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Research ArticleOriginal Article
Detection of erythroid progenitors and erythrocytopathies in patients with severe COVID-19 disease
Mamdouh A. Allahyani, Abdulelah A. Aljuaid, Mazen M. Almehmadi, Ahmad A. Alghamdi, Ibrahim F. Halawani, Abdullah F. Aldairi, Ahmad M. Alharbi, Mohammad H. Albshri, Abdulqader A. Mutwalli and Ayman S. Alhazmi
Saudi Medical Journal August 2022, 43 (8) 899-906; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.8.20220311
Mamdouh A. Allahyani
From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almehmadi, Alghamdi, Halawani, Alharbi, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif; from Department of Laboratory Medicine (Aldairi), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah; and from the Department of Molecular Biology (Albshri, Mutwalli), the Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
For correspondence: [email protected]
Abdulelah A. Aljuaid
Mazen M. Almehmadi
Ahmad A. Alghamdi
Ibrahim F. Halawani
Abdullah F. Aldairi
Ahmad M. Alharbi
Mohammad H. Albshri
Abdulqader A. Mutwalli
Ayman S. Alhazmi
Objectives: To assess the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on erythropoiesis and red blood cells (RBC) surface markers by evaluating erythroid progenitor cells (CD [cluster of differentiation]71+/CD235a+) and RBC surface markers (CD235a and CD36), together with various hematological parameters.
Methods: This case-control study includes 47 participants recruited in the study: 30 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 17 healthy individuals. The COVID-19 patients were recruited from the intensive care unit (ICU) of various hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Blood samples were collected during July and September 2021. Red blood cells indices were measured using a CBC analyzer. The expression of CD235a, CD71, and CD36 was obtained using flow cytometry technique. The unpaired t-test was conducted to evaluate the differences in these markers in COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals.
Results: The data showed that more than half of the COVID-19 patients were anemic (64%). Expansion of erythroid progenitors (CD71+/CD235a+) was detected in the COVID-19 patients. Analysis of the expression of RBC surface markers, such as CD235a and CD36, showed that SARS-CoV-2 was associated with significantly higher expression of these markers in COVID-19 patients.
Conclusion: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 promoted the expansion of erythroid progenitors in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients. In addition, the expression of RBC surface markers was higher in COVID-19 patients. The expansion of erythroid progenitors and alteration of RBC surface markers can contribute to erythrocytopathies observed in severe COVID-19 patients and can therefore be used as prognostic factors.
erythroid progenitor cells
CD markers
The disease caused by a novel virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019.1,2 In March 2020, the disease was announced as a pandemic disease globally.3 Pneumonia infections caused by COVID-19 have since been increasing and endanger both people's health and the international economy.4 Some patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 require hospitalization or admission to the intensive care unit (ICU).5 However, the majority of patients are asymptomatic or exhibit mild symptoms.5 Coronavirus disease-19 is associated with many symptoms, including shortness of breath, fever, dry cough, and loss of taste or smell.6 In a subgroup of critically ill COVID-19 patients, hypoxia develops, leading to respiratory organ dysfunction, suggesting that red blood cells (RBCs) are affected, as RBCs are responsible for the oxygen delivery to all tissues.7,8 In normal circumstances, erythropoietin hormone is produced during hypoxia to stimulate erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes, which are then released into the circulation.9 However, hemoglobin is low and thrombocytopenia and anemia had been observed in severe cases of COVID-19 patients.9,10 Why anemia is developed in those patients is not fully understood, although these data suggested that SARS-CoV-2 can influence erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages in patients with COVID-19 disease.9 Anemia, coagulation, and thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients can contribute to high mortality.11
Although RBC counts and hemoglobin levels have been evaluated in COVID-19 patients, there is limited information on the direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on erythropoiesis, erythroid progenitors, and RBC structural proteins such as CD235a [cluster of differentiation 235a], and CD36.10 Erythroid progenitors are defined as CD71+ and CD235a+.7 Cluster of differentiation 71 is a transferrin receptor expressed at all stages of erythroid development and absent in mature erythrocytes. However, CD235a (glycophorin A [GPA]) is expressed in all lineages and mature erythrocytes.12 Previous research reported that the expression of CD235a+ cells was higher in hypoxia compared with normoxia.12,13 It was indicated that the disruption of erythropoiesis may be an indirect effect of hyper inflammation observed in severe cases of COVID-19 disease.14 Glycophorin A (CD235a) is one of the most abundant proteins in RBC membranes. Glycophorin A (CD235a) is a sialoglycoprotein shown to reduce RBC aggregation in the circulation.15 Research has also shown that erythrocytes lacking GPA and glycophorin B are not susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) parasite infection, suggesting that GPA may be a receptor for P. falciparum.16
A few studies have observed the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on RBC's structural proteins.6,7,17 Recent proteomics analyses detected angiotensin and angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2)-interacting proteins on the surface of RBCs in patients with COVID-19 disease.6 Although RBCs cannot support viral replication, this finding suggests that the virus may target RBCs.6 It was shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects RBCs via an interaction between the Band 3 protein of RBCs and a spike protein in the SARS-CoV-2 virus.17 Damage to structural proteins and changes in RBC membrane lipids have been reported in COVID-19 patients.7 In a previous study, the sizes of erythrocytes were increased in COVID-19 patients.11 In another study, the RBC's distribution width (RDW) was elevated and associated with a higher mortality rate.18 In addition, a study reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused damage to the erythrocyte proteome.11 Furthermore, heme metabolism was inhibited following the SARS-CoV-2 infection.7 An increase in the levels of structural RBC proteins, including the cytosolic N-terminus of band 3 (AE1), spectrin alpha (SPTA1), and ankyrin (ANK1) has also been found in COVID-19 patients.6 These data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 affects various structural proteins, involved in the integrity of RBC membrane. However, only a few studies have shown the effect of the virus on CD235a and CD36.12
Cluster of differentiation 36 is expressed in all erythroid progenitors and mature RBCs, but CD36 has never been evaluated in COVID-19 patients.19,20 Cluster of differentiation 36 is a glycosylated protein that binds to thrombospondin, Von Willebrand factor, and fibronectin.20 It is an adhesion molecule for platelets, monocytes, and endothelial cells. CD36 acts as a receptor during infection with P. falciparum.20 Cluster of differentiation 36 is highly expressed in sickle cell disease, and it plays an essential role in the adhesion of sickle cells to endothelial cells.21
The RBC biology, expansion of erythroid progenitors, and structural protein alterations may be associated with erythrocytopathies observed in critically ill COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on erythropoiesis, erythroid progenitors, and RBC's surface markers, including CD71+/CD235a+, CD235a, and CD36, in addition to other different hematological parameters.
In this case-control study, 47 participants were included. A total of 30 COVID-19 patients and 17 healthy individuals. The age range was 49-65 years old. Clinical data were obtained from ICU patients of various hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The inclusion criteria include all the patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 using the real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay based on a nasopharyngeal or throat swab. Only patients admitted to the ICU were included in the study. Any patient diagnosed with anemia prior to the study has been excluded from the study. Many patients required mechanical ventilation. All the patients and healthy controls recruited in the study have signed informed consent. The study was performed according to the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the directorate of health affairs in Makkah City (registration number: HAP-02-T-067; approval number 427). Blood samples were collected between July and September 2021. A complete blood count (CBC) was performed on all samples using an automated CBC analyzer (Mindray BC-2800 analyzer, Shenzhen, China). Only RBC indices were included in this study. The RBC indices were measured and evaluated according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.
Red blood cell isolation and flow cytometry
Peripheral blood from the hospitalized COVID-19 patients and healthy controls was collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes and processed within 24 hours. The blood samples were layered carefully with one volume of Ficoll-Paque (GE Healthcare, Little, Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK), centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 minutes with the brake off at 4°C. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood by density centrifugation using the Ficoll-Paque gradient and kept for other studies. The pellet supernatant (RBCs) was stained with different surface markers. Firstly, 1 μL of RBCs was washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and stained with anti CD235a (phycoerythrin), CD36 (allophycocyanin) and CD71 (fluorescein isothiocyanate) for 30 minutes in the dark at a 1:100 ratio. The pellet cells were then washed with PBS and resuspended in 200μl of PBS. The samples were analyzed using a BD FACSCanto II system (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA) and FACSDiva software, version 6 (BD Biosciences). The RBCs were gated based on side scatter and forward scatter. The data were analyzed using FlowJo software version 7.10 (Tree Star, Ashland, Oregon, USA).
GraphPad Prism software, version 6.04, was used to analyze the data (La Jolla, CA, USA). Patients' data were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). According to the data distribution, differences in the RBC surface markers between the COVID-19 patients and healthy controls were analyzed by an unpaired t-test, where the level of significance was set at p<0.05.
The patient's mean age enrolled in the study was 57±6.1 years as patient data were summarized (Table 1). The hematological parameters revealed several RBC abnormalities. More than half of COVID-19 patients (64%) were anemic. Low RBC counts, low hemoglobin, and low hematocrit levels were observed in the COVID-19 patients. The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) was slightly elevated in the COVID-19 patients, pointing to RBC shape changes. However, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) levels were normal.
- Patient sample characteristics.
To investigate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on erythroid progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of the COVID-19 patients, flow cytometry was performed. Our results showed that erythroid progenitor cells (CD71+/CD235a+) were seen in the COVID-19 patients, with negligible expression in the control group (Figure 1A). The expression of CD71+/CD235a+ was significantly higher in the COVID-19 patients than in the control group (p≤0.0001, Figure 1B).
