text:
Indian law vs personal law: A Muslim child marriage focuses debate
The lacunae in the law, the justification of traditional practices in the name of caste and religion, the inability of the victims to protest, as well as lack of awareness keep this shameful practice of child marriage going.
G Pramod Kumar July 25, 2012 15:42:17 IST
The recent incident in Tamil Nadu where a district collector prevented the marriage of a minor Muslim girl that led to communal protests, brings to fore, yet again, the conflict between Indian law and personal laws.
Reportedly, the collector prevented the marriage of a 17 year old girl in Perambalur district in central Tamil Nadu to a 36 year old man since she was not of marriageable age. The groom was sent to judicial custody while the girl was sent to a remand home.
An incident in Tamil Nadu where a district collector prevented the marriage of a minor Muslim girl, has led to protests.
Local community leaders went up in arms saying that the action was a violation of their personal law. Apparently further agitation is brewing with the support of the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML).
The Collector took action under the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006 (PCMA) which prohibits marriage of a girl under 18 or a boy under 21 years of age. However, the Act provides for certain flexibilities that can in effect neutralise a major part of the effectiveness of the law.
Although the protestors are arguing on the basis of their personal law, or more precisely the Sharia, they need not have taken a communal angle. In legal terms, the marriage is not void unless the girl has a complaint.
As per Section 3 of the Child Marriage Act, the marriage is "voidable at the option of the contracting party who was a child at the time of the marriage," which means that in this case, only the girl has the right to ask for an annulment of the marriage.
In fact, the same section also prescribes that the petitioner should be the same person who was a child at the time of marriage.
Under section 13, courts also have the power to issue injunction prohibiting child marriages. States sub section (1):
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, if, on an application of the Child Marriage Prohibition Officer or on receipt of information a Metropolitan Magistrate is satisfied that a child marriage in contravention of this Act has been arranged or about to be solemnised, such Magistrate shall issue an injunction against any person including a member of an organisation or an association of persons prohibiting such marriage.
The sub-section further states:
(2) A complaint under sub-section (1) may be made by any person having personal knowledge or reason to believe, and a non-governmental organisation having reasonable information, relating to the likelihood of taking place of solemnisation of a child marriage or child marriages.
In this case, it is not clear if the collector took the decision on his own or on complaint from the girl. If the girl has filed a petition, then both the groom and the parents are punishable by imprisonment up to a period of two years and fine up to Rs one lakh. Even those who colluded or participated in the process are punishable.
The collector is steadfast on the issue. In view of the practice of child marriage in the region, he has so far foiled more than 100 such incidents and has also advised schools to keep a tab on girl children dropping out or seeking transfer certificates.
Interestingly, as the provisions of the Child Marriage Act shows, the argument of the Islamic activists to communalise the issue is misplaced. There is no need to argue the case as a violation of Muslim personal law because the same is applicable to Hindu marriages as well. It is an issue of the age of the girl or the boy.
"There is no need for any communal colour or targeting any particular community here," says Geeta Ramaseshan, senior lawyer at the Madras High Court. "A lot of Hindu marriages in India also involve minors," she says.
Child marriage, or marriage of girls under 18, is rampant in India. Communities, irrespective of their religions, even argue that if one goes strictly by the law, a large number of marriages in the country are fit to be annulled, which will have dramatic consequences on the lives of women, ranging from inheritance of property to maintenance of families and children.
The lacunae in the law, the justification of traditional practices in the name of caste and religion, the inability of the victims to protest, as well as lack of awareness keep this shameful practice going. Efforts of lonely rangers such as Dr. Darez Ahmed, the district collector of Perambalur, are the exceptions that need to be multiplied.
Updated Date: July 25, 2012 16:17:07 IST
Muslim Marriage
Newstracker
The movie is blocked, but it's not going away: How BBC documentary on Modi is causing tension in India
The now-blocked BBC documentary on PM Narendra Modi, 'India: The Modi Question', has caused high drama across the country. Congress's Anil K Antony, son of AK Antony, quit the party over the movie. Students across colleges such as JNU, University of Hyderabad, have defied the Centre's diktat on it
ISL 2022-23: Diamantakos brace helps Kerala Blasters climb up third place after 2-0 win over NEUFC
Diamantakos scored two goals in two minutes in the first half to secure a 2-0 scoreline and three crucial points for the Blasters
Kerala plans to grant period leave: Do women need a break when menstruating?
The Kerala government has said it is considering granting menstrual leave to women students of all state universities coming under the Department of Higher Education. The move remains hotly contested with some hailing the decision and others arguing its necessity
Muslim nations call for human rights in Afghanistan as Taliban enforces Islamic Sharia laws
The leaders of the Taliban have insisted that the harsh policies they have implemented in Afghanistan since capturing Kabul in August 2021 are based on Islamic laws
Kerala Lottery 2023: Sthree Sakthi SS-348 results to release at 3 pm, first prize Rs 75 lakh
The identity verification process should be completed within a span of 30 days from the date of the Sthree Sakthi SS-348 result declaration
Kerala Lottery 2022: Fifty Fifty FF-33 results to release at 3 pm, first prize Rs 1 crore
Fifty Fifty FF-33 lottery winners should match their winning lottery tickets with the result published in the State Government Gazette
Kerala Lottery 2022: X'mas New Year Bumper BR-89 results to release at 2 pm, first prize Rs 16 crore
Those who receive a Bumper lottery prize amount of more than Rs 5,000 should verify their identity at the Kerala lottery department's office


text:
Adam Savage on #Gamergate, Hollywood, and Women in Science
"Shit's tough for girls," says the "Mythbusters" star.
Indre Viskontas
Last week, as part of the Bay Area Science Festival, I had the chance to interview Mythbusters host and producer Adam Savage for a live episode of the Inquiring Minds podcast. Savage is a science evangelist, and he's been instrumental in educating huge numbers of people on how science works and why it's so much fun. The longevity and popularity of Mythbusters has elevated him to rock star status—his live show, Mythbusters: Behind the Myths, is scheduled to play this year in dozens of large venues across the country.
Savage's success comes partly from his passion for building and testing stuff (and blowing it up), but it also comes from being, well, a good person—and from engaging thoughtfully with issues that many people in his line of work tend to ignore. When I asked him how he could use his big-time influence as a TV star and science communicator to make sure women are better represented in his field, it was clear that it was something he had already been thinking about.
"The problem I have is that I'm a white dude," Savage said. "And I recognize that my privilege makes it impossible for me to say, 'There should be more women in science' without sounding like I'm proclaiming from on high. And so I take that position seriously." But, he added, "I bring women into the things I'm doing because they absolutely are part and parcel of all of the storytelling and the science and the scientific discovery that we do. And little girls need more role models in critical thinking. Absolutely. But I also recognize that that's not me…I could be a little girl's role model, but I'm not going to be her ideal role model. She needs a woman to do that."
"I guess that's a long way of saying I'm not really sure," he said. "I'm always looking at ways to do that."
Inside Savage's workshop Adam Isaak
"Shit's tough for girls—I'm really sorry about that," he said, adding that he's been following the controversy surrounding #Gamergate—the online culture war that has been rocking the video game industry and has involved harassment and violent threats against women. In a follow-up interview at his workshop (watch the video above), I asked Savage why he thinks there's so much rage directed at women in the gaming community.
In short, he's not sure. But he says he's seen sexism directed at other women in science and tech, including at former Mythbusters star Kari Byron. "I wish I understood it better," he says. "Because I see it, and I have friends that suffer from it. And I worked with Kari Byron for 11 years, and I've watched the evolution of the terrible shit Kari's had to deal with as a public figure and a woman and a science communicator."
With the caveat that he's "psychoanalyzing people" he's never met, Savage suggests the problem is exacerbated by consumer cultural and media portrayals of women. "I have to imagine that our culture is constantly promoting impossible ideals," he says. "Ideals of ownership, ideals of success, and ideals of body type. And women have suffered mightily from Hollywood's ideas of what women should look [like]." Savage should know—he's been in Hollywood for more than a decade. "It's part and parcel of a deeply nihilistic view of consumer culture," he says. "I deeply love the brands that I love…I'm deeply addicted to it at the same time as I recognize it promotes some terrible ideas about what's possible and what could make you happy."
"Really at its base, all anyone wants is to be happy and to be fulfilled," he adds. "And it's genuinely sad that there's a group out there that feels so unfulfilled that they feel the drive to push their lack of fulfillment outwards. Right? 'I want to deny things to you…because I feel denied.' That's terrible."
You can hear more of Savage's thoughts—on everything from street harassment to electronics to the future of intellectual property law—by listening to Inquiring Minds below, or by subscribing on iTunes or via RSS.
These 7 Geek Icons Have Had Enough of #Gamergate. Here's How They're Fighting Back.
Women Harassed Out of Their Homes. Mass Shooting Threats. How #Gamergate Morphed Into a Monster.
— By the Mother Jones news team
26 Percent of Female Scientists Say They've Been Sexually Assaulted Doing Fieldwork
MythBusters' Kari Byron Explains How to Safely Blow Stuff Up When You're Pregnant
Chris Mooney and Indre Viskontas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Biography of Brittany Murphy nude
Nov 10, 1977 (45 Years)
Brittany Bertolotti
Brittany Anne Murphy Monjack
Our naked celebs content about Brittany Murphy
Brittany Murphy-Monjack (born Brittany Anne Bertolotti; November 10, 1977 – December 20, 2009), known professionally as Brittany Murphy, was an American film and stage actress, singer, and voice artist. A native of Atlanta, Murphy moved to Los Angeles as a teenager and pursued a career in acting. Her breakthrough role was as Tai Frasier in Clueless (1995), followed by supporting roles in independent films such as Freeway (1996) and Bongwater (1998). She made her stage debut in a Broadway production of Arthur Miller's A View from the Bridge in 1997, before appearing as Daisy Randone in Girl, Interrupted (1999) and as Lisa Swenson in Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999).
The 2000s saw Murphy with roles in Don't Say a Word (2001) alongside Michael Douglas, and alongside Eminem in 8 Mile (2002), for which she gained critical recognition. Her later roles included Riding in Cars with Boys (2001), Spun (2002), Uptown Girls (2003), Sin City (2005), and Happy Feet (2006). Murphy also voiced Luanne Platter on the animated television series King of the Hill. Her final film, Something Wicked, was released in April 2014.
In December 2009, Murphy died of pneumonia and anemia at the age of 32. The Los Angeles County Coroner's Office at first ruled her death an accidental drug overdose. However, when her widower Simon Monjack died from the same illnesses six months later, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services considered toxic mold in their home as a possible cause for their deaths, but this has been dismissed by the Coroner's Office. In 2011, Murphy's mother Sharon filed a lawsuit against the attorneys who represented her in an earlier suit against the builders of the home where her daughter and son-in-law died.
Brittany Murphy nude pictures
Brittany Murphy Nude videos
Sex scene - 8 Mile
Naked - Love and other disasters (2006)
Browse celebs nude pictures by name: b
Beatrice Wolf
Britta Kamrau
Bukkit Brown
Bojana Jovanovski Petrovic
Birgit Bergen
Bonnie Wright
Bettina Zimmermann
Britt Hagedorn
Brandi Passante
Brooke Burke Charvet
Bettie Ballhaus
Bunnie Xo
Beverley Mitchell
Brie Bella
Brigitte Nielsen
Brittany Daniel
Brooke Adams
Bryci Miller
Bridget Fonda
Brooke Williams
Bobbie Bresee
Brenna Huckaby
Briana Evigan
Blanca Soto
Becca Tobin
Biggi Bardot
Barbie Griffin
Betty Taube-Guenter
Bianca Van Damme
Brittany Nicole
Becki Newton
Belinda Peregrin
Bernadette Kaspar
Barbara Karlich
Betsy-Blue English
Brooke Satchwell


