text:
ARTISTS & IMAGES
ARTICLES ABOUT THE MAGAZINE
WE COOPERATE WITH
RUSSIA'S GOLDEN MAP
EXCLUSIVE PUBLICATIONS
MASTERPIECES OF RUSSIAN ART
"GRANY" FOUNDATION PRESENTS
150th ANNIVERSARY OF TRETYAKOV GALLERY
ART COLLECTORS AND PATRONS
INVESTIGATIONS AND FINDS
WORLD MUSEUMS
MUSEUMS OF RUSSIA
ART SCHOOLS OF RUSSIA
ARTISTIC DYNASTY
PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST
Foundation "GRANY"
PUBLICATIONS OF THE FOUNDATION "GRANY"
EDVARD GRIEG. EXQUISITE HEIGHTS
Svetlana Petukhova
Magazine issue:
Special issue. NORWAY–RUSSIA: ON THE CROSSROADS OF CULTURES
The 1997 release of the Russian animated feature film "Neznayka on the Moon" (Know-nothing on the Moon) opened up the world of Edvard Grieg's music, already popular, to a new part of the Russian public. Now, even small children sometimes ask who wrote the music to "Neznayka" - the beautiful, catchy songs that became an essential part of this kind, witty and illuminating tale of fantastic adventures and dreams, of growing up and, finally, of nostalgia and the long-awaited return home.
Wherever we find ourselves, even for years,
Our hearts still always long for home...
Thus sings the film's character Romashka (the Russian word means "daisy"), who dwells in a fairytale land, to the melody of Grieg's "Solveig's Song", a symbol of waiting and longing, of endless devotion and eternal love. The hearts aches as we hear the melancholy sighs of the deceptively simple and familiar tune, once composed for words that are different but similar in spirit:
The winter may pass and the spring disappear,
The summer, too, will vanish and then the year;
But this I know for certain:you'll come back again... Both the music and the very name of Edvard Grieg are inextricably linked to Norway - to this day, the composer remains the most significant representative of his country's musical arts.
However, the story of Russian-Norwegian musical ties includes other linked historical and concert events, as well as common stylistic elements - it is larger and more diverse than the twists and turns of a single, albeit outstanding, biography. As early as 1838, the virtuoso violinist Ole Bull (1810-1880) came to St. Petersburg with his first concert tour - Bull's name was also inseparably connected to the founding of the famous Norwegian Theatre in Bergen in the 1850s, the first theatre to perform in the Norwegian language. In 1880, at the invitation of Anton Rubinstein, Edmund Neupert (1842-1888)1 joined the Moscow Conservatory as a professor of the piano; Neupert, the best Scandinavian pianist of his time, was the first to perform both Grieg's Piano Concerto (in spring 1869, Copenhagen) and Rubinstein's Third Piano Concerto (summer 1869, in Christiania, now Oslo); 15 years later, in April 1884, Rubinstein's concerts in the Norwegian capital were a fantastic success2. More than that, by the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the Russian public was already familiar with the names of such composers as Johan Svendsen (1840-1911), Christian Sinding (1856-1941), and Johan Halvorsen (1864-1935).
EDVARD GRIEG'S MASCOT. THE LUCKY FROG
Grieg's contemporaries formed the first generation of Norwegian musicians to attract real attention in enlightened Europe, due precisely to their shared artistic convictions. Theirs was a generation of like-minded, professionally trained3, ambitious men who sought to take their country's art across its geographical borders. However, Edvard Grieg remains the only Norwegian musician to have achieved the broadest recognition worldwide. Grieg happened also to be the only one of Tchaikovsky's contemporaries - the composer was genuinely fond of his company - whom the latter openly referred to as a "genius"4. Later Maurice Ravel would single Grieg out as one of the foreign masters who had significant influence on French music.
Over time, Grieg's music lost its distinct "national" status; its intonations, once perceived as folk-based, became a part of world heritage. The cool and unexpected harmonies; sharp, irregular and unusual rhythms; registers cleverly echoing each other; the intervals softly "touching", and the boundless melody that covers enormous spaces - all of that is Grieg. He was an admirer of the Italian countryside and the serene northern sun; a thoughtful traveller, whose path always took him home; a musician who persistently sought prominence and yet ended up missing the most important premieres of his works. Contradictions and inconsistences abound in both Grieg's life and his work; as a whole though, they unfailingly balance each other out and create an image of the musician far removed from romantic stereotypes.
Edvard Grieg was born in Bergen, an ancient city "where it always rains", and the legendary capital of the Norwegian fjords, the deep and narrow sea water inlets surrounded by high and steep cliffs. Grieg's parents were sufficiently educated and well-off to provide all their three children (two boys and a girl) with the opportunity to choose their occupation according to their calling. Their father paid for not only Edvard's tuition at Leipzig Conservatory, but for his brother's as well (Grieg's brother went on to become a first-class cellist). Later, when Grieg went travelling to foreign lands in search of rounded experiences, his father paid for that, too. The family did not oppose Grieg's musical career; on the contrary, all the brothers' achievements were sincerely celebrated. All his life Grieg enjoyed fruitful interactions with his friends and like-minded professionals. When he was still a boy, Ole Bull advised his parents to send him to Leipzig. In Leipzig, the best European professors were among his teachers: Ignaz Moscheles, an outstanding pianist, Ernst Friedrich Richter, a musical theorist, and Carl Reinecke, a composer who left the momentous note in Grieg's graduation certificate, saying that the young man "possesses a highly significant musical talent, especially for composition." 5
Upon his return to Scandinavia, Grieg lived in his native Bergen, Christiania and Copenhagen. His correspondence reveals that he stayed in touch with almost two dozen of the most prominent Scandinavian cultural figures of the time, some still widely known today, others forgotten. Grieg's close relationships with Niels Gade (1871-1890) and Johann Hartmann (1805-1900), both composers of the older generation; his contemporaries Emil Hornemann (1841-1906), Rikard Nordraak (1842-1866), and Johan Svendsen (1840-1911); the famous author of fairy tales Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875), and the poets and playwrights Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) and Bj0rnstjerne Bj0rnson (1832-1910) - all had a strong influence on Grieg's personal development.
Grieg became famous in his homeland at a very young age - the consequence of the early awakening of his gift for composing music, and of course, his considerable social and musical ambitions. He was ten when he wrote his first musical piece, a composition for the piano; he was 20 when he and a group of friends organized "Euterpe", a Copenhagen musical society. At 22, he tried his hand at conducting in order to introduce to the public two parts of his only symphony; at 24, he made an attempt to establish the first Norwegian music academy, and four years later founded the Music and Concert Society (the Christiania Music Association, now the Oslo Philharmonic).
PYOTR TCHAIKOVSKY AND EDVARD GRIEG MET IN LEIPZIG, ON THE FIRST DAY OF 1888. "... A MAN CAME INTO THE ROOM WHO WAS QUITE SHORT, MIDDLE AGED AND SEEMINGLY FRAIL. HIS SHOULDERS WERE UNEVEN AND HIS HEAD WAS COVERED WITH A LARGE MANE OF BLOND, UNRULY HAIR. HIS BEARD AND MOUSTACHE WERE MOST UNUSUAL, YET ALMOST YOUTHFUL...", TCHAIKOVSKY WROTE A FEW MONTHS LATER. HE DEDICATED TO GRIEG HIS "HAMLET", A FANTASY OVERTURE IN F MINOR, OP. 67A. ON NOVEMBER 5 1891, ALEXANDER ZILOTI PERFORMED GRIEG'S PIANO CONCERTO IN MOSCOW. THE CONTINUING STORY OF THE "RUSSIAN GRIEG" OWES ITS BEGINNING IN LARGE MEASURE TO TCHAIKOVSKY'S SINCERE INTEREST.
However, "local" popularity alone did not appeal to the young man -always a visionary, he saw clearly that significant artistic experiences and true creative growth were only possible outside such traditional boundaries, whether those had to do with geography, communication, or style. Grieg's travels were always different from romantic wanderings, like those of his best-known character Peer Gynt - mostly due to his clear understanding of their purpose. In general, Grieg's whole life and the integrity, permanence and the perfect focus of his worldview was the result of the choice he made, once and for all, between the possible and the necessary.
It is likely that Grieg's understanding of his own creative potential and the crucial ways to develope it grew when he was a student at Leipzig Conservatory in 1858-1862. It was in Leipzig, where the teaching traditions of the Conservatory's founder Felix Mendelssohn were strong, and the music of such undeniable innovators as Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner was still met with caution, that the main elements of Grieg's musical style took shape. Consciously and contrary to his teachers' guidance, the young man chose complicated harmonies and texture; he preferred vivid, emblematic melodies, and drew on folk themes enthusiastically; even in his early compositions, he was looking for a personal, memorable style, based on the clarity of form and structure.
In the same way, Grieg's long trip to Italy via Germany (1865-1866) had an unambiguous purpose, and was also associated with a controversial time in his seemingly trouble-free biography. As he left Berlin to go to Leipzig, he was also leaving behind a seriously ill friend, Rikard Nordraak. After the successful debut of Grieg's two sonatas (his Piano Sonata and Violin Sonata No. 1) at the Leipzig Gewandhaus, the composer promised to his friend that he would be coming back, but changed his plans. His "Escape to the South" brought the variety of experiences that Grieg had envisioned: he visited cathedrals and palazzos, listened to music by Franz Liszt, Vincenzo Bellini, Gioachino Rossini, and Gaetano Donizetti. Grieg met Henrik Ibsen, whose star was rising, performed at the Scandinavian Society in Rome and took part in a carnival. In the midst of all these pleasures, he received the news of Nordraak's death. There is not a single word in Grieg's diary or correspondence referring to his conduct at the time. However, he did honour his friend's memory with the dedication of his only "Funeral March" - Grieg conducted its performance at his first subscription concert in Christiania a year later (in a letter, he remembers that it "sounded great"). Later, as he embraced his growing fame, Grieg dedicated the first edition of his Piano Concerto to Nordraak.
SOME RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT THE FIRST TIME THAT GRIEG'S PIANO CONCERTO WAS PERFORMED IN RUSSIA WAS IN ST. PETERSBURG ON NOVEMBER 22 1876 (CONDUCTED BY EDUARD NAPRAVNIK, WITH THE PIANO SOLO TAKEN BY IOSIF BOROVKA). PERHAPS THIS VIEW HAS BEEN ACCEPTED BECAUSE, HYPOTHETICALLY, TCHAIKOVSKY COULD HAVE ATTENDED THAT PERFORMANCE. HOWEVER, THE PIANO CONCERTO HAD BEEN PERFORMED IN MOSCOW BEFORE THAT - ON JANUARY 14 1876, AT THE ASSEMBLY OF THE NOBILITY, WHICH HOSTED A SYMPHONY PERFORMANCE BY THE RUSSIAN MUSICAL SOCIETY. PYOTR SHOSTAKOVSKY PLAYED THE PIANO SOLO, AND NIKOLAI RUBINSTEIN CONDUCTED - THE "MOSCOW" RUBINSTEIN, WHO ORGANIZED THE MUSICAL LIFE OF RUSSIA'S SECOND CAPITAL, THE FOUNDER OF ITS CONSERVATORY, THE DARLING OF MOSCOW'S DIVERSE PUBLIC AND THE LOCAL PATRONS OF THE ARTS. IN THE 1870S, WHEN GRIEG'S PIANO CONCERTO WAS NOT FREQUENTLY PERFORMED IN EUROPEAN CONCERT HALLS, IT WAS NOT ONLY A PART OF NIKOLAI RUBINSTEIN'S REPERTOIRE AS A PIANIST AND CONDUCTOR, WAS ALSO PROMINENT IN HIS TEACHING PRACTICE.
It was Grieg's marriage to his first cousin Nina Hagerup that prompted his move to Christiania and the beginning of independent life - and a long break in his relations with his parents. Grieg's parents were against their beloved son's marriage to such a close relative, and were not invited to the wedding; neither were Nina's parents. The joys and sorrows of his family life found no reflection in Grieg's diaries or correspondence. By and large, they also remained beyond the boundaries of his oeuvre. Grieg dedicated songs to his wife, who was an accomplished singer, and was happy to perform with her in concerts. However, neither the birth and untimely death of their only daughter Alexandra (who was barely over one year old when she died), nor the fact that the couple never had any more children seemed to leave a significant mark on the mature worldview of the man and the composer. It has neither the "Nordic" asceticism of his personality nor emotional restraint, which was the norm in society at the time. It was not the desire to hide the events of his private life from the general public, either - Grieg's fame, in Scandinavia and subsequently throughout Europe, came only later.
For Grieg, coming to terms with his talent and its great promise brought huge responsibility - a burden the composer lived with until his death. Grieg always knew what he had to do. To Grieg, his great purpose -to lift Norwegian music to a European level, to bring his country fame and forever glorify it - seemed attainable through a clear, step-by-step direction, where his own artistic ambitions had to defer to binding external influences, as well as the internal rhythms of existential processes in the life of Norwegian music. This was exactly the reason why Grieg did not attend the April 1869 premiere of his Piano Concerto in Copenhagen, a performance that became a phenomenal success. Apparently, the composer felt that his presence at the newly-opened Academy of Music in Christiania was more important. It was for the same reason that in October of the same year Grieg left the Academy in the care of his colleagues and departed for Italy at Liszt's invitation. Liszt performed the same concerto in a private home and was delighted.
GRIEG'S PIANO CONCERTO WAS FIRST PERFORMED AT THE GRAND HALL OF THE CASINO THEATRE IN COPENHAGEN ON APRIL 3 1869, AND BECAME AN IMPORTANT CULTURAL EVENT ALL OVER SCANDINAVIA. EDMUND NEUPERT PLAYED THE PIANO SOLO, AND HOLGER SIMON PAULI, THE PRINCIPAL CONDUCTOR OF THE ROYAL OPERA, CONDUCTED THE PERFORMANCE. QUEEN LOUISE, A SINCERE ADMIRER OF THE MUSICAL ARTS, WAS IN THE AUDIENCE. THERE WAS ALSO AN UNEXPECTED VISITOR AT THIS PREMIERE - ANTON RUBINSTEIN SAT IN A BOX WITH OTHER DISTINGUISHED GUESTS. ON APRIL 4 1869, GRIEG'S FRIEND BENJAMIN FEDDERSON WROTE IN A LETTER TO THE COMPOSER: "... WHILE MY EARS WERE FILLED WITH YOUR MUSIC, I COULD NOT TAKE MY EYES OFF ALL THE EMINENT GUESTS; I WATCHED THEIR EVERY FACIAL EXPRESSION, THEIR EVERY GESTURE, AND I DARE SAY THAT GADE, HARTMANN, RUBINSTEIN AND WINDING WERE ALL FILLED WITH JOY AND ADMIRATION FOR YOUR WORK ... NEUPERT DID HIS JOB PERFECTLY ... IN SOME MEASURE, RUBINSTEIN'S PIANO CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESS WITH ITS INCOMPARABLE, FULL AND COLOURFUL TONE."
There are many such turns in Grieg's biography, and they cannot be adequately assessed without accepting Grieg's system of values: music and its practice came first, everything else second. It is perhaps the reason why the emotional intensity of Grieg's music, no matter how vivid and dramatic, is perceived as the result of a deliberate, mediated response rather than an immediate and spontaneous reaction. It is no coincidence that Grieg composed little during his travels; most of his music was written at home, in quiet solitude. Having gained financial independence, the composer built a house by a Bergen fjord, on top of a high cliff. It was there, to his Troldhaugen estate, that the maestro returned after his concert tours, which became more and more numerous with each passing year: Germany, Holland, Switzerland, France, England, Austria, Bohemia and Livonia (now northern Latvia.)
As fate would have it, Grieg was absent from the opening performance of the composition that brought him colossal fame - this time, for family reasons. Both Grieg's parents died in autumn 1875, their deaths separated by an interval of 40 days; all the worries and work related to the funerals naturally affected the composer's psyche and emotional state and kept him in Bergen for a long time.
Edvard Grieg's music to Ibsen's drama "Peer Gynt" has received its share of detailed reviews. The play was first performed on February 24 1876 in Christiania and lasted for almost five hours. For the performances that followed the opening night, the composer added and removed parts of the musical score at his own discretion. Thus, it is now impossible to reach any detailed understanding as to how those performances went. The length of the two compositions that Grieg based on his music for "Peer Gynt" is 90 minutes in total, and each of them has become familiar all over the world. Of all Grieg's works - incidental music, symphonies, chamber music, songs, choruses, and a large number of compositions for the piano - the ones that, having lost the connection with their author, remain in the collective memory of the public are his Piano Concerto in A minor, numerous pages from his ten books of "Lyric Pieces" for piano, a few romantic songs and some fragments of chamber music.
Over the past century, Grieg's "signature" intonations, turns and comparisons have "melted" into the works of other worldwide musical schools and individual composers. However, even now it is easy enough to recognize Grieg. It seems that it is only in his music that the somber hues of the impenetrable forest and deep caves are so clearly set off by the parsimonious rays of a long-awaited sun. It is only in his music that the willful powers of the sea leave an indelible mark on the formidable, cascading musical passages; that the clear, silent air before sunrise is so realistically portrayed; it is only Grieg who can take the vast natural space that surrounds us and wrap it into the echoes of enduring personal loneliness.
Grieg's death was not unexpected, although he still had many plans. He did not go to London for a second time, did not make it to Russia, in spite of persistent and long-standing invitations by Alexander Ziloti, the pianist and conductor. Grieg died from emphysema of the lungs, which was caused by the tuberculosis he had suffered from in his youth. With this disease, life would have been easier in a different climate -not in a place of rain, winds and cold summers. But then Grieg's would have been a different story - without the tart scent of pine needles, the fantastic troll dances, or Solveig's sad voice, gliding between the fjords.
THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF THE TRETYAKOV GALLERY MAGAZINE EXPRESS THEIR GRATITUDE TO THE EDVARD GRIEG MUSEUM, TROLDHAUGEN AND BERGEN PUBLIC LIBRARY FOR THE ILLUSTRATIONS PROVIDED.
* In 1905, during the composer's lifetime, Nikolai Gumilev's first volume of collected poems "The Way of the Conquistadors" was published in St. Petersburg. It included a poem entitled "To Grieg's Melodies": And at the heights, so exquisite, Where the pure lilies' tears glimmer, I see the fervent among the blessed, And the crimson roses on the mountain snow.
Neupert taught at the Conservatory from October 1880 until March 1881; there were ten students in his class. Due to a succession of tragic events, his career in Russia was cut short: on March 1 1881 Emperor Alexander II was assassinated by members of the "Narodnaya Volya" revolutionary organization, and ten days later Nikolai Rubinstein died. Presumably, Neupert did not feel comfortable staying in a foreign land under such circumstances; he returned home, and eventually ended up working in North America, where he also found the professional recognition he so fully deserved.
Points of similarity in the lives of Edvard Grieg and Anton Rubinstein were not merely biographical. Both represented a generation of pioneers, in art as well as education. In 1867, five years after the opening of the St. Petersburg Conservatory, Grieg founded the first Norwegian Academy of Music, and in 1871 the Philharmonic Society, which is thriving today.
According to E. V. Biteriakova, an expert on Christian Sinding, the Leipzig Conservatory became "for Norway ... a 'training ground' of sorts. During its first 50 years (1843-1893) close to 200 Norwegian musicians studied in Leipzig..." Biteriakova, E.V. "Christian Sinding. Portrait of a Norwegian Musician". M., 2007, p. 34.
"Tchaikovsky is the only one of the principal Russian composers whose biography includes a significant personal and artistic chapter associated with the great Norwegian," A.I. Klimovitsky stated in his 1998 publication "The Russian Grieg: from Tchaikovsky to the 'Silver Age'. The Music of Finnish and Scandinavian Composers." Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Institute of Art History. Edited and compiled by K.I. Yuzhak. Petrozavodsk, St. Petersburg, 1998, p. 139. The two musicians' correspondence and their enthusiastic reviews of each other's work are preserved. In addition, Tchaikovsky's personal library contains four works by Grieg, signed by the author: the Concert Overture "In Autumn", Op. 11; the String Quartet in G minor, Op. 27; Violin Sonata No. 3 in C minor, Op. 45; and the "Peer Gynt" Suite (music to Henrik Ibsen's drama) No. 1, Op. 46. Similarly, Grieg's Bergen library contains printed scores of Tchaikovsky's works, with the composer's autographs.
Benestad, Finn; Schjelderup-Ebbe, Dag. "Edvard Grieg. The Man and the Artist". Originally in Norwegian. Quote from the Russian translation by N.N. Mokhov. Raduga. Moscow, 1986, p. 37.
MOBILE APP OF THE TRETYAKOV GALLERY MAGAZINE
EDVARD GRIEG AND HIS BROTHER JOHN IN LEIPZIG. 1860.
PHOTO. EDVARD GRIEG MUSEUM TROLDHAUGEN
EDVARD GRIEG AND THE CONCERTGEBOUW ORCHESTRA. 1898. PHOTO
NIKOLAI KUZNETSOV. PORTRAIT OF THE COMPOSER PYOTR TCHAIKOVSKY. 1893
OIL ON CANVAS. 96 × 74 CM. TRETYAKOV GALLERY
ADOLPH AND ANNA BRODSKY AT A GARDEN PARTY WITH NINA AND EDVARD GRIEG AT TROLDHAUGEN. 1906. PHOTO
PEDER SEVERIN KRØYER. NINA AND EDVARD GRIEG. 1892.
BJØRNSTJERNE BJØRNSON AND EDVARD GRIEG AT EDVARD'S 60th YEAR BIRTHDAY. 1903. PHOTO
THE 1898 MUSIC FESTIVAL IN BERGEN ATTRACTED NORWAY'S FOREMOST COMPOSERS AND MUSICIANS. FRONT ROW FROM THE LEFT: AMALIE GMÜR-HARLOFF, AGATHE BACKER GRØNDAHL, EDVARD GRIEG, GERHARD SCHJELDERUP, ERIKA LIE NISSEN AND IVER HOLTER. BACK ROW: OLE OLSEN, THORVALD LAMMERS, CHRISTIAN CAPPELEN, JOHAN HALVORSEN, NINA GRIEG, JOHAN SVENDSEN AND CHRISTIAN SINDING
EDVARD GRIEG AS HONOURY DOCTOR AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY. 1906.
OXFORD. PHOTO
JOHAN SVENDSEN, EDVARD GRIEG AND EDMUND NEUPERT
EDVARD GRIEG AND STRING QUINTET. FROM THE LEFT: JOHANNES WOLFF, GUSTAVE LIJON PIERRE MONTEUX, ANDRÉ DULAURONS, UNKNOWN, EDVARD GRIEG IN FRONT. 1900. AMSTERDAM. PHOTO
PYOTR TSCHAIKOVSKY PORTRAIT.
GREETING TO NINA GRIEG WRITTEN ON THE PHOTO. 1888. LEIPZIG
JULIUS RÖNTGEN, FRANTS BEYER AND EDVARD GRIEG HIKING. 1900.
CELEBRATION OF EDVARD GRIEG'S 60TH BIRTHDAY.
PHOTO. 1903. BERGEN
VASILY PEROV. PORTRAIT OF NIKOLAI RUBINSTEIN. 1870.
OIL ON CANVAS. 102.5 × 79 CM. TRETYAKOV GALLERY
NINA AND EDVARD GRIEG.
WEDDING PHOTO. 1867. COPENHAGEN
EDVARD GRIEG. TROLDHAUGEN NEAR BERGEN. MY HOME.
EDVARD AND NINA GRIEG WITH FRIENDS. PHOTO
UNVEILING OF STATUE OF EDVARD GRIEG. 1917.
BERGEN. PHOTO
ILYA REPIN. PORTRAIT OF THE COMPOSER ANTON RUBINSTEIN. 1881.
OIL ON CANVAS 80 × 62.3 CM. TRETYAKOV GALLERY
EDVARD GRIEG'S STUDY.
BERGEN.PHOTO
INGEBRIGT VIK. STATUE OF EDVARD GRIEG.
BRONZE. H 152 CM. 1917
NINA AND EDVARD GRIEG'S GRAVE. 1935.
© 2003-2021 THE TRETYAKOV GALLERY MAGAZINE
The materials of this site can be used in other web-sites only if an active link www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com is provided
E-mail: info@tg-m.ru, art4cb@gmail.com
The site was designed by Tatyana Uspenskaya


