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Scoping Review
Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mohammed Biset Ayalew1Email author
Infectious Diseases of Poverty20176:157
Received: 3 March 2017
As Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan countries with a great burden of malaria the effectiveness of first line anti-malarial drugs is the major concern. The aim of this study was to synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ethiopia. This was done by performing a meta-analysis of recent studies conducted in the country on this topic.
Studies published between January 2010 and January 2017 that reported on the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria in Ethiopian patients were searched for using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Ten prospective single-arm cohort studies that followed patients for 28–42 days were included in this analysis. All of the included studies were deemed to be of high quality.
Ten studies involving 1179 patients that were eligible for meta-analysis were identified. At recruitment, the average parasite count per patient was 1 2981/μl of blood. On the third day of treatment, 96.7% and 98.5% of the study subjects become fever-free and parasite-free, respectively. Based on the per protocol analysis, the cure rate after use of artemether-lumefantrine was 98.2% (polymerase chain reaction corrected) and 97.01% (polymerase chain reaction uncorrected) after 28 days of follow-up. The reinfection rate within 28 days was 1.1% and the recrudescence rate was 1.9%.
This review found that the cure rate for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria using artemether-lumefantrine in Ethiopia is still high enough to recommend the drug as a first-line agent. There should be careful periodic monitoring of the efficacy of this drug, as treatment failure may occur due to resistance, sub-therapeutic levels that may occur due to non-adherence, or inadequate absorption.
Malaria is one of the major public health problems in the world. Its burden is very high in Sub-Saharan Africa, where about 90% of all malaria deaths occur [1]. Each minute, six people in Africa die because of malaria [1, 2]. Malaria is also one of the leading causes of avoidable deaths in pregnant women and children in developing countries [2].
Malaria is an important communicable disease affecting large numbers of people in Ethiopia. About 68% of the Ethiopian population lives in high-risk malaria areas [3]. The common malaria-causing species in Ethiopia are Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax; roughly 60% of malaria cases in the country are due to the former [4, 5]. An estimated death rate of severe malaria caused by P. falciparum in Ethiopia is about 33% in children below 12 years of age and 10% in hospitalized adults [6].
Early diagnosis and timely treatment of malaria with an effective drug is an important strategy to control the disease [7]. However, the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance is one of the challenges towards controlling malaria [1]. In the early 1990s, a chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain was the main threat to malaria prevention and control in Ethiopia [8]. A failure rate of above 85%for chloroquine was reported in the late 1990s. This event triggered the change of first-line treatment to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in 1998 [9, 10]. However, a study conducted on sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine throughout the country in 2003 reported a 72% treatment failure rate [11]. After the occurrence of a large-scale malaria epidemic in 2003 [12] and the concomitant recognition of widespread resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine [11, 13], the Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia adopted artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as the first-line treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in 2004 [14]. At that time, the baseline efficacy of AL was 99.1%, which showed a treatment failure rate of under 1% [11].The commonly used brand name of a drug containing AL in Ethiopia is coartem.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends above 90% parasitological and clinical curative rates for an antimalarial drug to be approved as a first-line agent [15]. There are many studies conducted in different parts of the world that show that AL fulfills this criterion [16–18]. However, regardless of these reports, studies conducted in Thailand, Japan, Kenya, Zanzibar, and Cambodia have indicated the emergency of treatment failure and an evolvement of a drug-resistant parasite against AL [19–24]. An ongoing monitoring of first-line therapies is very important in order to ensure the use of effective drugs and to maintain the progress made to date in decreasing malaria morbidity and mortality [25].
The WHO recommends that the efficacy of first-line antimalarial drugs should be checked at least every two years [15]. As Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan countries with a great burden of malaria, the effectiveness of this first-line drug is of major concern. The purpose of this review was therefore to synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy of AL in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Ethiopia.
Literature published between January 2010 and January 2017 that assessed the efficacy of AL in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Ethiopia was searched for using the online databases PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/).
The search was conducted by combining the following words: 'efficacy', 'therapeutic efficacy', 'artemether-lumefantrine', 'Coartem','cohort', 'in vivo', 'Plasmodium falciparum malaria', 'antimalarial drug', and 'Ethiopia'. Selected reference lists of retrieved articles were also searched manually using Google.
Article selection
The author reviewed all of the identified articles in order to assess eligibility for inclusion based on predefined criteria. Studies done to assess the efficacy of AL on P. falciparum mono-infected Ethiopian patients and which were published between January 2010 and January 2017 were included in this review. Studies done on non-human subjects and articles of which the full text could not be obtained were excluded.
Validity and methodological quality of all included studies were assessed according to the National Institutes of Health (NIHs) quality assessment tool for observational cohort studies. [26] The tool comprises 14 criteria stated in the form of a question that can be answered as 'yes', 'no', or 'not applicable'/'not reported'/'cannot determine'. It contains questions that address the sampling, exposure and outcome measurement, the clarity in stating different components of the study, control of confounders, and validity of the study. After carefully evaluating each study against these criteria, each study was classified as being either of 'good', 'fair', or 'poor' quality. 'Good' quality was assigned to those studies that fulfilled 85% or more of the criteria. If 30% of the criteria or under was not fulfilled, the study was considered to be of poor quality.
Relevant information such as study design, study setting, follow-up period, sample size, baseline characteristics of study subjects, fever clearance, parasite clearance, treatment failure, and cure rates were extracted from each article using the well-prepared and piloted data extraction format in the form of table.
Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 2.2.064 [27]. Continuous data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. The proportion of the cure rate was calculated based on per protocol and intention-to-treat analysis. The cure rate and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the DerSimonian-Laird statistical method assuming a random effect model. Since four of the studies did not report the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) corrected cure rate only six studies were included in the PCR corrected cure rate analysis. But all of the10 studies were included in the PCR uncorrected cure rate analysis.
Literature search results
A total of 235 articles were initially retrieved. After excluding duplicates, the titles of 212 articles were assessed and 197 were found to be irrelevant. Abstracts of the remaining 15 articles were checked to determine if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of those, five were rejected: two were done on non-human subjects, one was published before 2010, and the full text was not available for the other two. In the end, 10 articles were found to be suitable to be included in this study. Figure 1 shows the entire article selection process.
Article selection process
All 10 studies included in this review were prospective single-arm cohort studies that determined the efficacy of AL in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Ethiopia.
The studies were conducted in different malarious parts of the country (north, south, east, and central Ethiopia). The WHO guide for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy was used in all of the studies to select subjects and to conduct the study.
In the majority (8/10, 80%) of the studies, subjects were followed for 28 days, while in the remaining (2/10, 20%) studies, the follow-up period was 42 days. In each study, anywhere from 66 to 384 patients with P. falciparum mono-infection were included. Most (7/10, 70%) of the studies followed patients who were older than six months. One study excluded patients who were below one year of age and another excluded children under five years of age. Details of each study are summarized in Table 1.
Description of individual study characteristics
Author (year of publication)
Study setting
Study period
Inclusion for age
Mekonnen SK. et al. (2015) [28]
single arm, open label Prospective cohort study
Omo Nada health center in southwestern Ethiopia
Augest-december 2011
> 6 months old
Ebstie YA. et al. (2015) [29]
Bahir Dar district, Northwest Ethiopia
March and July 2012
> 5 years old
Eshetu T. et al. (2012) [30]
Agaro Health Centre, Jimma Health Centre, Serbo Health Centre, and Asendabo Health Centre
November 2008 and January 2009 and between August and December 2009.
> 1 year
Mulu A. et al. (2015) [31]
Kemisie Health Center, Northeast Ethiopia
September, 2012 to May, 2013
Hwang J. et al. (2011) [32]
Bishoftu Malaria Clinic and Bulbula Health Center, Oromia Regional State
October and November 2009
Nega D et al. (2016) [33]
Metehara Health Centre, Eastern Ethiopia
October 2014 to January 2015
≥ 6 months old
Getnet G. et al. (2015) [34]
Enfranze Health Centrer, NW ethiopia
January and May 2013
Assefa A. et al. (2010)17
Serbo Health Center, Kersa District, SW Ethiopia.
November 2007 and January 2008
Kinfu G. et al. (2012) [35]
Tumuga health center Alamata district, Tigrai regional state, North Ethiopia
August–November 2009.
Wudneh F. et al. (2016) [36]
one-arm prospective open label trial
Gendewuha (Metema) Health Center, NW ethiopia
Methodological quality of included studies
Each article was evaluated against 14 criteria using the NIHs quality assessment tool for observational cohort studies [26]. Fortunately all of the 10 studies included in this review were found to be of good quality.
Baseline characteristics of the study subjects
The 10 studies included a total of 1179 participants from 14 study sites. The mean age of study participants was 15.8 years. At recruitment, the average parasite count per patient was 12,981/μl of blood and gametocytes were found in 7.7% of patients. Table 2 shows the mean and standard deviations of baseline characteristics of patients included in the 10 studies.
Mean baseline characteristics of patients with uncomplicated Falciparum malaria
Mean value
12.2 mg/dl
Parasite load
12,981 Parasites/μl
Patients with Gametocyte
Fever and parasite clearance rate
Fever and parasite clearance was rapid. On the third day of treatment, 96.7% and 98.5% of study subjects become fever-free and parasite-free, respectively. There was also a significant decrease in gametocyte carriage from 7.7% at baseline to 0.4% on the 28th day of treatment. Table 3 shows the overall progress of fever and parasite clearance in the first three days of AL treatment.
Fever and parasite clearance rate in the first 3 days of treatment
Fever clearance
Parasite clearance
