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Tag Archives: christian doctrine
One Lung, The Priesthood, and Summa Theologica Suppl. IIIae, Q. 39, Art. 6: school me
Posted on March 13, 2013 by medievalkarl
Francis I, the new pope, has only 1 lung. Note that.
Here is Aquinas on a newly relevant question:
Article 6. Whether lack of members should be an impediment?
Objection 1. It would seem that a man ought not to be debarred from receiving Orders on account of a lack of members. For one who is afflicted should not receive additional affliction. Therefore a man ought not to be deprived of the degree of Orders on account of his suffering a bodily defect.
Objection 2. Further, integrity of discretion is more necessary for the act of orders than integrity of body. But some can be ordained before the years of discretion. Therefore they can also be ordained though deficient in body.
On the contrary, The like were debarred from the ministry of the Old Law (Leviticus 21:18, seqq.). Much more therefore should they be debarred in the New Law.
We shall speak of bigamy in the treatise on Matrimony (66).
I answer that, As appears from what we have said above (3,4,5), a man is disqualified from receiving Orders, either on account of an impediment to the act, or on account of an impediment affecting his personal comeliness. Hence he who suffers from a lack of members is debarred from receiving Orders, if the defect be such as to cause a notable blemish, whereby a man's comeliness is bedimmed (for instance if his nose be cut off) or the exercise of his Order imperiled; otherwise he is not debarred. This integrity, however, is necessary for the lawfulness and not for the validity of the sacrament.
This suffices for the Replies to the Objections.
I don't pretend to be a Canon Lawyer (IANACL). If you are a canon lawyer, or a suitable imitation thereof, please weigh in below. And let me make this obvious, in case any non-medievalists wander in: I'm not raising these questions as someone hostile to Catholicism. I'm not trying to dislodge the newly minted Francis. I'm just a humble medievalist.
Now, obviously, Aquinas and the Levitican law concern only what they decide are visible disabilities. I do wonder, however, if the late antique decree that barred the priesthood to self-castrators still applied to the medieval church, which I ask only because castration is not, in typical habits, thought to be visible (rather, as we see with Chaucer's uncertainly gendered Pardoner, castration troubles the operations of visibility and meaning-making).
In other words, visibility doesn't always work in any obvious way to classify impediments as significant. For still more on issues of visibility and disability, see Greg Carrier here. Also recall last year's précis of Maaike van der Lugt's "L'humanité des monstres et leur accès aux sacrements dans la pensée médiévale" [The humanity of monsters and their access to the sacraments in medieval thought], here, where I summarize her summary of some thirteenth-century quodlibetal material:
And then, finally, we have the problem of intersexed people. The church authorized their marriage, but only if they adopted either a feminine or masculine role, and stuck with it. Those without a preference were to remain chaste. Choosing which gender dominated was a knotty problem: some thinkers emphasized genitals, others secondary sexual characteristics (a beard, for example), and others comportment and behavior. Baptism wasn't a problem here, although in cases of doubt, the priest should give the child a masculine name, which could easily be made feminine if necessary (Robert would become Roberta, Gerald would become Daphne, etc.). Those intersexed people thought to have a dominant masculinity could even be ordained as priests.
We therefore have a kind of muddled field of visibility and invisibility in the notion of the priest's being a proper, bodily representative of Christ on earth. With all due respect to Aquinas, all that's clear to me at the moment is that there's no single authority on whom we can rely.
Finally, for our readers with Google Books access, I direct you to Irina Metzler on the topic of medieval priests and disability, and for additional, relevant material, see Carol Rawcliffe, who summarizes British medieval legislation on disabled priests as part of her discussion on priests with leprosy. The key point from both works? Dispensations are possible, and, in practice, whatever these cultures marked as disability was nonetheless marked without its being a great impediment to the priesthood. Present under erasure, in a way.
In short–again, IANACL–because it is an "invisible" disability (though one now made visible perhaps to develop a supercrip narrative, as suggested here), and, furthermore, because Francis, like any priest, could simply obtain a proper dispensation, having only a single lung (or having, say, three lungs) presumably would not be sufficient to bar a man from the Papacy.
I'm inviting further discussion from people who actually know things about disability studies, canon law, and the complicated (and still very hot) issues surrounding the notion of the priest as representing Christ.
Posted in General Culture, MedievalBlog	| Tagged christian doctrine, disability, Francis I
de monstro possunt fieri monstruosae quaestiones, or, an apology for an omission
Posted on April 3, 2012 by medievalkarl
"Le monstre sert d'outil conceptuel, au même titre que d'autres cas limites comme l'embryon ou le cadavre, pour penser la personne humaine et les rapports complexes entre âme et corps, forme et matière."
[The monster serves a conceptual purpose, in the same capacity as other limit cases, like the embryo or the cadaver, for thinking about the human person and the complex links between soul and body, form and matter.]
I've spent the last month, not blogging, obviously, but rather hitting a tight deadline to produce 6k words about skin. Depending on reviewers, publishing schedules, and our developing environmental eschaton, you'll see what I did sometime in…2014. Maybe sooner. Unless I paraphrase some of my ideas here first. For now, let's just say that I had a lot of fun conceptualizing skin through object-oriented philosophy rather than psychoanalysis (those prices!). In essence, I was looking in instead of (inside my skin) looking out.
