing patterns in iconic butterfly adaptations. Drawing comparisons from our knowledge of wing development in Drosophila, we illustrate the functional space of genes that have been recruited to regulate butterfly wing patterns. We also propose a developmental pathway that potentially results in dorsoventral mismatch in butterfly wing patterns. Such dorsoventrally mismatched color patterns modulate signal components of butterfly wings that are used in intra‐ and inter‐specific communication. Recent advances—fuelled by RNAi‐mediated knockdowns and CRISPR/Cas9‐based genomic edits—in the developmental genetics of butterfly wing patterns, and the underlying biological diversity and complexity of wing coloration, are pushing butterflies as an emerging model system in ecological genetics and evolutionary developmental biology. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e291. doi: 10.1002/wdev.291 This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties
Sex‐limited mimicry and polymorphism in butterflies. The Danaus‐Hypolimnas mimicry ring illustrates a rare example where both the Batesian model and the mimic are polymorphic, female forms of the Batesian mimic H. missipus mimicking D. chrysippus in a form‐specific manner. On the other hand, in P. dardanus and P. polytes, multiple female forms mimic distinct species of models. In the last two species, the male and male‐like female forms are nonmimetic, which in P. polytes also represents the ancestral phenotype. These species represent some of the best examples of the degree to which natural selection—through predation—may drive nearly perfect and polymorphic wing pattern resemblance between Batesian models and mimics. Mimicry is controlled by co‐option of major developmental genes in both the Papilio, whereas the molecular genetic basis in Hypolimnas is still unknown. See Figure in Box for the explanation of arrows.
Dorsoventral mismatch of wing color patterns is widespread in butterflies, irrespective of mimicry. (a) Dorsoventral mismatch is illustrated by distinct dorsal (on the left) and ventral (on the right) wing coloration in A. lyncida, whereas the two wing surfaces have matching patterns in A. nephele. Such dorsoventral mismatch has a special significance in mimetic butterflies where selection for sex‐limited mimicry and efficacy of the conflicting signal components of predator avoidance and sexual attraction, have led to sex‐ and surface‐specific wing patterns. For example, while the nonmimetic Elymnias singhala has somewhat similar wing color patterns on both wing surfaces, in E. caudata the ventral wing surface has remained inconspicuous to aid in crypsis, whereas the dorsal surface has diverged into novel male and female patterns, the female producing a superb mimetic resemblance to its toxic model D. genutia. (b) Determination of the dorsoventral boundary in insect wings. The gene network is known in Drosophila wing imaginal discs, based on which we present a developmental genetic hypothesis for butterflies. Asterisks denote genes that are expressed at the corresponding sites in both Drosophila and butterfly wing discs (see Table S1).
Mimetic wing patterns in butterflies are controlled by co‐option of major developmental genes. Co‐opted genes and their distinct functions in embryonic development, metamorphosis, wing development, and color patterning in Drosophila and butterflies are listed. (a) Gene sets 1–5 have shared functions between Drosophila and butterflies, whereas 6–22 have known and possible co‐options in butterflies. (b) Wing patterning genes in butterflies may serve multiple functions in response to selection for mimicry (natural selection) and mate choice (sexual selection). The assigned functions are based on published literature, although it is possible that additional functions for these genes will be discovered in the future. (c) Functional space of genes involved in wing development and color patterning in Drosophila and butterflies also illustrates co‐option of genes at distinct developmental stages. Refs are cited in Table S1.
Polymorphism gone wild in mimetic butterfly species. H. bolina and P. memnon exhibit multiple female forms, many of which are neither male‐like and ancestral nor mimetic, and their wing pattern elements appear to recombine frequently to produce a wide array of color pattern forms. In case of H. bolina, the wing pattern diversity may have been produced by relaxed predation pressures on islands, that is, under neutral processes—as many island populations are prominently variable with novel, nonmimetic wing patterns. Males, on the other hand, show limited diversity of wing patterns within and across populations. In P. memnon, wing pattern elements and tails appear to switch occasionally between female forms, creating almost all possible permutations. The resultant morphological diversity is probably either selectively neutral or mildly deleterious. Shown here is only a selection of form diversity in these species. Genetics and development of these wing patterns are largely unknown, and likely differ from the genetic architectures so far known in other polymorphic, mimetic butterflies such as P. polytes and Heliconius.
The striking wing patterns of the Neotropical Heliconius butterflies are products of their aposematism, taxonomic diversity and loose reproductive isolation between species. Wing patterning alleles must have initially evolved under genetic drift and selection for aposematism as well as for Müllerian mimicry, and have subsequently been widely introgressed across species. H. numata has a supergene architecture that controls polymorphic mimicry. H. erato and H. melpomene show parallel diversification in wing patterning for Müllerian mimicry (top three forms), but also show hybrid and intermediate forms. Gene expression of optix, which controls red wing areas in Heliconius is shown on the right (antibody staining: image courtesy of Arnaud Martin).
The CDS regions of doublesex (dsx) show hundreds of SNPs in lepidopteran genomes, some of which are nonsynonymous, indicating that dsx may be a hotspot of adaptive molecular evolution in some regions but highly conserved in others. (a) Exon usage in the sex‐specific isoforms and other variants are shown along with the SNPs (vertical gray bars) unique to each sequenced genome. It is yet unknown whether nonuniversal exon usage and the species‐specific SNPs across different exons are adaptive, and how they might relate to sex‐limited mimicry and other adaptive traits in butterflies. (b) Species pairwise comparison of the total number of SNPs of dsx, which shows some correlation between phylogenetic relatedness and the number of genetic differences. (c–d) dsx splice variants (a and c) and their tissue‐ (c) and form‐specific (d) expression that controls female‐limited mimetic polymorphism in P. polytes. Data are from GenBank and LepBase (panels a–b), and Kunte et al. (panels c–d). The mimetic female form is produced by upregulation of dsx (d).
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Campbell, G, Weaver, T, Tomlinson, A. Axis specification in the developing Drosophila appendage: the role of wingless, decapentaplegic, and the homeobox gene aristaless. Cell 1993, 74:1113–1123.
Oliver, JC, Tong, X‐L, Gall, LF, Piel, WH, Monteiro, A. A single origin for Nymphalid butterfly eyespots followed by widespread loss of associated gene expression. PLoS Genet 2012, 8:e1002893. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002893.
Lecuit, T, Cohen, SM. Dpp receptor levels contribute to shaping the Dpp morphogen gradient in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Development 1998, 125:4901–4907.
de Celis, JF, Barrio, R. Function of the spalt/spalt‐related gene complex in positioning the veins in the Drosophila wing. Mech Dev 2000, 91:31–41.
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Plaza, S. Molecular basis for the inhibition of Drosophila eye development by Antennapedia. EMBO J 2001, 20:802–811. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/20.4.802.
Reed, RD. Evidence for notch‐mediated lateral inhibition in organizing butterfly wing scales. Dev Genes Evol 2004, 214:43–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-003-0366-0.
Diaz‐Benjumea, FJ, Cohen, SM. Serrate signals through Notch to establish a Wingless‐dependent organizer at the dorsal/ventral compartment boundary of the Drosophila wing. Development 1995, 121:4215–4225.
Keys, DN, Lewis, DL, Selegue, JE, Pearson, BJ, Goodrich, LV, Johnson, RL, Gates, J, Scott, MP, Carroll, SB. Recruitment of a hedgehog regulatory circuit in butterfly eyespot evolution. Science 1999, 283:532–534.
Rudolf, K, Umetsu, D, Aliee, M, Sui, L, Jülicher, F, Dahmann, C. A local difference in Hedgehog signal transduction increases mechanical cell bond tension and biases cell intercalations along the Drosophila anteroposterior compartment boundary. Development 2015, 142:3845–3858. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.125542.
Chen, Y, Struhl, G. Dual roles for patched in sequestering and transducing Hedgehog. Cell 1996, 87:553–563.
Dahmann, C, Basler, K. Opposing transcriptional outputs of hedgehog signaling and engrailed control compartmental cell sorting at the Drosophila A/P boundary. Cell 2000, 100:411–422.
Phillips, AM, Smart, R, Strauss, R, Brembs, B, Kelly, LE. The Drosophila black enigma: the molecular and behavioural characterization of the black1 mutant allele. Gene 2005, 351:131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2005.03.013.
Wittkopp, PJ, Carroll, SB, Kopp, A. Evolution in black and white: genetic control of pigment patterns in Drosophila. Trends Genet 2003, 19:495–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00194-X.