Of the 1179 subjects included in the 10 studies reviewed, only 27 (2.29%) showed treatment failure. As shown in Table 4, the common type of treatment failure was late parasitological failure, which accounted for 55% of all treatment failures. Based on the per protocol analysis, the cure rate using AL was 98.2% (PCR corrected) and 97.01% (PCR uncorrected). This shows that the reinfection rate within 28 days was 1.1% and the recrudescence rate was 1.9%. Reinfection is the development of malarial signs and symptoms due to a new strain, while recrudescence indicates that the infection has recurred from persistent blood stages of the malaria parasite (Additional file 2).
Outcome a
Treatment failure
ETF n (%)
LPF n (%)
15(1.27%)
LCF n (%)
Adequate response
Cure rate
Per protocol analysis
PCR unadjusted (%)
PCR adjusted (%)
Intension to treat analysis
athis is reported based on 28 days follow up outcome for all the studies
Heterogeneity between the studies was minimal (I^2 = 38.8). As shown in the forest plots provided in Figs. 2 and 3, the 95% confidence interval was overlapping and there was no any outlier study i.e. there is no data value that differ greatly from the majority of data sets (cure rate). The PCR corrected and PCR uncorrected overall cure rates (summary effect) of AL were 0.982 and 0.972, respectively.
Forest plot for the PCR uncorrected cure rate based on the per protocol analysis
Forest plot for the PCR corrected cure rate based on the per protocol analysis
AL has been the first-line drug used in Ethiopia for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria since 2004 after the development of resistance for older antimalarials such as chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine [37]. Since its introduction, no significant AL-resistant P. falciparum cases have been reported in the country [17, 31, 32, 38]. The adequate clinical and parasitological responses observed in this analysis similarly show a high efficacy of AL against uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Ethiopia.
The mean temperature of patients on the day of enrolment was 38.2 ± 0.35 °C. Closer mean temperature at day zero was reported in similar studies conducted in Sudan (38.5 ± 0.6 °C) [39] and Zambia (38.7 °C) [40]. The fever clearance rate of AL was rapid. Fever is one of the common manifestations of malaria that frequently causes discomfort. Thus, it was encouraging that more than 95% of patients treated with AL become fever-free within the first two to three days. Administration of an antipyretic (paracetamol) for febrile patients (body temperature above 38 °C) is common practice. The use of AL for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria reduces the number of patients who require paracetamol during the follow-up period, which means that the number of drugs taken by patients and thus the risks associated with them is reduced. Other studies also confirm the rapid fever clearance capacity of AL [41–43]. This inherent nature of AL of being able to rapidly reduce or resolve clinical symptoms makes it attractive for patients.
From the 1179 patients included in the 10 studies, 1161 (98.5%) had parasitic clearance within the first three days of treatment with AL. This rate of parasite clearance was consistent with other reports [44–47]. In addition to the rapid parasite clearance, there was also a significant decrease in gametocyte carriage, from 7.7% at baseline to 0.4% on the 28th day of treatment. As confirmed by other studies, artemisinin-based combination therapy is known for its rapid parasite clearance rate and for reducing gametocyte carriage. The low gametocyte carriage after treatment reduces transmission of gametocytes to mosquitoes. Therefore, AL would not only reduce the problem of resistant malaria but also lessen the chances that an infected person might transmit the infection to mosquitoes and to other members of the community [48, 49].Previous studies have reported that artemisinin derivatives are gametocidal [50, 51].The very small proportion of patients with gametocytes at day 28, as found from reviewing 10 studies in this report, supports the results obtained by Targett et al., who reported that an artemisinin derivative has an effect on the sexual stage of the parasite and that specifically AL can decrease gametocytes by 6–8 fold as compared to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine [51].
In contrast to the finding of the current review, a slower parasite clearance rate and increased third day parasitemia was reported in studies conducted on the Thai-Cambodian border [23, 24].The higher third day parasitic clearance rate (1.5% parasite positivity) reported in the present study may indicate less probability of AL resistance, as Stepniewska et al. explained that resistance is unlikely if the proportion of day three parasite positive smear is less than 3% [52].
The PCR corrected cure rate of AL in the current review was found to be 98.2%. This reveals that AL is highly effective in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. Similar findings were reported by other studies conducted in different parts of the world [16, 53–55]. Studies conducted in East African countries also report a high efficacy of AL [56–59]. A meta-analysis published in 2009 that addressed 32 randomized studies on efficacy of AL reported a 28-day PCR corrected parasitological cure rate of 97% [60]. A community-based study conducted in three African countries (including Ethiopia) also reported that AL was effective in reducing the risk of malaria-specific mortality by 37% [25].
The WHO recommends that for an antimalarial drug to be selected as a first-line treatment agent, it should have a clinical and parasitological cure rate of 90% or higher [15]. The result of the current review is in agreement with the WHO requirement to support the first-line use of AL in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. Therefore, in Ethiopia AL can still be used as a first-line agent in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. This will not, however, guarantee the avoidance of subsequent timely monitoring for its efficacy. The WHO has said that the efficacy of first-line medicines must be cheeked at least every two years [15].
The follow-up period in most of the studies reviewed was 28 days. Two of the studies followed patients for 42 days and one of them reported that the rate of recrudescence was higher at day 42 than at day 28 (PCR corrected cure rate of 94.3% at day 42 and 99.7% at day 28 using per protocol analysis) [30]. This indicates that treatment failure may occur even after longer periods. Therefore, studies that measure the efficacy of AL beyond one month (28 days) are recommended.
In all of the 10 studies reviewed, drug levels were not tested, therefore it is difficult to attribute treatment failure to the drug's ineffectiveness or development of resistance, as it may be due to insufficient drug levels. It is thus better if future studies conducted on AL efficacy measure the serum drug levels and correlate these with the outcome. Sensitivity of PCR genotyping may have also affected the results of this review, as similar strains, defined as recrudescence, could be new infections, especially in low to moderate transmission areas with a limited diversity of strains [61].
Even though the morning doses of AL were taken in front of investigators in most of the studies, the night time intake of the drug was not directly controlled. Therefore, it was difficult to determine whether some of the treatment failure cases reported were due to low adherence. There are also many other factors that may influence the treatment outcome. Further studies that identify risk factors for treatment failure should be conducted. Studies that describe in detail the characteristics of patients with recrudescence are also very important. Molecular surveillance may also play an important role in detecting genetic markers associated with AL resistance in the local P. falciparum population.
AL is highly efficacious in Ethiopia for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria even after a number of years of its widespread use in the country. There should, however, be careful periodic monitoring of the efficacy of this drug, as treatment failure may occur due to resistance, sub-therapeutic levels that may occur due to non-adherence, or inadequate absorption.
NIH:
PCR:
The author would like to express his thanks to the University of Gondar for giving him an internet access.
Not applicable (because this is a sole author paper).
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Not applicable (because this is a review).
Additional file 1: Multilingual abstracts in the five official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 799 kb)
Additional file 2: Treatment outcome from individual study. (DOCX 18 kb)
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Arinaitwe E, Sandison TG, Wanzira H, Kakuru A, Homsy J, Kalamya J, et al. Artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for Falciparum malaria: a longitudinal, randomized trial in young Ugandan children. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1629–37.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Sagara I, Rulisa S, Mbacham W, Adam I, Sissoko K, Maiga H, et al. Efficacy and safety of a fixed dose Artesunate-sulphamethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine compared to Artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Falciparum malaria across Africa: a randomized multicentre trial. Malar J. 2009;8:63.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
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Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, et al. International Artemisinin study group, Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta–analysis. Lancet. 2004;363:9–17. 14723987View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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In this week's podcast, we speak to Fred Rambaud, a freelance concept artist who's worked on many projects, including the hugely popular game, Assassin's Creed.
These days, his diary is fully booked with clients who want to use his services, and he's developed a great reputation in the industry and a stable career with a great income.
But it wasn't always this way. Fred's career path didn't follow the traditional art school route…and he didn't even start making art seriously until the age of 25.
Fred didn't start his creative career as a concept artist. Growing up in Latin America, there weren't too many opportunities for becoming an artist, so he moved to France where he took a course which taught him how to use Photoshop and other programs.
He started to pick up various graphic designs jobs, and found work in an architecture studio, where he worked as a rendering artist.
During this time, he carried on making the kind of art he loved in his spare time, such as character concepts and monsters. This led him to think about pursuing a career as a video game artist, but there was just one problem….
He couldn't find any work.
But that all changed when his wife offered to help him one day and applied her knowledge of the business world to Fred's job hunting.
Fred laughs: "She said: 'Show me what you're doing' and and at first I was like: 'But you don't know, you're not an artist!'. But she wasn't talking about my work – she was talking about my resume and cover letters.
"And she told me something I've always remembered. She said: 'Your portfolio is not going to be reviewed by anyone. Your application will be received by HR – probably by an assistant or an intern – and they're just going to be checking your resume and your cover letter.
'They're going to be reading these really fast, and picking up on any key phrases in there, so you need to include these if you want to get accepted.' So, using this technique, I applied to the same studios which rejected me 3 months before using the exact same portfolio of work. And, I kid you not, they answered back!
"Since that moment, I've paid close attention to my cover letters, resume, LinkedIn profile etc, and it's really paid off. She also told me to really read the job offers closely, because you'll be able to pick up on the keywords or phrases in these.
We hope you'll be as blown away by the incredible advice from Fred Rambaud in this week's podcast as we were.
And, most importantly, we hope this gives you what you need to become a successful freelance concept artist.
If you enjoyed this podcast, why not leave us a comment below?