text:
41 LISTS Greatest and Favorite MoviesLook: There are hundred of thousands of movies out there for you to watch. All we're saying is that these are the ones you should put at the top of your list.
The Best Movies of All Time What to Watch Again and Again Chick Flicks Guilty Pleasures Animated Movies Character Reinvention Adventures Films Superhero Movies The Greatest Movies of the 2010s, Ranked Best Biopics About Real People Historical Dramas Must-Sees from Decades Past Feel-Good Films Rainy Day Movies Military Dramas Directed by Women Ensemble Movies The Best New Dramas of the Last Few Years The Very Best of World Cinema Four Stars from Roger Ebert
Photo: Gramercy Pictures
The Best Rosa Salazar Movies
Ranker Film
2k votes 818 voters 1k views 11 items
List Rules Vote for your favorite Rosa Salazar movies, regardless of critic reviews or how big the role was.
This list will determine the best Rosa Salazar movies. Most likely, best known for her role as Alita in Alita: Battle Angel. With that said, the best Rosa Salazar performances will not necessarily come from the greatest movies but most of the time the answer is the same. Therefore, vote up the movies where Rosa Salazar acted her best, no matter how big or small the role. Jamesy Boy is Rosa Salazar's first feature-length movie but she has since been in much larger movies such as The Maze Runner: Scorch Trials and The Divergent Series: Insurgent.
This list of Rosa Salazar movies also includes Bird Box, Jamesy Boy and Search Party.
With so many great Rosa Salazar films to choose from, vote up the ones where you enjoyed Rosa Salazar the most to make sure it makes it to the top of the list. Her filmography consists of both dramatic and comedic roles so vote up the movies on the list below not based on how good the movie is but based on how good Rosa Salazar is in the role. Check back in for new and recent movies starring Rosa Salazar as they come out so you can vote on those as well.
list ordered by
all voters
rerankers: 2
rank your version
Alita: Battle Angel Rosa Salazar, Christoph Waltz, Jennifer Connelly
Alita: Battle Angel is a 2019 American science fiction action film directed by Robert Rodriguez, based on the manga by Yukito Kishiro. After being revived by Dr. Dyson Ido (Christoph Waltz), ...more
Night Owls Adam Pally, Rosa Salazar, Rob Huebel
Night Owls is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Charles Hood. Workaholic, Kevin (Adam Pally) has a one night stand with his bosses ex-mistress, Madeline (Rosa Salazar), and ...more
The Maze Runner: Scorch Trials Dylan O'Brien, Kaya Scodelario, Thomas Brodie-Sangster
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials is a 2015 American dystopian science fiction action thriller film directed by Wes Ball, based on the novel by James Dashner. Thomas (Dylan O'Brien) and his fellow ...more
Maze Runner: The Death Cure Dylan O'Brien, Kaya Scodelario, Thomas Brodie-Sangster
Maze Runner: The Death Cure is a 2018 American dystopian science-fiction action thriller film directed by Wes Ball. In the conclusion to the Maze Runner trilogy, Thomas (Dylan O'Brien) leads his ...more
Submerged Jonathan Bennett, Talulah Riley
Submerged is a 2016 American survival thriller film directed by Steven C. Miller. A young woman and her friends must battle the elements and a group of kidnappers in order to survive.
The Kindergarten Teacher Maggie Gyllenhaal, Parker Sevak, Anna Baryshnikov
The Kindergarten Teacher is a 2018 American drama film directed by Sara Colangelo, based on the 2014 Israeli film. A kindergarten teacher (Maggie Gyllenhaal) in New York becomes obsessed with ...more
Bird Box Sandra Bullock, Sarah Paulson, Rosa Salazar
Bird Box is a 2018 American post-apocalyptic film directed by Susanne Bier, based on the novel by Josh Malerman. A woman (Sandra Bullock) and a pair of children are blindfolded as they make ...more
Jamesy Boy James Woods, Mary-Louise Parker, Ving Rhames
Jamesy Boy is a 2014 crime, family drama film written by Lane Shadgett and Trevor White and directed by Trevor White.
Search Party Alison Brie, Krysten Ritter, Taryn Terrell
Search Party is a 2014 American comedy film directed by Scot Armstrong in his directorial debut, and co-written with Mike Gagerman and Andrew Waller. The film stars T.J. Miller, Adam Pally and ...more
Insurgent Kate Winslet, Naomi Watts, Shailene Woodley
The Divergent Series: Insurgent is a 2015 science fiction adventure film directed by Robert Schwentke, based on Insurgent, the second book in the Divergent trilogy, written by Veronica Roth. It ...more
CHiPs is a 2017 action comedy buddy cop film written and directed by Dax Shepard, based on the 1970s television series of the same name. Two middle-aged LA motorcycle cops, Officer Jon Baker ...more
Filed Under: Films FilmEntertainment
Songs 322 voters The Best Songs About Driving Distinguishing Features 1.7k people have read Female Celebrities Who Are 6'1" Hip-Hop 262k people have read Rappers Who Are Associated with the Crips TV Seasons 35 people have voted on Ranking the Best Seasons of 'The West Wing'
READ 27.1k readers Women Who Benjamin Bratt Has Dated Entertainment 11 people have voted on Everything That Happened In 'NOS4A2' Season 1, Episode 8: 'Parnassus' Youtube 206 people have voted on Out Of This World Joe Rogan Episodes About Aliens Culture 8.2k people have voted on The Best Isekai Manga
in Films:
show me pictures of animals can eating soap harm you funny inspirational speeches from movies the price is right game El Norte Characters miss you song martin sheen movies aradhana old movie 1950s romance movies actors who were adopted

