text:
Fracking 101
Gasland Debunked
App. Basin
*UPDATE* New Ingraffea Report: Same Old Tactics
BY Katie Brown, PhD Jul. 10, 2014 11
UPDATE (7/10/2014; 3:15pm ET): A geologist in the industry with more than 30 years of experience working in Pennsylvania (on which Prof. Ingraffea based his study) contacted EID and contributed more insights on this latest flawed report (he has requested anonymity).
In an email to EID, he addressed Ingraffea's bizarre contention that the incidence of well integrity issues is greater for unconventional wells, particularly in Northeastern Pennsylvania, than for conventional wells. Ingraffea makes this conclusion, not based on new data, but solely from Notice of Violation (NOV) reports from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP).
This geologist explains that Ingraffea's conclusions are not valid for several reasons, specifically:
"The vast majority of conventional wells did not have a large cellar like we use to drill shale wells. Most of the DEP's detections of gas presence in the annular space between well casings were based on observations of bubbling in water-filled cellars. On conventional wells, where there were no subsurface cellars, these observations were not possible."
"There was a period in 2010 and 2011 that the DEP North Central region was writing Notice of Violations (NOVs) for every well where a bubble was observed from an annular space. This practice was not employed in the Southwest region (which explains the much lower rate for non-Northeast counties). This resulted in a large number of NOVs over a relatively short timeframe that indicated defective casing or cement."
He further explains: "There can be no question that the degree of planning, design and execution employed to set and cement well casings in unconventional wells is orders of magnitude higher than it was for typical conventional wells in the past." It is for all these reasons that "a comparison of inspection reports from conventional wells and unconventional wells is inappropriate."
As for Ingraffea's contention that older wells have more leakage problems, the data actually show that "the age of the well has little or no bearing on whether annular spaces leak. In fact, leakage should diminish with well age, as source zones deplete. There is clearly no evidence from the PA data set review by Ingraffea to support that the risk of leakage increases with well age." (emphasis added)
To evaluate the impact of air emissions, he uses calculations based on PA DEP data, which are explained below:
"This data set suggests average flow from all annuli, if vented, of about 330 scf/d per well. If I apply that average to the 4,321 shale wells producing at year-end 2013, that is 1.425 mmcf/d, or 520 mmcf for the year. Converting that to CO2-equivalents, that's 0.21 million metric tons of CO2-eq. (using conversion of CH4 x 21 = CO2-eq). Looking at EPA's 2012 national GHG inventory, CH4 emissions for the total US E&P sector were 55.5 million metric tons of CO2-eq. PA's annular venting represented 0.21 million MT of this, or about 0.38% of US E&P total, even though PA's shale production was nearly 13% of US total."
Thus, the annular venting from Pennsylvania shale wells "is pretty insignificant in the context of GHG emissions."
Finally, according to this particular geologist, the linkage of pressure build-up (i.e. SCP) to well integrity failure is simply not accurate (EID has covered this before, too):
"A very high pressure could indicate a deep source of gas and a possible well integrity problem; this is extremely rare. A fair percentage of shale wells have some very small flow of gas in one or more annular spaces. This is not an indication of well failure, but rather an indication of very tiny flow paths within the cement that permit very small volumes of gas to escape, usually from fairly shallow sources. Naturally occurring methane in shallow groundwater is widespread in PA, and its presence is sometimes misinterpreted as something caused by nearby gas well drilling. I believe the DEP will confirm that of the several dozen stray gas investigations they have conducted related to shale gas wells, they have not found evidence where gas from great depth (i.e., Marcellus gas) has been found in shallow fresh groundwater zones." (emphasis added)
—Original post, July 1, 2014—
When it comes to shale and hydraulic fracturing, Cornell professor Anthony Ingraffea may have as much credibility these days as a Kardashian wedding vow, his previous work having been repeatedly discredited by peers and colleagues alike. But give the man credit for one thing: he's damn persistent.
Earlier this week, Ingraffea was back at it again with a new report, this one making the head-scratching claim that shale wells in Pennsylvania leak at higher rates than conventional ones. We guess that would be troubling, if it were actually true. But spend a little time looking through the actual report, and what comes through is classic Ingraffea: deftly combining creative data collection methods with specious presentation of findings, bending the science and exaggerating the certainty and severity of his conclusions all with an eye on scoring a good headline.
Of course, Ingraffea isn't exactly the most disinterested observer out there. In addition to playing a starring role in Gasland, he also heads up an outfit called Physicians Scientists & Engineers for Healthy Energy, an organization funded (and essentially created) by the anti-development Park Foundation whose sole mission is to attack shale development. Ingraffea's research is also the foundation for the claims of activists like Yoko Ono, Josh Fox and Mark Ruffalo – Ingraffea feeds them the content (after sufficiently dumbing-it-down, of course), and these leading lights deliver it to the masses. For his trouble, they even let him hang out with them sometimes.
Against that backdrop, here are six key facts to know about Ingraffea's latest report.
Fact #1: Has nothing to say about actual well leakage rates
Just as a bit of background, Ingraffea essentially manufactured his own suite of activist talking points several years back by claiming that "half of all shale wells leak" based on so-called "industry documents" in a now infamous paper appearing in the 2003 edition of Oilfield Review. Only, there were two major problems with his argument: 1) the Oilfield Review paper was looking at offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico, not onshore shale wells, and 2) it was focused specifically on instances of sustained casing pressure (SCP) being detected in a wellbore, which is not the same thing as well failure or an actual leak. In other words, Ingraffea's entire basis for claiming "half of all shale wells leak" was founded on data that refer neither to shale wells nor to actual leaks!
Sustained casing pressure is the buildup of pressure in a well. In some cases, that pressure can lead to cracks or leaks within one of the barriers. Now, if wells only had a single casing string installed, then yes, SCP would be a serious problem. But in Pennsylvania, producers are required to incorporate no fewer than four casing strings into their well design and construction. And in Northeast Pennsylvania, a typical shale well will have up to seven separate barriers so that, if one is ever compromised, there are six layers of cement and steel in place to block any potential pathways of exposure. For a well to actually leak, then, every one of those layers of cement and steel would have to crack and fail – and such instances are exceedingly rare.
On that point, a spokesman for the British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission, Hardy Friederich, recently explained to the Vancouver Sun that while 10 percent of wells in B.C. have been found to have pressure or experienced some kind of leakage between the barriers inside the well, "This gas does not migrate to soil or water — it is trapped within the surface casing protection layer. From there it has to be vented to ensure it is safely disposed."
Petroleum engineer George E. King explained it well in an International Society of Petroleum Engineers presentation when he said, "[A]ctual well integrity failures are very rare. Well integrity failure is where all barriers fail and a leak is possible. True well integrity failure rates are two to three orders of magnitude lower than single barrier failure rates."
The distinction between SCP and actual well integrity failure and leakage is crucial if you're trying to assess actual risk. But just like Ingraffea's previous research, his latest paper also conflates SCP with actual leakage, in an effort to convince folks that the mere existence of the former is evidence of the latter. For instance the report gives quite an inclusive definition of a "leaking well." As it states,
"A leaking well, in this context, is one in which zonal isolation along the wellbore is compromised due to a structural integrity failure of one or more of the cement and/or casing barriers." (p. 1).
Again even if one barrier fails it does not mean that the entire well has failed and is leaking into the soil or water. To his credit, even Ingraffea admits (albeit in the "Methods" section in the back of the paper) that:
"We note that not all violations will result in groundwater contamination events" (p. 6)
Fact #2: Uses scribbled-in-the-margin notes and unfounded assumptions to increase "hit rate" for well integrity issues
The Ingraffea report comes to this conclusion:
"Pennsylvania state inspection records show compromised cement and or casing integrity in 0.7 – 9.1% of the active oil and gas wells drilled since 2000, with a 1.6 – to 2.7 – fold higher risk in unconventional wells spudded since 2009 relative to conventional well types. Hazard modeling suggests that the cumulative loss of structural integrity in wells across the state may actually be slightly higher than this, and upward of 12% for unconventional wells drilled since January 2009" (p. 4).
First of all, this passage is inclusive of SCP or any kind of leakage between barriers within the well. Therefore, it tells us nothing about whether the well is actually leaking out into the environment, which is the important point.
Second, Ingraffea resorts to creative measures to inflate these percentages (which don't tell us anything about actual leakages), at times interpreting scribbled-in-the margin notes on inspection reports to his own liking. For instance, his entire argument that leakage instances are higher than we think they are is based on "findings" like this:
"[V]iolation codes are sometimes entered incorrectly as non-cementing/casing issues and later corrected in violation comments." (p. 2)
"[W]ells drillied during boom periods may be more susceptible to loss of zonal isolation because operators might cut corners in an attempt to increase the number of wells drilled over a short period of time." (p. 2)
"This suggests that the majority of these active, older wells are no longer being inspected." (p. 4)
In other words, Ingraffea is going way beyond the data in Pennsylvania's Notice of Violation (NOV) database and is apparently applying his own interpretations and assumptions to boost his "hit rate" for wells with casing or cement integrity issues.