text:
Is specificity of the skin test over-estimated?
Data was supplied by DEFRA in June 2017 which clearly shows that the risk of an animal being disclosed with TB reduces as herd size increases. This page looks at the implications of this on how the specificity of the skin test may be over-estimated when the skin test is performed in high risk areas. If this is happening, the proportion of cattle reactors, which are TB-negative, is higher in high risk areas than in the low risk areas where test specificity was calculated from the results of herd tests.
Impact of herd size on reproductive rate
In December 2016 the Veterinary Head of TB policy in APHA, Dr Malla Hovi, spoke in front of the Welsh committee on Climate Change, Environment and Rural Affairs. At this time, Dr Hovi had been in this role for 5 years. The following8 shows what she said regarding the impact of herd size on the reproductive rate at which bovine TB spreads from animal to animal.
[364] Dr Hovi: There has been a huge amount of risk analysis carried out about TB and various different aspects, and it must be said that the herd size always comes out on the top. So, it usually wipes out all the other potential risk factors and there are constant arguments about whether being a beef herd or a dairy herd is a risk factor, but when you start carrying out the analysis and you put in the herd size, it tends to trump all the other risk factors. So, large herds are more at risk of TB. It's a combination of factors as to why that is: (a) we find it more difficult-with the imperfect tests that we have for TB in cattle, we find it more difficult to clear herds of TB when they are larger. So, you have just mathematically a larger chance of having a false negative animal in that herd. We know from herd-level modelling-and this has been carried out in other countries as well, not just here-that in large herds the reproductive rate of TB, of the disease, in large herds is much higher. It's somewhere between 4 per cent and 5 per cent, when in small herds it's very, very low; it's around 1 per cent. There's obviously more contact between more animals in a larger herd. There is more mixing. Larger herds also probably have more contact surface with the environment, whether it's other cattle herds or badgers, in the case of TB, and they tend to have more fragmented-they tend to be on fragmented holdings. So, cattle move around between higher risk areas and lower risk areas, often. So, those are probably the most common explanations as to why large herds are more at risk, but it's a fact that nobody will dispute.
According to the above extract the reproductive rate in large herds is somewhere between 4 per cent and 5 per cent and around 1 per cent in small herds. Another words the reproductive rate increases a number of times as herd size increases.
Impact of herd size on disclosure risk
The following shows a Freedom of Information request submitted to APHA regarding the risk of an animal being diclosed with TB when herds of different sizes are tested.
Please send to me the annual number of cattle reactors per 1000 skin tests on a bovine in England when performing routine whole herd tests on the following herd sizes in each of the last 2 years.
As such, please send to me 6 numbers for 2014 and 6 numbers for 2015.
In response APHA returned the following reply9.
The graph below illustrates the figures calculated in the above reply.
Clearly the risk of an animal being disclosed with TB reduces a number of times as herd size increases.
How can this happen if the reproductive rate INCREASES a number of times?
The most likely explanation is that when a veterinary performs a skin test in these routine tests and interprets the result by assessing lump size, the veterinary applies discretion so as not to penalise a herd if it contains a large number of animals. If a veterinary did not apply this discretion large herds would continually be under restriction due to the numerical odds of finding a reactor simply on account of the test's specificity (i.e. tendency to give false positives).
If veterinaries are applying their discretion when testing large herds, do veterinaries apply their discretion when testing in areas where TB is not expected? If so, this has implications for the specificity of the skin test because this specificity was calibrated by looking at disclosure in routine herd test results in areas such as Scotland where TB prevalence was extremely low and not expected.
What evidence is there to support the argument that veterinaries apply their discretion when reading lump size?
Firstly DEFRA were extremely reluctant to supply data in response to the above Freedom of Information request. On first receiving the request, they argued that the information was not held1. Then when challenged on this, they changed their argument to the cost limit being exceeded2. After refusing to supply the information the case went before the GRC Tribunal on appeal. During the course of this appeal, DEFRA announced that it intended to file a witness statement in support of its case3. However that statement never appeared. Instead DEFRA relented, through their solicitor asked for the appeal to be withdrawn, and supplied the requested data. They argued that, due to an improved ability to respond to requests, they were able to respond to the request within the cost limit4. This whole process took 12 months. Although the following explanation is speculative and may not apply, perhaps DEFRA were reluctant to supply the requested information because it would reveal how veterinaries apply their discretion when interpreting lump size. If veterinaries applied discretion when testing in the low risk areas used to calibrate the specificity of the skin test, the actual specificity of the skin test when applied in high risk areas where veterinaries may not apply such discretion may be substantially lower. This line of reasoning is somewhat speculative. The following argument is less speculative.
The Randomised Badger Culling Trial showed that when badgers are culled in high risk areas, the number of cattle herd breakdowns substantially reduces. However this only applies when the herd breakdown is confirmed. A confirmed breakdown is where infection is confirmed at post mortem inspection, either by lesion or culture, in at least one animal in that breakdown herd. The impact of badger removal on confirmed breakdowns is shown in the graphs below.
For breakdowns which are not confirmed, badger removal was found to make no attributable difference5. See the graphs below.
If specificity of the skin test is at least 99.9% as claimed6, then badger removal should have had a clear impact on unconfirmed breakdowns as well as confirmed breakdowns. The fact that it did not raises the question of whether or not reactors in unconfirmed breakdown herds were actually infected. The following chart7 showed that about half of all herd incidents between 1994 and 2009 were unconfirmed.
The specificity of the skin test may be substantially over-estimated in high risk areas. If so, this implies that a larger number of TB-negative cattle are being slaughtered in these high risk areas than given by the test's specificity. This is due to how the test results may be interpreted in these areas compared to how results may have been interpreted in the low risk areas where the test's specificity was determined.
Freedom of Information Response. APHA. ATIC00861. 2 June 2016.
INTERNAL REVIEW RESPONSE. APHA. ATIC00861. 28 June 2016.
First Tier Tribunal (Information Rights). GRC & GRP Tribunals. Government Legal Department. Appeal EA.2017.0030. 29 March 2017.
First Tier Tribunal (Information Rights). GRC & GRP Tribunals. Government Legal Department. Appeal EA.2017.0030. 9 May 2017.
Page 6. Impacts of widespread badger culling on cattle tuberculosis: concluding analyses from a large-scale field trial. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL. CA. Donnelly et al. 2007.
Table 4. Specificity of the comparative skin test for bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. A. V. Goodchild et al. British Veterinary Association. Veterinary Record Volume 177, Issue 10. Accepted July 27, 2015.
Page 60. Animal health: the report of the Chief Veterinary Officer 2009
Page 71. Section 364. Record of Proceedings. The Climate Change, Environment and Rural Affairs Committee. National assembly for Wales. 8th December 2016.
Freedom of Information Response. APHA. ATIC1096. 9 June 2017
Last Modified 28 Oct 2017 14:44


text:
\section{Introduction}
\setcounter{footnote}{0}

Even after many years, $\cN\!=\!4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) remains a fascinating
theory that constantly reveals new hidden structures and symmetries. In the last few years,
substantial progress has been made in two seemingly unrelated areas of research of the
theory.

On the one hand there is the conjecture of Bern, Dixon and Smirnov (BDS) of an exponential formula for
planar  $n$-point amplitudes in $\cN\!=\!4$ super Yang-Mills (SYM) at large $N$  \cite{bds}.
According to this conjecture,  higher-loop amplitudes are determined in terms of the one-loop
amplitude together with four constants,  which depend on  the 't Hooft coupling only.
The finite parts of these amplitudes obey a similar exponential formula:
the all-loop finite parts are determined purely by the one-loop finite
part and  two  coupling-dependent constants. Furthermore,  one of these
constants is a well-known physical quantity, known as the cusp anomalous
dimension.

In parallel developments,  integrability has been used,
together with a number of further assumptions, to study the
spectrum of gauge invariant operators in $\cN\!=\!4$  SYM.
Among the impressive outcomes of this is the conjectured
all-orders formula of \cite{Beisert:2006ez}
for the very same cusp anomalous dimension
appearing in the exponentiation formula,
thus giving a tantalising  potential  link between integrability and
amplitudes.  Calculations of four-point
amplitudes using unitarity methods  at up to a highly impressive
four-loop order have been performed~\cite{bds,4l}, thus determining the
cusp anomalous dimension   to this order (at least numerically) and
leading to an expression for the amplitude in terms of integral functions.
This four-loop result was then re-derived in \cite{Cachazo:2006az}, which
further confirmed the conjecture of  \cite{Beisert:2006ez}.
Using the  assumption of pseudo-conformality, originally
observed at three \cite{Drummond:2006rz}
and four loops \cite{4l},  the
expressions of the amplitude in terms of the
integrals occurring at five loops has been determined~\cite{5l}.

Very recently, Alday and Maldacena have been able to apply for the first time
the AdS/CFT correspondence to the calculation of amplitudes,
and verified the form of  the exponentiation
of the four-point amplitude at strong coupling~\cite{am}.
Remarkably, it turns out that the computation of
amplitudes at strong coupling is dual to the computation of the area
of a string ending on a lightlike polygonal loop embedded in the
boundary of AdS space. This,  in turn,  is equivalent to the
method for computing a lightlike polygonal Wilson loop at strong coupling
using AdS/CFT. The edges of the polygon are determined by the
external momenta of the amplitude.

In~\cite{dks} the same Wilson loop (with four lightlike segments) was considered
in weakly-coupled gauge theory
and it was shown at one loop that it reproduces the known one-loop four-point amplitude
\footnote{More precisely, the calculations of \cite{am} and \cite{dks}, as well as ours,
are  insensitive to the polarisations of the particles participating
in the scattering. In particular,  the tree-level Parke-Taylor amplitude, which
appears as a common prefactor in the $\cN\!=4\!$ MHV amplitudes at any loop order,
is not generated by the calculation. }
The infrared divergent pieces come from propagators stretching between adjacent
edges, and the finite part of the amplitude comes from propagators
stretching between  opposite edges.

In this paper we consider Wilson loops around arbitrary lightlike
polygons with $n$ sides at one loop,  and find precise agreement with
one-loop $n$-point MHV amplitudes in $\cN\!=\!4$ SYM (divided by the tree amplitude).
As for the four-point case,  the infrared
part is correctly reproduced by considering propagators between
adjacent segments and the finite piece is obtained from propagators
between non-adjacent segments. This finite part is given by the sum
of the (finite) two mass easy box functions  in four dimensions with coefficients
unity.
This ability to separate the divergent and
finite parts is a particularly nice feature,  and enables us to
calculate finite parts purely in four dimensions without the
need of a regulator.
On the other hand, if we use dimensional regularisation on the finite
part as well,  we reproduce the all orders in $\epsilon$ expression for
the two-mass easy box function, and hence the complete all-orders in
$\epsilon$ expression for the four-point MHV amplitude.

The paper  is organised as follows. In section 2 we review the form of $n$-point MHV
amplitudes  in terms of two-mass easy box functions, and discuss the BDS conjecture and the
strong-coupling calculation of amplitudes as lightlike Wilson loops.
In section 3 we present the one-loop calculation
of the infinite sequence of MHV amplitudes in $\cN\!=\!4$ SYM using
lightlike Wilson loops. We present our conclusions and comment on the result
of our calculations  in section  4.

