text:
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John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos of Sudeley
British knight
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
THIS ARTICLE IS A STUB. You can learn more about this topic in the related articles below.
John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos of Sudeley, (born 1490?—died April 12, 1557, Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England), knight prominent in England's Tudor period.
Brydges was descended from Sir John Chandos, a famous medieval knight, and served in the French wars of Henry VIII. He was knighted in 1513. During Queen Mary I's reign he was lieutenant of the Tower of London (1553–54) and, having helped in the suppression of Sir Thomas Wyatt's rebellion, was created a baron in 1554. He led Lady Jane Grey, as his prisoner, to the scaffold, and for a time he was the jailer of the princess Elizabeth (the future Elizabeth I).
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen, Corrections Manager.
Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger
Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English soldier and conspirator who led an unsuccessful rebellion against Queen Mary I, probably the most formidable uprising ever faced by a Tudor monarch.…
Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos
Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos, British nobleman whose lavish lifestyle earned him the nickname "King of the Cotswolds." Brydges was member of Parliament for Cricklade in 1597–98. Because of his family's friendship with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Brydges was imprisoned in 1601 after…
England, predominant constituent unit of the United Kingdom, occupying more than half of the island of Great Britain. Outside the British Isles, England is often erroneously considered synonymous with the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) and even with the entire United…
Sudeley Castle, England
Tudor Place - Biography of John Brydges


NEW YORK (AP) — D'Erren Wilson threw an 18-yard come-from-behind touchdown pass to Chris Woodard off a reverse and Wagner snatched a 23-22 victory from Saint Francis (Pa.) with 6 seconds left to play on Saturday.
Wagner (2-5, 1-1 Northeast Conference) led until the fourth quarter when the Saint Francis defense sparked a Red Flash surge. Saint Francis (2-4, 0-1) forced a fumble from Wagner's All-American running back Ryan Fulse, and Jymere Jordan-Toney scored from the 11 one play later to cut the Seahawks' lead to 16-14. Saint Francis grabbed a 22-16 lead with about two minutes remaining when Bear Fenimore lofted a touchdown pass over the shoulder of a tightly covered Kam Lewis, and then found Terrell Johnson for the two-point conversion.
Fulse, the FCS rushing leader, gained 102 yards on 30 carries for the Seahawks and is now over 1,000 yards on the season.
Fenimore led the Red Flash with 13 of 32 passes for 161 yards and two scores.


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Događaji
 29. siječnja prvi put izvedena predstava Romeo i Julija
 Španjolski istraživač Álvaro de Mendaña otkrio Markižansko otočje.

Rođenja

Smrti
 15. siječnja – Murat III., turski sultan (* 1546.)
 5. travnja – Torquato Tasso, talijanski pjesnik (* 1544.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Maxwel Cornet could make his first start in three weeks after returning to the Lyon squad at the weekend.
Hoffenheim should keep their faith in the side which hammered Bayer Leverkusen at the weekend. However, they do tend to vary their tactics in Europe, so we could see a formation change.
These two met for the first time last month, drawing 3-3 in Germany.
Lyon are on a six game unbeaten run in the Champions League. Hoffenheim are yet to win in this competition. The Ligue 1 side have lost just once in their last 13 home outings.


Bancorp has been protecting renters in Oregon, Idaho and Washington for more than 33 years.
It is surprising how many renters never even think about buying renters insurance. Renters insurance is very affordable and if you have a fire, or any other various issues, you may be shocked at how costly it will be to replace your laptop, furniture, TV, pots and pans, dishes, clothes, sports equipment, etc.
Your Personal Property: That is everything you own in your apartment. The coverage will cover your stuff from fire or theft. When you buy personal property insurance, there are two different forms of coverage you can purchase, actual cash value or replacement cost.
Actual Cash Value will replace your stuff with like kind and quality less depreciation. Now if your furniture use to be mom and dad's chances are the depreciated value will be close to zero.
Replacement Cost will replace your stuff with like kind and quality for what it will cost you to replace it today. Because it's our job to think about what happens before it happens to you, at Bancorp Insurance we recommend our customer's purchase replacement cost protection for their personal property. The difference in cost is pennies a day. But when you are forced to go out and refurnish your apartment all at once you will be thankful that you can do so without worrying about where you are going to get the cash.
Liability Insurance: Renters never think about liability insurance, but you should. In fact, statically speaking, you are much more likely to have a liability claim than a fire claim. Here is how liability insurance works: Let's say you decide to have a few friends over for a nice little party. While everyone is talking and having a good time, one of your long time buddies decides to show off to one of the neighborhood girls that have stopped by. Before you know it, he's doing a handstand in the middle of your living room and as he loses his balance his foot hits the girl in the face knocking out two of her teeth! Great, she is holding two teeth in her hand on the way to your bathroom to stop the bleeding. There is blood on your carpet and down the hall where she slammed the door shut.
A few days go by and you get a call from the girls' mom who tells you her daughter will be getting the dental work done and her next question is, "do you have rental insurance"? If your answer is yes. Good for you, your insurance company will take care of the bills. If your answer is no…..then its a fight between you and your friend who gets to pony up the money. Yeah he kicked her in the head, but it happened in your apartment at your party, they were both invited guests.
Liability insurance will also pay it someone slips and falls at your place and breaks an arm or if you accidentally cause a fire and the apartments around you become uninhabitable due to fire, smoke or water damage. Maybe your washer overflows and floods the apartment downstairs, that is covered under your liability section of your renters insurance.
Loss of Use: Speaking of uninhabitable. In the case of the fire, there were four apartments in that house. Now, it does not matter how the fire got started or by whom, but four different families have no place to live. Loss of Use covers you for the additional cost you incur because you can no longer live in your apartment due to a covered cause of loss, like smoke damage, fire, storm damage etc. Normally, bugs or vermin are not considered a covered cause of loss. You need to take that up with your landlord if you have bugs or mice or rats, etc.
But the extra cash it will cost you to move into a hotel for a few days and eat out at restaurants until you find a new place to live will be covered by your renters insurance under loss of use for a covered cause of loss.
Renters insurance is a great bargain. In fact, it costs as little as .51 cents a day. No, we're not kidding you. You get all this protection for less than the cost of your next several cups of coffee. So why don't more people buy renters insurance? We think people don't buy renters insurance because they think they have nothing to lose. But just as we pointed out above, you have plenty to protect!