Fact #3: Pennsylvania's regulations have been praised by the Obama administration
Contrary to Ingraffea's insinuation that Pennsylvania DEP is lax on regulations, in reality, the agency has some of the most rigorous requirements for testing the mechanical integrity of wells – and its work has received high praise from the Obama administration.
Here's a passage from the State Review of Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Regulations (STRONGER) (which was formed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the and the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC)):
"DEP is commended for its hydraulic fracturing program. Standards for well casing and cementing require that the operator conduct those activities to control the well at all times, prevent migration of gas or other fluids into sources of fresh groundwater; and prevent pollution of fresh groundwater. In February of 2011, DEP amended its regulations regarding well design and construction requirements to provide enhanced casing and cementing standards for new well construction. The requirements include standards for casing and cementing to meet anticipated pressures and protect resources and the environment. These standards address internal pressure rating, pressure testing of casing, centralization, and certification of joint welders. The program requires that cement used in the surface casing meet certain compressive strength and free water specifications and isolate the wellbore from fresh groundwater; contain pressures from drilling, completion, and production; protect the casing from the geochemical effects of the subsurface; and prevent gas flow in the annulus." (emphasis added, pp. 10-11)
Fact #4: Uses debunked Dimock story as a primary example of well integrity failure
The conclusion of the Ingraffea report states,
"The NE region of Pennsylvania, in particular, has experienced several widely publicized methane migration cases related to loss of structural integrity of wells, including Dimock, Susquehanna County." (p. 5)
It's amazing that activists are still bringing up Dimock, as the claim that hydraulic fracturing had anything to do with water contamination has been thoroughly debunked by academics, independent experts, and government alike.
Here are the facts: In 2011, in response to allegations of groundwater impacts in Dimock, Pa., DEP investigated whether oil and gas activity was responsible. DEP ultimately issued a consent decree with the operator to address concerns, and the agency determined in November 2011 that the operator had fulfilled its obligations under that order. EPA agreed in late 2011 that the well water posed no immediate health threats. Gasland director Josh Fox then sent a petition to then-EPA administrator Lisa Jackson asking EPA to launch an investigation. With no new data – only that petition – EPA reversed course and began an investigation. EPA eventually released four sets of sampling data, and ultimately concluded in July 2012 that its earlier assessment was indeed correct, and there were no threat that required further action. According to EPA Regional Administrator Shawn M. Garvin,
"The sampling and an evaluation of the particular circumstances at each home did not indicate levels of contaminants that would give EPA reason to take further action. Throughout EPA's work in Dimock, the Agency has used the best available scientific data to provide clarity to Dimock residents and address their concerns about the safety of their drinking water."
Fact #5: Continues to get the data wrong on methane emissions
Remember Ingraffea was the one who famously said that hydraulic fracturing was a "gangplank to more warming," claiming that methane emissions from natural gas development were so high that they cancel out the climate benefits of natural gas. While his latest report spends considerably less time discussing air emissions, it does allude to his long-standing claims. From the report:
"Casing and cement impairment in oil and gas wells can lead to methane migration into the atmosphere…" (p. 1)
Reporters have again latched on to Ingraffea's climate claims in light of his new report. But as EID has noted before, Ingraffea's research on this topic has been pretty thoroughly discredited – most notably by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world's more prominent group of climate scientists. From the IPCC's latest assessment:
"While some studies estimate that around 5% of the produced gas escapes in the supply chain, other analyses estimate emissions as low as 1% (Stephenson et al., 2011; Howarth et al.,2011; Cathles et al., 2012). Central emission estimates of recent analyses are 2%─3% (+/‐1%) of the gas produced, where the emissions from conventional and unconventional gas are comparable." (p. 19; emphasis added)
The Howarth study that the IPCC mentions (and then discredits) was done in conjunction with Ingraffea. That's not all – the IPCC continues, explaining, "[t]aking into account revised estimates for fugitive emissions, recent lifecycle assessment indicate that specific GHG emission are reduced by one half" as more power plants are powered by natural gas. In other words, IPCC basically destroys Ingraffea's claim that methane emissions cancel out the environmental benefits of natural gas.
Further, numerous studies have found Ingraffea's claims to be without merit. The University of Texas/Environmental Defense Fund completed a study, which found methane leakage rates around 1.5 percent, which is far below the threshold for natural gas to maintain clear environmental benefits. EPA's latest Greenhouse Gas Inventory found that methane emissions have declined significantly, falling 16.9 percent since 1990, with field production emissions falling more than 40 percent since 2006. From 2011 to 2012 (the most recent year for which data were available), methane emissions from natural gas systems declined by 12 percent.
That's not all: reports by the U.S. Department of Energy, MIT, the University of Maryland have either disputed Ingraffea's claims or released studies showing low methane leakage rates. Yet, Ingraffea persists.
Fact #6: Actual well failure rates are exceedingly low
So if activists like Ingraffea are conflating SCP with actual leakage – and providing misleading numbers to boot – what are the actual leakage rates on their own?
The Associated Press recently completed an investigation of water contamination and well integrity in four of the most prolific oil and gas states. It found no confirmed cases of water contamination in Texas; in Ohio there were only six cases; in West Virginia there were four. Finally, based on Pa. DEP data, the AP found a well failure rate of only about one-third of one percent (0.33 percent) of all the oil and natural gas wells drilled in Pennsylvania since 2005.
That research follows a 2011 study by the Ground Water Protection Council which looked at more than 34,000 wells in Ohio from 1983 to 2007 and more than 187,000 wells in Texas between 1993 and 2008. The GWPC found a well failure rate of 0.03 percent in Ohio and only about 0.01 percent in Texas. That was well before many of the new casing regulations across the U.S. and Canada were implemented – Texas, for example, adopted tough new standards last year.
Most recently, researchers at Cape Brenton University in Nova Scotia recently released two reports finding that the risk for water contamination and well integrity failure from hydraulic fracturing is quite low. As one study puts it, "[t]here is a low likelihood of casing integrity loss."
In sum: Ingraffea, once again, inflates well leakage by conflating it with SCP, in an effort to make folks believe that leakage rates are far more serious than they actually are. In reality, rates of wells actually leaking into the outside environment are a mere fraction of one percent of all wells drilled across the United States.
Of course, an actual well failure rate of anything above zero means there's room for improvement, and it is appropriate to continue researching risks and exploring ways to reduce them. However, with the percentage of actual failures being as low as it is, it's clear the risks can and are being managed effectively, notwithstanding what our friend Tony Ingraffea might want you to believe.
Energy In Depth, Hydraulic fracturing, natural gas, Shale
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text:
Ladies' Mile addition rejected for second time
Landmarks Preservation Commission • Certificate of Appropriateness • Chelsea,Manhattan
Image: Courtesy of ma.com
Revised design, reduced by three stories, followed form of mansard roofs common in Ladies' Mile. On April 13, 2010, Landmarks considered a revised proposal for an addition to a six-story, through-block building at 33 West 19th Street in the Ladies' Mile Historic District. The original plan, considered in July 2009, proposed a five-story addition for the neo-Renaissance structure built in 1903. The initial design featured a translucent metal mesh hung in front of the addition's set-back rain wall. The quality and creativity of the Morris Adjmi-designed addition garnered praise, but Landmarks objected to its scale and visibility and asked the applicants to return with a scaled-down proposal. 6 CityLand 108 (Aug. 15, 2009).
At the April hearing, Adjmi presented the revised design, which reduced the proposal to three stories. The addition would rise 30 feet above the existing building and emulate the shape of a mansard roof, an architectural element common to the neighborhood. Adjmi said the idea came from studying the neighborhood and considering the cornice as a "starting point for something above." He said the proposal intended to "rethink how a mansard functions" and would match the proportions of traditional mansards. The new design featured a double-skin facade, with the interior portion set back five to seven feet. The perforated metal structure would feature a terra-cotta cap and would be visible from street level on both West 19th and 20th Streets.
Higgins, Quasebarth & Partners' Emily Rulli, representing the developer, noted that the proposal would not align with taller buildings on the block, which would contribute to the neighborhood's varied typology. Rulli pointed out that additions had been built on many of the turn-of-the-century buildings that contributed to the historic district.
Chair Robert B. Tierney said the proposed addition was still too large, but praised its "inventive architecture." Tierney noted that if the developer were to return with another proposal, the modifications would have to be "quite pronounced." Commissioner Roberta Brandes Gratz agreed, calling the proposal a "compelling design" applied to "the wrong building in the wrong district." Commissioner Libby Ryan described it as "a detriment to both the building and the district."
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With no consensus, Tierney closed the meeting without a vote.
LPC: 33 West 19th Street, Manhattan (09-7994) (April 13, 2010) (Architects: Morris Adjmi Architects).
Tags : 33 West 19th Street, Ladies' Mile Historic District, Morris Adjmi Architects