But today I'm here to confess something. I'm proud to have an essay in The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous on "Centaurs, Satyrs, and Cynocephali: Medieval Scholarly Teratology and the Question of the Human." I'm also ashamed, though, because I somehow missed an important essay, Maaike van der Lugt's "L'humanité des monstres et leur accès aux sacrements dans la pensée médiévale" [The humanity of monsters and their access to the sacraments in medieval thought], available for download here. I'm ashamed, because it's a great article, but also because I'm a big fan of her work on barnacles and because her book on WORMS (hello!) somehow didn't get cited in my worms paper. That will be corrected.
So, apologies, Professor van der Lugt, if you happen to be reading this. I hereby swear to follow your career with interest.
In the meantime, if your French is pas si bon (and–the Parisians know–mine is barely enough to get by), I'll summarize some of my favorite bits from it, starting with the last line, a kind of punchline from Hugh of Pisa: "de monstro possunt fieri monstruosae quaestiones" (23 n91; concerning monsters, monstrous questions can arise).
The article concerns itself primarily with the baptism of conjoined twins and the ordination of intersexed people, mapping the differences and overlaps between canon and civil law (the former concerned with the sacraments, the latter with inheritance and paternity). It occasionally touches on disability, pygmies (included mummified pseudo-pygmies, traded by merchants), and the heterogeneous offspring of bestiality. Needless to say, discussions of monsters inevitably mean discussions of the so-called norm: questions of gender determination, for example, are universally applicable in a society–like theirs, like ours–that divides so much labor according to gender roles.
So. The article opens with two accounts of conjoined twins, one near Florence in 1317, the other in 15th-century Paris, the first denied baptism as a bad omen, the other baptized (as Agnes and Jeanne) shortly before they died; their body would be displayed for three days to the people of Paris (see here, item 508). Fascinating! Here follow some of my favorite bits:
the observation, via Aristotle, that all children not resembling their parents are already some kind of monster, insofar as the sperm didn't manage to reproduce the image of the father;
Peter Abelard's proposal that satyrs come from the union of servents and nonhuman animals, which means that they're human, since one human parent suffices for a creature to be human, regardless of its appearance;
An anonymous mid-13th-century commentary on the human body, added to the Summa of Alexander of Hales, arguing that blemmyae, lacking heads, could be considered human only if some other part of their body has an organ that serves as a brain; preferring not to grant humanity to cynocephali; and identifying the internal organs rather than external appearance as the key element for determining humanity. The important organs are the brain, heart, liver, and testes. If these are human, so's the creature. On the other hand, says our writer, since monstrosity is punishment for sin, then monsters are ipso facto human, since animals of course can't be sinners;
Later in the 13th century, a Franciscan Quodlibet argues that, yes, pygmies are human, since they have human proportions; by similar reasoning, a child born with legs coming out of its sides isn't one. The Franciscan also observes, on the topic of the spawn of bestiality, that human sperm is not powerful enough to convert other sperm into being human: see also mules [semen hominis non est tante virtutis quod possit convertere aliud semen ad suam speciem sicut asinus non convertit semen eque, sed facit tertiam partem (10 n40)];
Albert the Great, a dubious source tells us, stopped the execution of herdsman thought to have fathered a peculiar calf; au contraire, said (pseudo) Albert: the stars had aligned oddly! But in Holland in 1464, Willem Boudewinszn, a lover of cows and the father of one–or so he admitted under torture–was executed and burned, along with the cow he (confessed he) loved (11 n46);
Nicholas Oresme in 1370, countering the argument that humanity can be determined on the basis of form, argues that children born blind, deaf, and "nulla ratione utentes minus quam canis" (having less reason than a dog) should be baptized, though they seem far more monstrous to him than, say, a blemmye (12-13, n50). (van der Lugt also directs us at Aquinas);
On the question of baptizing conjoined twins: obviously, they should be baptized, but how many times? Quodlibets at the end of 13th and beginning of 14th century often considered the problem. Two heads might be sufficient cause for two baptisms, but several medieval theologians, following Aristotle, gave priority to the heart, not the head. Of course, there's no easy way to determine whether an infant has two hearts, so we encounter recommendations that the second baptism be conditional (and, on this point, I said: HELLO Erkenwald! My favorite Middle English conditional baptism). Pierre de la Palus suggests that if a spot on the monstrous body can be found in which a wound or a stab transmits pain only to one head, but not both, then two baptisms will be required;
The quotlibets continued to worry at the problem of married conjoined twins: what if the twins have only one vagina between them? Then consummation for one would be fornication for the other, while the husband of one would be committing adultery and incest at the same time as he carried out his proper marital duties on the other. But nature makes nothing in vain, and, possibly, says Eustache de Grandcour's quodlibet, they may have one vagina, but two uteruses [et possibile erat quod habuerint diversas matrices];
There's much, much more, particularly in the footnotes. If your French is up to it, and you're into monsters, gender, and the human as a question (and if you're reading this blog, I suspect you are), then this is an article you'll love. Highly recommended.
Posted in MedievalBlog	| Tagged albert the great, albertus magnus, christian doctrine, monsters
Who's Your Daddy? Bestiality and Baptism
Posted on October 12, 2009 by medievalkarl
I'm in the midst of an editing marathon right now, but to let you know I'm still alive, I'll share this.