Look great! Bonneval Armchair exellent design By Lark Manor. Bonneval Armchair very well made, sleek and simple. Complete your living room furniture with a modern Bonneval Armchair. Its cute sturdy, attractivce and it looks expensive and a best value for the money. Bonneval Armchair is one of the most cushy, cozy, nice look and exotic Bonneval Armchair especially for the price and made of superior products. Great quality, easy to assemble, delivery on time and in perfect condition. Bonneval Armchair is good merchandise at fair prices and wonderful free shipping. Guarantee damaged claim by offering to send parts or to keep the item at a discounted price. Great buy would definitely recommend. Shop with our low-price guarantee and find great deals on ##ptitle# and more!. Reading the reviews helped you purchase.
Bar furniture are not only particular tables intended to be used in bars as the name suggests. If youre looking to provide your kitchen, diner of home a company-like look, then you need to choose the right club furniture. The dinning furniture are earning a constantly-increasing presence in individuals homes because they search for that distinctive business-like existence at home. However, with thousands of bar furniture to choose, from, getting the best offer could be a daunting job for most owners. For those seeking to change the diner into a vibrant modern club, we have your back with the best club tables available on the market presently. This club desk is really a breakfast set well suited for houses with small dining spaces. It's a pretty small desk that won't consider an excessive amount of space in the dining area. It features caster tires that provide simple motion within the house especially when cleaning. You also get a set of bar stools and decrease leaf providing you with great value for your money. Made of natural Beachwood, this table is a great purchase and arrives as a whole and square form.
This sofa is worked with the bell-formed shape along with the upper armrest of the cushioning. Additionally, the head is supported by obstructed part sides. The thighs, nevertheless, have became a member of the fake wooden wrapping. The sofa provides a comfy and lavish sensation. This is actually the immediate result of extremely versatile cushioning within the polyester upholstery. You can take a seat easily for the moment to unwind. Each of the tones provided for this sofa shows its noteworthy element, Versatile design. The red sculpt could be well suited for both topics with mild and dark tones. That remains continuous for different tones that it offers too. The couch is situated in space. Whether or not its Thanksgiving holiday or perhaps a huge family reunion, you can rely on it. Race-viewing yet still time collapsing in your sofa together with your buddies is a genuine choice.
Even though this lying loveseat comes with a heftier price tag, its traditional style, choices for personalization and automatic lying program make it well worth the money. Its hand made wood frame is cushioned with down blend cushions for a softer feel than youd get from high-density foam soft cushions, and the furniture will come in a whopping 72 colour and fabric combos. The supply of a lot of choices makes it additional simple to set this reclining loveseat with different patterns, supplies, accents and decorations designs. Plus, for those who have kids or animals (or both!), you can choose a stronger, spot-proof material. 1 customer shared that the Sunbrella fabric material has organized well towards her children and pets. This lying loveseat could have a traditional, aged-school look, nevertheless its constructed-in technology is not. Not only does it come with an automatic reclining system (that provides you with a full recline, with your footrest totally similar towards the chair), but it features a Universal serial bus interface for using or simply getting your iPad, apple iphone, Amazon kindle or laptop.
This set is padded inside a drive and comfy distinctive padded velvet. This gives it the amazing comfort and ease that it is loved for. Once again it supports chaise style seats for adequate comfort and ease. Moreover, the sinus spring foundation increases the durability and comfort. Additionally, the couch has hard wood frames that increase its sturdiness and sturdiness. The sofa has soft cushions on both the seat and the back. But still, the sofa can move from a seated position to some reclined position effortlessly. Having said that, just to repeat, the sofa is extremely soft and provides outstanding comfort and ease.
This RTA loveseat offers different types of upholstery depending on the materials. That significantly includes bed linen and purple velvet. Advanced tones, Marzipan, Stoneware-Beige and Rye-Dark brown enhance the style of the couch. Choose the covering and also the materials that will depend on the stylistic design of your living space. Not just the shading, the material may also mirror the difference in fashion. Ensure that the fabric you choose fits the theme of your room. This loveseat ballots in favor of combining the present style by having an exemplary design. It's been moved up by the hands that begin to pass through the sofa. With this blend, you only see enhanced comfort and ease and stylish style when lights the pads.
Carolina Mild Gray Fabric Sofa Sofa is celebrated because of its spectacular comfort and ease and impressive design. It has a lift-up style that allows for several arrangement options to meet your requirements.The set functions gentle fabric and forces cushions to bring about the desired comfort. More importantly, its of a great size to accommodate you together with the group of friends. Depending on the available space and your preferred form, you can combine the I chairs to create a remarkable shape. Its recommended for those with little rooms and requires a couch.
Serta RTA Copenhagen Selection 61 Loveseat in Marzipan is designed specifically for little areas. Nonetheless, technology-not only in any room: apartment, dorm etc. This established will give you ample assistance. It boasts of high grade fabric, high density foam pocketed coils, top-collection polyester dietary fiber, and strong hardwood frame. This increases the comfort and ease, sturdiness, and sturdiness of this established. The established includes an extremely broad back shoulder straps. The established includes extra comfortable cushions all which makes it more comfortable. Notably, it's softly curved arms and plush material allow it the exceptional appear that matches with any design. The set list small, therefore its easy to move. It features a slight smell that ends with time. More to the point, the sofa is very easy to construct. It includes the assembling tools and directions. You comfortably commit your penny listen to. It serves the purpose.
The term this is actually the comfort and ease and sophisticated look. This set has a tufted backrest and toe nail head highlight that provides the sophisticated appear. Its grey colour adds to its impressive appear. It may match as much as 8 in . mattress. That on your own lets you know how comfy the set could be. Notably, it doesn't include a bed mattress. So you may want to purchase one. The trundle features a castor to allow easy access. You may also pull the trundle that people take a seat on. Simply to point out, it should take putting together, but again its super easy to assemble.
The Lawson could be called perfect American sofa style. It's comfy and straightforward: The boxy form is large and usually has 3 back cushions as well as 3 seat cushions. The classic Lawson also has A taller back again and box-formed cushions which have welts at the sides, as do the back cushions. Ideal for cuddling and napping, this couch style was designed for Thomas Lawson, an American copper mineral tycoon in the turn of the hundred years. He wanted a sofa that was very different from the picky Victorian styles that were typical at that time. Present variations from the Lawson can also include metal or wood included in the hands. Most importantly, this couch design is the one which will change its vibe with the textile you choose for the furniture. The shape is really versatile that it can be glamorous, magnificent, industrial, informal or official based on your fabric option.
This suits you if you just need a beautiful trainer. It is designed with a flared body and cushion leading amrests in a cool cobblestone grey. Now, it has resilient foam soft cushions that are obsessed with inside a rayon upholstery to bring about the desired comfort. It features a sturdy part obstructed frame that increases the sturdiness. Also, the feet are in a faux wood complete. We have an impressive grey colour that suits with any decor. Its dimensions are 89 T x 39 Deb by 40 H therefore large enough to support you together with your familyOrfriends. More to the point, it arrives fully put together. This saves the pain of having to assemble the established.
The Bridgewater is really a couch style that is primarily casual and definitely comfortable. This style is the darling of many an artist because it can be used to create a casual, friendly space. Bridgewater sofas are flexible, depending on the upholstery you choose. Completed in a neutral fabric, this style of couch doesnt contend with additional factors within the room which may be more remarkable, such as art work or other big functions. Much more formal fabric will produce a more grand style of couch. A number of qualities differentiate Bridgewater couches: Usually they've low arms and a higher back again, which plays a role in the casual look. Most in addition have a customized skirt that conceals the thighs and free soft cushions for the seat and back again. This specific style was created to accommodate slipcovers, which also give a casual air to the couch.
Copyright © Bonneval Armchair By Lark Manor in Console Tables All right reserved.


PDP To Presidency: Tinubu Cannot Deliver A Bad Product.
PDP National Publicity Secretary, Kola Ologbondiyan, in a statement on Thursday, said it is ludicrous that after almost three years of failure to deliver on the littlest of its campaign promises, the Buhari Presidency is now moving around, cap in hands, looking for those to use once again to beguile Nigerians ahead of the 2019 elections.
The PDP stressed that the Buhari Presidency has failed to be remorseful for its misrule noting that the disagreements in their party are fallouts of members' resentment towards its desperation for power.
'There is widespread disenchantment and indignation across the nation resulting from hunger and the inability of the Buhari Presidency to provide the people with basic necessities of life, which they had always enjoyed in the past.
'Nigerians are therefore waiting to see how Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, who has also openly expressed his concerns and disapprovals on the mismanagement of the economy and whose large constituents are direct victims of the ineptitude, impunity, nepotism, dictatorial tendencies, corruption and insecurity that has characterized the Buhari Presidency, will now turn around to preach that all is well and attempt to sell a practically bad product to the nation.
'It is instructive to further state that the desperate move by the Presidency to politically prey on individuals is mere foolhardiness and a totally decadent approach to pitch key leaders against the people on an issue that has already been thrown overboard.
This is more so as the political institutions and front runners that threw up the Buhari Presidency in 2015 have now, not only regretted their actions, but have also strongly advised that President Buhari should not contemplate contesting a second term in office.
Nigerians today suffer from pains inflicted on them by this administration and no amount of manipulation of individuals and public institutions can make them change their resolve to vote out APC in 2019, particularly as the party is stuck with an unpopular candidate.
The PDP therefore finds APC's attempt to reconcile its dwindling ranks as laughable, cosmetic and politically inconsequential.
It will interest the APC to know that Nigerians are already rallying with the repositioned and rebranded PDP as we are poised to present a credible, competent and reliable candidate through a free, fair and transparent presidential primary.


SCOTTSDALE 2000 Condos For Sale in SCOTTSDALE | Scottsdale Condo Mania!
Currently, there is one active listing in SCOTTSDALE 2000 which listed at $349,900. Over the last 180 days there have been no sales in SCOTTSDALE 2000.
Want to sell your condo in SCOTTSDALE 2000?
Over the last 180 days there have been no sales in SCOTTSDALE 2000.


If the indigo airlines has cross checked correctly about my visa we might save the return flight charges and due to this issue I incurred lot of physical and mental health issues for which no one can give the compensation for the mental issues that i had come through . Now we are requesting to reimburse at least our return flight charges of inr 16,525 . really felt very bad as I just entered into muscat airport and immediately returned with no use and waste of my money and time . through this complaint I would also ask indigo to kindly check correctly about the visa's so that we can avoid this kind of issues happened to me .


How To Change Photo On Facebook: A lot of the people enjoy to share their memories on Facebook but the image top quality is not constantly so good that it can be shared straight. Many individuals waste time on photo editing applications to include special impacts for picture high quality improvement but the wonderful news is that now you could edit it on Facebook itself prior to publishing it publically. This attribute wased initially contributed to iphone platform just yet today it can be accessed easily by all individuals on iphone, Android, as well as desktop also. Right here you can conveniently add sticker labels, tags, apply artistic filters or crop pictures to get the desired look. Prefer to spare few mins to undergo the in-depth guidelines below to collect understandings regarding how you can edit photos on Facebook.
How to edit pictures on Facebook before posting on the computer?
Action 1: To start with you need to log in to your Facebook account.
Action 2: On the top of the news feed you will certainly discover the option to Include Photo/Video. Click this to begin publishing.
Step 3: Select your picture from device memory that you wish to share online.
Step 4: Now hover the arrow on the photo that you wish to edit.
Filter: You can pick any type of automated art filter out of the listing offered in the filter section. It consists of snow, wintertime, autumn, spring, classic etc. Keep in mind that there is no hand-operated setting offered for filter effect.
Tag: By striking this choice, you could tag your friends to pictures being submitted.
Crop: In order to chop your image to highlight the desired area you can quickly choose a rectangular or square shape. A rotate switch is additionally available.
Text: It permits customers to select their very own text on the picture. One can facilitate modifications for place, color as well as dimension of the message with few clicks of the mouse. There are five various typefaces to select from.
Alt Text: Right here you can include a tiny summary of the picture before making it public.
Stickers: In this area, you will locate a panel packed with loads of sticker labels; you could add them to your images with variables size as well as place modifications.
Step 6: Once your editing job mores than, hit the conserve switch and lastly click on Blog post.
Ways to edit your images on Facebook prior to uploading on your iPhone/Android Phone?
Action 1: Firstly, login to your Facebook account using your Facebook app on phone.
Step 2: Hit the photo button available on the top section of the display.
Step 3: Choose your picture that you desire to share online and also hit done switch from a leading right corner after making a selection.
Step 4: Currently select your desired filter to improve the appearance of the image.
Step 5: In order to include text, touch anywhere on your photo and hit the message icon offered on the display.
Step 6: Tag friends using tag choice readily available next to the filters. Include a multicolored subtitle and if needed add a sticker label from all-time low of the display.
Action 7: When your picture prepares, struck save switch and then post your creation online.
Although, Facebook does not provide advanced editing attributes like most picture editor apps still it is just one of the easiest means to share images online. A lot of the customers will find it an excellent for immediate editing.