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Great Falls man accused of participating in U.S. Capitol Breach
MTN News
By: John Riley
GREAT FALLS — Patrick William O'Brien, 54, of Great Falls man has been charged for alleged actions taken during the riot at the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021.
O'Brien was arrested on Jan. 5, 2023, in Great Falls and is accused of four misdemeanors including entering and remaining in a restricted building or grounds; disorderly and disruptive conduct in a restricted building; disorderly conduct on capitol grounds and; parading, demonstrating, or picketing in the capitol building.
According to the Department of Justice, O'Brien drove to Washington D.C. from Montana with his juvenile son. The prosecution alleges O'Brien and his son were in the Capitol building for around 28 minutes and could be seen in CCTV footage in the Capitol Rotunda waving a "Gadsden" flag. He is accused of entering the west side of the U.S. Capitol building through the first-floor Senate Wing Door.
More than 950 people have been arrested in connection to the Jan. 6, 2021 riot at the U.S. Capitol. O'Brien is the eighth known Montana resident charged for alleged actions that day. So far, four Montanans have pleaded guilty and three have been sentenced to prison.


text:
The Brantley Banner
Joe Rogan's multi-million-dollar deal with Spotify.
Photo provided by: Kaiden Bittinger
Joe Rogan recently had his podcast, the Joe Rogan Experience, featured on Spotify. This new inclusion to Spotify was due to a deal signed by Joe that moved his podcast from YouTube to Spotify as of early September.
Kaiden Bittinger, Staff Reporter
A podcast featuring some of the United States' most valued celebrities, notable scientists, and even comedians, the Joe Rogan Experience (JRE) does not shy away from covering any and all topics. Original host of "Fear Factor", UFC commentator, former UFC post-fight interviewer, and stand-up comedian Joe Rogan hosts the most listened-to podcast in the United States, according to Edison Research. Hoping to increase stock and bring more users to Spotify, a hundred million dollar deal was signed with Joe Rogan to exclusively feature his podcast on their platform. As the most recognizable podcast in the United States, there is no doubt that the Joe Rogan Experience sets itself above the rest.
Unlike many other podcasts, Rogan features guests from all walks of life: scientists, celebrities, comedians, and political figures. Some notable guests on his show have been Neil DeGrasse Tyson, David Blaine, and Joey Diaz. One reason I think the JRE is exceptionally unique are the wide range of topics gone over in the podcast. Joe and his guests discuss things from UFO reports, psychology, politics, comedy, or drug use.
Having been a listener for about a year now, the JRE has easily become my favorite podcast. I enjoy the variety of guests because it provides me with many different topics to indulge in. If I want to listen to an episode that is more lighthearted and comical, I can listen to one with a fellow comedian or someone like Post Malone. Or, I can listen to a more intellectual conversation that he has with scientists or political figures, such as Jonathan Haidt or Jordan Peterson. His podcast offers a lot to the common listener, even including highlights of his episodes on a YouTube account, JRE Clips. I find his podcast best to listen to on long car rides, or during a workout. Because of this, I think the move to Spotify is great for all his viewers because I can keep my phone closed while still playing the episode.
Rogan has been using YouTube as a platform to share clips and full episodes of his podcast. Before the end of the year, his podcast will be exclusively featured on Spotify. Knowing how well Rogan's podcast does, this move should be great for Spotify, as his large fan base should bring more users to the platform. A benefit of the podcast being on Spotify, rather than YouTube, is the greater accessibility. Using a different platform for the podcast enables listeners to play the podcast on the go, without having to keep the screen open like they had to use YouTube.
After the signing with Joe, other platforms are sure to respond with deals of their own in an attempt to maintain competition. Deals such as this are game changers in the world of social media, and hopefully we will see more changes to the norm such as this in the future. Until then, business for Spotify and viewership for Joe's podcast are sure to go up.
Kaiden Bittinger starts his Senior year by becoming a staff reporter for the Brantley Banner. Bittinger has been a runner on the Lake Brantley track team...
As a public forum for student expression, The Brantley Banner welcomes letters to the editor and comments on articles, but reserves the right to refuse inappropriate letters and comments.
Do you think Brantley should host more of these events?
Yes I find that it helps the new students become accustomed to Brantley
Yes, it allows them to make new friends
No, it is not very helpful
Maybe, but not a lot of kids go due to lack of information or transportation
Jeremy Llorens: costume master
Faith Shimick, Staff Reporter
January 17, 2021 • No Comments
On any given school spirit day, there are always a handful of students dressed reasonably, and there is always that one student that goes way over the...
Autumn Bellamy in Cosmetology
New connect policies
Cameras on, distractions off
Is 'Die Hard' a Christmas Movie?
The Nightmare Before Christmas: scary or merry?
How to win as the Imposter in Among Us
Paying for virtual concerts might be worth it
Two movies, different releases
folklore: an exciting surprise or sudden let down?
LGBTQ+ Representation in Media
An Impostor Among Us
Outer Banks: Review