In "Les Cynocéphales: Étude d'une tradition tératologique de l'Antiquité au XIIe s" (Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 24 (1981): 117-29, at 123, Claude Lecouteux speaks about how the question of the necessity of baptism made monsters a theological topic. For monsters born from bestiality, baptism was generally required:
Ainsi dit l'ancien rituel romain suivi par de nombreux rituels provinciaux. Toutefois, certain théologiens, s'appuyant sur Aristote, distinguaient si un homme or une femme avait eu commerce avec une bête; dans le premier cas, le monstre issue d'un tel accouplement devait être baptisé sous condition car c'était peut-être un homme; il ne pouvait l'être dans le second cas, car il n'en était certainement pas un. Depuis qu'on ne croit plus à la fécondité de telles unions, le Droit Canon a été modifié sur ce point.
This is what's said by the ancient Roman ritual, followed by many provincial rituals. However, certain theologians, relying on Aristotle, distinguished between whether a man or a woman had had "commerce" with a beast; in the first case, the monster issued from such a coupling should be baptized conditionally because it was perhaps a human; it couldn't be so in the second case, as it was certainly not human. Since the fertility of such unions is no longer believed in, Canon Law has been modified on this point.
He cites Lucius Ferraris, Bibliotheca canonica, ed. Bucceroni (Rome, 1885), volume I, p. 499. Unfortunately, I'm having some trouble tracking down the appropriate passage. However, thanks to the dubious gift of Google Books, I did find this, which speaks of a certain "Tractatus de Baptismo," which considers a "monstrum genitum ex muliere et bruto, tum etiam ex viro et bruto femella, quod Auctor ibi possibile ponit, per nos impossibile praedicari." There's science again, stepping in our fun. Since my school skimps on research money, and since the online PL has recently stopped being useful (the baleful hand of Migne chills us even now), and since I'm honestly too busy to write this post, I can't track this down any further, at least right now (although Suzanne Magnanini's treatment of monstrous generation might be useful). But maybe you know something? Or maybe you're just amused by an odd legal tidbit.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/arvindgrover/ / CC BY-SA 2.0
Posted in MedievalBlog	| Tagged animals, baptism, christian doctrine, Claude Lecouteux, monsters
Delirious Melons, and Other Ancient Snark
Posted on August 1, 2009 by medievalkarl
In this several months-long absence, I've been plugging away at my book manuscript in hopes of an October submission. I'm ahead of schedule, but getting to that point meant much else that is important to me fell away, even as I frenzied myself in what I would have otherwise left alone.
To get back in the game, I'll share over the next week or so some of the amusing bits I've run across while, uh, plugging. Here's one: Irenaeus of Lyons' parody of the specialized terminology of Gnostic cosmology in his Against Heresies I.11.4
There exists a certain royal Pre-principle, pre-unintelligible, pre-insubstantial and pre-prerotund, which I call Gourd. With this Goard there coexists a Power which I call Supervacuity. This Gourd and this Supervacuity, being one, emitted without emitting a Fruit visible in all its parts, edible and sweet, which language calls Cucumber. With this Cucumber there is a Power of the same substance, which I call Melon. These Powers, Gourd and Supervacuity, and Cucumber and Melon, emitted the whole multitude of Valentinus' delirious Melons. For if one must accomodate ordinary language to the first Tetrad and if each one chooses the terms he wants, who would keep him from using these last terms, much more worthy of credence, in ordinary usage, and known by all?
I could tolerate nonacademic complaints about academic jargon much better if they were all packaged like this!
Like all of you, I hope, I'm a fan of ancient snark, although perhaps I ought not to be: it's probably immoral for me, for example, to admire the snark of an anti-Catharist, if only for what the Cathars (or so-called Cathars?) suffered. I offer this to you (again, as I did in Sept 2006), then, in the hopes of inviting attacks from your good consciences: from Eckbert of Schönau's (yes, they were related) Sermon 6, "Contra secundam haeresim de esu carnium," of his Sermones contra Catharos:
Miror si Dominus creator omnium rerum, quando hominibus concessit ut ederent carnes, ignorabat hanc vestram sanctam rationem, videlicet immundos fieri omnes qui ederent carnes, pro eo quod omnis caro ex concubitu nasceretur. Heu! quod non habebat catharum unum, qui ei hanc sapientiam in aurem susurrasset, in illa hora quando dedit potestatem edendi carnes Noe et filiis ejus! (PL 195:37A)
It is quite extraordinary that when the Lord, the creator of all things, allowed men to eat flesh, he ignored your "sacred reason," namely that because all meat is born from coitus, everyone who eats meat becomes unclean. Alas! that he didn't have any Cathar about who could have whispered this wisdom to him in his ear in that hour when he gave Noah and his sons the power to eat flesh!
http://www.flickr.com/photos/torley/ / CC BY-SA 2.0
Posted in MedievalBlog	| Tagged christian doctrine, Eckbert of Schönau, heresy, Irenaeus of Lyons, meat
"And the fervor of his devotion increased so much within him that he utterly transformed himself into Jesus through love and compassion."
Posted on June 16, 2009 by medievalkarl
A young man, disrespectful of institutional religion, is hailed by two women as Jesus. He allows himself to be crucified, wounded in five places. Elsewhere, another pious soul, caught up in the new fervor of imitatio Christi, crucifies himself on a hilltop on a Good Friday, is taken down half dead by passing shepherds, and recovers fully in a few days.
The first is a familiar story, somewhat muddled, but it takes place in the 1222, in Oxford, rather than the first century. Instead of Mary Magdelene and another Mary (Matthew 28:1; but cf. Mark 16:1, Luke 24, and John 20:1), it's simply "duabus mulieribus," one an old practitioner of the dark arts, and the other the young man's sister. The second story, from Jacques de Vitry's Sermones Feriales et communes, likewise recalls Gospel narratives both deliberately–the hilltop and Good Friday–and accidentally–the shepherds, the return to (full) life after a few days.