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
\section{Introduction}

The goal of the present paper is to give a rigorous treatment of a
set of gauge transformations in the case of a simple model of quantum field theory.

Gauge transformations are useful to derive quantum field theories from first principles.
Originally, they were considered as a means to eliminate unwanted degrees of freedom
from Maxwell's theory of Electrodynamics.
Only later \cite{GD92} it became clear
that they form an important group of symmetries,
together with the group of Poincar\'e transformations.
With the birth of Yang-Mills theories \cite {YM54} gauge invariance arguments
started being used to formulate quantum field theories.
The discovery of the Berry phase \cite {BMV84}
introduced gauge transformations as unitary
operators in a well-defined Hilbert space of wave functions.
Incentive for the present paper is a transformation from the lab frame to the moving
frame, in the way it is done in a recent review \cite{KSMP17} of applications of gauge theory
in Solid State Physics.

The Hilbert space under consideration is that of the quantum harmonic oscillator.
In the above mentioned review \cite{KSMP17} this model is worked out as an example.
Here, it is treated in a relativistic setting.
The gauge transformations are composed of unitary operators $U(x)$
that depend on space time position $x$.
They are generated by the four elements of the Lie
algebra of the oscillator group \cite{SRF67}:
the creation and annihilation operators $a^\dagger$ and $a$,
the number operator $a^\dagger a$ and the identity ${\mathbb I}$.
The gauge potential $A_\mu(x)$ can be identified with the electromagnetic vector potential.
It is proved in the present work that this vector potential is
a uniquely-defined self-adjoint operator.

The present work is part of an effort to reformulate Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
in a rigorous manner by abandoning the requirement that the representation of the
canonical commutation relations should be irreducible. Czachor and coworkers studied
reducible QED in a series of papers.
See \cite{CM00,CM04,CN06,CW09} and references given there.
The present author introduced a simplified formalism \cite{NJ17,NJ19b,NJ19a}.
By starting from gauge transformations, as is done here,
the possibility of a rigorously formulated QED can be
investigated in a more systematic manner.

\subsection*{Notations}

Greek indices $\mu,\nu,\rho,\sigma$ have values 0,1,2,3 and follow the Einstein summation convention.
They refer to components of the space time position.
On the other hand, the index $\alpha$ refers to spatial components
and take on the values 1,2,3, without summation convention.
Throughout the text raising and lowering indices involves the Minkowski pseudo metric
$g$ with sign convention $(+,-,-,-)$.
The  following abbreviation is used
\begin{equation}
\partial_\mu\equiv\frac{\partial\,\,\,}{\partial x^\mu}.
\nonumber\end{equation}

Capitals such as $A$, $B$, $\cdots$ are operators in the Hilbert space
of the quantum harmonic oscillator.
A notational exception are the creation and annihilation operators $a^\dagger$ and $a$.
Vectors in ${\mathbb R}^3$ are set in boldface.

Wave functions, elements of $\mathscr H$, are denoted $\psi$, $\zeta$.
The inner product $(\psi,\zeta)$ of $\psi$ and $\zeta$ is also written as $\langle\zeta|\psi\rangle$.
It is linear in $\psi$ and anti-linear in $\zeta$.

\subsection*{Structure of the paper}

Quantities such as wave functions in Hilbert space or operators on Hilbert space,
when depending on a space time position $x$, are quantum fields.
This point of view is shortly discussed in the next section.
Section \ref {sect:disp} reviews the definition of the displacement operator
and some of its properties. Section \ref {sect:diffield} introduces
transformations from a lab frame to a moving frame in the spirit of
\cite{KSMP17}. With such a transformation is associated a vector of gauge potentials $R_\mu(x)$
that are self-adjoint operators on $\mathscr H$.
Section \ref {sect:geom} considers a field of states on the algebra of
bounded operators on the Hilbert space $\mathscr H$. The set of states reachable
from a given state by a Lorentz transform and corresponding gauge transformation
forms a differentiable manifold. Tangent planes are discussed in Section \ref {sect:tangent}.
Section \ref {sect:field} introduces the generalized
anti-symmetric field tensor.
Section \ref{sect:wavevector} illustrates the present approach by characterizing
fields with electric and magnetic vectors orthogonal to a given wave vector ${\bf k}\not=0$.
The final section contains a short discussion of the results.
Technical proofs are gathered in Appendix.

\section{Fields of Hilbert spaces}

Let ${\mathbb M}$ denote Minkowski space. Let ${\mathscr H}$ denote the Hilbert space of the
quantum harmonic oscillator.
Following Dixmier \cite{DJ69,DJ81}
a continuous map $x\in {\mathbb M}\mapsto \zeta(x)\in{\mathscr H}$ is a
{\em vector field} over ${\mathbb M}$, element of a {\em continuous field of Hilbert spaces}.
Nowadays it is called a Hilbert space bundle over ${\mathbb M}$.

The space of vector fields is denoted ${\mathscr G}$.
The subspace of bounded continuous maps is denoted ${\mathscr B}$.
It is a Banach space for the norm
\begin{equation}
||\zeta||=\sup_x||\zeta(x)||.
\nonumber\end{equation}
A special subspace is formed by the constant maps. Any $\zeta$ in ${\mathscr H}$ can be identified
with the constant map $x\mapsto\zeta$ in ${\mathscr B}$.
Hence, one has ${\mathscr H}\subset{\mathscr B}\subset {\mathscr G}$.

Any bounded linear operator $T$ on ${\mathscr H}$ defines a continuous linear
operator, denoted $\hat T$ and working on ${\mathscr B}$, by
\begin{equation}
(\hat T\zeta)(x)=T\zeta(x),
\qquad x\in {\mathbb M}, \zeta\in {\mathscr B}.
\nonumber\end{equation}

A {\em diagonal} operator $\hat T$ on ${\mathscr B}$ is defined by a map $x\in{\mathbb M}\mapsto T(x)$,
where $T(x)$ is a linear operator on ${\mathscr H}$, together with a domain $\mathscr D$,
subspace of ${\mathscr B}$, such that for each $\zeta$ in $\mathscr D$
the map $x\in{\mathbb M}\mapsto T(x)\zeta(x)$ is continuous.

If $T$ is a closed operator on ${\mathscr H}$ then $\hat T$ is a closed operator on ${\mathscr B}$
with domain ${\mathscr D}$ consisting of the elements $x\mapsto\zeta(x)$ of ${\mathscr B}$
with all $\zeta(x)$ in the domain of $T$.

Of special interest for the present paper are diagonal
operators $x\in{\mathbb M}\mapsto U(x)$ where each operator $U(x)$
is a unitary transformation of ${\mathscr H}$. Any strongly continuous map $x\in{\mathbb M}\mapsto U(x)$
into the isometries of ${\mathscr H}$ defines an isometry $\hat U$ of ${\mathscr B}$.

For proofs see Appendix 1 of \cite{NJ19a}.

\section{The displacement operator}
\label{sect:disp}

The displacement operator $D(z)$, with $z$ a complex number, is the unitary operator
defined by \cite {GJP09}
\begin{equation}
D(z)=\exp(za^\dagger-\overline z a).
\nonumber\end{equation}
Here, $a$ is the annihilation operator working in the Hilbert space of a single
quantum harmonic oscillator. For a rigorous definition see Appendix \ref{app:Weyl}.

Let $|0\rangle$ denote the ground state of the harmonic oscillator.
The coherent state  $|z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}$
is obtained from the vacuum state $|0\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}=|0\rangle$ by the action of the displacement
operator
\begin{equation}
|z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}=D(z)|0\rangle.
\nonumber\end{equation}
The composition of two displacement operators satisfies the relation
\begin{equation}
D(z_1)D(z_2)=e^{-i(z_1\wedge z_2)}D(z_1+z_2)
\nonumber\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
z_1\wedge z_2=z_1'z_2''-z_1''z_2'=\frac i2\left(z_1\overline z_2-\overline z_1 z_2\right).
\nonumber\end{equation}
Here, $z'$ and $z''$ denote the real, respectively imaginary part of $z$.

Common knowledge about coherent wave functions is that
\begin{equation}
a|z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}=z|z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}
\quad\mbox{ and }
\exp(ir a^\dagger a)|z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}=|e^{ir}z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}
\end{equation}
for any real number $r$.
Note that $|z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}$ belongs to the domain of the number operator $a^\dagger a$.
This follows from
\begin{equation}
||a^\dagger a |z\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}||^2=e^{-|z|^2}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{1}{n!}n^2|z|^{2n}
=|z|^2(1+|z|^2)<+\infty.
\nonumber\end{equation}

For further use note the following.

\begin{proposition}{Proposition} \label{disp:prop:deriv}
Assume $f$ is a differentiable complex-valued function.
For any $\zeta$ in the domain of the number operator $a^\dagger a$
the Fr\'echet derivative of $x\mapsto D(f(x))\zeta$ exists and is given by
\begin{equation}
i\hbar \partial_\mu D(f(x))\zeta
=X_\mu(x)D(f(x))\zeta
\label{calc:result2}
\end{equation}
with $X_\mu(x)$ given by
\begin{equation}
\frac 1\hbar
X_\mu(x)=
f(x)\wedge \partial_\mu f(x)
+i\partial_\mu f(x)\,a^\dagger
-i\partial_\mu \overline{f(x)}\,a.
\label{disp:Xdef}
\end{equation}
\end{proposition}

The proof is found in Appendix \ref {app:proofprop}.

