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Staley v. Jones, No. 00-1809
Writing for the Court SUHRHEINRICH
Citation 239 F.3d 769
Parties (6th Cir. 2001) Jerry Lee Staley, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Kurt Jones, Respondent-Appellant. Argued:
Docket Number No. 00-1809
239 F.3d 769 (6th Cir. 2001) Jerry Lee Staley, Petitioner-Appellee,
Kurt Jones, Respondent-Appellant. No. 00-1809 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT Argued: October 26, 2000
Decided and Filed: February 5, 2001
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan at Kalamazoo: No. 99-00312, Richard A. Enslen, Chief District Judge.
David A. Dodge, DODGE & DODGE, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Janet A. Van Cleve, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, HABEAS CORPUS DIVISION, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellant.
Michael J. Hodge, MILLER, CANFIELD, PADDOCK & STONE, Lansing, Michigan, George D. Mesritz, MILLER, CANFIELD, PADDOCK & STONE, Detroit, Michigan, Tina M. Weatherwax-Grant, Lansing, Michigan, for Amici Curiae.
T. Lynn Hopkins, KENT COUNTY PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Before: SUHRHEINRICH and MOORE, Circuit Judges; EDMUNDS, District Judge*.
SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge.
On January 1, 1993, the Michigan Legislature enacted a comprehensive stalking law, Mich. Comp. Laws 750.411h ("Stalking") and 750.411i ("Aggravated Stalking")1. The law defines "stalking" as "a willful course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of another individual that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested and that actually causes the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested." Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.411i(e). "Harassment" is defined as "conduct directed toward a victim that includes, but is not limited to, repeated or continuing unconsented contact that would cause a reasonable individual to suffer emotional distress and that actually causes the victim to suffer emotional distress." Id. § 750.411i(d). Expressly excluded from the definition of "harassment" is "constitutionally protected activity or conduct that serves a legitimate purpose." Id2.
On habeas review the district court ruled that the aggravating stalking statute was unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the First Amendment because the exclusions for "constitutionally protected activity" and "conduct that serves a legitimate purpose" are so limited that the scope of conduct covered by the statute applied to core First Amendment conduct. The court therefore granted Petitioner Jerry Lee Staley's petition for writ of habeas corpus on July14, 20003.
The matter is now before us on the expedited appeal of Respondent Warden Kurt Jones ("Respondent"). Michigan State Senator Dianne Byrum, The Michigan Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, The Michigan Sheriffs' Association, and The National Organization for Women, Michigan Conference have filed a joint brief supporting Respondent's position. The Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan, along with the Michigan Domestic Violence Prevention and Treatment Board have also filed a joint amicus brief supporting Respondent's view.
A. Facts
In late 1993, Petitioner Jerry Lee Staley was charged with aggravated stalking of his ex-girlfriend, Joellyn Weber. Weber began seeing Staley in April of 1993. She was separated from her husband at the time. On July 4, 1993, however, Weber told Staley that she did not want to see him anymore, because she had reunited with her husband. In October, Weber received a phone call from Staley's sister-in-law reporting that Staley's brother had died the previous evening and that, in the sister-in law's view, Weber should talk with him. Weber started seeing Staley again as a result of that call. She was separated from her husband again at the time.
On October 31, 1993, Weber and her son Ronnie were visiting Staley at his home. Weber wanted to go shopping, but Staley did not want her to go without him. Weber testified that Staley "threw her around" and tore up her purse. When Weber went
to work the next day, Weber had what she characterized as a nervous breakdown and was hospitalized. Weber was discharged on November 5th, went to Staley's home to pick up some belongings, and told Staley the relationship was over.
That night, when Weber was asleep, Staley entered her home and confronted Weber in her bedroom, trying to get her to change her mind. Weber repeatedly asked him to leave, but he did not. When she yelled for her son, Staley put his hand over her mouth. Weber bit his hand and screamed for her son, who came running. Weber eventually succeeded in getting Staley downstairs. She and her son also went downstairs. Both Weber and Ronnie tried to call the police, but Staley prevented them. Later, Weber tried to push Staley out the front door, and he threw her across the kitchen into the stove. He then left.
Staley then began calling Weber up to fifteen times a day, at home and at work. Weber continued to tell him that she did not want to see him any more. On November 15, 1993, Staley rammed Weber's car with his truck and chased her with a baseball bat.
Staley returned the next day, November 16, 1993. Weber testified that:
I was - my son and I were home. My son was upstairs playing pool. I was in my laundry room doing laundry. And I came out. And he was standing in my living room. He broke in through the back door. And I just immediately sat down. And I just kept looking at the floor and asking - I just kept repeating, please leave, please leave. He just slowly started inching towards me on my couch. So I just picked up the phone and I called my brother and - or my brother's home. And my sister-in-law answered. She asked me if everything was okay. I said no. And she said, he's there, isn't he. And I said, yes. And he kept sayin', who are you talkin' to, bitch, tell me who you're talkin' to. And I wouldn't say anything. I just kept sayin', please leave, please leave.
And he went out into the kitchen and he yanked the cord out of the plug-in in the wall. And he came back in and he had a buck knife with him. And he held it by the point and was like this at me (demonstrating ) and told me, tell me who you're talkin' to, bitch, or I'm gonna slice your gut wide open.
And I knew at that point I had to get out. But my son was upstairs. And I yelled for him. And I didn't know it at the time, but he was just sitting at the top of the stairs. And he came running down. And I went to jump over my love seat. And I - he grabbed me. And I - I just screamed, Ronnie, call 911, get outta here. And he pulled me back to him and he put the knife right to my throat and he said, bitch, tell me who you're talkin' to or I'm gonna slice ya ear to ear. And I screamed to Ronnie to call 911. And he just flung me. And he pulled his pants out and shoved the knife in and he said, fuck it, I'm gonna go kill your brother and his wife and his kids. And out the door he went.
Later that night, Staley called and told Weber she'd better get out of town, that he was going to kill her mother, her son, and her brother, and that he was going to come to her store the next day and kill her.
After threatening to burn down her house, Staley asked Weber if she had checked her smoke alarm recently. When Weber checked the alarm, the battery was missing. In December 1993, Weber started taping Staley's phone calls. One evening Staley called constantly from 6:20 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. when Weber took the phone off the hook. The tape was played for the jury, who heard Staley threatening to burn Weber in her sleep, and told her to "say goodbye to Ronnie."
B. Procedural History
On the day of his conviction, Staley pled guilty to being a habitual offender, fourth offense, in violation of Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.12. He was initially sentenced to life imprisonment. Staley appealed his conviction,
claiming that the Michigan stalking statute is unconstitutional and that his sentence was disproportionate. The Michigan Court of Appeals rejected Staley's constitutional claim, but held that his sentence was excessive and disproportionate. See State v. Staley, No. 178555 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 20, 1996) (unpublished per curiam). On remand, Staley was sentenced to 15-25 years imprisonment. The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal on May 30, 1997. See People v. Staley, 564 N.W.2d 898 (Mich. May 30, 1997) (No. 107330).
Having fully exhausted his remedies in state court, Staley filed this federal habeas action. The district court granted Staley's petition for writ of habeas corpus after concluding that the antistalking statute violates the First Amendment because it is overbroad. See Staley v. Jones, 108 F. Supp. 2d 777 (W.D. Mich. 2000).
C. District Court Ruling
Staley argued that Michigan's aggravated stalking statute is unconstitutionally vague, places defendants at risk of double jeopardy, and unconstitutionally shifts the burden of proof to the defendant. See id. at 779. The district court rejected Staley's double jeopardy and burden-shifting claims, but agreed that his vagueness arguments have merit because the statute could potentially be applied in violation of the First Amendment. See id. at 779-80, 788.
The district court began by analyzing the statute. The court noted that the statutory definition of "stalking" has three distinct elements. First, "stalking" requires a "willful course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of another." Id. at 781. Second, the term "requires that the harassment would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested." Id. Third, the definition "requires that the harassment actually cause the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested." Id.
Next, the court noted that the term "harassment" has three parts. First, harassment is "'conduct directed toward a victim.'" Id. (quoting Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.411i(d)). Second, the harassment is conduct that "'includes, but...
U.S. v. Bowker, No. 02-4086.
...statute on the basis that it may conceivably be applied in an unconstitutional manner to others not before the court." Staley v. Jones, 239 F.3d 769, 784 (6th Cir.2001) (citations omitted). However, "overbreadth scrutiny diminishes as the behavior regulated by the statute moves from pure sp......
Rhines v. Morgan, Case No. 3:13-cv-238
United States District Courts. 6th Circuit. United States District Courts. 6th Circuit. Southern District of Ohio
...Cress v. Palmer, 484 F.3d 844, 854 (6th Cir. 2007), citing Zuern v. Tate, 336 F.3d 478, 482, n.1 (6th Cir. 2003), and Staley v. Jones, 239 F.3d 769, 780, n.12 (6th Cir. 2001). The Supreme Court has, however, recognized actual innocence as a "gateway" to excuse procedural default of other co......
United States v. Weiss, Case No. 20-cr-00013-CRB-1
United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. Northern District of California
...statute on the basis that it may conceivably be applied in an unconstitutional manner to others not before the court." Staley v. Jones, 239 F.3d 769, 784 (6th Cir. 2001). The purpose of the overbreadth doctrine is to protect restrictions on unprotected speech from chilling protected speech,......
Weaver v. Shoop, Case No. 3:18-cv-393
...Cress v. Palmer, 484 F.3d 844, 854 (6th Cir. 2007), citing Zuern v. Tate, 336 F.3d 478, 482, n.1 (6th Cir. 2003), and Staley v. Jones, 239 F.3d 769, 780, n.12 (6th Cir. 2001). The Supreme Court has twice suggested that a "truly persuasive demonstration" of actual innocence would render a pe......


Mandalas offer balancing visual elements, symbolizing unity and harmony. The meanings of mandala depends upon colour, geometric elements and culture. The goal of the mandala is to serve as a tool on our spiritual journey as it symbolizes cosmic and psychic order.
They are made of recycled paper using the ancient art of origami by talented Colombian artisans.
All fittings and chains are 925 sterling silver.