Seimiya, M, Gehring, WJ. The Drosophila homeobox gene optix is capable of inducing ectopic eyes by an eyeless‐independent mechanism. Development 2000, 127:1879–1886.
Croce, JC, McClay, DR. Evolution of the Wnt pathways. Methods Mol Biol 2008, 469:3–18.
Janssen, R, Le Gouar, M, Pechmann, M, Poulin, F, Bolognesi, R, Schwager, EE, Hopfen, C, Colbourne, JK, Budd, GE, Brown, SJ, et al. Conservation, loss, and redeployment of Wnt ligands in protostomes: implications for understanding the evolution of segment formation. BMC Evol Biol 2010, 10:374. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471‐2148‐10‐374.
Gieseler, K, Wilder, E, Mariol, M‐C, Buratovitch, M, Bérenger, H, Graba, Y, Pradel, J. DWnt4 and wingless elicit similar cellular responses during imaginal development. Dev Biol 2001, 232:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2001.0184.
Reed, RD, McMillan, WO, Nagy, LM. Gene expression underlying adaptive variation in Heliconius wing patterns: non‐modular regulation of overlapping cinnabar and vermilion prepatterns. Proc R Soc B 2007, 275:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1115.
Reed, RD, Nagy, LM. Evolutionary redeployment of a biosynthetic module: expression of eye pigment genes vermilion, cinnabar, and white in butterfly wing development. Evol Dev 2005, 7:301–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525‐142X.2005.05036.x.
Ferguson, LC, Jiggins, CD. Shared and divergent expression domains on mimetic Heliconius wings. Evol Dev 2009, 11:498–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00358.x.
Warren, WD, Palmer, S, Howells, AJ. Molecular characterization of the cinnabar region of Drosophila melanogaster: identification of the cinnabar transcription unit. Genetica 1996, 98:249–262.
Searles, LL, Voelker, RA. Molecular characterization of the Drosophila vermilion locus and its suppressible alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986, 83:404–408.
Mackenzie, SM, Brooker, MR, Gill, TR, Cox, GB, Howells, AJ, Ewart, GD. Mutations in the white gene of Drosophila melanogaster affecting ABC transporters that determine eye colouration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1419:173–185.
Gordon, IJ, Smith, DAS. Genetics of the mimetic African butterfly Hypolimnas misippus: hindwing polymorphism. Heredity (Edinb) 1989, 63:409–425.
Gordon, IJ, Smith, DAS. Body size and colour‐pattern genetics in the polymorphic mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas misippus (L.). Heredity (Edinb) 1998, 80:62–69. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00259.x.
Gordon, IJ. Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. in Africa. Heredity (Edinb) 1984, 53:583–593.
Clark, R, Brown, SM, Collins, SC, Jiggins, CD, Heckel, DG, Vogler, AP. Colour pattern specification in the mocker swallowtail Papilio dardanus: the transcription factor invected is a candidate for the mimicry locus H. Proc R Soc B 2008, 275:1181–1188. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1762.
Timmermans, MJ, Baxter, SW, Clark, R, Heckel, DG, Vogel, H, Collins, S, Papanicolaou, A, Fukova, I, Joron, M, Thompson, MJ, et al. Comparative genomics of the mimicry switch in Papilio dardanus. Proc R Soc B 2014, 281 pii:20140465. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0465.
Simmonds, AJ, Brook, WJ, Cohen, SM, Bell, JB. Distinguishable functions for engrailed and invected in anterior–posterior patterning in the Drosophila wing. Nature 1995, 376:424–427. https://doi.org/10.1038/376424a0.
Zecca, M, Basler, K, Struhl, G. Sequential organizing activities of engrailed, hedgehog and decapentaplegic in the Drosophila wing. Development 1995, 121:2265–2278.
Clarke, CA, Clarke, FMM, Collins, SC, Gill, ACL, Turner, JRG. Male‐like females, mimicry and transvestism in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Syst Entomol 1985, 10:257–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00137.x.
Clarke, CA, Sheppard, PM. The genetics of four new forms of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon L. Proc R Soc B 1973, 184:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1973.0027.
Komata, S, Lin, C‐P, Iijima, T, Fujiwara, H, Sota, T. Identification of doublesex alleles associated with the female‐limited Batesian mimicry polymorphism in Papilio memnon. Sci Rep 2016, 6:34782. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34782.
Scriber, JM, Hagen, RH, Lederhouse, RC. Genetics of mimicry in the tiger swallowtail butterflies, Papilio glaucus and P. canadensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Evolution (N Y) 1996, 50:222–236.
Andolfatto, P, Scriber, JM, Charlesworth, B. No association between mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and a female‐limited mimicry phenotype in Papilio glaucus. Evolution (N Y) 2003, 57:305–316.
Ffrench‐Constant, RH. Butterfly wing colours are driven by the evolution of developmental heterochrony. Butterfly wing colours and patterning by numbers. Heredity (Edinb) 2012, 108:592–593. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2012.6.
True, JR, Carroll, SB. Gene co‐option in physiological and morphological evolution. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2002, 18:53–80. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.020402.140619.
Wallbank, RWR, Baxter, SW, Pardo‐Diaz, C, Hanly, JJ, Martin, SH, Mallet, J, Dasmahapatra, KK, Salazar, C, Joron, M, Nadeau, N, et al. Evolutionary novelty in a butterfly wing pattern through enhancer shuffling. PLoS Biol 2016, 14:e1002353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002353.
Cvekl, A, Piatigorsky, J. Lens development and crystallin gene expression: many roles for Pax‐6. Bioessays 1996, 18:621–630. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950180805.
Arnoult, L, Su, KFY, Manoel, D, Minervino, C, Magriña, J, Gompel, N, Prud`homme, B. Emergence and diversification of fly pigmentation through evolution of a gene regulatory module. Science 2013, 339:1423–1426. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233749.
Carroll, SB, Gates, J, Keys, D, Paddock, SW, Panganiban, GF, Selegue, J, Williams, JA. Pattern formation and eyespot determination in butterfly wings. Science 1994, 265:109–114. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7912449.
Brunetti, CR, Selegue, JE, Monteiro, A, French, V, Brakefield, PM, Carroll, SB. The generation and diversification of butterfly eyespot color patterns. Curr Biol 2001, 11:1578–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00502-4.
Chen, L, DeVries, AL, Cheng, CH. Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:3811–3816.
McCulloch, KJ, Osorio, D, Briscoe, AD. Sexual dimorphism in the compound eye of Heliconius erato: a nymphalid butterfly with at least five spectral classes of photoreceptor. J Exp Biol 2016, 219:2377–2387. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.136523.
Oliver, JC, Robertson, KA, Monteiro, A. Accommodating natural and sexual selection in butterfly wing pattern evolution. Proc R Soc B 2009, 276:2369–2375. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0182.
Su, S, Lim, M, Kunte, K. Prey from the eyes of predators: color discriminability of aposematic and mimetic butterflies from an avian visual perspective. Evolution (N Y) 2015, 69:2985–2994. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12800.
Ohsaki, N. Preferential predation of female butterflies and the evolution of Batesian mimicry. Nature 1995, 378:173–175.
Cohen, B, McGuffin, ME, Pfeifle, C, Segal, D, Cohen, SM. Apterous, a gene required for imaginal disc development in Drosophila encodes a member of the LIM family of developmental regulatory proteins. Genes Dev 1992, 6:715–729.
Diaz‐Benjumea, FJ, Cohen, SM. Interaction between dorsal and ventral cells in the imaginal disc directs wing development in Drosophila. Cell 1993, 75:741–752.
Blair, SS, Brower, DL, Thomas, JB, Zavortink, M. The role of apterous in the control of dorsoventral compartmentalization and PS integrin gene expression in the developing wing of Drosophila. Development 1994, 120:1805–1815.
Kim, J, Irvine, KD, Carroll, SB. Cell recognition, signal induction, and symmetrical gene activation at the dorsal–ventral boundary of the developing Drosophila wing. Cell 1995, 82:795–802.
Brabant, MC, Fristrom, D, Bunch, TA, Brower, DL. Distinct spatial and temporal functions for PS integrins during Drosophila wing morphogenesis. Development 1996, 122:3307–3317.
Danen, EHJ, Sonnenberg, A. Integrins in regulation of tissue development and function. J Pathol 2003, 200:471–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1416.
Araujo, H. Integrins modulate Sog activity in the Drosophila wing. Development 2003, 130:3851–3864. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.00613.
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity
Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties
Deshmukh Riddhi, Baral Saurav, Gandhimathi A., Kuwalekar Muktai, Kunte Krushnamegh. Mimicry in butterflies: co‐option and a bag of magnificent developmental genetic tricks. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7: null. doi: 10.1002/wdev.291
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Hello trapperfriends! Some of you have asked about this new song Eric's been performing on this most recent tour. Someone was cool enough to shoot this very nice video of it from the Santa Barbara show, so I thought I'd post it here for your enjoyment. Apparently these were shot and edited entirely by students enrolled in a UCSB video production course. Awesome!
And here's a playlist with the rest of the show... all 17 tracks of it!
Great song!!! I can't wait to see BT on the East Coast again. thanks for posting!!