It was supposed to rain all day, but thankfully it held off for all of the important moments, like when Sara and Andy saw each other for the first time.
The guys were awesome for braving the drizzle to grab a few quick pictures outside!
Sara and Andy chose their wedding day because it was Sara's grandparent's 55 year wedding anniversary. They even had the ceremony in the same church her grandparents were married in!! Isn't that so cool??
It literally started pouring on the drive back to the reception site, which was about 10 minutes after we grabbed these next few pictures!
The reception, first look, and bridal party pictures were all at Blumen Gardens in Sycamore.
They surprised Sara's grandparents with their own cake to cut for their anniversary! It was so sweet, and they were so cute!


Remote Viewing – The Facts! – Dr. Turi M.D.U.S.
Remote Viewing – The Facts!
While I decided to stop giving my rare pearls of wisdom for free to the public, I am keeping my words, thus here is your promised Sunday FREE cosmic code newsletter sample… If you like what I divulge join thousands of Cosmic Coders because I write endlessly! I offer personal and universal guidance and predictions and so much more if you are ready for the truth!
Fascinating stuff I can't put it down.I am currently gearing myself for study with DT …….when that money eventually arrives. I find one aspect of Nostradamus lacking ie info regarding Africa?
DT Rebuttal: I am not sure if you ever read "Nostradamus Curse" Paul but the chances of having a correct translation of Nostradamus' verses are minim to say the least! There are thousands of non cosmic conscious writers doing so and all use modern astrology methodology. Nostradamus primarily used Divine Astrology and specifically the Dragons, something only my students and I practice with Astropsychology. Thus I trust investing in your OWN "Lucky Dragon Dates" or my "2013 Nostradamus Personal Dragon Forecast For All Signs" would have offered you much more in terms of personal and universal predictions.
People dying scandalous behavior in religious circles corruption in the government and police force murders rapes suicides its all here in black and white !!!
Continued: I also had a very weird experience this morning that scared the crap out of me around 2.30 am I was in a dreamlike state when I felt something heavy pressing down on my chest.I couldn't move and whatever it was was chocking the daylights out of me.I shouted but had no voice I felt paralysing effect all over and then almost as if my soul wanted to leave my body. I mentioned this to Anthone this morning and she thinks it funny I don't I used to have these experiences many times as a child but not for more than 30 years now.
I don't dream this stuff up I am not into amusing people with tall stories. Anyways have a fantastic weekend and do comment please.
As a Scorpio you become a Pisces in your 5th house of speculations, love and romance… Pisces is ruled by Neptune who regulates all affairs involving the subconscious *and remote viewing… Thus it is "normal" for any water sign (Pisces/Cancer/Scorpio) to own the gift of astral projection. In fact my *Scorpio born niece and I shared quite a lot as I educated her on the subject of regularly "flying above the house." The psyche of a child has not yet been *trained / formed/limited by scepticism and questioning the phenomenon always comes after the experience of "flying" away from the body. In your case, because of my highly spiritual material, you are experiencing a "reconnection" with the Divine and your Scorpio powers!
Sometimes you may feel your entire body is made of steel, you can not more then you may also be brought back at the speed of light (a little noise will do it) right into your body and wake up scared to death.
You can not be born unless you die or vice versa… When the surgeon cut the umbilical chord he "kills" you from the warm, safe watery womb of your mother, you become then an independent entity. There no independent life while being conceived, the spirit is "missing" per say. Only the physical shell is being build. Its like a bran new car in the factory without a driver, all parts are being placed to burn karma the soul need to re-pay God and/or others. Once the Doctor remove you, (after 9 months) the cold or the room or a tap on your but is all is needed for the spirit to enter the body. I truly believe abortion is murder after the body is removed from the foetus after birth and the connection is made between the physical and spiritual worlds.
Once you arrive on this dense physical world (hell) after 9 months, the doctor "kill" you from the physical uterine life of the mother and THEN only then the spirit enters the body and become independent. I explained quite a lot on this disturbing controversial phenomenon HERE!
The government conducted a lot of secrets experiments during the "Cold War" and erroneously thought scientists could investigate and teach "psychics" to become mental spies for the US Army/Navy by practising remote viewing or astral projections. But today's remote viewers teachers, like science and 99.09 % of psychics or Prophets wanna be are still cosmic unconscious unable to auto analyse themselves accurately cosmically. This mean, without the proper inborn psychical traits, pure imagination override the divine.
This mean they do not know anything about the karmic inherited UCI that depict the "born psychic" or the gifted souls blessed with the natural tool to practice the remote viewing (astral projection) trade. Nostradamus, Edgar Cayce and Madame Vladasky were all born with the cosmic gift and were naturally, easily able to enter the archetypal real of consciousness. Edgar Cayce used it to "MRI" the human body while sleeping while Nostradamus and Madame Vladasky used it to move through time and space to visit/report the future.
Many cosmic unconscious false prophets or souls born Neptunian do not have the inborn psychical tools needed to make accurate predictions or educate others on the divinity of the Cosmos or how God speaks to his children via the signs. I explain it all in "UCI or Unique Celestial Identity" because human are much more than body, bones and flesh, sad enough there is no much real material involving the spirit and the cosmic code, especially when 99.09% of the world is totally religiously poisoned and fearful of God himself.
Remember my expertise as a cosmic conscious human detector is to expose "Friends and Foes" of their sins and virtues and unarguable translate the news using the Cosmic Code jurisdictions, something impossible for you to deny if you take the time to check my claims.
Knowing currently the Scorpius Draconis rule the world all the way up to February 2014, there is NO room for lies or secrets and no chances to hide the truth for long…the question remain as always can you handle Dr. Turi's undiluted truth?
Dr. Turi on the radio tonight – don't miss it!
DT and the Paranormal… UFO – Scorpius Dragon 2013.
Get a spiritual present that will last for a lifetime because a night out, good food or any present will never ever compare to offering real spiritual regeneration, priceless direction and predictions. I will take good care of you but remember it has to be your birthday and you MUST become a VIP.
CALL TERANIA AT 602-265-7667 FOR YOUR APPOINTMENT MY WEBSITE DOES NOT OFFER DEALS ON MY SERVICES!
A thought or two from a relative newcomer to your world.
In desperation.I was virtually at my witts end.I was living in my car with my girlfriend and two dogs.I had no cash and was stuck in a foreign country no job no food no nothing.
You were the only one person in the world that came to my rescue.
You were the only person that said without expecting anything in return to hang in Brian.
You were the only person in the world that made any impact whatsoever in my life without asking upfront for a wad of cash like that moron Adain Powers and a few other who categorically stated they hold the keys to changing my existence if I paid over a huge number of dollars.
People in desperate situations do desperate things and having the be Jesus scared out of you by using subtle powers of suggestion they have perfected they are fooling the masses by using free numerology software free astrology software and good sales tactic by scaring the daylights out of people like a few other so called psychics I forget their names madam Zara madam Tara medium and so from Romania etc etc.Recently some of these people have been exposed one guy was acting as madam so and so and offering gypsy like readings and tarot readings etc etc turns out he was actually a guy posing as a psychic female!!
That's the underbelly of the psychic underworld DT.One girl even claimed she works with the FBI in solving missing persons cases or assisting in solving cases of homicides etc etc.I wrote to her 2 years ago asking assistance in solving the mystery around my brothers death on the 4 th March 1994 oh ofcourse she could help at a price you know.Her name is psychic T or something like that.
The long and short of it is that when real people like you get lumped in the same basket as these people by default because of ignorance and lack of education into the field of the divine science things go bump in the night.
I am waiting for some money to begin my study with you.Not because I have no other choices in teachers etc etc but because I believe in you Dr Turi.I am a small man in a big world but I am Sharp as a knife regarding my intuition.
You to reconsider for the sake of humanity at large.Your talents have not even began to be recognized in Africa for eg simply because people don't know of you!!
Next post: Do You Have The Yen To Be a Billionaire?


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <meta name="description" content="Web-based monitoring tool for valve source servers.">
    <meta name="author" content="Michael Imfeld">

    <title>sourcemon - overview</title>

    <link href="static/bower_components/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

            sourcemon
            <button class="navbar-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar-main">

            </button>

                Overview

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The obituaries after the death of the Scottish sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay in March 2006 – it was picked up by newspapers around the world – all unerringly mentioned within the first few sentences the one creation for which he will be remembered. But it wasn't a sculpture, an installation or a video. It didn't win him the Turner Prize. It wouldn't fit in a gallery. He never sold it. It was, in fact, his garden, Little Sparta, set into the Pentland Hills not far from Edinburgh.
I have never visited it, but it seems a wonderful place. He and his wife bought the semi-derelict farmhouse in 1966, and worked 40 years to create what is now considered to be the most important post second world war garden in Britain. Within its six acres there are nearly 300 of his sculptures in the form of inscribed stones, monuments and buildings.
Finlay's garden, labour of love as it may have been, doesn't seem to have been a place he went to get away from it all. People think of gardens as a retreat, he once said, but his garden was an attack. He seemed to set about falling out with people, and the inscribed sculptures in his garden don't hold back. Political references abound, and his allusions to the horrors of the Third Reich and his confrontational nature too often landed him in trouble – most famously with the French government and the Scottish Arts Council. Even naming the garden after a temple, Little Sparta, was an attempt to avoid the paying higher taxes it would attract by being classified as an art gallery. So the bailiffs came around.
Gardening, like painting, usually gives the impression of being the relaxing option, the kind of pastime people turn to when they need a break or therapy. Gardening and painting, some think, are the fluffy kinds of things you do when you've finished real work, either at the end of the day or as you hit retirement age. To some they are what stop you going gaga, and help take your mind off the fact that your pension isn't quite as much as you expected it would be.
Finlay isn't, of course, the only artist to make a mark with a garden in the UK in recent times. Barbara Hepworth's small, walled garden by her studio in St Ives, Ivon Hitchens's cleared from woodland in Lavington Common, West Sussex and the painter and filmmaker Derek Jarman's among the desolate pebbles of Dungeness, are all distinctive and highly personal artists' gardens.
The processes, it seems to me, are similar for making art and making a garden. You start off with some very unpromising raw materials dragged from the earth. With vision, planning and patience something beautiful and enriching can spring from it, but you shouldn't count on it. Gardening is like painting in very, very slow motion. Instead of the usual hour or two – or even less – for it to come to your realisation that a painting has gone seriously awry, with a garden it can take a year or two – or perhaps even decades – for it to dawn on you that you should have planted the avenue of poplars at right angles to the laurel hedge.
Finlay proved that gardening can be so much more than an escape, if you want it to be. It can be about colour, light, movement and composition, just as art can, but it can be political too. Gardening with attitude. Little Sparta was evidently something vital and current to him throughout his life. If he did find gardening therapeutic, it certainly doesn't seem to have calmed him much. And painting can be just the same.