- Detection of erythroid progenitors (CD235a+/CD71+) in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) compared with healthy individuals. Red blood cells (RBCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of the COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. The cells were then stained with anti-CD71 (FITC) and CD235a (PE) and visualized using flow cytometry. A) Dot plots represent the percentage of CD71 and CD235a in the samples obtained from the healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients. B) The percentage of CD235a/CD71-positive cells is presented. Data were analyzed by an unpaired t-test. Values represent mean±SD. ****p=0.0001.
Having shown that the RDW was elevated in the COVID-19 group, the expression of some RBC surface markers, such as CD235a, and CD36 was examined using flow cytometry. As CD235a is normally expressed on mature RBCs, we investigated whether this surface marker was altered in COVID-19 patients. The results revealed a higher rate of CD235a positivity in the COVID-19 group as compared with that in the control group (Figure 2A), and this was significantly different (p≤0.0001, Figure 2B).
- Expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)235a in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) compared with healthy individuals. Red blood cells (RBCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of the COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. The cells were then stained with anti-CD235a (PE) and visualized using flow cytometry. A) Dot plots represent the percentage of CD235a in the samples obtained from the healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients. B) The percentage of CD235a-positive cells is presented. Data were analyzed by an unpaired t-test. Values represent mean ± SD. ****p=0.0001.
Finally, the analysis of CD36 expression results showed increased expression of CD36 in the COVID-19 patients (Figure 3A). CD36 expression was significantly different in COVID-19 than in healthy controls (p≤0.0001, Figure 3B).
- Comparison of cluster of differentiation (CD) 36 expression in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and healthy individuals. Red blood cells (RBCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of the COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. The cells were then stained with anti-CD36 (APC) and visualized using flow cytometry. A) Dot plots represent the percentage of CD36 in the samples obtained from the healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients. B) The percentage of CD36-positive cells. Data were analyzed by an unpaired t-test. Values represent mean±SD. ****p=0.0001.
This study was carried out to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the expansion of erythroid progenitor cells (CD71+/CD235a+), and RBC surface markers (CD235a+ and CD36+). In addition, this study aimed to examine whether various hematological parameters are frequently altered in severe cases of COVID-19 patients. Abnormalities in RBC indices and alterations in RBC surface markers can be used to predict the severity of disease progression in COVID-19 patients.
Our data shows that 64% of the COVID-19 patients in the study were anemic. These results are consistent with those of other studies, which reported that anemia was common among COVID-19 patients, especially hospitalized patients, and associated with high mortality.10,22 Anemia in COVID-19 patients has also been reported to be associated with worse outcomes.23 However, the COVID-19 patients in our cohort were normocytic and normochromic as indicated by the normal levels of MCV, MCH, and MCHC. These findings also agree with those of another study.24
A previous study showed that a higher RDW was associated with a higher mortality rate in COVID-19 patients, as our data showed the RDW was slightly elevated that are in accordance with this finding.18 These data pointed to variations in RBC shapes in patients infected with COVID-19 disease. The increase in the RDW in patients with COVID-19 suggested that other morphological abnormalities might be seen in those patients. Previous research reported a few nucleated RBCs and cytoplasmic vacuolation of monocytes in the circulating blood of COVID-19 patients.24 However, another study failed to detect nucleated RBCs, suggesting that their presence may be related to the severity of the disease.25 Other abnormalities, such as pyknotic cells, broken cells, pseudo Pelger-Huët cells, abnormal lymphocytes, abnormal monocytes, leukoerythroblastic reactions, and smudge cells, have also been detected in patients with COVID-19 disease.25,26 Furthermore, schistocytes (red blood cell fragments) have been detected in the peripheral blood of some COVID-19 patients.27 Previous research indicated that the decline in hemoglobin in COVID-19 patients was associated with the appearance of nucleated RBCs in the peripheral blood.14 The presence of circulating nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces aberrant erythropoiesis.
The appearance of nucleated RBCs in COVID-19 patients prompted us to examine whether erythroid progenitor cells (CD71+/CD235a+) were present in the circulating blood of COVID-19 patients. Our data showed that the erythroid progenitor cells (CD71+/CD235a+) were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group than in the control group. Recent studies reported similar findings.7, 14 Specifically, they have shown that the expression of CD71+/CD235a+ was elevated in severe COVID-19 cases more than in mild cases.7,14 Another study has observed an elevation of erythroid progenitor cells and megakaryocytes in severe COVID-19 cases.13 Typically, these cells reside in the bone marrow. Thus, their presence in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients requires further investigation. However, various explanations have been put forward to explain the increase in erythroid progenitors in the circulation in COVID-19 patients. The finding of angiotensin and ACE2-interacting proteins on RBCs' surface suggests that the virus affects RBCs.6 Furthermore, it was shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects RBCs via an interaction between the band 3 protein of RBCs and a spike protein in the SARS-CoV-2 virus.17 In addition, it was reported that heme metabolism was inhibited following SARS-CoV-2 infection.7 They also found a colocalization between ACE2 and erythroid progenitors.7 Another study showed that high expression of ACE2 was observed during erythropoiesis.14 They also found that only erythroid progenitors express ACE2 but normal hematopoietic stem cells do not. In addition, they detected several SARS-CoV-2 genes in erythroid progenitors following the infection, including nucleocapsid and envelope genes.14 These data indicated that SARS-CoV-2 may invade RBCs, resulting in stress erythropoiesis to compensate for the low oxygen levels observed in those patients leading to the abundance of erythroid progenitors in the circulation.
Higher levels of CD235a were observed in severe cases of COVID-19 patients in our study. This finding agreed with that of another study, which showed that CD235a+/CD71- cells were higher in COVID-19 patients than those in healthy controls.7 Some studies investigated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on RBC's structural proteins.6,7,17 One study has reported alterations in structural RBC surface markers.6 For example, researchers detected an increase in the levels of different structural RBC proteins, including the cytosolic N- terminus of band 3 (AE1), spectrin alpha (SPTA1), and ankyrin (ANK1) in COVID-19 patients.6 However, fewer studies were focused on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on CD235a.7
Finally, there are limited data on the expression of CD36 in COVID-19 patients. Previous research showed that CD36 acts as a receptor during other infections, such as those associated with P. falciparum.20 In addition, CD36 is known to play a crucial role in the adhesion of sickle cells to endothelial cells.21 In the current study, CD36 expression in severe COVID-19 cases was higher than in healthy controls. More research is required to clarify the exact role of CD36 during COVID-19 infection.
There is a small number of patients enrolled in the study. In addition, only one group of COVID-19 patients (severe cases) were included in the study and compared with healthy individuals. Including more study groups (moderate and mild cases of COVID-19 patients) would be valuable. Also, the levels of erythroid progenitors should be monitored over time for patients during their study at the hospital.
In conclusion, we evaluated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on RBC indices, erythroid progenitors (CD71+/CD235a+), and RBC surface markers (CD235a and CD36). Our data suggested that more than half of the COVID-19 were anemic. In our study, we found many RBC abnormalities in the circulating blood of the COVID-19 patients. These included increased expression of RBC structural proteins (CD235a and CD36), and expansion of erythroid progenitors. These findings can be associated with diminished production of erythrocytes, leading to the development of anemia. Together with hypoxia and anemia observed in those patients, these manifestations may be linked with the disease severity and mortality and might have potential as prognostic factors in the management of severely ill COVID-19 patients.
The authors would like to acknowledge Taif University Researchers Supporting Program (Project Number: TURSP-2020/350), Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their support in this study. The authors would like to Scribendi (www.scribendi.com) for English language editing.
Disclosure. This study was funded by Taif University Researchers Supporting Program, Taif University, Saudi Arabia. Project Number: TURSP-2020/350
Received April 13, 2022.
Accepted June 15, 2022.
Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
This is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work.
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Mamdouh A. Allahyani, Abdulelah A. Aljuaid, Mazen M. Almehmadi, Ahmad A. Alghamdi, Ibrahim F. Halawani, Abdullah F. Aldairi, Ahmad M. Alharbi, Mohammad H. Albshri, Abdulqader A. Mutwalli, Ayman S. Alhazmi
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Are you a sports fan? If so, why are you reading this journal? Let me explain. I have been known to take a drink or two, and have been asked on more than one occasion "Wouldn't you like to run your own pub?" My answer has always been "No", because I like pubs (well, some of them) too much. My experience has been that by far the best landlords are those who stay strictly sober and keep their opinions to themselves, while the worst see each day at work as another night out. In other words, the best remain detached and concentrate on making the place attractive to others--they stay focused on the business.
The same is surely true for a sports business. Being a fan does not guarantee a knowledge of marketing or branding; it doesn't help manage millionaire employees; and it certainly doesn't make for a clearheaded look at the bottom line. You might say that a fan can offer insight into what the fan wants, but which fan? And is that really who the business is seeking to please? There can't be many NFL fans who were overjoyed at seeing their teams decamp to Wembley last October. And how many Premier League season ticket holders welcome the midday kick-offs suited to global TV schedules, or the constant churn of replica shirts? Cricket buffs who can recall and recite Wisden at will often regard the first-class game as "the real thing", whatever the success of limited overs in packing grounds. And I drink (that pub again) with die-hard rugby union supporters who reckon that professionalism has "ruined the game".
Publication information: Article title: Drinking the Profits. Contributors: Old, John - Author. Journal title: International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship. Volume: 9. Issue: 2 Publication date: January 2008. Page number: 73. © International Marketing Reports Ltd. COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale Group.