This beautiful two-story, home was built circa 1900. Features of the house include a complex roof line, corner tower with conical roof, central double leaf entrance, a wraparound porch with Eastlake trim, a conical roof projection and an upper level gable roof porch. It is a contributing property to the Greensboro Historic District that listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). This house is located at 1604 Main Street in Greenboro (GPS coordinates 32.704372, -87.598091).
This house (identified as the Cade-Hillier House) is site #29 on the Greensboro Historic Walking Tour brochure. The Walking Tour brochure contains six routes that include 74 historic Greensboro sites. Brochures are available at a tourism kiosk that's located on the southeast corner of Main and Beacon Streets at downtown Greensboro.


text:
Beware-Intimidation at work place may lead to Heart attack
Cardiac Sciences, Editors Pick, News
According to the largest prospective observational study, People who experience intimidation or violence at work are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases including heart attack and stroke. The study has appeared in the European Heart Journal.
The researchers feel that their results have important implications for employers may it be in any sector and national governments.
Ms Tianwei Xu at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark and her colleagues analysed data from 79,201 working men and women in Denmark and Sweden, aged 18 to 65, with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), who were participants in three studies that started between 1995 and 2011; the participants have been followed up ever since. All the participants were asked about bullying and violence in the workplace and how frequently they experienced each of them. The information related to the number of cases of heart and brain blood vessel disease and deaths was obtained from nationwide registries.
Ms Xu and her colleagues also took account of other factors that could affect whether or not the participants were affected by CVD, such as body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, mental disorders and other pre-existing health conditions, shift working and occupation.
In the study, nine percent of participants reported being bullied at work and 13% reported experiencing violence or threats of violence at work in the past year. The researchers found that those who were bullied or experienced violence at work had a 59% and 25% higher risk of CVD respectively compared to people who were not exposed to bullying or violence.
It was found that as compared with people who did not suffer bullying, people who reported being bullied frequently in the past 12 months had 120% higher risk of CVD, while those who were exposed most frequently to workplace violence had a 36% higher risk of CVD such as stroke than those not exposed to violence, but there did not appear to be a corresponding increase in heart disease.
Ms Xu lead author said: "Workplace bullying and workplace violence are distinct social stressors at work. Only 10-14% of those exposed to at least one type of exposure was suffering from the other at the same time. These stressful events are related to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in a dose-response manner – in other words,author said the exposure to bullying or violence, the greater the risk of cardiovascular disease.
"From this study, we cannot conclude that there is a causal relation between workplace bullying or workplace violence and cardiovascular disease, but we provide empirical evidence in support of such a causal relation, especially given the plausible biological pathway between workplace major stressors and cardiovascular disease. This is further supported by the dose-response trend and the robustness of the results in various sensitivity analyses. Experimental studies on violence and bullying would be highly unethical and our study thus provides the best evidence of this association.
"The effect of bullying and violence on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the general population is comparable to other risk factors, such as diabetes and alcohol drinking, which further highlights the importance of workplace bullying and workplace violence in relation to cardiovascular disease prevention.
"It is important to prevent workplace bullying and workplace violence from happening, as they constitute major stressors for those exposed. It is also important to have policies for intervening if bullying or violence occurs."
The researchers believe that high blood pressure is likely to be involved as it is known already that severe stress can increase blood pressure. In addition, exposure to bullying and violence may lead to anxiety and depression which, in turn, can lead to over-eating and excessive alcohol consumption. Stress-induced changes to metabolism could also be involved.
Other interesting findings from the research included the fact that bullying in the workplace occurred mostly from colleagues (79%) rather than from people outside the organization (21%), whereas violence or threats of violence at work originated mainly from people outside the organization (91%) than from within (9%).
There are several limitations of the study including the fact that workplace bullying and violence was measured only once; and some information, such as the use of tobacco other than smoking, personality traits, genetic factors and other stressors like the marital conflict was not available.
Therefore experts feel that the findings of study need to be carefully and cautiously interpreted. The study could not possibly bifurcate the stress and pre-existing psychological problems due to events in a person's early life and that due to workplace events. So how much the increased CVD incidence was driven by workplace interventions could not be assessed.
Source: With inputs from European Heart Journal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
namespace blink {

WebFont* WebFont::Create(const WebFontDescription& description) {
  return new WebFont(description);
}

class WebFont::Impl final {
  USING_FAST_MALLOC(WebFont::Impl);

 public:
  explicit Impl(const WebFontDescription& description) : font_(description) {
  }

  const Font& GetFont() const { return font_; }

 private:
  Font font_;
};

WebFont::WebFont(const WebFontDescription& description)
    : private_(std::make_unique<Impl>(description)) {}

WebFont::~WebFont() = default;

WebFontDescription WebFont::GetFontDescription() const {
  return WebFontDescription(private_->GetFont().GetFontDescription());
}

static inline const SimpleFontData* GetFontData(const Font& font) {
  const SimpleFontData* font_data = font.PrimaryFont();
  DCHECK(font_data);
  return font_data;
}

int WebFont::Ascent() const {
  const SimpleFontData* font_data = GetFontData(private_->GetFont());
  return font_data ? font_data->GetFontMetrics().Ascent() : 0;
}

int WebFont::Descent() const {
  const SimpleFontData* font_data = GetFontData(private_->GetFont());
  return font_data ? font_data->GetFontMetrics().Descent() : 0;
}

int WebFont::Height() const {
  const SimpleFontData* font_data = GetFontData(private_->GetFont());
  return font_data ? font_data->GetFontMetrics().Height() : 0;
}

int WebFont::LineSpacing() const {
  const SimpleFontData* font_data = GetFontData(private_->GetFont());
  return font_data ? font_data->GetFontMetrics().LineSpacing() : 0;
}

float WebFont::XHeight() const {
  const SimpleFontData* font_data = private_->GetFont().PrimaryFont();
  DCHECK(font_data);
  return font_data ? font_data->GetFontMetrics().XHeight() : 0;
}

void WebFont::DrawText(cc::PaintCanvas* canvas,
                       const WebTextRun& run,
                       const gfx::PointF& left_baseline,
                       SkColor color) const {
  FontCachePurgePreventer font_cache_purge_preventer;
  TextRun text_run(run);
  TextRunPaintInfo run_info(text_run);

  auto* builder = MakeGarbageCollected<PaintRecordBuilder>();
  GraphicsContext& context = builder->Context();