The latter exemplum may in turn recall another thirteenth-century pious self-mortification, that recorded by Margaret of Oingt in her life of Beatrice of Ornacieux (d. 1303) in acts meant for our admiration rather than disgust:
She evoked the Passion of Our Lord so strongly that she pierced her hands with blunt nails until it came out at the back of her hand. And every time she did this, clear water without any blood gushed out. Soon after, the wound closed and healed so well that nobody could see it any more. (49)
I bring these stories together as a companion to Jeffrey's post below, on the mocking Jew of Lincoln, whose heckling, as Jeffrey suggests, "seems to be speaking a thought likely on more minds than his own." The Jew is made by Gerald to bear the burden, and to materialize the problems, of dissension and uncertainty within the Christian community. Might we do something similar with the crucifying Jews of the thirteenth century, those accused of reenacting the Passion upon stolen Hosts and kidnapped Christian children? Considered within the field of the pious (and excessively pious–and what perfect piety is not excessive?) stories above, within the field of the various imitatio christi of the thirteenth century, what role are Jews and their purported crimes made to play?
I ask in part because of the first story, from Ralph of Coggeshall's Chronicon Anglicanum, appears sandwitched within two other stories, one about a Christian who mutilates himself to become a Jew, and another about a Jew who mutilates the dead, with the help of an employee (a Christian (?) boy), to learn the future, the very temporal realm from which Jews–witnesses of the past–should be barred.
Presented without any further comment, because I have no further thoughts yet, here's a fuller picture:
Anno Dominicae incarnationis MCCXXII, dominus Stephanus, Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, tenuit consilium suum apud Oxoniam post Pascha; ubi inter caetera exordinavit quemdam diaconum apostatam, qui pro amore cujusdam mulieris Judaicae se circumciderat: qui exordinatus, a ministris domini Falconis combustus est. Adductus est ibidem quidam juvenis incredulus cum duabus mulieribus in concilio, quos archidiaconus ejusdem provinciae accusavit crimine pessimo incredulitatis; juvenem scilicit, quod nollet ecclesiam intrare, nec divinis interesse sacramentis, nec patris catholici adquiescere monitis, et quod se crucifigere permiserit, quinque vulnera in corpore adhuc apparentia gestans, Jesumque se vocari a mulieribus illis gaudebat. Accusabatur una mulierum veterana, quod maleficis incantationibus ex longo tempore esset dedita, et quod juvenem praedictum suis magicis artibus ad tantam dementiam ac talem convertisset. Unde ambo, de tali crimine convicti, jussi sunt inter duos muros incarcerari quousque deficerent. Alia vero mulier, soror praedicti juvenis, libera dimissa est, quia impietatem illorum revelavit.
Eodem anno, quidam Judaeus nigromanticus puerum quemdam pretio conduxit, quem in cute recenti cuiusdam mortui collocavit, ut sic, per quasdam incantationes nigromantiae, futura posset prospicere; puero ad interrogata respondente de quibusdam futuris quae ei quasi praesentialiter apparebat. (190-91)
In the Year of the Incarnation of Our Lord 1222, Lord Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, held his council at Oxford after Easter; when among others he judged a certain apostate deacon, who circumcised himself for love of a certain Jewish woman: after being defrocked, he was burnt by the servants of the Lord of Falco (?). There was led forward into the hearing a certain unbelieving youth with two women, whom the archdeacon of that province had accused of the crime of the worst unbelief; namely, that the youth refused to enter a church or to take part in the divine sacraments or be content with the warning of the Catholic fathers and had allowed himself to be crucified, bearing the appearance still of five wounds on his body, and that he was called Jesus by these women who praised him. One of the women was accused, because she had been dedicated to wicked incantations for a long time and because she had converted the aforesaid youth by means of her magic arts to such insanity. As for these two, having been convicted of such a crime, they were commanded to be imprisoned between two walls until they died. But the other woman, the sister of the aforesaid youth, was set free, since she had revealed the impiety of the others.
In that same year, a certain Jew, a necromancer, paid a certain boy to collect the skin of those who had recently died, so that he might, by certain necromantic incantations, see into the future; the boy, when interrogated, spoke about future things that appeared to him as if happening presently. [my lousy translation]
(thanks to Gavin Langmuir, "Thomas of Monmouth: Detector of Ritual Murder," Speculum 59 (1984): 820-846, at 836 n55 for directing me to Ralph and Jacques).
Posted in MedievalBlog	| Tagged christian doctrine, francis of assisi, Jacques de Vitry, Jews, Mary Magdelene
Cistercians and Cluniacs: St Bernard's Apologia to Abbot William
Bernard faced two mutually incompatible tasks: to calm the squabbling of (reformist) Cistercian and (presumptively sybaritic) Cluniacs, to maintain his good relations with Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, and, in a larger sense, to prevent scandal to the church. The first chunk of the treatise moves along nicely: he accuses his fellow Cistercians of being moralizing hypocrites who have done no better than find an uncomfortable road to Hell (35). He spins out an allegory on Joseph's multicolored coat as a symbol of the various orders of the church, all coexisting harmoniously in their difference, and thus forming a "manifold unity" (44), and then assails those who, scorning others, have "the long, large log of pride" (46) in their eyes, while forgetting that "humility in furs is better than pride in tunics" (48). So far, so good: Bernard sounds like the Augustine of Confessions and Against the Manicheans in his insistence on the spirit, not the letter, of the law, and on abstinence as a moral, rather than physical, thing.