text:
Q: How to convert jQuery .data() to Vanilla JS? While converting some of my existing project from jQuery to plain JS, I've run into some issues with jQuery's .data() utility. So far, I've been unable to find a plain JS approach that will enable me to get and check all of the data-attributes in the navGlobal object.
var navGlobal = document.querySelector('.nav-global');

if (navGlobal !== null &&
    navGlobal.data() &&
    navGlobal.data().account &&
    navGlobal.data().account.accountData &&
    navGlobal.data().account.accountData.address &&
    navGlobal.data().account.accountData.address.zip) {

    // do something

}

What I've tried:
Initially, I thought I'd check for the existence of these data attributes with .getAttribute() and .hasAttribute(). But this only added to the confusion - I'm not sure how I would use vanilla JS to drill down to the nested properties (i.e., navGlobal.data().account.accountData.address). Chaining .getAttribute() doesn't really work, as most of these data attributes are attached to child elements of navGlobal, and not the navGlobal element itself.
What is the best approach?

A: jQuery's data function does two distinctly different things: it provides an interface for accessing data-attributes, and it provides an interface for associating data with a DOM node after the page has loaded. Regarding the former use-case:
Collecting data attributes recursively would look something like this.

var navGlobal = document.getElementsByClassName('nav-global')[0];
var data = Object.assign({}, navGlobal.dataset);
var children = navGlobal.getElementsByTagName("*");

Array.from(children).forEach(function (el) {
  Object.assign(data, el.dataset)
})

console.log(data)

Can't be more specific without seeing more of your code, but I would recommend having a better way of selecting elements with data such as a class name.
If you need nested data structures, and you need to implement them as data attributes, you'll have to do some extra work to make that happen.
If you look at the source for my old jQuery plugin, you'll see a simple way of taking a flat data structure and turning it into a nested one, and vice versa. This is roughly analogous to how PHP & Ruby encode nested parameters in the query string.
{
  "account[accountData][address][zip]": "12345"
}

becomes
{
  "account": {
    "accountData": {
      "address": {
        "zip": "1234"
      }
    }
  }
}

My library was intended for use with form inputs, but you could adapt the same principles to data attributes.
Though to be frank, I don't see why you don't just drop a JSON payload on the page instead.

A: As antony said, use the DOMElement.dataset object:

var div = document.querySelector('div');
var p = document.querySelector('p');

p.innerHTML = div.dataset.myattribute;

A: Try using navGlobal.dataset instead of navGlobal.data().
Also if you want to check for the existence of nested properties, you could use a lodash has function that allows you to check for nested properties. E.g.
if (has(navGlobal.dataset, 'account.accountData.address.zip')) {
  ....
}

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CDHaha Movie
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2014年第67届英国电影和电视艺术学院奖(2014.0...
2014年第71届美国电影金球奖(2014.01.12)...
2014年第86届奥斯卡金像奖(2014.03.02) ...
1979年第32届英国电影和电视艺术学院奖 最佳服装设...
[黑死病] Black Death
2010-06-11 | [1,907]
导演:Christopher Smith
出品:Egoli Tossell Film
国家:英国、德国
片长:97 分
分级:R
演员:Sean Bean | Eddie Redmayne | David Warner | Carice van Houten | Kimberley Nixon | Tim McInnerny | John Lynch | Andy Nyman | Johnny Harris | Tygo Gernandt | Emun Elliott | Marianne Graffam | Jamie Ballard | Emily Fleischer | Daniel Steiner
链接:http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1181791/
故事发生在1348年的鼠疫肆虐的中世纪英格兰。奥斯蒙(埃迪·雷德梅尼 饰),一个年轻的僧侣,负责引导骑士乌尔里希(肖恩·宾 饰)和他的雇佣兵前往遥远的沼泽地中的村庄,这个村庄因为尚未受到黑死病的侵害,所以笼罩着神秘的色彩。乌尔里希一行来到这里追捕一个异教的巫师,传闻他能够使死者复活。
在这个伴随痛苦煎熬的征程中,乌尔里希的特使找到了这个村庄,这是一个令人毛骨悚然的乌托邦,由一个美丽的巫婆兰吉瓦(卡里斯·范·侯登 饰)领导。在她向奥斯蒙说出了她心底的秘密后,奥斯蒙被迫在自己的信仰和村庄的存亡间作出抉择。
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Part 1 of "Exam Preparation Package for ISO 18436-2 Certified Vibration Analyst Category I: Principles of Vibration" is a new book designed for practitioners to prepare for and pass the ISO vibration analysis certification. This part focuses on the first part of the Standard BoK: Principles of Vibration.
For years, analysts have been asking for practice questions to review their training materials and strengthen their understanding before the exams. Now, Cat I Prep I provides hundreds of practice questions to fill this gap and to address this genuine need in the field of machinery vibration analysis. Though the book primarily targets Level I certification, many readers found it of great help for higher levels as a reinforcement to the foundation of the advanced topics.
This prep package meets and exceeds the requirements of the standard to ensure your readiness for the actual certification test. Regardless of your certification provider and its location (USA, Australia, UK or Asia), you will find amazing help from this package.
Part 1 (Principles of Vibration) is now available to buy through Amazon.
More details and a sample question for Part 1 are in the attachment.
More details and a sample question for Part 2 are in the attachment. Part 2 contains 152 questions.
Vibration Analysis Certification Exam Preparation Package Certified Vibration Analyst Category I: Data Acquisition.
I recommend that if you are interested in certification that you know what the body of knowledge is as given in ISO. Then you can judge whether you have sufficient understanding of the required body of knowledge for the exams.
Questions like Ali has put together are a good source to practice, but you need to know what you need to know before you can expect to do well on the exams.
Thank you Bill for your comment. You are right.
Some excellent practitioners do not do well in these certification exams because they assume that they know what the exam covers. The score an examinee obtains is based on his/her answers to the specific questions in the exam, not based on how well he/she runs the business. Ideally, there is a correlation between the real world competency and the score. However, this correlation does not hold true in all cases.
In fact, many times studying for a formal certification exam uncovers areas of weakness or even misunderstandings. Based on my personal observations, many candidates know and practice parts of the BoK at different levels but they need to move with the certification level by level in order t fill some gaps. I should say, however, some examinees fail because they are not good at taking written exams.
For those who are interested to know more about BoK Body of Knowledge, they can go through the topics specified in ISO 18436-2. The official document is sold through www.iso.org and this is the link for ISO 18436-2.
When the certification candidates attend a good quality training, usually the student manual covers the BoK at the level targeted.
More details and a sample question from Part 3 are in the attachment. Part 4 contains 130 questions.
Vibration Analysis Certification Exam Preparation Package Certified Vibration Analyst Category I: Signal Processing.