\section{A differentiable field}
\label{sect:diffield}

Fix a complex-valued function $f(x)$ and real-valued functions $\phi(x)$ and $\gamma(x)$
with $x$ in ${\mathbb M}$. Assume these functions are continuous with continuous derivatives.
Consider unitary operators $U(x)$ defined by
\begin{equation}
U(x)=e^{i\phi(x)}D(f(x))^\dagger e^{i\gamma(x)a^\dagger a}D(f(x)).
\label{diff:Udef2}
\end{equation}

One can use $D(z)^\dagger a D(z)=a+z$ to write
\begin{equation}
U(x)=e^{i\phi(x)}e^{i\gamma(x)(a+f(x))^\dagger(a+f(x))}.
\label{diff:Udef3}
\end{equation}
Note that the set of unitary operators of this form is not closed under multiplication.
The set of infinitesimal generators forms a Lie algebra \cite {SRF67}.
It contains the Heisenberg algebra as a subalgebra.

Choose also a normalized wave function $\zeta$ in $\mathscr H$.
A wave function $\eta(x)$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
\eta(x)=U(x)\zeta.
\nonumber\end{equation}
Following \cite{KSMP17}, $\eta(x)$ is interpreted as a wave function in a {\em moving frame}
while $\zeta$ is a wave function in the Hilbert space at space time position $x=0$.

For simplicity of notation introduce $\eta$ given by $\eta=\eta(0)=U(0)\zeta$.

\begin{proposition}{Proposition} \label{diff:prop:coh}
The wave function $\eta(x)=U(x)\zeta$ is coherent up to a complex phase factor if and only if
$\zeta$ is coherent up to a complex phase factor.
\end{proposition}

This is shown by explicit calculation. See the Appendix \ref {app:coherent}.

It follows from Proposition \ref {disp:prop:deriv} that the field
$x\mapsto \eta(x)$ is Fr\'echet-differentiable.
Indeed, one can prove the following.

\begin{proposition}{Proposition} \label{gauge:prop:difffield}
Let ${\mathscr D}$ denote the domain of the number operator $a^\dagger a$.
One has
\begin{description}
 \item [\quad (a) \quad]
If $\zeta$ is in ${\mathscr D}$
then the field $x\mapsto\eta(x)$ is Fr\'echet-differentiable.
 \item [\quad (b) \quad]
 If $\partial_\mu \gamma(x)\not=0$ then
a self-adjoint operator $R_\mu(x)$ with domain $\mathscr D$ is defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
R_\mu(x)&=&
-\hbar\,\partial_\mu \phi(x) \cr
&-&
\hbar\, (\partial_\mu \gamma(x))\, (a+f(x))^\dagger(a+f(x))\cr
&+&
i\hbar\left(e^{i\gamma(x)}-1\right)(\partial _\mu f(x))\,(a+f(x))^\dagger\cr
&-&
i\hbar\left(e^{-i\gamma(x)}-1\right)(\partial_\mu \overline {f(x)})\,(a+f(x)).
\label{diff:Rpot}
\end{eqnarray}
It satisfies
\begin{equation}
i\hbar\, \partial_\mu \eta(x)
=R_\mu(x)\eta(x),
\qquad\zeta\in{\mathscr D}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
\end{description}
\end{proposition}
The proof is given in Appendix \ref{app:proofprop2}.

Consider a Lorentz transformation
\begin{equation}
\tilde x^\mu=\Lambda^\mu_{\,\,\,\nu}x^\nu.
\nonumber\end{equation}
The vector potential $R_\mu$, as given by (\ref{diff:Rpot})
transforms as a covector
\begin{equation}
R_\nu(x)=\Lambda^\mu_{\,\,\,\nu}\tilde R_\mu(\tilde x),
\nonumber\end{equation}
where the vector $\tilde R_\mu$ is defined starting from $\tilde U(\tilde x)=U(x)$
and is obtained from (\ref{diff:Rpot})
by transforming the functions $\phi$, $\gamma$, and $f$ accordingly
($\tilde\phi(\tilde x)=\phi(x)$ and similar for $\gamma$ and $f$).

\section{A manifold of vector states}
\label{sect:geom}

Fix a normalized wave function $\zeta$ in the domain of the number operator $a^\dagger a$.
The field of wave functions $x\mapsto\zeta(x)$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
\zeta(x)=U^\dagger (x)U(0)\zeta=U^\dagger(x)\eta.
\nonumber\end{equation}
It belongs to the Banach space $\mathscr B$.
Note that $\zeta(0)=\zeta$.
The reasoning behind this definition is that, given a wave vector $\zeta$
at the lab position $x=0$ the transformation $U(0)$ is needed to obtain the wave vector $\eta$,
which belongs to the moving frame. Next a transformation back yields
the value $\zeta(x)$ in a frame with space time position $x$.

There exist self-adjoint operators $A_\mu(x)$ such that
\begin{equation}
i\hbar\partial_\mu\zeta(x)=-A_\mu\zeta(x), \zeta\in{\mathscr D}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
They are related to the operators $R_\mu(x)$ by
\begin{equation}
A_\mu(x)=U^\dagger(x)R_\mu(x)U(x).
\end{equation}
From (\ref {diff:Udef3}) it is clear that $U^\dagger(x)$ is obtained from $U(x)$
by inverting the sign of the functions $\phi$ and $\gamma$.
Hence, an explicit expression for $A_\mu(x)$ obtained from (\ref{diff:Rpot}) reads
\begin{eqnarray}
A_\mu(x)&=&
-\hbar\,\partial_\mu \phi(x) \cr
& &
-\hbar\, (\partial_\mu \gamma(x))\, (a+f(x))^\dagger(a+f(x))\cr
& &
-i\hbar\left(e^{-i\gamma(x)}-1\right)(\partial _\mu f(x))\,(a+f(x))^\dagger\cr
& &
+i\hbar\left(e^{i\gamma(x)}-1\right)(\partial_\mu \overline {f(x)})\,(a+f(x)).
\label{diff:Apot}
\end{eqnarray}

The quantum expectation of a bounded operator $Y$ on the Hilbert space $\mathscr H$
given the field $\zeta$ is denoted $x\mapsto \omega_{x}(Y)$ and is given by
\begin{equation}
\omega_{x}(Y)=(Y\zeta(x),\zeta(x))=\langle \zeta(x)|Y\zeta(x)\rangle.
\nonumber\end{equation}
For each $x$ is $\omega_{x}$ a vector state on the von Neumann algebra
of bounded operators on $\mathscr H$.
Hence, $x\mapsto \omega_{x}$ is a field of vector states.
It defines a manifold $M_\zeta$ by
\begin{equation}
M_\zeta=\{\omega_x:\,x\in{\mathbb M}\}.
\nonumber\end{equation}

Let unitary operators $V_{y,x}$ be defined by
\begin{equation}
V_{y,x}=U^\dagger(y)U(x),
\qquad x,y\in{\mathbb M}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
One has $V_{z,y}V_{y,x}=V_{z,x}$ and $V_{x,y}V_{y,x}=V_{x,x}={\mathbb I}$.
Hence, $(x,y)\mapsto V_{y,x}$ is a unitary representation of the groupoid of directed arcs in
Minkowski space ${\mathbb M}$.

The gauge transformation $V_{y,x}$, when acting on the field of wave functions $x\mapsto \zeta(x)$, gives
\begin{equation}
V_{y,x}\zeta(x)=\zeta(y),
\qquad x,y\in{\mathbb M}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
This induces a translation groupoid of actions $\tau_{y,x}$ on the manifold $M_\zeta$
defined by
\begin{equation}
\tau_{y,x}\omega_x=\omega_y,
\qquad x,y\in{\mathbb M}.
\nonumber\end{equation}

One expects the manifold $M_\zeta$ to be three-dimensional because it depends on a real-valued
function $\gamma(x)$ and a complex-valued function $f(x)$.
However, if $\zeta$ is a coherent wave function then by Proposition \ref {diff:prop:coh}
there exists a coherent wave function $|z(x)\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}$ such that
$\omega_x(Y)=\strut^{\mbox{\tiny c}}\hskip -1pt\langle z(x)|Y|z(x)\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}$ for all $Y$.
Hence, the manifold depends on a single complex function $z(x)$ and is at most two-dimensional.

It is easy to see that the map $\omega_x\mapsto z(x)$ is well-defined.
Hence, it is a chart for the manifold $M_\zeta$. Indeed, if $\omega_x=\omega_y$
then it follows that $\zeta(x)=e^{i\xi}\zeta(y)$ for some real number $\xi$.
This implies that $|z(x)\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}$ is a multiple of $|z(y)\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}$. The latter
is only possible if $z(x)=z(y)$.