  {
    DrawingRecorder recorder(context, *builder, DisplayItem::kWebFont);
    context.Save();
    context.SetFillColor(Color::FromSkColor(color));
    context.DrawText(private_->GetFont(), run_info, left_baseline,
                     kInvalidDOMNodeId, AutoDarkMode::Disabled());
    context.Restore();
  }

  builder->EndRecording(*canvas);
}

int WebFont::CalculateWidth(const WebTextRun& run) const {
  return private_->GetFont().Width(run, nullptr);
}

int WebFont::OffsetForPosition(const WebTextRun& run, float position) const {
  return private_->GetFont().OffsetForPosition(
      run, position, kIncludePartialGlyphs, BreakGlyphsOption(false));
}

gfx::RectF WebFont::SelectionRectForText(const WebTextRun& run,
                                         const gfx::PointF& left_baseline,
                                         int height,
                                         int from,
                                         int to) const {
  return private_->GetFont().SelectionRectForText(run, left_baseline, height,
                                                  from, to);
}

}  // namespace blink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Studies have shown that homework is an effective method to help students practice the skills they have been taught in school. As they move through the educational system, they learn good study habits, time management, organizational skills and are better prepared for the world that lies ahead of them. However, many students struggle with getting their assignments finished and are often times labelled as "unmotivated." If you have a student struggling, here are a few tips experts recommend for increasing the effectiveness of homework.
Whether it be a desk or a kitchen table, providing a child with a well-lit, quiet area to concentrate from is a must. This room should be free from distractions and have the necessary supplies your child will need (pens, pencils, rulers etc.). By giving your child the same "station" to work from, it conditions their mind to go into work-mode and will cut down on frustration and stress.
Work is assigned to help cement the information taught in school, but it can also sometimes interfere with your child's extracurricular activities. This can include after school practices or lessons. In order to facilitate all your child's needs, help them make a schedule to organize both their homework and other activities. This not only teaches them good time management, but keeps them (and you) organized.
Although, parents are encouraged to help a child with any problems that may arise from an assignment, this does not mean you do the work for them. Doing homework is a skill that children must learn to reinforce the lessons taught at school. If parents step in and do the work, the child will never fully grasp the concepts they need to move ahead.
Many parents get frustrated by their child's lack of productiveness when it comes time to do their assignments. However, it is best to support and encourage, rather than get upset or use punishment for motivation. This will have a negative impact on your child's overall mental health and will actually work against you. If your child is struggling with a task or just the motivation to get started find out what the underlying problem may be. Sitting down with your youngster to unravel the frustration they may be experiencing will go a long way in solving the problem.
Homework shouldn't be the cause of a war every night. Follow these tips to help your student become more productive and put them on the road to success.


Social interacting is a complex task for which machine learning holds particular promise. However, as no sufficiently accurate simulator of human interactions exists today, the learning of social interaction strategies has to happen online in the real world. Actions executed by the robot impact on humans, and as such have to be carefully selected, making it impossible to rely on random exploration. Additionally, no clear reward function exists for social interactions. This implies that traditional approaches used for Reinforcement Learning cannot be directly applied for learning how to interact with the social world. As such we argue that robots will profit from human expertise and guidance to learn social interactions. However, as the quantity of input a human can provide is limited, new methods have to be designed to use human input more efficiently. In this paper we describe a setup in which we combine a framework called Supervised Progressively Autonomous Robot Competencies (SPARC), which allows safer online learning with Reinforcement Learning, with the use of partial states rather than full states to accelerate generalisation and obtain a usable action policy more quickly.


text:
package com.grndctl.controllers;

import com.grndctl.exceptions.ServiceException;
import com.grndctl.model.airsigmet.AIRSIGMET;
import com.grndctl.services.AirsigmetSvc;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiResponse;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiResponses;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import java.util.List;

import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.GET;
/**
 * @author Michael Di Salvo
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/airsigmet")
public class AirsigmetController {

    private static final String HRS_BEFORE = "hrsBefore";
    private static final String MAX_ALT_FT = "maxAltitudeFt";
    private static final String MIN_ALT_FT = "minAltitudeFt";
    private static final String MIN_LAT = "minLat";
    private static final String MAX_LAT = "maxLat";
    private static final String MIN_LON = "minLon";
    private static final String MAX_LON = "maxLon";

    private final AirsigmetSvc svc;

    @Autowired
    public AirsigmetController(final AirsigmetSvc svc) {
        this.svc = svc;
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "", method = GET, produces = "application/json")
    @ApiOperation(
            value = "getAirsigmets",
            nickname = "getAirsigmets",
            response = AIRSIGMET.class,
            responseContainer = "List"
    )
    @ApiResponses(value = {
            @ApiResponse(code = 200, message = "Success"),
            @ApiResponse(code = 500, message = "Internal Server Error")
    })
    public ResponseEntity<List<AIRSIGMET>> getAirsigmets() throws ServiceException {
        return ResponseEntity.ok(svc.getAirsigmets());
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/altLimited", method = GET, produces = "application/json")
    @ApiOperation(
            value = "getAirsigmetsByAlt",
            nickname = "getAirsigmetsByAlt",
            response = AIRSIGMET.class,
            responseContainer = "List"
    )
    @ApiResponses(value = {
            @ApiResponse(code = 200, message = "Success"),
            @ApiResponse(code = 400, message = "Bad Request"),
            @ApiResponse(code = 500, message = "Internal Server Error")
    })
    public ResponseEntity<List<AIRSIGMET>> getAirsigmetsByAlt(
            @RequestParam(value = HRS_BEFORE) double hrsBefore,
            @RequestParam(value = MIN_ALT_FT) int minAltFt,
            @RequestParam(value = MAX_ALT_FT) int maxAltFt) throws ServiceException {
        return ResponseEntity.ok(svc.getAirsigmetsInAltitudeRange(minAltFt, maxAltFt, hrsBefore));
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/latLonLimited", method = GET, produces = "application/json")
    @ApiOperation(
            value = "getAirsigmetsByLatLon",
            nickname = "getAirsigmetsByLatLon",
            response = AIRSIGMET.class,
            responseContainer = "List"
    )
    @ApiResponses(value = {
            @ApiResponse(code = 200, message = "Success"),
            @ApiResponse(code = 400, message = "Bad Request"),
            @ApiResponse(code = 500, message = "Internal Server Error")
    })
    public ResponseEntity<List<AIRSIGMET>> getAirsimetsByLatLon(
            @RequestParam(value = HRS_BEFORE) double hrsBefore,
            @RequestParam(value = MIN_LAT) int minLat,
            @RequestParam(value = MAX_LAT) int maxLat,
            @RequestParam(value = MIN_LON) int minLon,
            @RequestParam(value = MAX_LON) int maxLon) throws ServiceException {
        return ResponseEntity.ok(svc.getAirsigmetsInLatLongRectangle(minLat, minLon, maxLat, maxLon, hrsBefore));
    }

}


text:
Only the Brave - Review
Scene Stealers: Holly Hunter in The Big Sick
Best Films Never Made #30: Guillermo Del Toro's At The Mountains Of Madness
Scene Stealers: Bruce Campbell in the Spider-Man Trilogy
Conor Morgan
A Beginner's Guide to Robert Altman
Courtesy of: Walt Disney Motion Pictures
Solo: A Star Wars Story – Cannes 2018 Review
Is it possible to have too much of a good thing? Film franchises prompt that question on a daily basis, with every semi-successful character or creation plundered for as many sequels and spin-offs as audiences will watch. Solo is no exception, taking everyone's favourite loveable rogue and finding out what made him so…loveable and roguish.
Much about this prequel feels lazy, from the checklist of iconic moments (meeting Chewie and Lando, flying the Falcon, taking on the Kessel Run), to the blundering exposition and backstory scrawled in along the way. It's good that father and son writing team Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan are so keen to reach the action, but not if it simply means they chuck in a half-hearted prologue to give Han something to fight for.
Director Ron Howard, taking over from Phil Lord and Chris Miller, mostly chooses to underplay these iconic moments, a shrewd decision that sets Solo apart from the main Star Wars saga and fits the lead's survival first attitude. He's supported by some incredible photography from DoP Bradford Young which fulfils all the 'gritty' promises Rogue One made. He swathes the cast in smoke and dust, tinted with sumptuous sandy yellows and snowy greys, delivering some of the best visuals the series has seen.
Most importantly, Solo is a lot of fun, racing through some glorious action set-pieces that benefit from the rare novelty of being lightsaber-free. Alden Ehrenreich is no Harrison Ford but does a decent job putting his own stamp on the role. Paul Bettany, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Donald Glover and every one of his capes are also superb, relishing the chance to cross and double-cross each other all day long.
Solo is a promising and entertaining franchise-builder, but never quite gets to the heart of what makes Han Solo so legendary.
CAST: Emilia Clarke, Woody Harrelson, Alden Ehrenreich, Donald Glover, Paul Bettany
DIRECTOR: Ron Howard
WRITERS: Jon Kasdan (screenplay), Lawrence Kasdan (screenplay), George Lucas (based on characters created by)
SYNOPSIS: During an adventure into a dark criminal underworld, Han Solo meets his future copilot Chewbacca and encounters Lando Calrissian years before joining the Rebellion.
Solo: A Star Wars Story – Cannes 2018 Review was last modified: May 21st, 2018 by Tom Bond
Alden Ehrenreichdonald gloverEmilia ClarkeGeorge LucasJon KasdanLawrence KasdanPaul BettanyRon HowardWoody Harrelson
ORWAV's Top 20 Films of 2018: #7 – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
Chris Hemsworth: Not Just a Pretty Face
Solo: A Star Wars Story – Review
Scene Stealers: Donald Glover in The Martian
Journey's End – Review
Jack Blackwell