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Home Features Football and Religion – the Peter Hart interview
Football and Religion – the Peter Hart interview
Elliott Wheat-Bowen
One question that often runs through the minds of football fans is what do footballers do once they hang up their laces up? Some enter the world of punditry and media, others remain deeply involved in the footballing world through coaching or ambassadorial work.
Peter Hart, on one hand did remain involved in the footballing world but in a very different way to the usual career paths followed by former professionals.
After amassing six hundred league appearances with Huddersfield Town and Walsall, two stints which saw him write himself into folklore at both clubs, Peter Hart retired and turned to the church as he became a vicar. Following the same path as Leyton Orient legend Alan Comfort, Peter took the path less trodden for an ex-professional.
Peter Hart currently works at Walsall football club as their club chaplain.
In the wake of a new book release based on the 1979/80 season, we got the unique opportunity to ask the man who captained Town to the Fourth Division title some questions about Huddersfield Town nowadays.
With Burnley and Huddersfield about to pit their wits in the Premier League for the first time, did you ever envisage this happening in your lifetime?
I would have never have ruled it out and remember Town were a top-flight team when I was starting my career and Frank Worthington was our star player. It's one of those games that just go to show anything can happen in football so you should never give up hope. You've got to be positive and keep working hard.
What do you make of Town's start to the season?
So far, so good. The points on the board mean it has been a very promising beginning and they have looked very much at home but tougher tests follow and they will need to maintain their focus, not get carried away, work together and listen to their manager.
Can Town take encouragement from Burnley and their ability to defy laws of gravity?
If they need inspiration they just need to look over the Pennines at Burnley They not only survived but in most parts of last season, they actually flourished and even bloodied the noses of the biggest clubs. So with Burnley in mind, why should Huddersfield be any different?
What's so special about Burnley?
Burnley are a perfect example of the fact that a few years ago it used to be a yo-yo kind of scenario but clubs like them and Bournemouth seem to have discovered what it takes to go up and stay up. Burnley, especially, are remarkable. They don't overspend and don't go into the red. The fact they can be in the black at the end of the season and still be in the Premier League must give hope to Huddersfield Town. And surely, it suggests they don't have to go mad and put the club in jeopardy to stay up. There has to be something that Burnley are doing which will provide hope.
What should give Town fans cause for optimism?
It will be tough for Town to stay up, of course, but is it not one of their strengths the fact that they have got a manager who navigated his way through the Championship having come to England just 18 months beforehand? Burnley and Bournemouth have got good managers and they've got stability and their players show a willingness to absolutely work their socks off. That's why they are perfect role models for Huddersfield Town.
What are your thoughts on the job that David Wagner has done in his time at Town so far and what else can he achieve at the club?
I've certainly been very impressed by him and it's funny but his intense, high-pressing tactics are similar to the ones we employed under Mick Buxton.
As for the future, you would hope and I certainly do think that Wagner has got something in his locker to enable them to prosper, especially as he's being backed by Dean Hoyle. They have got a very good manager to manage them and given them a strategy to employ.
Which Town player shares the most similarities to you when you were as a player?
I was in Mick Buxton's side that won the Fourth Division title primarily as a defensive midfielder who could break up our opponents' attacks and put us on the front foot so I would have to I'd say there are parallels between me and Jonathan Hogg although he's a far more accomplished player than I ever was.
Who is your favourite Town player in the current side?
I have to say that I'd a big admirer of Jonathan Hogg and Danny Williams but Aaron Mooy stands out because he always seems to be a few steps ahead of his opponents, which bodes well for Town because games are usually won and lost in midfield. I'm looking forward to seeing him action when I come up to watch Town play West Brom next month.
Were you at Wembley for the Play-Off final and what emotions did you have going through you when we scored the final penalty?
I couldn't get down to Wembley so I watched the game on telly with a friend and I was jumping for joy when that penalty went in at the end. I was delighted when they went up but I actually fancied them to go through on penalties because Danny Ward had already proved he's a damn good shot-stopper in the semi-final. And did I say a prayer for Huddersfield Town as they headed for the Premier League? Of course I did. I was one of thanks.
People said Town didn't have a prayer this season but would you say a prayer for Town to stay up?
Of course they have but I wouldn't say a prayer for them to win. I don't think that's the kind of thing I'm into. I would certainly give thanks. Not half. I'd certainly give thanks for the fabulous way that Huddersfield Town Football Club has flourished over the last 12 months and for the opportunities that present themselves. I would certainly want to pray for Town to be blessed but beyond that I don't think I could pray for them to win or pray to win the Premier League.
But don't Town need divine intervention?
No they don't. The players and the manager are big enough to look after themselves. They are grown men and they are in football because they want to give their best and do their best.
God has given them the ability to become professional footballers and they should go and use it in the Premier League. I want them to win and at times when I'm getting a bit excited and stressed, I will offer a prayer.
So they should just get out there and do it, get out there and enjoy it. Win or lose, give it your best shot. That's my philosophy and that's why I wouldn't necessarily pray and say: Please God, help us to win.'
Isn't being a midfield hard-man at odds with your current role as vicar?
As a player, I was always very honest, fully committed to the cause and passionate about the team. Those qualities can surely be equated with Christian faith. Those are things that translate into faith.
I was never dirty. I never wanted to harm anyone. I was a tough defender, an uncompromising one. I'd have thought those were good qualities as far as being a Christian is concerned.
I'm very positive about the way sport and my faith come together. Football taught me a lot. You have to think about focus, teamwork; being determined particularly when things do not go well. It teaches you a heck of a lot about life, how to handle emotions and remain focused.
How do you see the Burnley-Town game going?
It will be tight and I'll be happy with a draw, which would represent a good point for Town just to keep the scoreboard ticking over.
Peter Hart spoke to Talk of the Town to help promote the new book The 101 Club that is all about the 1979/80 season when he captained Town to the Fourth Division title. To pre-order the book visit www.gnbooks.co.uk or call 01274 735056.
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A Summer of Significance and Opportunity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How we got to where we are now: Lyttelton Museum's journey from the past to the present.
Lyttelton Museum began life in the two-storeyed wooden Shipping Company headquarters building, 2 Hawkhurst Road.
A growing collection and concerns about fire risk saw the Museum move to the then Merchant Navy Centre at 2 Gladstone Quay, where for the next three decades it continued to grow and develop.
" A magnitude 6.3 Earthquake damaged the building in 2011 beyond repair "
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake caused significant damage to the Gladstone Quay premises and forced the Museum to close.
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake damaged the historic brick building further, meaning it was no longer a viable repository for the Museum's collection.
The Lyttelton Volunteer Fire Brigade and staff from the Air Force Museum of New Zealand (AFMNZ) rescued Lyttelton Museum's collection as part of emergency recovery operations. Sadly, the building at 2 Gladstone Quay was demolished, leaving the Museum temporarily homeless.
We did a lot of thinking about our future. Turning disaster into opportunity, we developed a bold plan for a new purpose-built museum in the heart of the town. We looked at 10 different sites and decided that the former CCC Service Centre site in London St, next to Lyttelton Library, would be ideal. We built our business case and first put the proposal to the Community Board, who were very supportive of our plans. We then took them to the Council.
Our first major milestone! The Christchurch City Council gifted us the land at 33/35 London St.
We appointed architects Warren & Mahoney to design our new building. The Lyttelton Museum of the future will be a place to weave the many and varied stories of the Lyttelton Harbour Whakaraupō communities, sharing them with locals and visitors.


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JNU sanitation workers unpaid for months, have no safety gear?
The JNUSU members say that despite the lockdown, the workers regularly come to the university and do their work
Parvathi Benu
Image for representational purpose only (Pic: PTI)
The sanitation workers of the Jawaharlal Nehru University haven't been paid their salaries for the past four months, according to an accusation by the JNU Students' Union. The body also says that the workers have access to no safety equipment and are struggling during the current lockdown.
"Even though a lot of us have managed to go to our homes, a large number of students are still living in the JNU hostels. They would obviously need the help of sanitation workers. Despite the lockdown, these workers make it a point to come to work everyday and ensure that the hostel rooms are clean," says JNUSU President Aishe Ghosh in a Facebook video. "However, the university has done nothing to ensure the safety of these workers. They have no access to any safety gear. Apart from that, they haven't been paid a single penny in the past four months. Survival has become quite difficult for them in this scenario," she says.
There have been multiple reports that spoke about the hardships that the blue-collar workers in the country during the lockdown. Two days ago, thousands had gathered in Delhi's Anand Vihar, hoping to board buses to their hometowns, defying the social distancing norms. "The situation isn't any different for the sanitation workers here too. We would request the Vice-Chancellor to urgently intervene and solve the issue," says Aishe.
The JNUSU General Secretary Satish Chandra Yadav says that the student body will soon meet the administration to discuss the issue. "The sanitation workers aren't permanent employees. They're employed by a contractor. But the JNU administration can surely take an action to ensure that they're at least paid their salaries," he says.
We have contacted the JNU administration for a comment on the same. The copy will be updated once they respond.
JNU Sanitation Workers Lockdown


text:
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Street-savvy clothing line Public School is the brainchild of New York-born and bred designers, Dao-Yi Chow and Maxwell Osborne. The pair have won two fashion prizes for their streetwear-infused menswear. Following their early success they were tapped by Caroline Brown , the chief executive of Donna Karan International, to take over as creative directors of DKNY in 2015; part of an effort to rebrand the iconic but ailing label. During their tenure, Chow and Osborne oversaw both menswear and womenswear for the brand, with their first collection debuting at New York Fashion week in September that same year. The pair stepped down from DKNY a year and a half later following a company sale and strategy changes.
Growing up, both Chow and Osborne attended public school in New York City, and that had a huge influence on their lives. "At public school here, you could tell who groups of students were by what they wore," Osborne explained, which ignited the designer's interest in clothing.
Chow grew up in Queens and studied communications at New York University. When he met Osborne, who was raised in Brooklyn, they both worked at Sean John, rapper P Diddy's streetwear label. After participating in the CFDA's Fashion Incubator programme in 2010, the duo focused on moving 100 percent of production to New York.
Originally a menswear label before extending into womenswear, Public School was launched in Spring 2008 with Barneys New York . But 2013 was a breakout year for the young brand, whose anti-prep, sharply tailored sportswear began to be noticed on the fashion radar. They took home the CFDA's Menswear Designer of the Year award in June, and then nabbed the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund's top honour in October, earning them a prize of $300,000.


You will be part of the team that creates and executes Brand Marketing and Event Strategies along with Philanthropic efforts. Our job is to support our store teams with vibrant and exciting events that drive customer traffic and new customer acquisition and ensure that our brand is represented properly at events outside of our stores.
In creating and executing events across the country, both in-store and beyond. From event logistics to marketing briefs, and coordinating vendor contracts, you will play a vital role in our Brand Marketing initiatives.
* Partner cross-functionally in your role daily to coordinate brand marketing efforts.
* Work with our store teams to help create and execute events and marketing strategies.
* Play a key role in new store opening events.
* You have a high level of understanding about our brand and how it is represented.
* You have the attention to detail required to ensure that consumer facing marketing campaigns are flawlessly executed.
* You are passionate about events, both in and out of our stores!
* You care about our store teams and their success.


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'Bless This Mess' Topped Up For Season 2
Rio - Lake BellMike - Dax ShepardRudy - Ed Begley Jr.Constance - Pam GrierJacob - JT Neal
*Commissions are earned for purchases made through Cast links.
The comedy has added six more episodes to its fall run.
ABC today topped up the sophomore run of Bless This Mess with six additional episodes, adding to its initial order of 13. The good news comes five episodes into the season and gives the show a new total of 19.
The half-hour series had a solid debut outing earlier this year with a short six-episode stint in the spring. The network moved it to the regular fall lineup for Season 2, where it has been drawing decent ratings on Tuesday nights in the 8:30pm time slot following The Conners.
Bless This Mess stars Lake Bell and Dax Shepard as New Yorkers Rio and Mike, newlyweds who have left the big city behind and moved to rural Nebraska. After saying good-bye to family, friends, and their jobs, they soon realize that living a simpler life takes more work than they originally thought. The couple must now adapt to their new surroundings while dealing with unexpected challenges in their new life as farmers.
When you get a full season pickup of #BlessThisMess! pic.twitter.com/XQ6OxCW81P
— Bless This Mess (@BlessThisMessTV) November 7, 2019
ABC Cancels 'Bless This Mess'
ABC Renews 'Bless This Mess'
This is just a 2019 update on the '60s sitcom "Green Acres". Nice ensemble but not much else there.
Unwatchable. But then again so are the Conners. ABC just stinks when it comes to comedy.
It's ok at best. Pretty corny actually.
We love it! Quirky fun!
Dumbest show on TV. I watched the 1st 5 episodes and did not laugh once.