text:
Q: Why do review tasks come in groups? I don't have much reputation on Stack Overflow, so I may only review first Questions & Answers. When waiting for a review task, I realized that there are no tasks at all (some minutes) and then there suddently are 8 or 13 tasks to do. Why does it behave like this? Wouldn't it be more logical that a review task is created when a new user posts a new question?

A: Caching.  Always caching.  30char.


text:
Ein erbrechtliches Vermächtnis (auch Legat, von lateinisch legatum) ist die Zuwendung eines bestimmten Vermögensvorteils aufgrund eines Testaments oder Erbvertrags, ohne dass der mit dem Vermächtnis Bedachte (der Vermächtnisnehmer oder Legatar) als Erbe eingesetzt wird. Der Vermächtnisnehmer erwirbt den betreffenden Gegenstand nicht unmittelbar mit dem Tode des Erblassers. Er erlangt lediglich einen Anspruch gegen den oder die mit dem Vermächtnis beschwerten Erben.

Deutsches Recht
Die gesetzlichen Regelungen des Vermächtnisses finden sich im deutschen Recht in den  des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs (BGB).

Rechtsnatur
Das Vermächtnis besteht gemäß  BGB in der Zuwendung eines Vermögensvorteils durch Testament oder gemäß  BGB durch Erbvertrag. Der Bedachte wird dabei nicht Erbe, da es an einer Erbeinsetzung gerade fehlt und er nicht in die Rechtsnachfolge des Erblassers eintritt. Gegenstand eines Vermächtnisses kann die Zuwendung beliebiger Vermögenswerte sein. In Betracht kommt dabei die Übertragung einer bestimmten Sache, die Zahlung eines Geldbetrags oder die Einräumung eines Rechts, so als beschränkte persönliche Dienstbarkeit etwa ein Wohnrecht oder als absolutes Recht ein Nießbrauch.

Da der Bedachte den Vermögensvorteil beim Vermächtnis nicht automatisch und dinglich erlangt – ein solches sogenanntes Vindikationslegat kennt das deutsche Recht nicht – erwirbt er lediglich einen schuldrechtlichen Anspruch auf Verschaffung des Zugewendeten, sogenanntes Damnationslegat. Der Bedachte erwirbt somit einen Erfüllungsanspruch, der sich gemäß  BGB gegen den mit dem Vermächtnis beschwerten Erben richtet. Neben dem oder den Erben kann auch ein Vermächtnisnehmer selbst mit einem Vermächtnis beschwert werden, BGB. In diesem Fall wird von einem Untervermächtnis gesprochen.

Das Vermächtnis ist von der Auflage zu unterscheiden. Der Erblasser kann gemäß  BGB den Erben oder auch einen Vermächtnisnehmer zu einer Leistung verpflichten, ohne einem anderen ein Recht auf die Leistung zuzuwenden (Auflage). Mit einer Auflage wird der Erbe oder Vermächtnisnehmer etwa zur Grabpflege oder zur Pflege von Haustieren nach dem Tod des Erblassers verpflichtet. Bestimmte für das Vermächtnis geltende Vorschriften sind entsprechend anwendbar ( BGB).

Verfügung und Inhalt
Zur Aussetzung eines Vermächtnisses ist die Benutzung bestimmter Worte im Testament oder im Erbvertrag nicht erforderlich. Nach der in  Abs. 2 BGB enthaltenen Auslegungsregel liegt in der Zuwendung nur einzelner Gegenstände im Zweifel die Anordnung eines Vermächtnisses. Verfügt der Erblasser beispielsweise: "Mein Jagdgewehr erhält mein Freund …, alles andere, was ich besitze, vermache ich meinem Sohn", so ist der Sohn Erbe und der Freund Vermächtnisnehmer. Das bedeutet, dass der Sohn mit dem Tode des Erblassers in alle Vermögenspositionen desselben einrückt, der Freund hingegen einen Anspruch gegen den Sohn als Erben auf Verschaffung des Eigentums am Gewehr und auf Herausgabe desselben hat. In der Praxis ist häufig erst durch Auslegung der Wille des Erblassers ergründbar.

Besondere Formen des Vermächtnisses

Ersatzvermächtnis
Für den Fall, dass der Bedachte bei Eintritt des Erbfalles nicht mehr lebt, kann der Erblasser ein Ersatzvermächtnis anordnen,  BGB.

Nachvermächtnis
Ein Nachvermächtnis liegt vor, wenn der Erblasser einen Vorvermächtnisnehmer und einen Nachvermächtnisnehmer bestimmt hat. Der Nachvermächtnisnehmer soll dann nach Eintritt eines Ereignisses von dem Vorvermächtnisnehmer den Gegenstand fordern können.

Verschaffungsvermächtnis
Beim Verschaffungsvermächtnis richtet sich die Verfügung des Erblassers auf einen Gegenstand, der nicht zum Nachlass gehört. Der mit dem Vermächtnis Beschwerte muss dann den Gegenstand mit Mitteln des Nachlasses erwerben und dem Vermächtnisnehmer verschaffen. Allerdings ist  BGB zu beachten, wonach grundsätzlich ein Vermächtnis unwirksam ist, wenn es sich auf einen nicht zum Nachlass gehörenden Gegenstand bezieht. Ein Verschaffungsvermächtnis darf deshalb nur angenommen werden, wenn feststeht, dass der Erblasser trotzdem den Gegenstand zuwenden wollte.

Vorausvermächtnis
Beim Vorausvermächtnis ( BGB) wird das Vermächtnis einem (Mit-)Erben selbst zugewendet, d. h., er ist sowohl Erbe als auch Vermächtnisnehmer. Zusätzlich zu seinem Erbteil erhält er einen bestimmten Gegenstand aus dem Nachlass, und zwar ohne Anrechnung auf seinen Erbteil. In der Praxis bereitet es immer wieder Schwierigkeiten, das Vorausvermächtnis von der Teilungsanordnung abzugrenzen. Bei der Teilungsanordnung besteht eine Ausgleichspflicht gegenüber den Miterben, beim Vorausvermächtnis hingegen nicht.

Verständnisprobleme entstehen vor allem bei selbstverfassten Testamenten aufgrund unklarer oder widersprüchlicher Formulierungen des Testators. Im Fall der Verfügung "Mein Aktiendepot erhält mein Sohn A, das übrige Vermögen erhalten meine Söhne A und B zu gleichen Teilen", bleibt unklar, ob der Erblasser den A gegenüber B begünstigen wollte (dann Vorausvermächtnis) oder aber einen wertmäßigen Ausgleich für das Aktiendepot anstrebte, B also zum Ausgleich für das Depot entsprechend mehr aus dem übrigen Nachlass erhalten soll (dann Teilungsanordnung).

Zu Unklarheiten kann auch die Formulierung im Gesetz führen: Während aus  BGB folgt, dass Vermächtnisse auch zugunsten von Erben möglich sind, und zwar eben als Vorausvermächtnisse, wird in  BGB das Vermächtnis als eine Zuwendung definiert, die der Erblasser anordnet "ohne ihn [den Begünstigten] als Erben einzusetzen". Die Formulierung des Gesetzes ist letztlich jedoch eindeutig. Nur durch die Zuwendung eines Vermächtnisses allein wird jemand nicht Erbe, ihm kann aber neben der Erbeinsetzung sehr wohl auch ein Vermächtnis zugewandt werden.