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Left-wing Lawmaker Calls on Israel to Allow German FM to Visit West Bank Without Quarantine
Meretz's Tamar Zandberg says decision to effectively block Heiko Maas from going to Ramallah amounts to 'sabotage' after Israeli officials said German FM would have to self-isolate for two weeks following visit
Noa Landau
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Lawmaker Tamar Zandberg speaking at a campaign event in Tel Aviv, 2019.Credit: Meged Gozani
Meretz lawmaker Tamar Zandberg asked Foreign Minister Gabi Ashkenazi on Tuesday to reverse the government's decision and allow German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas to visit the West Bank on his upcoming visit.
On Monday, Israeli officials said that, would Maas insist on visiting the Palestinian Authority in Ramallah, he would have to be put in quarantine for two weeks on his way back to Israel's Ben Gurion Airport because of the coronavirus.
LISTEN: Annexation vexation comes between Bibi and the settlers
In a letter, Zandberg argued "there was an intention to sabotage his meetings with the Palestinian leadership, using the excuse that a visit to Ramallah will require him to quarantine in Israel… even though he was supposedly meant to do so upon his arrival from Germany."
She called the decision "ridiculous" and called on Ashkenazi to allow Maas to visit the West Bank.
On Saturday night, Zandberg addressed an anti-annexation protest in Tel Aviv, arguing that the move was not in the interest of either Israelis or Palestinians.
"This... will officially make Israel an apartheid state," she told protesters.
Germany, a key ally of Israel in international organizations, has expressed concerns at Israel's intention to annex large parts of the West Bank. Although the official purpose of Maas's visit is to become acquainted with his new Israeli counterpart, he is also expected to ask Israel to avoid putting Germany in a difficult position by pushing ahead with its intentions to annex lands in the West Bank.
Israel prevented German foreign minister's West Bank visit, citing coronavirus regulations
West Bank annexation will harm Israel's relations with Germany but Berlin will oppose sanctions, officials believe
Israeli left's show of strength highlights weakness of anti-annexation protest
Diplomatic pressure has been mounting on Israel to at least delay the annexation process, with many international actors worried about the regional consequences of the move.
In May, Ashkenazi, a former Israel Defense Forces chief of staff who was elected to the Knesset as a co-leader in Benny Gantz's Kahol Lavan party, committed to push forward the Trump Mideast plan "responsibly, in coordination with the United States while safeguarding peace agreements and Israel's strategic interests."
He said that improving ties with Egypt and Jordan was especially important. Relations with Jordan have taken a major hit from the annexation prospects. Maas will also make a stop in Amman after visiting Israel this week.
Erdogan Confirms Plans for Israeli President Herzog's Visit to Turkey


Sitsiritsit, alibangbang Salaginto at salagubang. Ang babae sa lansangan, Kung gumiri'y parang tandang. Santo Niño sa Pandakan Puto seko sa tindahan. Kung ayaw mong magpautang, Uubusin ka ng langgam.
Even without recognition, Daniel Dizon, a Kapampangan painter, does one remarkable thing for the country.
The Kapampangan painter had produced notable paintings that captured on canvas the design and colors of combat uniforms of Katipuneros, including American colonial troops.
Water hyacinths, a plant of the lily family, are known as the one of the main causes of flood in Cotobato City. It clogs some waterways in and around the city since it grows and spreads so quickly in warmer climates such as the Philippines.
With an objective to help his kababayans, Josefino Comiso, a Filipino-American scientist at the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration and a native of Narvacan, Ilocos Sur, shared some expertise about climate change last June 17 at the Albay Astrodome.


Many states require that a certified copy be marked and authenticated with pre-determined notarial verbiage. After a notary has either personally made a photocopy of a certified document or determines a copy of an original document is a true and complete replica, they must note what transaction has taken place. If the document does not already have the notarial verbiage pre-printed on it, you will be asked to hand write all of the required information. Hand writing this required verbiage can be time consuming and messy. If you often find yourself in this position, we have a solution for you! Our Certified Copy Rubber stamp is 100% made and assembled in the United States and requires the use of an additional ink pad. This durable stamp have a very long lifespan and can be used for as long as your pad is well inked.
Not sure if this is the correct stamp for your needs? Contact us!
The Certified Copy Rubber stamp is a basic traditional wooden handle that will not break your budget. The Certified Copy Rubber stamp is made of quality American-made parts and is assembled by dedicated and talented team. Each rubber die is laser cut to ensure a great impression every time it is used. As long as you keep your additional ink pad well inked, your stamp will last indefinitely.
This stamp is a supplemental stamp and cannot be used in lieu of your official notary seal or stamp.


Text and parts of the pictures, copyright ©2017 Frama Communications AG & Frama AG, Switzerland. Design, layout , programming, videos, product demos and part of the pictures ©2017 Frama AG, Switzerland. All rights reserved.


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Dirty Dozen: Freja Frances
Freja Frances has been writing music for most of her life and has developed a delicate piano led style. She has released tracks online through her own label ShimmerSun Music and written a song for a videogame trailer. Here she talks about influences, releases and hopes for her future career.
Can you tell us about yourself? Where you're from and what you've been up to over the past few years?
I'm from London, the past few years I've been playing gigs and writing music and last year I released my first EP Ghosts. I've recently been commissioned to write a song for a trailer for Bossa Studios' new game Worlds Adrift, which should be launching sometime soon. I also played at Ventnor Fringe Festival in the Isle of Wight this Summer which was a lot of fun!
How would you describe your music?
Piano driven pop with emotional lyrics.
Can you tell us a little bit about your influences?
The music I listen to is not much like the music I write so I tend to be influenced more by lyrics than by musical style. I've been influenced by a variety of bands – Lydia, Radiohead, The Smashing Pumpkins, Florence and the Machine, Freelance Whales to name a few.
What are you currently promoting?
I've got a double A-Side Breathe/Porcelain Doll being released on 4th November. Both tracks are currently available to listen to on my SoundCloud page. I've been really overwhelmed by the positive response I've had to the tracks.
Have you got a particular song you've done that you're particularly proud of, one that might define you?
I don't know if I'd say that any one of my songs defines me because my music style is constantly evolving but at the moment I am really proud of Porcelain Doll, it's one of my favourite songs that I've written and it came together so well in the studio, I'm really happy with the way it turned out.
What are you currently listening to?
I've been listening to a lot of Chvrches lately, also Twenty One Pilots and Electric Century.
And your favourite album of all time, the one you couldn't do without?
My Chemical Romance's The Black Parade; every time I go back to it I'm amazed at what a brilliant album it is.
What are your hopes for your future career?
It'd be awesome to go on tour at some point; I really love travelling so being able to travel and play music would be a great experience.
If money were no object what would be your dream project?
I think if money was no object I'd just spend a lot more time in the studio to record an album, that way I could have the freedom to experiment more and try out different things.
What's the best thing about being a musician?
I love the feeling of finishing a song and being really happy with it.
And the worst?
It's difficult to make it a full time career.
Finally, have you anything you'd like to say to the readers of Americana UK?
I'd just like to say thanks to all of the readers for taking an interest in new artists. I hope to see some of your lovely faces at one of my future gigs!
Author: Rudie Hayes
Rudie is the weekly host of the syndicated radio show - The Horseshoe Lounge Music Session - playing the best American Roots and hosting terrific live guests.	View all posts by Rudie Hayes
Author Rudie HayesPosted on November 21, 2016 November 22, 2016 Categories Dirty Dozens
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Google has removed SVGGraphicsElement.getTransformToElement from Chrome in browser version 48 (refer to: https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5736166087196672). This removal impacts VIZ charts and result in JS errors.
A Fix (Chrome 48+ svg "getTransformToElement" remove issue) is already provided in Note 2268967".