Join us on Thursday 2 May for an earlier Metropolis concert.
"Melbourne Recital Centre looks forward to the 2019 Metropolis New Music Festival, our annual joint venture with the MSO, this year with a focus on Louis Andriessen, and a celebration of vibrant new music from Australia and around the world." – Marshall McGuire, Director of Programming, Melbourne Recital Centre.
Presented in association with Melbourne Recital Centre and the Metropolis New Music Festival Education Partner, Monash University.


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A Festa da Independência da Bahia ou Desfile do Dois de Julho como é chamado pelos soteropolitanos, é uma festa de caráter cívico, comemorativa da independência do Brasil em terras baianas.

O cortejo acontece todos os anos no dia 2 de julho na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, tendo seu início no Largo da Lapinha no Pavilhão Dois de Julho ao lado da Paróquia da Lapinha, onde se encontra a imagem do caboclo, símbolo da independência da Bahia. Com um grande desfile popular juntamente com as imagens do caboclo e da cabocla, reverenciando a força nativa sobre as tropas lusitanas derrotadas em 1823, percorre por várias ruas históricas até o seu apogeu no largo do Campo Grande ou praça Dois de Julho. O retorno das imagens ocorre dia 5 do mesmo mês com outra grande fanfarra, geralmente à noite e regido por grandes orquestras, estudantes, músicos, instituições, charanga e batucadas.

O Cortejo do Dois de Julho foi tombado como bem cultural pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Artístico e Cultural da Bahia (IPAC) em 2006, através do processo de número 0100060038559/2006.

Feriado

O Dia da Independência da Bahia ou Dois de Julho é um feriado estadual baiano celebrado no dia 2 de julho de cada ano. A data comemora a vitória sobre as forças coloniais na guerra de independência, expulsando os portugueses de Salvador no dia 2 de julho de 1823.
 O dia é a data magna do estado e é estabelecida como feriado pela própria constituição baiana.

Ver também
Independência da Bahia
Dia da Pátria
Feriados no Brasil
Praia da Coroinha
Santo Amaro
Paróquia da Lapinha

Ligações externas

Independencia Bahia
Independência da Bahia
Feriados do Brasil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Jakob Odehnal (* 10. August 2001 in Wien) ist ein österreichischer Fußballtorwart. Seit der Saison 2019/20 steht er beim SCR Altach unter Vertrag.

Karriere

Verein
Odehnal startete seine Laufbahn beim Wiener Sportklub im September 2008. Zur Saison 2011/12 wechselte er zum SK Rapid Wien, wo er die Altersstufen bis zur Akademie durchlief. Im März 2015 folgte der Wechsel zum FV Austria XIII, wo Odehnal zunächst in der Jugend spielte. Am 23. September 2017 bestritt er sein erstes Meisterschaftsspiel für die Kampfmannschaft gegen das Team Wiener Linien in der Wiener Stadtliga. Mit dem FV Austria XIII wurde er in der Saison 2017/18 Sieger des Wiener Fußballcups und kam in der Saison 2018/19 in der ersten Runde des ÖFB-Cups gegen den FK Austria Wien zum Einsatz Insgesamt absolvierte er für Austria XIII zwölf Spiele in der vierthöchsten Spielklasse.

Zu Beginn der Saison 2019/20 wechselte Odehnal zum Bundesligisten SCR Altach. Bei den Vorarlbergern war er jedoch in den ersten drei Spielzeiten immer nur Ersatztormann und spielte für die Amateure des SCRA. Sein Debüt für Altach gab er im August 2022 im ÖFB-Cup, im September 2022 folgte gegen die WSG Tirol sein Debüt in der Bundesliga.

Nationalmannschaft
Odehnal wurde 2018 zum ersten Mal in den Kader der österreichischen U-18 Nationalmannschaft einberufen und absolvierte drei Spiele.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballtorhüter (FV Austria XIII)
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text:
Q: Gitignore only works on some folders I have the following 2 lines in .gitignore
Valhalla/.idea/
Valhalla/target/

When I push to GitHub, it skips the .idea folder, but it still uploads the target folder. How can I make it also skip the target folder?

A: .gitignore only works for folders that are not already tracked.  So if you had previously committed the folder Valhalla/target then it's going to keep tracking it.  To resolve that do the following:

*

*comment out the line Valhalla/target in your .gitignore

*commit

*delete the folder Valhalla/target in your project

*commit

*add back the line to your .gitignore

*commit

That folder show now be untracked and if you add it back then it should be ignored and not re-added.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Anyone have address for the Deftones?
I got a return to sender using that address.
Anyone have a fan address for Ghostemane?
Anyone have an address for the metal band Devildriver?
Anyone know if the newly reformed Static-X has a fan or management address I could write to?
Any one have an address for the band Monster Magnet? Thanks!
I'm gonna try soon. I collect guitar picks so gonna see if he can send me a GJ one.
Desmond_fanboy wrote: Anyone else try this yet?
Anyone happen to have an address for Alan Robert from Life of Agony and writer of Wirehangers, Crawl to me, ect.?
Anyone have a PO box or contact address for the band Helmet?


text:
A journey of Discovery
A gypsy fortune-teller's tent, a beautiful but selfish princess who has stolen a throne and an inconvenient and unwilling child who everyone thinks is their saviour prince…everyone, that is, except his sister and two brothers who unwittingly get swept up in a journey and mission that's out of this world…. literally.
Building bridges not walls and tolerance for differences are the key themes in Cassandra's Cavern, a contemporary fantasy adventure with a Hollywoodesque flavour which takes four English children from Colchester, Essex on the Fool's journey in which they meet and experience the 21 archetypes of the Tarot deck.
When Floella, Henry, Albert and Humphrey are taken by their Uncle Sam to the fair in Colchester Castle Park they get more than the usual rides. Instead, because of venturing into a gipsy fortune teller's tent to retrieve their uncle's curious dog Muffet, they find themselves in a cavern with no way out.
They realise that they are not alone when they come across another unwitting soul who is as equally trapped and lost as they are; the Fool – an eccentric and humorous court jester from England's late 15th century.
Together they embark on the start of a journey in another world that will take them deep into the troubled Kingdom of the South Winds whose village peoples are held in the evil grip of the controlling, manipulative and selfish Empress Zilda Tarakanova.
The Empress lives in constant fear of a popular legend that predicts her wicked reign will be ended by a saviour prince who will deliver them from tyranny.
When reports from her spies inform her that mysterious strangers from afar are in the kingdom; and that one of them, the unwitting Humphrey, is being hailed as the prince foretold; she becomes alarmed and through her evil agents, the Schmammelonks, pursues the children, resulting in the hapless Humphrey being kidnapped.
Realising Humphrey is not the long-awaited prince; the Empress nevertheless decides to adopt him and bring him up as her own puppet Crown Prince and present him to the people as the saviour.
As the story unfolds, the travellers meet the central characters in the novel: the double-dealing and sly Magician; the lofty and imperious Cassandra, High Priestess of the Paramount Light; bold and buxom Boadicea the Charioteer, and the humble gardener Jake the Rake, who as Death after the Battle of Glumpy Glen – one of two turning points in the novel and written in verse – ferries the souls of the vanquished to the other side.
They encounter too the cunning and conniving devil Bazoozoo who surprisingly, after possessing Albert, then gives the children the key to defeating the villagers' adversaries, the Schmammelonks.
Towards the end of the book the children discover that one character who guides them on their journey, the hip-hop Hermit, transpires to be the saviour Prince Sibellian and together they plan an Armada to take back the kingdom from the wicked Empress who is tried and imprisoned in a convent in her half-sister Zoya's Kingdom Severnia – the Kingdom of the North Winds.
The Fool, the sole character who remains with them throughout most of their journey, in many ways reflects the children's naïve and innocent hopes. Like him they are embarking on the journey of life. However, the Fool is tragically killed at the end, the last of all the characters who, for one reason or another, abandon them, leaving the children with the realisation that ultimately, regardless of whom we meet and who accompanies us along life's way, we must tread the path of our own individual destiny alone.
The work is divided into two parts. There are 21 main chapters or 'trumps' reflecting the Major Arcana of the Tarot. Each trump is subdivided into several short chapters or 'scrolls' representing different aspects of the Minor Arcana of the Tarot.
Psychological:
Fear of abandonment and loss, attachment issues, childhood emotional neglect and neurotic narcissism.
Psychic:
Auras, clairvoyance, the Lotus Sutra and cleansing of karma, New Age.
The resurgence of 30s style Nationalism, ethnic, political, racial and religious intolerance and persecution, the scourge of corruption and cronyism, the inherent flaws and disunity within the European Union project and the West's economic anxiety over Far East competition.
The challenges and dangers of manmade climate change.
Target readership:
Teen, young adult and crossover (12-21)
Chris Graeme is a journalist and translator.
He studied Russian and Soviet Studies at Essex University in Colchester and has worked on newspapers in South Devon, London, Moscow, St. Petersburg and in Lisbon, Portugal where he currently lives and works.


Love Translation – Love your job! Love Translation – Love your job!
Love Translation – Love your job!
1) Remarks: Safe Driving Guidelines contains disclaimer, i.e. our company will not be liable for any outcomes resulted in stunt driving aimed to show the outstanding performance and aesthetic appearance of Chevy. Moreover, the participators shall strictly adhere to the Safe Driving Guidelines during shooting the film. All participators are required to carefully read the regulations. If any problem, please contact MOFILM before producing the film.
2) Note: There is a disclaimer within the safe driving guidelines regarding fantastical driving scenes, helping you to communicate "performance attributes or passion and beauty of the vehicle". The rest of the safe driving guidelines still strictly apply so please read very carefully and contact MOFILM with any questions ahead of production.
By comparing the above two messages, you can easily judge which one is better.
Yes, what we do is translation, but our target is to ensure our translation reads like "just being written by a native language speaking writer. Such translation can be called "successful translation".
To succeed, we shall firstly make ourselves love our job. We can conclude from many business giants that one of the reasons why they could make a hit is they love their job. They work with passion and regard their job as a kind of fun. The more they love their job and the better they did at work.
Actually, translation is an interesting job. Through translating a wide variety of materials in different subject matters you can broaden your horizon, enrich your knowledge and inspire your mind. Moreover, translation is a re-creating process by correctly and smoothly rendering the intended meaning of the source text in the target language. Just imagine your translation will be shared by thousands of people, and you'll have no reason not to be proud of your job.
As for re-creation, it is easy to understand. Translation is not simple word-by-word conversion. It requires the translator to paraphrase what the original writer said. Through the process, the translator can become more and more sensitive to the words and expressions. When reading paper or magazines, the translators will subconsciously study the author's writing skills and appreciate how he/she choose his/her wording apart from absorbing the knowledge.
For example, when we read "全球化過程中不可輕忽的元素之一是在地化,在地認同是宜蘭推動城市公共外交、發展城市文化創意產業的支柱,也是打造創意城市的優勢所在。", you, as a translator, may focus on its expression and ask "what does "在地化" mean? Does it an unique expression in Taiwan region?" Through searching in Google, you can easily find that "在地化" means "Localization" which is equal to "本土化" that is more popular for Mainland readers.
The job of translation will make us become linguistic experts, but to become such experts, firstly we should love translation, love our job and we will earn more than salary itself finally.