text:
Slip Into Something Comfortable for Winter
For Israelis, plaid ankle-high bedroom slippers have meant comfort and even fashion for decades.
By Rachel Neiman January 15, 2021
In winter on the kibbutz, the boots came off and the plaid slippers went on, to keep mud out of the house. (Photo taken in 1965 by the Government Press Office.)
Shoes can represent a culture, everything from practicality to a fashion statement.
The Hebrew term na'alei bayit translates to "house shoes." For many years, the standard Israeli wintertime slipper was a shoe intended to be worn at home.
The classic cloth Israeli na'al bayit was (and is) plaid, ankle-high, with a front zipper closure and a hard vulcanized rubber sole, perfect for the rainy season.
For older Israelis, the shoe is emblematic of winter on the kibbutz. Boots were removed and slippers put on before entering the home, so as not to track mud inside.
For the generation of Israelis who came of age in the 1970s, the indoor shoe went outdoors. It was cool to wear the zippered plaid high-tops around the college campus, at the local café, or even onstage, as did roc
For a still younger set, the slipper is reminiscent of "Rehov Sumsum," the Hebrew language version of "Sesame Street," where beloved giant hedgehog Kippi Ben-Kippod shuffled about in tartan na'alei bayit.
All of which begs the question: How did a plaid slipper become the Israeli sabra's de rigueur winter footwear?
Israel's original and largest manufacturer of na'alei bayit was Haifa-based Hamgaper, established as a cooperative in 1935, which supplied the British Army with rubber tires and rubber-soled footwear during the Mandate period.
Haifa-based cooperative Hamgaper supplied the British Army during the Mandate period. (Image: public domain)
In the 1940s, after having been acquired by Histadrut-run construction company Solel Boneh, Hamgaper began manufacturing hiking boots and slippers, using a method that enabled cloth, leather and rubber to be fused seamlessly without stitching. Initially, the Hamgaper slippers did not have a zipper; this refinement would come decades later.
Hamgaper wasn't alone. Only a few years earlier, in 1932, Finnish rubber company Suomen Kumitehdas Oy (later Nokian Footwear Oy) began manufacturing a tartan high-top slipper. The "Reino" and its low-cut companion "Aino" became as ubiquitous in Finland as Hamgaper was in Israel. In Canada, locally made "Arctics" slippers were made first with a buckle closure and, in due time, with a zipper.
Competition to Hamgaper eventually arose.
In 1964, Kibbutz Dafna in the Upper Galilee established the Dafna Shoe Company as a manufacturer of work boots, plastic sandals and plaid bedroom slippers, which by now were standard indoor winter footwear for kibbutz children.
Very hip slippers
The dull brown tartan slippers, whether made by Hamgaper or Dafna, were very hip in mid-to-late 1970s Israel.
The phenomenon was described in Haaretz: "Hamgaper's ads promised us that we'd feel at home in their shoes, but many who wanted the 'laid-back look' walked around in slippers outside as well. Kibbutzniks did it first, but city dwellers jumped on the bandwagon and turned wearing Hamgaper slippers into one of the most visible indicators of Israel's youth."
But with the economic reforms of the 1980s, Hamgaper struggled in the face of cheaper, more available imports. Following its acquisition by Koor, Hamgaper attempted a rebrand between 1984 and 1987, only to close in 1991.
The classic Israeli cloth "naal bayit" – plaid, ankle-high, with a front zipper and hard rubber sole, perfect for the rainy season. (Photo: Nostalgia Online)
In 2009, Dafna was acquired by Teva Naot, one of Israel's most successful exporters, which had a talent for transforming utilitarian items into cool objects of desire, such as its success with both bible sandals and clogs.
Despite the launch of a gray plaid version, the house-shoes continued to decline in popularity among Israelis as imports, such as Australian UGG boots, gained ground.
In 2014, Teva Naot and Dafna were acquired by their New York-based shoe distributor Yaleet Corp.
In 2018, slipper maker Dafna – Teva-Naot launched a bright pink version of classic plaid "na'alei bayit." Photo: Courtesy
In 2015, the British press reported that UK slipper sales had fallen by 72%, compared with the previous year. The drop was blamed on climate change, carpeting and underfloor heating. That same year in Finland, PK Kappi declared bankruptcy.
However, Reino and Aino were rescued by the Finlayson textile company, which acquired the branding rights to the booties — to this day, still zipper-less.
Slippers being manufactured at the Hamgaper factory in 1946. (Photo: In winter on the kibbutz, the boots came off and the plaid slippers went on, to keep mud out of the house. (Photo: Government Press Office)
Trend-spotting Teva Naot took a page from the Finn playbook and in 2018 launched a bright pink version, accompanied by an advertising campaign touting the nostalgic value of "Kippy" shoes.
While it once looked like good old na'alei bayit were being relegated to Israeli fashion history, the tartan booties are still here. Israelis love them too much to let them fade away.
(Edited by Fern Siegel and David Martosko)
If it's wintertime, Israelis will be wearing slippers appeared first on ISRAEL21c.
Producing A Biological Alternative To Antibiotics For Cows Can Also Save Humans»Next Post
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The Life Lessons program deals with learning about money and how to properly manage it in the real world as life throws you a few curveballs along the way. We use real-life companies and their employees who have a commitment to social and corporate responsibility. Students are able to learn to manage a budget and experience first-hand what parents go through regularly. This activity can be done with one child or with a youth group or class. Invite our team to facilitate a session with your group.
Smart but Helpless Kids: Can Your Child Make It in the Real World?
At-risk young adults with a mentor are more likely to volunteer regularly in their communities, versus 27% without a mentor.


