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Teacher of Religious Education - 0.6FTE, Redbridge
Trinity Catholic High SchoolRedbridge
Contract type: Part Time
Salary: MPS/UPS – Outer London Teachers' pay scales
Contract term: Permanent
Suitable for NQTs: No
Trinity Catholic High School seeks to appoint a talented and dynamic Part Time, Teacher of Religious Studies to work within our hugely successful Religious Education Department. We have an excellent Catholic Ethos with a strong leadership team. The Part-Time, Teacher of Religious Education teacher position is available from September 2019. The ability to teach across all key stages 3, 4 and 5 will be an advantage. You must be a practising Catholic.
Students currently follow the Edexcel syllabus at GCSE and OCR at A level. The Religious Education department achieves outstanding results across Key stage three, G.C.S.E. and A. Level. Religious Education G.C.S.E. is a core subject and all students are entered for the G.C.S.E. Students are taught in mixed ability classes throughout the key stages.
Trinity Catholic High School prides itself in the following:
•	An outstandingly successful and oversubscribed 11-18 mixed comprehensive school with 1725 students on roll.
•	A Specialist Science and PE College and holds International School Award status.
•	Continuously achieving outstanding results at GCSE and in 2018. The Progress 8 score of +0.47 is significantly above the national average and places the school in the top 20% of schools nationally. The percentage of students at 5+ in English and Mathematics is 64% and well above the national figure of 39.9%. 89% of our students attained the standard pass in both English and Mathematics and 106 grade 9s were awarded across the subject areas.
•	Judged as outstanding in both the December 2014 section 48 inspection and then again, for the fifth time in succession, as outstanding by OFSTED in March 2015.
This post would be suitable for experienced teachers who feel they can make a significant and positive contribution to the Religious Education department and the school as a whole.
Trinity Catholic High School is committed to safeguarding children; successful candidates will be subject to an enhanced Disclosure and Barring Service check.
Please note, due to high volumes of applications only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.
Please download an application form from the school website. We cannot accept CVs. If you have any queries, please email the HR team on recruitment@fc.tchs.uk.net for further details.
Closing date for receipt of application forms is Thursday, 27th June 2019. Interviews will follow as soon as possible after the closing date.
Applications will be considered immediately upon receipt.
We reserve the right to interview and appoint prior to the closing date.
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More about Trinity Catholic High School
Type: Mainstream School
Phase: Secondary
Funding status: State - Voluntary Aided
Gender: Mixed
Age Range: 11 - 18 years
Denomination: Roman Catholic
Address: Mornington Road, Woodford Green, Essex, IG8 0TP, United Kingdom. View in Google Maps
Website: http://fc.tchs.uk.net/
Trinity Catholic High School is a denominational, co-educational secondary school in Woodford Green, Essex. There are 1725 students on the school roll, 467 of whom are in the sixth form.
Founded in 1976, the school's motto is "love each other a...
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Issue - decisions
PCC - GBV Victims and Survivors / Lived Experience Panel
24/11/2022 - PCC - GBV Victims and Survivors / Lived Experience Panel
To support the stated central tenet of the GM Gender-Based Violence Strategy, namely that we are clear that we will only be truly successful in our endeavour by having those with lived experience at the very heart of everything we do.
We will provide £100k funding over 2 years via grant to a partner organisation/s to run, develop and facilitate the Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Panel of Lived Experience. This will support the work of the GBV Board and the delivery of the GBV Strategy.
Following discussions with key stakeholders within GM we want to undertake a tailored process to appointing a panel. This will be a bespoke, collaborative approach with an independent coordinating and facilitating organisation an organisation that will take cognisance of the GM landscape in relation to specialist services around gender-based violence.
We will look to an independent, impartial organisation to undertake the management, facilitation and recruitment to the panel. It will be made clear that the panel's membership will need to reflect the wide-ranging nature of gender-based violence and the diversity of Greater Manchester's communities. The organisation appointed will also be responsible for managing expenses payments for members of the Panel who are giving up their time to contribute. This will cover the costs associated with involvement in the panel, for example travel costs.
The organisation will need to articulate and identify how they will work with the VCSE sector in Greater Manchester to deliver aspects of the GBV Lived Experience Panel. This may cover areas such as welfare/emotional support and clinical supervision for Panel members, identification of panel members and the relevant expertise in supporting people with lived experience of gender-based violence.
The independent facilitating organisation will bring this together and provide all secretariat functions so will be an expert in partnership working and community engagement.
The funding will be allocated via an expression of interest process which will be sent out to relevant partners and stakeholders. £30k will be allocated for the coordination and running of the panel and £20k for the support element.
Once an organisation has been appointed a further decision notice will be submitted to seek final approval.
Consideration of going out to market has been undertaken and due to the specialist requirements for this panel it has been agreed that a tailored approach can be progressed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Left, Right and Center: Where Does the Officiant Stand?
See, my head would not be in the close up!
Kaytlin and Geoff want to know if the officiant has to stand in the middle between the bride and groom during a wedding ceremony. This is a fair question with an easy one-word answer. Of course I am going to respond with more than that or it wouldn't be blog worthy, would it?
So, does the officiant have to stand in the middle? No.
I do officiate the vast majority of my weddings while standing in the middle between the bride and groom. They face one another and I face their guests. However, I do move to the side as I pronounce them joined in matrimony for a rather pragmatic reason. I want the photographer to get a direct shot of their first kiss without my red head in the background. That should be their moment alone.
I also move to the side during elements such as a sand ceremony, unity candle, time capsule or any other such ritual. Again this is because I do not want to intrude on any good photo opportunities or obscure the guests' view.
I have officiated a few weddings while standing off to one side, but there is a reason why I typically stand in the center.
One of the most important aspects of my role as an officiant is to provide the "non-anxious presence." I want to make certain the couple are fully present in the moment and enjoying their ceremony. That becomes more difficult if I am off to one side and cannot see their facial expressions or be in a position to communicate via my facial expressions when I feel they need it - whether it be a smile, nod, or even a wink.
I make eye contact with both the couple and their guests frequently throughout the ceremony and off to one side does not allow me to do that quite as well as being centered. Most couples are understandably nervous during their ceremony, whether it is the gravity of the commitment or stage fright generating those nerves. When the officiant is off to one side, the couple can feel totally exposed and the weight of the moment exacerbated, not necessarily in a welcome way. Simply having a calm and reassuring presence within a small circle of intimacy can go a long way in reducing tension and thereby enabling the couple to focus on one another rather than the discomfort of the moment.