The City College of New York's student chapter of the National Society of Black Engineers took first place in three categories in addition to scooping the best "Trailblazer Chapter Award" at the NSBE Region 1 conference in Hauppauge, N.Y.
"Team Parchment Protectors" comprising Oren Previl (junior, civil engineering), O'Neil Bruno (senior environmental engineering) and Andre Kerr (junior, mechanical engineering) in the Structural Design Team competition.
In addition, Kirk Shillingford, an environmental engineering senior, and the City College NASBE chapter president, was third in the Individual Challenge. His topic was energy storage and space propulsion.
Andre Smithson, a chemistry senior, was second in the Technical Research Exhibition. He was also, along with Oksana James (junior, environmental engineering) and Shadeyrack Quiroz (junior, mechanical engineering), on the CCNY team that placed third in the Structural Design event.
The "Trailblazer Award" was for the chapter that best exemplifies NSBE's mission which is to academic excellence, professional development and positively impacting the community.
NSBE has 29, 900 members. Region 1 serves the northeastern United States, eastern Canada and the countries of West Africa.
Since 1847, The City College of New York has provided low-cost, high-quality education for New Yorkers in a wide variety of disciplines. More than 16, 000 students pursue undergraduate and graduate degrees in: the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences; the Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture; the School of Education; the Grove School of Engineering; the Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, and the Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership. U.S. News, Princeton Review and Forbes all rank City College among the best colleges and universities in the United States.
Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines.
Tshilidzi Marwala (OMB) born 28 July 1971 in Venda, Limpopo South Africa is a Dean of Engineering at the University of Johannesburg.


Kim AE, Kumanyika S, Shive D, et al. Coverage and framing of racial and ethnic health disparities in U.S. newspapers, 1996-2005. Am J Public Health 2010;a hundred:S224-31. Objective for train was to replace my WII and get my DVD mounted. I've changed my WII and glued my DVD so now I'm able to get up in the mornings and carry out exercises. I've made progress because I have been strolling within the mall and working in my garden, and performing more bodily actions than before.
Would the Supreme Court find this interpretation useful in judging the constitutionality of the individual mandate? Prospectively, it is unimaginable to say, but relating to insurance purchase as fee for risk sharing—and due to this fact one thing that applies to all Individuals, since even those who fail to buy insurance coverage have an effect on the prices of others—appears more in keeping with the intent of insurance than the advance buy concept offered by both parties to the Atlanta court.
The Benign or Malignant Tumors which are left untreated lead to the stage of serious most cancers in girl affecting the delicate organs akin to Breast , Colon, Endometrium , Lungs, Cervix, Pores and skin or ovaries leading to the respective most cancers. Detection and following the preventive measures at early stages in woman may very well be a life-saving activity. My pleasure. I was fortunate, it by no means obtained actually severe, simply patches. The main thing is the new water.


The euro edged lower against the U.S. dollar on Thursday as markets anticipated another interest rate cut by the European Central Bank.
The 16-nation euro was down to $1.3143 in morning European trading from $1.3159 in New York late Wednesday.
The ECB was widely expected to cut its main refinancing rate to 2 percent from 2.5 percent at its monthly meeting later in the day, with traders looking to comments from bank President Jean-Claude Trichet after the decision for hints on the ECB's future course.
"Anything that suggests an aggressive stance will be maintained through the early part of 2009 could well see the common currency eroded further," said James Hughes, a market analyst at CMC Markets in London.
Lower interest rates can weigh on currencies as investors seek higher returns elsewhere.
In other trading Thursday, the British pound climbed to $1.4615 from its level of $1.4587 late Wednesday. The dollar was marginally lower against the Japanese currency, slipping to 89.08 yen from 89.13 yen.


text:
Bill Status of HB1006 95th General Assembly
Short Description: KIDCARE-MEDICAID-MANAGED CARE
House Sponsors
Rep. Frank J. Mautino - Dan Brady - JoAnn D. Osmond and Carolyn H. Krause
1/13/2009 House Session Sine Die
Statutes Amended In Order of Appearance
215 ILCS 106/20
215 ILCS 106/27 new
305 ILCS 5/5-3.5 new
305 ILCS 5/5-16.14 new
Amends the Children's Health Insurance Program Act and the Illinois Public Aid Code. Under the Children's Health Insurance Program, (i) provides for eligibility for children whose household income is at or below 300% (instead of 200%) of the federal poverty level and (ii) increases the income threshold in connection with eligibility under an approved waiver. Provides that on and after July 1, 2008, the Department of Healthcare and Family services shall implement a capitated managed care system for selected populations of persons under the Children's Health Insurance Program and the Medicaid program. Provides that under such a system, the State shall pay a fixed amount per individual per month to a third-party entity to manage the program of health care benefits and assume the risk associated with the payment of medical bills without regard to actual medical claims incurred. Provides that the Department shall implement the system in a manner that maximizes all available State and federal funds. Sets forth categories of Medicaid recipients who may withdraw from the managed care program and who may voluntarily opt to participate in the program, and provides that certain recipients are not eligible to participate in the managed care program. Provides for Medicaid eligibility for persons whose income is between zero and 100% of the federal poverty level. Provides that under the Medicaid program, the Department of Healthcare and Family Services shall provide health benefits coverage to eligible individuals by: (1) subsidizing the cost of privately sponsored health insurance, including employer-based health insurance, to assist individuals in taking advantage of available privately sponsored health insurance; and (2) purchasing or providing health care benefits for eligible individuals. Makes other changes.
2/8/2007 House Filed with the Clerk by Rep. Frank J. Mautino
2/8/2007 House First Reading
2/8/2007 House Referred to Rules Committee
2/15/2007 House Assigned to Insurance Committee
2/23/2007 House Added Chief Co-Sponsor Rep. Dan Brady
2/28/2007 House Do Pass / Short Debate Insurance Committee; 014-002-000
3/1/2007 House Placed on Calendar 2nd Reading - Short Debate
4/27/2007 House Third Reading/Final Action Deadline Extended-9(b) May 3, 2007
5/3/2007 House Third Reading/Final Action Deadline Extended-9(b) May 10, 2007
5/8/2007 House House Floor Amendment No. 1 Filed with Clerk by Rep. Frank J. Mautino
5/8/2007 House House Floor Amendment No. 1 Referred to Rules Committee
5/10/2007 House House Floor Amendment No. 1 Rules Refers to Insurance Committee
5/10/2007 House Third Reading/Final Action Deadline Extended-9(b) May 18, 2007
5/15/2007 House Added Co-Sponsor Rep. Carolyn H. Krause
5/15/2007 House Added Chief Co-Sponsor Rep. JoAnn D. Osmond
5/15/2007 House House Floor Amendment No. 1 Recommends Be Adopted Insurance Committee; 016-002-002
5/17/2007 House House Floor Amendment No. 2 Filed with Clerk by Rep. Frank J. Mautino
5/17/2007 House House Floor Amendment No. 2 Referred to Rules Committee
5/18/2007 House Final Action Deadline Extended-9(b) May 25, 2007
5/25/2007 House Rule 19(a) / Re-referred to Rules Committee


text:
\section{Introduction}

A family of isomorphous crystals with ferroelectric properties to
which e.g.\ \linebreak
(CH$_3$)$_2$NH$_2$Al(SO$_4$)$_2$ $\cdot$ 6H$_2$O (DMAAlS) and
(CH$_3$)$_2$NH$_2$Ga(SO$_4$)$_2$ $\cdot$ 6H$_2$O (DMAGaS) belong to is
experimentally studied during the past decade. A peculiar feature of
the family is a possible existence of the crystal in three different
phases at change of temperature: at room temperature the crystal is
paraelectric, at lowering of temperature it sequentially becomes
ferroelectric and antiferroelectric
(Pietraszko, \L{}ukaszewicz and Kirpichnikova, 1993;
Pietraszko and \L{}ukaszewicz, 1994;
Pietraszko, \L{}ukaszewicz and Kirpichnikova, 1995;
Tchukvinskyi, Cach and Czapla, 1998).
For example, it has been measured $T_{c1}=136$~K and $T_{c2}=113$~K
by Tchukvinskyi {\it et al.} (1998)
(or 122~K and 114~K correspondingly
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1995)) for
DMAGaS crystal, but it has been only found $T_{c1}=150$~K
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1993; Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1994; Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1995)
for DMAAlS. The phase transition between the
ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases is of the first order
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1995; Tchukvinskyi {\it et al.}, 1998).
There are evidences, supplied by
optical, ultrasonic, pyroelectric, dilatometric and dielectric measurements,
that the phase transition paraelectric -- ferroelectric is of the first
order close to the second one in DMAGaS and of the second order in DMAAlS.
Crystallographic analysis shows that in all three phases the crystal
belongs to monoclinic space groups: the high-temperature paraelectric phase
has P2$_1$/n space group
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1993; Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1994), ferroelectric and
antiferroelectric ones have Pn
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1994; Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1995) and P2$_1$
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1995) groups respectively. It should be mentioned that
low-symmetry space groups are subgroups of the high-symmetry group
obtained by loss of rotation axis and mirror plane respectively
(point symmetry group 2/m changes to m or 2).

\begin{figure}
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{xzprj_1.eps}
\hspace{2em}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{xzprj_2.eps}
}
\caption{Projection of N and C atoms in the dimethylammonium groups of
DMAGaS crystal at ambient temperature
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1993)
onto the $ac$
plane (the $b$ coordinate is indicated for each atom; $k$ is the index of DMA
sublattices).}
\label{xzprj}
\end{figure}

Certain ferroelectric compounds have structural elements which
reorientation leads to polarisation of the crystal. Changes in the rest of the
crystal are insignificant and can be neglected in description of the
phenomenon. Crystals DMAAlS and DMAGaS belong to this type of
ferroelectrics. Here the element, which can be reoriented, is the
dimethylammonium cation (more strictly NH$_2$ group)
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1995;
Sobiestinskas, Grigas, Andreev and Varikash, 1992;
Kazimirov {\it et al.}, 1998;
Dolin\v{s}ek {\it et al.}, 1999).
This element can
occupy four equilibrium positions related in pairs by inversion
centre forming a slightly deformated cross (Figures~\ref{xzprj} and~\ref{cross}).
In the paraelectric phase a site in one pair (($k,1$) and ($k,2$);
$k=1,2$) is occupied with
probability 40\% and in another (($k,3$) and ($k,4$))
with probability 10\% at 300~K (Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1993).
Instead of the presented in Figure~\ref{xzprj} oblique-angled
crystallographic coordinates we shall use rectangular ones hereinafter. Their OY~axes
coincides with the $b$~axis, the OX~axis is directed along the ferroelectric
axis (N1--N1) and the OZ~axis is chosen to make planes XZ and $ac$
identical.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{cross.eps}}
\caption{
Projection of N atoms onto the plane
perpendicular to the C--C$'$ axis of the dimethylammonium group
for the same crystal as in Figure~\protect\ref{xzprj}.
}
\label{cross}
\end{figure}

According to the experimental data (Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1995) in the
ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases only positions in the first pair
are occupied with appropriate ordering.