Nach der Rechtsprechung ist das Vorausvermächtnis regelmäßig schon vor der Erbauseinandersetzung zu befriedigen.

Universalvermächtnis
Ein Universalvermächtnis liegt vor, wenn der Erblasser einem Dritten die gesamte Erbschaft mittels Vermächtnis zuwendet und dabei deutlich macht, dass die Auslegungsregel des  BGB nicht gelten soll. Hauptartikel: Universalfideikommiss

Abtretung
Da es sich bei dem Vermächtnis um einen schuldrechtlichen Anspruch handelt, unterliegt dieser den allgemeinen Regeln der Abtretung.

Islamisches Recht
Im islamischen Recht, das in den meisten islamischen Ländern zur Anwendung kommt, gibt es die Institution des testamentarischen Vermächtnisses (waṣīya). Dieses Vermächtnis darf ein Drittel des Vermögens (nach Abzug der Bestattungskosten und Schulden) nicht übersteigen, es sei denn, die gesetzlichen Erben, denen bestimmte Pflichtteile (farāʾiḍ) zustehen, stimmen dem zu. Die Frage, ob Vermächtnisse gegenüber gesetzlichen Erben zulässig sind, wird in den verschiedenen islamischen Rechtsschulen unterschiedlich beurteilt. In den meisten islamischen Ländern sind sie heute erlaubt. Während Muslime und Nichtmuslime nach dem islamischen Recht gegenseitig nicht erbberechtigt sind, ist das Vermächtnis eines Muslims zugunsten eines Nichtmuslims wirksam. Dies ist ein Ansatzpunkt für individuelle Lösungen bei interreligiösen Ehen. Die Aussetzung eines Vermächtnisses gilt nach der islamischen Normenlehre grundsätzlich als empfehlenswert.

Weblinks

 Letztwillige Anordnungen des Erblassers - Vermächtnis, §§ 1939, 2147 ff. juracademy, abgerufen am 2. Mai 2018

Einzelnachweise

Erbrecht (Deutschland)
Islamisches Recht

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Norwegian Army starts training with anti-tank mines near Russia border
CLICK FOR MORE PHOTOS. The soldiers with the engineering squad make ready one of the anti-tank mines. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
Ultimost careful when handling high-explosives. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
The training ground for detonating explosives is down deep in a closed open-pit iron-ore mine near Kirkenes. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
Anti-tank mine on the ground is made ready. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
All gear has to be double-checked. Safety is everything when dealing with explosives and weapons. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
Chief of the Garrison of Sør-Varanger, Lieutenant Colonel Michael Rozmara. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
Walking to a safe distance before blowing up the anti-tank mine. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
The blast as seen through the lens of Barents Observer's camera at a distance of a kilometer. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
Military vehicle in the open-pit mine. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
The blast took place in the open-pit mine of Sydvaranger iron-ore company at a distance of 2,5 kilometers from the border to Russia. Photo by Google maps
A closed open-pit mine 2,5 kilometers from the border to Russia's heavily militarized Kola Peninsula is this week serving as a training ground for the Garrison in Sør-Varanger's engineering squad.
The Barents Observer · Норвежские военные отрабатывают установку противотанковых мин недалеко от границы с Россией
Practicing with anti-tank mines is nothing new for the Norwegian Army, but never so close to the border to Russia as this week. The sound of blast is not only loud enough to be heard by Russian guards patrolling the border to NATO-member Norway. It is also a clear message of power build-up in the north.
While the Garrison of Sør-Varanger (GSV) for decades after the end of the Cold War mainly focused its activities on border policing, the last few years have seen a significant strengthening of manpower and armament. A recently established ranger troop is tasked to ensure Norwegian sovereignty. Any foe will be met by military force.
"The ability to lay minefields is part of our capacity," says Chief of the garrison, Lieutenant Colonel Michael Rozmara, as his engineering squad makes ready down deep in the snow-covered former iron-ore mine outside Kirkenes, Arctic Norway.
Read also: More than 40 new Russian tanks rumble in the borderland
Previously, soldiers with the Garrison had to get training with such high-explosives at Halkavarre shooting range, or at Rena military camp in southern Norway.
The dynamite is carefully put in place by the soldiers at the training ground before the blast provides the anti-tank mine with sufficient firepower to destroy armored vehicles. Eliminating tanks and armored vehicles would be a clear priority for the Norwegian soldiers, repelling an advancing enemy.
Anti-tank mines are only one of several explosives the soldiers are exercising. Head of the squad, Erlend Wahl, explains how the soldiers will learn to blow up rocks, wood, concrete, and steel constructions.
"The purpose is to be able to perform correct blasting of objects and master all sorts of military firing systems," he says.
During the Cold War, soldiers at the Garrison of Sør-Varanger were constantly training on two bridges important to blow up to slow the Red Army in case of invasion. The Elvenes Bridge and the Strømmen Bridge. Without those two bridges, heavy vehicles from the east would not be able to drive more than a few kilometers into Norwegian territory. At least for a limited time.
"Any military operation against an advancing enemy is aimed to reduce the enemy's advancing speed," says Lt Col Michael Rozmara.
Are you again, nowadays, training to blow up those two bridges?
"No comment," Rozmara answers.
Bøkfjordbrua at Elvenes by night. All traffic from Russia has to cross this bridge which is 5 kilometers from the border crossing checkpoint on the only road between Russia and Norway. Photo: Thomas Nilsen
More than 40 new Russian tanks rumble in the borderland
Lavrov's call for security consultations with Norway was followed by strategic bombers
Missile hits target in test launch near border to Russia
Norway rearms Finnmark for new security landscape


Kiln Dried Ash 0.9 cubic meters per load.
This is the king of all firewoods. Slow burning with a high heat output and dried to an average moisture content of less than 20%. This load will be delivered using one of our tipping trailers.
Cut to approximately 10″ (25cm) or 12" (30cm) and fairly chunky. Ideal for the modern and efficient wood and multiple fuel burners.


New construction in the beautiful community of The Glade at Highland Lakes. This home features 5 levels. Private 1st floor study w/double doors. Island kitchen w/built in stainless steel appliances, upgraded multi-height maple cabinetry, ceramic tile back splash, gleaming granite & expanded morning room all open to the soaring 2 story family room w/corner gas fireplace. Hardwood floors in select areas. A few steps down is the large included rec room. The owners suite is on its own level w/tray ceiling, his & her walk-in closet & en suite w/double bowl vanity, soaking tub, separate shower & water closet. Laundry room is on this level. The top floor has 3 additional bedrooms and 2 additional full bathrooms. Full unfinished basement and 3 car garage with opener and keyless entry system.


In July of 2014, New York became the 23rd state to legalize medical cannabis use when Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the Compassionate Use Act. For the first time, New Yorkers had an option to use cannabis legally–but there were problems. Namely, the medicinal cannabis program was too inaccessible.
Difficulty finding a New York medicinal cannabis doctor, limited dispensaries, and adhering to stricter medical requirements than other states resulted in only 1,300 NY medical cannabis certifications prescribed from July 2014 – March 2017.
NuggMD, the leader in getting a California marijuana card, is now available across New York state.
New York has provided licenses to more dispensaries.
The list of qualifying medical conditions has added chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
These factors are responsible for a huge increase in NY MMJ patients. From March 2017 to March 2018 there were 45,000 new medicinal cards issued in the state!
What conditions qualify for a MMJ card?
The Compassionate Use Act dictates that the New York Health Department oversees the state MMJ program; as such, Commissioner Howard Zucker, M.D. decides which conditions qualify. In addition to the two new ones, he's also in favor of expanding the list to include more.
Added in March 2017, chronic pain affects around 20,000 New Yorkers, many of whom previously turned to highly addictive and potentially life-threatening opioids for help. PTSD joined the list in November 2017, as it affects approximately 19,000 New Yorkers. Previous treatments again included strong, expensive, and even deadly, pharmaceuticals.
How do I apply for a New York MMJ card?
New Yorkers used to deal with an application process that wasn't as straightforward as other states until NuggMD arrived. Their online platform makes applying for a medical marijuana card easier than ever.
NuggMD is the most trusted name in cannabis telemedicine, responsible for over 250,000 California medical cannabis recommendations! They have the experience, infrastructure, and know-how to simplify your application process!
Have proof of New York state residency (I.D. card, passport, driver's license).
Have any of the 12 valid qualifying medical condition(s).
Go to nuggmd.com, fill out a simple medical questionnaire and provide proof of the condition(s).
Speak to a certified NY MMJ doctor. The consultation only takes about 15 minutes but use all the time you need to answer all your questions and concerns.
Pay for your evaluation. Other providers charge just for the consultation, but with NuggMD you only pay $149 for the certification ($99 for renewals) if approved.
Register with the New York Department of Health's online cannabis patient registry ($50 nonrefundable fee).
I have a MMJ card; now what?
To purchase cannabis products with your New York MMJ card visit a state-licensed dispensary, but don't be surprised when you don't see cannabis-infused edibles or flower. NY's medicinal cannabis products are currently limited to capsules, tinctures, and liquids like cannabis oil cartridges. This may change as the medical cannabis program grows.
To find a state-licensed cannabis dispensary near you, visit the NY Department of Health online.
Many NY cannabis patients are surprised to discover NuggMD continues to provide benefits long after they register. This includes, at no additional charge, access to a medical cannabis concierge dedicated to simplifying your cannabis experience. That's right; NuggMD employs specialists to help you find the right product(s), the closest cannabis dispensary, and answer any cannabis questions you have. Also look out for Nugg's marijuana delivery service coming soon to your NY neighborhood!
As medical cannabis in New York continues to thrive, your medicinal marijuana concierge will keep you in the know about how changes affect you. Take advantage MMJ's benefits and Nugg's simplicity today!