\section{Tangent plane}
\label{sect:tangent}

The  vectors tangent to the field $x\mapsto\omega_{x}$ at space time position $x$
are linear functionals given by
\begin{equation}
\chi_{y,x}(Y)
=
\frac{{\rm d}\,\,\,}{{\rm d}\lambda}\omega_{x+\lambda y}(Y)\bigg|_{\lambda=0}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
One has
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{{\rm d}\,\,\,}{{\rm d}\lambda}\omega_{x+\lambda y}(Y)
&=&
\left(Y\zeta(x+\lambda y),\frac{{\rm d}\,\,\,}{{\rm d}\lambda}\zeta(x+\lambda y)\right)\cr
& &
+\left(Y\frac{{\rm d}\,\,\,}{{\rm d}\lambda}\zeta(x+\lambda y),\zeta(x+\lambda y)\right)\cr
&=&\frac i\hbar y^\mu
\left([Y,A_\mu(x+\lambda y)]_{_-} \zeta(x+\lambda y),\zeta(x+\lambda y)\right).
\nonumber\end{eqnarray}
Let the action of an operator $Z$
on a functional $\chi$ be defined by
\begin{equation}
\check Z\,\chi(Y)=i\chi([Y,Z]_{_-}).
\nonumber\end{equation}
The above expression then becomes
\begin{equation}
\frac{{\rm d}\,\,\,}{{\rm d}\lambda}\omega_{x+\lambda y}
=
\frac 1\hbar y^\mu \check A_\mu(x+\lambda y)
\omega_{x+\lambda y}.
\label{geo:eqmot}
\end{equation}
The tangent vector $\chi_{y,x}$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\chi_{y,x}
=
\frac 1\hbar y^\mu \check A_\mu(x)\omega_{x}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
The covariant derivatives $\check D_\mu$ are given by
\begin{equation}
\check D_\mu
=
\mathring \partial_\mu+\frac 1\hbar \check A_\mu(x)
\nonumber\end{equation}
with $\mathring \partial_\mu$ defined by $\mathring \partial_\mu\chi(Y)=\chi(\partial_\mu Y)$.

From expression (\ref {diff:Apot}) it is clear that the tangent vector $\chi_{y,x}$
is a real-linear combination of three functionals
\begin{eqnarray}
e^{(1)}_x(Y)&=& \check a^\dagger \check a\,\omega_x(Y)\cr
e^{(2)}_x(Y)&=& [\check a^\dagger +\check a]\,\omega_{x}(Y)\cr
e^{(3)}_x(Y)&=&-i[\check a^\dagger -\check a]\,\omega_{x}(Y).
\nonumber\end{eqnarray}
Hence the tangent space is at most three-dimensional.
A short calculation shows that if $\zeta(x)$ is a coherent wave function then one has
\begin{equation}
e^{(1)}_x=(\Re z(x))e^{(2)}_x-(\Im z(x))e^{(3)}_x
\nonumber\end{equation}
with $\zeta(x)$ proportional to $|z(x)\rangle^{\mbox{\tiny c}}$.
In particular, if $\zeta(x)$ is the wave function of the ground state
of the harmonic oscillator then one has $e^{(1)}_x=0$.

\section{Field equations}
\label{sect:field}

The generalized anti-symmetric field tensor $\check F$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
\check F_{\mu\nu}= \hbar \left[\check D_\mu,\check D_\nu\right]_{_-}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
When acting on a linear functional $\chi$ one obtains
\begin{equation}
\check F_{\mu\nu}\chi=\chi\left(i[Y,F_{\mu,\nu}]_{_-}\right)
\nonumber\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
F_{\mu\nu}(x)
=
\partial_\mu  A_\nu(x)-\partial_\nu  A_\mu(x)
-\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[ A_\mu(x), A_\nu(x)\right]_{_-}
\nonumber\end{equation}
A short calculation which uses $U(x)A_\mu(x)=i\hbar\partial_\mu U(x)$ gives
\begin{eqnarray}
\partial_\mu  A_\nu(x)
&=&
\partial_\mu\, \left(
U^\dagger(x){i\hbar}\partial_\nu\, U(x)\right)\cr
&=&
{i\hbar} \left(\partial_\mu\,
U^\dagger(x)\right)\partial_\nu\, U(x)
+
{i\hbar}U^\dagger(x)\partial_\mu\partial_\nu U(x)\cr
&=&
\frac{i}{\hbar}A_\mu(x)A_\nu(x)+i\hbar U^\dagger(x)\partial_\mu\partial_\nu U(x).
\nonumber\end{eqnarray}
This shows that $F_{\mu\nu}(x)=0$.
In particular, the generalized force tensor $\check F_{\mu\nu}(x)$ vanishes.
This shows up in the above calculations as a cancellation of the
traditional contribution $\partial_\mu  A_\nu(x)-\partial_\nu  A_\mu(x)$
with the contribution due to the non-commutatitvity of the components $A_\mu(x)$
of the vector potential.

The canceling contributions to $F_{\mu\nu}(x)$ are denoted $\mathring F_{\mu\nu}(x)$
\begin{equation}
\mathring F_{\mu\nu}(x)
=
\partial_\mu \,A_\nu-\partial_\nu \,A_\mu=\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[ A_\mu(x), A_\nu(x)\right]_{_-}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
From (\ref {diff:Apot}) one obtains
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathring F_{\mu\nu}(x)
&=&
-i\hbar\left(e^{i\gamma(x)}-1\right)\left(e^{-i\gamma(x)}-1\right)\,\left[
\partial_\mu f(x)\,\partial_\nu \overline{f(x)}\,
-
\partial_\nu f(x)\,\partial_\mu \overline{f(x)}\,
\right]\cr
& &
-\hbar\left(e^{-i\gamma(x)}-1\right)\,
\left[
\partial_\mu\gamma(x)\,\partial_\nu f(x)\,
-
\partial_\nu\gamma(x)\,\partial_\mu f(x)\,
\right]\,
(a+f(x))^\dagger
\cr
& &
-\hbar\left(e^{i\gamma(x)}-1\right)\,
\left[
\partial_\mu\gamma(x)\,\partial_\nu \overline{f(x)}\,
-
\partial_\nu\gamma(x)\,\partial_\mu \overline{f(x)}\,
\right]\,
(a+f(x)).\cr
& &
\label {diff:antisym}
\end{eqnarray}

It is straightforward to verify that the anti-symmetric tensor $\mathring F_{\mu\nu}$ as
given by (\ref {diff:antisym}) satisfies the Bianchi identities
\begin{equation}
\partial_\sigma\,\mathring F_{\mu,\nu}(x)
+
\partial_\mu\,\mathring F_{\nu,\sigma}(x)
+
\partial_\nu\,\mathring F_{\sigma,\mu}(x)
=0.
\nonumber\end{equation}
In particular, the fields $\mathring F_{\mu\nu}$ can be interpreted as the components
of electric and magnetic field vectors satisfying Maxwell's equations.

\section{Wave vector dependence}
\label{sect:wavevector}

The 3-dimensional vector  ${\bf E}$ with components
$E_\alpha=\mathring F_{0\alpha}$, $\alpha=1,2,3,$ can be interpreted as an
electric field vector. Similarly the components $(\mathring F_{32},\mathring F_{13},\mathring F_{21})$
are the components $(B_1,B_2,B_3)$ of a magnetic field vector ${\bf B}$.
The present section investigates whether the functions
$\phi$, $\gamma$ and $f$ introduced in Section \ref {sect:diffield}
can be chosen in such a way that these fields are orthogonal
to a given vector ${\bf k}\not=0$, called the {\em wave vector}.

Use $\nabla f$ to denote the 3-dimensional vector with components $\partial_\alpha f(x)$,
and similar for $\nabla \gamma$.
As usual, the convention $k_0=|{\bf k}|$ is used so that $k_\mu k^\mu=0$.
The following result is proved in Appendix \ref{app:ortho}.

\begin{proposition}{Proposition}
Let be given a 3-dimensional wave vector ${\bf k}\not=0$.
Non-trivial solutions of
\begin{equation}
  {\bf E}\cdot{\bf k}={\bf B}\cdot{\bf k}=0
  \label{wave:orthocond}
\end{equation}
can exist if the functions $f$ and $\gamma$ are related by
\begin{equation}
\nabla f
=
z\nabla\gamma+w{\bf k}.
\nonumber\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\partial_0 f(x)
=
\left(z+\frac{w|{\bf k}|^2}{{\bf k}\cdot\nabla\gamma}\right)
\partial_0 \gamma(x),
\label{app:ortho:timecond}
\end{equation}
where, $z$ and $w$ are complex constants.

\end{proposition}

Explicit expressions for ${\bf E}$ and ${\bf B}$ are found in the Appendix.
The electric field ${\bf E}$ is parallel to $|{\bf k}|^2\nabla\gamma-({\bf k}\cdot\nabla\gamma){\bf k}$,
the magnetic field ${\bf B}$ is parallel to ${\bf k}\times\nabla\gamma$.

\section{Discussion}

The paper focuses on the Hilbert space $\mathscr H$ of the quantum harmonic oscillator.
Transformations from a lab frame to a moving frame and back result in a quantum field
over space time position $x$. The composed transformation is by definition the
gauge transformation. It accompanies the Lorentz transformation from space time position
$x=0$ to space time position $x$. From this point of view the gauge transformation
implements parallel transport between different lab frames and
normalized wave functions describe the states of the quantum system
in a tangent plane located at the position of the observer.