However, after writing "You [Cistercian:] keep [the Rule:] more strictly; he, perhaps, keeps it more reasonably" (51), Bernard turns to a satiric assault on Cluniac excess. But the excess may be primarily in Bernard's rhetoric–and, for that matter, his logic; given what he argued in the opening, how can he insist that "any vice that shows up on the surface must have its source in the heart" (61)?
A minor point: he batters the Cluniacs because of their inadequate taming of the flesh; but then he sneers at them for their elaborate dishes, helpfully offering that such dishes oppress more than repress the stomach (56). The point may well be that excessive pleasure leads to its opposite, but, given the context, we can't help but think of the Cluniac egg-eaters as punishing their flesh in their own peculiar way, by (over)filling instead of emptying the stomach.
While [author:Jean Leclercq|104640]'s introduction wisely reminds us of the textuality of Bernard's treatise, warning us of its imperfect utility for social history, nevertheless, Bernard–and Leclercq's introduction for that matter–contain some interesting material: on eating (Peters Damian and Venerable warn that the seas and land will be denuded of animals to feed monastic appetites, although both are worried, not about animals, but about the bad effects on human abstinents (17-18)); on clothing and textiles (apparently catskins, especially imported (!) catskins, were a la mode for monastic bedspreads (60)); warfare (contra Le Goff on Yvain, Bernard speaks of arrows and spears flying in warfare(58)–also note that Bernard speaks of soldier's cloaks as suitable for kings (61),which says something about the changing status of the milites); disability ("sick" brothers, as a sign of their sickness, staggered around on with walking-sticks, so "earning" themselves better food (58)); on architecture (the beauty of a church inspires richer donations (65), a point not lost on university endowment officers!); and, most famously, interior decoration. Here we find Bernard's assault on the "ridiculous monstrosities in the cloisters":
Here is one head with many bodies, there is one body with many heads. Over there is a beast with a serpent for its tail, a fish with an animal's head, and a creature that is horse in front and goat behind, and a second beast with horns and the rear of a horse. (66, and also see Aelred's Mirror of Charity, where he characterizes such decorations as "the amusements of women" (qtd 67 n169), and, of course, the opening bits of Horace's Art of Poetry)
My only complaint, apart from Bernard's logic, is the shortness of this volume. Given that (at least) two Cluniac responses to Bernard survive, and given that this book is only 60 or so pages long, there's no reason the responses couldn't have been translated with this, except, of course, that this is a product of Cistercian publishers. Thanks, whited sepulchers!
Note that this work also translated in The Cistercian World. It would be nicely paired on a syllabus with the [book:Libellus de diversis ordinibus|5883772].
Posted in Book Reviews, MedievalBlog	| Tagged christian doctrine
Burning to Read: : English Fundamentalism and Its Reformation Opponents, James Simpson
Several months ago, visiting family, someone mentioned that he had just returned from a sermon on Ezekiel 16. We asked, "what did the pastor say?" "Do what God wants or else." If you don't know Ezekiel 16, have a read: it tropes Israel as a foundling that God raises, pimps out, marries, and then casts out for sleeping around. It might not strike you that "do what God wants or else" is the best or even an adequate reading of the strange sexuality of this chapter, but, armed with Simpson's Burning to Read, you can at least have a sense of the faithfulness of such an interpretation to early modern "Evangelical" (Simpson's locution in preference to the anachronistic "Protestant") hermeneutics and soteriology. Likewise you will understand why I recall that Romans 3:23 ("For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God") was the favorite verse of my fundamentalist upbringing.
Simpson's book, admittedly polemic, seeks to uproot claims that the liberal tradition begins with the 'liberation' of reading and interpretation in the early 16th century. His secondary purpose is to recuperate Thomas More and to reveal William Tyndale as champion of intolerance. David Daniell, Tyndale's modern day promoter and (to put it kindly) anglophile, gets kicked down the stairs repeatedly: this is a thrilling bonus. As Simpson argues, evangelical reading practices simultaneously idolized the 'mere' text, jettisoned non-textual contexts (such as traditions, reading communities, historical situation, and different speech situations), atomized the reader, made adherence to scripture impossible, and set up this very impossibility as the foundation of spiritual life (since one's own sense of failure was a sign, *perhaps,* that one belonged to the Elect). Despair, paranoia, and the secret impulses of fundamentalism sprang up in ground fertilized by Tyndale and Luther, points Simpson makes alternately by close reading of treatises and Psalm translations by Henrican courtiers (most of whom were on the verge of execution) and by citing casualty figures for the religious persecutions and religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries.