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L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc
We are Kitchen and Bath Design & Remodel Experts. We specialize in custom and semi-custom cabinets, countertops and flooring. We offer high quality, all-wood cabinets, Silestone, Granite, ECO, Formica, Wilsonart, and Butcher Block countertops and Daltile and American Olean flooring products.
Headquarters: 2455 Whitehorse Street , Deltona, Florida, United States
Website: https://www.lskitchenandbath.com
Revenue: $0 - 1M
Legal Name: L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc
L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's Social Media
Bathroom Vanities Caesarstone Countertops Eco By Cosentino Countertops General Contractors Granite Countertops Kitchen And Bath Design Kitchen And Bath Remodeling Kitchen Cabinets Kitchen Countertops Kitchen Planning & Remodeling Service Silestone Countertops Tile Flooring
for L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc
Frequently Asked Questions regarding L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc
Where are L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's Headquarters?
L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's Headquarters are in 2455 Whitehorse Street ,Deltona,Florida,United States
What is L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's phone number?
L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's phone number is +1 386-561-9419
What is L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's official website?
L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's official website is https://www.lskitchenandbath.com
What is L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's Revenue?
L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's revenue is $0 - 1M
What is L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's NAICS code?
L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's NAICS code is 722511
What is L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc's Industry?
L & S Kitchen And Bath, Llc is in the industry of Construction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Microsoft announces new 'family' of identity and access management tools
Tim Keary@tim_keary
Image Credit: Getty Images
Today, Microsoft announced the launch of Entra, a new product family of identity and access management solutions. The family includes existing tools like Azure AD alongside two new product categories; Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management (CIEM) and Decentralized Identity.
For users, Entra product family is designed to protect access to any app or resource by enabling security teams to discover and manage permissions in multicloud environments so they can secure digital identities from end-to-end.
A look at the Microsoft Entra's product family
Microsoft's new CIEM solution, Entra Permissions Management, is a permissions' management solution that's designed to provide visibility into permissions for user and workload identities that goes live in July.
Entra Permissions Management provides security teams with a solution to detect unused and excessive permissions, so they can more effectively enforce the principle of least privilege and maintain a top-down view of identities across all cloud services including Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud platform.
The organization's new decentralized identity offering, Verified ID, is available in early August and will enable users to decide what information they share, when, who they share it with and provide them with the ability to revoke access when necessary.
Verified ID also provides teams with a method to verify the credentials of users and organizations. For instance, users can store their education and certification credentials and share them with other users on request to verify their identity.
Protecting digital identities as part of the attack surface
The launch of these new solutions comes as digital identities have become a critical part of most organization's attack surfaces, with cyber criminals using identity-based attacks, such as credential theft and social engineering to gain access to enterprise environments and steal sensitive information.
In fact, research shows that identity-driven techniques accounted for three out of the five top attacks targeting organizations in 2021.
As Vasu Jakkal, CVP Microsoft, Security, Compliance, Identity and Privacy explains, while the digital universe starts with your digital identity, it's an "attack vector that is getting easily exploited."
Identity "is the battle of security attacks right now and there are 921 attacks per second," Jakkal said.
"This has almost doubled. There were 579 attacks per second just a few months back, so the escalation of attacks continues to increase and that puts people at extreme risk when it comes to their own personal security."
Jakkal says that this challenge is augmented due to a "dangerous mismatch" between what defenders can protect with existing solutions and the volume of these attacks.
Emerging identity and access management solutions
Entra's launch announcement comes as the global identity and access management market is in a state of growth, with researchers estimating the market at $12.26 billion in 2020 and anticipating it will reach a value of $34.52 billion in 2028 as more organizations attempt to grapple with identity-based attacks and compliance concerns.
As the market grows, Microsoft isn't the only big tech vendor looking to redefine identity management to better protect digital identities. Just recently, Google announced the launch of passwordless authentication options for users on Chrome and Android to better defend against credential-based attacks.
Likewise, last year, Apple announced the launch of passkeys that are stored in the iCloud Keychain, that enable users to sign in to websites and applications without using passwords.
With more providers maturing their approach to identity management and security, Microsoft is aiming to differentiate itself from other vendors by building an end-to-end solution to identity protection across employees, partners and customers.


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A LEGENDARY EQUESTRIAN ESTATE
Bridgehampton, New York | $40,000,000
E.J. WEBBER
Amid the splendor of the fashionable Bridgehampton summer scene that is a culture unto itself, world-class athletes - including horses of course - gather to compete in the Hampton Classic Horse Show every August prior to Labor Day. The competition's most treasured prizes are awarded here. The circuit then moves to Tryon, North Carolina this year in September, for the FEI World Equestrian Games that are the major international championships for equestrianism, and are administered by the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI). Next it's off to Wellington, Florida for four months every year January through April. The Hampton Classic horse event and the society it inspires in Bridgehampton and its surrounding areas, in addition offers the ever popular polo matches on summer weekends that have handsome gentlemen and elegant ladies displaying their fine steeds, fine attire, and favorite riders.
Truly unparalleled, this equestrian facility and its five buildings, are configured around a central courtyard. Guests arrive via a grand gated main entrance with a bricked pathway leading to additional intimate courtyards and manicured landscaping. The 27 custom-made chandeliered stables are rich in woodsy detail with heavy timber beams accented with black wrought iron work, and a herringbone patterned brick central aisle. The traditional proportions of the facades feature white clapboard with hunter green standing seam roofs and crimson red trim.
This entire facility in real estate parlance is known as the Bridgehampton Equestrian Estate, but those who use it to train and board their equines, know it as Campbell Stables. The neighboring extraordinary estates that surround the farm area are in the five to ten million-dollar range, so it is certainly a great incentive to own the most sought-after horse farm in this area of the Hamptons. Licensed real estate salesperson, Faye S. Weisberg, of Saunders & Associates in Bridgehampton, has the exclusive listing of this more than epic horse property, and explains the amenities of this grand property: "The year-round usage facilities include a central stable with 27 stalls complete with drainage systems, a 15,000+ square foot indoor ring with a second floor viewing and entertainment lounge, three outdoor rings, two tack rooms, bathing stalls, the 'walker' area that is tented, management offices, and staff housing. And that's not all of the wonder this property represents. In addition, and offered separately to possibly accompany this magnificent facility, is a vacant 1.44+/-acre buildable lot suitable for a luxury residence adjacent to the world class horse complex."
Another amenity for the location of the property is that it sits nearby magnificent famous Hamptons ocean beaches. The history of the area goes back a long way to 1640 when the town was settled and called Hayground, reflecting the agrarian character of the land. In addition, in those years local farmers and fishermen primarily used the bounty of land and sea. In later years, the area's history celebrated a once busy potato farming community.
The story of Campbell Stables and the land it is nestled on has its own tale to tell. "I have been in the real estate business for 21 years now and it is true that the Hamptons has mansions for people, but there is a high quality mansion here for horses as well," Ms. Weisberg told us. "The estate style horse farm zoned as an agricultural reserve, with all of its equine luxuries, combines the elite lifestyle of the Hamptons with the true equestrian spirit. The design and development of this venue was fueled by a love for horses and the sport."
In spite of Bridgehampton town being a place of quaint inns and museums, one can also participate in the many shopping options including a mix of small boutiques along Main Street and the Bridgehampton Commons just west of downtown. Interestingly enough, paths can lead one back to roadside farm stands that the area has always been noted for - unless you care to fine dine instead in any one of the posh restaurants before getting into the saddle for the ride home.
Offered at $40,000,000
To schedule a private showing contact:
Faye S. Weisberg, Exclusive Listing Agent
FWeisberg@Saunders.com
BridgehamptonEquestrianEstate.com


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The Otoe (Chiwere: Jiwére) are a Native American people of the Midwestern United States. The Otoe language, Chiwere, is part of the Siouan family and closely related to that of the related Iowa, Missouria, and Ho-Chunk tribes.

Historically, the Otoe tribe lived as a semi-nomadic people on the Central Plains along the bank of the Missouri River in Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri. They lived in elm-bark lodges while they farmed, and used tipis while traveling, like many other Plains tribes. They often left their villages to hunt buffalo.

In the early 19th century, many of their villages were destroyed due to warfare with other tribes. European-American encroachment and disease also played a role in their decline. Today, Otoe people belong to the federally recognized tribe, the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, headquartered in Red Rock, Oklahoma.

History

The Otoe were once part of the Ho-Chunk and Siouan-speaking tribes of the Western Great Lakes and Upper Midwest. Around the 16th century, successive groups split off and migrated west and south. These became distinct tribes, the Otoe, the Missouria, and the Ioway. The Otoe settled in the lower Nemaha River valley. They adopted the horse culture and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Great Plains, making the American bison central to their diet and culture.