David Rand, President of the Atheist Freethinkers of Canada, speaks to Conatus News about secularism and the challenges facing secularists in Quebec.
Secularism starts with religious neutrality and adds separation between religion and state, i.e. rejecting all religious interference in its affairs and legislation.
What Drury calls nonsectarianism, I would call religious neutrality. It means that the state does not favour one religion over others; that there is no state religion. Very good so far. But secularism is much more than that. Secularism starts with religious neutrality and adds separation between religion and state, i.e. rejecting all religious interference in its affairs and legislation. That is, religion's influence in politics and education is nonexistent. Secularism is universalist: the secular state refuses to recognize religions and treats all citizens equally, regardless of religious affiliation. It does not give religions any privileges and it does not accommodate religious practice.
A simple example will illustrate. Recently a Montreal city councillor suggested that the Montreal police force allow police officers to wear religious symbols such as Sikh turbans and Islamic hijabs while on duty. This is an atrociously bad idea, for many reasons, and Quebec secularists in general immediately stood up and said so. In the vanguard of this opposition was the organisation AQNAL (Quebec Association of North Africans for Secularism) many of whose members lived through the dark days of the 1990s in Algeria. Our organisation, AFT, issued a press release in support of AQNAL.
There are so many reasons why allowing police to wear religious symbols is a bad idea, but the most important is that it violates religion/state separation because police officers are agents of the state and should present a neutral image. Not only would such a measure violate secularism, it would even violate the weaker principle of religious neutrality, unless a similar accommodation were provided for every religion that wants one. If Sikhs and Muslims have their special uniform, why not a special one with a huge crucifix for Christians, or a colander as hat for Pastafarians, or some other accoutrement for Hindus, Jews, Scientologists, etc., and why not accommodate Marxists, Friedmanites, and other ideologues too. There is no end to the variants that would be required. But some of these "religions" I have listed are not really religions, you say? Well then, who is to decide which are "true" religions and which are not?
The only reasonable solution is to respect religion/state separation and not to introduce such symbols to be worn by police. They can wear whatever they want when off duty.
But what happened when secularists made this very reasonable point? They were publicly accused of all sorts of sins, just as were those who supported the Charter of Secularism back in 2013-2014. Quebec secularists are regularly demonised. Justin Trudeau and other anti-secularists bring out their usual nonsense vocabulary about "diversity" and "tolerance" – by which they mean exactly the opposite of what those words signify: no diversity of opinion will be tolerated. If you disagree with them then you must be a horrible person. Slander and defamation are the norm, because the anti-secularists have no reasonable arguments to support their views.
There is no secular movement in Canada outside Quebec. […] There are some isolated secularists in Canada, and many more who would probably rally to secularism if the subject could be debated openly and fairly, but they are cowed into silence by the very vocal pseudo-secularists who join the chorus of demonisation. Secularism in Canada outside Quebec has been neutralised.
There is no secular movement in Canada outside Quebec. That probably sounds like an extreme statement, but it is a simple observation. There are some isolated secularists in Canada, and many more who would probably rally to secularism if the subject could be debated openly and fairly, but they are cowed into silence by the very vocal pseudo-secularists who join the chorus of demonisation. Secularism in Canada outside Quebec has been neutralised. The only exception I know of is the editorial board of the magazine Humanist Perspectives which dares to publish articles which criticise multiculturalism and discuss related issues. Only in Quebec is there still a truly secular movement, and proponents of cultural relativism (a.k.a. multiculturalism), in an objective alliance with political Islam, are trying to kill it in Quebec too. They have not yet succeeded. The battle is raging.
Has any so-called "secular" organisation in Canada outside Quebec recently (since Bill 60) taken a position against the wearing of religious symbols by public servants while on duty, especially those with coercive power such as police? Did any such organisation outside Quebec criticise the court decision that granted Zunera Ishaq the "right" to wear a niqab during a state ceremony? Did any such organisation criticise Quebec's Bill 62 for not going far enough (as we at AFT did: Blog 089, Blog 078) in banning face-coverings?
Pseudo-secularists in Canada outside Quebec have chosen prejudice and conformism over principle. They have chosen to throw Quebec secularists under the bus.
This conflates religion (a personal choice) with race (an immutable attribute), meaning that criticising religion can henceforth be denounced as racist.
The final death knell for secularism in Canada federally, as well as definitive proof of the complete incompatibility between secularism and multiculturalism, was marked by the recent publication of the report "Taking Action Against Systemic Racism and Religious Discrimination Including Islamophobia" from the parliamentary committee whose mandate was to study the implications of Motion M-103. This report's first recommendation is to update anti-racism programs, extending them to include religious discrimination. This conflates religion (a personal choice) with race (an immutable attribute), meaning that criticising religion can henceforth be denounced as racist. Wow.
Did any ostensibly secular organisation in Canada outside Quebec show any opposition to this extremely dangerous recommendation (as we at AFT did)? If they did, I am unaware of it.
Finally, a clarification about the Quebec Charter of Secularism (Bill 60) which was abandoned when the government which proposed it was defeated in 2014. We at AFT supported it, but critically, because it had one major failing: it did not address the important issue of religions' economic privileges. Also, it did not mention the crucifix hanging in Quebec's National Assembly. However, the Quebec Liberal Party (QLP), which ferociously opposed the Charter and won the election, took an explicit position, during the election campaign, to maintain the crucifix where it is, an obvious play for traditionalist voters. If the Charter had been adopted, the crucifix would have had to go eventually, because its continued presence is incompatible with the Charter's secular principles.
There were responses to the form of secularism, Quebec secularism, enshrined, in part, in Bill 60. One from what you call multiculturalists. Another from what you call Islamists. What is the problem with multiculturalism and Islamism allied there, against Bill 60? How does this intrude on the many decades-long progress towards further secularisation in Quebec?
Quebec has been secularising ever since the beginning of the so-called "Quiet Revolution" in the mid 20th century when the right-wing Duplessis government (which put the crucifix in the National Assembly) was definitively defeated. The omnipresence of Catholicism in schools and hospitals was mostly eliminated. A Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1975, and sexual orientation was added to it in 1977, earlier than any other province in Canada or any state in the USA. The secularisation process is not complete, but major progress has been made.
The Charter of Secularism was a natural next step in this continuing process. The QLP betrayed its own liberal principles by opposing the Charter, and it did so with much support from a small number of very vocal proponents of political Islam. Together they have done enormous harm, and they continue to do so. Québécois in general are very sympathetic towards secularism. But the QLP has adopted multiculturalism which opposes secularism. This dovetails with the goals of Islamists whose highest priorities include defeating secularism, which is why they particularly target France, for example.
Can you give an example of how identity politics intrudes on the active work of secularists or impinges on the principle of secularism with the state via, for example, restraint and neutrality?
There is nothing inherently wrong with having an identity. Valuing identity, like nationalism and populism, can be good or bad, left or right. But all three are currently being denounced and even demonised for a dubious reason: neoliberalism. Weakening the nation-state serves the interests of international free-market capitalism. Political Islam has latched onto this issue as a way to promote its own agenda: Islamists demonise Quebec secularists for being "identitarian." But in reality, no-one could possibly be more obsessed with identity than Islamists themselves; they claim to speak for all Muslims, assert religious identity over all others (such as citizenship) and promote the veil in its various forms in order to impose that identity, with the goal of making it omnipresent.
Furthermore, being a Québécois or being a Canadian are two competing identities, two competing nationalisms. Choosing one over the other is more a matter of personal taste than anything else. The Quebec identity is just as legitimate as the Canadian identity.
Parti Québécois (PQ) is a centre-left political party. You describe how the PQ has a sovereignty orientation policy and a secularism policy, but these policies merge. The critics of the PQ proposed Charter used the term "racist," sometimes. How does the use of the epithet ignore the thrust of the Charter and fail in furthering the dialogue about secularism, Quebec sovereignty, and the Charter itself, as well as acknowledge the individuation of each topic in the larger discussion on secularism?
Secularism and Quebec independence are two completely distinct issues – or at least they should be. However, they have become inextricably linked. The Quiet Revolution which began the secularisation process also saw the development of a strong independence movement, and the partisans of one are often partisans of the other.
Furthermore, criticism of and opposition to the Quebec independence movement is often highly unprincipled. Instead of using rational arguments to oppose Quebec separatism, anti-separatists often engage in slanderous discourse, accusing separatists of "racism" and similar nonsense. This habit of vilification has been recycled to oppose secularism in Quebec, thus mixing the two issues even further. Islamists have taken full advantage of this for their own purposes.
You also talk about traditionalists in the province. Have they changed at all regarding the perspectives on the PQ proposed Charter or Quebec secularism generally? Or are the main groups – the traditionalists, the purported multiculturalists and some Islamists, and secularists – mostly stuck in their paths?
Traditionalists still exist in Quebec, but they are marginal. They suffered a major defeat with the 2015 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada prohibiting prayers at municipal council meetings. This was a major victory for Québécois secularists who had been fighting this battle in lower courts for years. However the recent successes of political Islam – which include motion M-103 and the recommendations of the subsequent parliamentary committee – tend to awaken quiescent traditionalists who, whether out of resentment or opportunism, see the successful promotion of one religion as a reason to promote their own.
You talk about conformity and the overriding of principle, and "betrayal" of the principle of secularism, for the preference of conformism to reign. Can you expand on this point, please? Also, can you provide any relevant updates to the developments of the conversations in the public sphere around Quebec secularism?
I think I have already answered that question in large part in my previous comments.
[…] that regressive, postmodernist left, a degenerate form of left-wing politics which panders to religion, wallows in cultural relativism, discredits the left and ultimately strengthens the right and the far-right.
Secularism is a progressive, left-wing political program, but it has been abandoned and is even opposed by the postmodernist "left." The anti-secular voices in Canada, including some who hypocritically claim to be secular, constitute an expression of that regressive, postmodernist left, a degenerate form of left-wing politics which panders to religion, wallows in cultural relativism, discredits the left and ultimately strengthens the right and the far-right.
Any feelings or thoughts in conclusion?
You cannot have secularism without some restrictions in some contexts. If bans on wearing religious symbols are never acceptable, which is apparently what pseudo-secularists promote, then that means a great victory for religious privilege and a smorgasbord of religious identitarianism everywhere, in particular in public services.
Any attempt to assign collective guilt to Québécois in general for the crimes of Alexandre Bissonnette (the massacre at the Quebec City mosque in January of 2017) is a form of hate propaganda, as odious as blaming the Jewish people for the death of Jesus.
Slander is censorship. The vilification of Quebec secularists has one goal: to silence them by making it difficult or impossible to express their very reasonable ideas in public debates, and thus, to deny Québécois their right to choose secularism.
The term "Islamophobia" is simply the new blasphemy for the 21st century, but concentrating on one particular religion. The word is unacceptable if used as an accusation, is unrelated to racism and should never be used in government legislation, regulations or programs.
Islamism is indeed dangerous in Canada, although it has not yet progressed nearly as far here as it has in Europe. We have the Atlantic Ocean to thank for that. But it is just a matter of time.
Favouring Islam by suppressing criticism of it will inevitably increase both hostility towards Muslims and the aspirations of competing religions, especially Christianity, for similar privileges. The result will be to strengthen the political right wing, on the far-right of which lies Islamofascism, a.k.a. Islamism or political Islam. The federal government continues to enable Islamism by pandering to some of its demands.
Thank you for the opportunity and your time, Mr. Rand.
David Rand is the president of Atheist Freethinkers (LPA-AFT) based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The organisation participates in a local coalition Rassemblement pour la laïcité (Quebec) and is affiliated with two international associations: Atheist Alliance International (AAI) and the International Association of Freethought (IAFT).


19th Century Victorian Cup And Saucer Gaudy Stylei. Condition is Used. Dispatched with Royal Mail 2nd Class. In excellent condition no chips or cracks. Has the gaudy colours Staffordshire style cup and saucer.
19th Century Victorian Gaudy Style Cup And Saucer Set Of 6. Condition is Used. Dispatched with Royal Mail 1st Class. In excellent condition no chips or cracks. Has the gaudy colours Staffordshire style cup and saucer. On some of the cups seem to have running in the blue on to the paint work as seen in the photographs.
Very rare Gaudy Welsh Leek pattern cup and saucer. Stunning colours and lustre. Cup 6in diam, saucer 4 in diam, 2in height. Cup no chips cracks or restoration. Saucer unfortunately has a 2inch curved crack from edge (see photo). Crack can be felt both sides so the saucer doesn't 'ring true' when tapped. Barely noticeable through blue and lustre from the front. I guess doesn't detract from display just a shame it's there!
Stunning Welsh Gaudy LARGE Cup & Saucer. Saucer ~ 61/2" diam. Cup ~ 41/2" diam at rim x 2 2/8" deep.
A very old and interesting trio consisting of cup, saucer and plate.
Saucers 14cm. Porcelain and China. Side plates 15.5cm. 1 x glaze crazing & hairline crack. 1 x glaze crazing, yellowing, brown stains and chip. 1 x hairline crack. 1 x good condition. seconds quality.
There is glaze crazing present on all, including brown marks & stains to the glaze in places as well as yellowing to the handles. There are manifacturing faults and slight irregularities in pattern but otherwise a nice set.
THERE IS ALSO A CRACK IN SAUCER WHICH I HAVE PHOTOGRAPHED. IT DOES SHOW THROUGH THE SAUCER, HOWEVER THERE IS SO MUCH PATTERN IT IS HARDLY NOTICEABLE.
A very attractive and collectable antique Gaudy Welsh earthenware cup and saucer dating from around 1830 to 1840. This superb example of Gaudy Welsh pottery has been hand painted with the Village pattern, a fairly scarce design.
A Victorian Set of Four Gaudy Welsh Saucers and a single Tea Cup. Condition: One saucer and the cup have hairline cracks.
Rare Gaudy Welsh miniature cup & saucer. Dispatched with Royal Mail 2nd Class.
Scarce Gaudy Welsh Teacup & Saucer Duo. PINWHEEL Pattern. The Colours are vibrant with minimal wear. to the right of the handle is a very fine hairline I thought it was a scratch at 1st as does not appear to follow through.
D ECORATIVE GAUDY WELSH CUP & SAUCER. OYSTER PATTERN. MINOR WARE TO SAUCER AND FACTORY FAULT NICK BACK OF SAUCER. MARKED ALLERTONS TO SAUCER.
There are manifacturing faults and slight irregularities in pattern but otherwise a nice set. Porcelain and China. seconds quality. All these pieces would have originally been. None of the pieces are backstamped.
Gaudy Welsh cup and saucer. Great colours and pattern.
Great colours and pattern. This cup and saucer will grace any collection of Gaudy Welsh, a real eye catching talking point.There is a very fine hairline crack on the base of the cup handle (Does not effect the handle and cannot be seen when on display).
19th century porcelain tea set decorated in the Gaudy Welsh 'Floret' pattern.
TYPICAL SWANSEA SHAPED HANDLE, LOVELY BASKET GAUDY WELSH DECORATION.
Antique Gaudy Welsh Teacup and saucer. Teacup has hairline damage.
Antique Gaudy Welsh teacup and saucer. Antique Gaudy Welsh. TEACUP and SAUCER. It has also sustained a small crack at the base of the handle, again, clearly visible in one of the photos. Although the inside of the cup is tea stained, probably from decades of use, the colours on the exterior is still bright and vibrant after all the years.
This is a rather neat little Gaudy Welsh cup & Saucer, in the Tulip patter.
Antique English Pottery : A pearlware B&W Cup & Saucer C.1810. An attractive early 19th-century pearlware double handled Cup and Saucer decorated in blue and white with burnt orange trim. Circa: about 1810.
This interesting moustache cup and saucer is in used antique condition with respective wear and tear, marks, a small chip on the rim of the cup and on the base. The gold finish around the rim of both cup and saucer is worn.
GAUDY WELSH CUP & SAUCER AND PLATE. OYSTER PATTERN. MINI FRIT TO CUP EDGE,MINI CHIP SAUCER BOTTOM MIDDLE EDGE,MINI FACTORY FAULT NICK TO PLATE BACK EDGE.
Early 20th Century Allerton Ironstone/Ceramic Pottery. Green 'Como' Pattern.
Gaudy Welsh first appeared in Staffordshire in the late 1820's. The colours chosen for decoration were usually cobalt blue, shades of orange and green, further embellished with turquoise, lemon, pink and accented with gilt and pink lustre.
Very Good Condition. Victorian China England Gaudy Welsh, Tulip Pattern, hand painted in cobalt blue, rust, yellow and green.
Antique English Pottery : A good Gaudy Welsh Cup & Saucer C.19thC. A good Gaudy Welsh Cup & Saucer.
Unusual pattern - nice band painting around outside. unusual handle shape.
TYPICAL SWANSEA SHAPED HANDLE, LOVELY CRISS CROSS DECORATION.
Antique 19th. Century Gaudy Welsh Cup And Saucer. The cup is approx 2 inches tall and approx 3.75 inches across. The Saucer is approx 6 inches across. As can be seen in the photos the colouring on the cup and saucer are not exactly the same so I am not sure if these items originally began life together but still look good together. As far as I can see there is no damage to the items.
D ECORATIVE GAUDY WELSH TRIO. TULIP PATTERN.