In the ferroelectric phase positions (1,2) and (2,2) (or (1,1) and (2,1))
are mainly occupied while in the antiferroelectric state occupancies of
positions (1,2) and (2,1) (or (1,1) and (2,2) respectively) prevail
(Pietraszko {\it et al.}, 1993). In
(Stasyuk and Velychko, 2000a)
we have performed the
symmetry analysis of functions being linear combinations of position
occupancies of NH$_{2}$ groups in an elementary cell. Symmetrized linear
combinations transforming according to irreducible representations of
point symmetry group 2/m of the high-temperature phase are presented in
Table~\ref{Averg1}.  Combinations $y_{+}$, $u_{-}$ ($y_{-}$, $u_{+}$)
belonging to representation $B_u$ ($A_u$) correspond to orderings appearing
in the ferroelectric (antiferroelectric) phase and form order parameters
for these phases. Existing orderings are of a mixed nature: ferroelectric
ordering in positions ($k,1$) and ($k,2$) (along the OX axis) is accompanied
by antiferroelectric one in ($k$,3) and ($k$,4) (along the OY axis) and vice
versa.

\begin{table
\caption{Conversion table of occupancies of orientational states into
symmetrized ones which correspond to irreducible representations of the
point symmetry group 2/m.}
\label{Averg1}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c||c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
&&(1,1)&(1,2)&(1,3)&(1,4)&(2,1)&(2,2)&(2,3)&(2,4)\strut\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2pt}&&&&&&&&&\\
\hline
\raisebox{-1.7ex}[0pt][0pt]{A$_g$}
      & $x_+$& 1/2&  1/2&  0&  0&  1/2&  1/2&  0&  0\strut\\
\cline{2-10}
      & $z_+$& 0&  0&  1/2&  1/2&  0&  0&  1/2&  1/2\strut\\
\hline
\raisebox{-1.7ex}[0pt][0pt]{B$_g$}
      & $x_-$& 1/2&  1/2&  0&  0& -1/2& -1/2&  0&  0\strut\\
\cline{2-10}
      & $z_-$& 0&  0&  1/2&  1/2&  0&  0& -1/2& -1/2\strut\\
\hline
\raisebox{-1.7ex}[0pt][0pt]{B$_u$}
      & $y_+$& 1/2& -1/2&  0&  0&  1/2& -1/2&  0&  0\strut\\
\cline{2-10}
      & $u_-$& 0&  0&  1/2& -1/2&  0&  0& -1/2&  1/2\strut\\
\hline
\raisebox{-1.7ex}[0pt][0pt]{A$_u$}
      & $y_-$& 1/2& -1/2&  0&  0& -1/2&  1/2&  0&  0\strut\\
\cline{2-10}
      & $u_+$& 0&  0&  1/2& -1/2&  0&  0&  1/2& -1/2\strut\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
\end{center}
\end{table}

Proceeding from these facts we have proposed microscopic four-state model
(Stasyuk {\it et al.}, 2000a)
for description of thermodynamics of order-disorder phase transitions in the
subsystem of reorientationable DMA groups. The phase transition between the
paraelectric and ferroelectric phases in the considered crystals was
described and criteria of order of this transition were established in the
approach
of a direct interaction between variously
oriented groups (a site-site approach).
The results obtained can not be
extended on a wide temperature range including e.g. the region of the
low-temperature phase transition in DMAGaS because total occupancies of
``longitudinal'' positions 1 and 2
(and ``transverse'' positions 3 and 4
respectively) have been assumed as temperature independent parameters of
theory.
Nevertheless in this work order parameters corresponding
to anti- and ferroelectric orderings have been constructed what allowed to
describe the phase transition between ferro- and paraelectric phases and to
establish criteria of its order.

Here a continuation of this work is presented where an
approach of dipole-dipole interaction between ionic groups is used;
temperature change of total occupancies is taken into
account as well as the effect of reorientational hopping of groups between
positions ($k,p$). Ordering of ionic groups corresponding to order
parameters of both $B_u$ and $A_u$ symmetry is described in the mean field
approximation.  Equilibrium states are investigated, temperature dependences
of order parameters (spontaneous polarization) and occupancies of positions
of NH$_{2}$ groups are studied. Both phase transitions (at temperatures
$T_{c1}$ and $T_{c2}$) are described; the regions of existence of
para-, ferro- and antiferroelectric phases depending on temperature and model
parameters are established. Observed by experiment changes of picture of
phase transitions in DMAGaS crystal under the influence of hydrostatic
pressure are interpreted in the framework of microscopic  description.

\section{Hamiltonian of the model}

Let us formulate Hamiltonian of the subsystem of DMA groups on the basis of
four orientational states with taking into account of differences of energies of
nonequivalent configurations, possibility of orientational hopping and interaction
between groups in dipole approximation.
\begin{equation}
H = -\sum_{nk} \sum_{\alpha} E_{\alpha} D_{nk}^{\alpha} +
\sum_{nk} \sum_{ss'} \lambda^{ss'}_{k} X_{nk}^{ss'}
- \frac{1}{2} \sum_{nn'}\sum_{kk'}
\sum_{\alpha\beta} \Psi_{\alpha\beta}^{kk'} (nn') D_{nk}^{\alpha}
D_{n'k'}^{\alpha'} \: ,
\label{eq1}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\hat{\lambda}_{1} = \left(\begin{array}{cccc}
\varepsilon_{1} & 0 & \Omega_{1} & \Omega_{2} \\
0 & \varepsilon_{1} & \Omega_{2} & \Omega_{1} \\
\Omega_{1} & \Omega_{2} & \varepsilon_{2} & 0 \\
\Omega_{2} & \Omega_{1} & 0 & \varepsilon_{2} \\
\end{array} \right), \quad
\hat{\lambda}_{2} = \left(\begin{array}{cccc}
\varepsilon_{1} & 0 & \Omega_{2} & \Omega_{1} \\
0 & \varepsilon_{1} & \Omega_{1} & \Omega_{2} \\
\Omega_{2} & \Omega_{1} & \varepsilon_{2} & 0 \\
\Omega_{1} & \Omega_{2} & 0 & \varepsilon_{2}\\
\end{array}\right),
\label{eq2}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
D_{nk}^{x} = d_x (X_{nk}^{22} - X_{nk}^{11}), \quad
D_{nk}^{y} = d_y (X_{nk}^{44} - X_{nk}^{33}), \quad
D_{nk}^{z} =0,
\label{eq3}
\end{equation}
$X_{nk}^{ss'}$ is the Hubbard operator describing transition from the state $s'$ on
the state $s$ of the DMA complex in the lattice site $n$ and the sublattice $k$
($X_{nk}^{ss'}=|nk,s\rangle \langle nk,s'|$), $D_{nk}^{\alpha}$ is the
$\alpha$-component of the dipole moment of complex,
$E_{\alpha}$ is the corresponding component of external electric field,
$\Psi_{\alpha\beta}^{kk'}(nn')$ is the energy of the
dipole interaction, $\varepsilon_{1}$ and $\varepsilon_{2}$ are the energies
of DMA groups in positions ($k,1$), ($k,2$) and ($k,3$),
($k,4$) respectively, $\Omega_{1}$ and $\Omega_{2}$ are the parameters of
the reorientational hopping.

Here the coordinate system with the X axis along the axis of
spontaneous polarization of the crystal and the Y axis perpendicular to
the DMA plane (parallel to the crystallographic $b$ axis) is used.

It should be mentioned that the Hamiltonian (\ref{eq1}) simplifies the
real structure of DMA complexes in DMAGaS crystals, which are oriented not
exactly along the chosen axes (as assumed in definitions of $D_{nk}^{\alpha}$
(\ref{eq3})). Next, in our case the dipole-dipole interaction is only the main
term of the multipole expansion.
Nevertheless, as will be shown below, the model described by the Hamiltonian
(\ref{eq1}) can give a satisfactory explanation of the behaviour
of DMAGaS and DMAAlS-type crystals despite of simplifications made.

The Hamiltonian (\ref{eq1}) can be rewritten to separate the mean field part
\begin{eqnarray}
H&=&NH_{\rm C} + H_{\rm MF} + H',
\label{eq4}
\\
H_{\rm C}&=& \frac{1}{2} \sum_{kk'} \sum_{\alpha\beta}
             \psi_{\alpha\beta}^{kk'}
             \langle D_{k}^{\alpha}\rangle \langle D_{k'}^{\beta} \rangle,
\label{eq5}
\\
H_{\rm MF} &=& \sum_{nk}\sum_{ss'} \lambda^{ss'}_{k} X_{nk}^{ss'}  -
    \sum_{nk} \sum_{\alpha} (F_{\alpha}^{k}+E_{\alpha}) D_{nk}^{\alpha},
\label{eq6}
\end{eqnarray}
where
$$
F_{\alpha}^{k} = \sum_{k'}\sum_{\beta} \psi_{\alpha\beta}^{kk'}
                     \langle D_{k'}^{\beta}\rangle\:, \quad
\psi_{\alpha\beta}^{kk'} = \sum_{n'} \Psi_{\alpha\beta}^{kk'} (nn');
$$
$N$ is the total number of sites. Further considerations will be
restricted to the mean field approximation (MFA) and hence the fluctuative
term $H'$ is neglected.

It is convenient to make a unitary
transformation to linear combinations of dipole moments
\begin{equation}
\langle D_{\eta}\rangle = \sum_{k\alpha} U_{\eta,k\alpha} \langle
D_{k}^{\alpha}\rangle
\label{eq8.1}
\end{equation}
transforming according to the irreducible
representations of the
high-temperature symmetry group of the crystal (cf. Appendix A).
After that   the MFA Hamiltonian looks like
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\rm MFA} &=& NH_{\rm C} + H_{\rm MF}\:,
\label{eq8a}
\\
H_{\rm C} &=& \frac{1}{2} \sum_{\eta\eta'}
              \langle \tilde{D}_{\eta}\rangle \psi_{\eta\eta'}
              \langle\tilde{D}_{\eta'}\rangle,
\label{eq8}
\\
H_{\rm MF} &=& \sum_{nk} \sum_{ss'} B_{k}^{ss'} X_{nk}^{ss'},
\label{eq9}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
&&
B_{k}^{ss'}= \lambda^{ss'}_{k} -
               \delta_{ss'} \sum_{\eta}
                \left(
                   \sum_{\alpha} U_{\eta,k\alpha} d_{k\alpha}^{ss}
                \right)
                (\tilde{F}_{\eta}+\tilde{E}_{\eta}),
\label{eq10}
\nonumber\\
&&
\tilde{F}_{\eta} = \sum_{\eta'} \psi_{\eta\eta'}
                     \langle\tilde{D}_{\eta'}\rangle,
\quad
\psi_{\eta\eta'} = \sum_{kk'} \sum_{\alpha\alpha'}
U_{\eta,k\alpha} \psi_{kk'}^{\alpha\alpha'} U_{\eta',k'\alpha'}\:;
\nonumber\\
&&
\tilde{E}_{\eta} = \sum_{k\alpha} U_{\eta,k\alpha} E_{\alpha}\:, \quad
\tilde{E}_1 = \tilde{E}_3 = \tilde{E}_5 = 0, \;
\nonumber\\
&&
\tilde{E}_2 = \sqrt{2} E_y \,,\;
\tilde{E}_4 = \sqrt{2} E_x \,,\; \tilde{E}_6 = \sqrt{2} E_z \,.
\label{eq11}
\end{eqnarray}

Symmetrized averages of dipole moments form two pairs
belonging to different irreducible representations:
\begin{eqnarray}
& A_{u}:\qquad
\langle\tilde{D}_{1}\rangle =
(\langle D_{1}^{x}\rangle - \langle D_{2}^{x}\rangle)/\sqrt{2}, \quad
\langle\tilde{D}_{2}\rangle =
(\langle D_{1}^{y}\rangle + \langle D_{2}^{y}\rangle)/\sqrt{2};
&
\label{eq12}
\\
& B_{u}:\qquad
\langle\tilde{D}_{4}\rangle =
(\langle D_{1}^{x}\rangle + \langle D_{2}^{x}\rangle)/\sqrt{2}, \quad
\langle\tilde{D}_{5}\rangle =
(\langle D_{1}^{y}\rangle - \langle D_{2}^{y}\rangle)/\sqrt{2}.
&
\label{eq13}
\end{eqnarray}
Matrix $\psi_{\eta\eta'}$ has a block-diagonal structure with nonzero blocks
belonging to the given representation (see Appendix A).