European contact
When the Lewis and Clark Expedition headed up the Missouri River to explore the new territory the Otoe were the first tribe they encountered. They met at a place on the west bank of the Missouri River that would become known as the Council Bluff.

Like other Great Plains tribes, the Otoe periodically left their villages to hunt for bison. Between 1817 and 1841, the Otoe lived around the mouth of the Platte River in present-day Nebraska. Otoe County, Nebraska still bears their name. During this time, the Missouria families that survived European diseases and encroachment rejoined them to form the Otoe-Missouri tribe. They gathered with others to trade for European goods.

In the 1830s, European-American traders tried to influence tribal members through alcohol.  As their dependence on alcohol grew, the men no longer hunted, but resorted to looting vacant Pawnee villages while the people were out hunting. Christian missionaries built a mission there.

In 1854 the Otoe-Missouria ceded most of their lands south of the Platte River in eastern Nebraska to the U.S. by treaty.  They retained the Oto Reservation along the Big Blue River on the present Kansas-Nebraska border.  They struggled to adapt to reservation life.

Move to Indian Territory

During the 1870s, the tribe split into two factions. The Coyote band favored an immediate move to Indian Territory, where they believed they could better perpetuate their traditional tribal life outside the influence of the whites. The Quaker band favored remaining on the Big Blue River land. They were willing to sell the western half of the reservation to whites to gain income for a tribal annuity.

By the spring of 1880, about half the tribe had left the reservation and taken up residence with the Sac and Fox Nation in Indian Territory. By the next year, in response to dwindling prospects of self-sufficiency and continued pressure from white settlers, the remaining Otoe members in Nebraska sold the Big Blue reservation.  They migrated to Oklahoma.

With the Otoe-Missouria already there, they purchased a new reservation in the Cherokee Outlet in the Indian Territory.  This is in present-day Noble and Pawnee Counties, Oklahoma.  Today the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians is federally recognized.  It is based in Red Rock, Oklahoma.

Notable Otoe
 Della Warrior, director, New Mexico Museum of Indian Arts and Culture
 Annette Arkeketa, poet and playwright
 Benjamin West, (Otoe & Southern Cheyenne) Buffalo Clan & Bow String Society (b. 1978) Emmy Award photojournalist, photographer & digital artist. Creator of "The Arkeketa Project".
 Chono Ca Pe, early 19th-century leader
 Hayne Hudjihini, or Eagle of Delight (ca. 1795–1822), wife of Sų Manyi Kathi
 Johny Hendricks, MMA fighter
 Tommy Morrison, former heavyweight boxer and co-star in Rocky V movie
 Sų Manyi Kathi, or Prairie Wolf (ca. 1785–1837), sub-chief and diplomat
 Anna Lee Walters, author

See also
Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)
Woodcliff Burials

Notes

External links

Ioway-Otoe Language, Ioway Cultural Institute; Baxoje, the Ioway Nation, on NativeWeb
Otoe-Missouria Genealogy, Database of members and descendants from reservation, Native Website

Siouan peoples
Native American tribes in Iowa
Native American tribes in Missouri
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
Native American tribes in Nebraska
Plains tribes


Friday marked the first day of Fall and it's safe to say that fall has arrived in the great PNW. It seems like just yesterday I was wearing shorts and tops, and blasting the air conditioning in our cars. Now, I've almost fully transitioned to jeans, leggings, and sweaters, and find myself curled up at night under a mountain of blankets. I'm not sure if this makes me happy or sad, but another season means new clothes, so I'll settle with happy!
A great blazer and a pair of skinny jeans are my favorite staples for fall and I nabbed both of these at the Nordstrom Anniversary sale this past July. I've been anxiously waiting to wear this outfit since July if you can believe it! I'm loving anything and everything blush pink of course, so this season's color palette is totally my style. My wallet better watch out though; I've got a wedding to plan!
If you're in the market for a great pair of jeans this fall, I'm currently obsessing over Wit & Wisdom denim. The price point is phenomenal with most pairs priced at $68 – can you believe it?! No need to feel guilty buying one in every color. Definitely go for their Ab-solution line, which has a powermesh panel in the waistband to mold and hold your waist. It looks just like a normal pair of jeans, but so much more comfortable! The waistband doesn't cut you and they maintain their shape without stretching out after multiple wears. (Believe me, last week alone I think I wore my denim pair three times). Plus, they feel like wearing leggings, but the material is like denim compared to the thinness of leggings. You'll have to try them to see how amazing these jeans truly are! Oh, and did I mention Wit & Wisdom is available in plus sizes, too?!


Brendan Rodgers' all-conquering Celtic side travel to Perth this Sunday with the chance to extend their unbeaten run to 29 games and increase their Ladbrokes Premiership lead to 27 points. Standing in their way? The last team to beat them in domestic action.
St. Johnstone are the outfit in question and recent history suggests they'll certainly be no pushovers at McDiarmid Park.
Celtic had to survive a late scare before running out 4-2 winners when these sides last faced-off at the aforementioned venue back in August.
And the Hoops were made to work for their 1-0 home win over the Saints on January 25.
Oh, and let's not forget that Tommy Wright's side were the last to beat the Bhoys in Scotland, way back in May 2016.
Of course, pulling off a similar result will be no mean feat. The visitors may be record-breakers but it's their ruthless efficiency and focus on each individual game – not to mention supreme skill – that's helped keep the momentum going.
Rodgers and co. certainly aren't going to take the next contest lightly.
And with the Glasgow giants in such form we can't look past another success here. However, there is better value to be had than the 4/9 on offer for an away win. And no, we're not talking about the 6/1 for a home victory or the 10/3 for a draw.
Fifth-placed Saints have scored in 18 of their 23 top-flight games so far and our Result Rush Boost of Celtic to win and Both Teams to Score – was 9/4, NOW 11/4*, looks the one to be on.
Meanwhile, it's 10/11 just for Both Teams to Score, an outcome witnessed in four of the previous six meetings.
As far as goalscorers go, Rodgers is still sweating on the fitness of Moussa Dembele, Leigh Griffiths, Stuart Armstrong and Tom Rogic so the 7/2 for Scott Sinclair to score first could be the way to go.
The classy midfielder has netted four times in his last five games in all competitions while Dedryck Boyata made himself a hero against Aberdeen in midweek and also proved to be the difference between these sides less than a fortnight ago.
If you fancy the Belgian to get on the scoreshehet again then jump on the 5/1 for Boyata to net at any time.
For the hosts, joint-top scorer Steven MacLean is 14/5 to be an anytime scorer.
*Maximum bet £50. Available from 8am on Sunday February 5.
Click here for the latest St. Johnstone v Celtic odds.


text:
Home Briefs London-Based Brewer Launches in Kenya
London-Based Brewer Launches in Kenya
(L-R) Charles Gitau, Commercial Manager Monument Distillers Kenya, Caroline Kibe, Brand Manager Monument Distillers Kenya and Ellis Muhimbise, Managing Director Monument Distillers Kenya pose for a photo during the launch announcement.
Kensington Distillers & Vintners (KDV) London, a premium drinks business with a growing foot-print in Africa has announced its entry into the Kenyan market as Monument Distillers Kenya. Following this development, Sazerac, the leading US spirits company, has granted Monument Distillers the distribution rights for its portfolio in Kenya – the most prominent brands of which are Popov Vodka, Southern Comfort, Myers Rum, Paddy's Irish Whisky, Firewater, and Buffalo Trace Bourbon.
As part of this transition, Monument will be distributing these products through their distribution partner Maxam Limited, a local liquor distributor in Kenya and East Africa.
The entry of Kensington Distillers into the Kenyan market follows the successful launch of Monument Distillers Nigeria last year.
Commenting on the announcement, Ellis Muhimbise, Managing Director Monument Distillers Kenya said, "It's a great time for us to take on this heritage brand, Popov Vodka: the vodka category is showing favourable growth as Kenya's strong economic climate continues. According to the 2019 International Wine and Spirits Report, the vodka category in Kenya grew 22% annually from 2013 to 2018. Our consumers and stakeholders can rest assured that Popov Vodka remains a trusted brand that will continue to contribute sustainably to the growth of the Kenyan economy."
He went on to explain Monument's plans to build on the success of Popov Vodka in Kenya: "We are delighted to be given the opportunity to continue to grow the brand and for us to use our newly-formed Monument Distillers Kenya business to accelerate the growth of the international brands we have in our portfolio."
In addition to representing Sazerac and KDV brands such as Bannerman's Finest Scotch Whisky, Monument Distillers will be launching a number of new and exciting international brands in Kenya soon under the guidance of MD, Ellis Muhimbise. Mr. Muhimbise has extensive regional experience having spent 12 years at SABMiller and then some time at AB InBev before joining Monument Distillers. His prior experience is set to propel Monument Distillers Kenya forward.
About Kensington Distillers and Vintners
Kensington Distillers & Vintners (KDV) is a premium drinks business with a strong footprint in Southern Africa. KDV has developed a reputation for offering premium drinks of the finest quality, made with exceptional craftsmanship.
The business is run by experienced drinks professionals, Rowan Leibbrandt, Mark Bowman, Robert Hill and Owen Gibbs. Rowan began his liquor industry career working across multiple European markets in a variety of commercial and marketing roles for William Grant & Sons and liquor giants, Pernod-Ricard, before launching KDV.
Respected liquor industry veteran, Mark Bowman, is credited with managing ABI (the listed soft drinks division of SAB) in South Africa when it listed and doubling its share price. Mark also led SABMiller Africa – across 18 African markets directly and a further 21 in partnership with the Castel Group – for 9 years, growing earnings by double digits and helping to build a total African business of over $10bn in revenue: a third of the group's global earnings. Robert Hill held a variety of senior brand marketing roles at William Grants & Sons over 20 years. He conceived and directed the design of four highly successful Glenfiddich expressions before branching out to consult where he has launched a number of thriving super-premium whisky brands in India. Owen Gibbs has an extensive financial and strategic background. He is a Chartered Account with ICAS (Institute of Chartered Accounts of Scotland) who has worked on a joint venture between Nedbank, People's Bank and Capital One, held positions at Ernst & Young and then joined Deutsche Bank London's Portfolio Management team responsible for proprietary equity investments for the bank. More recently, he spent eight years at Glencore in Switzerland as a commodity trader on the nickel commercial desk before joining the KDV team.
KDV's Africa distribution businesses are Monument Distillers Nigeria and Monument Distillers Kenya. In Nigeria, the company represents the fast-growing 1960 Rootz brand, Bannerman's Finest Scotch Whisky, and will shortly be launching Sazerac's portfolio in the market.
In Kenya, Monument Distillers has launched with Popov Vodka, Southern Comfort, Myers Rum, Paddy's Irish Whisky, Firewater and Buffalo Trace Bourbon. The company has plans to introduce further global brands, which will be announced in due course.
Kensington Distillers
Monument Distillers Kenya
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text:
Q: Use socket.io in expressjs routes instead of in main server.js file I have express/nodejs api. I am adding socket.io feature to it. Currently all of my routes are in separate folders and I include them in server.js file and use them as app.use() function.
In server.js file, I also start the express server by listening to a particular port such as 3000 as below.
let server = app.listen(3000);