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Q: Java: What is Interface Inconsistency? I have tried to google this one, but I can't find an acceptable answer. Is interface inconsistency, when you make a class implement 2 or more interfaces which are incompatable with each other? For ex:
public interface Lion()
{
    public void eat();
}

public interface Tiger()
{
    public void eat();
}

public class Liger implements Lion, Tiger
{
    public void eat(); //Problem: How does it eat? Like a lion or tiger?
}

Am I correct or way off base?

A: In Java, you are guaranteed that an two interface methods which compile to the same function return the same "type".... Thus, in this context, interface inconsistency can refer to :

*

*When you implement 2 methods that implement the exact same function, with different side-effects , or diferent underlying assumptions/algorithms that are not expressible in the method signature...  i.e. two methods that "look" the same but that "do" different conceptual tasks.

*There is also the (non-java specific) GUI connotation, wherein the user experience is confusing, with similar components being utilized for different tasks (or vice-verse, the same task being triggered by different GUI components).
The solution to 1 is to have a more expressive interface, or more precise function names (to exemplify a more sophisticated interface: maybe the Lion and Tiger should provide an Eater object, which is capable of eating in one or more different ways).

A: I think the following thing makes more sense,
public interface Animal{
     public void eat();
}

public class Lion implements Animal{
     //code
}

public class Tiger implements Animal{
     //code
}

public class Liger extends Lion /*or Tiger*/{
     public void eat(){}
}

or not ?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Bruce Springsteen dances with mom at Wonder Bar to celebrate her birthday
Bruce and his mom danced to the Eddie Testa Band until the power went out
Bruce Springsteen dances with mom at Wonder Bar to celebrate her birthday Bruce and his mom danced to the Eddie Testa Band until the power went out Check out this story on app.com: https://on.app.com/2H2ufok
Chris Jordan, Asbury Park Press Published 9:20 p.m. ET April 15, 2018 | Updated 5:42 p.m. ET Sept. 23, 2018
Singer Bruce Springsteen walks off the stage with, from left, his aunt Dora Kirby, 90, mother Adele Springsteen, 85, and aunt Ida Urbelis, 87, after being honored at the Ellis Island Family Heritage Awards Thursday, April 22, 2010 on Ellis Island in New York. He brought Adele to the Wonder Bar on April 15, 2018.(Photo: Jason DeCrow, AP)
To celebrate Bruce Springsteen's birthday, APP is taking a look back at some memorable moments from The Boss. Remember when he and mom Adele Springsteen were #familygoals at the Wonder Bar earlier this year?
Happy birthday, Adele Springsteen.
Bruce Springsteen's mom celebrated her 93rd birthday Sunday, April 15, in a very Jersey rock 'n' roll kind of way — she saw the Eddie Testa Band at the Wonder Bar in Asbury Park with her famous son.
The two danced to Testa and his crew for two songs and then the power went out in the Wonder Bar. More than 5,000 in the area also lost their power due to the storm that was hitting the Jersey Shore at the time.
More: Bruce Springsteen symposium: Talking that guy and that band at Monmouth University
Bruce Springsteen dances with his mom, Adele Springsteen, Sunday, April 15 at the Wonder Bar in Asbury Park. (Photo: Facebook/Wayne Belfer)
The Springsteens stayed for an hour in the darkened Wonder Bar. JT Bowen, a former member of Clarence Clemons Red Bank Rockers, led the crowd in sing-alongs to "Stand by Me," "Under the Boardwalk" and "My Girl."
Springsteen's girl, whose actual birthday is May 4, looked spry and seeing mom and son dance together was a "wonderful" thing, said an attendee.
Check out our gallery of New Jersey celebrity birthdays, including the Boss', and continue reading the story below.
New Jersey celebrities: Which ones share your birthday?
Jack Nicholson, April 22. Hometown: Neptune. The movie star appeared in Chinatown, The Shining, Terms of Endearment, and many others. And he got his start at Manasquan High School in NJ. Vince Bucci, Getty Images
Bill Maher, Jan. 20 Grew up in River Vale, NJ Mireya Acierto, Getty Images
Buzz Aldrin, Jan. 20. Hometown: Glen Ridge. He was the first person to step on the moon. More recently he made headlines for his medical evacuation from the South Pole, as well as his expressions during a Trump speech reinstating the National Space Council. FABRICE COFFRINI, AFP/Getty Images
Kellyanne Conway, Jan. 20. Hometown: Atco. She is the White House Advisor for President Trump. She became more well-known during the 2016 presidential campaign, appearing on many news channels and even being parodied by Saturday Night Live. Chip Somodevilla, Getty Images
Alan Alda, Jan. 28. Lives in Leonia. Although he was born in New York, Alan Alda resides in the Garden State. The famous actor has starred in M.A.S.H, The Aviator, and Bridge of Spies. Carlo Allegri, Getty Images
Nathan Lane, Feb. 3. Hometown: Jersey City. A star of the stage and screen for decades, Nathan Lane is known for his comedic, dramatic, and musical performences. He is in The Lion King, The Birdcage, and Modern Family. Eamonn M. McCormack, Getty Images
Aaron Burr, Feb. 6. Hometown: Newark. "Aaron Burr, sir!" Vice President Aaron Burr is famous for mortally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. His story is told in the Broadway musical Hamilton. WilshireImages, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Joe Pesci, Feb. 9. Hometown: Newark. He has starred in many films over the past few decades, famous for his "funny like a clown" speech in Goodfellas. Other acting credits include My Cousin Vinny and Home Alone. Evan Agostini, Getty Images
Judy Blume, Feb. 12. Hometown: Elizabeth. She was a part of everyone's childhood, whether you were a Superfudge fan or more of a Are You There God? lover. The first movie based on her books, Tiger Eyes, came out in 2013. Evan Agostini, Getty Images
John Travolta, Feb. 18. Hometown: Englewood. Whether he stole your heart as Danny Zuko from Grease, or Vincent from Pulp Fiction, or maybe even Edna in Hairspray, there's no argument Travolta has a long and diverse filmography. Jonathan Wood, Getty Images
Ali Larter, Feb. 28. Hometown: Cherry Hill. Larter has acted in Varsity Blues, Legends, and, more recently, Pitch. Emma McIntyre, Getty Images for Women in Film
Jon Bon Jovi, March 2.Born: Perth Amboy.Raised: Sayreville.Bon Jovi began his music career in New Jersey at clubs such as the Fast Lane in Asbury Park. The rock star has a lot coming up in 2018: he is releasing a few new songs with the band, and Howard Stern will induct him into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Dimitrios Kambouris, Getty Images for Samsung
Hometown: Newark The famous athlete retired from basketball, but is still active, especially in his home state. In 2013, he discussed gun buyback programs with Chris Christie and he also co-owns a theatre in Newark. Joe Scarnici, Getty Images for Apple
Tim Howard, March 6. Hometown: North Brunswick. Howard is the goal keeper for the United States men's national soccer team as well as the captain of the MLS club Colorado Rapids. A lesser-known fact is that he was once the star of the North Brunswick basketball team, where his old coaches praise him for his athletic skill and personal character. Mike Lawrie, Getty Images
Laura Prepon, March 7.Hometown: Watchung. Recognize her as Donna from That 70s Show? Or Alex from Orange is the New Black? Laura Prepon is also known for her work on How I Met Your Mother and The Girl on the Train. Jason Merritt, Getty Images for Turner
Jerry Lewis, March 16.Hometown: Newark.The comedic legend got his start in clubs in Lakewood and Atlantic City. He is known for his long partnership with Dean Martin, filled to the brim with goofy characters and bits. Larry French, Getty Images for The Friars Club
Grover Cleveland, March 18.Hometown: Caldwell.He was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, the only US President to serve two nonconsecutive terms. He was also the second heaviest president to date, nicknamed "Big Steve" (Steve was his real name). ilbusca, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Queen Latifah, March 18.Hometown: Newark.Rapper. Singer. Actress. Producer. What doesn't Queen Latifah do? Recently, she starred in Girls Trip. And she still lives in Jersey, in a home in Colts Neck. Frederick M. Brown, Getty Images
Bruce Willis, March 19.Hometown: Carney's Point. Another Bruce from New Jersey! Willis is known for his work in films like Die Hard and Pulp Fiction. Jason Merritt, Getty Images
Zach Braff, April 6. Hometown: South Orange. Judging from his film Garden State, it does not come as a surprise that Zach Braff is native to New Jersey. The actor, writer, and director has starred in both film and television, including the hit TV series Scrubs. Rich Polk, Getty Images for IMDb
Edie Adams, April 16. Hometown: Tenafly. The 50s and 60s sex symbol, singer, actress, and comedian was a mega star during the Golden Age of Hollywood. David Livingston, Getty Images
Jason Biggs, May 12. Hometown: Pompton Plains. Biggs is an actor, most notably from the American Pie films and the television series Orange is the New Black. Jason Kempin, Getty Images for PETA
Brooke Shields, May 31.Raised: Englewood.Brooke Shields has been a model and actress since she was a child. She starred in The Middle, Army Wives, The Blue Lagoon, Endless Love, and more. Shields grew up in New Jersey, attending Princeton University. Rob Kim, Getty Images
Zoe Saldana, June 19.Hometown: Passaic.Whether she wears blue or green skin, Saldana is a major player in the sci-fi movie world, appearing in Avatar and Guardians of the Galaxy, Volumes I and II. She is set to appear in the much-anticipated sequel to James Cameron's Avatar. Kevin Winter, Getty Images
Meryl Streep, June 22.Hometown: Summit. The queen of the screen is a New Jersey native! The actress holds the record for most Academy Award nominations, making it to 21 after her 2018 nomination for The Post. Tristan Fewings, Tristan Fewings/Getty Images
Carl Lewis, July 1. Raised in: Willingboro. Making the Top Ten on USA Today's Greatest of All Time Summer Olympians, Lewis was a track-and-field champion, taking home nine golds and one silver over the course of four Olympic games. Andrew H. Walker
Tom Cruise, July 3.Raised: Glen Ridge.Movie star across action, drama, and comedy, Tom Cruise's career is a tour-de-force of Hollywood. He also gave the world some of the most memorable lines from cinema (got a need for speed anyone?) Jamie McCarthy, Getty Images
Michelle Rodriquez, July 12.Raised in: Jersey City.Known for the successful and long-running Fast and Furious franchise, among other action flicks, Rodriquez is an actress hailing from Jersey City. Lam Yik Fei, Getty Images for amfAR
Wendy Williams, July 18.Born: Asbury Park.Raised: Ocean Township.Famous talk show host and TV personality Wendy Williams is from the Jersey Shore. Don't believe it? Check out "Wendy Williams Way" in Asbury Park, a street named in honor of her. Noam Galai, Getty Images for Global Citizen
Martha Stewart, Aug. 3. Hometown: Jersey City. The woman that dominated domesticity for decades is from Jersey. However, she has not lead the typical life of a housewife, teaming up with Snoop Dogg and going to jail for a little while. Dimitrios Kambouris, Getty Images for Vanity Fair
Mike Trout, Aug. 7.Hometown: Millville.Trout is an outfielder for the Los Angeles Angels. He could become the highest-paid baseball player in MLB history in a few short years. Even though he traded in east coast for west, Trout is still an Eagles fan, routing for them in the Superbowl this year. Sean M. Haffey, Getty Images
Whitney Houston, Aug. 9.Hometown: Newark.Whitney Houston not only popularized the Dolly Parton song "I Will Always Love You," but also released 7 albums and starred in films like The Bodyguard and Sparkle. Kevin Winter, Getty Images
Count Basie, Aug. 21. Hometown: Red Bank. Yes, the theatre is named after a real guy! He was a famous jazz bandleader in the 20s and 30s. STF, AFP/Getty Images
Bada Bing! Not only was he Tony Soprano in one of the most acclaimed shows of all time, Gandolfini acted in Killing Me Softly and Enough Said. Getty Images, Getty Images
Born: Long Branch, Raised: Freehold The Boss was not only born and raised in the Garden State, but is also famously in touch with his Jersey roots, naming one of his albums Greetings From Asbury Park. Kevin Mazur, Getty Images for The Bob Woodruff Foundation
Jason Alexander, Sept. 23.Born: Newark.Raised: Livingston Although we know him as George Costanza from New York, Alexander is actually from New Jersey, and has been an actor on the stage and screen for decades. Brandon Williams, Getty Images for AT&T AUDIENCE N
Christopher Reeve, Sept. 25.Hometown: Princeton.Is it a bird? Is it a plane?Christopher Reeve was an American actor, most notably playing Superman. He was also in movies such as Street Smart and Noises Off. Reeve was a director and activist in addition to his acting career. Evan Agostini, Getty Images
Michael Douglas, Sept. 25.Hometown: New Brunswick. Michael Douglas rose to prominence in the 70s and 80s with mostly dramatic roles in television and film. Some of his most famous works include Romancing the Stone, Fatal Attraction, and Wall Street. Kevin Winter, Getty Images
Susan Sarandon, Oct. 4.Raised: Edison.Susan Sarandon, one of the most celebrated actors of her generation, has starred in such films as Thelma and Louise. More recently Sarandon received critical acclaim for her work on Fued: Bette and Joan. Jeff Spicer, Getty Images
Tara Reid, Nov. 8.Hometown: Wycoff.You can see her in the Sharknado movies. And, if you are enough of a fan, you can buy the Shark by Tara perfume. Michael Kovac, Getty Images for Men's Fitness
Brittany Murphy, Nov. 10.Hometown: Edison. Remember Tai from Clueless? How about Eminem's love interest in 8 Mile? Murphy was also in Sin City and Girl, Interrupted. She died at the age of 32, many speculations following her early demise. Michael Buckner, Getty Images
Anne Hathaway, Nov. 12. Raised in: Millburn. The Princess Diaries, The Devil Wears Prada, Love and Other Drugs, Interstellar, Les Miserables…Hathaway is one of the most famous actresses in modern Hollywood. She is co-starring in Ocean's 8, which is coming to theaters June 2018. Jamie McCarthy, Getty Images
Danny DeVito, Nov. 17.Hometown: Neptune.The actor is known for his work on Taxi and Twins and, more recently, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Dimitrios Kambouris, Getty Images for Tony Awards Productions
Frank Sinatra, Dec. 15.Hometown: Hoboken.Ol' Blue Eyes! Sinatra was one of the most famous singers of the 20th century, and a member of the famous Rat Pack. His lesser-known skill was a prominent acting career. He won three Academy Awards in his lifetime. Evan Agostini / Staff
Ray Liotta, Dec. 18.Born: Newark. Raised: Union Township What a versatile actor! Goodfellas and The Bee Movie? Not to mention Ray Liotta's stint as KFC's Colonel Sanders. Dimitrios Kambouris, Getty Images
John Amos, December 27.Hometown: Newark. John Amos is an actor from Newark, New Jersey. He played Adm. Fitzwallace on the hit drama series The West Wing. Jamie McCarthy, Getty Images
Patti Smith, December 30. Raised in: Woodbury Patti Smith lived in New Jersey from the ages of 9 to 20. During this time, she developed into the person that would one day become one of the most celebrated rock artists. Dia Dipasupil, Getty Images
Springsteen family members there included Sam Springsteen, Adele's grandson and Bruce and Patti Scialfa's son. Kevin Buell, Springsteen's guitar tech and right hand man, was also there.
As was a big bag of gifts for mom.
Asbury park Wonder Bar
A post shared by Franky Toby-dufour (@tobydufour) on Apr 15, 2018 at 9:34pm PDT
Adele is a big Eddie Testa fan. She and her son danced to the Eddie Testa Band at the Patio Bar at Jack Baker's Wharfside Restaurant in Point Pleasant Beach last August.
Chris Jordan: cjordan@app.com. Twitter: @chrisfhjordan
Post by michael.scialfa.
Read or Share this story: https://on.app.com/2H2ufok
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text:
package org.apache.nifi.processors.aws.s3;