\section{One-loop MHV amplitudes in $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM}

In this section we briefly review the expression of the infinite sequence of
MHV amplitudes in $\cN\!=\!4$ SYM  amplitudes at one loop.
These amplitudes were determined for the first time  in \cite{Bern:zx} using unitarity and
collinear limits. Recently, their expression was  re-derived in \cite{bst}
using one-loop MHV diagrams.
In the following discussion we  suppress constant factors connected
with dimensional regularisation when they are
not essential.

The form of the $n$-point MHV amplitudes at $L$  loops in
$\cN\!=\!4$    SYM  is remarkably simple.
It turns out that the amplitude is  given by the tree-level amplitude, times a scalar function,
\begin{equation}\label{fullampl}
{\cal A}} \def\cB{{\cal B}} \def\cC{{\cal C}_{n}^{(L)} \ =  {\cal A}} \def\cB{{\cal B}} \def\cC{{\cal C}^{\rm tree}_n\, {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_n^{(L)}.
\end{equation}
At  one-loop order,  the function ${\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_n^{(1)}$
is  expressed as a sum  of so-called two-mass easy box functions $F^{\rm 2m\,e}$
\cite{Bern:1993kr}, all with coefficient equal to one:%
\footnote{In \eqref{Mfunction} we are suppressing a factor of
$
c_\G :=  {\G (1 + \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon) \G^2 ( 1 -  \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon)  / [  (4\pi)^{2- \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon}
\G(1 - 2 \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon)] }.$
}
  %
\begin{equation}
\label{Mfunction}
 {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_{n}^{(1)}   \ = \  \sum_{p, q}
F^{\rm 2m\,e} (p, q, P, Q)
\ .
\end{equation}
The main characteristic of this function, depicted in Figure \ref{figure1},  is that two opposite legs,
$p$ and $q$, are massless, whereas the two remaining legs
$P$ and $Q$ are massive.
The summation in  \eqref{Mfunction}
is such that each different two-mass easy function  appears exactly  once
\footnote{A more explicit way to write $ {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_{n}^{(1)}$ is
$ {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_{n}^{(1)}   \!= \!\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{r=1}^{[{n\over 2}]-1}
\Bigl(
1 - (1/2) \delta_{n/2  - 1, r}
\Bigr)\,
F_{n:r;i}^{\rm 2m\,e}$, where the relation to the functions introduced in \eqref{Mfunction}
and depicted in Figure \ref{figure1} is obtained by setting
$p=p_{i-1}$, $q=p_{i+r}$, and $P=p_i + \cdots +
p_{i+r-1}$. }

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.65}{\includegraphics{2mebox}}
\end{center}
\caption{\it
A two-mass easy box function. The momenta $p$ and $q$ are null,
whereas, in general, $P^2\neq 0$ and $Q^2\neq 0$. The cases when
either $P^2$ or $Q^2$, or both, are also null, correspond to the
one-mass and zero-mass boxes, obtained as smooth limits from the expression
\eqref{2mebst} of the two-mass box function.
}
\label{figure1}
\end{figure}

A compact   form of the two-mass easy box function containing only four dilogarithms was first
derived in \cite{Duplancic:2000sk}. This form  was found independently in \cite{bst} in the context of
MHV diagrams, where an analytic proof of its equivalence  with the conventional expression of
e.g.~\cite{Bern:1993kr}  was given.
Expressing the two-mass easy box  as a function of the kinematic invariants
$s := (P+p)^2$,  $t := (P+q)^2 $ and $P^2$,  $Q^2$, with $p+q+P+Q=0$,
it reads
 \begin{eqnarray}
\label{2mebst}
\hspace{-0.5cm}
 F^{\rm 2me} (s,t,P^2, Q^2) &=&
-\frac{1 }{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon^2}\Big[ \left({-s\over \mu^2}\right)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \, + \, \left({-t\over \mu^2}\right)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \, - \,
  \left({-P^2\over \mu^2}\right)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon}\, - \,
\left({-Q^2\over \mu^2}\right)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon}\Big]  \\ \cr
\nonumber
   &+& {\rm Li}_2(1-aP^2)\, + \, {\rm Li}_2(1-aQ^2)  \, -\,  {\rm Li}_2(1-as)
\,  -\,  {\rm Li}_2(1-at)
\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{adef}
a \ = \
\frac{P^2+Q^2-s-t}{P^2Q^2-st} \ = \
\frac{u}{P^2Q^2-st}
\ .
\end{equation}

For later use, we also quote the all-orders in $\epsilon$ expression of this function
\cite{ftt},
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{puzzola}
&& \hspace{-0.7cm}
F^{\rm 2me} (s, t, P^2, Q^2) =
-{1\over \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon^2}
\left[
 \Big( {-s \over \mu^2} \Big)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\, + \,
\Big( {-t \over \mu^2} \Big)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon}
\, - \,
\Big( {-P^2 \over \mu^2} \Big)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon}
\, - \,
 \Big( {-Q^2 \over \mu^2} \Big)^{-\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\right.
\\
&& \hspace{-0.3cm} \left. + \,
\Big( {a \mu} \def\n{\nu^{2} \over 1-aP^2} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a P^2 }\right)
\, + \,
\Big( {a \mu} \def\n{\nu^{2} \over 1-aQ^2} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a Q^2 }\right)
\right.
\nonumber
\\ [6pt] \cr
&& \hspace{-0.3cm}  - \,
\left.
\Big( {a \mu} \def\n{\nu^{2} \over 1-as} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a s }\right)
\, - \,
 \Big( {a \mu} \def\n{\nu^{2} \over 1-at} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a t }\right)
\right]
\ .
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

One important property of the MHV amplitudes  is that they do  not have
multiparticle singularities. In particular,
we note that, although each box function \eqref{2mebst} contains
poles in $\epsilon$ associated to multiparticle invariants, after performing the sum
\eqref{Mfunction} the infrared divergent terms only involve two-particle invariants,
\begin{equation}
\label{MIR}
 {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_{n}^{(1)}\left|_{\rm IR}\right.    \  = \
- {1\over \epsilon^2} \sum_{i=1}^n  \left( {-s_{i i+1}\over  \mu^2}\right)^{- \epsilon}
\ ,
\end{equation}
with $s_{i j} := (p_i + p_{i+1})^2$.

Recently, Bern, Dixon and Smirnov (BDS)  proposed a remarkably
simple conjecture for  the resummation at all loops of the planar MHV amplitudes
in $\cN\!=\!4$   SYM calculated at weak coupling \cite{bds}.
This conjecture,  based on explicit calculations at two loops
\cite{abdk}, was verified in \cite{bds} up to three loops in the four-point case,
and in \cite{2l5pt} up to two loops at five points.
Explicit expressions of the four-point amplitudes at four and five loops were
recently presented in \cite{4l} and \cite{5l}, respectively, and will allow for precise tests
of the conjecture at four and five loops once the relevant integral functions have been evaluated
to the necessary degree of accuracy in $\epsilon$.

The form of the BDS conjecture is inspired by the soft and collinear behaviour
of amplitudes in gauge theory \cite{ir1,ir2,ir3,ir4,ir5,ir6,ir7,ir8},
and  is expressed  by
\begin{equation}
\label{bds}
{\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_n \ := \ 1 + \sum_{L=1}^{\infty} a^L {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_{n}^{(L)} (\epsilon )  \ =  \
\exp \Big[ \sum_{L=1}^{\infty} a^L  \Big( f^{(L)} (\epsilon) {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_{n}^{(1)}  + C^{(L)} + E_n^{(L)}(\epsilon )\Big)
\Big]
\ ,
\end{equation}
where $a=[{g^2 N/ (8 \pi^2)}] (4\pi e^{-\gamma})^\epsilon$. Here $f^{(L)}(\epsilon ) = f_0^{(L)} + f_1^{(L)} \epsilon + f_2^{(L)} \epsilon^2$ is a set of functions,
one at each loop order, which make their appearance in the exponentiated all-loop expression
for the  infrared divergences in generic amplitudes in dimensional regularisation \cite{ir6}.
In particular, $f_0^{(L)} = \gamma_{K}^{(L)} / 4$, where $\gamma_{K}$ is the cusp anomalous dimension
(related to the anomalous dimension of twist-two operators of large spin).
An important point of the conjecture is that the constants $C^{(L)}$ do not depend on
kinematics or on the number of particles $n$. The non-iterating contributions
$E_n^{(L)}$ vanish as $\epsilon \to 0$ and depend explicitly on $n$.

BDS also propose a very interesting form for the finite remainders of the MHV amplitude,
given by
\begin{equation} \label{finite}
\mathcal{F}_n \ =  \exp \Big[ {1\over 4} \gamma_K \, F^{(1)}_n (0)  + C \Big]
\ ,
\end{equation}
where $F^{(1)}_n (0)$ is the finite remainder  of $ {\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_{n}^{(1)}$ as defined in \cite{bds}.

Motivated by the BDS conjecture,  Alday and Maldacena have managed to
reproduce the exponential
formula \eqref{bds} at strong  coupling for the four-point case
using the AdS/CFT correspondence~\cite{am}. The AdS dual description of a
planar colour-ordered amplitude in $\cN\!=\!4$  SYM is given by a classical
open string worldsheet ending
on a brane placed in the far infrared region of AdS space. Specifically,
using coordinates in which the metric of AdS
space is
\begin{equation}
 ds^2={R^2 }\left(dx^2+dz^2 \over z^2 \right)
 \ ,
\end{equation}
then  the boundary of AdS space is at $z=0$ and the infrared brane
sits at $z=\infty$.

It is convenient however to use  a
T-dual description of this string configuration. This T-duality maps
the AdS space into a new space with coordinates $(y^{\mu}, r)$ which
has the metric
\begin{equation}
d\tilde s^2=R^2  \left(dy^2+dr^2 \over r^2\right)
\ ,
\end{equation}
where $r={R^2/  z}$. We see that the new space is again AdS,  but now the infrared region
and the boundary have been inverted.
Therefore,  the brane is located on the boundary in the new coordinates.
Furthermore,  the momenta of the particles $p_i$ are expressed as differences of
dual,  or region momenta $y_i$ \cite{thooft},    $(2 \pi ) p_i \ = \ y_i - y_{i+1}$.
The calculation of the amplitude thus becomes that of finding the classical action
 $S_{\rm cl}$  of a
string worldsheet  whose boundary is a polygon
with vertices
$y_i$ lying within the AdS boundary,
\begin{equation}
{\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}_n\sim   e^{ i S_{\rm cl}}.
\end{equation}
For the four-point amplitude,  the corresponding string solution can be
determined \cite{am} giving  $iS_{\rm cl}={\rm{div}} +({\sqrt{\lambda} /
  8\pi}) \,\log^2\left(s /  t \right)+C$ where $\rm{div}$ represents
divergent terms. This agrees precisely with the BDS conjecture~(\ref{finite}) and
predicts $\gamma_K={\sqrt{\lambda} / 4\pi}$ at large $\lambda=g^2 N$,
in agreement with string calculations~\cite{Gubser:2002tv,Frolov:2002av}.