According to all google searches what I found is that I need to pass server variable to initialize socket.io like following.
let io = require('socket.io')(server);

Now the question is that since it needs this variable then how can I use socket.io in my routes files which are in different folder to emit and receive events from client?
UPDATE
in server.js file
let route = require('./routes/route');

let app = express();

let server = app.listen(3000);

console.log('Listening to port');

let io = require('socket.io')(server);

app.use('/api/1.0/events', route(io));

in route.js file
let express = require('express');

module.exports = (io) => {
    console.log('IO: ', io);
};

UPDATE 2
server.js file
let express = require('express');
let events = require('./routes/events');
let app = express();
let server = app.listen(3000);

let io = require('socket.io')(server);

app.use(function(request, response, next) {
    request.io = io;
    next();
});

app.use('/events', events);

events.js file
let express = require('express');

let Events = require('../models/events');

apiRoutes.post('/new', function(request, response) {
    let newEvent = new Events(request.body);

    newEvent.save((error, result) => {
        if (error) {
            response.json(error);
        } else {
            // console.log('ELSE');
            // request.io.on('connect', socket => {
                // console.log('LISTENING TO SOCKET...');

                request.io.on('EventCreated', data => {
                    console.log('DATA ON Server: ', data);
                });
            // });

            response.json({
                success: true,
                message: 'New event created'
            });
        }
    });
});

A: Sharing my Solution that I've used
Another solution for this problem (that I actually used) is that we can make our io (socket.io object) object global.
Simply assign io to the global.io.
The io object is in index.js, after creating and setting up the io object simply do global (i-e global.io = io;), now this io object is accessible in any route that we are working within our project.

A: There are multiple ways to share the io variable with route files.

*

*When you require() in your route file, pass it the io variable as a constructor argument.

*Use app.set("io", io) so you can then use let io = app.get("io") in any file that has access to the app object.

*Create a middleware that puts the io object on every req object so you can access it from there any time.

Here's an example of passing it as a constructor argument to the router file:
let server = app.listen(3000);
let io = require('socket.io')(server);

// load other routers
app.use(require("./someRouterFile.js")(io));

// in someRouterFile.js
const express = require('express');

module.exports = function(io) {
    let router = express.Router()

    // define routes
    // io is available in this scope
    router.get(...)

    return router;
}

Here's an example of the app.set() scheme:
let server = app.listen(3000);
let io = require('socket.io')(server);
app.set("io", io);

Then, anywhere in your routes that you have access to the app object, you can get it with:
let io = app.get("io");

Here's an example of using a middleware to set the io object onto every req object so it's available from all routes.
let server = app.listen(3000);
let io = require('socket.io')(server);

// place this middleware before any other route definitions
// makes io available as req.io in all request handlers
app.use(function(req, res, next) {
    req.io = io;
    next();
});

// then in any express route handler, you can use req.io.emit(...)

Here's an example of using an argument to the module constructor without middleware:
// in mysocket.js
module.exports = (io) => {
    console.log('IO: ', io);
    io.on('connect', socket => {
       // handle various socket connections here
    });

    // put any other code that wants to use the io variable
    // in here

};

Then, in your main file:
let server = app.listen(3000);
let io = require('socket.io')(server);

// initialize my socketio module and pass it the io instance
require('./mysocket.js')(io);

A: In server.js:
module.exports.getIO = function(){
     return io;
}

In your route file:
var theServer = require('<path to server.js>');
var iovar = theServer.getIO(); //your io var