import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.Tag;
import org.apache.nifi.processors.aws.AbstractAWSProcessor;
import org.apache.nifi.processors.aws.credentials.provider.service.AWSCredentialsProviderControllerService;
import org.apache.nifi.util.MockFlowFile;
import org.apache.nifi.util.TestRunner;
import org.apache.nifi.util.TestRunners;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Provides integration level testing with actual AWS S3 resources for {@link ListS3} and requires additional configuration and resources to work.
 */
public class ITListS3 extends AbstractS3IT {
    @Test
    public void testSimpleList() throws IOException {
        putTestFile("a", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("b/c", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("d/e", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));

        final TestRunner runner = TestRunners.newTestRunner(new ListS3());

        runner.setProperty(ListS3.CREDENTIALS_FILE, CREDENTIALS_FILE);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.REGION, REGION);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.BUCKET, BUCKET_NAME);

        runner.run();

        runner.assertAllFlowFilesTransferred(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS, 3);
        List<MockFlowFile> flowFiles = runner.getFlowFilesForRelationship(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS);
        flowFiles.get(0).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "a");
        flowFiles.get(1).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "b/c");
        flowFiles.get(2).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "d/e");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSimpleListUsingCredentialsProviderService() throws Throwable {
        putTestFile("a", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("b/c", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("d/e", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));

        final TestRunner runner = TestRunners.newTestRunner(new ListS3());

        final AWSCredentialsProviderControllerService serviceImpl = new AWSCredentialsProviderControllerService();

        runner.addControllerService("awsCredentialsProvider", serviceImpl);

        runner.setProperty(serviceImpl, AbstractAWSProcessor.CREDENTIALS_FILE, CREDENTIALS_FILE);
        runner.enableControllerService(serviceImpl);
        runner.assertValid(serviceImpl);

        runner.setProperty(ListS3.AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_SERVICE, "awsCredentialsProvider");
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.REGION, REGION);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.BUCKET, BUCKET_NAME);

        runner.run();

        runner.assertAllFlowFilesTransferred(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS, 3);
        List<MockFlowFile> flowFiles = runner.getFlowFilesForRelationship(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS);
        flowFiles.get(0).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "a");
        flowFiles.get(1).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "b/c");
        flowFiles.get(2).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "d/e");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSimpleListWithDelimiter() throws Throwable {
        putTestFile("a", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("b/c", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("d/e", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));

        final TestRunner runner = TestRunners.newTestRunner(new ListS3());

        runner.setProperty(ListS3.CREDENTIALS_FILE, CREDENTIALS_FILE);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.REGION, REGION);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.BUCKET, BUCKET_NAME);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.DELIMITER, "/");

        runner.run();

        runner.assertAllFlowFilesTransferred(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS, 1);
        List<MockFlowFile> flowFiles = runner.getFlowFilesForRelationship(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS);
        flowFiles.get(0).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "a");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSimpleListWithPrefix() throws Throwable {
        putTestFile("a", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("b/c", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("d/e", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));

        final TestRunner runner = TestRunners.newTestRunner(new ListS3());

        runner.setProperty(ListS3.CREDENTIALS_FILE, CREDENTIALS_FILE);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.REGION, REGION);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.BUCKET, BUCKET_NAME);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.PREFIX, "b/");

        runner.run();

        runner.assertAllFlowFilesTransferred(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS, 1);
        List<MockFlowFile> flowFiles = runner.getFlowFilesForRelationship(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS);
        flowFiles.get(0).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "b/c");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSimpleListWithPrefixAndVersions() throws Throwable {
        putTestFile("a", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("b/c", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));
        putTestFile("d/e", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME));

        final TestRunner runner = TestRunners.newTestRunner(new ListS3());

        runner.setProperty(ListS3.CREDENTIALS_FILE, CREDENTIALS_FILE);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.REGION, REGION);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.BUCKET, BUCKET_NAME);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.PREFIX, "b/");
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.USE_VERSIONS, "true");

        runner.run();

        runner.assertAllFlowFilesTransferred(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS, 1);
        List<MockFlowFile> flowFiles = runner.getFlowFilesForRelationship(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS);
        flowFiles.get(0).assertAttributeEquals("filename", "b/c");
    }