Now,  the minimal area of a string ending on a path in the
boundary of AdS space gives the vacuum expectation value of the
Wilson loop over the same path in the CFT at strong coupling \cite{rey,maldawil}.
A subtlety arising in the case at hand is the presence of singular points or cusps in the path,
which lead to divergences \cite{am,Buchbinder:2007hm}. Nevertheless the
 divergences can be regularised by dimensional reduction even in the
 string calculation.
Therefore, at least at strong coupling there is evidence for  a dual description
of amplitudes as Wilson loops.
In the next section we will consider this possibility at small coupling.
An important point to note here is that the  string calculation
does not depend on the species or helicities of the particles in the
amplitude. These are subleading terms which would require $\alpha'$
corrections \cite{am,valya}.
Our Wilson loop calculation is also insensitive to the helicities
of the scattered particles; thus, similarly to the  Alday-Maldacena result,
it does not generate the tree-level Parke-Taylor amplitude.

One mysterious and intriguing consequence of this dual description of amplitudes as
Wilson loops is the  unexpected appearance of  conformal symmetry.
Wilson loops of smooth paths in $\cN\!=\!4$  SYM are conformally invariant objects
(modulo an anomaly  which does not depend either on the shape or size of the loop \cite{esz,dg}).
However here the Wilson loop is divergent, since the path is not
smooth, and regularisation spoils the conformal symmetry.
Nevertheless, a similar pseudo-conformality seems to appear at weak coupling
where all the integrals contributing to four-point MHV diagrams can be
determined by rewriting them using the region momenta and appealing to
off-shell conformality~\cite{Drummond:2006rz,4l,dks}. Furthermore at
four points all
conformal integrals of a certain type and with certain singular
properties appear with coefficients $\pm 1$.
The Wilson loop picture would seem to suggest that this pseudo-conformal invariance
should continue for $n$-point functions. This point clearly deserves further
investigation.

\section{MHV amplitudes from a Wilson loop calculation}
In this section we calculate one-loop corrections to the vacuum expectation value
of a particular Wilson loop. In
$\cN\!=4\!$ SYM, the appropriate operator takes  the form (suppressing fermions)
\cite{wil1,wil2,wil3}
\begin{equation}
\label{wil}
W[ \cC]  \ := \ {\rm Tr} \, {\cal P}} \def\cQ{{\cal Q}} \def\cR{{\cal R} \exp \left[ i g\oint_{\cC} \! d\tau \Big(  A_\mu (x(\tau )) \dot{x}^{\mu} (\tau ) +
\phi_i  (x (\tau)) \dot{y}^i (\tau) \Big) \right]
\ ,
\end{equation}
where the $\phi_i$'s are the six scalar fields of $\cN\!=\!4$ SYM, and
$( x^\mu (\tau), y^i (\tau))$ parametrise the loop $\cC$.
Importantly, when $\dot{x}^2  = \dot{y}^2$,  the Wilson loop  \eqref{wil} is locally
supersymmetric.
The specific form of the contour $\cC$ we choose is  dictated by the gluon momenta
$p_1, \cdots , p_n$.
Specifically, the segment associated
to momentum $p_i$ will be delimited by  $k_i$ and  $k_{i+1}$,
\begin{equation}
p_i \ := \ k_i - k_{i+1}
\ ,
\end{equation}
and  will be parametrised as
$k_i (\tau_i ) := k_i + \tau_i (k_{i+1} - k_i)= k_i - \tau_i p_i$,
$\tau_i \in [0,1]$.
Momentum conservation  $\sum_{i=1}^{n} p_i = 0$ implies that the contour is closed.
In addition we set $\dot{y}^i = 0$ which makes the Wilson loop locally supersymmetric,
as the gluon momenta, and hence the segments of the contour are null
\footnote{We thank George Georgiou for discussions on this point.}
However, we notice that each segment of the loop preserves a different subset
of supersymmetries, therefore supersymmetry is broken globally.

We notice that the coordinates $k_i$ can be interpreted as dual, or  region momenta
\cite{thooft}.  Indeed, for any planar diagrams one can  express the momentum carried by a
line as the difference of  the momenta of the two regions of the plane separated by
the segment. These coordinates have been used in the context of amplitude calculations by Thorn and collaborators in \cite{thorn1,thorn2} and, more recently, in \cite{bstz} in the context of MHV diagrams.
They are also the T-dual coordinates introduced in \cite{am} which
determine the classical string solutions, as discussed earlier,
and appear in the conformal integrals discussed in  \cite{Drummond:2006rz}.

The four-particle case was recently addressed in \cite{dks}, where it was found that the result of a one-loop
Wilson loop calculation reproduces the four-point MHV amplitude in $\cN\!=\!4$ SYM.
Here we extend this result
in two directions. First, we derive the four-point MHV amplitude to all-orders in the dimensional regularisation
parameter $\epsilon$. Secondly, we show that this striking agreement persists for an MHV amplitude with an arbitrary number of external particles.

Three different classes of diagrams give one-loop corrections to the Wilson loop.%
\footnote{Notice that, for a Wilson loop bounded by gluons, we can only exchange
gluons at one loop.}
In the first one,  a gluon stretches between points belonging to the same segment. It is immediately seen
\cite{dks} that these diagrams give a vanishing contribution.
In the second class of diagrams, a gluon stretches between two adjacent segments meeting at a cusp.
Such diagrams  are ultraviolet divergent and were calculated long ago
\cite{polyakov,cu1,cu2,cu3,cu4,cu5,cu6,cu7}, specifically in \cite{cu6,cu7}
for the case of  gluons attached to lightlike segments.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.40}{\includegraphics{cusp}}
\end{center}
\caption{\it
A one-loop correction to the Wilson loop, where the gluon stretches between two
lightlike momenta meeting at a cusp. Diagrams in this class provide the infrared-divergent terms
in the $n$-point scattering amplitudes, given in \eqref{MIR}.
}
\label{figure2}
\end{figure}

In order to compute these diagrams, we will use the gluon propagator
in the dual configuration space, which in $D=4-2 {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}$ dimensions is
\begin{eqnarray}
\D_{\mu \nu} (z) & := &
- {\pi^{2 - {D\over 2}} \over 4 \pi^2}
\Gamma \Big({D\over 2} - 1 \Big)
 {\eta_{\mu \nu} \over (-z^2+ i \varepsilon)^{{D\over 2} - 1}}
\\ \nonumber
&=&
- {\pi^{{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}} \over 4 \pi^2}\Gamma (1-{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}})  \ {\eta_{\mu \nu} \over
(-z^2+ i \varepsilon)^{1-{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}} }}
\ .
 \end{eqnarray}
A typical diagram in the second class is pictured in Figure \ref{figure2}.
There one has $k_1 (\tau_1) - k_2 (\tau_2 ) = p_1 (1 - \tau_1 ) + p_2 \tau_2$,
where we used
$p_1= k_1 - k_2 $ and $p_2 = k_2 - k_3$.
The cusp diagram then gives%
\footnote{After changing variables $1-\tau_1 \to \tau_1$.}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{cuspintegral}
&&-(i g \tilde \mu^{{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}})^2 \, {\Gamma (1 - {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}) \over 4 \pi^{2 - {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}}} \
\int_{0}^{1}\!\!d\tau_1 d\tau_2 \ {(p_1 p_2 ) \over [ - \big(p_1 \tau_1 + p_2 \tau_2\big)^2]^{1-{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}}}
\nonumber \\
&  = &
 -(i g \tilde \mu^{{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}})^2 \, {\Gamma (1 - {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}) \over 4 \pi^{2 - {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}}} \
 \left[-  {1\over 2} {(-s)^{{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}}\over {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}^2 } \right] \ .
\end{eqnarray}
The UV divergence should be interpreted as a divergence at small differences of
region momenta, i.e.~momenta, hence we interpret it as an infrared singularity
in momentum space. Notice that ${\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}} >0$, in order to regulate the divergence
in \eqref{cuspintegral}. Furthermore the scale used in the Wilson loop
calculation is related to the scale used to regulate the amplitudes $\mu$ as
$ \tilde \mu=(c \mu)^{-1}$ (the precise coefficient $c$ in front of $\mu$  can be reabsorbed into an
appropriate redefinition of the coupling constant).

The last class of diagrams consists of diagrams where the gluon connects non-adjacent segments, such as
that pictured in Figure \ref{figure3}.
We denote by $p$ and $q$ the momenta carried by the two segments, and calculate the
one-loop contribution due to the gluon exchange. We also set
$p := k_p - k_{p+1}$, $q:= k_q - k_{q+1}$.
The gluon propagator is a function  of
\begin{equation}
\big( k_p (\tau_p ) - k_{q} ( \tau_{q}) \big)^2 \ = \
\Big(\sum_{i= p}^{q-1} (k_i - k_{i+1})  - \tau_p p + \tau_q q \Big)^2
\ = \ \Big( p ( 1 - \tau_p ) + q \tau_q + \sum_{i = p+1}^{q-1} (k_i - k_{i+1} ) \Big)^2
\end{equation}
We recognise that $\sum_{i = p+1}^{q-1} (k_i - k_{i+1} ) = P$ is  the sum of the momenta between
$p$ and $q$, where, in general, $P^2 \neq 0$.
Hence
\begin{eqnarray}
 \big( k_p (\tau_p ) - k_{q} ( \tau_{q}) \big)^2
& = & P^2 + 2 (p P) (1 - \tau_p) + 2 (q P) \tau_q + 2 (p q ) \tau_p \tau_q
\\
&= & P^2 + (s- P^2)  (1-\tau_p) + (t - P^2)   \tau_q + (-s - t + P^2 + Q^2)  \tau_p \tau_q
\ ,
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where we have re-expressed the result in terms of
the invariants $s := (P+p)^2$,  $t := (P+q)^2 $ defined earlier.
We can also introduce $u:= -s - t + P^2 + Q^2$.