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Can blockchain-technology fight corruption in MNEs' operations in emerging markets?
Matthew Davis, Thomas Taro Lennerfors and Daniel Tolstoy
The purpose of the study is to explore, with anchorage in theories about the normalization of corruption, under what conditions blockchain technology can mitigate…
The purpose of the study is to explore, with anchorage in theories about the normalization of corruption, under what conditions blockchain technology can mitigate corruptive practices of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in emerging markets (EMs).
By synthesizing a technological perspective and theory on corruption, the authors examine the feasibility of blockchain for fighting corruption in MNEs' business operations in EMs.
Blockchain technology is theorized to have varying mitigating effects on the rationalization, socialization and institutionalization of corruption. The authors provide propositions describing the effects and the limitations of blockchain for mitigating corruption in EMs.
This paper offers a perspective for how to tackle acute business problems and social problems pronounced in international business but also prevailing elsewhere.
The study contributes to literature in international management by systematically exploring how and under what conditions blockchain can mitigate the normalization of corruption.
Review of International Business and Strategy, vol. 32 no. 1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-12-2020-0155
Emerging market
Multinational enterprise
Distributed ledger
Supply-chain
The Lean principle respect for people as respect for craftsmanship
Mia Ljungblom and Thomas Taro Lennerfors
The purpose of this paper is to reach a deeper understanding of the Lean principle of respect for people (RFP to facilitate Lean implementation in Western organizations…
The purpose of this paper is to reach a deeper understanding of the Lean principle of respect for people (RFP to facilitate Lean implementation in Western organizations outside Toyota.
This study uses an interpretative, hermeneutic approach to understand the RFP concept through a literature study of existing research about Lean implementation, and an inquiry into the underlying meaning of the RFP principle, by studying sources from Toyota and discussions about the RFP principle in Japan.
RFP is seen as a central principle in Lean implementations, but the failure of RFP is believed to cause Lean implementations to fail. The literature about Lean discusses the RFP principle both as a general positive atmosphere and as focused on developing the work capacity of employees. By studying the sources from Toyota, it could be understood that RFP is based on ought-respect. The authors also find that RFP is related to takumi, a perfected form of craftsmanship. The authors translate the concept to English by tying it to the recent literature about craft to develop RFP as RFC – respect for craftsmanship.
As this is a conceptual paper, it is difficult to translate the findings into a tool for companies and organizations to use. However, that is the point of the paper: that the most important ideas are not translatable into tools.
It is necessary in Lean implementations to connect people's work to craftsmanship. Through a discussion of craftsmanship before Lean implementations, it might be possible to nurture an understanding of the underlying values of Lean.
The authors have not found any papers that propose takumi as the base of the RFP principle, nor as a foundational concept at Toyota. It is necessary to understand the concept of takumi, as perfection in craft, to understand the RFP principle.
International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, vol. 12 no. 6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLSS-06-2020-0085
Respect for people
Ethical aspects of voice assistants: a critical discourse analysis of Indonesian media texts
Anisa Aini Arifin and Thomas Taro Lennerfors
Voice assistant (VA) technology is one of the fastest-growing artificial intelligence applications at present. However, the burgeoning scholarship argues that there are…
Voice assistant (VA) technology is one of the fastest-growing artificial intelligence applications at present. However, the burgeoning scholarship argues that there are ethical challenges relating to this new technology, not the least related to privacy, which affects the technology's acceptance. Given that the media impacts public opinion and acceptance of VA and that there are no studies on media coverage of VA, the study focuses on media coverage. In addition, this study aims to focus on media coverage in Indonesia, a country that has been underrepresented in earlier research.
The authors used critical discourse analysis of media texts, focusing on three levels (text, discourse practice and social practice) to study how VA technology was discussed in the Indonesian context and what power relations frame the representation. In total, 501 articles were collected from seven national media in Indonesia from 2010 to 2020 and the authors particularly focus on the 45 articles that concern ethics.
The ethical topics covered are gender issues, false marketing, ethical wrongdoing, ethically positive effects, misuse, privacy and security. More importantly, when they are discussed, they are presented as constituting no real critical problem. Regarding discursive practices, the media coverage is highly influenced by foreign media and most of the articles are directed to well-educated Indonesians. Finally, regarding social practices, the authors hold that the government ideology of technological advancement is related to this positive portrayal of VAs.
First, to provide the first media discourse study about ethical issues of VAs. Second, to provide insights from a non-Western context, namely, Indonesia, which is underrepresented in the research on ethics of VAs.
Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, vol. 20 no. 1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-12-2020-0118
Corruption: Maximizing, Socializing, Balancing, and Othering
Thomas Taro Lennerfors
In this chapter, four different theorizations of corruption are presented. The first concerns the principal–agent understanding of corruption. The second explains how a…
In this chapter, four different theorizations of corruption are presented. The first concerns the principal–agent understanding of corruption. The second explains how a person is socialized into corruption. The third builds on philosophy and posits that corruption is degeneration from an ideal, presenting a multifaceted view of different goods and their respective corruptions. The fourth is inspired by psychoanalysis and explains why corruption is often externalized and seen as a feature of other people, companies, sectors, and countries. The chapter claims that to understand corruption fully without running into simplistic analyses, one always needs to reflexively consider various perspectives, of which these four are important examples.
The Handbook of Business and Corruption
Sustainable and fast ICT: lessons from dromology
This paper aims to suggest that ethical issues in information and communications technology (ICT) should be researched from a holistic perspective, including environmental…
This paper aims to suggest that ethical issues in information and communications technology (ICT) should be researched from a holistic perspective, including environmental values and other values inherent in ICT. This paper thoroughly discusses the value of speed by drawing on ICT advertisements and theories of speed, primarily Paul Virilio's work.
The methodology consists of a semiotic analysis of ICT-related advertisements primarily from Sweden. These empirical data are combined with a close reading of Paul Virilio's work, and the analysis moves abductively between theory and empirical data.
Speed is promoted in ICT-related advertisements and may be analyzed using concepts of dromology, dromocracy, dromoscopy, the dromosphere, instantaneity and grey ecology.
Most of the data are from the Swedish context.
To create a sustainable society, one must explicitly discuss how speed forms and shapes society.
The paper combines philosophical theories with everyday commercials. It draws on the work of Paul Virilio, whose theories are seldom used in studies of information ethics, and redraws attention to the need for a holistic perspective to understand the values of ICT.
Dromology
Instantaneity
ICT and environmental sustainability in a changing society: The view of ecological World Systems Theory
Thomas Taro Lennerfors, Per Fors and Jolanda van Rooijen
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of information and communication technology (ICT) for promoting environmental sustainability in a changing society…
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of information and communication technology (ICT) for promoting environmental sustainability in a changing society. Isolated studies exist, but few take a holistic view. Derived from a Marxian tradition, the authors propose Ecological World Systems Theory (WST) as a holistic framework to assess the environmental impact of ICT. The theory is adapted responding to theoretical critiques of absence of change, namely state-centrism and structuralism.
Theoretical study. Empirical examples derived from already published literature.
Ecological WST focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental degradation, sees technological development as a zero-sum game rather than cornucopia and holds that technology is often seen as a fetish in today ' s society. The findings are that popular discourses on ICT and sustainability are since the 1990s becoming increasingly cornucopian, while conditions in the ICT value chain are less cornucopian.
Theoretical contributions to Marxian critiques of ICT, with more environmental focus than earlier Marxian critiques, for example Fuchs' work. Develop a theoretical framework for ICT and sustainability which could be compared with works of e.g. Hilty, Patrignani and Whitehouse. The work is mostly based on existing empirical studies, which is a limitation.
This theoretical framework implies that unequal environmental degradation in different parts of the world should be taken into account when assessing environmental impact, for example by means of LCA.
The framework brings together questions of environmental effects of ICT and global justice.
The authors apply a rarely discussed theoretical framework to ICT and environmental sustainability. By doing this the authors suggest how the discourses and the value chain of ICT is intrinsically tied to the world system.
Information Technology & People, vol. 28 no. 4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0219
Green computing/Green IT
Socio-technical theory
Theory building
Guest editorial: International business in times of global disruption
Anna Earl and Elizabeth Rose
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-03-2022-164