    @Test
    public void testObjectTagsWritten() {
        List<Tag> objectTags = new ArrayList<>();
        objectTags.add(new Tag("dummytag1", "dummyvalue1"));
        objectTags.add(new Tag("dummytag2", "dummyvalue2"));

        putFileWithObjectTag("b/fileWithTag", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME), objectTags);

        final TestRunner runner = TestRunners.newTestRunner(new ListS3());

        runner.setProperty(ListS3.CREDENTIALS_FILE, CREDENTIALS_FILE);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.PREFIX, "b/");
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.REGION, REGION);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.BUCKET, BUCKET_NAME);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.WRITE_OBJECT_TAGS, "true");

        runner.run();

        runner.assertAllFlowFilesTransferred(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS, 1);

        MockFlowFile flowFiles = runner.getFlowFilesForRelationship(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS).get(0);

        flowFiles.assertAttributeEquals("filename", "b/fileWithTag");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeExists("s3.tag.dummytag1");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeExists("s3.tag.dummytag2");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeEquals("s3.tag.dummytag1", "dummyvalue1");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeEquals("s3.tag.dummytag2", "dummyvalue2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUserMetadataWritten() throws FileNotFoundException {
        Map<String, String> userMetadata = new HashMap<>();
        userMetadata.put("dummy.metadata.1", "dummyvalue1");
        userMetadata.put("dummy.metadata.2", "dummyvalue2");

        putFileWithUserMetadata("b/fileWithUserMetadata", getFileFromResourceName(SAMPLE_FILE_RESOURCE_NAME), userMetadata);

        final TestRunner runner = TestRunners.newTestRunner(new ListS3());

        runner.setProperty(ListS3.CREDENTIALS_FILE, CREDENTIALS_FILE);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.PREFIX, "b/");
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.REGION, REGION);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.BUCKET, BUCKET_NAME);
        runner.setProperty(ListS3.WRITE_USER_METADATA, "true");

        runner.run();

        runner.assertAllFlowFilesTransferred(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS, 1);

        MockFlowFile flowFiles = runner.getFlowFilesForRelationship(ListS3.REL_SUCCESS).get(0);

        flowFiles.assertAttributeEquals("filename", "b/fileWithUserMetadata");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeExists("s3.user.metadata.dummy.metadata.1");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeExists("s3.user.metadata.dummy.metadata.2");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeEquals("s3.user.metadata.dummy.metadata.1", "dummyvalue1");
        flowFiles.assertAttributeEquals("s3.user.metadata.dummy.metadata.2", "dummyvalue2");
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Packed event set for July 14 at York Hall
Hellraiser Promotions are back at the York Hall this month with a show that features one of the break-out stars of 2017.
Reading super-welterweight Asinia 'D' Ghost' Byfield has been much avoided since he burst the bubble of touted West Hammer Sam McNess in front of the BT Sport cameras.
The unfathomable Byfield finally looks close to a shot at the British championship and warms up for that on manager Mickey Helliet's at the famous York Hall in Bethnal Green on Saturday, July 14.
The 29 year old promises a spectacular KO. Top of the bill features a pair of fighters who are looking to emulate Byfield and use the Southern Area 11-stone belt as a stepping stone to major honours.
Unbeatens 'Hollywood' Josh Ejakpovi and Max Wicks meet in a fascinating 10 rounder. Styles should blend.
West Londoner Ejakpovi is a flashy slickster, while Wicks relies on his toughness to grind out wins. The winner will be looking for a shot at the Southern Area title.
Dagenham's popular Robin Dupre, beaten by Luke Watkins for the Commonwealth cruiserweight championship last year, is another looking to get back into title contention and the show also features a featherweight from Reading who's convinced he's heading to the top.
Gelasius Taaru launched his pro career with three straight KOs – and has got a few rounds under his belt in his last two fights. The 24 year old promised; "Give it two years and I will be unstoppable."
Simon Corcoran, younger brother of world-title challenger Gary, and Norwich power puncher Rylan Charlton make their debuts. There have been more than 53,000 views of one of Charlton's amateur KOs on YouTube.


text:
Schools, Staffordshire (Replacement)
Oral Answers to Questions — Education and Science – in the House of Commons at 12:00 am on 2nd July 1964.
All Commons debates on 2 Jul 1964
Next debate »
Mr Stephen Swingler , Newcastle-under-Lyme 12:00 am, 2nd July 1964
asked the Secretary of State for Education and Science if he will publish in HANSARD a nominal roll of the 114 schools in condemned or obsolete buildings which remain for replacement in Staffordshire, together with a list of the dates on which each building was first condemned as unsuitable.
(Citation: HC Deb, 2 July 1964, c1532)
Mr Quintin Hogg , St Marylebone
No, Sir. The schools to be replaced fall short of the statutory building regulations but are not condemned or obsolete in any technical sense.
Mr Stephen Swingler , Newcastle-under-Lyme
Would the right hon. and learned Gentleman care to explain exactly what that means, in the light of the Answer I was given a short time ago? Is it not a fact that there are over 100 schools in Staffordshire which are condemned in this way? The rate of replacement is very small and very slow indeed. Would he care to look at this matter again?
If the hon. Gentleman asks me, of course, I will look at it again. I have been at great pains to discover whether his condemnation that buildings are of an obsolete character was a correct description of these schools. I have been informed that it is not.


text:
New AirPods Pro Charging Case's Lanyard Loop Potentially Doubles as Antenna
Tuesday September 27, 2022 10:24 am PDT by Joe Rossignol
Lumafield today shared CT scan images of the second-generation AirPods Pro charging case, providing a look at internal changes to the case.
While the basic layout of the case appears to be similar to the original, Lumafield discovered that the newly added "lanyard loop" is internally connected to the Lightning connector, which interfaces with the logic board, leading the company to speculate that the metal insert might double as an antenna for the U1 chip or serve some other additional purpose.
There's a new metal eyelet on the side of the case. Apple says it's for a lanyard, but it seems to serve an additional purpose: it's 4 mm deep and 18 mm long, with a hidden tail that's connected to a metal pad around the Lightning port. Perhaps it's an antenna to support improved "Find My" tracking.
The U1 chip enables Find My support, allowing users to track the location of the charging case in the Find My app on their iPhone or on iCloud.com. The case features a new built-in speaker that can emit a chime to help with finding it.
Other improvements to the charging case include water resistance, support for the Apple Watch's magnetic charging puck, and longer battery life.
The new AirPods Pro launched last Friday and are priced at $249 in the United States.
Related Roundup: AirPods Pro
Buyer's Guide: AirPods Pro (Buy Now)
Related Forum: AirPods
Form meets function? You can tell Jony isnt there anymore.
Wasn't he there for the Apple logo serving as an antenna point on some of the iMacs?
I know people like to hate on him, but he has a very elegant view on engineering. The world's capacity of CNC machines was almost doubled from the introduction of the aluminum unibody chassis and now that's standard building from most high end machines.
He contributed a lot beyond the look of products, mostly in the actual manufacturing space. The problem was without Steve there to say No to certain things he overreached.
EvanGrill
At a cursory glance this is to ground the exposed metal to prevent damage from electrostatic discharge (ESD).
Wolfson
It's grounding..
Costino1
MayaUser
Very smart
Analog Kid
It's just making sure all metal parts are grounded so they don't affect the real antennas in unexpected ways...
Report Highlights Danger of Using AirTags for Tracking Dogs


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text:
A fog () egy látható korona és egy, az állcsontokban rögzülő gyökér alkotta kemény szerv. A gerinceseknél fejlődött ki. A belőlük felépülő fogazat fő funkciója a táplálék megragadása, és – emlősöknél – az emésztést megkönnyítő felaprózása, a rágás. Az embernél szerepet kap a beszédhangok képzésében, az esztétikai megjelenésben, egyes állatoknál pedig fegyverként szolgál. A törzsfejlődés során ezen funkcióknak megfelelően alakultak ki a különböző fogmorfológiák. Például a növényevőknek több az őrlőjük (a növényi táplálék nehezebben emészthető), míg a ragadozóknak jól fejlett szemfoguk van (a prédaállat megragadására, széttépésére).

A fogak színe a világossárgától a szürkésfehérig bármilyen lehet. Idővel viszont sötétebbek, sárgábbak lesznek, mivel az átlátszó zománc kopik, és az alatta lévő dentin színe érvényesül.

Az emberi szervezetben két rend fogazat fejlődik ki. Az első rend, az ún. tejfogazat (időleges fogak, dentes decidui), a születés után hat hónappal kezd megjelenni, a maradandó fogak (dentes permanentes) pedig a hatodik életév után. Embernél a tejfogak száma 20, a maradandó fogaké 32. Egyes állatoknál csak egy rend fog fejlődik ki, másoknál (például a cápánál) az élet egész folyamán cserélődnek.

Az állatok fogai

Az alsóbbrendű gerinceseknél minden fog egyforma, ezt homodontianak nevezzük. Ezek a kúp alakú, egygyökerű fogak figyelhetőek meg a halaknál, kétéltűeknél, hüllőknél és egyes emlősöknél. A madaraknak nincsenek fogaik, mivel ahhoz külön izmokat kellene fejlesszenek, ami növelné a súlyukat és ez hátrányosan befolyásolná a légi életmódjukat. A madarak emésztését fogak hiányában zúzógyomor segíti. A teknősöknek sincsenek fogaik.

A halak fogaikat általában csak a táplálék megragadására vagy kiszűrésére használják. A cetek egyes fajtáinak is vannak fogaik, de ezeket nem használják rágásra. A kardszárnyú delfin és a nagy ámbráscet, a táplálékát megragadja fogaival, szétszaggatja, de nem rágja meg. A cetek fogainak a száma nagyon tág határok közt mozog: kettőtől egészen 260-ig. A hüllők és a cápák fogai mindig helyettesítődnek (polyphedont vagy "revolver" fogazat). Egy krokodil akár negyvenszer is kicserélheti fogait.

A különféle életmód, táplálkozás, illetőleg fogmunka folytán a fogak az emlősöknél már a fogsoron belül is különböző alakot öltöttek. Az ilyen fogazatot heterodont fogazatnak nevezzük. Az emlősök egy részénél több rend fogazat fejlődik ki. Legtöbbnél kettő, de vannak fajok, melyeknél az egész élet folyamán cserélődnek. Az emlősök másik felénél a fogak kopnak és ezzel párhuzamosan folyamatosan nőnek ki a fogmederből.

A rágcsálóknak nincsenek szemfogaik, csak mindkét állkapocsban két nagy, gyökér nélküli, éles véső alakú metszőfoguk, melyek kopnak. Attól függően, hogy az alsó és a felső metszőfogak hogy találkoznak megkülönböztetünk négy rágcsáló típust: nyúl, vagyis a kéreghántolók típusa, tengerimalac vagy a levél- és gyümölcsevők típusa, egér, vagy a mindenevők típusa, mókus, vagy a diótörők típusa.