The one-loop diagram in Figure \ref{figure3} is equal to
\begin{equation}
- (i g \tilde \mu^{\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}})^2 \,{1\over 2} \,  {\Gamma (1 - {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}) \over 4 \pi^{2 - {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}}}} \
\cF_\epsilon  (s, t, P, Q)
\ ,
\end{equation}
where
$\cF_\epsilon  (s, t, P, Q)$
is the following  two-dimensional integral,%
\footnote{In the following we set $\epsilon:= - {\epsilon_{\rm \mbox{\tiny UV}}} <0$, where $\epsilon$ will correspond to
the usual infrared regulator.}
\begin{equation}
\label{twodim2mef}
\cF_\epsilon  (s, t, P, Q)  =
\int_{0}^{1} \! d\tau_p d \tau_q \
{ P^2 + Q^2- s - t \over
[ - \big( P^2 + (s- P^2)  \tau_p + (t - P^2)   \tau_q + (-s - t + P^2 + Q^2)  \tau_p \tau_q\big)]^{1 + \epsilon} }
\ .
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0.40}{\includegraphics{finite}}
\end{center}
\caption{\it
Diagrams in this class -- where a gluon connects two non-adjacent segments -- are finite, and give a contribution equal to the finite part of a two-mass easy box function $F^{\rm 2me} (p, q, P, Q)$,
second line of \eqref{2mebst}.
$p$ and $q$ are the massless legs of the two-mass easy box, and correspond to the segments
which are connected by the gluon. The diagram depends on the other gluon momenta only through the
combinations $P$ and $Q$.
}
\label{figure3}
\end{figure}
The integral is finite in four dimensions.  We begin by calculating it
in four dimensions setting $\epsilon = 0$ (and will come back later
to the calculation  for  $\epsilon \neq 0$).
In this case, the result is
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{r1}
\cF_{\epsilon = 0}  (s, t, P, Q) & = &
 {\rm Li}_2 (a s)  + {\rm Li}_2 (a t ) -  {\rm Li}_2 ( a P^2 ) -  {\rm Li}_2 ( a Q^2 )
\\
  &+&
 \log s \log {(P^2 - s) (Q^2 - s) \over P^2 Q^2 - st}  +   \log t \log {(P^2 - t) (Q^2 - t) \over P^2 Q^2 - st}
 \nonumber \\
 &-&
\log P^2  \log { - (P^2 - s) (P^2 - t) \over P^2 Q^2 - st} -
 \log Q^2  \log { - (Q^2 - s) (Q^2 - t) \over P^2 Q^2 - st}
\ ,
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $a$ is defined in \eqref{adef}.
Using Euler's identity
\begin{equation}
{\rm Li}_2 (z) = - {\rm Li}_2 (1-z) - \log z \log (1-z) + {\pi^2 \over 6 }
\ ,
\end{equation}
and noticing that  \cite{bst}
$(1-as)(1-at) / [ (1-aP^2)(1-aQ^2)] = 1$,
we can rewrite
\begin{eqnarray}
&&  {\rm Li}_2 (a s)  + {\rm Li}_2 (a t ) -  {\rm Li}_2 ( a P^2 ) -  {\rm Li}_2 ( a Q^2 )  \ = \
\\
&-&    {\rm Li}_2 (1-a s)  -  {\rm Li}_2 (1- a t ) +  {\rm Li}_2 (1-  a P^2 ) +   {\rm Li}_2 ( 1- a Q^2 )
\nonumber \\
&- & \log s \log (1-a s) -  \log t \log (1-a t) +
 \log P^2 \log (1-a P^2) +  \log Q^2 \log (1-a Q^2)
\ .
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Upon making use of the relations \cite{bst}
\begin{eqnarray}
1 - a s &=& {(s - P^2) (s - Q^2) \over P^2 Q^2 - st}
 \ , \qquad \ \,
 1 - a t  \ = \    {(t - P^2) (t - Q^2) \over P^2 Q^2 - st}\ ,
\cr
1 - a P^2  & = &  - {(s - P^2) (t  - P^2) \over P^2 Q^2 - st}
\ ,
\quad
1 - a Q^2  \  = \    - {(s - Q^2) (t  - Q^2) \over P^2 Q^2 - st}
\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
we see that the terms in \eqref{r1} containing logarithms cancel,
and we are left with
\begin{equation}
\label{conclu}
\mathcal{F}_{\epsilon = 0} =
 -    {\rm Li}_2 (1-a s)  -  {\rm Li}_2 (1- a t ) +  {\rm Li}_2 (1-  a P^2 ) +   {\rm Li}_2 ( 1- a Q^2 )
\ .
\end{equation}
We conclude that  $\mathcal{F}_{\epsilon = 0}$ is precisely equal to the finite part of the
two-mass easy box function --  second line of  \eqref{2mebst}.
Finally, summing over all possible pairs of non-adjacent segments reproduces precisely
the sum over box functions  in \eqref{Mfunction}.

In the four-point case, $a\left|_{P^2 = Q^2 = 0}\right. = 1/s + 1/t$, and using
\begin{equation}
{\rm Li}_2 (z) + {\rm Li}_2  \left({1 \over z}\right)  + {1\over 2} \log^2 ( - z) + {\pi^2 \over 6} = 0
\ ,
\end{equation}
one immediately finds \cite{dks}
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}_{\epsilon = 0}\left|_{P^2 = Q^2 = 0}\right. \ = \
{1\over 2} \log^2 \left( {s \over t} \right) + {\pi^2 \over 2}
\ ,
\end{equation}
in complete agreement with the finite parts of the zero-mass box function
(in the normalisations of \cite{Bern:zx}).

Finally, we discuss the calculation at  $ \epsilon \neq 0$. In this case one finds that
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{333}
&&\mathcal{F}_{\epsilon} \, = \,
-{ 1 \over \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon^2}
\\ [6pt]\nonumber
&&
\hspace{-0.4cm}
\cdot
\left[
\Big( {a \over 1-aP^2} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a P^2 }\right)
\, + \,
\Big( {a  \over 1-aQ^2} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a Q^2 }\right)
\right.
\\ [6pt] \cr
&& \hspace{-0.4cm}  - \,
\left.
\Big( {a  \over 1-as} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a s }\right)
\, - \,
 \Big( {a  \over 1-at} \Big)^{\epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon} \,
\mbox{}_{2}F_1 \left( \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, 1+ \epsilon}        \def\vare{\varepsilon, {1 \over 1 - a t }\right)
\right]
\ .
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
This result is in precise agreement with the finite part of the all-orders in $\epsilon$ two-mass easy box function, second and third line  of  \eqref{puzzola}.
Notice that the expression in \eqref{333} is finite as $\epsilon\to 0$.

For $n>4$, simply replacing the $\epsilon=0$ expression of the box functions with their all-orders in $\epsilon$
expression does not provide us with a complete, all-orders in $\epsilon$ expression for the amplitude, as
there are additional  $n$-gon integrals which vanish as  $\epsilon\to 0$,  which are not included.
The four-point case is an exception, and in this case our calculation reproduces the expected
all-orders in $\epsilon$ result. Combining the infrared-divergent and finite terms,
our result is
\begin{equation}
\label{4ptymeps}
\hspace{-0.2cm}{\cal M}} \def\cN{{\cal N}} \def\cO{{\cal O}^{(1)}_4 (\epsilon)   =   - \frac{2}{\epsilon^2} \left[
\left({-s\over \mu^2} \right)^{- \epsilon}
{}_2F_{1}\left( 1, - \epsilon, 1- \epsilon, 1+\frac{s}{t} \right) +
\left({-t\over \mu^2}\right)^{- \epsilon}
{}_2F_{1} \left( 1, - \epsilon, 1- \epsilon, 1+\frac{t}{s} \right) \right] \, ,
\end{equation}
in agreement with \cite{gsb}.

Finally, we would like to mention that it is easy to see that splitting amplitudes and
soft functions can also be derived at one loop using Wilson loops.
Furthermore, they have an interesting  interpretation in terms of
the geometry of the contour; for instance, splitting amplitudes
arise from two adjacent segments becoming nearly parallel
to each other, therefore merging into a single segment.

\section{Conclusions}

We found that a strikingly simple  one-loop gluon exchange calculation
of a  Wilson loop, whose (closed) boundary is
defined by a set of lightlike segments $p_1, \ldots , p_n$,  reproduces  the
$n$-point one-loop  MHV amplitudes in $\cN\!=\!4$  SYM
(divided by the tree-level amplitude).
We would like to comment on this surprising result.

{\bf 1.} One of the important features of the calculation presented in this paper
is that it neatly separates  the infrared-divergent terms from the finite parts.
The latter can then be derived working directly in four dimensions, which turns out  to be
a key calculational advantage. For this reason, we are hopeful that  this procedure
could allow for a direct check of the exponentiation of the finite remainders   \cite{bds}.
The perspective of deriving  a field-theoretical proof of the all-loop expressions of \cite{bds}
from Wilson loops  -- possibly using  the non-abelian exponentiation theorem \cite{gatheral,taylor}  --
is an exciting one.

{\bf 2. }
In \cite{bst},  it was speculated that the two-mass easy box functions should emerge
naturally  as Feynman diagrams of the perturbative description of a (possibly string) theory.
This was motivated by the observation that the MHV amplitudes in
$\cN\!=\!4$  SYM  at one loop
are written as sum of box functions, each appearing with coefficient one.
In this paper, we have found  that the Wilson loop calculation gives a precise,
one-to-one mapping of Wilson loop diagrams
to the {\it finite part} of  two-mass easy box functions
(or, in specific cases,  the degenerate  one-mass and zero-mass functions).
The massless legs of the box function, $p$ and $q$, are simply those to which the gluon is attached
(see Figure \ref{figure3}). The calculation is only sensitive to $p$, $q$, and the {\it sum } $P$
of the momenta between $p$ and $q$.
Therefore, the Wilson loop calculation seems to have provided such a description
where a two-mass easy box is a specific Wilson loop diagram
(notice that for the diagram with a gluon connecting segments $p$ and  $q$,
the remaining part of the loop could be deformed to the shape of a (generically) two-mass
box function).%
\footnote{We also note in passing that we have found a representation of the finite part of
two-mass easy box functions in terms of a very simple two-dimensional integral,
see \eqref{twodim2mef} and \eqref{conclu}.}
It is tempting to speculate that the observation of \cite{4l} that  even at higher loops
the MHV amplitudes  are expressed as sums of (conformal) integrals,
each appearing with coefficients $\pm1$, could be explained in terms of higher-loop
Wilson loop diagrams.

{\bf 3. }
We believe  that the agreement found in this paper
between our Wilson loop calculation  and the $\cN\!=\!4$  MHV amplitude with an arbitrary number
of points lends support  to the conjecture that the appropriate strongly-coupled string theory
calculation  at $n$ points will confirm the BDS conjecture for the full exponentiated expression of the
$n$-point MHV amplitude.

\newpage

\section*{Acknowledgements}

It is a pleasure to thank James Drummond, George Georgiou, Valeria Gili,
Gregory Korchemsky, Sanjaye Ramgoolam, Rodolfo Russo,
Emery Sokatchev, Bill Spence  and Costas Zoubos for discussions.
We would like to thank PPARC for support under a
Rolling Grant PP/D507323/1 and the Special Programme Grant PP/C50426X/1.
The work of PH is supported by an EPSRC Standard Research Grant EP/C544250/1.
GT is supported by an EPSRC Advanced Fellowship EP/C544242/1
and by an EPSRC Standard Research Grant EP/C544250/1.

\vspace{1cm}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Fully updated stunning home with a suite in desirable Indian River. Situated on a quiet Cul-de-Sac with a completely private back yard backing onto green space, you couldn't ask for more. This family home has been tastefully updated with a kitchen worthy of a magazine; high end appliances, quartz counter tops, glass tile back-splash & gorgeous cabinetry. Great layout - kitchen opens to the living room. Bathrooms have been re-done with high end finishes. Large master bedroom with double doors leading onto the back patio, truly breathtaking. 3 beds up and 1 bed down plus a fully self contained 1 bed suite. Walking distance to excellent schools, Parkgate, Reccenter, library, Mount Seymour and transit. This is a must see!!!