There is nothing worse than when your ears are so cold that you can no longer feel them in winter. Our heated head and ear warmer is the perfect solution to that!
With plush microfleece which wrap around the ears, combined with Z-Stretch carbon fibre heating elements that are powered by a 5V USB power bank, cold ears will never be a worry again.
The heated head and ear warmers have three heat settings and can reach temperatures as high as 55°C, whilst providing warmth for up to 8.5 hours.


text:
Ngola Njinga of Ndongo and Matamba pt. 2: Gender, Performance, and Power in the Atlantic World
Though she now knew the Portuguese to be her enemies, Njinga was shrewd enough to understand that Europeans and their perception of her were as important to her hold on the...
Category: Atlantic World History, Dutch History, Early Modern Period, European Colonialism and Empire Building, Historiography, History of Africa, History of Angola, History of Gender and Sexuality, History of Southern African, History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Memory Studies, Portuguese History, Women's History Global, YAS QWEEN SLAY
Ngola Njinga of Ndongo and Matamba pt. 1: Confronting the Portuguese Empire
Some terminology before I begin: The Ngola ruled over Ndongo where the Mbundu people resided. Later, as a result of war with Portuguese invaders, the ruler of Ndongo came to rule...
Category: Atlantic World History, Early Modern Period, European Colonialism and Empire Building, Historiography, History of Africa, History of Angola, History of Southern African, History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Memory Studies, Portuguese History, Women's History Global, YAS QWEEN SLAY
White Nonsense Historiography
I think it's time for us to talk about the effects of white guilt on historical revisionism, especially within the USA. The following sentiments need to gtfo of ~National Dialogue~ –The...
Category: African American History, American History, Atlantic World History, Black History, Cultural Commentary and Criticism, European Colonialism and Empire Building, Historiography, History of Africa, History of Slavery, History of Sub-Saharan Africa, I Go Off, Indigenous Histories, Memory Studies, Politics


Entries for The Orlando Sentinel's name-the-game contest for the annual Florida-Florida State battle now total almost 1,000.
The entry blank appears in the paper for the final time today on page D- 3. Just clip it out and mail or deliver it to the Sentinel office. It must be received by Wednesday.
The winning entry will be announced in Sunday's sports section.


text:
package com.abc.security.authorization.service;

import java.util.List;

import com.abc.security.authorization.dao.AuthorizationDAO;
import com.abc.security.authorization.data.Role;
import com.abc.security.authorization.data.SecureResource;

public class AuthorizationServiceImpl implements AuthorizationService {

	AuthorizationDAO authDAO;

	/*
	 * (non-Javadoc)
	 *
	 * @see com.abc.security.authorization.service.AuthorizationService#getSecureObject(java.lang.String)
	 */
	public SecureResource getSecureObject(String secObjectName) {
		return authDAO.getSecureObject(secObjectName);
	}

	/*
	 * (non-Javadoc)
	 *
	 * @see com.abc.security.authorization.service.AuthorizationService#getSecureObjectRoles(com.abc.security.authorization.data.SecureResource)
	 */
	public List<Role> getSecureObjectRoles(SecureResource secureObject) {
		return authDAO.getSecureObjectRoles(secureObject);
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the authDAO
	 *
	 * @param authDAO
	 *            The authDAO to set.
	 */
	public void setAuthDAO(AuthorizationDAO authDAO) {
		this.authDAO = authDAO;
	}
}


Rubedo is an additional, or secondary substance which is present in some alchemical ingredients in addition to the primary substance. All alchemical ingredients contain one of six basic substances: aether, hydragenum, quebrith, rebis, vermilion and vitriol. There are also three additional substances: albedo, nigredo and rubedo. Any given ingredient may contain only a single basic substance and potentially one additional, or secondary substance.
Rubedo potions: If all ingredients used to create a given potion contain rubedo as an additional substance, the resulting potion will increase the regeneration rate of vitality for 4 hours in addition to the potion's original effect.
This page was last edited on 30 May 2017, at 20:26.


text:
2022 State Basketball Preview
Maggie Dooley, Staf Writer
With the end of the basketball season finally here, both our boys and girls team are heading into the post season state tournament this week.
The guys varsity team, lead by head coach Pete Villecco, is going into the tournament on in the Richard Tate bracket with an overall record of 14-9 which landed them the 13th seed. They were 6-3 in league which landed them in 4th place for the 5a/4a Northern League.
With their 13th place seed they got a bye the first round of playoffs and are set to play their first game on Saturday against the winner of tonights game between seed 20 Discovery Canyon and seed 45 Erie. They will likely be playing Discovery Canyon on Saturday and hope to face their next opponent, Montrose, on March 2nd.
Although these next few games will pose a challenge if they can continue their defensive efforts and continue to improve their offense, they will be just fine.
Head coach of the girls varsity team Ron Rossi and his girls are heading into the tournament with an overall 19-3 record and a league record of 7-1. The girls team placed 2nd in the 5a/4a Northern League after a loss to Windsor in the championship. They landed themselves in the 3rd seed and will be playing in the Tracey Hill bracket.
Like the guys team, the girls got a bye the first round of playoffs and are set to play the 30 seed Mountain View this Friday at 6:30 at Holy Family. If they win this game, they are looking to face either 14 seed Skyview or 19 seed Gleenwood springs.
Although head coach Rossi is planning on making it to the Final Four he is planning on "just taking it one game at a time."
Come out and support our basketball teams head into the state tournament this week. Girls game at Holy Family on Friday at 6:30. Guys game at Holy Family on Saturday, time TBD.
Maggie Dooley, Staff Writer
Hey, I'm Maggie, I'm a senior at Holy Family. I joined newspaper because I had a lot of fun in journalism a couple years ago and I'm excited to be...


text:
Real Stuff: "Them Changes"
Dennis Eichhorn 10:52 am Mon Mar 17, 2014
"I've often wondered what made me such a violent teenager... But whatever the reason, by the time I was in my mid-teens I fancied myself a pretty tough customer." Originally published in Real Stuff #6, April 1992. Illustrated by Seth and Chester Brown.
Read the other Real Stuff stories and listen to Mark's interview with Dennis Eichhorn here.
realstuff
"My Friend Dahmer" discussed on Cartoonist Kayfabe
My Friend Dahmer is a comic by Derf which tells the true story of the author's teenage friendship with American serial killer Jeffery Dahmer when the two went to middle school and high school together. Dahmer, also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal, murdered 17 men and boys between 1978-1991. The Cartoonist Kayfabe youtube channel has… READ THE REST
Alan Moore new novella is a Kafka-esque look at the comic book industry
Later this year, Alan Moore is publishing a new collection of short-ish fiction work titled Illumination: Stories. The 500-plus page hardcover will include nine prose stories spanning the last four decades of Moore's career, some of which has been talked about before ("A Hypothetical Lizard" was adapted into comic book form before the prose was… READ THE REST
Comic book legend Alex Ross to write and illustrate a new Fantastic Four graphic novel
Despite laying the groundwork for the Marvel universe, the Fantastic Four were lost in the shuffle at the house of ideas. Taking a back seat to the X-Men was the standard operating procedure for FF fans since the early 90s, but seeing Marvel's first family usurped in terms of popularity by the Guardians of the… READ THE REST


text:
Trade hub will open up Europe for companies
Source:Xinhua
A worker in the logistics park at Csepel Port in Hungary transports goods using a forklift.[Photo by Yang Yongqian/Xinhua]
BUDAPEST-A trade hub established by a Chinese enterprise in Hungary has been acting as a "matchmaker" between domestic and European businesses.
Now, it is poised to further facilitate bilateral trade cooperation as the Belt and Road Initiative continues to unfold, said Wu Jiang, the company's CEO.
The hub, formally known as the Central European Trade and Logistics Cooperation Zone, comprises an exhibition center in Budapest, and two logistic parks respectively in Csepel Port in Hungary and Bremen Port in Germany, according to Wu.
The Chinese businessman, with more than 20 years of experience in commerce and logistics in Hungary, said his motive to start the trade service company was to help Chinese enterprises find competent local partners when exploring new markets in Europe.
"I have noticed that many Chinese enterprises, often unfamiliar with local languages and laws, spent most of their energy dealing with accountants, lawyers and government agencies when they came here, with only limited time spent on expanding actual business," Wu said.
"They could stay for only a year or two, without achieving much of a breakthrough in business and had to call off their endeavor," Wu added.
He said his exhibition center in Budapest as a bridge linking Chinese enterprises with local partners.
Activities at the center, such as exhibitions and bushiness presentations, allow the two sides to find suitable partners in a more efficient way, he said.
Meanwhile, the logistics park in Csepel Port provides services such as cargo distribution, customs clearance and warehousing, among others, according to Wu.
In the past, the goods used to flow from the major ports of northwestern Europe such as Hamburg, Bremen and Rotterdam, he noted.
With the Chinese Railway Express cargo trains and China-Europe land-sea express coming into operation, the trend is that the goods go from the southeast to the northwest, Wu added.
The Belt and Road Initiative has brought tangible benefits for businesses in Hungary.
"The logistics volume in the park and the whole country has grown very rapidly this year. Our truck fleet is running at its maximum capacity and we have to rent trucks to cope with the trade flow," he said.
The Logistics Park also serves the Chinese Railway Express cargo trains.
"Since the start of freight service of Hunan-Europe freight trains from Changsha in Hunan province to Budapest in June this year, every train is full," he said.
The logistics park plans to send a cargo train from Budapest to Changsha on Nov 27.
It is also planning a "Rainbow Line" route with China's shipping giant COSCO Holdings Co Ltd.
The line will start from China's eastern coastal city of Ningbo via Shenzhen in South China to Piraeus port in Greece by ship and from there all the way to Budapest by rail.
Wu said that against the backdrop of the Belt and Road Initiative, the Central European Trade and Logistics Cooperation Zone will surely thrive and play a greater role in helping Chinese enterprises go global.