JMC is the construction arm of Kalpataru Group, which offers end-to-end customized solutions with single-source responsibility for executing medium to large sized projects across all types. Equipped with processes, knowledge and able people, JMC has proven its capability for executing all types of projects involving comprehensive construction services that include design, procurement, supply, installation, testing and commissioning etc.
JMC has become a renowned name in 'Buildings & Housing' sector, equipped with PAN India reach, knowledge & expertise and experienced manpower to undertake all types of building and housing projects. JMC has been providing world-class infrastructure support to India's growing Industrial, Retail, ITeS and Services sector.
While we endavour to build world-class infrastructure, we also believe that our customer needs us in improving quality of human life by building large townships and high-rise apartments with expertise in all round infrastructure and modern amenities. JMC offers end-to-end construction of such projects.
Institutions are the real mitochondria of our social ecosystem. Several leading institutions across our country carry emblem of JMC's construction excellence. From top notch management institutes to modest schools, from medical colleges to hostels, JMC has built them all.
JMC took part in the Indian IT Growth story, by becoming a preferred partner in providing comprehensive construction solutions for IT Parks, office space including high rise towers and green buildings etc.
Having built several public projects, from super specialty hospitals, medical colleges to support infra and residential facilities, JMC offers end-to-end solutions across a wide spectrum of healthcare sector.
JMC engineers understand key requirements of our customers and end users. Mastering this concept, JMC has constructed a variety of landmark structures in hospitality sector, may they be hotels, malls or other multi-utility places etc.
JMC is one of the major contributors in nation building process by developing civil infrastructure projects. Our endeavor of developing of highways to tunnels and bridges to regional development programs, from metro terminals to public transport systems, has improved the quality of human life and had contributed to sustainable economic growth. In addition, JMC is experienced in forming public-private partnerships that bring together the resources of government and the private sector for new projects. This expertise makes us to deliver the best output with lowest possible costs.
JMC enhances the efficiency of our economy by providing full range services for a diverse range of technologically challenging and complex infrastructure projects. We hold a very strong position in Highways & Roads sector in India, strengthening India's infrastructural dream.
Across the country, JMC has executed some remarkable transportation projects which include Expressways, National Highways, State Highways, flyovers etc. Timely delivery within budgeted targets while adhering to international standards of safety & quality is the core strength of this business vertical.
JMC's heritage in structural design and execution distinguishes us as a leader in construction of elevated corridors such as flyovers, bridges etc. The vertical has strong expertise in the design and construction of a wide array of civil structures like flyovers, viaducts, bridges etc.
JMC is involved in the construction of metro rail systems, Mass Transit Transportation Systems (MRTS) etc. JMC has contributed significantly to the successful implementation of Delhi Metro and Bangalore Metro projects. JMC has provided services in allied activities - viaduct and station construction etc.
Recently, JMC has started taking works in Railways sector. This sector is being envisaged as key factor which can drive the future and enable us participate in development of our country.
Industrial growth of any country is reflection of flourishing economy. Every industry relies on the strength of its structural construction for growth. Over the period of time, JMC has geared up to construct industrial units and power plant structures by leveraging expertise in advanced construction methodologies and techniques. We provide engineering, design, procurement, construction services to manufacturing clients.
JMC is gradually becoming a force that brings in speed in our people's lives through automobiles. JMC has successfully collaborated with leading automobile players of our country in construction of their manufacturing set ups.
Clients served by JMC represent some of the most diversified food & beverages companies. Experience gained from these projects provides a wide range of capabilities to serve our next clients. This results into customer centric solutions which consistently help our customers meet their business objectives.
After serving some of the leading IT giants, JMC has also created remarkable footprint in serving pharmaceutical clients for their state-of the art manufacturing set ups, R&D facilities etc. Today, JMC is one of the leading providers of EPC services to our pharmaceutical patrons.
JMC has participated in construction of some of the landmark public buildings including sports complexes, stadia, auditoriums etc.
JMC Projects has undertaken various infrastructure and civic projects to help boost the tourism in India. The transformation of the Sabarmati river front is one such example of an activity embarked on by JMC.


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Japanese Start-Up to Deliver Artificial Meteor showers
By Team TeekTalks On Jul 21, 2018
Tokyo based Japanese start-up ALE is developing 'on demand shooting stars' which the company says will be ready by 2020 and is planning to deliver the world's first such show of artificial meteor shower by early 2020 in Hiroshima.
ALE is making two micro satellites which are in the final stages of development. On completion, the satellites will be able to deliver small balls that will glow brightly upon entering the atmosphere simulating a shower of meteors.
ALE is planning to launch the first satellite into the atmosphere by March 2019 on a rocket that will be launched by Japan's space agency and the second one will follow the lead and hitch the ride by the middle of 2019 and will be launched by a private-sector rocket.
"We are targeting the whole world, as our stockpile of shooting stars will be in space and can be delivered across the world," ALE chief executive Lena Okajima told reporters.
According to the reports, each satellite is able to carry as many as 400 tiny balls whose chemical formula seems to be a top secret. Once these balls are ejected from the satellites, they will glow bright as they dive into the atmosphere. While the satellites will be able to stay in the space for over two years, the 400 balls that each of the will carry are enough for 20-30 events of artificial meteor shower. Each of the stars will burn in the atmosphere for several seconds before being completely burned up and even before they are close enough to Earth's atmosphere to pose any danger.
ALE officials further stated that the company is also looking for any possibilities of using any satellites in the space that are not functioning to create massive shooting stars. However, the idea of pushing a used satellite into the atmosphere on targeted orbit to create big artificial shooting stars is still in the basic stage of their research.
The two satellites that ALE plans to release into the atmosphere will begin orbiting the Earth as early as February 2020 and will prepare further for the world's first show of artificial shooting stars planned for March the same year over Japan's western city of Hiroshima.
Officials also informed that the satellites can be either used in tandem or separately and will be specifically programmed to eject the balls at the desired location with controlled speed and direction to allow the show to viewers on the ground.
A little twist in the ingredients of the balls should also mean that there is also a possibility to change their glow and colours to offer a multi-coloured effect of the artificial shooting stars which will make fireworks a passé.
Artificial Meteor ShowersJapan Space AgencyShooting Stars
Narcissism in Children and How to Deal With It
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Our Panax ginseng is grown in ideal conditions and processed at low temperatures for maximum retention of active natural components. We guarantee that our ginseng products contain the right number of ginsenosides for delivering optimal nutrients and health benefits.
The traditional method for ingesting this powerful adaptogenic plant involves mixing it in powdered form with warm water and drinking it. That means when you choose Panax Ginseng Powder, you are carrying on an ancient health and wellness tradition.