text:
Caridina yulinica е вид десетоного от семейство Atyidae.

Разпространение
Видът е разпространен в Китай (Гуанси).

Източници

Външни препратки
 Caridina yulinica в Encyclopedia of Life
 Caridina yulinica в  Global Biodiversity Information Facility
 Caridina yulinica в World Register of Marine Species

Caridina
Фауна на Китай
Гуанси-джуански автономен регион

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Come join us in Glasgow at Security TWENTY 18 Scotland!
Home/SCG News/Come join us in Glasgow at Security TWENTY 18 Scotland!
Once again we're proud to be attending and exhibiting at Professional Security's flagship event: Security TWENTY 18 Scotland.
Scottish Communications Group will be there in force, showing off the latest technology in IP CCTV, BodyWorn Cameras, Access control, Video Analytics and more. Come down and chat to some of our (very friendly!) experts about your own security needs. We'll have a equipment on hand to provide demonstrations, and we'll be delighted to arrange follow-up visits to your premises to help you decide what the best solution is to meet your needs.
This year's event is set in the central location of the Hilton Hotel on William Street in Glasgow. The Conference will bring together top security industry speakers and is supported by a large exhibition of cutting edge security products and services.


text:
Alexander I. KOLDOMASOV [ KOLDAMASOV ]
Over-Unity Generator
http://oregonenergydigest.blogspot.com
Conferences Reveal Energy Discoveries from Former Soviet Union
(Excerpt)
A.I. Koldomasov's device piezo-electrically vibrates a mix of waters through a special dielectric material to produce heat energy in more abundance than the energy which powers the oscillator.
The device is reported to put out 40 kilowatts of heat energy with only two kilowatts of electrical input. Last year Dr. Josef Gruber described a visit to the research institute where Koldomasov is managing engineer.
Koldomasov discovered the new energy source while observing cavitation-implosions in water such as found in "water hammer" in pipes. Gruber showed a photograph of the small device, filled with pure water mixed with only one per cent deuterium (heavy water).
Although there are no spark plugs or similar equipment, electrical discharge could be seen. Energy comes out in the form of both heat and electrical current.
Depending on kind and location of the magnets, DC or AC (electricity) may be observed. Gruber said testing revealed 2000 per cent excess energy.
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DolanTJnotesfromt.pdf
Notes from the 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Sciences
( November 27 – December 2, 2005, Yokohama )
T. J. Dolan
Steve Krivit (New Energy Times) and Vladimir Vysotskii (Kiev) told of experiments by A. Koldomasov (Russia), Hyunik Yang (Hy-En Research Co.) and others involving flow of high-
pressure machine oil or water through a small orifice ( 1 mm). There are experiments Korea and in Edmonton, Canada, and theoretical work in Russia. Krivitt showed a videotape of the
Canadian device in action. In boron-doped oil at 30 atm the color is tawny; at over 40 atm, it is white; at over 60 atm it is clear, with a blue plasma jet downstream of the orifice. At 70-80 atm
there is a bright blue beam 6 mm in diameter, and at over 90 atm a green glow appears upstream of the orifice. Hard x-rays were observed from the luminous region. The researchers claim that
excess heat is generated from fusion reactions (possibly protons plus boron-11) during collapse of cavitation bubbles, and they detected He-4 emission lines from the cavitating fluid.
RU2232210
[ Complete Patent: PDF Format ]
ELECTRIC POWER INSTALLATION FOR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
Inventor: GNEDENKO V G (RU); GORJACHEV I V (RU); KOLDOMASOV A I (RU); KHAJUNIK JANG (KR)
Classification: - international: C25B1/02; G21C1/00; C25B1/00; G21C1/00; (IPC1-7): C25B1/02; G21C1/00
Abstract --- FIELD: production of hydrogen and oxygen. ^ SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertinent to electric power installations. The installation intended for production of hydrogen and oxygen, and also for production of the energy emitted at fusion reactions going in a reactor. The installation contains: a dielectric resistant to cavitational emission housing for intake and gating of the dielectric medium in the form of a mixture of light water and heavy water, an insert mounted in the housing and made out of a dielectric material susceptible to cavitation emission and provided at least with two holes allowing an exit through them of the dielectric medium. The installation is supplied with a impulsator, a pump to deliver the working dielectric medium under pressure, a deflecting system of charged particles and, at least, two branch-pipes electrically isolated from each other and linked with vessels for hydrogen and oxygen collection. At that at exit of the insert in the housing there is a narrowing in the form of Laval's nozzles, behind it along the stream run on the housing there is a deflecting system mounted, behind which the branch-pipes are located. The deflecting system may be electrostatic or magnetic. The invention ensures expansion of functionalities of the installation. ^ EFFECT: the invention ensures expansion of functionalities of the installation.
A.I. Koldomasov. Nuclear Fusion in Electrical Charge Field. Fundamental problems of natural science and engineering. Volume 1. St.-Petersburg, 2000. 167 pages
http://blake.montclair.edu/~kowalskil/cf/216koldamasov.html
Ludwik Kowalski
Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ, 07043
One of the most important achievements of the 19th century physics was the discovery that a well defined amount of mechanical work is needed to generate one unit of heat -- not less and not more. Joule demonstrated this in a well known paddle wheel experiment. Water was forced to flow through small holes in the paddles of a rotating wheel and the amount of heat was measured calorimetrically. But, at a recent conference, a Russian scientist, A.I. Koldamasov (1), described an exception from this rule. He claims to have a device in which the heat to work ratio is twenty times larger than what would be allowed according to Joule's equivalence rule.
His device, named reactor, is similar to Joule's paddle wheel. But water, free of ions (resistivity 1011 ohm/m), is forced to flow through holes (diameters 1-2 mm) drilled in a plate made from the dielectric material (rather than from a metal). After reviewing basic concepts of thermonuclear physics Koldamasov writes: "On the basis of the above theoretical ideas, a nuclear reactor producing energy of nuclear fusion reactions was designed and tested (see Fig. 1). The reactor operation is stable and well controllable. It gives 20 units of useful power per unit of supplied power. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain power both in the form of heat and directly electric energy, omitting steam water cycle. According to the consumer's needs, the electric energy can be of both direct and alternating current. [Russian patent reference is given.] . . .
The working fluid is fed by a gear pump under the pressure of 5 to 7 MPa; the channel is 25-30 cm long, and the orifice diameter is 1-2 mm. By changing the electric motor rotation rate, we change the frequency of flow pulsation's and reach the resonance frequency of the orifice, which causes intensive cavitation. Under the action of this cavitation, the plate material emits electrons from the input edge, which are carried away by the flow, and at the output edge a high-density positive charge is formed (see Fig. 6). The charge is annular, its density is practically uniform, and it constitutes a medium temperature plasma ~10000 K with the density ~104 J/cm3. If heavy water possessing the same dielectric properties as the working fluid is added to the outflowing medium, then nuclear fusion reactions arise in the zone of influence of the charge."
What kind instruments were used to demonstrate occurrence of nuclear reactions? I was not able to find the answer to this question in the Koldamasov's paper. Here is how this paper ends: "The number of deuterium atoms collisions, and hence the magnitude of the released energy, depends on heavy water concentration in the working fluid. In our experiments we used a mixture with the ratio 1:100 (1 part of heavy water per 100 parts of light water). The continuous operation time was up to 100 hours. The experiments are entirely reproducible." Who is Koldamasov? Where were his experiments performed? Who are his coworkers? How much of "excess energy" was generated in 100 hours? Not knowing how to answer such questions I turned to the Internet.
The first item that came up, after typing "Koldamasov" indicates that reproducible results were first reported by the author seven years ago. Here is the extract from what was delivered by Google: "Six authors who stated 100% reproducibility of the effects detected are Bazhutov, Kanarev, Karabut, Savvatimova, Notoya, and Koldamasov."
And here is another earlier reference (2). On Hideo Kozima's website:
http://web.pdx.edu/~pdx00210/News/CFRLEngNews/CFRLEN35.htm
I see a list of papers read at the 9th Russian Conference on Cold Nuclear Transmutation of Chemical Elements (September/October, 2001). It contains references (3) and (4). The session at which these papers were presented was chaired by A. B. Karabut, the author of what I described in item 13. The device is said to generate twenty times more electric energy that is needed to run its motor. Why is it not manufactured and used all over? I suspect that the 100% reproducibility claim was found to be highly exaggerated. Somebody probably tried and failed to produce a commercially successful gadget.
1) A.I. Koldamasov at "Russian Conference on Cold Fusion and Ball Lightning," Sochi, Russia, 2002.
2) A. I. Koldamasov. Nuclear Fusion in Electrical Charge Field. Fundamental problems of natural science and engineering. Volume 1. St.-Petersburg, 2000. 167 pages."
3) Koldamasov A.I. "Principles of Work of New Type Nuclear Reactor."