The generators of the gauge transformations are requested
to belong to the Lie algebra of the oscillator group.
With this restriction calculations remain tractable.

It is shown in Proposition \ref {gauge:prop:difffield} that
if the wave function $\zeta$ belongs to the domain of the number operator then the
transformation from lab frame to moving frame is Fr\'echet-differentiable.
The same proposition shows that the gauge potential operators $A_\mu(x)$
are uniquely-defined self-adjoint operators.

The manifold $M_\zeta$ of vector states consisting of the wave functions $\zeta(x)$,
obtained from a single wave function $\zeta$ by gauge transformations from $x=0$ to
space time position $x$,
and its tangent planes are considered in Sections \ref{sect:geom},
respectively \ref{sect:tangent}.
If the wave function $\zeta$
is coherent then $M_\zeta$ is a two-dimensional differentiable manifold of coherent states.

As an illustration it is shown in Section \ref{sect:wavevector} that
the formalism can describe fields with electric and magnetic vectors orthogonal to
a given wave vector ${\bf k}\not=0$.

Let us emphasize some aspects of the present approach.

The transformations from lab frame to moving frame do not form a group.
The composition of a transformation to the moving frame followed by a transformation
back to a lab frame at a different space time position is
a gauge transformation.
These gauge transformations form a unitary representation of the groupoid of
directed arrows in Minkowski space.
A single wave function $\zeta$ in the Hilbert space of the
observer is transformed to another frame of observation by a gauge transformation
that accompanies the Lorentz transformation. This leads to the interpretation of
a quantum field as a way to consider a single quantum state in all possible frames of
observation.

In the conventional approach the gauge potential arises from the application of
the {\em gauge principle} to global symmetries of a matter field. In the present approach
no matter field is around.
The bosonic states of the harmonic oscillator generate the force field.
The gauge transformation is parameterized by a real function $\gamma(x)$ and a complex function $f(x)$.
This gives a large freedom to adapt the model to specific needs.
It is not clear for the moment how to make use of this freedom.

The specific choice of unitary transformations is justified by the argument that they
map coherent wave functions into coherent wave functions. The restriction to
coherent fields reduces the dimension of the manifold from 3 to 2 and facilitates
detailed calculations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Don't let the strange name deter you from looking out for this fish. The Old Wife Fish is pretty easy to spot, as it has two dorsal fins. You are most likely to find this fish swimming around the jetty pylons. They like to swim in pairs or in groups.
Did you know? The name Old Wife comes from the noise they make when they grind their teeth together.
WARNING: The dorsal fin is venomous, so make sure you look but don't touch.


Stella Mortos is a home for decayed, glittering pop relics. It would be a misnomer to call it a record label, as no other releases are currently on the horizon. The sole reason for existence is a pair of tracks so compelling, the only sensible option was to commit them to vinyl.
Oddball producer, Entrepreneurs, is the cause for such fervour. His surefire blend of Yancey-esque beats and louche pop crooning marks him out from the rest of the pack. The debut EP, Uv Been Robbed, (Joking, But Not), is a perfectly weighted introduction to his universe.
'Hunting Roger Rabbit' is a tightly-coiled snapshot into his macabre psyche: equal parts sinister and smiles all-round. Capacious synth arpeggios flutter above a beat that pulses and cracks with deranged zeal. Vocals get thrown into the mix, a thrilling counterplay with partner-in-crime, FOE, coming to the fore. Confidence lurks weightlessly at every corner, the track unfurling in supreme fashion into a funky-bass addled guitar solo.
If 'Hunting' epitomizes the unnerving outward glare, the flipside 'Six Severed Hates' is the molten inferno underneath the skin. Coming across like a drawn-out joyride through hell, petrol-puking alien voices intersect a snarling landscape coated in a glossy metallic sheen. A mantra emerges from the melted maelstrom: be careful what you wish for.
Screen printed by hand by Dan + Katrin.
Every one to come with lyric sheet.
Uv Been Robbed (Joking, But Not) coming soon.


text:
T-Rex cousin Chilesaurus, a vegetarian, has scientists baffled
By Veronica Cruz Published Apr 28, 2015 at 3:35 AM GMT
A seven-year old boy Diego Suárez discovered the bones of a turkey-sized cousin of T-Rex – Chilesaurus diegosuarezi – that was vegetarian and lived at the end of the Jurassic Period, about 145 million years ago.
Diego was walking with his geologist parents Manual Suárez and Riata de la Cruz, who were studying rocks in the Toqui Formation in Aysén, south of Chilean Patagonia, when he came across the fossils while searching for decorative stones with his sister Macarena.
Although closely related to the famous carnivore Tyrannosaurus rex, Chilesaurus diegosuarezi is proving to be an evolutionary jigsaw puzzle, because of its preference for plants.
Chilesaurus diegosuarezi, T-Rex' little cousin that had a preference for plants. (Credit: Gabriel Lío)
Scientists are referring to Chilesaurus diegosuarezi, named after the boy who discovered it and the country where it was found, as a 'platypus' dinosaur because of its extremely unusual combination of characterstics that include a proportionally small skull, while its feet seem more akin to those of primitive long-neck dinosaurs.
Palaeontologists say Chilesaurus diegosuarezi is nested within the theropod group of dinosaurs, which included mainly carnivorous creatures such as the Carnotaurus, Velociraptor and Tyrannosaurus, from which modern birds evolved.
The presence of herbivorous theropods was known only in close relatives of birds, until now. However, the Chilean discovery shows us that a herbivorous diet was acquired much earlier than thought.
Bizarre combination of features
It was initially thought Diego had discovered several species, given Chilesaurus' unusual combination of features. However, since his find, over a dozen Chilesaurus specimens have been excavated, including four complete skeletons, a first in Chile for the Jurassic Period.
The specimens demonstrate that this dinosaur certainly had a unique variety of anatomical traits.
While most of the unearthed fossils were the size of a turkey, some isolated bones indicate a maximum length of about three metres.
Palaeontologists from Argentina, Chile and the University of Birmingham in England, as well as Diego's parents, had their findings published in the academic journal Nature.
Another of Chilesaurus' unique features included robust forelimbs, similar to Jurassic theropods such as Allosaurus, although its hands consisted of two blunt fingers, unlike fellow theropod Velociraptor's sharp claws.
The pelvic girdle of Chilesaurus resembles that of the ornithischian dinosaurs, even though it is actually classified in the other basic dinosaur division – Saurischia.
Chilesaurus diegosuarezi was named after the 7-year old kid who found the first fossil. (Image: University of Birmingham)
Evolutionary convergence
Chilesaurus' body parts were adapted to a particular diet and way of life, which was similar to other dinosaur groups. As a result of these similar habits, several regions of its body evolved resembling those of other unrelated dinosaur groups, a phenomenon known as evolutionary convergence.
The authors say that Chilesaurus represents one of the most extreme cases of mosaic convergent evolution in the history of life. Chilesaurus' teeth, for example, are very similar to those of primitive long-neck dinosaurs, because over millions of years they followed similar diets, even though they came from different dinosaur lineages.
Martin D. Ezcurra, a doctoral researcher at the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, said:
"Chilesaurus can be considered a 'platypus' dinosaur because different parts of its body resemble those of other dinosaur groups due to mosaic convergent evolution. In this process, a region or regions of an organism resemble others of unrelated species because of a similar mode of life and evolutionary pressures."
"Chilesaurus provides a good example of how evolution works in deep time and it is one of the most interesting cases of convergent evolution documented in the history of life."
"Chilesaurus shows how much data is still completely unknown about the early diversification of major dinosaur groups. This study will force palaeontologists to take more care in the future in the identification of fragmentary or isolated dinosaur bones. It comes as false relationship evidence may arise because of cases of convergent evolution, such as that present in Chilesaurus."
Team leader, Dr. Fernando Novas, from the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum, Buenos Aires, Argentina, said:
"Chilesaurus is the first complete dinosaur from the Jurassic Period found in Chile and represents one of the most complete and anatomically correct documented theropod dinosaurs from the southern hemisphere."
"Although plant-eating theropods have been recorded in North America and Asia, this is the first time a theropod with this characteristic has been found in a southern landmass."
"Chilesaurus was an odd plant-eating dinosaur only to be found in Chile. However, the recurrent discovery in beds of the Toqui Formation of its bones and skeletons clearly demonstrates that Chilesaurus was, by far, the most abundant dinosaur in southwest Patagonia 145 million years ago."
Citation: "An enigmatic plant-eating theropod from the Late Jurassic period of Chile," Fernando E. Novas, Leonardo Salgado, Manuel Suárez, Federico L. Agnolín, Martín D. Ezcurra, Nicolás R. Chimento, Rita de la Cruz, Marcelo P. Isasi, Alexander O. Vargas & David Rubilar-Rogers. Nature. Published online 27 April, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/nature14307.