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Home › Facebook Mobile
Facebook On Cell Phone
By aliibrahimblogger@gmail.com Saturday, November 17, 2018 Edit
Facebook On Cell Phone: Facebook Mobile is an attribute that enables a user to access Facebook from their cell phone via text, emails, downloaded applications or a web internet browser. Launched in 2007, Facebook Mobile was developed to provide Facebook individuals the ability to check out and update their web pages on-the-go.
Status updates, wall surface posts, and also image uploads could all be done through text and image messaging, while browsing through to the Mobile internet site from your phone's web internet browser enables you to see close friends' updates. Numerous mobile phones also enable a user to download a Facebook application, which comes geared up with a lot of the the exact same attributes available on the common internet site. In May 2010, Facebook introduced "Facebook Zero," a mobile web site which would certainly get no information charges, on over 50 provider around the globe.
You can access Facebook functions utilizing a mobile phone like a cell phone in 3 means: mobile sms message, mobile uploads as well as mobile Internet browsing. Allow's have a look at each of these subsequently.
Text make use of a standardized mobile text transfer method called Short Answering service (TEXT) or Multimedia Messaging Solution (MMS). SMS permits you to send and obtain text to solutions like Web sites, voice-mail systems and also e-mail servers. An SMS message could only depend on 160 characters long. The MMS standard is an improvement on SMS, without size limit to messages (though huge messages call for a sophisticated 3G phone network to transfer via the system). Not all phones have SMS or MMS capacities.
When you send out a text message from your phone to Facebook, the message sends to a mobile switching center (MSC), which sends out the signal to a signal transfer factor (STP). From there, the message goes to a short answering service facility (SMSC), which after that sends the text to Facebook. When Facebook sends a message to your phone, the procedure is turned around. Using text, you could search for standard member profile details, send out messages (consisting of jabs as well as wall surface posts), include good friends to your network and interact with some Facebook applications.
Mobile posts work in a comparable way to text messages, however have to use MMS. MMS enables you to send out not only text, yet additionally audio data, video and images. The transfer method is similar to SMS, but it calls for a handheld gadget suitable with the MMS standard. Because some gadgets aren't MMS suitable, company sometimes build in an attribute that signals an individual when he or she has actually obtained a multimedia message. The message typically informs the individual to go to a Websites link to see the message.
With MMS messages sent from your phone, you could submit images to your profile-- they'll show up in a special uploaded images section. You could also submit notes or video clips from your phone to your profile. In either instance, you have to produce your multimedia message initially, then send it to the ideal e-mail address.
Your phone needs to have Web searching capabilities in order for you to visit Facebook from it. You'll have to route your phone's browser to m.facebook.com, Facebook's website designed especially for mobile surfing. To submit notes to Facebook, you send the message to notes@facebook.com. For images or videos, you send the message to mobile@facebook.com.
Unlike typical Facebook pages, the mobile equivalent's code is in Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML). XHTML is a much more limited language compared to common HTML. One of the reasons for this is that the Internet Consortium (W3C), a worldwide organization that establishes interoperable modern technologies for the Internet, identified the demand for a Web language that mobile phones could quickly interpret. Computer systems have extra sources compared to smart phones, and could translate a lot more complicated Website compared to a mobile phone or similar gizmo. XHTML aids to level the playing field.
In the next area, we'll look at several of Facebook's excellent statistics.
Download Facebook App:
1. Facebook free download for android, please download here
2. Facebook application for Blackberry, please download here.
3. Facebook application for iOS, please download here.
4. Facebook application for Java, please download here.
5. Facebook application for windows mobile, please download here


When a person is charged with a crime that has a penalty of time in jail, the court may appoint an attorney to represent their interests. The crime may be a misdemeanor, gross misdemeanor, or felony.
In order to appoint an attorney, the court must determine if a person charged with a crime is financially eligible. An application form must be truthfully completed. You can ask for a Public Defender at any time, but it is best to ask for a Public Defender as soon as you first appear in court. Once the judge appoints the Public Defender to represent you, the local Chief Public Defender decides which Assistant Public Defender will handle your case. You are unable to choose which Assistant Public Defender handles your case. In some locations, there is a financial inquiry that occurs before the first court hearing. In other locations, the inquiry occurs in court. Minnesota law sets out the types of court hearings in which a person has a right to appointment of a public defender in court.
The State of Minnesota Board of Public Defense is independent of the Minnesota Judicial Branch. For more information about the Public Defender's Office, visit the State of Minnesota Board of Public Defense website.


SPL Parts is your ultimate source for BMW E46 3 series high-performance suspension parts, including the E46 M3. We design and manufacture suspension components for track racing, drifting and street. Whether you're simply looking to lower your E46 3 series or E46 M3 for improved stance and street handling, or looking to win next weekend at the upcoming track or drift event, we've got you covered. All BMW 3 series parts are proudly designed and built in the USA.


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Q: Uuse both a manifest.mf and also pass jars using cp? I have a jar that uses a manifest for some of its dependencies which are packed up into a jar using maven.
Is it possible to run the jar with both the internal packaged up jars, which are described in the manifest, and jars that I pass using -cp at application launch?
Or is it one or the other?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


London, Nov 1: Chelsea are weighing up a Summer swoop for West Ham teenage sensation Declan Rice after his rejection of a new contract proposal from the side, according to reports.
Rice spent seven years at the Blue's academy but was released by them as a 14-year-old. Since then the 19-year-old young midfielder has slowly established himself through the Hammers academy ranks and got his long-awaited Hammers debut last season.
Furthermore, this season he has seen himself as a regular under new manager Manuel Pellegrini and has been impressive so far. The defensive midfielder who can also play as centre-back is currently has a contract with the side till 2020 and is on a £3,000-a-week payroll.
It is understood that to reward the player for his rise to the senior team, the London based side are now ready to offer him a bumper pay rise and have held talks with the midfielder's representatives over an extension to his current deal that runs out in 2020.
West Ham have reportedly offered Rice an improved deal of around £20,000-a-week to stay at the London Stadium however as per reports, the midfielder has turned down the deal in a bid to holding out for more.
However, it has reportedly alerted fellow rival Chelsea who now have turned their attention towards the teenager and as per METRO, Chelsea are willing to offer Rice wages of around £40,000-a-week.
West Ham, however, are apparently still hopeful of tying up the midfielder with an improved deal but should Rice's decision of rejecting to sign a new deal remain until the end of the season, certainly, the Hammers will consider selling the teenager rather than letting him leave on a free the following year.
Chelsea did well to strengthen in midfield this season by bringing in Kovacic and Jorginho, but surely there is room for more improvement in that position. Should the teenager move, he mostly would replace AC Milan loan Tiemoue Bakayoko and outcast Danny Drinkwater for whom Chelsea are searching permanent buyers.