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Bag near Gogebic Taconite office didn't have bomb
Company planning iron ore mine near Chippewa reservation
Updated: 6:44 PM CDT Apr 13, 2013
Northwestern Wisconsin police say a suspicious backpack found near a company proposing to build iron ore mine did not contain explosives.Gogebic Taconite president Bill Williams says an employee called him around 11 a.m. Saturday to find out if he had left a backpack outside their Hurley office. He told the employee he did not.According to a Hurley police department statement, the area was cordoned off and a bomb squad arrived at about 2:45 p.m. They found the bag didn't have a bomb and the area was opened again around 4 p.m.A message left for Chief Dan Erspamer was not immediately returned Saturday night.The proposed mine is near the Bad River Chippewa's reservation. The tribe and conservationists are against it, fearing it would pollute the region.
HURLEY, Wis. —
Northwestern Wisconsin police say a suspicious backpack found near a company proposing to build iron ore mine did not contain explosives.
Gogebic Taconite president Bill Williams says an employee called him around 11 a.m. Saturday to find out if he had left a backpack outside their Hurley office. He told the employee he did not.
According to a Hurley police department statement, the area was cordoned off and a bomb squad arrived at about 2:45 p.m. They found the bag didn't have a bomb and the area was opened again around 4 p.m.
A message left for Chief Dan Erspamer was not immediately returned Saturday night.
The proposed mine is near the Bad River Chippewa's reservation. The tribe and conservationists are against it, fearing it would pollute the region.


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Costa Rica Summer Weather
Jul 19, 2018Costa Rica SurfingjessicaComments Off on Costa Rica Summer Weather
Costa Rica lies at the southern end of Central America near the equator, so it's "summer" weather is a lot different than what you'd find in more temperate latitudes like the United States or Canada.
In addition, the weather in Costa Rica varies dramatically as you transit from the eastern Caribbean coastline to the western Pacific coastline. Costa Rica is also home to several volcanos and mountain ranges, the higher elevations of which are predominately cold and foggy all year round. Meanwhile, the Central Valley stays almost permanently cool (71F/22C) with steady breezes.
Some of the best summer weather in the country is found on the Pacific Coast. And due to seasonal tides, the Pacific Coast is also one of the best places in the world to enjoy surfing. Large, steady swells, gorgeous beaches, and exquisitely verdant backdrops make surfing on the Pacific Coast a truly magnificent experience.
When you visit the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica during the summer, you can expect warm temperatures and sunny skies. Summer falls during the "green season," a period of increased precipitation, but this follows a predictable schedule, primarily raining during the overnight hours and a brief shower in the afternoon. The Caribbean coastline, on the other hand, sees steady rain all summer long.
One of the best places to surf on Costa Rica's Pacific coast is the town of Dominical in Puntarenas Province. Located only a short distance from the fabled Manuel Antonio National Park and its surfing beaches, Dominical is a true "surf" town where locals freely mix with surfers from around the world in the spirit of camaraderie and fellowship that surfers are known for.
And the best surf school in Costa Rica is the Manuel Antonio Surf School and Camp (MASS). Located in Dominical and Manuel Antonio, MASS employs a professional coaching staff of experienced local surf pros. Whether you've never tried surfing before or are an experienced surfer, the coaches of MASS will get you up on the board and teach you advanced techniques to make the most of your time in the water.
MASS uses personalized instruction and video capture to help each surfer step up their game. MASS has exclusive access to private surfing beaches, islands, and great breaks where surfers of all ability levels can enjoy this ancient sport of kings. MASS also organizes tours and adventures in the surrounding area, including hiking, bird watching, and yoga.
If you're considering where to go this summer, choose MASS and a surfing vacation in beautiful Costa Rica.
« 10 Reasons to Choose Costa Rica Over Hawaii
Surfing Quepos in Costa Rica »
"Best experience on my vacation" – Simiren K


Welcome to The Boles Firm Watch our video and learn how Fenner and Boles can help you with your workers' compensation, long term disability or social security case.
Welcome. I am Greg Boles and I am a workers' compensation, long term disability and social security lawyer in Philadelphia. I have written some books for those of you that are disabled and are seeking or receiving benefits. I know how difficult it must be for people to take time out of their busy days to go for a free consultation. That is why these books can really help. For those of you who are seeking workers' compensation, long term disability or social security benefits, you may be in a situation in which you have to see if there is some other cash benefit available to you while you await the outcome of your case. Click on the button you see on this page and we will get your free book to you right away. Every case is unique but I want to hear YOUR story. So fill out the contact form and tell us how we can help you. We will review the information and get back to you right away. Call us any time using the phone number you see on the screen. I look forward to hearing from you.


Taylor Chorney's hockey career is very much of a story of like father, like son.
Taylor was a star defenseman at the University of North Dakota. He was a second round draft pick of the Edmonton Oilers in 2005, but has largely failed to establish himself as a NHL regular. He has been a journeyman defender in a vagabond career.
Taylor's father is Marc Chorney, a former All-American defenseman who also played for the Fighting Sioux from 1977-1981, played for a national championship in 1979 and won one in 1980. He went on to play three seasons in the NHL, with Pittsburgh and Los Angeles, similarly as a journeyman defenseman. He only scored eight goals in his career, including his first goal in his first game on his very first shot.
Father's experiences allowed him to off his son great career and life advice.
"The excitement of pro hockey wears off quickly when you know it's a business," Marc Chorney said to NCAA reporter Patrick Miller. "Once you turn pro, you can't go back to your college days. It's hard to tell that to a young person when the opportunity is right there in front of him and it's his dream to play in the NHL.
Marc played all four seasons of his college eligibility, graduating with a degree in business. Today, he owns a company that manufactures hardwood flooring for semi trailers. The company has three plants in the U.S. and one in Canada.


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Julian Assange arrested in London... finally
Jazz Shaw Apr 11, 2019 8:01 AM ET
Wikileaks founder Julian Assange has been complaining for some time now that he wanted to find a way to get out of the Ecuadorean embassy in London and now he's gotten his wish. He's out of the embassy and into a courtroom because the London police arrested him. Oddly enough, he didn't walk out of the embassy on his own. The cops reportedly went into the building and removed him. (London Metro Police)
Julian Assange, 47, (03.07.71) has today, Thursday 11 April, been arrested by officers from the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) at the Embassy of Ecuador, Hans Crescent, SW1 on a warrant issued by Westminster Magistrates' Court on 29 June 2012, for failing to surrender to the court.
He has been taken into custody at a central London police station where he will remain, before being presented before Westminster Magistrates' Court as soon as is possible.
The MPS had a duty to execute the warrant, on behalf of Westminster Magistrates' Court, and was invited into the embassy by the Ambassador, following the Ecuadorian government's withdrawal of asylum.
That last sentence from the police is the key to how this happened. As long as Assange had asylum from the Ecuadorean government, the cops couldn't set foot in there to touch him. But the patience of Ecuador apparently ran out at last and they revoked his asylum and invited the metro police to come in and get him. When the cops dragged him out, Assange looked more like Rasputin than any sort of computer hacker.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oqJiNzJQ_E
So what's next? The charges the Brits have against him are relatively minor. (Failure to appear or honor a warrant.) The rape charges he faced in Sweden were dropped quite a while ago, so he might not be looking at any serious consequences in England. But that's far from his biggest concern. We already know that a grand jury has been impaneled to look into Assange's activities. It's the same case that recently landed Assange's buddy Chelsea Manning in a jail cell on contempt charges.
But will we be able to get our hands on him? We do have an extradition agreement with Great Britain, but if Assange challenges the request (as he almost certainly will without some sort of immunity deal), the case could be tied up in court for months or even years. And even if we do manage to get him to the United States, what will he be charged with? Stealing and revealing classified information or private correspondence would be a good start, but Assange will claim that he's a journalist and claim innocence based on being part of the free press. There are also questions about what he may or may not know about Russian interference in the election.
No matter how this plays out, we're at least on our way to the next phase of this incredibly long story. And Ecuador has finally rid themselves of a massive headache.
UPDATE: (Jazz) The AP is confirming that Assange wasn't only arrested on failure to appear charges. It was in response to a United States request for extradition. So we're off to the races, folks.
BREAKING: London police confirm Julian Assange was arrested on behalf of US authorities as well as breaching UK bail conditions. https://t.co/nmscXQVVvn
— The Associated Press (@AP) April 11, 2019
Tags: JULIAN ASSANGE LONDON EXTRADITION ARRESTED


I have a small orchard of 15 pecan trees and would like to purchase a cracker. in 2001 i hand cracked about 30 gallons,in gallon freezer bags, and am looking for a cracker to help in the process. please email if you have a used cracker with the price and where you are located.