NATCHITOCHES – Northwestern State University's third annual LitCon will take place April 12-13 in Natchitoches. The event will be hosted by the Creative Writing Faculty in the Department of English, Foreign Languages and Cultural Studies, and will be held in The Orville J. Hanchey Gallery on Northwestern's main campus.
There is a small number of spaces available for book and art fair participants. The book and art fair will operate from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. both days. Tables are free, but space is limited. All money generated from sales go toward the artist.
Presentations will feature work by authors and artists working in various media and/or formats seeking an audience for their work, showcases of writing groups and programs, both academic and otherwise; fan culture, form and theory of creative writing and/or visual art, the intersection of pop culture and academic culture, and the pedagogies of these various topics; independent publishers, art collectives, and other institutions seeking to connect with fans and students and other humanities-related offerings.


Hosted by Marco Arment and David Smith.
From development and design to marketing and support, Under the Radar is all about independent app development. It's never longer than 30 minutes.
Apps with personality vs. neutral voices, and whether independent developers should project a corporate image.
CocoaConf: The developer conference for those who think different. Use code UnderTheRadar to get 20% off tickets.


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Zayn Ibad Khan: Ishq Mein Marjawan 2 is not saas-bahu saga, the younger generation also connects to it
Published by newsposter at May 5, 2021
Actor Zayn Ibad Khan, who plays the role of Angre in the show Ishq Mein Marjawan 2 produced by Yash and Mamta Patnaik, says that he loves how people from all age groups follow the show. The actor says that the fact that it is very different from everything else on TV is what got him on board. "This is one of the main reasons which attracted me to do this show because it is not that usual saas-bahu saga and you don't need to do one monotonous thing for years. I knew our show would connect to the younger audience also. Nowadays, usually, everyone consumes content on Netflix and Amazon but our show is a thriller and so the younger generation also loves to watch it. I am thankful to everyone who is loving our show, they are showing their love through social media to each and every character," he says.
In fact, the actor says that the twists and turns are not even revealed in front of the star cast. "We don't know the further storyline in advance, we only get to know a day before or sometimes even on the same day, on the set, because the makers don't want us to get mentally prepared about the sequence. Suppose my track is there, so they won't tell me because actors prepare themselves mentally which makes them conscious on screen. So, every day is new to us. We are totally oblivious about what is going to happen and what we will be doing in the next track," he says.
Ask him what he loves in the thriller genre, and he says, "My favourite genres are thriller and drama. I love The Dark Knight just because of late legend Heath ledger and Christian Bale. I really get inspired by watching them."
The actor says that since a thriller requires twists and turns every day, it gets challenging for the writers. "It is very difficult for a TV show because we are not showing that saas-bahu type of drama. In a thriller, we need to do something new every day. It is a very tough job for the writer and makers because it is challenging to create such content every day," he says.
Ishq Mein Marjawan 2 is currently streaming on Voot.
Sargun Mehta reveals that she named her new show 'Swaran Ghar' after her grandmother Sawaran Bedi
Former Bigg Boss contestant Akash Dadlani lends support to Pratik Sehajpal


Here's a sobering stat: 80,000 chemicals are currently used around the world today. Most of these chemicals are untested and a surprising portion are used to make your clothes. From dying and finishing to spinning, ginning and even laundering, chemicals are used in every step of the textile process making even natural fibers unsustainable. But the Outdoor Industry Association (OIA)—along with Jamie Bainbridge, our Director of Textile Development and Sustainability—is spearheading an initiative that hopes to change all of that. How? By adopting a mission of continuous improvement and establishing a carefully cultivated list of preferred chemicals. Sounds simple, sure. But first the OIA has to convince an entire disparate and often complex global manufacturing industry that sustainable chemistry is good for business.
Let's back up a minute. Before an industry can change, we need to know where the current process fails. Take the lifecycle of a simple, blue organic cotton T-shirt. Let's assume the tee is made from GOTS-certified organically grown cotton (that's what we use here at Nau) which currently sets the strictest standards for the chemical processing of organic cotton. So we've eliminated the use of pesticides and fertilizers up front. However, up to five separate chemicals are added at each subsequent stage thereafter. Spinning lubricants are added during cleaning and ginning which allow the raw cotton fibers to be spun into yarn. Lubricant compounds are then added during knitting to allow the fiber to easily pass through machinery. Mordants and salts are added during dying to affix the color to the fabric. This is the most toxic and chemical-consuming phase where OIA is focusing its initial sustainability efforts. Even natural dyes require heavy use of mordants, salts and water in order for the dye to be effective. In the finishing process, chemicals like silicones and formaldehyde are added to impart the desired hand of the fabric. Finally, consumers add their own mix of bleaches, detergents, softeners, and starches to mold and shape the tee into the perfect blue shirt.
This is where things start to get increasingly complex. Each one of the 5000 chemical compounds used in textile production are considered proprietary which means no one— not the OIA, not the EPA, not even the apparel industry—knows what chemicals are used to make a simple blue t-shirt. Jamie, our textile maven, likens it to the manufacturer's secret sauce that is highly guarded due to its perceived competitive advantage. With such a massive barrier to sustainable business, the only way the apparel industry has been able to dictate which chemicals are used in their products is through a Restricted Substance List (RSL). But with 80,000 chemicals on the market, most of which remain untested, an RSL falls short of being a sustainable solution. But it's all we have—until now.
The Chemicals Management Working Group, a strategic subgroup of OIA dedicated to sustainable chemistry, is working with big and small retailers and their manufacturers to bring transparency to each stage in the textile process. Using the EPA's twelve principles of green chemistry as a foundation, they're building a Preferred Substance List (PSL) that would offer sustainable substitutions for unsafe and untested chemicals. For example, a PSL would provide safe alternatives to formaldehyde, a ubiquitous, toxic chemical currently used to create wrinkle-free fabrics.
In addition, the industry is perfecting the use of low-impact or high-exhaustion dyes which require less water and less dyestuff during one of the most polluting textile processes. With less water being used in the process, more money is being saved by the manufactures which is a tremendous incentive for change. Once the manufacturing industry realizes that sustainable business is good for business then we'll have a sustainable solution. But until then, the OIA and Nau won't stop until we find one.