Burning to Read never quite clarifies what this despair &c sprang up in place of. This is odd, since Simpson is a medievalist. As a result, the medieval church implicitly comes off much better than it should (and I'll let aside Simpson's explanation for More's persecution of Evangelicals: short version: he blames it on *Evangelical* reading practices!). Given that the book is semi-popular rather than strictly scholarly, I can't expect it to have the citational apparatus of, say, The King's Two Bodies. Nonetheless, I wonder at the absence of any reference to Pelagianism. I also wonder at the absence of any reference to Reginald Pecock's Repressor of Over Much Blaming of the Clergy (1450). In defending the mainstream Church from the Lollards' refusal to hear any argument but those derived from scriptura sola, Pecock "asserts that whoever 'expresseli' bids any 'gouernance' to be carried out…'includingli' bids all those further (unspecified) things to be done which logically flow out of the said 'gouernaunce.' Therefore one cannot rightly insist 'that needis ech gouernaunce of Goddis … lawe and seruise muste be groundid expresseli in Holi Scripture'" (qtd from Alcuin Blamires, "The Wife of Bath and Lollardy," Medium Aevum 58 (1989), at 228). Pecock's argument helps encompass ecclesiastical traditions, the sacraments, &c, all this seemingly non-scriptural 'dross' that the Evangelicals scorned, within scripture, while rescuing scripture from mere textuality, returning it to the vitalism of communities of faith as a lived experience. Surely this treatise, and the late 14th- and 15th-century English debates to which it belongs, belongs in Simpson's book? Without it, the debates of Tyndale, Luther, and More appear to be sui generis; with it, we would have been much better able to isolate the conditions that enabled Evangelical ascendence and all its nasty aftereffects.
As a side note, the discussion of Josiah (who provides a model for the bloody effects of the 'rediscovery' of scripture) could have been made even more useful had Simpson observed that the struggles described are, so far as I know, actually within "Judaism" between the centralizing Temple Cult and the dispersed Shrine Cultists, rather than–as it's portrayed in Scripture–between Hebrews and purportedly "foreign" deities.
I should in closing emphasize that the last two paragraphs are grousing, ungenerous given how much I enjoyed the book, its argument, and its limpid prose. I simply wish, then, that Simpson, or his publisher, had provided a page labeled "for more on these issues see" followed by a list of relevant books on the relevant late medieval controversies


The Squid-Stitch Cap is headgear in Splatoon and Splatoon 2.
In Splatoon, it is a 3-star item produced by Skalop and comes with the primary ability Opening Gambit. It can be purchased from Cooler Heads for 8,500.
In Splatoon 2, it is a 3-star item produced by Skalop and comes with the primary ability Opening Gambit. It can be purchased from Headspace for 8,500 or from SplatNet Gear Shop for 12,750.
The Squid-Stitch Cap is a flat-brimmed cap with a pattern similar to houndstooth that changes color to match that of the wearer's ink. On top of the brim is a somewhat large sticker with Skalop's logo in black and gold. The hat is worn at a slight angle, and on the back is a small version of the Skalop logo in black and white.
The Squid-Stitch Cap comes with Opening Gambit as a main ability, which, being exclusive to the main slot of Headgear, prevents the wearer from also having Comeback, Last-Ditch Effort, or Tenacity. As a 3-star item, the Squid-Stitch Cap has three additional slots for secondary abilities. Since it is made by the Skalop brand, it has a higher chance of rolling Quick Respawn and a lower chance of rolling Special Saver to fill its secondary ability slots.
The Squid-Stitch Cap comes with Opening Gambit as a main ability when purchased from shop or ordered from Murch, which, being exclusive to the main slot of Headgear, prevents the wearer from also having Comeback, Last-Ditch Effort, or Tenacity. When purchased from SplatNet 2, it can have any other Ability normally available to Headgear. As a 3-star item, the Squid-Stitch Cap has three additional slots for secondary abilities. Since it is made by the Skalop brand, it has a higher chance of rolling Quick Respawn and a lower chance of rolling Special Saver to fill its secondary ability slots.
A male Inkling wearing the Squid-Stitch Cap.
A female Inkling wearing the Squid-Stitch Cap, holding a Tentatek Splattershot.
Another female Inkling wearing the Squid-Stitch Cap.
Closeup of a female Inkling wearing the Squid-Stitch Cap.
The gold stickers on Skalop caps reflect light.
The Squid-Stitch Cap as it appears in Splatoon 2, shown in the Nintendo Direct revealing Version 3.0.0 (Splatoon 2).
Chidori Kyappu Chidori (Thousand Birds. Referencing Chidori koushi, a kind of Japanese houndstooth.) Cap.


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Arterial Road Closure Notice - Exmouth St.
Exmouth St. between Indian Rd. and Murphy Rd. will be closed for one week starting Wednesday, July 2nd at 7:00 am for asphalt milling and paving. No through traffic. EXPECT DELAYS Access for local residents only!
Phillip St. E. between Confederation St. and Phillip St. E.will be closed Thursday, June 26th from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm for sanitary sewer repair.
Waterworks Rd. south bound lane between Lakeshore Rd. and Michigan Line will be closed Thursday, June 26th from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm for road shoulder repair.
Road Closure Notice - Mack Ave.
Mack Ave. between Confederation St. and Kintail St. will be closed Thursday, June 26th from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm for road repairs.
Waterworks Rd. south bound lane between Lakeshore Rd. and Michigan Line will be closed Wednesday, June 25th from 1:45 pm to 4:00 pm for road shouldering repairs. North Bound lane is now open.


Selenium and why it is vital to good health.
Why should we take Selenium?
Selenium is an important trace mineral (an antioxidant mineral) and is part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which is involved in protecting the body tissues against free-radical damage.
Selenium regulates the production of prostaglandins.
It is a vital antioxidant, especially when combined with vitamin E.
It helps prevent cell mutations that lead to cancer.
Without antioxidants, many of us would be prey to numerous infections and possibly even cancer.
Anti-oxidants protect us against free radicals, chemicals which are formed in the body as part of its metabolism.