Register in person, by calling 203-452-5197. Check the Adult Calendar of Events for exact day and time.
Mouse Training: An introductory, hands-on session for people who are unfamiliar with how to use a computer mouse. Instruction by Appointment. Call Walter Dembowski at 203-452-5197 to schedule.
E-Mail Basics: Getting Started: An introductory, hands-on session for people who do not yet have email, but would like to. This workshop shows how to create a free Yahoo email account and how to send and read email. Instruction by Appointment. Call Walter Dembowski at 203-452-5197 to schedule.
Advanced E-Mail: Beyond the Basics: For people who already send, and receive email. This lecture-demonstration session will explain how to create an address book, how to send attachments, and how to create folders.
Very, Very, Very Basic Internet Searching: This lecture-demonstration offers a starting from scratch introduction to searching the Internet.
Tips & Tricks for Using the Online Catalog: Learn how to search the Trumbull Library's online catalog more effectively in this hands-on workshop. Instruction by Appointment. Call Walter Dembowski at 203-452-5197 to schedule an appointment.
Overdrive Sandbox: This will explain the Overdrive service and how to find ebooks and audiobooks to download to your device. A demonstration of how to search Overdrive, find the format for "your" device, how to checkout and finally -- download it to your device! Limited to Trumbull Residents only. Instruction by Appointment. Call Mary Rogers at 203-452-5197 to schedule an appointment.
Overdrive Demo: A lecture, demonstration of the Overdrive system for downloading ebooks, audiobooks and live streaming of video. Mary Rogers, library staff member will demonstrate how to search the Overdrive system to get results along with showing how easy it is to download to your device.
hoopla Sandbox: This will explain the hoopla service and how to find an item you want to download to your device. Help will be given on installing the "hoopla app" on your device and finally you will be shown how to download an item to your device. Limited to Trumbull Residents only. Instruction by Appointment. Call Mary Rogers at 203-452-5197 to schedule an appointment.
Getting to Know hoopla: A lecture, demonstration of the Hoopla system for downloading ebooks, audiobooks, comics and live streaming of movies, television shows or music. Mary Rogers, library staff member will demonstrate how to search the Hoopla system along with showing how easy it is to download to your device. Must be a Trumbull resident. Registration is required.
Getting to Know RB Digital: A lecture demonstration of the RB Digital system for downloading digital issues of 28 different magazine titles. Mary Rogers, library staff member will demonstrate how to search the Zinio system along with showing how easy it is to download to your device. Must be a Trumbull resident. Registration is required.
All classes taught by library staff members.
Need help learning new technology or brushing up on Microsoft Office? Here is a free online source that will give you some pointers! Goodwill Community Foundation and the Goodwill Industries of Eastern NC created GCFLearnfree.org. Click here to check it out.


Intra-industry trade has become a main trade form in recent years. This paper focused on the empirical work on the determinants of intra-industry trade in Chinese Manufacturing. We studied the determinants of intra-industry trade in Chinese Manufacturing by considering the country characteristics and industry characteristics synchronously. Based on the regression analysis, we found that the level of intra-industry trade in Chinese Manufacturing was positively influenced by per capita income, while the influence of scale economies and foreign direct investment were negative.


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A day trip to Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, it is escaping without leaving!
Follow us on Facebook and Instagram and share your discoveries #steannedebellevue
Facebook / Events
Statement of Offense
Local Plan for Sustainable Development
"Moving Towards Sustainability " Fund
Urban Beekeeping
Monarch Friendly City
A Tree for my Neighborhood
Contaminated Lands
Feral Cats Program
Waste collection schedule
Organic waste
Residual Materials Management
Ecocentre
Municipal Patrol
Info-Work
Urban Planning By-laws
Planning Advisory Committee (CCU)
Programme particulier d'urbanisme (PPU) - North Sector
Site planning and architectural integrity program (SPAIP)
Catalog of Activities
Registration Procedures for activities
General Information and Membership
Virtual catalog
A Birth, A Book Program
Ecomuseum Zoo | Nature Camp
Outdoor Municipal Pool
Summer 2019 programming
Sports and Physical Activity
Community Garage Sale
Buskers on the Boardwalk
Neighbourhood Parties
Naturally, Sainte-Anne
Consultation and public information sessions
News and releases
Recreation Brochures & Leaflets
Information Documents for Citizens
Let's help our community
Electronic Billboards
Municipal Newsletters
Emergency Measures
The City in short
Coat of arms & logo
How to get here?
Democratic life
Electoral districts
Administrative By-laws
Public Safety By-laws
Environmental By-laws
Finance By-laws
Watering by-law
Financial statements and mayor's report
Morgan Arboretum
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal
Navark Cruises
Macdonald Farm
Sainte-Anne Market
Montreal Aviation Museum
Anse-à-l'Orme Nature-Park
Sainte-Anne Street and Historical Village
Ecomuseum Zoo
Tourist Events
Events and Activities | Summer 2019
Coat of Arms and Logo
Research, design and creation of the City's coat of arms were carried out at the Canadian College of Armorial Bearings' offices and workshops in Montreal, Canada.
Golden, cantoned cross adorned in vair between four eaglet gules, a grand quarter surmounted with the same of three silver shells.
A mural crown adorned with five crenellated golden towers.
Two limbs of maple leaves proper, entwined at the tip and held under the rim to a ribbon Gules.
OMNIA PER LABOREM ET FIDEM
This beautiful Latin phrase means: ALL BY WORK AND BY FAITH
This motto honours citizens of past generations and acts as a key words for contemporaries.
This metal is used in combination with silver and steel. It is the symbol of sunlight, loyalty, generosity and glory. Etched, this metal is represented by a dotted line.
CROSS:
The cross was once an instrument of torture consisting of two pieces of wood that intersect and cross, usually at right angles, which slaves and criminals were tied.
Following the execution of Our Lord, the cross became the emblem of Christianity. In its earliest historical period, almost all of the peoples of antiquity have used the cross as an instrument of punishment; the origin is likely to be Oriental.
Egyptians, Carthaginians, Persians and Scythians knew about it. The Greeks have most probably borrowed it from the Persians. One would come to Rome to watch this torture as the most ignominious of all deaths, except in sedition cases, slaves and the vilest of criminals were condemned to it. The story of Our Lord's Passion in the Gospels provides us all the details of the crucifixion practiced by the Romans. It was standard practice to have this instrument of torture going down a main road in order to produce a chilling effect. But having embraced Christianity and out of respect for Jesus Christ, Constantine forbade later on, the crucifixion torment to criminals.
The artists of the Middle Ages took possession of this instrument of torture to reproduce it in its most varied aspects.
The heraldists complicated endlessly the detail of these types of crosses, who remained, nonetheless, the same symbolism.
This symbol reminds us that Sainte-Anne was Our Lord's venerable grandmother.
VAIR:
A medieval fur derived from squirrel pelts, particularly the one taken from the little grey squirrel.
It was composed of parts of the abdomen alternating with those of the back creating the heraldic vair and giving it a stylized heraldry representation.
CANTONED:
This adjective applies to a cross accompanied by other symbols (in areas left free in the background of the shield).
EAGLETS:
Heraldic name represented by a number of eagles on a shield. Ornithology teaches us that eagles are endowed with particularly keen eyesight. By association, one could say that they evoke the name Bellevue. The choice of symbols on these arms has a different origin to which we will refer to further on. Only three eaglets are visible, but following consistency, describe their supposed number (the fourth being hidden by the grand quarter).
GULES:
A name (deriving from the Arabic ghul) is given the color red, in heraldry. It was formerly used to describe a fur trim cut from the marten's mouth and used as an ornament.
Shown by vertical hatching, this color is that of blood and fire. It is commonly known as the symbol of courage, strength and defending just causes.
GRAND QUARTER:
A heraldic piece covering a quarter of the shield's surface and found on the upper left of the latter (unless otherwise indicated).
SURMOUNTED:
Past verb applied to all parts placed on other symbols or colors.
SHELLS:
The shells are also called ¨coquilles¨ Saint-Jacques.
In the past, pilgrims would travel to Compostela (Spain) to pray on Saint-Jacques' tomb, symbolizing it by covering it with shells.
These symbols and the eaglets were part of the coat of arms to remind us that Bishop François de Laval (1623-1708) was the founder of Mission Saint-Louis.
Shells placed in a county evoked the idea of the county name: Jacques-Cartier.
On the City of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue's coat of arms was also evoked, in memory of, François-Saturnin Lascaris d'Urfé (1641-1701), Marquis of Beauzé, former Sulpician, Abbot of Saint-Just and d'Urzèche, dean of the chapter of Le Puy, before coming to Canada.
The fur called vair (which adorns the surface of the cross) derives from its origin.
Silver combined with gold and sometimes steel, is often used in heraldry. This metal is considered as a symbol of purity.
These arms are strictly exclusive (heraldic imperious rule) while recalling the history of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue.
HELMET:
Generic name of pieces placed above a shield indicating the quality of the user.
MURAL CROWN:
This symbol is used to distinguish the arms of a locality as opposed to a person.
FIVE TOWERS:
This detail indicates that it is the shield of a city.
CRENELLATED:
This adjective applies to the towers crenellations.
Name for decorative patterns that are not human beings (named holders) or animals (designated as supports).
MAPLE:
Tree whose leaf is one of the national emblems.
LEAVES PROPER:
Term defining the hue of leaves which is very similar to that of Nature.
The base of the shield.
RIM:
Image simulating a strip of parchment paper used to inscribe a motto.
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue is a city surrounded by water. It was important to create an image that highlighted the attraction.
The three waves represent the transition between the Lake of Two Mountains (Lac des Deux-Montagnes), Lake Saint-Louis (Lac Saint-Louis) and the rapids of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue filled with history
The spaces between them represent the transition routes, locks to modern highways; they also represent the different sectors, residential, institutional, industrial and commercial.
Sky, earth and water are symbolized by the colors, reflecting vibrancy and unifying residents.
Salsa by the Water
Next event: Friday, July 26
Family Thursdays
Every Thursday in the municipal parks
An Evening of Line Dancing
Every Monday at 6 pm
Discover Lac Saint-Louis differently!
2017 | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue | All rights reserved