text:
Mamma Margherita's birthplace
Margherita Occhiena birthplace (known as Mamma Margherita), mother of S. Giovanni Bosco.
Occhiena was born in Cecca hamlet on April 1, 1788.
• Availability: private property | not open to visitors
• Who was Margherita Occhiena
Margherita Occhiena (1788-1856) for all "Mamma Margherita".
Beginning of the Beatification process: 8 February 1995.
Born on 1 April 1788 in Capriglio (AT), and the same day is baptized in the parish church.
Remains in the town until marriage, celebrated here with Francesco Bosco; then she passes to Becchi.
At the untimely death of her husband, the twenty-nine-year-old Margherita is faced alone with the management of the family, to assist the mother of Francesco and his son Antonio; then to educate his sons Giuseppe and Giovanni.
Strong woman, with clear ideas, determined in choices, with a sober life regime, in Christian education is severe, sweet and reasonable.
Three boys grow up with a very different temperament: but she does not level and does not mortify anyone.
Forced to sometimes make dramatic choices (such as the removal from the home of the younger son in order not to break the peace and to make him study), supports the propensities of children with faith, wisdom and courage, helping them to grow in generosity and initiative.
Accompanies Giovanni with particular love to the priesthood and then, leaving the dear little house of the Hill, follows him in his mission among the poor and abandoned youth of Turin.
Here for ten years, her life is confused with that of her son and with the beginnings of the Salesian Work: she is the first and principal Don Bosco Cooperator; with active goodness she becomes the maternal element of the preventive system.
It is, without knowing it, a "cofounder" of the Salesian Family who creates saints like Domenico Savio and Don Rua.
Illiterate, but full of that wisdom that comes from above, has been the help for many poor street children, children of no one; she put God first, consuming herself for him in a life of poverty, prayers and sacrifice.
She died at the age of 68, in Turin, on November 25, 1856.
So many boys accompanied her to the cemetery and wept like "Mom".
• Download
Itinerary 8 - Cecca and Agagliate hamlets
• Events in Capriglio
• Capriglio tourist guide
Frazione Cecca, 14014 Capriglio AT, Italia
https://goo.gl/CRpZuP


WHAT HAPPENED HERE is a personal essay and a "road movie" seeking the site of Leon Trotsky's birth and home town, virtually unknown today due to Joseph Stalin's attempt to erase him from Soviet history. It follows the trail to the Golan Heights of Israel where Mikhael Derenkovski, the last survivor of Koloniya Gromokley, tells his story about a town defiled and a family destroyed by the Einsatzgruppen SS. It speculates about politics, virtue, home-towns and the filmmaker's job. Its antecedents are essay films by directors such as Jean-Luc Godard and Chris Marker, where personal experience, opinion and history combine to point out the subjective nature of what we think we know.
A small-time club owner takes his wife out for a birthday "night on the town" accompanied by a retinue of friends watching their lives go up in smoke due to the economic downturn.
The last few hours of a love affair between Mel Hurley, a photographer traumatized by the Biafran War, and Carmen, his dancer girlfriend, is an improvised nightmare of fear and misunderstanding.
A young Jordanian woman from a small town outside Amman seeks greater personal and cultural freedom from a traditional family, wants to attend a youth conference in Petra.
Rare and unique moment in history and an important and forgotten history maker life.
was hoping for a film on trotsky by someone who understood and admired him, but this film isn't that. the filmmaker consistently confounds trotsky/leninism with stalinism and on this basis the film fails before it really gets going. too bad, because we could really have benefited from a good film about trotsky from someone who understands that rather crucial difference.
What starts out as a most interesting trip into the youth of Leo Trotsky and to his birthplace, soon becomes a documentation not only about the Bronsteins (Trotsky's real family name) but also of the lives of the people still living near the now vanished town (Koloniya Gromokley) where Trotsky grew up. In the second part the film centers around a massacre of the german SS killing almost all the jews in Koloniya Gromokley. Touching and shocking to see how the memories of the cruelties and murders some 60 years ago are reflected on the faces of the witnesses.
An outstanding piece of humanist film making.


text:
OvertureSymphonyXB-1SustainabilityCompany
FlyBy Blog
Boom Supersonic Announces Second Annual Net Good Summit to Accelerate Path to Net-Zero Travel
Supersonic aircraft pioneer hosts global sustainability thought leaders from more than 50 companies to accelerate move to a sustainable travel future.
DENVER, September 12, 2022 -- Boom Supersonic, the company building the world's fastest airliner, optimized for speed, safety, and sustainability, today announced its plans for the second annual Net Good Summit, an invitation-only event dedicated to shaping a more sustainable future for the travel industry. The second annual Net Good Summit will take place October 23-25, 2022 in Del Mar, California.
Boom Supersonic convened the inaugural Net Good Summit in November 2021 and hosted sustainability thought leaders and senior executives from American Express, Amazon Air, Climeworks, IWC Schaffhausen, HMMH, Shell Aviation, Oklo, Global Sustainable Tourism Council, U.S. Travel Association, Boston Consulting Group, and more.
This October's Net Good Summit will focus on three themes critical to creating systemic change in sustainable travel: enabling the exponential growth of sustainable technologies, integrating sustainability across the travel journey, and engaging and educating the traveler. Among the program speakers already announced are Stephanie M. Jones, Founder & CEO, Cultural Heritage Economic Alliance, Inc. and Founder, National Blacks in Travel & Tourism Collaborative; and Steven Davis, Head of Climate Science, Watershed and Professor of Earth System Science at University of California-Irvine. Additional speakers and panelists will be announced as the event programming is finalized.
"For travel to remain a net good for society, it must also be sustainable," said Kathy Savitt, President and Chief Business Officer of Boom Supersonic. "We're proud to host the 2022 Net Good Summit, bringing together a dynamic group of thought leaders, sustainability experts and industry leaders to further the sustainable future of travel."
The Net Good Summit is the annual symposium for the Sustainable Travel Forum, which Boom launched late last year to propel learnings from the Summit into solutions. Members of the Sustainable Travel Forum include Amazon Air, Archer Aviation, American Express, American Express Global Business Travel, IDEO, Japan Airlines, Prometheus Fuels, Shell Aviation, South African Tourism, Tourism Australia, U.S. Travel Association, United Airlines, Visit Britain, and Volta Charging.
A commitment to speed, safety and sustainability has been at the core of Boom's philosophy since the company's founding in 2014. Overture, the company's supersonic airliner, will be the first commercial airliner program to be net-zero carbon from day one, optimized to run on 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). In May 2022, Boom released its first annual Environmental Sustainability report, detailing the company's achievement of carbon neutrality in 2021 and reiterating its commitment to net-zero carbon by 2025.
In July 2022, Boom released the findings of an extensive research project led by Ben Murphy, VP of Sustainability at Boom, and Akshay Ashok Ph.D., Sustainability and Regulatory Specialist at Boom. The report highlights key drivers of exponential growth which can help achieve rapid scaling of the SAF industry. Boom also recently announced a 10-year agreement with Climeworks to remove part of Boom's residual CO₂ emissions from the atmosphere and permanently store them underground. Further adding to Boom sustainability efforts, the Overture Superfactory, which will be designed and built by BE&K Building Group and BRPH, will be LEED certified. Boom was named one of this year's honorees in Travel + Leisure's Global Vision Awards, which highlights changemakers creating more sustainable and responsible travel products, practices, and experiences.
For more information about Boom's sustainability efforts, please visit: https://boomsupersonic.com/sustainability
About Boom Supersonic
Boom Supersonic is transforming air travel with Overture, the world's fastest airliner, optimized for speed, safety, and sustainability. Serving both civil and government markets, Overture will fly at twice the speed of today's airliners and is designed to run on 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Overture's order book, including purchases and options from American Airlines, United Airlines, and Japan Airlines stands at 130 aircraft. Boom is working with Northrop Grumman for government and defense applications of Overture. Suppliers and partners collaborating with Boom on the Overture program include Collins Aerospace, Eaton, Safran Landing Systems, the United States Air Force, American Express, Climeworks, and AWS. For more information, visit https://boomsupersonic.com
Connect with Boom Supersonic on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube
Aubrey Scanlan for Boom Supersonic
press@boomsupersonic.com
News from Boom
Browse press releases and download images, video content, and other assets.
Subscribe to FlyBy for Boom news and insights straight to your inbox.
Copyright © 2022 Boom Supersonic. All rights reserved. Except as otherwise expressly permitted, no images or other content displayed on this website may be copied, reprinted, republished, modified, or distributed in any form without the express written permission of the copyright owner.
PartnersCareersPressNewsFlyBy BlogFAQContactStore
TwitterLinkedInInstagramFacebookMediumYouTube
Update your browser to view this website correctly.Update my browser now


How do you edit a Pdf file? RP ad.
Great New Site! Get all the "Freedom Rally" Info in One Place!
Why would Hillary, McCain, or Obama want to be president?
DIGG: Former Labor Secretary "20% chance of economic depression." Ron right again.
Why are you guys not donating to the High Tide Ad?
Get YouTube To Feature High Tide Promo!!!!!!!!!!!!!
New DIGG: Ron Paul High Tide Promo- Come On Let's Get This To The Front Page!!!!!!!!
Ron Paul "Joins" World Net Daily!
Letters from a 1,000 children!!! Enter your child's here!
Dr. Steve Parent on rprradio.com tonight at 9pm to explain the delegate process.
Ron Paul delegates taking charge..
What does Ron himself want us to do in the elecitons ?
Do you hear the people sing . . . .?
Hillary want withdrawal from war?
Hillary wants withdrawal from war?
Robert Kiyosaki - Tools to explain Ron Paul's take on economics?
Ron Paul needs a new spokesperson, who should it be?
Need info on McCain, general stuff.
Overcoming objections thread. Keep it fresh by adding your own.
Social Security Surveillance Card? Get yours today!
Slay the heart of the Beast, Abolish the Federal Reserve. Here's how.
what is the diffrence between a republic and a democracy?
Negitive or Positive Youtube Video?
Random thoughts- are we doing this wrong?
The Kansas City GOP convention...Good times...LOL.
A little, no I mean ALOT of motivation watch it all!
MUST READ: Dark Horse winner of 1880 Republican Nomination!
Vote for Ron Paul on Best of 2008 - Politics!
Why is Ron Paul off opensecrets' books?
Digg: 59% of Americans see economic depression likely. Ron saw it coming.
Digg NOW: Fed cuts rate another 1% to 2.25%!
Whistleblower exposes insider trading program at JP Morgan!
The Dichotomy in Ron Paul Circle's beliefs: "movement" vs. "campaign"
Ron Paul Third Party: How to Do It.
"Freedom Rally" Money Bomb: Granny Needs Our Help!
Gandalf said: There never was much hope, just a fools hope.
Ron Paul on Fox Businesss now!????
Supreme Court to uphold the 2nd Amendment?
Ron Paul " Our Nation is Coming Down"
[Video] Hillary, McCain, and Obama all want to bomb Iran. The CFR wins.
Anybody else in PA or elsewhere seeing these anti-tax ads?
Ron Paul's New Ad "the Economy"
HEY! Who is manipulating Gold & Silver markets now!?
Ron Paul Survives Lies, Manipulation by MSM, Vows to Fight!
Skewz - New Digg-type site for Politics?
The business of Gold piping up?
List of state convention dates?
Does RP still support the war against Al Qaeda?
Where did the Campaign go wrong?
The truth about the economy and current politics...will make you laugh!
a MUST see -- we are not alone!
You may want one of these on your car!
This youtube video blew me away. From Keith on MSNBC.
RP preparing the best speech ever to pull an upset victory at the convention?
Why RP is not in Pennsylvania?
[Video] Penn and Teller on the Patriot Act.
how do you think america has become a democracy?
How is McCain beating Hillary and Obama in the Rasmussens polls?
Are pricinct leaders leaving their personal contact info?
Ron Paul to speak at Nevada State GOP Convention!!
What kind of a Ron Paul supporter are you?
Impeaching the Official Campaign "Poll"
Should the GOP let McCain get away with Senate voting record of only 43.6 % ?
MY cell got a call from Ron Paul.
So what does all this good news mean??
McCain not running for President(quote)!!!!
April Fools Money Bomb - Let's reverse this terrible sub-$1000 daily donation trend!!
Reacting to joke links: A general guide.
PA REAL ID Action Items!
Ron Paul supporters: What would you think was in a store called "Independent Minds"
Best video to distribute on Ron Paul economics.
Black Box Voting - Massive ballot-rigging technique?
5.57 mill left in the bank!!!
Any news out of N.J.?