4) Baranov D.S. "Investigation of the Radiation Effects in the Koldamasov Cell."
While searching on the Internet I found a useful compilation about "who is who" in Russian cold fusion research. The authors are I.V. Goryachev, and Y.N. Bazhutov; the title is " Organization, current status and main results of Russian research in cold fusion and transmutation of chemical elements." It shows that the author of the last reference, a Ph.D. physicist, is from the Research Institute of High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. His specialty is listed as experimental " investigations of the methods of initiating nuclear reactions in deuterated dielectric liquid under the conditions of cavitation." The name Koldamasov does not appear in the downloaded document: <GoryachevIorganizati.pdf>
Appended on 5/22/05:
1) On 5/13/05, after finding the sentence quoted below (at the website of CNW -- Group Canada NewsWire), I sent an e-mail message to Dr. Yang, the Chairman & Founder of the Hy-En Group of companies:
Dear Dr. Hyunik Yang:
Browsing the Internet (before going to the MIT cold fusion colloquium next Friday) I found this description of your commercial activities:
". . . The three main applications derived from "Cold Fusion" are massive production of low cost hydrogen and heat energy for commercial and industrial applications steam or hot water and electric power. . . ."
Please provide a reference (or references) about the method used to obtain electric power via cold fusion. Thanks in advance,
2) The above message was not answered. During the MIT colloquium I heard that Koldamasov died and that his invention is going to be used by a company whose name is iESiUSA (Innovative Energy Syatems Inc.). Materials on the company's website <WWW.iesiusa.com> do not refer to cold fusion. But they are worth quoting.
a) "Innovative Energy Solution Inc. is a leader in developing reliable next generation, clean energy technologies. iESi owns several patents related to its proprietary hydrogen generation, heat generating and waste heat recovery technologies."
b) "The new clean energy plant will enable Norwood Foundry to generate six times (12 MW) more electricity than it consumes (2 MW) at its foundry located in Nisku, Alberta, Canada." That is indeed extraordinary - consuming electric energy at the rate of 2 MW and generating it at the rate of 12 MW, presumably at the same time. This would be a giant perpetual motion machine. Recall that Koldamasov's device had the output/input ratio of twenty, not six. But even a factor of two would be extraordinary.
c) "The revenue to be generated through the joint venture project is expected to exceed $6 million annually. Under the joint venture, iESi is responsible for the implementation of its revolutionary clean energy technologies, while Norwood [the old existing foundry] will finance the project. . . . The plant is slated to be fully operational by the third quarter of 2005. . . .iESi owns several patents related to its proprietary hydrogen generation, heat generating and waste heat recovery technologies. Headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada, iESi also has offices in Canada, Europe and South Korea." I hope that my retirement savings are not invested in iESi.
d) Innovative Energy Solutions Inc. (iESi) today announced that it raised $3 million in its first round of financing. The investor group consists of more than 300 individuals from Canada, Europe and the United States. iESi will use the investment to accelerate product development, push market penetration and establish manufacturing facilities in Alabama. 'The success of our initial funding is encouraging to iESi as we focus on executing our business endeavors and growing the company. The first round closed with an oversubscription of 200,000 shares, which demonstrates a substantial interest in our energy generating technologies and what they can do for a fuel-based economy,; said Ron Foster, chairman, iESi. iESi will open its second round of financing on July 29, 2004, by offering 500,000 shares at $4 apiece. Established in 2003, iESi's mission is to offer clean, viable solutions to traditional energy sources, and reduce the world's dependence on oil from the Middle East. iESi is organized into three broad divisions to maximize return on its intellectual capital and intellectual property."
Too good to be true? Yes, I think so. But the company website provides many claims that are worth discussing with students. Physics teachers should take advantage of this. Something is not right in this business of promoting nonexistent technologies. In unit #224 I referred to a colloquium presentation of Robert Rines, the patent counselor at MIT. At one point he asked a question; "what harm can possibly result from granting a patent whose validity cannot be established at sufficiently high level of certainty?" He was referring to patents in the area of cold fusion. Nobody, he said, will be stupid enough to invest in things that are still uncertain. I now tend to disagree. A granted patent gives some kind of legitimacy to unjustified commercial claims. Patents can be viewed as instruments of protection of citizens. Yes, I know that such instruments are not very effective. But they are better than nothing. Citizens should also be economically protected by other legal means.
Addendum (5/25/05):
Here is the content of a document, dated as 5/23/05, that I found on the Internet. It provides background information about promoters of cold fusion technology.
EDMONTON, Alberta, May 23 /PRNewswire/ -- Innovative Energy Solutions, Inc. (iESi) today announced the arrival of the Company's co-founder and Chief Technical Officer, Hyunik Yang, Ph.D. and Dr. Nahm Cho in Sherwood Park, Alberta, just southeast of Edmonton. The recent relocation of Dr. Yang and Dr. Cho should expedite the efforts that are already well underway on the Direct Electrical Power, Heat and Hydrogen Generation units and allow the Company's team of scientists to advance the impressive work they accomplished for iESi while in South Korea.
"Much of iESi's proprietary intellectual property is based on the research in the field of quantum energy generation authored by Dr. Yang," said Patrick Cochrane, CEO, iESi. "Drs. Yang and Cho and our team of scientists are continually conducting research to enhance iESi's technological offerings and we look forward to their continued presence in Edmonton."
"Dr. Cho and I are pleased to finally be here in Canada. We're eager about working closely together with our scientific and management teams to implement such a worthy offering that will allow the world to go from dependence on energy providers to energy self-sufficiency," said Dr. Hyunik Yang, Chief Technical Officer, iESi.
As concern grows for the world's natural resources, energy efficiency is gaining worldwide attention. iESi is poised to be the leader in the development of innovative energy solutions through its safe and patented plasma processes which included Direct Electrical Power Generation, low-cost Hydrogen Generation and low-cost Heat Generation, all three of which were developed by Dr. Yang.
In his career, Dr. Yang has also held positions as professor at Hanyang University and as senior research engineer at Hyundai Electronics. Dr. Yang has designed several new inventions in the field of quantum energy and cold fusion. Dr. Yang received his Engineering B.S. from Hanyang University in South Korea, and completed his Engineering M.S., Ph.D. and post-doctoral work at Columbia University in New York. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automobile Engineers, Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Russian Academy of Natural Science, Korean CAD/CAM Society and the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers. Since 1997, Dr. Yang has been listed in the Who's Who in the World, and in the Who's Who in Science and Engineering since 1998.
Dr. Cho also held positions as professor at Hanyang University. Dr. Cho is the author of four patents in South Korea and is an expert in the field of Nuclear Transmutation and Fusion. Dr. Cho received his Precision Mechanical Engineering B.S. and M.S. from Hanyang University in South Korea, and completed his Ph.D at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a member of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Japan Society of Precision Engineers, Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Korean Society of Precision Mechanical Engineers, Korean Society of Manufacturing Engineers and the Micro Biochip Center.
About iESi --- Innovative Energy Solution Inc. (iESi) is a leader in developing next generation clean energy technologies. iESi owns several patents related to hydrogen generating technology, heat generating technology and waste heat recovery. The Company's Corporate Offices are in Las Vegas and iESi also has offices in Canada, the United Kingdom and Europe. For more information please visit: http://www.iesiusa.com
http://blake.montclair.edu/~kowalskil/cf/230baranov.html
Two Russian Papers
1) Please be aware that my unit #229 now has two added sections, at the end. They were not there when the unit was posted, several days ago.
2) It seems to me that we really need a forum for discussion, among cold fusion researchers. Unfortunately, the discussion list of ISCMNS, promised at ICCF11, did not materialize. And what happened to the online journal promised one year earlier? Let me make Éa suggestion. I have an idle discussion list at the university server; it can become a forum we need. To be a participant simply send me a private message whose subject line should say: "Discussion of CF." The first line (in the body of the message) should show your name (first, then last) followed by the e-mail address. The next line (or lines) should say why you consider yourself to be a cold fusion researcher. Participation in at least one of the ICCF* conference, for example, is a sufficient reason, as far as I am concerned. My e-mail address is <kowalskil@mail.montclair.edu>. The list will be activated as soon as the number of participants exceeds 20. Please, send this invitation to serious CF researchers you know; not everybody will see it here. Cut this paragraph and paste it into messages you sent.