Gold nose ring with kundan effect stones gold ball chain attachment and clear crystal droplet.
Please note all items are require signature upon delivery. Items not accepted/collected will not be refunded.


text:
Fundamentals of Revision Hip Arthroplasty: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment
David J. Jacofsky, MD; Anthony K. Hedley, MD
7.00 x 10.00 x 0.50 inches
Fundamentals of Revision Hip Arthroplasty: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment is a unique and very timely book designed for surgeons who are beginning to more commonly encounter hip revisions in their practice.
Unlike many traditional books on revision, Fundamentals of Revision Hip Arthroplasty does not focus on the most difficult and challenging of cases. Rather, Fundamentals of Revision Hip Arthroplasty is intended to guide the surgeon in the evaluation of the failed or painful total joint replacement, review basic tenants and surgical principles of revision arthroplasty, and guide the surgeon in determining whether a given case is one that should be managed or is best referred to a tertiary orthopedic center.
Along with their 32 contributors, Dr. David J. Jacofsky and Dr. Anthony K. Hedley provide detailed information inside Fundamentals of Revision Hip Arthroplasty, including appropriate preoperative evaluation, equipment requirements, surgical planning, need for augments and allograft, and surgical techniques.
Surgeons will be tackling hip revision surgery more frequently as the number of these cases is exponentially increasing. Fundamentals of Revision Hip Arthroplasty provides a "go-to" resource to turn to for guidance by community arthroplasty surgeons, arthroplasty fellows, and residents.
Chapter 1 Evaluation of the Painful Total Hip Arthroplasty
Steven L. Myerthall, MD, FRCS(C)
Chapter 2 Modes of Failure in Total Hip Arthroplasty
David E. Jaffe, MD; Antonia Woehnl, MD; Michael A. Mont, MD; and Aaron J. Johnson, MD
Chapter 3 Preoperative Planning for Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Andrew Michael, MD and Scott Sporer, MD
Chapter 4 Surgical Exposure in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Robert M. Cercek, MD
Chapter 5 Component Removal in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Viktor E. Krebs, MD; Ian M. Gradisar, MD; Creighton C. Tubb, MD; and Kenneth A. Greene, MD
Chapter 6 Reconstruction and Management Options for Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Jared R. H. Foran, MD and Craig J. Della Valle, MD
Chapter 7 Reconstruction and Management Options for Acetabular Bone Loss
Michael D. Ries, MD
Chapter 8 Femoral Component Options in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Michael R. Bloomf ield, MD; Carlos A. Higuera, MD; and Wael K. Barsoum, MD
Chapter 9 Revision for Instability: Options to Consider in Challenging Cases
David C. Markel, MD; Jonathan M. Vigdorchik, MD; and Gregory J. Golladay, MD
Chapter 10 Management of Infection in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Fundamentals of Hip Arthroplasty
Bryan D. Springer, MD; Raymond H. Kim, MD; and Douglas A. Dennis, MD
Chapter 11 Minimizing Complications
James Cashman, MD; Justin Brothers, MD; and Javad Parvizi, MD, FRCS
Chapter 12 Special Topic: Osteolysis and Stress Shielding
Michael T. Manley, FRSA, PhD; Steven M. Kurtz, PhD; and Kevin L. Ong, PhD
Chapter 13 Periprosthetic Hip Fractures
Adam J. Schwartz, MD and Christopher P. Beauchamp, MD
"This will prove to be a very useful general guide and cookbook for skilled general orthopedic surgeons who perform total-hip replacements and, occasionally, total hip revisions."
- Samuel J. Chmell, MD, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Doody's Book Review Service
"The concise neat presentation of this material makes it an essential tool to accompany any hip surgeon."
- Firas Arnaout, MD, MRCS, MSc, Orthopaedic Business News
David J. Jacofsky, MD was born in Long Island, New York and is an international authority on adult reconstruction of the hip and knee. He received his residency training at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and did his fellowship training at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, during which time he was awarded the Mayo Scholar's Award and the Joe Janes' Humanitarian award. Dr. Jacofsky started his career as an attending at the Mayo Clinic and subsequently moved to Phoenix, Arizona where he founded The Center for Orthopedic Research and Education (CORE) Institute. Dr. Jacofsky has published over 40 articles and 20 book chapters and has lectured around the world. He has a keen interest in health care reform, cost containment, improved outcomes, and the changing demographics of arthroplasty. Dr. Jacofsky is an avid martial artist and enjoys weight-lifting and running.
Anthony K. Hedley, MD, FRCS is a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and an acclaimed orthopedic surgeon, author, researcher, and educator specializing in joint reconstruction. After graduating from medical school in South Africa, Dr. Hedley completed his general and orthopedic residency training at Natalspruit Hospital in Johannesburg. He then sat for the exams and was named a Fellow of The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Dr. Hedley returned to South Africa to complete an orthopedic residency at Johannesburg General Hospital. After, having registered as a Specialist Orthopedic Surgeon with the South African boards, he traveled to London and did a brief sojourn with the late, world-famous teacher and author Alan Apley at St. Thomas Hospital. Dr. Hedley came to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1977 to start a fellowship in Orthopedic Bioengineering with Dr. Harlan Amstutz of the Division of Orthopedic Surgery at UCLA. This was followed by 4 years in the Junior Professor ranks as an Assistant Professor. Dr. Hedley left UCLA at the end of 1982 and moved to Phoenix, Arizona to join a private practice partnership. He served as the Chairman of the Department of Orthopedics at St. Luke's Hospital from 1987 to 2005. He became an inventor with Howmedica in 1982. He is currently an inventor and consultant with Stryker Orthopaedics and is involved in several clinical research projects. Dr. Hedley is well known in the arthroplasty world for his various contributions both from the podium and in referee journals. He has headed a joint replacement fellowship since 1983 and continues to do so. From this, he is now associated with 45 fellows who have gone out into the community to continue their work as hip or knee arthroplasty surgeons.
Fundamentals of Revision Knee Arthroplasty: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment
Essentials in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Essentials in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Curbside Consultation in Knee Arthroplasty: 49 Clinical Questions, Curbside Consultation
The Direct Anterior Approach to Hip Reconstruction
Biologic Knee Reconstruction: A Surgeon's Guide
Curbside Consultation of the ACL: 49 Clinical Question, Curbside Consultation
Curbside Consultation in Fracture Management: 49 Clinical Questions, Curbside Consultation
The Foundations of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Curbside Consultation of the Foot and Ankle: 49 Clinical Questions, Curbside Consultation


The designs and products shown here represent only a few examples of the solutions we offer.
Call us and together we can explore a fresh approach to your display marketing needs.
Trade Show Displays - Fusion, Inc.
Trade Show Displays - BBB, Inc.


Spotted out and about today, Katie Price dresses down in our Local Heroes tracksuit.
TV presenter, Katie Price has taken a break from the media of recent times however she is about to throw herself back into her work again, and prepping for it by visiting her local beauty salon today.
Today Katie was dressed down in a casual look , wearing our grey lounge set , consisting of a grey local heroes girl power sweater with matching grey local heroes girl power joggers. Super comfy and stylish, this set is fleecy lined making it perfect for the colder days. Katie finished of her look with some on trend hi-tops and a fleecy parka jacket.
The good news is that this Local Heroes tracksuit it currently in our SALE and is selling for 1/2 price. So get it on your Xmas List and stock up now!


text:
Thet Canada
Home News Iran's supreme leader vows revenge over slain scientist – Thetcanada
Iran's supreme leader vows revenge over slain scientist – Thetcanada
thetcanada
TEHRAN, Iran — Iran's supreme leader on Saturday called for the "definitive punishment" of those behind the killing of a scientist linked to Tehran's disbanded military nuclear program, a slaying the Islamic Republic has blamed on Israel.
Israel, long suspected of killing scientists a decade ago amid tensions over Tehran's nuclear program, has yet to comment on the killing Friday of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh. However, the attack bore the hallmarks of a carefully planned, military-style ambush.
The slaying threatens to renew tensions between the U.S. and Iran in the waning days of President Donald Trump's term, just as President-elect Joe Biden has suggested his administration could return to Tehran's nuclear deal with world powers from which Trump earlier withdrew. The Pentagon announced early Saturday that it sent the USS Nimitz aircraft carrier back into the Mideast.
In a statement, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called Fakhrizadeh "the country's prominent and distinguished nuclear and defensive scientist."
Khamenei said Iran's first priority after the killing was the "definitive punishment of the perpetrators and those who ordered it." He did not elaborate.
Speaking to a meeting of his government's coronavirus task force earlier Saturday, President Hassan Rouhani blamed Israel for the killing.
Rouhani said that Fakhrizadeh's death would not stop its nuclear program, something Khamenei said as well. Iran's civilian nuclear program has continued its experiments and now enriches uranium up to 4.5%, far below weapons-grade levels of 90%.
READ Ex-fixer for Trump links Falwell's endorsement in 2016 to suppression of racy photos – Thetcanada
But analysts have compared Fakhrizadeh to being on a par with Robert Oppenheimer, the scientist who led the U.S.′ Manhattan Project in World War II that created the atom bomb.
"We will respond to the assassination of Martyr Fakhrizadeh in a proper time," Rouhani said.
He added: "The Iranian nation is smarter than falling into the trap of the Zionists. They are thinking to create chaos."
Friday's attack happened in Absard, a village just east of the capital that is a retreat for the Iranian elite. Iranian state television said an old truck with explosives hidden under a load of wood blew up near a sedan carrying Fakhrizadeh.
As Fakhrizadeh's sedan stopped, at least five gunmen emerged and raked the car with rapid-fire, the semiofficial Tasnim news agency said.
Fakhrizadeh died at a hospital after doctors and paramedics couldn't revive him. Others wounded included Fakhrizadeh's bodyguards. Photos and video shared online showed a Nissan sedan with bullet holes in the windshield and blood pooled on the road.
Hours after the attack, the Pentagon announced it had brought the USS Nimitz aircraft carrier back into the Middle East, an unusual move as the carrier already spent months in the region. It cited the drawdown of U.S. forces in Afghanistan and Iraq as the reason for the decision, saying "it was prudent to have additional defensive capabilities in the region to meet any contingency."
READ A Brooklyn Tradition Goes On – Thetcanada
The attack comes just days before the 10-year anniversary of the killing of Iranian nuclear scientist Majid Shahriari that Tehran also blamed on Israel. That and other targeted killings happened at the time that the so-called Stuxnet virus, believed to be an Israeli and American creation, destroyed Iranian centrifuges.
Those assaults occurred at the height of Western fears over Iran's nuclear program. Tehran long has insisted its program is peaceful. However, Fakhrizadeh led Iran's so-called AMAD program that Israel and the West have alleged was a military operation looking at the feasibility of building a nuclear weapon. The International Atomic Energy Agency says that "structured program" ended in 2003.
IAEA inspectors monitor Iranian nuclear sites as part of the now-unraveling nuclear deal with world powers, which saw Tehran limit its enrichment of uranium in exchange for the lifting of economic sanctions.
After Trump's 2018 withdrawal from the deal, Iran has abandoned all those limits. Experts now believe Iran has enough low-enriched uranium to make at least two nuclear weapons if it chose to pursue the bomb. Meanwhile, an advanced centrifuge assembly plant at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility exploded in July in what Tehran now calls a sabotage attack.
READ Supreme Courtroom guidelines in favour of beforehand scrapped Jumbo Glacier Resort
Fakhrizadeh, born in 1958, had been sanctioned by the U.N. Security Council and the U.S. for his work on AMAD. Iran always described him as a university physics professor. A member of the Revolutionary Guard, Fakhrizadeh had been seen in pictures in meetings attended by Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, a sign of his importance in Iran's theocracy.
In recent years, U.S. sanctions lists name him as heading Iran's Organization for Defensive Innovation and Research. The State Department described that organization last year as working on "dual-use research and development activities, of which aspects are potentially useful for nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons delivery systems."
Iran's mission to the U.N., meanwhile, described Fakhrizadeh's recent work as "development of the first indigenous COVID-19 test kit" and overseeing Tehran's efforts at making a possible coronavirus vaccine.
The post Iran's supreme leader vows revenge over slain scientist appeared first on New York Post.
Previous articleFrance gears for more security law protests amid police violence – Thetcanada
Next articleWomanhood's Tanya Robertson On Reshaping The Lingerie Industry – Thetcanada
Iran Restarts Uranium Fuel Production for Reactor — Breaching Nuclear Deal – Thetcanada
Man In Custody After 1 Dead, 3 Critically Injured In New York Apartment – Thetcanada
DC rioters reportedly used walkie-talkie app Zello to storm Capitol – Thetcanada
Cerciello Rega: Two US teenagers 'admit' fatal stabbing of Italian police officer | World...
thetcanada - July 27, 2019
Donald Trump on mass shootings: My rhetoric has no impact on US | US...
thetcanada - August 7, 2019
Thetcanada is your news, entertainment, music & fashion website. We provide you with the latest news and videos straight from the entertainment industry.
Half a million sign up to raid Area 51 and 'see...
Nora Quoirin: Westlife make on-stage appeal on search for London teenager...
Bring those beautiful garden colours indoors, Reports
BUZZ13
© thetcanada.com