A biológusok a fog kopásának mértékéből meg tudják állapítani, hogy az állat mivel táplálkozik és mennyi idős. Egy fiatal ló fogainak a hossza például 11,5-12,5 cm. Ezenkívül a fog alakjából és a tejfogak jelenlétéből lehet következtetni a ló életkorára. A lovaknak 20 tejfoguk van. A maradó fogak száma tipikusan kancáknál 36, méneknél 40. Minden lónak van 12 metszője, 12 kisőrlője és 12 őrlője, a méneknek ehhez képest még van 4-5 szemfoguk (a kancáknál gyakran nem jelenik meg, vagy csak 1-2). Ezeken kívül a lovaknak 0-4 szeg alakú foguk, ún. farkasfoguk is lehet.

Az elefántok agyarai specializált, zománcot nem, csak dentint tartalmazó metszőfogak, melyek táplálék kiásására, mozgatására és harcra szolgálnak. Szintén nagy agyaruk van az elefántfókáknak, rozmároknak, vízilovaknak. A narválok agyara sok érző idegvégződést tartalmaz. Ezért az agyarak segíthetnek a táplálék keresésben, a tájékozódásban és a párosodásban.

A földimalac fogairól hiányzik a zománc és a fogbélben sok tubulus található, ezért nevezik még tubulidentatanak is.

Az ember fogai

Anatómia

A fog szájüregbe nyúló részét koronának (corona dentis), a fogmederben rögzülő részét gyökérnek (radix dentis) nevezzük. A kettő határánál van a fognyak (collum dentis). Megkülönböztetünk klinikai- és anatómiai koronát: a klinikai korona a fognak azt a részét jelöli, amely látható, tehát az ínytől koronálisabban elhelyezkedő részt. Így az élet során a klinikai korona változó kiterjedésű, például a még teljesen elő nem tört fog klinikai koronája kisebb, majd később az ínyvisszahúzódás miatt nagyobb lehet. Az anatómiai korona ezzel szemben nem változik, mindig a zománccal fedett részt jelöli.

A fogak lehetnek egy- vagy többgyökerűek. A frontfogaknak és a kisőrlőknek általában egy gyökerük van, kivéve a felső első kisőrlőt. A kétgyökerű alsó nagyőrlőknek egy meziális és egy disztális gyökere van, míg a szintén kétgyökerű felső első kisőrlő egy vesztibuláris és egy palatinális gyökérrel rendelkezik. A felső nagyőrlők háromgyökerűek, amelyek közül kettő vesztibuláris és egy palatinális.

A fog belsejében található a fogpulpa, ezt teljesen körbeveszi a dentin, melyet a koronai részen zománc, a gyökéren pedig cement fed. A zománc és a cement a fognyaknál találkozik. A fogak a fogmederben az ún. gyökérhártya (periodontium) által rögzülnek.

A lapát (felső) és véső (alsó) alakú metszőfogak harapásra, a hosszú és rögzítésében erősen biztosított szemfog tépésre, és a széles koronával rendelkező kis őrlőfogak a darabolásra és szétnyomásra, míg a nagyőrlők a legnagyobb rágómunkára alkalmasak.

Minden fogon megkülönböztetünk négy felszínt:

 Okkluzális felszín vagy rágófelszín – a fogak rágásra alkalmas felszíne, hiányzik a frontfogaknál – ezek élben végződnek
 Vesztibuláris felszín – a fogak kifele, a szájtornác fele néző felszíne. Frontfogaknál labiálisnak, őrlőknél buccalisnak is szokták nevezni
 Orális felszín – befele, a szájüreg fele néző felszín. Felső fogsoron palatinális, alsón linguális a neve
 Approximális felszín – a szomszédos fogak fele néző felszín. Meziális, mely a fej középvonalához közelebb esik, disztális, mely távolabb esik (tehát hátrább).

Annak megállapítására, hogy a fogak jobb vagy bal oldaliak, a Mühlreiter-jeleket használják. Ezek a szögletjel, a gyökérjel és a görbületi jel.

Zománc

A zománc (enamelum, substantia adamantina) a szervezet legkeményebb és leginkább mineralizált anyaga. Normális esetben csak ez látszik, de ha túl nagy a kopása a fognak, akkor a dentin is láthatóvá válhat. 96%-a szervetlen anyag, legnagyobb részt hidroxilapatit, a többi pedig víz és szerves anyag. Nagy szervetlen anyag tartalma miatt nagy a keménysége, de a törékenysége is. Ezért, ha nincs alátámasztva – dentin vagy tömőanyag által – könnyen letöredezik. Mivel a zománc áttetsző, a dentin színe nagymértékben meghatározza a színét, úgyszintén az odahelyezett fogászati anyagok (tömések) is. Vastagsága változó, a rágófelszínen a legvastagabb (kb. 2,5 mm), majd a fognyak fele fokozatosan elvékonyodik. Mivel nagy a szervetlen anyag tartalma, csak fiziko-kémiai úton történhetnek változások a szerkezetében. A savak kioldják a szervetlen anyagot belőle (demineralizáció), de ha megfelelő időn belül a szájüreg pH-ja megemelkedik, akkor ezek a nyálból visszaépülhetnek (remineralizáció). A hidroxilapatit hidroxil része kicserélődhet egy fluor ionnal, és egy ellenállóbb fluoroapatit képződik. Ezért fluoroznak bizonyos anyagokat, mint például a fogkrém, víz, tej stb. Professzionális fluorozást kezdeti fogszuvasodások kezelésekor alkalmaznak.

Dentin

A fog fő tömegét a dentin (dentinum, substantia eburnea) adja. A fogbélkamrát teljesen körbeveszi, kívülről pedig a zománc és a cement fedi. 70%-ban ásványi anyagot, 20%-ban szerves anyagot és 10%-ban vizet tartalmaz. Keménysége kisebb, mint a zománcnak, rugalmassága viszont nagyobb, ami előnyös. Magasabb szervesanyag-tartalma miatt a fogszuvasodás könnyebben roncsolja.

Szerkezetére jellemző, hogy dentincsatornák (tubulusok) járják át, melyekben az odontoblasztok (dentint termelő sejtek) nyúlványai, az ún. Tomes-féle rostok találhatóak. Tehát a csontokhoz hasonlóan élő szövetről van szó. A dentincsatornák átmérője az egyén korával és a dentinen belüli helynek megfelelően változik. A zománc felé eső részen szűkebbek, míg a fiatal korban 2,5-3 μm-es csatornák 1,3-1,5 μm-re csökkenek. A tubulusokon keresztül bizonyos anyagok átjuthatnak, így például baktériumok által termelt különböző toxinok, melyek irritálhatják a fogbélben lévő idegvégződéseket, fájdalmat váltva ki. Maguk a baktériumok nem képesek áthatolni a tubulusokon. A fogászati beavatkozások során tapasztalt fájdalomingerek is a dentincsatornákon közvetítődnek: a csatornákban folyadékáramlás következik be, ami mechanikailag ingerli az idegvégződéseket.

A dentin, a zománccal ellentétben, kis mértékben képes védekezni a külső behatások ellen. Amikor a szuvasodás eléri a zománc-dentin határt, a dentincsatornácskákban és a dentin pulpa felőli részén megindul a dentinlerakódás, ami gátat próbál szabni külső ingerek ellen.

Fogbél

A fogbél (pulpa dentis) a fog legbelső része, mely egy speciális laza kötőszövetbe ágyazott ereket és idegeket tartalmaz. Funkciói: induktív (a pulpa indítja el a fog fejlődése során a dentin- és zománctermelést), tápláló, formatív (az itt található odontoblasztok termelik a dentint) és védekezési (ha a szuvasodás eléri a dentint, vagy akár a pulpát, a szervezet többi szövetéhez hasonlóan a fogbélben is védekezési reakciók indulnak be).

Anatómiai szempontból megkülönböztetünk: a fog koronájában elhelyezkedő pulpakamrát és a gyökérben található gyökércsatornát. A fogak csücskeinek megfelelően a pulpakamrában pulpaszarvakat találunk. A gyökér formáját követve a gyökércsatorna is egyre szűkül, amíg egy nyíláson (Foramen apicale) keresztül kinyílik. Ezen a nyíláson át lépnek be a fogba az erek és az idegek.

Cement

A cement (cementum, substantia ossea dentis) a fogat rögzítő négy szövet (fogmeder, gyökérhártya, fogíny, cement), a parodontium egyik alkotórésze. Embernél csak a foggyökér felszínét fedi. Legvastagabb a gyökércsúcsnál, majd a zománc-cement határ fele fokozatosan vékonyodik. Fő funkciója a gyökérhártya rostjainak az elhorgonyzása. A kémiai összetételét tekintve a csonthoz hasonlít, de hiányoznak belőle az erek és idegek.

Megkülönböztetünk sejtes (celluláris) és sejtmentes (acelluláris) cementet. Acelluláris cement fedi a gyökér egész felszínét, ezt fedi a gyökércsúcsi harmadban a celluláris cement. Ez utóbbi a cement gyors lerakódása közben jön létre, amikor a sejtek benne maradnak a cement állományában.

A cementben kétféle rosttípust különböztetünk meg: egyrészt a gyökérhártya által termelt és a cement felszínére merőleges Sharpey-rostokat (extrinsic), másrészt a cementoblasztok (cementet termelő sejt) által termelt és a gyökérrel párhuzamos lefutású intrinsic rostokat.

Fogágy

A fogágy (parodontium) szerepe a fog rögzítése az állcsontokban és a fogra ható erők érzékelése. Négy alkotóeleme van: fogmeder, cement, gyökérhártya, íny. Ezek közül a cement a fog alkotórésze. Közötte és a fogmeder közt húzódnak a gyökérhártyarostok, melyek rugalmasan felfüggesztik a fogat. Az íny szerepe a másik három alkotóelem védelme.

Gyökérhártya

A gyökérhártya (periodontium) egy specializált kötőszövet, mely a fogmeder és a cement közt húzódik. Fő feladata a fog rögzítése és a rágóerők átvitele a csontra. A fő (Sharpey-féle) rostokon kívül még tartalmaz laza rostos kötőszövetet, fibroblasztokat, védekező sejteket, véredényeket, idegeket és nyirokedényeket. Még találunk benne ún. Malassez-féle sejteket, melyek a fog fejlődése során a Hertwig-féle hüvelyből maradnak vissza, és később ciszták alakulhatnak ki belőlük. Vastagsága kb. 0,2 mm.

Szerepük van még a fogak proprioreceptív (saját) érzékelésében. Mechanoreceptorok vannak benne, melyek érzékelik és továbbítják az agyhoz a fogat ért erők nagyságát.

Fogmeder

A fogmeder (alveolus) egy bemélyedés az  állcsontok processus alveolarisban, melyben a fogak gyökerei ülnek. A fogmeder az élet során változik. Például ha a fog elveszti szomszédját vagy az antagonistáját, akkor a rés felé vándorol ("keresve társát"). Ilyenkor az oszteoklasztok és az oszteoblasztok modulálják a csontot. Ezt használják ki a fogszabályzás során is, amikor mesterségesen mozgatják a fogakat. Azon az oldalon, ahol az erő hat az oszteoklasztok lebontják a csontot, a másik oldalon viszont az oszteoblasztok építik fel a csontot.