3) Today I received two Russian papers from ? one of the readers. They seem to be related to the device invented by Koldamasov and Yang. (see units #216, #226 and #229). These papers prompted me to start this unit. I will try to translate them and make some comments. The copies of pages mailed to me do not identify the place of publication. But the sender wrote that the papers were "published in 2001, following the 2000 Sochi conference."
Paper 1: "Studying of thermal and radiation effects in Koldamasov's cell", by D.S. Baranov.
Paper 2: "An experimental setup based on Koldamasov's cell". by A.P. Andreev, D.S. Baranov, A.K. Molodov, A.K. Pokrovski and N.N Sikavatkin.
The authors of these papers are from Moscow ( Scientific Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Science, and MRTI (?)).
Translation of sections from Paper #2 ---
Abstract: A temperature increase of short duration ø was observed in Koldamasov's cell when heavy water was locally added to the working fluid. The temperature did not changed when ordinary water was added, under analogous conditions. Adding lithium chloride to water resulted in registration of radiation in the scintillation detector.
This study was undertaken to reproduce previously reported results (1,2) and to enlarge the scope of a more recent investigation (3). The central element of that installation, the Koldamasov cell, was made from the transparent organic glass. Bright glowing discharge (plasmoid) was observed in front of the opening in the insertion when cavitation was taking place. The insertion changes the cross section, available to the fluid, by two orders of magnitude. Pressures in cell were changed in the range of 10-40 atmospheres at the frequency of ~1000 Hz.
The working fluid was oil whose temperature was ~33 C. At that temperature the viscosity of heavy water exceeds the viscosity of ordinary water by ~20%. This, however, could not lead to a significant increase of friction (resulting from addition of heavy water) because the viscosity of oil is ~20 times higher than that of water. Sensitive calorimeters were used to measure difference in temperatures between the input and output of the cell. The electrical diagram is shown in Figure 1. It is essentially a Wheatstone bridge in which R1 and R2 are thermistors. Medical injectors were used to introduce heavy or ordinary water at the entrance of the pump. The injected volume was one cubic centimeter and the time of each injection was ~10 seconds. The time was sufficiently long to mix the injected water with ~ 1000 cubic centimeters of oil.
In the first experiment heavy water was injected first and ordinary water was injected later. In the second experiment ordinary water was injected before heavy water. Figure 2 shows that difference ?s in temperature occurred after injections of heavy water only. [In that figure changes in difference of temperatures are expressed in volts but the bridge was calibrated]. According to calibrations, changes shown in Figure 2 were the same as from the injection of one cubic centimeter of water at 100C. Trying to optimize generation of excess heat one observed cases in which no excess heat was generated and cases when changes in temperatures were sufficiently high to melt ftoroploast insertions. Destruction of the insertion was observed three times, but only when oil was mixed with several cubic centimeters of heavy water. Insertions were never destroyed when oil contained no heavy water (even at much higher temperatures and pressures).
Radiation emitted by the cell was measured by using a 5 cm by 5 cm cylindrical NaI detector. The detector was ~8 cm from the insertion. Radiation entering the detector had to pass through an aluminum foil of 0.5 mm, 5 cm of organ ?ic glass and a 5 mm layer of ftoroplast. [In other words it consists of gamma rays.] The setup was calibrated by using the annihilation line (511 keV) and a sodium line of 1460 keV. The multichannel analyzer spectra are shown in Figure 3. . . . [The background does not change significantly when the motor of the pump is turned on to off. A significant above-the-background component appears (in the gamma ray energies up to 250 keV) after 0.8 cubic centimeters of the water solution of lithium chloride, concentration 4 N, is injected into oil. The conclusion is:] Radiation measurements and temperature effects due to heavy water are with Koldamasov's findings and show that nuclear processes do take place in the cell.
[I am certain that scientists who prepared the last week demonstration in Emonson did not miss an opportunity to show, using a widely available detector, that gamma rays are indeed emitted from their setup. The setup generating excess heat at the ra Ëte of 10 MW must be much larger than the setup used by Baranov. When will the results of the last week demonstration be announced?]
1. A. I. Koldamasov "Nuclear fusion in the field of electrical discharge;" 1995 Sochi conference report.
2. A.I. Koldamasov "Nuclear reactor;" Patent of Russian Federation #2152083
3. A.P. Andreev et al. (see paper 3 below).
Abstract: A compact experimental setup, analogous to that described by Koldamasov (1,2), was built. It shows that stable glowing discharge (plasmoid) is produced in the liquid under the influence of cavitation. [Does this mean that what was called "cavitational emission," in unit #229, stands for sonoluminescence?]
According to (1,2) a new approach approach is possible to generate thermonuclear energy. An independent confirmation of this could lead to a broad investigation of that approach. Direct c onfirmation of Koldamasov' work is difficult because the working fluid in his device was pure (double distillation) dielectric water. The reason is simple; the dielectric properties of pure water change drastically after it passes through the cell. Changed water must be purified before it can be reused.
In this investigation we tried to use a different working fluid -- organic oil. Dielectric properties of oil are more favorable but that substance is about 20 times more viscous than water. We were able to find conditions under which bright glow discharge (plasmoid) is formed in oil. The diagram of the setup is shown in Figure 1. [I shows a loop in which oil is forced to circulate under pulsating pressure. Numerous technical details (pump rpm, pressures, frequen Ocies, etc. are provided. A set of three dots in the part of the article that I decided not to translate. Set of three dots below stand for was not translated] . . . The central element of that installation, the Koldamasov cell, was made from the transparent organic glass. It has a dielectric insertion with a narrow opening (cross section being 100 times smaller that in the tube through which the oil is supplied to the cell). Stable glowing discharge was observed at the entrance of insertions made from organic glass, ftoroplast and polysterol. It was observed when the insertion was made from vinoplast. Ftoroplast turned out to be the most effective when the pressure was ~30 atm. Appearance of plasmoid must be due to cavitation. . . . Characteristic speed of the fluid through the insertion opening (radius 0.5 mm) was 50 m/s. . . . ~
The total volume of working fluid was ~6 liters. It is remarkable that oil was not spoiled during its prolonged (`10 hours) circulation through the loop. An attempt to use less fluid liquid, a mixture oil and kerosine, also resulted in formation of plasmoid. But the pump deteriorated rapidly when that fluid was used. The setup is sufficiently compact to be used in practical applications.
http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/2005KrivitS-ICCF12-Paper.pdf
INTRODUCTION TO A NEW METHOD TO INITIATE COLD FUSION / CONDENSED MATTER NUCLEAR REACTIONS
STEVEN B. KRIVIT
Editor, New Energy Times
ABSTRACT --- This is an introduction to the hydraulic-electrostatic cold fusion method that was first demonstrated to a small public group on June 6, 2005, in Edmonton, Canada. Observation of devices that appear to be 100 percent repeatable and of practical, commercial magnitude was seen.
This work was demonstrated by a group managed by Hyunik Yang, professor ofmechanical engineering at Hanyang University, Korea. Other members of this research team are Alexandr Koldamasov (ret.) of the Russian National Research Institute of Atomic Engineering, Andrei Desyatov, deputy director of the Russian Aviation and Space Agency at the Keldysh Research Center in Moscow, Alla Kornilova, physics professor and director at Moscow State University, Vladimir Vysotskii, physics professor at Kiev Shevchencko University, and Nahm Cho, professor of mechanical engineering at Hanyang University, Korea.
A second group of Russians is associated with this research. They are Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov, president of Kurchatov Research Institute, Gerasimovich Gnedenko, director of Kurchatov Research Institute, and Vital'evich Goryachev, associate director of Kurchatov Research Institute. Gnedenko and Goryachev are the assignees of a related Russian patent, No. RU2232210.
1.2. Brief Review of Current Progress in Cold Fusion
At the 16-year mark in cold fusion's evolution, progress toward a new source of energy has been consistent but slow. The current limitations are clearly evident. Weak reactions have been relatively easy to reproduce; however, few strong reactions have been reported.
Many researchers can demonstrate excess energy in the realm of 10 percent with very high repeatability, though only in the milliwatt range. [1]
Strong reactions, achievement of higher power levels, have been difficult to obtain. The largest energy gain reported so far has been 2,500 percent by the Energetics Technology group from Israel.[2] Reports from other researchers show power in the tens of watts; however, these experiments are rare and difficult to repeat.
1.3. Brief Review of Previous Fusion Cavitation Research