Follow-up to a previous entry - we're still recruiting, but now it's more money and less skills required.
"SQL Server DBA wanted for a small but quickly growing management consultancy. The successful applicant would be responsible for maintaining SQL Server 2000 servers, write SQL queries in response to client enquiries, DTS packages and database design. Some network administration may also be required. London. Salary up to £30,000."
If you're interested, or have questions, email me.
so di dhte other partsof the job get filled or did they realise they really actaully wanted a DBA.
More money? Less skill? I'm in!


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Q: ReactJS canvas drawImage without showing html5 video element I need to draw the stream from camera on top of a canvas using drawImage, however when I add the video element in react component it shows the element's stream in the page too. If I use display:'none' drawImage can't draw the user's webcam, it draws blank screen. Do I have to show html5 video element in the page or is there a way to play it without showing?
I am getting video stream from camera with getUserMedia:
async function getCameraStream() {
      try {
        const constraint = { video: true }
        const stream = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia(constraint)
        if (videoRef.current) {
          videoRef.current.srcObject = stream
          return
        }
      } catch (error) {
        console.error('Error opening video camera.', error)
      }
      setLoading(false)
      setCameraError(true)
    }

And the video ref is:
  return(  <video
              style={{display: 'none' }}
              ref={videoRef}
              className={classes.sourcePlayback}
              src={sourceUrl}
              hidden={isLoading}
              autoPlay
              playsInline
              controls={false}
              muted
              loop
              onLoadedData={handleVideoLoad}
            />)

I am using this videoRef in canvas like:
ctx.drawImage(sourcePlayback.htmlElement, 0, 0)

Here if the htmlElement is given with display:'none' it doesn't draw. I want to draw the htmlElement but not show it in the page.Is there a way to achieve this? I want html5VideoElement to play invisibly basically.display:none does not work.
EDIT:
Add css as visibility:'hidden' works for this one.
sourcePlayback: {
      visibility: 'hidden',
      display: 'flex',
      width: 0,
      height: 0,
    },

A: I was able to replicate your issue in chrome with https://record.a.video.
When I used display: none on the video attribute, the video overlay on the canvas was black instead of my camera.
Workaround:
When I set the CSS on the video to width:1px, the video shows up on the canvas. I suppose it's technically on the screen, but it'll probably work for your purposes.


text:
Longitarsus callicarpae is een keversoort uit de familie bladkevers (Chrysomelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1986 gepubliceerd door Gruev.

callicarpae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Add pagination and sorting as a middleware in Mongoose (node.js, express RestAPI) Is there a way to add limit, skip and sort parameters (as shown below) to all requests without having to define them for each endpoint (kinda like a middleware)? I want my requests to check for a limit, skip and sortBy parameter in the query URL and add the appropriate parameters accordingly.
// Fetch all movies: GET /
router.get("/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  try {
    const movies = await Movie.find().limit(req.query.limit).skip(req.query.skip).sort({title: 1});
    res.json(movies);
  } catch (err) {
    res.json({ message: err });
    console.log(err);
  }
});

A: I came up with a decent solution: I made a SearchOptions class which took in the query and held the parameters I wanted:
class SearchOptions {
    limit: number | null;
    skip: number | null;
    sort: object | null;

    constructor(query: any) {
        this.limit = query.limit ? parseInt(query.limit) : null;
        this.skip = (query.page && this.limit) ? (parseInt(query.page)-1) * this.limit : null;
        this.sort = {};

        if(query.sortBy) {
            const sortStr = query.sortBy.split(':');
            this.sort[sortStr[0]] = sortStr[1] === 'desc' ? -1 : 1
        }
    }
}

export default SearchOptions;

Then I simply created a new instance of the object in my route:
// Fetch all movies: GET /
router.get("/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  try {
    const movies = await Movie.find({}, null, new SearchOptions(req.query));
    res.json(movies);
  } catch (err) {
    res.json({ message: err });
    console.log(err);
  }
});


text:
Rock Valley College cancels basketball, volleyball seasons
RVC has yet to make a decision on the seasons for men's and women's bowling.
Published: Dec. 17, 2020 at 5:20 PM CST
ROCKFORD, Ill. (WIFR) - Rock Valley College has made the decision to cancel its volleyball, men's basketball and women's basketball seasons.
In an announcement on Thursday, the college said volleyball was originally moved from fall with hopes to compete by the spring semester. Basketball seasons were also delayed from a November start with the hope of beginning play in January.
As for the college's remaining intercollegiate sports, outdoor sports will attempt to move forward and compete during the spring 2021 semester. Men's and women's soccer were moved from fall competition to spring, per the NJCAA 2021 Sports Guidelines, and will compete in a shortened season with practices beginning in March and competition beginning in April.
"The North Central Community College Conference recently announced the cancellation of its schedules for those three sports, which weighed heavily in RVC's decision to cancel the entire seasons for those sports," according to RVC.
Meanwhile, RVC's traditional spring sports, baseball and softball, will continue to prepare for a spring season with some modifications. Annual spring trips for baseball and softball have been canceled as have in-season overnight trips. Practices will begin in February. RVC has yet to make a decision on the seasons for men's and women's bowling.
"Over the past several months, I have had meetings with athletic directors from the N4C, Region IV and around the country, as well as our RVC administration on a regular basis, to consider how winter sports competition might take place as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect our campus, our community, and our nation," RVC Athletic Director Darin Monroe said. "The fact that volleyball and basketball are indoor sports that are considered medium and high risk according to the IDPH factored in to our decision to cancel those seasons. My heart breaks for the student-athletes, coaches, staff and supporters who are affected by this decision, but their safety and well-being has always been our top priority."
RVC was also to be the host site for the NJCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament in March but will no longer be the host site. RVC is still scheduled to host that tournament in 2022 and 2023.
RVC 2020-2021 Sports Seasons Overview:
Volleyball: Canceled
Men's Basketball: Canceled
Women's Basketball: Canceled
Men's Bowling: TBD
Women's Bowling: TBD
Baseball: Begins intercollegiate play in March
Softball: Begins intercollegiate play in March
Men's Soccer: Begins intercollegiate play in April
Women's Soccer: Begins intercollegiate play in April
"My heart goes out to our student-athletes and coaches in these three sports," RVC President Dr. Howard Spearman said. "I know how hard they have all worked and the sacrifices and adjustments they have made in hopes of competing this season. The resiliency these athletes have shown will make them mentally stronger scholars and athletes going forward. As with all decisions we have made for the college throughout COVID, the safety of our students and staff was our primary consideration."
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There are 10 landmarks in West Virginia. This is 2% of all the tourist places listed in this state. Top cities in West Virginia with popular landmarks are Charleston, Wheeling, Victor, Moundsville and Weston. You may find a list of all categories of West Virginia attractions on this page to choose from.
Visit the top landmarks in West Virginia. Click on a landmark bellow to find the detailed information.