If taken, supplements are very safe because they contain such tiny amounts of this trace element. Like water, it is found in every cell in the body.
A deficiency can affect the operation of the "boss" of all glands namely the thyroid.
And why is this important? Because active thyroid hormone directly stimulates the production of CD4 cells in the blood, boosting immunity and health.
Every cell in the body contains this mineral as a critical part of its anti-oxidant, cleaning , detoxifying system.
There is a strong belief that HIV causes AIDS by draining this miracle out of the body.
Having sufficient levels can help prevent many viral infections from taking hold in the first place.
Without this mineral (found in many foods including avocado pears) normal growth and fertility would not occur, the liver will not function properly and important hormone production would not take place.
Its presence in the body is essential for healthy hair and skin and it is also needed to maintain normal eyesight.
Should you be a diabetic, it improves circulation and helps prevent and heal sores.
Some ways a Deficiency in Selenium can affect us.
There is some evidence to suggest that low levels of zinc and selenium tend to occur with Alzheimer's patients.
A little of this "stuff" goes a long way and is believed to be especially beneficial to asthma sufferers.
It has shown promise in the treatment of arthritis and high blood pressure.
You don't really need to take supplementary pills to get enough of the compound.
Each of the following foods can easily add up to a good-mood dose.
Herbs that contain this "Miracle Mineral".
They are high in fibre which helps avoid constipation.
They help suppress your appetite if you are trying to lose weight.
Eating apples will help clean your teeth.
They are excellent for indigestion, heartburn and hernias.
And they help destroy bad bacteria in the body.


Teachers Pay Teachers is the world's first and largest open marketplace for educators to buy, sell, and share their original resources. TpT helps teachers to teach at their best and provides a community where teachers succeed.
Teachers Pay Teachers believes that real teachers create the most relevant and engaging educational resources. Their open marketplace model supercharges resource quality, quantity, and availability. Bringing educators together forms a powerful community that shares best practices, raises the bar for all, and compensates our best curriculum developers (sometimes spectacularly).
If you are a homeschooler who sells products on Teachers Pay Teachers, iHomeschool Network invites you to link up with us here.


text:
Featured Articles, Magazine October 14, 2013
The Rise of Pakistan's First Comic Book Giants
Not just a Facebook Page
By Ghausia Rashid Salam
Futility by Luisa Kelle
Imagine a room with a giant wall plastered with comic book covers. You recognise a vast array of beloved characters – Superman, Batman, Batgirl, The Mask, Spider-girl among many others. One cover bizarrely screams, "Join the sexual revolution!" To the left are two bright yellow desks, one adorned with a bobblehead, a Lego pirate ship, and a bust of Loki. Behind these, a row of shelves occupied by multiple action figures, varying in size and condition. Aside from a wind-up doll of a crawling baby, it all looks like something out of an adolescent's fantasies, but for the team of Kachee Goliyan Comics (KGC), this is headquarters.
In two years, the brand has grown so much that the phrase "kachee goliyan" can barely be traced back to its origin: an Urdu idiom, which roughly translates to "we know what we're doing." Launched in 2011 as Pakistan's very first comic book company, KGC is run primarily by Ramish Safa and Nofal Khan. Together, they established a nonprofit organisation to support the education of underprivileged children, published several comics, including a series based on a homegrown superhero, and helped establish the medium as a vital marketing tool for many Pakistani companies. All this before either of them turned 25.
KGC was born, in large part, from the passion and artistic ability of Ramish Safa. Doodling and sketching since he was young, Ramish ascribes his love of comics to many influences. His favourite comic growing up was Tintin, and he cites it as the biggest reason he started drawing comics in the first place, with dailies like Calvin & Hobbes and Cyanide & Happiness also contributing to his trajectory. He raves endlessly about Frank Miller's artwork and art style, as well as Neil Gaiman's Sandman series. Another favourite is H.R Giger, the set designer behind film franchise Aliens, who, along with his team, received the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. "My personal art style is inspired by him quite a bit," Ramish says, launching into an enthusiastic explanation of the art style and history behind the design of Aliens. Unsurprisingly, he is a big fan of Marvel's X-Men, because of the intertwining story arcs and overall storylines, but when it comes to DC, his favorite character is Batman. His passion for art is so obvious and contagious that the entire interview is peppered with pauses so he can show one image or another to illustrate his point. Because his talent is so central to the work they do, KGC itself has evolved with Ramish's self-taught technique. KGC began as a simple black-and-white comic strip that was quicker to draw, and was consequently produced more frequently. Kachee Goliyan 2.0, however, has increasingly been influenced by the chibi art style, which Ramish enjoys because "they look like obnoxious, mischievous children," despite it taking longer to draw.
The boys at KGC enjoy recounting the story of how they all first met as teenagers: "I met Nofal on my first day at university," Ramish laughs. "He was the fat kid who tried to haze me, but laughed the whole time instead, and eventually my friend scared him away." They became friends a few days later, when they found themselves sitting together in class and bonded over a mutual sense of humour. Their third partner, Mateen Ansari, is often found behind the scenes, but is just as instrumental in the day-to-day running of the company. Ramish met Mateen at university while showing off some sketches to a friend – dark, twisted depictions of somewhat nude figures. "I was in a state of unrest at the time, and was very defensive of my work because generally, people didn't accept it," Ramish explains. "When Mateen saw my sketches, he just said, 'Good work, man!'" This was the start of a friendship, which would eventually spawn two companies, and "a crazy ride."