Fogíny

A fogíny (gingiva) az állcsontokat fedő szájnyálkahártya. Külső felszínét elszarusodó laphám borítja, míg a belső (fog fele néző), ínybarázdát fedő része soha nem szarusodik el. Az ínybarázda alján található a hámtapadás (epithelialis junctio). Itt a hámsejtek szorosan a foghoz tapadnak, védve ezáltal a fogágy többi részét. A fogíny a fog többi részétől külön fejlődik a szájüreg nyálkahártyájából a fogelőtörés során.

A fogak fejlődése

Az a folyamat, mely során kialakulnak a fogra jellemző szövetek, morfológiai sajátosságok és a végén a fog megjelenik a szájüregben. A tejfogak fejlődése már a méhen belüli élet hatodik hetén elkezdődik, míg a maradó fogaké a huszadik héten. A fogak hám- (ektodermális) és kötőszöveti (mezodermális) eredetűek.

A méhen belüli élet hatodik hetén az elemi szájüreget borító ektoderma benyomul az alatta lévő ektomezenchimális szövetbe, és gyors proliferációba kezd. A tizedik héten már megfigyelhetünk 10-10 fogcsírát a tejfogaknak megfelelően. Később, kb. a 16. hét után jelennek meg a maradó őrlők csírái, a 20. hét után pedig a többi maradandó fog csírái.

A fog fejlődése során különböző fázisokat különítünk el: csíra, bimbó, sapka és harang szakaszokat. Ezek követik egymást és nem mindig különíthetők el. Három részből állnak: zománcszerv, fogpapilla és fogzsák. A zománcszervet három réteg sejt alkotja: a belső és a külső zománchám és a kettő között elhelyezkedő retikuláris sejtek rétege. Az egyetlen  hámeredetű szövetből, a zománcszervből fog kialakulni a zománc. A fogpapillából fog kialakulni a dentin és a fogbél, a fogzacskóból pedig a cement és a gyökérhártya.

Kb. a 20. héten a belső zománchám sejtjei ameloblasztokká differenciálódnak. Megjelenésük hatására a fogpapilla zománcszervhez közel eső részén odontoblasztok alakulnak ki, az ott lévő mezenchimális sejtekből. Ezek elkezdik termelni a predentint. Az első réteg lerakódása valószínűleg kémiai jel az ameloblasztok számára, mivel csak ekkor kezdik el a zománc termelését. A dentin lerakása centrifugális, a fog belseje felé történik, míg a zománc lerakása kifele, centripetálisan.

Amikor a korona teljesen kialakult, elkezdődik a gyökér fejlődése. Ezt a Hertwig-féle hüvely indítja el, mely a külső és belső zománchámból áll. Hatására a közelében lévő mezenchimális sejtek odontoblasztokká differenciálódnak és elkezdik a gyökérdentin termelését, miközben a fogzacskó sejtjei cementet termelő cementoblasztokká, és a gyökérhártya rostjait termelő fibroblasztokká differenciálódnak. A Hertwig-féle hüvely feldarabolódik és nagyrészt fel is szívódik, de Malassez-féle sejtek formájában vissza is maradhatnak egyes részei.

Még teljesen nem tisztázott a fogak előtörésének a mechanizmusa, de valószínűnek tűnik, hogy a gyökér fejlődése emeli ki a fogat. Az első tejfog 6 hónapos korban jelenik meg, az utolsó 2-2,5 éves korban. Egy hat hónapos eltérés még normálisnak tekinthető.  Hatéves kor után kezdnek megjelenni a maradó fogak, a következő sorrendben: az első nagyőrlő (6-7. év), a középső metsző (6-8. év), az oldalsó metsző (7-9. év), az első kisőrlő (9-13. év), a szemfog (9-13. év), a második kisőrlő (10-12. év), a második nagyőrlő (11-14. év), a harmadik nagyőrlő vagy bölcsességfog (16-30. év vagy egyre gyakrabban meg sem jelenik).

A rágás

Az emlősök fogainak fő funkciója a rágás, mely során a táplálék felaprózódik, összezúzódik, nyállal itatódik át és nyelésre alkalmas állapotba kerül. A rágás ismétlődő mozgások sorozatából áll. Két fázisát különböztetjük meg: egy előkészítő és egy aktív. Az előkészítő fázis során a száj kinyílik, leharapásnál előre tolódik, őrlőmozgásnál pedig oldalra. Ilyenkor a szemben álló fogak metszőélei vagy csücskei egymással szemben állnak. Az aktív fázisban a két fogsor közeledik egymáshoz. Leharapásnál az alsó metszőfog éle elcsúszik a felső palatinális (belső) felszínén és mint az olló "elvágja" az ételt. Őrléskor az alsó őrlők csücskei a felsők palatinális lejtőin csúsznak el, ezáltal szétzúzva, megőrölve a táplálékot. Az őrlés jobb és bal oldalon felváltva történik.

A rágás mechanizmusával és patológiás elváltozásaival a gnathológia foglalkozik.

A fogak számozása

A többféle számozási módszer közül a Nemzetközi Fogászati Szövetség (FDI) számozása a legelterjedtebb. Ez minden fog jelölésére két számjegyet használ, melyeket pont választ el. Az első, a kvadránst jelzi, melyben a fog elhelyezkedik: 1 – a jobb felső, 2 – a bal felső, 3 – a bal alsó, 4 – a jobb alsó kvadráns. A második számjegy magát a fogat jelzi:

 1 középső metsző
 2 oldalsó metsző
 3 szemfog
 4 első kisőrlő
 5 második kisőrlő
 6 első nagyőrlő
 7 második nagyőrlő
 8 harmadik nagyőrlő

Példa: a 2.3 a bal felső szemfogat, 4.6 a jobb alsó első nagyőrlőt jelzi.

Tejfogaknál a kvadránsokat az 5 (jobb felső), 6 (bal felső), 7 (bal alsó), és 8 (jobb alsó) számok jelzik. A fogak pedig

1-től 5-ig vannak számozva.

A fogak betegségei

Fogszuvasodás

A fogszuvasodás (caries dentinum) a fog keményszöveteinek a megbetegedése, mely a szervetlen anyag savak által történő kioldódásával, majd a szervetlen anyag szétesésével jár. Elterjedése a történelem folyamán egyre fokozódott. Csontvázleletek alapján megállapították, hogy már a neolitikumban jelen volt. Rohamos terjedése az utóbbi két évszázadban figyelhető meg, az ipari fejlődéssel párhuzamosan. Ma már az emberiség 90-100%-a szenved ebben a krónikus megbetegedésben.

Annak ellenére, hogy nagyon sok kóroktani hipotézis létezik, a mai napig sem teljesen tisztázott a fogszuvasodás keletkezése. A modern felfogás szerint több tényező együttes hatására alakul ki. A négy fő etiológiai tényező a szervezet (elsősorban a fogfelszín), a baktériumok, a táplálék és az idő. Így a szuvasodás általában a nehezen tisztítható felszíneken kezdődik, úgy, hogy miközben a baktériumok a dentális plakk felszínén lévő szénhidrátokból táplálkoznak, melléktermékként savat termelnek. Ez demineralizálja a zománc szerves alkotóelemeit. Később, ha nem történik meg a remineralizáció a nyálból, vagy ha többször történik meg a kariogén támadás, a szerves állomány is tönkremegy. Először egy fehér folt jelenik meg a zománc felszínén, majd üreg képződik. Ha nem avatkoznak közbe, a folyamat továbbterjed egészen a fogbélig, ahol gyulladást vált ki, és erős fájdalmakkal jár.

Újabban egyre gyakoribb a gyökércaries, melynek kialakulásához az íny visszahúzódása teremti meg a kedvező feltételeket. Lefolyása gyorsabb, mivel a cement kevésbé ellenálló, mint a zománc.

A fogszuvasodást kezdeti fázisában üregalakítás nélkül lehet kezelni, különböző remineralizációs technikákkal. Később, attól függően, hogy mennyi fogszövet ment tönkre, különböző módon lehet helyreállítani a fog funkcióját és morfológiáját: tömés, betét (inlay), korona, gyökércsapos fogmű készítésével. Végső esetben a fog eltávolítása is szükségessé válhat. A fogszuvasodás következtében a fog körül súlyos gyulladások, gennyedések, vagy akár a szervezet bakteriális inváziója is kialakulhat. Ez utóbbi súlyos következményekkel, akár halállal is járhat. Itt is érvényes az a felfogás, hogy a megelőzés a legfontosabb.

Fogágybetegségek
A fog elvesztésének második leggyakoribb oka a fogágybetegség. A fog rögzítő elemeit (íny, fogmeder, gyökérhártya, cement) támadja meg és ezáltal a fog lazulásához és kihullásához vezet. Normális körülmények között az íny hámtapadása és a sulcusváladék megvédi a fogágyat a külső ártalmaktól. De ha lepedék rakódik le a fogra és fogkő keletkezik, az gingivitishez, majd később parodontitishez vezet. A gingivitis a fogíny gyulladása, amely nem jár csontpusztulással. Akut formájában általában fertőzések okozzák, mint például a Herpes vírus. Rossz szájhigiéné esetén a fogkő, mint állandó mechanikai irritációs tényező, és a lepedékben található baktériumok krónikus fogínygyulladáshoz vezetnek. Ilyenkor az íny duzzadt, vöröses, fogmosáskor vérzik, de fájdalmatlan. Ha a kiváltó okokat nem számoljuk fel és további rizikótényezők (nagyobb virulenciájú baktériumok, dohányzás, diabetes, osteoporosis, okkluzális túlterhelés, stressz, a szervezet védekezését csökkentő általános betegségek, genetikai tényezők) vannak jelen, fogágygyulladás (parodontitis) alakul ki. Ez érinti a gyökérhártyát, cementet és az alveoláris csontot is, ezáltal csontpusztulást okozva. Kezdeti fázisban ínytasakok alakulnak ki, azáltal hogy a hámtapadás egyre apikálisabban kerül. Itt az ételmaradékok már könnyebben megtapadnak tovább serkentve a gyulladást. Végül a fogágy teljes elpusztulása miatt a fog fellazul és kihull.

Fejlődési rendellenességek

Lehetnek genetikailag meghatározott, vagy szerzett (környezeti hatásokra jelentkező) rendellenességek. A környezeti hatások sokrétűek, lehetnek hormonhatások, anyagcserezavarok, fertőzések, gyógyszerek (például tetraciklin), fizikai, kémiai tényezők. Ezek hatása érvényesülhet a méhen belüli, vagy a születés utáni életben.