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Season One of HBO's Barry on DVD
"Fascinating, weird, and gripping" – The Hollywood Reporter
"Hader makes a hit of hit man 'Barry'" – USA Today
Nominated for 13 Emmy® Awards Including Outstanding Comedy Series
Arrives on DVD October 2
Now Available for Digital Download
New York, N.Y., September 17, 2018 – Bill Hader (Saturday Night Live, Trainwreck) "gives a master-class in acting" (Indiewire), earning five Emmy® nominations, including Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, for the critically acclaimed dark comedy series Barry℠: The Complete First Season, which arrives on DVD October 2. Hailed as "the best new comedy on television" (NPR), the complete first season DVD includes all eight "…smart, entertaining and funny" (TV Guide) episodes and comes with three insightful special features delving deeper into the world of Barry.
Nominated for a total of 13 Emmy Awards, Barry℠: The Complete First Season is executive produced by Hader and Emmy® nominee Alec Berg (Silicon Valley), with cast regulars also including Emmy nominee Henry Winkler (Royal Pains), Stephen Root (True Blood), Sarah Goldberg (Hindsight), Glenn Fleshler (True Detective), and Anthony Carrigan (Gotham).
DVD Bonus Features Include:
Invitation to the set: Join Bill Hader and the cast and crew of 'Barry' for this inside look at the comedy series.
Inside the Episodes: 8 featurettes dissecting each episode from Bill Hader, Alec Berg, and more.
The World of Barry: Watch Henry Winkler and the rest of the cast introduce the ridiculously quirky characters in Barry.
Barry (Hader) is a depressed, low-rent hitman from the Midwest who falls in love with acting while on a job in Los Angeles. Barry's handler, Fuches (Stephen Root), hires Barry out to the deeply violent Chechen mob, led by Goran Pazar (Glenn Fleshler), and his right-hand man, NoHo Hank (Anthony Carrigan). Barry's target is an aspiring actor who is having an affair with Pazar's wife. When Barry follows his "mark" into an acting class taught by beloved teacher/guru Gene Cousineau (Henry Winkler), he is instantly drawn to the group of acting students, particularly Sally (Sarah Goldber). Barry wants to start a new life in this community of eager hopefuls, but his criminal past won't let him walk away. Can he find a way to balance the two worlds?
Barry: The Complete First Season DVD
DVD Street Date: October 2, 2018
Rating: TV-MA
Runtime: Approx. 315 minutes
September 17, 2018 in DVD Release, HBO. Tags: Barry, Bill Hader, DVD, HBO, Season
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Clare Archives
Our mission: to collect, preserve, promote and provide access to County Clare's rich archival heritage
Library Homepage | Search Library Catalogue | Foto: Clare Photo Collection | Maps | Search this Website | Copyright Notice
Art O'Donnell Manuscript
Art O'Donnell (1890-1973), formerly Commandant, West Clare Brigade (1921) and Paymaster for Clare County Council (1919-21).
The manuscript was written during his internment in Frongoch, North Wales and principally contains poems and ballads of Irish and Clare provenance and a most interesting sketch entitled 'my beloved cell'. Approximately 1,800 Irish rebels were interred in Frognach, 'the University of Revolution' between June and December 1916 following the Rising. Prisoners included men such as Michael Collins, Richard Mulcahy and Michael Brennan.
Art O'Donnell was sworn into the I.R.B. in 1908 by his first cousin Con Colbert (executed 1916), who was visiting the O'Donnell home in Tullycrine. (W.S 1322, Bureau of Military History, Witness statement.) Art attended meetings of the I.R.B frequently in Dublin while attending St. Patrick's college and in 1913 was responsible for distributing anti enlisting leaflets all over West Clare on the brink of the outbreak of World War 1. In 1914 Art was teaching in Low Island school in Kilydysert, Co. Clare, when at the same time he formed a small local circle with Sean Mac Namara "Jacko Mack", Martin Griffin and Frank Mc Mahon which concentrated on recruiting locally for the Irish Volunteers.
In 1916, a meeting of the newly formed Clare County Board of Irish Volunteers took place in the Board Room at Ennis Workhouse where the master of the workhouse Frank Barrett 'was detained' until the meeting had finished:
BG/En/86 (Ennis Board of Guardian Minutes)
Master's Report, 29th Jan, 1916
'…that whilst engaged in the provisions store at about 3:15pm on the 29th ultimo, he received a message from the hall porter that a large body of men had entered the board room. He immediately proceeded to the Boardroom, the door of which he found on arrival locked on the inside. He knocked, and on giving his name, was admitted, when the door was immediately relocked. He asked those present by whose authority they came there and took possession of the room. They replied they had the unanminous consent of the Board of Guardians to come there to hold a meeting. He next inquired their business and was informed that it was to hold a meeting of the County Board of the Irish Volunteers. He explained to them that the Board of Guardians had no authority to grant the use of the Boardroom for such purposes as was shown by the letters of the Local Government Board heard at the last meeting of the Guardians, he explained the contents of this letter protested against their holding a meeting, and asked them to leave. He was told they would not leave until they had transacted their business and furthermore he was ordered to sit down as he would not be allowed to leave until they thought fit. Under the circumstances, held up as he was, he could do no more until the meeting concluded when he made a report to Head Constable Hourahan who was in the yard inside the outer gate.'
On Saturday, 22nd April Art O'Donnell in attendance at the Fianna Hall in Limerick with several others such as Michael Brennan, Comdt. Colivet and Sean O'Dea learned of Casements arrest and the consequential loss of the arms transmission. This lead to suspension of operations until GHQ in Dublin issued word for further action. The volunteers in Clare were one of the first to reorganise after the Easter Rising and were heavily surveyed during this period. On the 29th April, 1916 Art O'Donnell was arrested and spend a week in Limerick Gaol and then sent to Richmond Barracks in Dublin along with many other volunteers from around the country such as Michael and Padraig Brennan, Austin Stack and Sean O'Dea before being sent to Frongoch, North Wales where he remained until late July, 1916.
Upon his release he recommenced duties to train, organise meetings and activities in Clare and detect and ensure the safety of arms and ammunition still existing which could be amassed.
In January 1917 Clare was divided into a number of Battalions where a commandant was appointed to each area. Art O'Donnell was one of these appointed Commandants together with Micheal Brennan, Sean Mc Namara, Bertie Hunt, Michael Quinn, Seamus Connelly, Eamon Fennell and Michael Moloney.
On 11th July, 1917 with De Valera's landslide at the East Clare election celebrations ensued through the format of public drilling by the volunteers and ultimately arrests were made and trials by District Court Martial followed. Art O' Donnell was sentenced to two years hard labour commuted to one in Mount joy Gaol, Dublin. It was here on the 20th September that the famous 'Thomas Ashe hunger strike' took place. Force feeding was commenced upon the prisoners and on the 25th September, Thomas Ashe (President of the Supreme Council of the IRB) died as a consequence of this force feeding. This had an enormous effect on the volunteer movement and growth throughout Ireland.
In December 1917 O'Donnell was moved to Dundalk Gaol where he was temporarily released under the 'Cat and Mouse Act' and returned home to Clare and resumed activities until his re-arrest in March 1918. O'Donnell remained in Belfast Gaol until the end of World War I and was released with Michael Brennan on 24th December, 1918.He returned to Clare and resumed training, activities and strengthening communications with other brigades in the surrounding areas. He was again arrested during an incident with the R.I.C in 1919 but was released one month later on medical grounds. In an attempt to re-establish order in the county due to agitation on the land question, O'Donnell was responsible for the establishment of the first circuit criminal court in Clonina House, Cree where he was appointment registrar. This system was adopted and sanction for use throughout the country by Minister for Justice, Dail Eireann, Austin Stack.
At this time all the county council and district councils were Sinn Fein elected candidates and to prevent the seizure of funds by the British authorities it was decided that the collection of rates be given to the trustees directly where the funds would released according to the Council's needs. This was done through the Paymaster. Art O'Donnell was the appointed paymaster in August 1920. He was arrested in November and sent to Cork Jail and then onto Ballykinlar Camp where such men as Sean Lemass and Dr. Tom O'Higgins were also being interned.
In December 1921 the Anglo Irish Treaty was signed and O'Donnell was finally released from prison.
The manuscript was kindly donated by Art O'Donnell's son, Hugh, to Clare County Archives to ensure its care and preservation.
Art O'Donnell's witness statement taken by The Bureau of Military History which documents his own activities in West Clare from 1908-21 is available for consultation in the Local Studies Library.
External Link: Art O'Donnell's Witness Statement
<< Background to Collections
<< Clare Archives


Procurement of fit for purpose suite of maintenance work stands for the C-27J fleet of aircraft.
An industry briefing will be conducted at RAAF Base Richmond, NSW commencing at 1000h on 24 Aug 17.
Representatives of prospective tenderers at the briefing will be limited to 3 personnel. Nominations to attend the briefing are to be forwarded via email to the Contact Officer by 21 Aug 17 1200h.


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The beautiful Northside home offers several updates throughout and is conveniently located on a cul de sac lot. Large 4-bedroom, 2.5-bathroom home with an oversized great room and beautiful decorative fireplace, main floor office or sitting room, and completely appliance kitchen with beautiful windows overlooking the gorgeous tree lined backyard. Spacious master suite offers plenty of closet space via the walk-in closet and a private bathroom. The other 3 bedrooms are all generous in size; the 4th bedroom might be preferred as a bonus room with two large closets. This home also features a screened in porch and oversized garage with an abundance of storage. Tenant is responsible for all utilities. 12-month lease with credit/ background check. No smoking. No pets.
East side duplex unit is neat and clean and move in ready. Nice updates to this unit include kitchen with stainless appliances and a updated bath with new tile. There is a partial basement for a washer and dryer and some storage. Just a couple of blocks to U of E. All laminate and hardwood flooring. Washer and Dryer hook ups in basement. The tenant is responsible for all utilities and lawn care. 12 month lease with $625 deposit. Credit, background and rental check required. No smoking. Schools: Harper, Washington Middle School and Bosse.
Enjoy the view in this wonderful open floor plan home. Great Room features 12' ceilings, and gas fireplace open to the kitchen and breakfast area. Large kitchen includes soft maple cabinets and breakfast bar plus large dining area. First floor master bedroom includes tray ceiling with crown molding. Master bath features whirlpool tub, ceramic tile, separate shower, and double vanity. The separate dining room includes hardwood floor, crown molding and chair rail. There are 2 upstairs bedrooms with a bath separating them. The deck and lot afford much privacy and a beautiful view overlooking this large tree-lined lot at the end of the cul-de-sac.


The growing number of smartphone applications such as Waze and AccuWeather may have made our driving experience easier, but having several GPS-dependent apps running in the background makes us more likely to run out of battery while on the road.
When you're behind the wheel, plugging your phone into your car's USB port or scrambling for your charger or cable can be a distracting and dangerous task. Wireless charging seems to be the best way to solve this, which happens to be one of the highlighted features of the All-New 2019 Toyota RAV4.
Part of the fifth-generation crossover SUV's refined interior is a built-in inductive charge pad where you can place your compatible phone and let it charge up. With this feature, you no longer have to deal with dangling cords and loose ports. Bluetooth connectivity has also been beefed up: two phones can connect to the audio system for hands-free voice calls, while five phones can connect for seamless music streaming.
The new RAV4 also boasts an array of user-friendly features and tech, such as an improved audio system, a DVD slot, a seven-inch multi-information display that can be switched between analog and digital display modes, and an eight-way power adjustable driver's seat with memory and lumbar support.
Toyota tops the upgraded RAV4's improved performance and major design facelift—it has a sportier look—with accessories that make it worth the P1.638 million price tag: seat heaters, soft-touch dashboard and panels, a rear cooler, leather seats, and a panoramic moon roof.
The Toyota RAV4 is available in three variants (LE, XLE, LTD) and nine colors—White Pearl, Red Mica Metallic, Silver Metallic, Gray Metallic, Urban Khaki, Cyan Metallic, Super White, Attitude Black, and Dark Blue Mica Metallic.
To know more about the all-new RAV4, visit the Toyota PH website or follow Toyota Motor Philippines on Facebook.
This article was created by Summit Storylabs in partnership with TOYOTA.


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