text:
Jessie J Performs New Song 'Domino' On The X Factor USA (November)
Top Music News Stories Of 2011
17. Jessie J Performs New Song 'Domino' On The X Factor USA (November)
Jessie J made her first bid to break America with her performance of new song 'Domino' on The X Factor USA in November. The track features on an extended edition of her debut album 'Who You Are' and was also included during the star's headline performance at Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball in December. Picture: Danny North
See the full gallery: Top Music News Stories Of 2011


text:
Q: DIV Overflow Overide Can someone please show me how to make my content within
`#content-text`

to show a y axis scroll when the content doesn't fit. Currently it follows the hidden tag within the body element. Thanks!
body,html{
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    overflow: hidden;
    background: #000;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    border: 0;
    z-index: 100;
    font-size: 100%;
}

#content-bg {

    padding: 2em;
    background-color: #362720;
    position: absolute;
    width: 33%;
    right: 3.3%;
    bottom: 6.4em;
    cursor: default;
    opacity: .7;
    z-index: 3;
    min-height: 20%;
    overflow:auto !important;
    overflow-style:auto !important;

}

#content-text {

    font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
    font-size: 0.7em;
    color: #FFF;
    z-index: 4;
    font-weight: lighter;
    overflow:auto !important;
    overflow-style:auto !important;
}

A: Set a height or a max-height value to #content-text, then set
overflow-y:auto; overflow-x:hidden;

A: #content-bg {
    padding: 2em;
    background-color: #362720;
    position: absolute;
    width: 33%;
    right: 3.3%;
    bottom: 6.4em;
    cursor: default;
    opacity: .7;
    z-index: 3;
    min-height: 20%;
    overflow-y:auto;
    overflow-x:hidden
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
G-Dragon Reps Korea in HYPEBEAST's 100 Most Influential List
by E. Kim
Leading lifestyle magazine HYPEBEAST has released its latest edition of "HYPEBEAST 100," and none other than BIGBANG's fearless leader G-Dragon made the cut as Korea's sole representative on the list.
Crafted by the magazine's editors, writers, "HYPEBEAST 100" is a list honoring the 100 most influential people impacting the international creative world right now.
"If you're at all familiar with K-Pop, G-Dragon is the first name that comes to mind," the magazine writes, highlighting G-Dragon's international stardom and many achievements not just as a singer-songwriter-producer but also as a fashion influencer, mentioning his relationship with photographer Terry Richardson and exclusive collaborative capsule collection with Italian luxury footwear company Giuseppe Zanotti.
Others who made the list include musicians Pharrell Williams, Rihanna, fashion designer Alexander Wang, and artist Takashi Murakami.
Congratulations to G-Dragon!
Source (1) (2)


text:
About: List of Yes concert tours (2000s–10s)
an Entity references as follows:
The English progressive rock band Yes has toured for four decades.The band's longest break in touring came from late 2004 through late 2008. Touring has tended to focus on the UK and the rest of Europe, North America and Japan, but the band have also played other parts of the world, notably Australia.
Subject of Sentences In Document
Object of Sentences In Document
Explicit Coreferences
Implicit Coreferences
Graph IRI
http://live.dbpedia.org 134 triples
Alternative Linked Data Documents: iSPARQL | ODE Raw Data in: CXML | CSV | RDF ( N-Triples N3/Turtle JSON XML ) | OData ( Atom JSON ) | Microdata ( JSON HTML) | JSON-LD About