text:
The killing of elephants
Elephant are one of the longest living animals on earth along with crocodile, turtles, and whales. Elephants have always been a part of human life, using them for war, transportation, and resources. There is no doubt human beings cannot live without animals, but can animals live without humans? Such controversial questions highlight the importance animals are to humans because they are not like plants that will grow every season. Killing elephants for their ivory is wrong because they are going extinct on the planet, should not be killed to make a profit and killing them will eve a negative effect on the planets environment.
Killing elephants is immoral because it is leading to their extinct on the planet. Human beings are killing an average 25,000 to 30,000 elephants a year, which at this alarming rate elephants will no longer exist in the next decade. Humans killing elephants simply for their tusks are not necessary at all, as there are alternative resources that can be used to substitute for the usage of elephant ivory. For instance, wood and manmade plastics can be used to produce commodities such as religious statues, piano keys, and endures instead of using ivory.Another important reason elephants are going extinct from the planet is how many countries around the globe are not enforcing international laws that ban the killing and sale of elephant ivory. Before the ban that Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) placed on poaching and the illegal trade of ivory in 1989 elephant population dropped from 1. 3 million in the sass's too population of only 500,000 today. It is estimated that such numbers dropped by killing an average of 200 elephants a day room 1970 to 1989 (Lowery, 1997).
To help control ivory and sell into increase the population of elephants CITES approved one-time ivory sell and then again in 2008 which they tried to flood the market with legal ivory to put an end to poaching, but all it did was made it impossible to tell legal from illegal ivory and started up the high demand for elephants tusks (Sabina, 2013). Elephants killed for their ivory to make a profit have been going on since the sass's, but lately there has been an extreme rate of killing of elephants because the increase value and high demand for their tusks.In an article National Geographic published the president of Zanzibar Robert Manage said in 1997 that elephants must pay for their room and board with their ivory for his country to respect CITES ban on elephant ivory (Christy, 2012). Many people in the international community not only found President Massage's remarks offensive, but also displays how human beings lack any compassion to animals on the planet.
The poaching of elephants for their ivory is illegal, but many countries still continue to poach even though there is n international treaty against such practices.Poach kill elephants because the high demand for elephant tusks and the lack of effective enforcement to protect the elephant species. Supply and demand is one of the biggest factors why elephants are being killed extremely fast in a small amount of time.
By all accounts, China is the world's greatest villain when it comes to the death of elephants. Nearly 90 percent of the ivory that is traded globally which goes to China, due to their new growing hat people in China have the economic meaner to purchase more commodities such as ivory religious statues used in worship are in high demand.Elephant are a keystone species to the planet, meaning they have a great effect to what going on in the ecosystem of given environments. If elephants go extinct or killed in a vast area then probably the species that is protected by the elephants present will be hunted.
Therefore, the domino effects occurs keeping curtain species from doing their Job for the ecosystems which can have negative impacts on the environment. For an example, if all the sea otters were to be extinct that would be bad for the other species that rely on the kelp, because otters are controlling the population of urchin who damage kelp forest.Also, elephants have a crucial role to the environment in the savanna by knocking down and eating a tree called Acacia that grows in the savanna. By the elephants eliminating Acacia trees they keep the savanna a grassland and not a forests which would change the cycle of the way other species use the environment to hunt and blend in to hide from other species. This shows how important elephant are to the environment; therefore disappearing or extinction of elephants is not good for the planet.Human beings are killing elephants in record numbers leading them to their extinction on the planet and people truly do not understand the importance they have to the planet.
Ivory for profit take away the value human compassion and show where humanity is today by picking money over respecting living beings. The killing of a keystone species like the elephants will bring negative effects to our lane and environment by eradicating other species that rely on the life of elephants.I hope people can stop the killing of elephants for ivory, because all it doing is fueling wars in Africa which sponsors conflicts within the country. I don't agree with the way elephants are being slaughter for their tusks is a terrible act by human beings. People need to open there eyes and understand which is more important having a person who collect statues made out of blood ivory in their home or preserving the life of a living creature that has been in the planet longer than unmans and have a key role in the earth's ecosystem.
Colonialism downpour?" The mouse, seeing what situation his
Abstract "species hybridization" and describe how it leads
Conservation of Wildlife
Dolphins in Patagonia
Posted on February 14, 2019March 21, 2020	/ 0	Categories	Scholarship Essay
Previous PostSpeech
Next PostRelationships


text:
Employees Get On Board for 2019-20 School Year!
About 240 IMESD employees gathered on August 14 for the agency's annual In-Service, which welcomes employees back for the new school year. The event was at the Pendleton Convention Center.
The theme of the 2019-20 year is All Aboard! Recognizing and Sharing Excellence, which echoed throughout the morning with a series of train "stops" that included videos about "Who We Are", "What We Do" and "Who We Serve". Employees were encouraged to share among themselves about their knowledge of the IMESD, the work they do for the agency and how they make a difference.
"Because we are such a diverse agency, with numerous services, sometimes employees who work in one department don't really understand what another department does. Our goal was to share more information about the ESD as a whole with those who are our best ambassadors – our employees," said Michele Madril, Director of Communication.
IMESD Superintendent Dr. Mark Mulvihill welcomed employees back and shared an update on the exciting opportunities from the passage of Oregon's Student Success Act. "We are finally on the cusp of fully funding education for all students in our state, which is a positive step for the futures of our kids," Mulvihill said.
Kelly Bissinger, chair of the IMESD Board of Directors, also spoke at In-Service, stating how proud he is to be part of the agency. Bissinger asked employees to think about what they do every day, saying that they make a difference long after they leave the IMESD.
In addition to Human Resource updates and service awards, the event also included an IMESD Trivia Game, where employees could test their agency knowledge.
"Serving students in multiple counties in 18 school districts can be a daunting task," said Superintendent Mulvihill. "With our talented, skilled and dedicated employees, we are ready and looking forward to the 2019-20 school year."


text:
Tag: Micronutrient
Shared responsibility and convergence of interests to end micronutrient malnutrition
Micronutrient Forum Global Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2-6 June 2014 Bridging Discovery and Delivery ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2014/Sewunet
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA, 02 June, 2014 – The third Micronutrient Global Conference (June 2-6, 2014) has been discussing ways of overcoming micronutrient malnutrition. The forum, which brings together researchers, policy-makers, program implementers, and the private sector has been held under the theme of "Building Bridges", thus emphasising scientific advances and multi-sectoral programming on adequate micronutrient intake.
Honorable Madam Roman Tesfaye, First Lady of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, welcomes participants of the Micronutrient Forum ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2014/Sewunet
Officially opening the conference, first lady of Ethiopia H.E. Roman Tesfaye announced: "Ethiopia is committed to sustainably addressing the challenges of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency." During a successive speech delivered by the Ethiopia Minister of Health, Dr Kesetebirhan Admassu, it was highlighted how for a developing country like Ethiopia, investment in nutrition at an early stage of life brings a better return both in terms of human capital and economic development. That is why, according to Dr Kesete, Ethiopia has integrated a core nutrition intervention into its Health Extension Programme. The Minister also emphasised three key issues when addressing malnutrition and other health challenges: "integration, implementation at scale and community ownership."
On behalf of the Health, Population and Nutrition donor group and the four UN agencies involved in Renewed Effort Against Child Hunger and Under nutrition (REACH) and Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) in Ethiopia, Dr Peter Salama, UNICEF Representative in Ethiopia outlines four lessons that the global nutrition community can take from Ethiopia:
Integration of services for treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) into the national health system.
Multi-sectoral approach: linking key line ministries, the private sector, civil society and development partners.
Making sure that all decision makers understand that spending money on nutrition is one of the best investments in terms of human capital and economic growth.
Political will on implementation of nutrition programmes.
As the development community turns its attention to a post-2015 agenda, Dr Salama stressed that improving nutrition should become the quintessential Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).
40 UNICEF colleagues from many countries around the world, regional offices and headquarters participated in the Micronutrient Forum, presented poster and gave oral presentations on program implementation, best practices, operations research and partnerships. UNCIEF also is member of the organising committee and funder.
UNICEF Ethiopia provided funding and had various abstracts presented at the forum in poster form or oral presentation. Several staff moderated sessions on food fortification, salt iodisation and the translation of global guidelines into policy and programmers. At a get together of all UNICEF staff, the colleagues shared observations about the forum's contributions to their work and inter-country exchanges were set up. The Ethiopia sat down with the India country team and identified areas for exchange and support. This will continue after the forum ends.
A child getting a Vitamin A supplementation in Tergol town. © UNICEF Ethiopia/2014/Bizuwerk
Micronutrient malnutrition, also referred to as "the hidden hunger" is a widespread problem in the world mainly affecting developing nations. According to WHO, micronutrient deficiency results in a poor pregnancy outcome, impaired physical and cognitive development, increased risk of morbidity in children and reduced work productivity in adults. Globally, one third of children under-5 are vitamin A deficient. It is also estimated that more than 40 per cent of pregnant women and children under-5 are anemic, while one in four children under-5 years old (more than 160 million children worldwide) are also stunted.
The third Micronutrient Global Conference looks into the challenges and opportunities for scaling up evidence-based policies and programmes from diverse sectors while discussing the effectiveness of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions to improve micronutrient intake and status. The conference also debates on evidence and methods for measuring micronutrient deficiencies, excesses and coverage, with implications for policies and programmes.
More on a successful nutrition-specific programme from Ethiopia
A Day in the Life of a Well-fed Child: Ethiopia
Author Demissew BizuwerkPosted on June 10, 2014 July 9, 2014 Categories NutritionTags ethiopia, forum, Micronutrient, MNForum, nutrition, unicef, Vitamin A1 Comment on Shared responsibility and convergence of interests to end micronutrient malnutrition
By Frehiwot Yilma
AMHARA REGION, 05 June 2014 – Kossoye Ambaras is a small lush green village within Wogrea woreda in northern Gondar where it is relatively cold. Amarech Ashager, a 28 years old mother of two, is used to the weather as she lived her whole life here. At the top of her daily agenda is making sure that her family, especially her youngest son, Metages Birhanu of 9 months, is well fed.
Like many of the residents, Amerech does not rise out of bed before 7 a.m., as it is too cold to leave the house. She begins her day by breastfeeding Metages and cooking breakfast for the rest of the household. Her husband, Birhanu Tagel, is a businessman and her eldest son, Muluken, 10, is a third grader. After saying 'good day' to Birihanu and Muluken, Amarech will cook breakfast for Metages. Since he was introduced to solid food only three months ago, Metages eats exclusively porridge. Preparing highly nutritious porridge for a child is a technique that Amarech has recently learnt. The base of the porridge, the flour, contains various grains and legumes. For breakfast the added ingredient besides the flour is an egg and minced cabbage. As well as cooking the food, feeding the child to achieve best results is also a discipline. Amarech has learnt to feed her child while also playing and talking to him to keep him engaged.
Health Extension workers in Amhara region provide preventive and curative health service to the community ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2014
Amarech and other mothers in the village get support from Health Extension Workers (HEWs) on how to properly raise their children. Today, HEWs Habtam Dese and Yeshiwork Tesfahun are weighing the children in the village to monitor their health and development. They too receive assistance from Gebeyaw Alamerew, the woreda Nutrition and Child Health Officer. In a typical session with a HEW, a six-month-old child will receive a vitamin A supplement, while those aged above one year will additionally receive deworming tablets. With the support of UNICEF, this has become a routine service in the woreda.
Out of 18 children weighed by the HEWs , 16 are in the average weight range. Amarech is one of the happy mothers to learn that her son, Metages, weighs 8.6 kilograms, well in the range of a healthy baby's weight. "I am so happy that he has gained a few more grams since last time," she says, smiling. After weighing babies in the community, Habtam and Yeshiwork demonstrate how to make a child's diet balanced and about the importance of using iodised salt. As the child-friendly food preparation simmers over a fire, the two mothers, whose children's weight was under the average limit, get counselling on how to improve their baby's weight. Gebeyaw believes the woreda has come a long way. "In previous years, there were up to eight children per month in Kossoye suffering from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM), but this year there have been no cases," he says. "This is because we monitor the children's growth and give counselling and other packages of support to the mothers at the earliest stage possible, as we did with the two mothers today." When the food has finished cooking, Habtam and Yeshiwork let the mothers feed the warm nutritious preparation to their children.
Bridging the nutrition gap before sunset
Amarech Ashager breast feeds Metages Birhanu, 9 months old © UNICEF Ethiopia/2014
The afternoons in Kossye Ambaras are usually foggy this time of the season. Amarech has subsequently decided to do her laundry the following day and so turns to preparing dinner as well as other domestic chores. For Metages, she has a new menu in mind: adding mashed potatoes and carrots to the porridge. She says she will also never forget adding iodised salt to the food. "Habtam has told us that iodised salt is key to a child's mental growth. She also told us that we have to put in the salt after the food is cooked and out of the oven so that the iodine does not evaporate with the heat," she says.
Habtam is one of 38,000 government salaried HEWs currently providing nutritional and other support to mothers and children across all regions of Ethiopia. Development partners such as UNICEF are committed to support this initiative. "Nations will face critical bottlenecks to economic growth if a large proportion of their working-age people's IQ and productivity are limited by under-nutrition," says Dr Peter Salama, UNICEF representative in Ethiopia.
As the day draws to an end, Amarech's house becomes lively as the family come together and discuss their experiences. While breastfeeding Metages, Amarech tells her husband about the importance of investing in their children's diet to ensure their healthy future. "I will feed my children a variety of foods so that they will have a bright mind," she says with confidence. "And I will be happy if Metages becomes a doctor."
On the recent Micronutrient Global Conference (June 2-6, 2014), researchers, policy-makers, program implementers, and the private sector has been discussing ways of overcoming micronutrient malnutrition. The forum has been held under the theme of "Building Bridges", thus emphasising scientific advances and multi-sectoral programming on adequate micronutrient intake. Read more
Author UNICEF EthiopiaPosted on June 6, 2014 June 23, 2014 Categories Amhara, Ethiopia, NutritionTags Amhara, breast feeding, children, ethiopia, Malnutrition, Micronutrient, new born, newborn, nutrition, under 5, unicef1 Comment on A Day in the Life of a Well-fed Child: Ethiopia