As follows from the expressions (\ref{eq12}) and (\ref{eq13}) the
antiferroelectric ordering along the X axis is accompanied by the
ferroelectric one along the Y axis and vice versa.

In general case
$\Omega_{i}\neq 0$ the diagonalization procedure should be applied
to the matrix $\hat{B}_{k}$ in the expression (\ref{eq9}):
\begin{equation}
H_{\rm MF} = \sum_{r}\tilde{\lambda}_{k}^{r} \tilde{X}_{nk}^{rr},
\label{eq14}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\lambda}_{k}^{r} = \sum_{ss'} V_{sr}^{k} B_{k}^{ss'} V_{s'r}^{k},
\quad \tilde{X}_{nk}^{rr} = \sum_{ss'} V_{sr}^{k} X_{nk}^{ss'} V_{s'r}^{k}
\label{eq15}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\langle D_{k}^{\alpha}\rangle = \sum_{r}  \tilde{d}_{k\alpha}^{rr}
\langle\tilde{X}_{k}^{rr}\rangle, \quad \tilde{d}_{k\alpha}^{rr} =
\sum_{ss'} V_{sr}^{k} d_{\alpha}^{ss'} V_{s'r}^{k}.
\label{eq16}
\end{equation}
Now all necessary thermodynamical functions could be derived from the
Hamiltonian (\ref{eq8a}) with corresponding terms expressed by (\ref{eq8})
and (\ref{eq14}).

\section{Thermodynamics of the model}

The partition function of the model in general form is presented as
\begin{equation}
Z=Z_{1}^{N}Z_{2}^{N} \exp (-\beta NH_{\rm C}), \qquad \beta=1/k_{\rm B}T,
\label{eq17}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{k} &=& \sum_{s}\exp(-\beta\tilde{\lambda}_{k}^{s}), \quad k=1,2;
\label{eq18}
\\
H_{\rm C} &=&
\frac{1}{2} \left(a_{1}\langle\tilde{D}_{1}\rangle^{2}
+d_{1}\langle\tilde{D}_{2}\rangle^{2}
+2b_{1} \langle\tilde{D}_{1}\rangle\langle\tilde{D}_{2}\rangle \right.
\nonumber
\\
&&\left.
{}\quad +a_{2}\langle\tilde{D}_{4}\rangle^{2}
+d_{2}\langle\tilde{D}_{5}\rangle^{2}
+2b_{2}\langle\tilde{D}_{4}\rangle\langle\tilde{D}_{5}\rangle\right).
\label{eq19}
\end{eqnarray}
As a result free energy per particle looks like
\begin{equation}
F=-\frac{1}{\beta N} \ln Z = H_{\rm C} - \frac{1}{\beta} \ln Z_{1} -
\frac{1}{\beta} \ln Z_{2}\,.
\label{eq20}
\end{equation}
Now one can calculate averages
\begin{equation}
\langle X_{k}^{rr}\rangle = \exp (-\beta\tilde{\lambda}_{k}^{r})
          \Bigm/ \sum_{s}\exp(-\beta\tilde{\lambda}_{k}^{s})
\label{eq21}
\end{equation}
and after substitution into formulae  (\ref{eq12}), (\ref{eq13}) and
(\ref{eq16}) selfconsistency equations for $\langle\tilde{D}_{n}\rangle$
can be obtained.

In the case $\Omega_{1}=\Omega_{2}=0$ the matrix $\hat{B}_{k}$
is diagonal and expressions for thermodynamical functions are more simple.
For example, the set of selfconsistency equations looks like
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber
\langle\tilde{D}_{1,4}\rangle &=&
\frac{d_x}{\sqrt{2}} \exp(\beta\Delta)
\Bigl[
{\cal Z}_{1}^{-1} \sinh(\beta\varkappa_{1}^{x}) \mp
{\cal Z}_{2}^{-1} \sinh(\beta\varkappa_{2}^{x})
\Bigr],
\\
\langle\tilde{D}_{2,5}\rangle &=&
\frac{d_y}{\sqrt{2}} \exp(-\beta\Delta)
\Bigl[
{\cal Z}_{1}^{-1} \sinh(\beta\varkappa_{1}^{y}) \pm
{\cal Z}_{2}^{-1} \sinh(\beta\varkappa_{2}^{y})
\Bigr],
\label{eq22}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber
{\cal Z}_{k} &=&
  \exp(\beta\Delta) \cosh(\beta\varkappa_{k}^{x}) +
  \exp(-\beta\Delta) \cosh(\beta\varkappa_{k}^{y}), \quad k=1,2,
\\
\nonumber
\varkappa_{k}^{x} &=& \frac{d_x}{\sqrt{2}}
\Bigl[
(-1)^{\delta_{k,2}}
(a_{1}\langle\tilde{D}_{1}\rangle + b_{1} \langle\tilde{D}_{2}\rangle) +
a_{2} \langle\tilde{D}_{4}\rangle + b_{2} \langle\tilde{D}_{5}\rangle  +
\sqrt{2} E_x
\Bigr],
\\
\varkappa_{k}^{y} &=& \frac{d_y}{\sqrt{2}}
\Bigl[
b_{1}\langle\tilde{D}_{1}\rangle + d_{1} \langle\tilde{D}_{2}\rangle +
(-1)^{\delta_{k,2}}
(b_{2} \langle\tilde{D}_{4}\rangle + d_{2} \langle\tilde{D}_{5}\rangle) +
\sqrt{2} E_y
\Bigr],
\nonumber
\\
\nonumber
&&
\varepsilon=(\varepsilon_{2}+\varepsilon_{1})/2, \quad
\Delta = (\varepsilon_{2}-\varepsilon_{1})/2.
\end{eqnarray}

Components of static dielectric susceptibility are determined in usual way
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi_{x} &=& \frac{\partial P_x}{\partial E_x} =
\frac{1}{v_c}
\frac{\partial \langle D_1^x + D_2^x \rangle}{\partial E_x} =
\frac{\sqrt{2}}{v_c} \,
\frac{\partial \langle \tilde{D}_4^x \rangle}{\partial E_x},
\nonumber\\
\chi_{y} &=&  \frac{\partial P_y}{\partial E_y} =
\frac{1}{v_c}
\frac{\partial \langle D_1^y + D_2^y \rangle}{\partial E_y} =
\frac{\sqrt{2}}{v_c} \,
\frac{\partial \langle \tilde{D}_2^x \rangle}{\partial E_y},
\label{scdef}
\end{eqnarray}
where $P_x$ and $P_y$ are the components of spontaneous polarization and $v_c$
is the volume of an elementary cell.
After straightforward but cumbersome calculations one can derive them from
set of equations (\ref{eq22}) in the explicit form
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi_{x} &=&
\frac{1}{v_c}
\frac{2[\Theta K_x - d_2 (K_x K_y - L^2)]}%
{\Theta^2 + \Theta(2 b_2 L - a_2 K_x -d_2 K_y) +
(a_2 d_2 - b_2^2)(K_x K_y - L^2)},
\nonumber\\
\chi_{y} &=&
\frac{1}{v_c}
\frac{2[\Theta K_y - a_1 (K_x K_y - L^2)]}%
{\Theta^2 + \Theta(2 b_1 L - a_1 K_x -d_1 K_y) +
(a_1 d_1 - b_1^2)(K_x K_y - L^2)},
\label{susc}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
&&
K_{\alpha} = d_{\alpha}^2 N_{\alpha} - \langle D_1^{\alpha} \rangle^2,
\quad
\alpha = x,y;\qquad L= \langle D_1^x \rangle \langle D_1^y \rangle;
\nonumber\\
&&
N_x = \langle X^{11}+X^{22} \rangle, \quad
N_y = \langle X^{33}+X^{44} \rangle, \quad \Theta=k_{\rm B}T.
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Numerical results}

The model under consideration demonstrates a complicated thermodynamical
behaviour and a some numbers of qualitatively different phase sequences
dependently on parameter values. Further study will be devoted to the
case of the sequence of phase transitions which is characteristic to the DMAGaS
crystal (antiferroelectric $\rightarrow$ ferroelectric $\rightarrow$
paraelectric phases with temperature increase).

Such a sequence of phase transition is achieved at the next relationships
between parameters
\begin{eqnarray}
&&
0<b_{1},d_{1},a_{1}<b_{2},d_{2}; \nonumber\\
&&
a_{1}>a_{2}>0.
\end{eqnarray}
If the above nonequalities are fulfilled, antiparallel orientation of
$D_{x}$- and $D_{y}$-dipoles of neighbour  DMA groups is energetically
favourable. At low temperatures (when occupancies of positions ($k,3$) and
($k,4$) tend to zero) the antiferroelectric phase related with antiparallel
dipoles $D_{x}$ is realized. In the result of increased probability  of
appearance of groups in the mentioned positions at temperature growing the
interaction with participation of $D_{y}$ dipoles becomes significant. The
phase transition to the phase with their antiferroelectric orientation occurs
when respective interactions become prevailing. This phase is
simultaneously ferroelectric along the OX axis.