text:
The Feeling Of Space: How Sun Ra Integrated Sci-Fi in Music
By Geoffrey Himes | October 30, 2015 | 12:53pm
Music Features Sci-Fi
"Some people call me Mr. Ra," Sun Ra often told interviewers, "and some call me Mr. Ree."
Sun Ra was a man of many mysteries, not the least of which was how much he believed his own story. He insisted that he wasn't born as Herman Blount on May 22, 1914, in Birmingham, Alabama, as official records had it, but was instead an angel from the planet Saturn who made his first appearance on this planet at that time and place.
Many people watched him closely for the wink or smile that would acknowledge that the tale was an extravagant joke or elaborate fiction. He never provided any such indication and stubbornly stuck to his story that he was a messenger from a superior race come to help troubled earthlings.
This left it up to each member of his far-flung audience to decide just how to take Sun Ra's claims. For most of us, the tale of his voyage from Saturn to Earth was clearly not reality but just as clearly no joke either. All of Sun Ra's work included sci-fi elements: his instrumental compositions boasted exotic, extraterrestrial sounds; his poems and song lyrics referenced interplanetary exploration; he and his band members were costumed in otherworldly attire. But in many ways his greatest science fiction was his own life.
In Robert Mugge's brilliant documentary film, Sun Ra: A Joyful Noise, Sun Ra stands on the rooftop of a tall building in Philadelphia. He's dressed like an angel from Saturn: a rotund man in a gold mask, blue face paint, a purple caftan, Mardi Gras beads, a magenta wig and a maroon mesh cap bristling with silver wires.
"With all the churches you've got, all the schools you've got and all the governments you've got," he proclaims, as if he were the inspector from an intergalactic accreditation agency, "you're supposed to have a better planet than this. Man has failed…He should be a good sport about it and say, 'I give up. I need help.' I'm here as a bridge for them to get help."
Almost all science fiction is built around a "What if?" premise. Often those hypotheticals are technological, but the most interesting ones, such as Sun Ra's, are cultural. The most interesting of all are not those that offer a vision of the future but rather an alternate vision of the present.
For African-Americans, who have good reason to dislike the present reality, science fiction offers a tempting way to reimagine the world. This movement is often called "Afrofuturism," and while Sun Ra is the most vivid example, other examples are easy to cite: funksters George Clinton and Janelle Monae, authors Samuel Delaney and Octavia Butler, and hip-hoppers Kool Keith and MF Doom. "This boy was definitely out to lunch," Clinton said of Sun Ra. "The same place I eat at."
But none of these others lived out that science fiction 24 hours a day the way Sun Ra did. None of them went strolling down the sidewalks of the Oakland and Philadelphia ghettos in the middle of the afternoon dressed like a pharaoh from the outer solar system.
You can see an example of this in John Coney's 1974 movie, Space is the Place, which depicts Sun Ra's spaceship, resembling a pair of giant yellow breasts, as it arrives from Saturn in a vacant lot in Oakland. He walks down the ramp dressed like an Egyptian king with a silver cosmic orb on his head and goes parading through the black neighborhood, flanked by acolytes with golden heads of eagles and bears, chased by kids on dirt bikes and taunted by their mothers.
Sun Ra is soon confronted by a flamboyant pimp in a white hat and suit named the Overseer (Ray Johnson). Like the chess-playing characters in Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal, Sun Ra and the Overseer play a game of tarot-card poker for the fate of the planet. The low-budget picture mixes sci-fi and blaxploitation elements as the two opponents face off in a brothel full of naked women, in a waterfront gun battle and on sidewalks full of winos and gamblers.
The best scene is a flashback to a 1930s club, where Sun Ra is the bowler-hatted pianist for dancing girls (in real life, he had played in Illinois strip clubs). When he goes off from the swinging blues tune into an avant-garde tangent, the dancers flee in terror, the audience riots and the nightclub collapses around them. It's a great fantasy of what new music can do. Last year the movie was saluted in Space Is the Place: 40th Anniversary Edition, a 124-page coffee-table book that included a DVD of the entire film and an audio CD of the soundtrack.
"I've often thought about Sun Ra," the Flaming Lips' Wayne Coyne wrote in the book's introduction. "My reasonable mind would always conclude, 'He thinks he's from outer space—he's crazy. And I would think, 'I'm not like him.' And yet some part of me really admired this way that he was.
"Suddenly one day you just stop being one person and you become another. You become a person that is your own creation. It is the truth of all creative people. Some change their name, like Bob Dylan, and some change everything but their name, like Miley Cyrus, and either way they become a brand new version of themselves. And for some reason this 'change into a made-up character' allows them to be more real and more true."
Sun Ra wasn't just the author of mythology; he was a character within that mythology. He lived onstage and off as a messenger from Saturn bringing new musical vibrations to transform Planet Earth.
"I had to learn all the different forms of music on this planet," Sun Ra told the Hartford Advocate in 1984, "to speak to people in a language that would be more than universal; [it would be] omniversal. When I went to Egypt I was able to connect the ancient, the present and the future. And all the future: we have to make another future…
"This planet is not really self-sufficient; it depends on something else from outside. They called my music 'Black Music,' and I did try to do a lot of things to help black people. But now I call my music 'Dark Music," the dark side of jazz…the unknown part, the hidden part, the real roots, the part that now nothing about. I also could use the equation in the Bible which says, 'I will open my dark sayings upon the harp.' That's a piano, you know. So I can play things and reveal things that will enable people to be prepared for space."
If you had grown up as an African-American in Birmingham, Alabama, in the 1920s and '30s, amid a spate of lynchings and tightening Jim Crow laws, you too might have claimed another planet as your home. If you were confronting a power structure as hostile and implacable as the segregationist South, you too might have created an alternate universe where your talents were recognized and your hopes encouraged. But what kind of universe would you invent?
Sun Ra's story kept evolving. In his early years in Birmingham, this well read autodidact emphasized his ancestral roots in Ancient Egypt, which he claimed was ruled by a black super-race that pioneered breakthroughs in science and the arts. But then barbarians pushed them away from the Nile and into central Africa, where they were enslaved and brought to America.
Later in A Joyful Noise, Sun Ra wanders through the half-human/half-dog statues and the hieroglyphics from Ancient Egypt in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Now wearing a gold chainmail skull cap and a rainbow-colored caftan, he intones, "They say history repeats itself, but history is only 'his story.' You haven't heard 'my story.' My story is different from his story. My story is not part of history, because history repeats itself, but my story is endless."
After he moved to Chicago in 1945, he began to describe that super-race as visitors from Saturn who had brought higher knowledge to Egypt—and who occasionally brought their descendants back to the ringed planet for schooling—including one Sonny Blount. After he moved to New York in 1961 and then to Philadelphia in 1968, the Saturnalians expanded their message from black earthlings to all earthlings.
What is that message? Well, if you're a member of an oppressed community and your opponents control most of the money and weapons, you're not going to create a science fiction where the ultimate battle will be fought with guns and bombs. But you might invent an alternative universe where the fate of all sentient beings is decided by musical vibrations.
What did those vibrations sound like? Well, Sun Ra's music was clearly rooted in the jazz of his early heroes: Fletcher Henderson (for whom Blount worked as a pianist and arranger), Duke Ellington and Count Basie. Sun Ra's additions to that big-band tradition—all the saxophone squeals, synthesizer growls and percussion ensemble rumbles from outer space—helped usher in the free-jazz of John Coltrane (Sun Ra's frequent visitor), Cecil Taylor, and Ornette Coleman, as well as the jazz-rock fusion of Miles Davis, Weather Report, and Return to Forever.
"I can do things with synthesizers," Sun Ra told Downbeat in 1993. "If I want to get the sound of thunder, it's there. If I want the feeling of space, it's there. You could do it maybe with a piano too, but with a synthesizer I can not only play the melody but I can play the rhythm, and then I can pull something down that I never heard before."
As such, he was an important link in the evolution of jazz, but he existed so far outside the jazz mainstream (for years he only released his recordings in small batches on his own Saturn Records label—often in hand-decorated covers) that he might as well have been on another planet. It was only when he turned 58 in 1972, near the end of his peak artistic years, that his records got any real distribution and that he began to tour more widely. Only then did the press and broader jazz and pop audience take notice of what a major artist had been hiding in their midst.
What made him a major artist was not the sci-fi sound effects he produced on his electric keyboards—though he could suggest the beeping controls and roaring exhaust of a spaceship as it swooshed through space. Nor was it the sing-song chants about space travel that he sang with his female dancers.
No, what made him an important figure was his ability to greatly expand the ingredients of jazz composition by adding squealing dissonance, harsh distortion, clashing chords and strange intervals to the mix of ingredients and then bring them into big-band harmony. It was as if he recognized that life on Planet Earth was growing more complicated and chaotic with each passing decade and needed music that could reflect that pandemonium. But it also needed an example of how those conflicting elements could be made coherent. As such, his 1950s recordings anticipated not only early-'60s free jazz but also late-'60s psychedelic rock.
It was this aspect of his music that explains how Sun Ra could convince some of the best musicians of his era—most notably saxophonists John Gilmore, Marshall Allen, and Pat Patrick—to not only join his band but also wear space-alien Halloween costumes on stage every night and to even live with him in his large communal houses in New York and Philadelphia. It explains why Coltrane so often visited Sun Ra and even sat in with the band several times. It explains why such noted jazz musicians as Pharoah Sanders, Von Freeman, Billy Higgins, Clifford Jarvis, Michael Ray, and Julian Priester passed through the band.
"He was the first one who introduced me into the higher forms of music," Gilmore says in A Joyful Noise, "past what you might say Bird, Monk, and the fellows were doing. I didn't think anybody was ahead of them until I met Sun Ra." During his first six months in the band Gilmore could play the notes, but he couldn't hear the purpose behind them.
"Then one night I heard it," Gilmore added. "We were playing this number 'Saturn,' which I had been playing every night for six months. But that night I heard the intervals, and I said, 'My gosh, this man is more stretched out than Monk. It's unbelievable.' I didn't think anyone could write any meaner intervals than Monk and Mingus, but he did."
I first encountered Sun Ra in person on January 16, 1977, at Baltimore's Famous Ballroom. This home of the Left Bank Jazz Society, an African-American non-profit organization, was an old-fashioned dance hall with high ceilings and a long wooden floor filled with banquet tables. But the ceiling was painted with stars and clouds and the walls with portraits of famous black musicians.
Dressed in pyramid hats and black vests covered with metallic red dots, Sun Ra's Myth Science Cosmos Swing Arkestra slowly filled the stage. One member plucked an African kora; the nine horn players churned up wild, ricocheting lines over a rumbling frenzy from the four percussionists. A female vocalist began chanting a poem about outer space. Three African dancers sprinted across the front of the stage.
"Most of the time the avant-garde looks so serious," Sun Ra told Musician Magazine in 1986. "They don't look like they're having fun. People don't want to see that. I want people to laugh at the costumes I have on. Why do they astronauts wear what they wear? Why do soldiers? Because it makes people notice them more. The musicians have a perfect right to join the crowd and say, 'We're going to wear this; this is how I feel."
Finally Sun Ra himself appeared in a blue metallic suit with a glittering silver cape and skull cap, carrying a vase full of silver rods. He began pawing at his electric organ, even turning his back on it and playing it with the backs of his fingers. The trill of his high notes and the dull roar of his low notes were reflected by more frantic horn playing.
One could tell that the more traditional jazz fans at the long tables were taken aback. One could hear annoyed whispers of "garbage" and "hoax." A few people started gathering their coats and purses to leave. It was just at that point that Sun Ra sat down behind his organ and led his band through a ripping, flawless version of Duke Ellington's "Take the A Train." The people about to leave sat back down.
Sun Ra had made his point that his band could nail the classics of the jazz canon with impeccable precision when it wanted to. But most of the time it didn't want to. Why? Because that had been done, and they were trying to create unprecedented music—and they often succeeded. When the Arkestra's astonishing reed section toggling back and forth between tonality and atonality, one realized that a musical boundary was being blurred to the point of erasure, to the point where two musical nations had become one.
Abstract slides and film footage of African game preserves provided a backdrop for the band and its dancers. Sun Ra delivered a chanting sermon, explaining that he was the representative of other worlds, whose spaceships were circling overhead. What might have seemed a silly joke became a powerful fiction, because the band created the sound of what might have been the ships' broadcasts.
I was a convert and began attending every Sun Ra show I could. When the Arkestra returned to the Famous Ballroom on July 23, 1978, Mugge's crew was on hand to film Sun Ra, now wearing a cap of golden metal strips and a robe of shimmering rainbow colors, and his band, now wearing black-sequin Rasta caps and bright red shirts.
The highlight of the show—and of the film—was Sun Ra's long blues piano solo, which bounced along to a rollicking tempo until it suddenly drove off the road into the bushes of outer-space dissonance before it just as suddenly regained the pavement. It was as if he were trying to prove that the past and future of jazz were inextricably linked—as were his home planet and his adopted planet.
"It's like a journey," Sun Ra told Downbeat in 1993. "You're on the road, and you have to do what you have to do for the changes of scenery, changes of feelings. You have to be ready for those potholes in the road."
I began collecting as many of his albums as I could find. Some were better than others, but the best ranked with the best jazz of their era. For the uninitiated wading into a catalogue of more than 100 titles, the best places to start are Jazz in Silhouette, The Nubians of Plutonia, Nothing Is…, Live at Montreux, The Magic City, Other Planes of There, and Outer Spaceways Incorporated.
The Arkestra's concerts in the '80s always had moments that matched the high quality of those recordings from the '50s, '60s, and '70s, but also long stretches devoted to synth noodling and sing-song chanting. They regained some focus when Sun Ra returned to his biggest influences from this planet: Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Art Tatum, and the like, giving their material both reverent readings and an interplanetary twist. Something similar happened when he began playing songs from Disney movies.
The last time I saw Sun Ra was at the 1989 New Orleans Jazz Festival. The Arkestra, shut out at the muddy, closed Fairgrounds, set up shop in the playground of Marie Convent Elementary School. The bandleader wore a shiny gold cape and a silver-sequin fez. Alto saxophonist Noel Scott wore a gold-sequin cap with Mouseketeer ears. Mixed in with songs such as "Space Is the Place" and "Rocket #9" were Disney numbers such as "The Forest of No Return," "Heigh Ho," and "Whistle While You Work."
It worked beautifully, for Sun Ra and Walt Disney were two of the 20th century's master fantasists. One asked us to wish upon a star; the other asked us to believe he was born on one. The songs from Snow White and Pinocchio, the two sources Arkestra emphasized, were full of both a childlike sense of wonder and an adult sense of yearning that fit the joyful freedom of Sun Ra's Arkestra perfectly.
In 1990s, a series of strokes slowed Sun Ra down, but he continued to tour and even opened several shows for his admirers in Sonic Youth. But finally on May 30, 1993, he died in pneumonia in his hometown. His musicians claimed he had merely "left the planet," but his family had a grave dug for him in Birmingham's Elmwood Cemetery.
Sun Ra's departure did not stop the Arkestra, however. In the mid '90s, Evidence Records released most of the Saturn albums plus some unreleased albums and singles on CD. In 1997 John F. Szwed published his definitive biography, Space Is the Place: The Lives and Times of Sun Ra, carefully balancing the reality and the mythology.
Two of Sun Ra's most talented and most loyal lieutenants, tenor saxophonist John Gilmore (who died in 1995) and alto saxophonist Marshall Allen, pushed the band to keep touring and recording. This September, in fact, the "Sun Ra Arkestra under the Direction of Marshall Allen" released Babylon: Live, which documented a 2014 concert in Istanbul, Turkey, as both an audio CD and DVD.
The light of the departed leader—eerily blue from its source in Alabama, or perhaps Saturn—shines through it all. That was Sun Ra's genius: his ability to illuminate the unreal until it seemed real. If we were willing to accept his fiction of life on Saturn, maybe we could accept his vision of a more harmonious Planet Earth. "Did you ever see Star Wars? he once asked music critic Francis Davis. "It was very accurate."
More from Sci-Fi
To Err Is Human, To Film It Is DivinityBy Jacob OllerJanuary 30, 2023 | 2:30pm
Kids vs. Aliens vs. Tolerance For Intentionally Crummy CinemaBy Andy CrumpJanuary 19, 2023 | 2:30pm
The 15 Best Sci-Fi Movies of 2022By Paste Movies StaffDecember 22, 2022 | 10:00am
The Best Movies of the Year: The Joys of After Yang's Mundane Sci-FiBy Elijah GonzalezDecember 20, 2022 | 12:36pm
Treasure Planet, Disney's Last Animated Risk, Was a Question to the WorldBy Kenneth LoweNovember 29, 2022 | 12:30pm
If You Liked Halloween Ends, You Owe It to Yourself to Revisit Alien ResurrectionBy Matthew JacksonNovember 25, 2022 | 12:30pm
20 Years Ago, Starship Troopers Showed Us What Happens When Fascism WinsBy Kenneth LoweNovember 7, 2022 | 12:51pm
Katie Parker and Rahul Kohli Winningly Lead Afterlife Sci-Fi Next ExitBy Andy CrumpNovember 4, 2022 | 2:00pm
Something in the Dirt's Sci-Fi Conspiracy Sees Justin Benson and Aaron Moorhead Poke Dry Fun at FilmmakingBy Jacob OllerNovember 4, 2022 | 10:56am
The 25 Best Sci-Fi TV Shows on NetflixBy Paste TV StaffOctober 21, 2022 | 3:55pm
Rhys Darby Charms in the Undercooked Relax, I'm from the FutureBy Deirdre CrimminsSeptember 2, 2022 | 10:00am
There Are No Coincidences in M. Night Shyamalan's SignsBy Soham GadreAugust 2, 2022 | 2:00pm
Nope Is American Mythmaking Done RightBy Saffron MaeveJuly 22, 2022 | 5:46pm
A Perfect Storm of Al: "Weird Al" Yankovic on His New Graphic Novel By Garrett Martin January 31, 2023 | 5:15pm
Joe Henry on Living Robustly and His New Album 'All the Eye Can See' By Tom Lanham January 30, 2023 | 12:00pm
Unwound Plays Surprise Show, Their First in 20 Years, on Oregon Coast By Robert Ham January 30, 2023 | 10:27am
Air Couldn't Touch Us: Remembering Tom Verlaine By Matt Mitchell January 30, 2023 | 9:45am
Paste Session of the Day: Talisk By Jim Vorel January 27, 2023 | 9:30am
Upcoming New Album Releases By Josh Jackson January 26, 2023 | 10:15am