text:
Q: Save Draft Message Using Java Mail API? Currently im doing as following,
@Override
public void saveDraftMessage(MimeMessage draftMessage) throws MessagingException
{
    Folder draftsMailBoxFolder = imapsStore.getFolder("inbox");//[Gmail]/Drafts
    draftsMailBoxFolder.open(Folder.READ_WRITE);
    draftMessage.setFlag(Flag.DRAFT, true);
    MimeMessage draftMessages[] = {draftMessage};
    draftsMailBoxFolder.appendMessages(draftMessages);
}

It works but , as you could see message is being appended to "inbox" folder without complain from server end !
Is there any kind of validation or an alternative method to ensure that message is saved as Draft only at appropriate place.

A: As others have suggested above, you need to store your draft messages in a different folder.  You can choose the name of that folder.  If you're only using Gmail and you want to be consistent with what Gmail is doing, saving it in the folder Gmail uses ("[Gmail]/Drafts"?) would make sense.  Remember to delete the message from the folder when you send it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Being around Real Estate her life, working on Reception, in Property Management and now Administration and accounts for Samantha Joules and the Director, Paul Boffa. Cassie has a friendly personality and is very organised in her work. In her spare time Cassie enjoys travelling new places and having coffee dates with friends and family.


text:
Home » Music News » Ringo Joins Yoko For NYC 'Bed In', McCartney's Abbey Road Gig Hits Spotify
Ringo Joins Yoko For NYC 'Bed In', McCartney's Abbey Road Gig Hits Spotify
Posted on September 14, 2018 by Pulse of Radio
Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono, and Jeff Bridges were on hand to stage a "Bed In" yesterday (September 13th) outside Manhattan's City Hall, according to The Daily Mail. The press event was in celebration of the return to New York City of The John Lennon Educational Tour Bus (Lennon Bus) presented by Other World Computing (OWC), the premier non-profit 501(c)(3) state-of-the-art mobile production facility that provides hands-on creative experiences to students of all ages. The Lennon Bus was visiting the city for the launch of the fifth annual Come Together NYC residency.
Ringo, Yoko, and Bridges were joined in by Mayor Bill de Blasio and City Council Speaker Corey Johnson, with Ringo joking, "It's an incredible day for me to finally go to bed with Yoko." Ringo and his All Starr Band also performed last night at New York's Radio City Music Hall.
Ringo Starr told us that he prefers to keep his mind space in a much simpler and positive time: ["A lot of my head is still in the '60s. I thought it was a beautiful time to live. And we were making great music, and y'know, the whole atmosphere was love and peace — and peace and love, brothers. Peace and love."] SOUNDCUE (:10 OC: . . . peace and love)
IN OTHER BEATLES NEWS
Paul McCartney's July 23rd invite-only concert at London's historic Abbey Road Studio Number Two, hits Spotify today (September 14th) as a new concert film. According to insiders, the performance, titled Under The Staircase — a reference to the long trek down to the studio floor from the control room — features an audio mix by Giles Martin — the son of the Beatles' legendary late-producer, George Martin.
In the 2012 documentary Produced By George Martin, Paul McCartney and George Martin poked fun at EMI's lame attempt to make the group's Abbey Road Studio more psychedelic: ["(George Martin): I remember all of you saying, 'This is a sterile place, it's just white walls and bloody awful. Try to do something to liven it up.' And so they put in three fluorescent stands (laughs) red, blue and white. (Paul McCartney): No, it's red and green. (George Martin): Was it green? (Paul McCartney) I know, 'cause I've got them! They're in my studio! (George Martin): (Laughs) Right! (Paul McCartney): Fluorescent bulbs. (George Martin): That was to give you inspiration. (Paul McCartney): And boy, did they! (George Martin): (Laughs)."] SOUNDCUE (:25 OC: . . . boy did they (laughs))
Paul McCartney's setlist – Abbey Road Studio Number Two – July 23rd, 2018:
"A Hard Day's Night"
"Junior's Farm"
"One After 909"
"Drive My Car"
"Come On To Me"
"I've Got A Feeling"
"I've Just Seen A Face"
"Confidante"
"Love Me Do"
"We Can Work It Out"
"My Valentine"
"Lady Madonna"
"Who Cares"
"Got To Get You Into My Life"
"Fuh You"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da"
"I Wanna Be Your Man"
"Get Back"
"Back In The U.S.S.R."
"Birthday"
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)"
"Helter Skelter"
https://inews.pulseofradio.com/AudioUpload/audio/MP3/2012/10_oct/Paul_McCartney_And_George_Martin_On_Lighting_At_Abbey_Road_Studios.mp3 https://inews.pulseofradio.com/AudioUpload/audio/MP3/2011/12_dec/Ringo_Starr_On_60s_Mentality.mp3
Source: Pulse of Radio
Slash And The Conspirators To Release Concert Document In September
Ringo Starr: 'I Couldn't Move Without Alcohol'
Bruce Springsteen 'Western Stars' Concert Film In The Can


text:
layout: page
title: Osborne Falls Financial Trade Fair
date: 2016-05-24
author: Roy York
tags: weekly links, java
status: published
summary: Proin eget bibendum nisl, sed scelerisque elit.
banner: images/banner/leisure-01.jpg
booking:
  startDate: 04/13/2018
  endDate: 04/14/2018
  ctyhocn: AUOOPHX
  groupCode: OFFTF
published: true
---
Nunc ornare rutrum mi, nec tempor ex volutpat a. Vestibulum at tempor orci. Phasellus finibus orci sed lobortis ultricies. Donec accumsan felis at turpis interdum accumsan. Integer vel elit neque. In et sodales diam. Nullam et nisi vestibulum, auctor urna eu, varius ipsum. Fusce vulputate neque tincidunt sem mattis, ut interdum lorem convallis. Phasellus blandit tincidunt maximus. Nunc feugiat sit amet orci eu vulputate. Phasellus lacinia massa a dictum aliquet. Quisque ullamcorper velit id metus suscipit consectetur non a neque.
Aenean a diam ut elit fermentum tempor at non ligula. Aliquam ut justo nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Integer maximus, est sit amet pellentesque consequat, sem urna tempor est, ac molestie lorem ante eget mauris. Donec id molestie erat, venenatis placerat urna. Cras a ipsum sed arcu mollis tincidunt. Nulla imperdiet non ipsum eu finibus. Donec lorem arcu, fringilla sit amet faucibus in, rutrum vitae ipsum.

* Mauris vitae orci lobortis, mollis quam quis, semper odio
* Suspendisse ornare ante non mi faucibus, ut vulputate turpis posuere
* Phasellus convallis lacus sit amet ex auctor sagittis sed ac urna
* Morbi tempus nunc nec lobortis gravida
* Integer ultrices nunc a lacus sodales, pulvinar iaculis erat porttitor.

Aliquam commodo non arcu vel luctus. Praesent ornare lacus in dolor molestie, eu vehicula velit sodales. Maecenas iaculis tincidunt orci eu pharetra. Donec pharetra, purus sed tristique condimentum, justo ligula vulputate dolor, vitae tempor erat elit et augue. Donec eget libero sed eros dignissim consectetur ac euismod massa. Integer vehicula dolor nec nunc pretium luctus. In ultricies vulputate enim nec iaculis. Nullam ac orci a sem faucibus semper in commodo sapien. Fusce placerat nibh malesuada libero mattis cursus egestas in mi. Sed lacinia augue et dui gravida, vitae pharetra sem feugiat.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Model: The Acme 60136 electric locomotive class E646 is a very impressive model with exceptional running performance and extensive detail. The model is equipped with a powerful 5 pole motor with flywheel, full cab interiors, sprung loaded pantographs, intricate roof details and much more. Model also has LED headlights that coordinate with direction of travel and all the modern technology available on the market today. Add an Acme model to your collection today.