The idea of using cavitation, the creation of rapidly expanding and collapsing cavities in fluids (bubbles), has been studied for many years by fusion researchers.
Roger Stringham of First Gate Energies started using acoustic drivers to induce cavitation in 1989. As is typical with cold fusion experiments, his research uses palladium and deuterium as the main components as well as the acoustic driver. As expected from cold fusion, his experiments do not produce significant levels of neutrons, the signature of a hot fusion reaction. Stringham has reported excess energy, in the form of heat, of 40 watts.[3]
Rusi Taleyarkhan, a nuclear engineering and science professor with Purdue University, and colleagues published papers in Science [4] and Physical Review E[5] describing another
variation of acoustic cavitation, technically known as acoustic inertial confinement fusion. As is typical with hot fusion, Taleyarkhan's method does not use any host metal. His experiment runs in a room-temperature environment, and the bulk of the test liquid in the cells is at temperatures ranging from 0C to 15C. The fusion reactions take place in deuterium-bearing bubbles during the time span when sonoluminescence light flashes come - implosion conditions associated with high temperatures, plasmas and high pressures.
The main components of the system are a resonant acoustic test reactor filled with deuterium-bearing fluid (acetone is one such fluid), the acoustic driver system and a nuclear particle-based bubble nucleation source.
Significant levels of neutron emissions, commensurate with the expected branching ratios of hot fusion, are reported with this method. No excess energy is reported so far with this method.
1.4. Mechanical Cavitation Using Hydraulic and Electrostatic Effects
The new cavitation method uses high hydraulic pressures, high velocities and electrostatic effects. Two configurations are known. The first pumps machine oil in a fully enclosed recirculating system. 2,000 percent excess energy, in the form of heat, is reported by Koldamasov.[6] The second configuration uses a partially enclosed recirculating system, and products of heat, steam, hydrogen and helium were reported to New Energy Times by Yang, though no data has been presented.
Figure 1. Photograph of Hydraulic-Electrostatic Cold Fusion Cell Using Machine Oil
1.5. Unique Characteristics of the Hydraulic-Electrostatic Cold Fusion Method This method differs markedly from both previous cold and hot fusion cavitation experiments. It differs from cold fusion work in that no host metal, such as palladium, is required. No deuterium gas or heavy water is required, and no electrochemistry is involved. The lack of electrochemistry requirements is a significant advance toward a commercial application, because electrochemistry is generally a very complicated, difficult-to-control environment.
The basic components of this method besides the cell, pictured above, are a pump motor used to recirculate the fluid and a heat exchanger to capture the heat energy.
Data has not been presented on the energy gain of the recent work; however, three cold fusion experts, electrochemist Martin Fleischmann (co-discoverer of cold fusion, and retired from the University of Southhampton), electrochemist Michael McKubre (SRI International), and physicist Peter Hagelstein have reported to New Energy Times that they have a high, though not absolute, level of confidence that the method is, in fact, exhibiting a positive energy balance.
In multiple demonstrations starting on June 6, 2005, Fleischmann, McKubre, Hagelstein and Krivit observed operators turn the device on and off at will, on demand. Observers noted that operators could increase or decrease the input to the machine, and in turn, the observers watched the machine respond directly with a correlated heat energy production, as displayed on the control console.
Tadahiko Mizuno, a nuclear engineer with Hokkaido University, visited another laboratory in Korea on Sept. 27, 2005, and witnessed a similar device, though the available instrumentation was insufficient for him to verify the claims of neutron emissions. The qualitative characteristics of this method appear to be 100 percent repeatable, sustainable over a period of minutes to hours, and controllable.
1.6. Why Is This Cold Fusion?
Three dominant characteristics support the recognition of this method as a form of cold fusion. First, it apparently generates excess energy from hydrogen-based materials such as water or oil. Second, the reactions occur in a room-temperature laboratory environment. And third, based on reports from the Yang group, the branching ratios appear to follow those known of cold fusion experiments. Helium production is reported as the dominant byproduct, with relatively low levels of neutron and gamma emission.
1.7. Conclusion
Confidently confirming the validity of the claimed excess heat and nuclear products in this work is difficult because sparse data has been presented by the researchers. People privileged with more in-depth knowledge have been constrained by nondisclosure agreements. Reports of independent audits have been mentioned to New Energy Times, yet such audits have not been made available to New Energy Times; the reason given is that the audits are the private property of the commercial and investment parties who have paid for them.
The claims are, needless to say, startling, profound and possibly auspicious. However, further attention to this research will require more detailed data. New Energy Times will seek the cooperation of Yang's research team to perform an audit and encourage additional disclosures by the researchers at the next ICCF conference.
This project was made possible by a grant from the New Energy Foundation. The author wishes to thank Peter Gluck and Cindy Goldstein for their editorial assistance.
New Energy Times is a project of New Energy Institute Inc. and encourages new energy research, reports on claims of new technology, seeks independent validation of such claims, and works to encourage valid applications of that research to useful forms of energy.
1. S.B. Krivit and N. Winocur, "The Rebirth of Cold Fusion: Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy," Pacific Oaks Press, Los Angeles, USA, p. 172 (2005)
2. A. El Boher, et al., "Excess Heat In Electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies," Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Marseilles, France (2004)
3. R. Stringham, "1.6 MHz Sonofusion Device," Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Marseilles, France (2004)
4. R. P. Taleyarkhan et al., "Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation," Science, Vol. 295 (2002)
5. R. P. Taleyarkhan et al., "Additional Evidence of Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation," Physical Review E, Vol. 69, 036109 (2004)
6. A.I. Koldamasov, "Nuclear Fusion in Field of Electric Charge," Proceedings of the 6th Russian Conference, Sochi, Russia, p. 125-137 (1998)
http://newenergytimes.com/Library/2005VysotskiiV-ObservationAndInvestigation.pdf
OBSERVATION AND INVESTIGATION OF NUCLEAR FUSION AND SELF-INDUCED ELECTRIC DISCHARGES IN TURBULENT LIQUIDS
ALEXANDR I. KOLDAMASOV, et al.
The problems of stimulating and optimizing nuclear fusion using cavitation phenomena in different liquids are studied and discussed. The process of formation and mechanisms of excitation of directed laser-like beams in the volume of cavitating machine oil are studied. One of the analysed mechanisms of beam excitation is connected with stimulated nuclear reactions.
The aim of this report is to present some preliminary results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the processes and phenomena connected with optimal fusion reactions in turbulent liquid targets...
http://www.springerlink.com/index/M755567V27415325.pdf
Cavitation and Thermonuclear Fusion. Estimates of the parameters and a possible method of obtaining positive energy balance
Journal Doklady Physics Volume 48, Number 1 / January, 2003
ISSN 1028-3358 (Print) 1562-6903 (Online)
http://www.iccf12.org/abstract_file/Thu-23.pdf
Observation and Investigation of He4 Fusion and Self-Induced Electric Discharges in Turbulent Distilled Light Water
A.I.Koldamasov, H. Yang, et al.
He4 production has been observed in an experimental setup which induces turbulence and cavitation in a flowing light-water solution containing B11. The assumed nuclear reaction, one of the most promising and ecologically benign, results from the absorption of a proton by the B11 nucleus, and yields three He4 nuclei: P + B11 -> 3He4.
In this reaction, a substantial amount of energy (8.7 MeV) is released without the emission of neutrons or hard radiation, and the reaction products are non-radioactive.
Production of He4 was detected by observing the spectral emissions from a stationary luminous region of turbulent cavitating fluid immediately downstream from a flow-controlling orifice channel. He4 emission lines identified in the spectra were emitted with intensities indicating concentrations of helium substantially above background. These emissions were only observed when using B11 solutions in the experimental setup, and after careful parametric optimization of the system. Additionally, a high rate of self-induced electrical discharges was observed traversing the luminous region and extending downstream for several centimeters. The effect of these discharges on helium production is currently under study.
Initial calorimetric measurements indicate a significant evolution of thermal energy along with the production of helium, as expected from the mass deficit of the reaction products. Some runs have also been carried out using the same experimental apparatus, but substituting machine oil for the boron solution. With the system optimized for the use of oil, directed beams of hard x-rays were
observed leaving the luminous region. The x-ray spectra resembled the emissions from heavy elements, possibly those present as contaminants in the oil. The beam directions appeared to be correlated with asymmetrical features of the luminous region.
Further studies, possible models and other theoretical considerations are discussed.