 A fogak számának a rendellenességei:
 Anodontia – lehet teljes, amikor egyetlen fog sem fejlődik ki, és részleges, amikor egy fog vagy fogcsoport hiányzik.
 Hyperodontia – számfeletti fogak
 A fogak méreteinek a rendellenességei:
 Macrodontia – a fogak a normálisnál nagyobbak
 Microdontia – a fogak a normálisnál kisebbek
 A fogak alaki rendellenességei:
 Geminatio dentinum – ikerfog
 Fusio dentinum – fogösszeolvadás
 Concretio dentinum – a már kifejlett szomszédos fogak a cementtel kapcsolódnak össze
 Dilaceratio – a foggyökér jelentős szöglettörése
 Dens invaginatus vagy dens in dente – a fogban egy tasak található, mely zománccal bélelt
 Dens evaginatus – járulékos csücsök jelenléte
 Taurodens vagy talpasfog – rendellenesen nagy pulpakamra, a gyökérelágazódás csak a csúcsi harmadban történik meg
 Számfeletti gyökerek (Radices supranumerarie)
 Gyökérösszeolvadás (Fusio radicorum dentis)
 Helyzeti rendellenességek:
 dőlt fogak
 rágósíkot el nem érő, vagy azt túl érő fogak (infra- és suprapositio)
 transpositio dentis – két fog helyet cserél egymással
 ectopia dentis – a fogsoron kívül elhelyezkedő fog, leggyakrabban szemfognál fordul elő
 heterotopia dentis – a fogsortól távol, vagy a szájüregen kívül megjelenő fog
A helyzeti rendellenességeken fogszabályzással lehet javítani, ez főleg fiatalkorban jellemző.
 A kemény szövetek képzésének a zavarai:
 Amelogenesis imperfecta – a zománcképzés zavara
 Dentinogenesis imperfecta – a dentinképzés zavara
 Odontodysplasia regionalis – a zománcot, a dentint és a cementet is érinti

A fogak ápolása

A fogak ápolásának a célja a különböző fogakat érintő betegségek (fogszuvasodás, fogágygyulladás, rossz lehelet) megjelenésének a megelőzése. Ez történhet egyénileg vagy professzionálisan, a fogorvos által. Az egyéni fogápolás célja az ételmaradékok eltávolítása, megakadályozva ezáltal a baktériumok megtelepedését a fogak felszínén. Fogorvosok szerint minden étkezés után ajánlatos fogat mosni, de minimum kétszer egy nap: reggel és este. Reggel a reggeli után, este az aznapi utolsó étkezést követően. A fogkefe segítségével nem lehet a fogak közti területeket tökéletesen kitisztítani, ezért ajánlatos a fogselyem használata is. Felmérések szerint az elektromos fogkefe nem tisztít hatékonyabban, mint a megfelelő technikával használt hagyományos fogkefe. Használatát elsősorban rossz kézügyességűeknek ajánlják.

A mechanikai tisztításon kívül még léteznek különböző kémiai anyagok, melyek segítségével próbálják megakadályozni a plakk keletkezését, vagy a baktériumok által termelt káros anyagokat próbálják semlegesíteni. Ezeket az anyagokat vagy a fogkrémbe helyezik, vagy különböző szájvizek, gélek formájában árulják. Az egyik legismertebb és leghatékonyabb ilyen anyag az antibakteriális hatású klórhexidin.

A professzionális fogápolás egyik leggyakrabban igénybe vett formája a fogkő eltávolítása, amely a fogágygyulladások legfontosabb kóroki tényezője. Ezenkívül a táplálkozási tanácsadás és a gyerekek cariesprofilaxisa is fontos szerepet játszik. A fogkő eltávolítása különösen fontos fogfehérítés illetve átfogóbb fogászati beavatkozások előtt, mivel később a fogínygyulladás, és hosszú távon az ínysorvadás okozója lehet. Az, hogy a fogkövet milyen gyakran kell eltávolítani, egyénfüggő, több tény is befolyásolja (étrend, szájhigiéné, száj természetes flórájában lévő egyénenkénti eltérések stb.). Érdemes fogorvossal konzultálva felmérni a fogkő-eltávolítások közti ideális időtartamot, majd tervezetten visszajárni kontrollal egybekötött fogkő-eltávolításra.

A fogszuvasodás megelőzését, illetve a meglévő fogszuvasodás további terjedését segít megakadályozni a fluoridok használata. Például ivóvíz, és különböző táplálékok, mint például a konyhasó fluorozása. Ma Magyarországon az ivóvíz fluorozása a nyugati megyékben szinte kivétel nélkül történik, de a keleti megyékben is túlnyomórészt elterjedt. Emellett gyerekkorban még fluoridion-tartalmú tabletta is adható.
A fluorid hatását több úton fejti ki. Maga a fluoridion antibakteriális hatású, ezáltal segíti a szájban lévő normális flóra fennmaradását. Továbbá a zománc hidroxilapatit kristályainak a hidroxil része kicserélődik fluoridionnal, és így a szuvasodással szemben ellenállóbb fluoroapatit képződik. A túlzott fluoridion-bevitel azonban komoly veszélyeket is hordoz magában. Maga a fluoridion az előírt mennyiség jelentős meghaladása esetén mérgező is lehet, ezért főleg a nagyon fiatal gyermekeknél kell különösen ügyelni a "fogkrémevésre", illetve a fluoridtartalmú rágótabletta szedésének orvosi kontrolljára.

A fogak fejlődési szakaszában történő túlzott fluoridion-bevitel a fogzománc fehér elváltozásaihoz vezet, és habár ez nem jár egészségügyi károsodással, főleg az elülső fogakon feltűnő. Miután kialakult, eltávolítása sajnos nem, vagy csak nagyon nehezen lehetséges. Mindezen okokból a külső extra fluoridion-bevitel előtt (például (rágó)tablettában) mindenképpen érdemes fogorvossal konzultálni.

Fogpótlások

Ha a fogak szövetei irreverzibilisen sérültek, a funkció és az esztétika helyreállításának érdekében, a hiányzó részeket pótolni kell. A fogpótlások attól függően, hogy mennyi hiányzó fogszövetet helyettesítenek lehetnek intrakoronálisak: tömések és az ún. betétek (inlay, onlay), és extrakoronálisak: koronák, héjak. A fogászati betétek hasonlítanak a tömésekre, azoktól abban különböznek, hogy fogtechnikai laboratóriumban készülnek el és ragasztással rögzítik őket. A héjakat általában frontfogak vesztibuláris felszínének a leplezésére használják elszíneződések és kisebb szuvasodások esetén. Ha egy vagy több fog hiányzik azt fogászati implantátumokkal, hidakkal, kivehető fogpótlásokkal lehet pótolni. A hidakat kis kiterjedésű hiányok (max. 3-4 fog) esetén használják és ragasztással rögzítik. Több fog hiánya esetén a hidak már nem bírják a mechanikai terhelést (ez a híd törésével vagy a megmaradt fogak lazulásával, törésével járhat), ezért kivehető pótlásokat készítenek. Ezek főleg az állcsontgerincen támaszkodnak és csak másodlagos elhorgonyzásra használják a fogakat.

A fogászatban használatos anyagok egyike sem hasonlít teljesen a fogakat alkotó kemény szövetekre, ezért a különböző elvárásoknak megfelelően (mechanikai ellenálló képesség, esztétika, ne legyen káros a szövetekre stb.) többféle anyagból készülhetnek a fogpótlások: amalgám, arany, titán, kompozit, fogászati kerámia, fémötvözetek, mint például arany-platina, ezüst-palládium, nikkel-króm stb.

Az 1980-as években kifejlesztett CAD/CAM (Computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing) technika segítségével a fogorvos egyedül is ("szék mellett", chairside) elkészíthet intra- vagy extrakoronális pótlást. A fogorvos egy optikai lenyomatot vesz az előkészített fogról és környezetéről, majd egy program segítségével kialakítja a fogpótlás végső alakját, és végül a számítógép vezérelte ún. frézgép kifaragja azt.

Jegyzetek

Források

További információk
 A Magyar Orvosi Kamara Fogorvosi Tagozatának a honlapja
 American Dental Association
 Szakmai Fogászati kiadványok
 An overview of dental anatomy
 Fog.lap.hu - tematikus linkgyűjtemény

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 rágókészülék
 fogászat
 fogkefe, fogselyem
 gnathológia
 foghúzás

Fogászati anatómia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home > Android Tips and Tricks > Which Android Web Browser is the Best?
Which Android Web Browser is the Best?
Nowadays Android smartphones are powerful enough to run heavy apps and apps. There are several powerful Android browsers which can open almost any website. Be it resource heavy website or a lite Website, Android browsers can open any site with ease. But the problem is that there are many browsers which can confuse you which one to use and which one to ignore. So check out the top best 4 web broswers for Android in 2018.
Google Chrome is best Android browsers directly from the Android Maker, Google. This browser is fast and comes pre-installed on your Android Phone. With Google Chrome you can download Videos, Images and other documents.
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Download and View Offline. It has a dedicated download button, which you can conveniently use to download videos, pictures, and the entire webpages with just one tap. Chrome also has the Downloads Home right inside the browser interface, where you can access all the contents you downloaded, even when you are offline.
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text:
package com.intellij.debugger.memory.utils;

import javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel;

public abstract class AbstractTableModelWithColumns extends AbstractTableModel
{
	private final TableColumnDescriptor[] myColumnDescriptors;

	public AbstractTableModelWithColumns(TableColumnDescriptor[] descriptors)
	{
		myColumnDescriptors = descriptors;
	}

	@Override
	public Class<?> getColumnClass(int columnIndex)
	{
		return myColumnDescriptors[columnIndex].getColumnClass();
	}

	@Override
	public String getColumnName(int column)
	{
		return myColumnDescriptors[column].getName();
	}

	@Override
	public int getColumnCount()
	{
		return myColumnDescriptors.length;
	}

	@Override
	public Object getValueAt(int rowIndex, int columnIndex)
	{
		return myColumnDescriptors[columnIndex].getValue(rowIndex);
	}

	interface TableColumnDescriptor
	{
		Class<?> getColumnClass();

		Object getValue(int ix);

		String getName();
	}
}


text:
Q: I want to show/hide rows in a table displayed in an R Shiny dashboard based on which user has access to certain customers in the table I'm trying to restrict access to certain rows in a table displayed in R Shiny based on which users are associated with certain customerIDs. The customerIDs are in the rows of the table itself. A separate table links the users and customers and is called 'PSCustomers'. This is the reference that I use in the code below. Thanks!
  tc_customers_list<-sqlQuery(dbConnect, sqlQuery)
  #setDT(tc_customers_list)
  if(!is.null(session$groups) & (#session$groups == 'PersonalShopping' & session$user == PSCustomers$Personal_Shopper ||
                                 session$user == 'x.x' || session$user == 'y.y' || session$user == 'z.z'))
    show({top_customers_list <- renderDataTable({
      top_cust_subset <- reactive({
       a <- subset(tc_customers_list, session$user == PSCustomers$Personal_Shopper & tc_customers_list$CustomerID == PSCustomers$CustomerID)
        return(a) })
          })
   })
  #tc_customers_list

}


text:
Болсена () е град и община в провинцията Витербо, регион Лацио, Централна Италия.

Намира се на северния бряг на езерото Болсена.

Градът има 3941 жители (31 декември 2017 г.).

Жителите на древния град Волсинии са принудени през 264 пр.н.е. от Марк Фулвий Флак да се заселят на езерото Lacus Volsiniensis (днес Лаго ди Болсена) във Volsinii novi, днешна Болсена.

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Градове в Лацио
Витербо (провинция)