A little overwhelming at times, folks may throw the baby out with the bath water and just give up on the pursuit for purchasing chia. Fortunately I was able to connect with a reliable wholesaler in the state of Florida that I trust. I buy chia in bulk for myself and my students. Below is a pasted copy of an email I exchanged with Lenore of Omega 3 Chia.
Adam, I really love it when my friends and clients send me emails of "stuff" they hear or read.
Salba, the albino/white chia is NOT superior to dark chia. Logic: we have always known that dark fruits and vegetables are more nutrient dense than white fruits and vegetables, i.e.: broccoli vs. cauliflower, spinach vs. iceberg lettuce. The dark chia has an ORAC value of 98 and vs. albino at 70. The study is attached.
Dr. Wayne Coates' affiliation is with LifeMax / Mila. They "micro-slice" the chia. First, anytime you break or crush a seed the oxidation process begins. The seed was created in a "whole form" so why does it have to be crushed? It should be refrigerated. And they do NOT own 98% or all the chia fields in the world. If that were true how come we have 1.2 million pounds? I've heard all their claims. Some are true and some are not.
Wayne Coates is a scientist and I respect his authorship of the chia book. We have spoken on several occasions when I had questions.
Thank you Adam for putting our link to your site. Let me know how I can help you too.


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America may legalize sports betting
A decision by the Supreme Court that says that expanding sports betting beyond Nevada would mean billions in this new industry of online gambling. This court has ruled in favor of New Jersey 1992 federal law that prohibited this type of betting in many states. At this moment, Nevada is...
Sports / The Breeze
NBA All-Star 2018 Mock Draft
In a new format this season, LeBron James and Stephen Curry, the leading vote getters in their respective conferences – will choose the two NBA All-Star teams. Rosters will be chosen without regard for conference affiliation from the pool of starters and reserves. James' and Curry's first four selections must...
AFC Championship 2017: Jacksonville at New England
New England to win has a money line of -350. 56% of the public likes Jacksonville against the spread of +7.5. The Jacksonville money line is +305. The total for the game is 46. Jacksonville is 1-5 ATS in the last 6 games in New England. The Patriots are...
Major College Athletics Is Filthy In Case You Have Been Living Under A Rock
The feds? Major college athletics? That is where we are now. An FBI investigation has resulted in the arrests of four assistant basketball coaches from Auburn, Oklahoma State, Arizona and Southern California. They have been charged with accepting money from an agent to give to a recruit. In return...
Sacrifice When It Comes To Social Justice Has Little To Do With Wealth Or Income
The NFL protests have unsurprisingly brought out the dullest of objections to them. Perhaps the one that exhibits the most thickness posits that people who have or make a lot of money have no reason to complain about the ills of this country and don't know what sacrifice is....
Tiger Woods Is Probably Owed An Apology By All Of Us
ESPN reports on golf legend Tiger Woods DUI arrest: The police had to wake up Tiger Woods when they approached his running vehicle prior to arresting him on a DUI charge early Monday morning, according to a police report. According to the report, the officer said Woods "had extremely...
Ray Allen Had To Be Laughing At The Celtics "Reunion"
Kevin Garnett gathered the core members of the 2008 Celtics title team on his Area 21 show on TNT. It's apparent they were and are still upset Ray Allen left in free agency to join Dwyane Wade and LeBron James in Miami. Paul Pierce, Kendrick Perkins, Big Baby Davis,...
LaVar Ball Has Already Cost His Son Millions Of Dollars
LaVar Ball is father to Lonzo Ball as well as two other sons LiAngelo Ball and LaMelo Ball; LiAngelo is committed to UCLA and will begin playing this Fall, while son LaMelo, a sophomore at Chino Hills HS, is verbally committed to the school. LaVar is a Los Angeles...
Isaiah Thomas' Defense Will Keep The Celts From Beating The Cavs In The Playoffs
Lebron James is the best player in the world and he showed that as he dominated the Celtics in their matchup to essentially determine who would be the 1 seed in the eastern conference. He did it offensively, defensively, on the boards and psychologically as he was giving dap...
If I Were A Betting Man, This Is What I'd Do: NFL Week 10
This is what I'd do if I were a betting man for Week 9 of the NFL season. My record would be 45-37 (.549) on the season. A skilled handicapper historically hits 55% of games long term. 52% of games won is the break-even point. If I Were...


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Fake Apps Are a Real Problem
By Frederick Felman Former Chief Marketing Officer at AppDetex
In the short ten years that they've been around, mobile apps have grown to become a staple of modern digital life. With more than five million apps currently available for download in the major app stores, and with over 2,000 new apps being uploaded every day, mobile apps are big business.
Fifty-eight percent of shoppers consistently browse e-commerce apps and 49% of all website traffic now comes directly from mobile app users. All this browsing directly translates into spending. Revenue from mobile commerce is expected to account for more than half of all e-commerce sales by 2021 and is estimated to reach $6.3 trillion dollars by 2021.
Brands have quickly come to realize that ensuring their customers have an authentic and safe experience when downloading and using their branded apps is key to ensuring consumer loyalty. Studies show that 80% of consumers are more likely to do business with a company if it offers a personalized experience and 76% of customers who identify as loyal to a specific brand have downloaded that company's branded app. On the flip side, statistics indicate that 40% of users will go to a competitor after a bad mobile experience.
As branded apps have grown in popularity with consumers, the number of inauthentic apps being released into the market by bad actors has also exploded. Rogue and fake apps have become the fastest-growing threat to consumers, with malicious activity and fraud attacks linked to them increasing by 191% from 2018 to 2019. The McAfee Mobile Threat Report 2019 reported that almost 65,000 new fake apps were detected in December of 2018 alone.
Most major app platforms employ precautions to try and mitigate the number of malicious apps uploaded, but bad actors continue to find ways to bypass these security measures. Given the importance and pervasiveness of mobile apps, it's absolutely critical for brands to incorporate comprehensive mobile apps protection into their overall brand protection and security strategies.
Every second a rogue app is live, it poses a threat to your consumers and to your brand. Mitigating the potential damage that may result from an infringing app requires ongoing vigilance and immediate action on your part and the part of your enforcement team.
By Frederick Felman, Former Chief Marketing Officer at AppDetex
The Disappointment of 5G
Doug Dawson
Competing Against Big Cable Companies


11.	Prayer: Marie Feliciano Chester just diagnosed with cancer.
12.	Prayer: Keith Powers's son Kolton. Has a rare form of bone cancer. Just had a knee replacement. He is not doing well, and also pray for the family. – K.D.
Patty has been moved to Medical City. The doctors there sound very knowledgeable. They are also on the same game plan (unlike Greenville Hospital). They both agree to wait and see. Bleeding has appeared to have stopped. Her pain is caused from the hematoma/blood clot. It could take up to 3 months to disappear. If she can get her pain under control with drugs they can send home with her, then she can go home. Said maybe tomorrow, but will see. If she takes a turn for the worse, could that that embolism of the vein. Or remove it. But they don't want to remove it either.
Message this morning 4/23: Hemoglobin dropped again. Another day of observation. Recheck in the AM. If it's down again tomorrow, they will probably send her to do interventional radiology.
Beth bellflowers granddaughter is on her way to parkland burn unit for a severe burn to her hand. Adelaide is 2 years old.
Praise!! Patty Speas is doing better. They have given her a blood transfusion because her blood levels had dropped. Looks like there will be no surgery on her spleen, it is beginning to heal. Please keep the prayer going. Pray that the spleen completely heals and she gets to go home soon! Thank you for all your prayers. God is listening.
I need prayer please. I am facing some medical concerns at the moment and would appreciate you lifting me up in prayer.
Please keep Perry Stroder in your prayers. Gina says they are at a vascular specialist right now. He has had another episode of a vein hemorrhage. Its blown out 3 times since Sunday.
Please keep Patty Speas in your prayers. Patty has suffered a small heart attack. She also has a bleeding spleen that was caused by a procedure they did in Rockwall the day before (colonoscopy). She is now in the Greenville Hospital awaiting surgery on her spleen.