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List all children photos and videos. Find and browse tons of children new posts from instagram and other social media platforms on this page, Also we've listed related tags of children. We have found 20 Medias and 0 Comments.
K A M R Y O.


Jeremy Clarkson, main presenter of The Grand Tour, has just published his new book from the series "World According to Clarkson".
Clarkson is back with a brand new book of hilarious stories and observations about our gone-wrong world.
"If You'd Just Let Me Finish" is available for purchase in electronic and classic paper versions. Prices in Amazon start at $13.14.
In November 2016 we woke up to the news that the forthright presenter of a popular television programme had become the most powerful man on the planet. His name, sadly, was not Jeremy Clarkson, but we might not have been any more surprised if it had been.
Because the world seems to have taken a decidedly odd turn since Jeremy last reflected on the state of things between the covers of a book. But who better than JC to help us navigate our way through the mess?
It's all been a bit unsettling.


The last proprietary governor of Maryland, Sir Robert Eden (1741-1784) furnished his Annapolis mansion with expense and care in the hopes of making it the political and social center of the colony. The result was later described as "the best house in Annapolis," but at the cost of considerable financial debt to the governor. Separated as a result of the American Revolutionary War, this presentation will examine the relationship of Robert Eden to his possessions and make a case for the place of objects in the historian's understanding of the Loyalist experience.


« Remote offices – blessing or burden?
Last week, I wrote about how I loved Citrix for its ability to let me "get away" from the office once in a while. Today, I provide the counterpoint based on what some other associates have told me.
For some, the flexibility and refreshing qualities of working from home are either not appreciated or simply outweighed by other considerations. Apparently, some people need the more formal office environment to focus on work. Sitting in a bathrobe at home doesn't bring out their best legal skills.
Creatures of habit may find that changing their "normal" routine could feel jarring. I know some employees who actually hate having 3-day weekends due to holidays such as Memorial Day, MLK Day, and Labor Day. When asked about this, they tell me they "don't know what to do" and it disrupts their schedule. Go figure.
But the greatest opposition to the remote office apparently stems from resistance based purely on principle. Some self-styled purists in the world believe that work is meant to be done at work, and home is a sacred place where the office should never impinge upon. The expression "leaving work at work" was probably coined by one of these purists.
I certainly respect the principle behind this position, but the reality makes it difficult to practice. We would all love to come home and not have to think about work. The problem is that, as an associate at a law firm, there's sometimes too much work to complete during "normal" business hours. The other problem is that practicing law is often an "around the clock" job. There will be circumstances that require the constant thinking of legal strategies, positions, arguments–and you can't just artificially turn it off like a light switch.
So the question isn't whether you should leave work at the office (we'd probably all like that), but instead whether–under those circumstances when you are forced to work after hours–you should continue your work at home or stay at the office until 2 a.m.?


FAQ: What's a better knife for a kid -- traditional or modern?
Your kid wants to be just like you. Take a look at your own knives and the things that thrill you, and get your kid something similar. Get ready to be greeted by a big smile.


Detailed information regarding the scholarships appearing on this list can be found by using the Scholarship Search Tool at the SDSU Office of Financial Aid & Scholarships website. In addition, many organizations will establish private scholarships designed specifically to encourage students to pursue programs leading to a career in teaching. Examples include retired teacher associations and private educational foundations. These organizations will often put out a call for additional applications for their scholarships. In order to provide students with the most up-to-date notification of available scholarship opportunities the College of Education uses its Facebook page to relay information to current and prospective students. Please "Like" SDSU College of Education on Facebook to receive information regarding scholarship and aid opportunities throughout the year.
The TEACH (Teacher Education Assistance for College & Higher Education) Grant is available! Additional information is available from the Office of Financial Aid & Scholarships.


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Home > Newsroom > Top Stories > Gross grain harvest in Russia in 2019 could be 2%-5% higher than last year - Hydrometeorological Center
Gross grain harvest in Russia in 2019 could be 2%-5% higher than last year - Hydrometeorological Center
MOSCOW. July 9 (Interfax) - Russia's grain harvest in 2019 is expected to be bigger than last year's, Hydrometeorological Center head Roman Vilfand said.
"The gross grain and grain legume harvest this year is forecast to be 2%-5% bigger than last," he said.
He said last year's harvest had been good, but fell short of the record set in 2017.
He said the key factors that had influenced the agrometeorological forecasts were a mild spring, a considerable amount of moisture left from the winter in the topsoil, the hot and fairly dry June in the growing regions and the rainy end to that month.
"The situation with buckwheat is complicated. It was sown very late southwestern Siberia and the Altai territory as the conditions were not good. It will be possible to give a forecast in roughly a month, but it is very likely that the buckwheat harvest will be lower than last year," Vilfand said.
Russia is the world's fifth biggest buckwheat producer. Nearly half of the country's buckwheat area is located the Altai territory.
The Russian Agriculture Ministry is forecasting a grain harvest of 118 million tonnes in 2019. The harvest was 113.3 million tonnes in 2018.


We are so excited to share the highlight for one of our favorite weddings! Ben and Anna had a beautiful wedding at The Allan House in Austin, TX back in April. They had so many unique touches that tied the whole thing together- our favorite being serving ice cream to their guests in matching aprons!! We truly enjoyed making this highlight and are so happy to finally get to share it. Cheers to Ben and Anna and may you guys have many many years of happiness!


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Symposium spotlights dozens of student research projects online
Home » News » Symposium spotlights dozens of student research projects online
Every spring, St. Mary's University hosts its annual Research Symposium and Creative Activities Exhibition, drawing student researchers across disciplines to engage in scholarly dialogue and to highlight top presentations.
Due to the coronavirus outbreak, this beloved University event, among others, was canceled — until a faculty member announced a tweak in programming.
"After some quick discussions with our staff in the Academic Media Center and Academic Technology Services, I decided to move the symposium to an online format," said Melissa Karlin, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Environment Science, who also serves as Director of the Office of Student Research and Inquiry.
"I didn't expect there to be much interest with all the hardships our students and faculty were facing," Karlin said.
But she was wrong — 60 students submitted their digital presentations.
According to Karlin, some of this year's presentation titles include "The American Dream, the Immigrant Nightmare," "Survival as a Function of Gender in Zombie Films," "Influence of the Amount of Siblings on Competitiveness," "The Orchestral Resonance of Joy" and "Artificial Intelligence Implementation to Enhance Water Conservation."
Environmental Science junior Tanya Helbig conducted research on dolphin behavior in relation to humans they are familiar with.
"The St. Mary's community is strong," Karlin said. "As faculty, we do what we can to still connect with our students virtually and provide as much of the St. Mary's community atmosphere as we can."
Tanya Helbig, junior Environmental Science major, submitted a presentation titled "Friendly Faces, Familiar Fins." Helbig planned to visit the Roatan Institute for Marine Sciences in Honduras to observe and collect data on dolphin behavior in relation to humans they're familiar with, but the COVID-19 pandemic made her trip impossible.
However, Helbig said the institute provided her and her classmate information so they could complete their project.
"It was upsetting that we weren't able to collect our own data, but both Dr. Karlin and Dr. (Heather) Hill were flexible and helpful to make sure we had research to present," Helbig said.
In typical symposiums, faculty judges select top presentations for each academic school. This year, Karlin said there will be no awards, but they will publish an e-book compiling all submitted projects.
"That should be a great marketing tool for our students as they consider graduate school, internships or careers," Karlin said.
"I plan to continue this digital format for future years," she added. "We have to adapt and respond to necessary changes, always."