text:
A group blog of scholars exploring Indian philosophy
Call for Guest Posts
Hindu Philosophy in the NY Times!
Posted on 4 August 2014 by Andrew Nicholson — 27 Comments ↓
Our colleague Jonardon Ganeri has an interview with Gary Gutting on the Old Gray Lady's website. Does this mean that Indian philosophy has gone mainstream?
A link is here: http://nyti.ms/1okPBHC
This entry was posted in Announcements, Deities, Life After Death, Mīmāṃsā, Nyāya/Vaiśeṣika, Relations among Traditions, Self by Andrew Nicholson. Bookmark the permalink.
About Andrew Nicholson
I am an Associate Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and the author of two books, Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Intellectual History and Lord Śiva's Song: The Īśvara Gītā.
View all posts by Andrew Nicholson →
27 thoughts on "Hindu Philosophy in the NY Times!"
Ram-Prasad on 4 August 2014 at 2:45 pm said:
This is indeed good.
In the UK, as far as the 'mainstream' goes, the most widely listened to intellectual programme, BBC Radio 4's In Our Time, with Lord Melvyn Bragg, now has regular coverage of Hindu philosophy and thought – the Upanisads, the Gita, The Kama Sutra, Hindu theories of creation.
E.g., http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zt235
Matthew Dasti on 4 August 2014 at 2:58 pm said:
I never know what to make of these things in terms of signifying mainstream acceptance. . .
I did notice that the Gutting's questions are mainly about religion, which isn't even JG's specialty (though he is good on anything). It's an unfortunate outcome if this sort of approach helps to perpetuate the presumption that Indian philosophy must be understood in religious categories. I would have enjoyed seeing how he could share some insights of his findings in books like *The Concealed Art of the Soul* or *The Lost Age of Reason* to a mass audience. Still, those gripes aside, any occasion to let someone as talented as Ganeri speak for our discipline to a mass audience is a great thing.
Amod Lele on 4 August 2014 at 3:56 pm said:
I appreciate his clarity in getting these concepts across. On balance, I think the interview's focus on applied, practical and normative topics (including the ethical and political as well as "the divine") is very helpful. I would be worried that someone like Ganeri, who's very much in the Matilal school of Indian philosophy, would fall into the trap of treating Indian philosophy as so technical and scholastic that there's nothing ordinary people can really learn from it. He absolutely does not do that here, which is fantastic.
I am particularly fond of this beautiful passage: "Knowledge can liberate because epistemic error is the primary source of anguish, and knowledge is an antidote to error. I might err, for example, if I believe that I only need to satisfy my current desires in order to be happy. The antidote is the knowledge that the satisfaction of one desire serves only to generate another." If there's anything I've really learned from Indian philosophy, it's this very piece of knowledge. I got it from reading Buddhist texts in Thailand in my early twenties, and I love the way he then brings in Vatsyāyana to theorize that process.
That was a great passage.
andrew ollett on 4 August 2014 at 9:00 pm said:
GG also had Jay Garfield in this series: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/what-does-buddhism-require/
NB that this is a series on religion and philosophy.
Christian Coseru on 5 August 2014 at 4:57 am said:
It is rather unfortunate that the take home message from these two interviews (with Jay Garfield and Jonardon Ganeri) is that talk of philosophy in the South Asian context is really just talk of Buddhism and Hinduism (as the comments section makes amply obvious). We would have been much better served if Garfield and Ganeri were allowed to write their own opinion pieces along the lines of what Justin Smith did for the Stone a couple of years ago:
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/philosophys-western-bias/
There was also this long discussion at the New APPs prompted by a call from Chalmers to make philosophy a little less provincial:
http://www.newappsblog.com/2012/06/can-we-make-philosophy-a-little-less-provincial.html
I guess I'm in the Matilal camp on this one: keep talk of Indian philosophy firmly within the bounds of reason and rational inquiry and leave religious concerns to the religious studies folks.
Amod Lele on 5 August 2014 at 12:09 pm said:
I remain boggled that anyone can try to take this approach. Far as I can tell, if you remove anything that can be described as "religious concerns" from Indian philosophy, there's nothing of importance left. Sure, there are some technical debates on epistemology, but first you do interpretive violence to them, and second, it's hard to see why anyone would care.
Though there are moments when I'm tempted to argue the same about Western philosophy. Once people get hostile to "religion", hostility to philosophy is usually not far behind.
IMHO, one could easily split the middle between these approaches. One can do justice to the religious motivations/concerns of the original thinkers by calling attention to it, but if it is not one's research concern, then make it clear that one's own research is devoted to this or that philosophical/cognitive dialectic or account, leaving the more "religious" concerns to others. We all have to perform the delicate dance of interpretation, reconstruction, creative extrapolation, and original contribution when working on the Indian thinkers.
For example, its hard to understand the motivation for Mimamsa notions of authoress testimony without paying attention to its religious role. But if one isn't interested in the religious issues, but rather in the purely philosophical ones, she can briefly call attention to its religious origins, then move on. We can study the parable of the cave without a deep exploration of Greek mystery religions, though it does help to minimally call attention to them for context. This is to agree with the spirit of Christian's point.
At the same time, I do find it hard to draw strict lines between the religious and the philosophical, and I do worry when people try to do it too strictly. Anyone who reads Ramanjua's intro to the Sri-bhashya, which is a remarkably tight attack on Advaita-vedanta can see the rich and profound philosophical work being done, albeit in a deeply religious context. To dismiss this all as "religious" would be to lose much that is philosophically important. (Incidentally, JG's own brother Martin is an expert on Ramanuja.) This is to agree with the spirit of Amod's point.
As an aside, and thinking about Ramanuja, it seems to me that JG tended to downplay the rich parallels between Vedantic theism and Christian theism, perhaps because he was being asked to look at differences.
Finally, thanks for that great notice from Chalmers, Christian. I hadn't seen it, and it is gratifying to see.
I'm not sure the "Greek mystery religions" comparison is apt. There is much that gets called "religion" within the more mainstream concerns of the major Greek thinkers, without having to look back to that background; once again, we get befuddled by the term "religion". Aristotle was a metaphysical thinker who started a community of practitioners. If he'd been Indian, we might as a result now be calling the Peripatetics "a religion", and therefore trying to exclude them (and even him!) from philosophical discussions.
IMO, separating philosophy from "religion" is indeed difficult, and is so because the latter term is usually so meaningless. I would rather dispense with it.
Regarding Mīmāṃsā, it's always seemed to me that the key takeaway is the role of śabda and authority in knowledge. People like Dasgupta ignored that takeaway because they thought it had to do with "religious" presuppositions we don't share. We now realize that it's important with respect to any tradition, including even natural science itself (as I've argued at http://loveofallwisdom.com/blog/2009/12/following-science-as-a-layperson/ ). And I think we are blinded to that continuity when we wall off "religious" from "non-religious" forms of tradition.
No one disagrees that there is great philosophical argumentation in Ramanuja or Śrī Harṣa any more than people debate whether Anselm's Proslogium and Aquinas' Summa have any philosophical merit (or else we would not have these different waves of Neo-Thomism and Neo-Vedanta). But that's argumentation in the service of defending various doctrinal positions–perfectly fine if one seeks to justify a set of religiously-held beliefs, but less so if the goal is an open-ended process of asking questions and pursuing knowledge.
And, yes, historians of religion are still debating whatever it is that their discipline is about given the many meanings and phenomena subsumed under 'religion,' but that is precisely my point: let them have those conversations while we pursue ours.
I, for one, am just as baffled by this notion that the the best and perhaps only way to do Indian philosophy is to do exegesis of antique positions in that bhāṣya, vṛtti, vārttika, and ṭīkā vein. Or, worse, use the same antiquated vocabulary and stylistic devices of the original thinkers with more than just a hint of nostalgia for the good old ways before the (ill-fated) advent of modernity.
We're not doing Indian philosophy to promote Hinduism (or Buddhism) but to pursue knowledge and understanding. Or are we? Last time I checked Jay Garfield is not Bob Thurman, and Jonardon Ganeri is not T. M. P. Mahadevan.
Christian, I had a look at the Justin Smith and Chalmers pieces you mention, and they brought a further issue to my mind.
I can't agree that we would have been better served by pieces like theirs, not at all. Smith and Chalmers merely make the claim that philosophy as a field should have contributions from nonwestern philosophy. What they don't do, is say what those contributions would actually be. Garfield and Ganeri actually do that, and they do it well. I think the questions Gutting asks – questions of relevance to any Westerners who are not hardcore Dawkinsian atheists – are an excellent starting point for their doing so.
(I should add that they are both fine pieces in their own right, and I agree with their results. I just don't think they get us nearly as far as the Ganeri and Garfield interviews do.)
Tusar Nath Mohapatra on 5 August 2014 at 7:58 am said:
Ganeri may be a granary of knowledge but he errs on giving an academic, artificial, or abstract representation of being a Hindu. What he enumerates are regrettably absent in the ground level practices and their justifications. I may be frowned upon again, but Sri Aurobindo is the only authority as a philosopher to bust the myths of Hinduism and disagree with the so called six Darshanas. He differs with the tradition and sides with Evolution; transcending the past categories is a must to partake of his vision. [TNM55]
Patrick S. O'Donnell on 6 August 2014 at 4:01 pm said:
At the risk of sounding dogmatic, and while there are of course analytical and practical distinctions and differences to be made, there simply are no hard and fast boundaries between religion and philosophy in the East or West, in particular when both domains pursue questions on or related to the art of living, (existential) meaning, and personal identity, for example, or are concerned (as in practical or 'therapeutic' philosophy) with what are termed "spiritual exercises," or virtue (or care) ethics. Recent developments in "virtue" or regulative epistemology also soften these boundaries. There are of course technical questions and topics in professional philosophy that may have nothing whatsoever to do with religious worldviews, as well as some methodological differences related to disciplinary training. Philosophical arguments in professional philosophy are often at bottom based on metaphysical presuppositions and assumptions and thus at times serve identical or analogous functions to religious modes of "justification" (although that may be implicit or difficult to discern). As Nicholas Rescher has said, "philosophy cannot provide a rational explanation for everything, rationalizing all of its claims 'all the way down.' Sooner or later the process of rationalization and explanation must—to all appearances—come to a halt in the acceptance of unexplained explainers." [a reliance on unavoidable presuppositions]. The inferential, "discursive" or the demonstrative mode of argumentation is found in religious worldviews as well as philosophy, although it's central to the latter in an important manner in which it is not to the former. And the "rhetorical" or evocative mode of philosophizing, that is, that kind of philosophy which "bristles with adjectives of approbation or derogation—'evident,' 'sensible,' 'untenable,' 'absurd,' 'inappropriate,' 'unscientific,' and comparable adverbs like 'evidently,' 'obviously,' 'foolishly,' etc.," is not much different from that found in religious worldviews (although the specific adjectives and literary modes may differ), at least insofar as both fields can be seen making "appeal[s] to values and appraisals—and above all by fittingness and consonance with an overall scheme of things."
It can and does so occasionally happen in philosophy that questions and topics pursued in an open-ended process aimed at knowledge and truth end up (as an indirect or unintended side-effect) altering a person's value orientations, enhance their self-knowledge and self-awareness, even, in some sense, "convert" them to a particular worldview (be it conventionally philosophical or religious). In such cases philosophy and religion are not that far apart. So, doing Indian philosophy may, inadvertently, lead one to becoming, say, a Buddhist, just as a professional philosopher specializing in Chinese worldviews may become, say, a neo-Confucian. Of course that is not the (professional) reason for taking up the disciplinary practice of philosophy. But the fact that such things are possible is further evidence that philosophy and religion have permeable if not overlapping boundaries (and not always for the wrong reasons).
I addressed some of these topics in a cursory fashion here: http://www.religiousleftlaw.com/2012/06/the-therapeutic-model-of-philosophy-philosophy-as-applied-philosophy.html
The thread got too long above, so I'm replying to Christian here:
Once one has arrived at a position, presumably one wishes to defend it, whatever position that is. If one does believe that a Buddhist position is the truest one, then one would be intellectually dishonest to pretend otherwise; to acknowledge one's belief in such a case is surely not to relinquish one's title as philosopher. It is pretty clear to me that Daniel Dennett and John Rawls have clearly staked out doctrinal positions that they wish to defend. Are we therefore not to call them philosophers?
And, "let them [religionists] have their conversations" about the definition of religion? I'd be happy to. I try my hardest to avoid bringing the R-word into any conversation when I can help it. I was not the one who brought it up here. But the moment one says "leave religious concerns to the religious studies folks", one is already required to take a position on the definition of religion whether one wants to or not. Because one cannot exclude something from a conversation if one doesn't know what it is. If we do not want to enter the interminable discussion about what "religious concerns" might be, we cannot then use "religious concerns" as a term that limits the scope of our inquiry.
As for "to do exegesis of antique positions in that bhāṣya, vṛtti, vārttika, and ṭīkā vein. Or, worse, use the same antiquated vocabulary and stylistic devices of the original thinkers with more than just a hint of nostalgia for the good old ways before the (ill-fated) advent of modernity." … who said anything about any of this? Is that what you think Ganeri is doing in the Times article?
Patrick S. O'Donnell on 7 August 2014 at 12:06 pm said:
Perhaps I should mention that I too was replying to Christian.
DS on 7 August 2014 at 5:34 pm said:
I hope this is not inappropriate for this blog post: (it's something I have been meaning to ask here but hadn't found an occasion before) can someone point me to the relevant literature on the history of the term 'sanatana dharma'? A quick google ngram shows no incidence before the 1850s.
Andrew Nicholson on 7 August 2014 at 6:05 pm said:
This is an interesting and complicated issue. It is used dozens of times in the Mahābhārata, for instance, but, of course, it does not mean there what it means for 19th and 20th century religious reformers in India. "dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ" also appears at Laws of Manu 4.138 and 9.64.
Robert Goldman has written about the meaning of the term in the Mbh:
Goldman, Robert P. 1997. "Eṣa dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ: Shifting moral values and the Indian epics." Edited by P. Bilimoria and J. N. Mohanty, Relativism, suffering and beyond: Essays in memory of Bimal K. Matilal. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
On the modern usage of the term, couple of references to get you started:
"Sanatana Dharma as the Twentieth Century Began: Two Textbooks, Two Worlds," in Ishita Banerjee-Dube and Saurabh Dube, eds., Ancient to Modern: Religion, Power, and Community in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 312-336.
Sharpe, Eric J. 1985. The Universal Gita. LaSalle: Open Court. [on sanatana dharma, see pp. 79-102]
elisa freschi on 7 August 2014 at 6:22 pm said:
Sorry for coming out of the blue, but I am just back from a long internet-vacation. The comments seem to me to resemble the ones we dedicated to the (alleged) theology-philosophy distinction in the occasion of Jonathan Edelmann's post here: http://indianphilosophyblog.org/2014/03/07/philosophy-and-theology-lets-be-clearer/
I agree – I was noticing that parallel too.
I wondered if you were on some kind of break. Nice to see you around. Hope all is well, Elisa.
Ethan Mills on 11 August 2014 at 5:01 am said:
It would be anachronistic to apply the contemporary disciplinary boundaries between philosophy and religious studies in a classical Indian context (assuming we know what those boundaries are), but I do want to impress upon my colleagues in philosophy that classical Indian philosophy really is philosophy, as opposed to "mere" religion or mysticism. Perhaps one way to do this would be to borrow Pierre Hadot's idea of Hellenistic philosophy as a way of life. It would be silly, for instance, to deny that the ancient Stoics thought deeply about issues in metaphysics and epistemology, but it would also be silly to deny that they thought there was some connection between doing so and living a better, happier life. It would also be silly to say that being a Stoic is like being a Baptist in contemporary America. Hadot's idea is more apt to the classical Indian context than applying post-Enlightenment Western conceptions of religion and the opposition of faith and reason; it would also be much better public relations for those of us trying to make the field respectable in a discipline ambivalent about or hostile to "religion." I also think the study of Indian philosophy can get us (i.e., modern, Western types) to challenge our ideas of "religion" and the received wisdom that Indian philosophy falls under this category: consider Buddhist and Mīmāṃsā arguments for atheism, Vaiśeṣika naturalism, Cārvāka materialism, etc.
Tusar Nath Mohapatra on 11 August 2014 at 6:24 am said:
Does the Veda fall under ancient Indian Philosophy? Since it's considered older than the Vedanta and source of many other texts, locating its exact position between religion and philosophy should be a priority. [TNM55]
Christian Coseru on 11 August 2014 at 5:53 am said:
I am responding below to both Patrick and Amod below (after a brief absence).
Patrick: I doubt most philosophers would agree with your statement that "there simply are no hard and fast boundaries between religion and philosophy in the East or West." In fact, most theologians and religious studies scholars would probably not agree either. Now, of course, you may argue that they are all wrong, or that philosophy's turn away from religion since, say, Descartes, has been a terrible thing, but the burden would be on you to argue why that might be the case.
Historical and social circumstances have at one time or another brought these two theoretical endeavors closer (growth of mystery religions in the Hellenistic world, spread of Christianity and other Oriental cults in the Roman Empire, the Reformation, counter-Reformation, new forms of religiosity in America, etc.), but for the most part philosophy in the West is a dialectical enterprise concerned with argument. In India, likewise, philosophy grows out of those early attempts to codify the patterns (and rules) of debate (vāda) in works such as the Kathāvatthu, and the sources of knowledge (pramāṇa) by the Naiyāyikas, the Buddhists, and others. There too the religious element is present, primarily in orthodox circles strongly affiliated with various forms of Shaivism and Vaishnavism, but that is not where the 'philosophical action', so to speak, actually is.
As for the notion that entertaining the plausibility of a particular conception of truth, value or the real counts as a "conversion" (in the religious sense of the term), that is just plain wrong in this post-Wittgenstein world of ours. Unless, of course, you mean it metaphorically. Something similar could be said about doing philosophy in India after Dignāga, or closer to our time, doing 'Indian philosophy' after Matilal.
Amod: How one arrives at a position is a complicated matter, and yes, as philosophers we try as best to defend our views and/or argue for their plausibility. I just don't think the same is the case with matters of religious concern given how much one has to take for granted or be committed to before one can reason it through, so to speak. Furthermore, it seems to me that the conception of what counts as philosophical inquiry has become, at least in the past century, more narrow and focused. At the same time, the the conception of what counts as religion has gone in the opposite direction, to the point that just about every kind of activity is being subsumed under it. No doubt, for the latter, this is just the result of attempts to resist the encroachment of the secular worldview.
Amod Lele on 11 August 2014 at 1:23 pm said:
Thank you for this, Christian; I think it helps move the discussion further ahead.
It seems to me that what one "has to take for granted or be committed to" is a whole worldview. There is indeed a wide range of taken-for-granted assumptions that separates us from classical Indian thinkers, but I think that that separates us from all Indian thinkers. There is a great deal of hermeneutical distance between us and, say, Praśastapāda; I don't see an a priori case why our distance from Śaṅkara or Rāmānuja is any greater. Indeed, given the way in which a number of twentieth-century Westerners have embraced Śaṅkara but few if any have embraced Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika ideas, I might argue our distance from Praśastapāda is further. (We should not assume that our Western "us" is "secular" either; Francis X. Clooney is one of the best scholars of Indian philosophy I know, and it's clear that he sees less distance between himself and Rāmānuja than he does from many other Indian thinkers.) What is important is that Śaṅkara and Rāmānuja argue for their positions – down to the root – in a way that, say, the author of the Kāma Sūtra does not. Even though his lifestyle likely looks closer to ours than Śaṅkara's does, Śaṅkara has a much greater claim to being called philosopher. (I don't think one can reasonably claim that Śaṅkara and Rāmānuja are not engaged in "a dialectical enterprise concerned with argument.")
It is true that "the conception of what counts as philosophical inquiry has become, at least in the past century, more narrow and focused" – but there are at least two problems with this. First, it has generally become more narrow and focused by excluding the sciences (and for that matter the social sciences), which not long ago had been regarded as within its purview. Many philosophy professors would like nothing better than to see "religion" excluded from philosophy as well, but somehow those annoying cheeky Plantingas and Alstons manage to keep throwing up arguments that meet their criteria for precision and rigour. And second, that narrowing of focus has been primarily observable among analytic departments, which are, not coincidentally, typically the most hostile to non-Western philosophy in general. They usually feel themselves entitled to ignore most of the history of Western philosophy; why would the history of anything else be relevant?
I will add again that if you are going to continue to separate "matters of religious concern" from something else (what exactly?), you are going to need to define it. (Likewise if you are going to speak of "conversion in the religious sense" to assert, citing the śabda of Wittgenstein, that whatever happens when one's philosophical worldview changes is not that.) You are right that "just about every kind of activity is being subsumed under" the category of "religion", which to my mind is a key reason why we should be entirely done with it. I wouldn't even agree that "philosophy has turned away from religion since Descartes" (as you say to Patrick), since the category of "religion", as it is currently used, postdates Descartes. (See Wilfred Cantwell Smith and Timothy Fitzgerald. Yes, they're religionists, and yes, if you're going to keep talking about excluding "religion" you can't avoid talking about people like them.)
Patrick S. O'Donnell on 11 August 2014 at 2:43 pm said:
Re: As for the notion that entertaining the plausibility of a particular conception of truth, value or the real counts as a "conversion" (in the religious sense of the term), that is just plain wrong in this post-Wittgenstein world of ours.
Please re-read–with care this time–what I said and you should discover that I made no such claim.
My problems with contemporary philosophy (such as they are, and probably of little or no interest to anyone) do not revolve around a "turn away from religion since…Descartes," a turn that, in any case, has been exaggerated: see, for example, in S.A. Lloyd's two books on Hobbes' moral and political philosophy and Jeremy Waldon's book, God, Locke and Equality (2002). I share rather, and in the main, Stephen Toulmin's diagnosis in Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990).
My link and several statements in the comment are the beginnings of (or gestures toward, hints of) possible arguments, none of which I am willing to make in a comment thread (I gave examples of topics in which this made plain).
To say there are no "hard and fast boundaries" between religion and philosophy does not entail there are no boundaries, which the tone if not substance of your reply insinuates. Nor does it mean I believe we should eliminate same. Philosophy of religion is practiced in both Philosophy and Religious Studies departments. I have a library chock full of books that are testament to the fact that these boundaries are porous and not "hard and fast." I confess that my views are shaped by those who taught me: people of philosophical background and training who studied religions (Ninian Smart and Herbert Fingarette, for instance), as well as philosophers who illustrate the proposition at hand in their work: Joel Kupperman, Jonardon Ganeri, John Cottingham, Michael McGhee, John Haldane, Roger Scruton, as well as several individuals mentioned in the thread above.
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Q: Flutter Background behind an Element when you press/press hold something like a button I do not know how it is called but I want to remove what you see on the picture (the darker grey part). I want that the grey square outline disappears when I click on something.
https://i.stack.imgur.com/1iJUP.jpg
https://i.stack.imgur.com/hj0ny.gif

A: Given that you state the widget seen in the image is a BottomNavigationBar, you can set the background color via the backgroundColor attribute.
You can set this attribute to the desirer color or a transparency (which would reveal the underlying scaffold color instead)
However, if the widget in question turns out to be a shifting background navigation bar the background color of the inner item's will overwite that. In which case you would instead need to set the background color of the specific item.
Source : https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/BottomNavigationBar/backgroundColor.html

A: In general..it is the splash color..
For ex: if we consider RaisedButton
you can do something like this..
RaisedButton(
 spashColor: Colors.green, //your desired color
 child: Text("hello"),
)

You can do the same for FlatButton also..
If you don't want any color..then you can set it to "Colors.transparent"