There are two other more subtle conditions: for a correct description of the
DMAGaS crystal the high-temperature phase transition should be of the first
order and the ratio $(\Theta_{c1}-\Theta_{c2})/\Theta_{c1}$ should correspond
to the experimental one.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.1\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(10,8)
\put(0,4){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{d1.eps}}
\put(5,4){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{d2.eps}}
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{d4.eps}}
\put(5,0){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{d5.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
\vspace{-2ex}

\caption{Dependences of $\langle\tilde{D}\rangle$ on temperature at
specified below values of parameters:  $b_1/a_1$=1.55, $d_1/a_1$=0.5,
$a_2/a_1$=0.4, $b_2/a_1$=2.6, $d_2/a_1$=1.6, $\Delta/a_1 d_x^2$=1.5855,
$\Omega_1$=$\Omega_1$=0, $d_y/d_x$ = 1.4; $\Theta$ is given in
$a_1 d_x^2$ units. The same values of parameters are held in
Figures~\ref{xt}--\ref{sy}. Solid lines correspond to the thermodynamically
stable solution, dashed and dotted -- to the unstable ones.}
\label{dtt}
\end{figure}

Results of numerical calculations of temperature dependences of symmetrized
dipole moments (\ref{eq12}), (\ref{eq13})  (obtained as solutions of
equation set (\ref{eq22})) having meaning of order parameters are depicted
in Figure~\ref{dtt}.  Here the case of the first order high-temperature
phase transition close to the second one is illustrated. Besides the
temperatures of real phase transitions $\Theta_{c1}$ and $\Theta_{c2}$, the
temperature of a possible phase transition $\Theta_{c}'$ (which might be
realized in the absence of the ferroelectric phase) is indicated.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.1\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(10,8)
\put(0,4){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{x1.eps}}
\put(5,4){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{x2.eps}}
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{x3.eps}}
\put(5,0){\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{x4.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
\vspace{-2ex}

\caption{Dependences of occupancies of states on temperature. Here $k=1$.}
\label{xt}
\end{figure}

As one can see in Figure~\ref{dtt} and from the expressions (\ref{eq12}),
(\ref{eq13}) antiferroelectric orientation along the X axis is accompanied by
ferroelectric one along the Y axis and vice versa. Polarization along the X
axis is larger than along the Y one due to larger occupancies of positions 1
and 2 comparatively to positions 3 and 4 (Figure~\ref{xt}).

Behaviour of the spontaneous polarisation $P_x$ (which is
proportional to $\langle \tilde{D}_4 \rangle$ as stated in (\ref{scdef}))
strictly corresponds to experimental measurements (Dacko and Czapla, 1996;
Pykacz and Czapla, 1997). But despite of common assumption (see e.g.\
Kazimirov {\it et al.}, 1998) at lowering of temperature the occupancy of the
positions 3 and 4 do not tend to zero monotonically:
occupancies are asymmetrical and $\langle X^{44}_1 \rangle$ even increases
in the ferroelectric phase (with vice versa occupancies for $k=2$).

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{p{0.47\textwidth}p{0.47\textwidth}}
\strut
\hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.41\textwidth]{ot.eps}
\hfill
\strut
&
\strut
\hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.41\textwidth]{dt.eps}
\hfill
\strut
\\
\caption{%
Phase diagram $\Theta-\Omega$. $\Theta$ and $\Omega$ are given
$a_1 d_x^2$ units.
}
\label{ot}
&
\caption{%
Phase diagram $\Theta-\Delta$.
$\Theta$ and $\Delta$ are given $a_1 d_x^2$ units.
}
\label{dt}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\vspace{-5ex}
\end{figure}

The influence of the orientational hopping on the phase transition in the
system resemble one for Ising model (Figure~\ref{ot} -- for simplicity is
assumed $\Omega_{1}=\Omega_{2}=\Omega$). Namely the increase of $\Omega$
value leads as a whole to the decrease of temperatures of both phase
transitions and their sequential zeroing at corresponding values
$\Omega_{c2}$ and $\Omega_{c1}$.  Antiferroelectric phase vanishes at
relatively low values of $\Omega$ when the temperature of the other phase
transition changes insignificantly.  Due to prevailing suppression
of antiferroelectric ordering and the mentioned above competition between
anti- and ferroelectric interactions the considered diagram has a peculiar
feature:  the temperature of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition
increases at small value of $\Omega$.

According to the experimental data on pressure effects in DMAGaS (Yasuda,
Kaneda and Czapla, 1999) applying and increase of hydrostatic pressure leads to
the narrowing of the temperature region of existence of the ferroelectric
phase. At certain pressure the ferroelectric phase is completely suppressed.
Thermodynamical description in the framework of the Landau theory allows to
reproduce observed phase diagram by setting coefficients at the second order
terms in the Landau expansion of free energy to be pressure dependent
(Stasyuk, Velychko, Czapla and Czukwinski, 2000b). Microscopic
description of influence of hydrostatic pressure is rather a complicated
question. One can assume, that due to limited compressibility of the crystal
interaction constants change insignificantly and the main effect is due to
the increase of the difference of site energies $\Delta$. In this case the
obtained phase diagram remarkably good coincides with qualitative form of
the experimental one (Figure~\ref{dt}). All three
phases could exist at change of temperature in the region bounded by values
$\Delta_{c1}$ and $\Delta_{c2}$.
This confirms the above assumption of
prevailing influence of pressure on site energies. Nevertheless, it
seems that a more complete reproduction of the observed dependences (in
particular, the increase of temperature of phase transition in the
antiferroelectric phase at the pressure values above the triple point) can
be achieved when additional factors (such as change of interaction
constants or the parameter $\Omega$) will be taken into account.
For example, values of parameters of interaction are known to increase at
rising of pressure. The temperature $\Theta$ presented in
Figures~\ref{dtt}--\ref{sy} is made dimensionless by division on $a_1
d_x^2$. Hence if the dimensionless $\Theta_c$ remains constant at increase
of pressure, the real temperature of the phase transition grows up.

As one can mention there are both triple and tricritical points on the
diagram. There is a narrow region of $\Delta$ values near the triple point
where both phase transition are of the first order as in the case of DMAGaS
crystals.

Parameters in Figures~\ref{dtt} and \ref{xt} are chosen to fulfill
the mentioned above conditions and to give the best description of
experimental data for DMAGaS crystal. On the other hand, a typical behaviour
of the DMAAlS crystal could be obtained in two different way. One can
assume that value of the parameter $\Delta$ is smaller than $\Delta_{c2}$
for this case (Figure~\ref{dt}). Alternatively, value of the parameter $\Omega$
can be less than $\Omega_{c2}$ (Figure~\ref{ot}). In both cases it gives
direct transition of the second order from the paraelectric phase to the
ferroelectric one at lowering of temperature.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{six.eps}
\hfil
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{siy.eps}
\caption{Dependences of components of inverse static dielectrical
susceptibility on temperature. Here and in Figure~\ref{sy}
$\tilde{\chi}_{\alpha} = a_1 v_c \chi_{\alpha}$.}
\label{si}
\end{figure}

Dependences of inverse components of dielectric susceptibility are presented
in Figure~\ref{si}. $\chi_x(T)$ has a pronounced peak at the temperature of
phase transition between ferroelectric and paraelectric phases but does not
reach singularity.
Such a behaviour good coincides with the experimental measurements of
dielectric permittivity made by Tchukvinsky {\it et al.} (1998).
Due to the first order of the high-temperature phase
transition the slope of the $\chi_x(T)$ curve changes more than twice
in the phase transition point. $\chi_y(T)$ has a small peak in this point
(Figure~\ref{sy}).
There is a lack of experimantal data considering dielectric measurements
along the OY axis for the DMAGaS crystal but those for the DMAAlS
(Kapustianik {\it et al.}, 1994) close resemble the
theoretical picture.
Both components have jumps at temperature of the first order
phase transition from antiferroelectric to ferroelectric phase.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{sy.eps}}
\caption{Dependence of the Y component of static dielectrical
susceptibility on temperature.}
\label{sy}
\end{figure}

Basing on the experimental data some approximate evaluation of values of
parameters has been made. A value of polarization of saturation
$P_S=1.8\cdot10^{-2}$~C/m$^2$ gives $d_x=6.8\cdot10^{-30}$~C$\cdot$m
(what corresponds to 0.9e${}\times{}$0.5~\AA). Taking an approximate value
$a_1=27.4\cdot10^{20}$~cm$^{-3}$, we obtain $a_1 d_x^2=8.3\cdot10^{-3}$~eV
(normalizing factor for $\Theta$, $\Delta$ and $\Omega$) and
$a_1 v_c = 27.4\cdot10^{20}\;{\rm cm}^{-3}\times
           786\cdot10^{-24}\;{\rm cm}^{3} = 2.15$
(normalizing factor for the components of $\chi$). Hence we get
$\Delta=0.013$~eV (this value corresponds to the observed ratio of
occupancies of positions 1,2 and 3,4 at ambient temperature),
$\Omega_{c2} = 40$~cm$^{-1}$ and the maximum value of
$\chi_y = 13$ at the point of the high-temperature phase transition what
good coincides with the experiment for DMAAlS.

\section{Conclusions}

A simple dipole approximation for the four-state model proposed for
description of thermodynamics of the DMAGaS-DMAAlS family of crystals is
developed. The model exhibits complicated thermodynamical behaviour
depending on values of system parameters. At certain values of parameters
the model gives the same sequences of phase transitions as found
experimentally in DMAGaS and DMAAlS.

Numerical exploration of the model shows that increase of the
orientational hopping
between sites leads to the suppression of ordered phases in the Ising model
like way.

An attempt to give theoretical explanation of the experiment on the
influence of hydrostatic pressure on phase diagram of DMAGaS crystal results
in good qualitative agreement. It is assumed that the main effect of
pressure is the change of the difference of site energies.

\section{Acknowledgements}

The authors would like to thank Prof.~Z.Czapla and
Dr.~R.Tchuk\-win\-s\-kyi for their interest in the work and useful
discussions

This work was supported in part by the Foundation for
Fundamental Investigations of Ukrainian Ministry in Affairs of Science and
Technology, project No.~2.4/171.

\section{Appendix A. Transformation of the matrix of di\-po\-le-dipole
interactions to irreducible representations of the high-temperature symmetry
group}

\begin{equation}
\hat{\psi} = \left(\begin{array}{cccccc}
a' & b' & c' & d' & e' & f' \\
b' & g' & h' & -e' & k' & l' \\
c' & h' & m' & f' & -l' & n' \\
d' & -e' & f' & a' & -b' & c' \\
e' & k' & -l' & -b' & g' & -h' \\
f' & l' & n' & c' & -h' & m' \\
\end{array} \right).
\end{equation}
Here axis indices are changed first (e.g. $\{k\alpha\} =
\{1x,1y,1z,2x,2y,2z\}$).

Matrix of unitary transformation is as follows:
\begin{equation}
\hat{U} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left(\begin{array}{cccccc}
1 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0  \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0  \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0  \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1  \\
\end{array}\right).
\end{equation}

After the transformation the matrix of interactions
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\tilde{\psi}} &=&
\frac{1}{2}
\left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
a'-d' & b'+e' & c'-f' & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
b'+e' & g'+k' & h'-l' & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
c'-f' & h'-l' & m'-n' & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & a'+d' & b'-e' & c'+f' \\
0 & 0 & 0 & b'-e' & g'-k' & h'+l' \\
0 & 0 & 0 & c'+f' & h'+l' & n'+m' \\
\end{array}
\right)
\nonumber\\
&=&
\hphantom{\frac{1}{2}}
\left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
b_{1} & d_{1} & e_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
c_{1} & e_{1} & f_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & a_{2} & b_{2} & c_{2} \\
0 & 0 & 0 & b_{2} & d_{2} & e_{2} \\
0 & 0 & 0 & c_{2} & e_{2} & f_{2} \\
\end{array}
\right)
\end{eqnarray}
becomes block-diagonal, where the upper left block corresponds to the
$A_{u}$ representation and the bottom right one to the $B_{u}$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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"The ACTU's proposals to cap numbers and abandon the second year of the Visa totally, ignore the benefits of the program and the importance of Working Holiday Makers to regional economies.
"Recent changes by the Government to increase caps in a number of Countries and add a third year to the Visa under certain conditions, acknowledge the importance of Working Holiday Makers to the economy. The ACTU are clearly blind to these realities.
"In a major migration statement, Migration Works for All of Us, released last month the Australian Chamber pointed out, the Working Holiday Maker is a key part of a total migration program that fits Australia's particular need.
"The jobs Working Holiday Makers fill in regional Australia are often short term and seasonal, and there simply are not enough job seeking Australians who are willing to move for that type of work.


Just a couple of years ago, businesses looked at Software as a Service (SaaS) with some apprehension primarily because of security risks. A lot has changed since then. Today more than 85 percent of small business executives are willing to invest more in SaaS solutions over the next five years, according to research by Intuit.
What's led to this change? Shifts in technology, particularly mobile devices and reliance on digital, says Gartner.
The tech research giant even predicts that by 2020, about a quarter of organizations in emerging regions will be running their core CRM systems via SaaS. That's a 10 percent increase over 2012.
The data has been compiled and analyzed by software company Better Buys in its 2016 Report on the State of SaaS.
About 64 percent of small and medium-sized businesses rely on cloud-based technology to drive growth and boost workflow efficiency, finds cloud computing services company BCSG.
SaaS is expected to grow to $12 billion in 2016, and jump to $16 billion in 2017, and continue to grow year over year to an estimated $55 billion by 2026.
About 90 percent of mobile data traffic will be generated by cloud solutions by 2019.
Nearly half (43 percent) of small business owners use mobile as the primary devices for running their operations.
A large number of small businesses are opting for SaaS to automate everyday tasks and optimize important workflows. It's not difficult to understand why. The best thing about SaaS is that it makes it easier for companies to add and access information whenever and wherever they want.
What also works in favor of SaaS is the flexibility small businesses get out of using it. Instead of investing in expensive IT infrastructure, small companies need to just pay for an ongoing subscription. For cash-strapped businesses, this translates into savings.
"Budgets are being decreased and the business units are already going out and buying SaaS without talking to the IT departments about it. They're finding that they get more choice, they get it faster, they get it with less hassle — it's instant gratification if you will," Gartner VP and fellow Daryl Plummer tells ZDNet.
It's an interesting time for small businesses to take advantage of advanced SaaS solutions. There are many SaaS startups offering great solutions to help businesses navigate today's social marketplace.
With so many choices available, small businesses should focus on identifying solutions that work best for them.
Excellent data. As the security and trust builds, we will have many SMEs to move into SaaS model. Challenge that I see is so many "me too" kind of application and diluting the strength of SaaS and its benefits. It takes huge amount of time to build the TRUST.
Thanks Shubhomita for sharing these useful and important market facts on SaaS. Stats were quite useful in my prelim research and some decision making issues we have been facing.


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The Confounding Case of the Carisbrook Emeralds by Stephanie Laurens
BarbaraBarb's Reviews, Historical Mystery, Victorian Era (1837-1901)Stephanie LaurensLeave a comment
Series: Casebook of Barnaby Adair #4
Publication Date: 6/14/18
This is another lovely, well-written, well-plotted visit with Barnaby Adair and his wife Penelope along with their investigating friends Inspector Stokes and his wife Griselda, and Montague and his wife Violet. You'll love the characters, you met most of them in earlier books in the series, and the new characters are very sweet and I'll hope we see more of them in future books.
Miss Cara Di Abaccio's is the daughter of an Italian painter and the sister of an English Viscount. Her parents were madly in love and had a wonderful life filled with happiness and love until they both died a year ago, leaving Cara nothing to inherit. Her father's Italian family took her in, but when her mother's English brother showed he was her guardian, she went to live with him. Cara is a lovely young woman, bright, funny and filled with love and life. Her uncle's wife, Livvy, hates her and what she represents and doesn't want her under her roof. So, when the Carisbrook emeralds disappear, Livvy calls Scotland Yard and has them arrest Cara.
When Scotland Yard's Sergeant Wilkes arrived to make the arrest, he knows something isn't right and doesn't want any part of a Mayfair investigation. Even though it was Sunday morning, he knew he needed to involve Senior Inspector Basil Stokes. Stokes, of course, will involve his ton friends, the Adairs, in the case.
Everyone believes that Cara is totally innocent, but has been accused only because her aunt hates her. The aunt is a viper of a woman who runs rough-shod over everyone in her household. The investigators soon realize there is much more to the case than meets the eye – and that Car has nothing to do with the theft.
Hugo Adair is Barnaby's cousin and he's admired Cara for a while. He rushes to her aid and stays by her side throughout the whole ordeal. While he doesn't participate in the investigation, Hugo keeps Cara safe and occupied. There is, of course, some matchmaking going on there and it is a sweet bit of a love story.
The investigation leads us through the relationships within a very dysfunctional family. You have to wonder how anyone can love the shrew who is Viscountess Livvy.
We have a lovely mystery and a lovely romance – what more could you ask for?
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We're just two avid readers who want to share our love of reading with others. Mostly, we review Historical Romance, but every now and again we'll throw in a mystery or two. Most of our reviews are for ARC books but we'll also add in books we love that have already been released.
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Rick, this is all around just great! Love the colors and the textures!
Thank you Scott.. I tried real hard to give this a hazy look.. Not sure I succeeded..
What I imagine Italy to look like Rick. This is such a beautiful painting.
Rick - most lovely, and yes you got the haze. I much like the design effect achieved with the shadows and the kind of vibrating effect that comes from how you applied the paint. This seems a little different than many of your approaches. It has a bit of an impressionistic look - a bow slightly in that direction. I like it bunches.
Thank you all for the nice comments..


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Tesla update might make Full Self-Driving truly hands-off
For better or worse.
By Stan Schroeder on January 2, 2023
Tesla FSD is getting closer to true hands-off driving. Credit: Sjoerd van der Wal / Getty Images
> Tech > Transportation
Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) set of features allows the car to essentially drive itself in certain scenarios. A safety feature is keeping drivers from going completely hands-off, though, but CEO Elon Musk said drivers will soon get the option to disable it.
The feature in question is the steering wheel nag, which requires the driver to constantly keep their hands on the steering wheel; if they don't, the car asks them to move the steering wheel a little every now and then to make sure they're paying attention.
Recently, a Twitter user suggested (via Teslarati(Opens in a new window)) that "users with more than 10,000 miles on FSD Beta should be given the option to turn off the steering wheel nag," and Musk agreed, saying that an update (presumably bringing this functionality) is coming in January.
With this update, Tesla drivers should be able to turn on FSD and completely keep their hands off the steering wheel while the car drives itself. Some owners have expressed enthusiasm about the feature(Opens in a new window) on Twitter, though it may raise more questions on whether FSD is mature enough to be allowed on public roads.
SEE ALSO: Elon Musk is turning your Tesla into a Steam gaming rig
Tesla has another way to make sure whether the driver is paying attention – the built-in cabin camera which should issue warnings or even employ the brakes if it detects an inattentive driver. There are a couple of problems with this approach, however. First, not all Tesla vehicles have the cabin camera, which might mean that owners of these cars simply won't get the option to turn off the steering wheel nags.
More importantly, a Consumer Reports report(Opens in a new window) dated Dec. 2021 (and updated June 2022) found that Tesla's camera-based driver monitoring wasn't an adequate solution for making sure the driver is paying attention to the road, though it's unclear whether Tesla has improved the system since.
This is why Tesla's stock is declining
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Tesla's FSD (still designated as "beta" by Tesla) is a set of features that allows the driver to enter a destination into the car's navigation system, and have the car drive there on its own, though it requires the driver to be attentive and ready to take over at all times. FSD was initially made available to a very small subset of users, but it was later expanded to drivers who satisfy Tesla's "Safety Score" requirements. Last November, however, it was made available to all users whose Tesla cars have the hardware to support it.
Everything I Learned Driving a Tesla 1,000 Miles in a Week
FSD has also gotten Tesla into trouble, with regulators investigating issues such as phantom braking. A Tesla driver recently told California authorities that his car's FSD tech malfunctioned, causing a crash(Opens in a new window) involving eight vehicles on the San Francisco Bay bridge in November 2022. As of Dec. 2022, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was looking into 41 crashes(Opens in a new window) involving Tesla cars where some of Tesla's autonomous driving features were engaged.
More in Tesla
Stan Schroeder
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Stan is a Senior Editor at Mashable, where he has worked since 2007. He's got more battery-powered gadgets and band t-shirts than you. He writes about the next groundbreaking thing. Typically, this is a phone, a coin, or a car. His ultimate goal is to know something about everything.
Elon Musk's Twitter CEO resignation poll gets a cheeky response from MySpace Tom
"Should I step down as head of Twitter?"
TikTok can't get enough of this app that turns your phone into an iPod
Ah, the good old days.
Tesla delivers first Semi electric truck to Pepsi
Three years late, but we'll take it.
By Stan Schroeder
Tesla Model 3 gets fancy physical buttons with this Indiegogo accessory
No more blind fiddling with the display while driving.
'The Last of Us' stars Bella Ramsey and Pedro Pascal crack up while interviewing each other
"What's the best attribute you bring to a survival scenario?"


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Q: Gravitationally-driven electrical potential differences in conductors This question asks

Free electrons in a metal are attracted by gravity towards Earth. So why don't they lay down to the bottom of the conduit, like sediment at the bottom of a river?

The current answers there are about the overwhelming strength of the electric force compared to the gravitational force. That's fine for an intro-physics explanation, but there's a sneakier reason. A conducting metal is a lattice of positive ions and a gas of quasi-free electrons with thermal kinetic energies $kT \approx \rm25\,meV$.  Those electrons have typical speeds
\begin{align}
\frac{v^2}{c^2} &\approx \frac{2kT}{mc^2} \approx \frac{2\times25\rm\,meV}{500\rm\,keV}
\\
\frac vc &\approx \frac 13\times10^{-3}
\end{align}
This is somewhat faster than Earth's escape velocity $10^4\rm\,m/s$, so you would expect gravitationally-driven gradients in the density of the electron gas to have a scale height somewhat taller than Earth's atmosphere.  A typical conductor fits within Earth's atmosphere, so you would expect uniform electron density even if the electrons didn't interact with each other.
My question: what happens if you make the electron gas cold enough that this scale height is reduced?  I'm thinking along the lines of ultra-cold neutrons, which have energies below 100 nano-eV and a scale height of about two meters, so they can be "trapped" in a person-sized bucket with no lid.
In a sufficiently cold electrical conductor (or an electrical conductor with a sufficiently low electron temperature, which might not be quite the same thing), would the different gravitational interactions of the fixed-distance ion lattice and the quasi-free electron gas cause the positive and negative charge distributions to separate?  Would the resulting gravito-electric field point up, or down?  What is the magnitude of induced electric field to expect?  Or would some hidden symmetry keep the positive and negative charge densities the same everywhere?
The experiment to test this would be to build an 800-meter-tall cryostat in one of the elevator shafts of the Burj Khalifa, and watch a potential difference of a few millivolts appear between the top and the bottom as the conductor in the cryostat gets cold — but probably disappear if the conductor goes superconducting and expels internal electric fields.