The three teamed up for a business competition by Procter & Gamble in their first year of university. Despite losing the competition, working together made them realise they were a good team, and had the potential to be good business partners. They put their heads together and came up with the not-for-profit organisation Pappu in late 2009, helping underprivileged children get the education they deserve. Within a year, and on a shoestring budget, they had supported 13 children. "We started out with Rs.500, with which we printed stickers. We sold those for Rs.5,000, and spent that money producing notebooks [which] we sold for Rs.30,000." And so the process continued, until they raised enough money to start supporting children. Ramish proudly tells me, "To this day, we have never taken a salary from Pappu." Their venture was so successful that in 2011, the boys were invited to the Global Social Business Summit in Vienna, an initiative of Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus. The organizers even waived the required fee of €35,000 for them. "That's how inspired they were by us!" Ramish exclaims, more baffled than proud. In addition, not only do they donate free copies of their comics to disadvantaged children, but they also plan to launch a project to help develop children's critical thinking and cognitive abilities.
"I was in a state of unrest at the time, and was very defensive of my work because generally, people didn't accept it," Ramish Safa, Kachee Goliyan Comics
Kachee Goliyan Comics was officially born in 2011. Since the three would carpool together to university all the way from their homes in Nazimabad, cracking jokes and talking about inane things on the way, Mateen suggested that they podcast or Vlog Ramish and Nofal's antics. "Eventually, we decided, 'forget the video, let's make a comics page.' All the ideas we'd had for a YouTube video, we put into comics, and hence, KGC was born." It all sounds simpler than you'd expect, but that is the beauty of KGC. It is the brainchild of three ordinary guys who had an idea, and turned it into something extraordinary.
"It was never supposed to be just a page," Ramish says, when I ask about their business model. "There's no point in doing something randomly; there has to be a bigger picture attached to it." Like Pappu, KGC had a five-year plan and was treated, and launched, as a business. This is what sets them apart from other Facebook pages like Sarcasmistan, Mango People or Jay's Toons. "They… are clueless," Ramish says. While he respects artists who are truly passionate about their work online, he sees them as being Facebook pages only. "It's akin to just drawing sketches and putting them up in your room. I get inner satisfaction from it, maybe, but to a point," Ramish shrugs. "For us, it doesn't end there. Being true business students, even if we poop, we want money for it." Though KGC has accomplished more than they expected in just two years, Ramish points out that they're still in the early stages, and promises that there is much more to come. "Give us money and we'll do more projects!" Mateen chimes in from across the room, making everyone laugh. It is clear that, despite their jokes, KGC's work relies on purpose over monetary return.
This purpose is more than just making people laugh, or expressing the opinions of three young men in Pakistani society. Their vision spans much further than their simple childhood dreams of creating a South Asian superhero. "The general medium of graphical illustrations that depict what happens around us in the world is something we want to make commonplace," Ramish says. So if they're uploading funny jokes or memes on their Facebook page, according to them, it's because "comedy is the best medium to use if you want your work to go viral." Within the past two years, KGC has courted clients such as agricultural giant Engro, mobile carrier Telenor and prominent soap manufacturer Lifebuoy, all of whom are trying to cash in on the steadily growing appreciation for comics in Pakistan. They hope that, in the next five years, comics are much better appreciated as a medium for everyday verbal and nonverbal communication.
From the beginning, the team treated KGC as a platform for marketing. "We'd decide to do something and then three weeks later, we'd learn about guerrilla marketing in class, and look at each other thinking, oh so that's what we've been doing!" Ramish chuckles. He refers to a couple of podcasts that they recorded early on, and why this didn't pan out into a longer series. "Back then we had 5,000 likes, with a following of likeminded people who appreciated our sense of humour. The podcasts had adult content, but were never offensive. Now, with the sort of mixed crowd we have, there are too many fans who would find adult humour offensive," he says, with a sheepish laugh. Even though the team makes a conscious effort not to offend any group, having an audience of over 17,000 means upsetting someone or the other is inevitable. Ramish mentions a Ramzan-themed comic that said: "If she fasts the whole month, she's too young for you, bro." The reference to underage girls was missed by many, and the comic garnered many angry comments like "what sort of a Muslim are you?" or "what about your own mothers and sisters?"
"Their vision is limited. They're scared and restricted, and lack the element of experimentation," Ramish on Pakistan's art school graduates.
KGC has always been directly involved with their fans, whether by engaging with them online or organizing fan meet-ups, and Ramish smirks when I claim they've created a cult instead of just a fan following. "We were one of the very first pages in Pakistan that interacted with its fans on a personal level. It was more than just 'oh, thanks for liking our comic!' If someone commented once, we'd remember them the second time they commented." Even now, with 17,000 fans on their page, they make it a point to single out any interesting comments, to respond to them and let people know that KGC is listening. They are well aware that this is the key to keeping their brand from dying out. An important event was their 2012 comic marathon, where KGC planned to hit 12 locations in 12 hours, and upload a comic at each location. However, since more and more people kept showing up and asking the team to wait, they only managed three. Now their meet-ups have become more internalised, consisting more of official launches at best. "We don't know if someone politely ask[ing] to meet up [might] come armed with a TT," Ramish chortles, pointing out that they still meet up occasionally with the older fans – now friends.
KGC's first major venture in 2013 was Umru Ayar, a comic book series published in both English and Urdu, based on the eponymous character from Alif Laila who battled demons and witches, armed mostly with his wits. KGC revamped him into a superhero, thus giving Pakistan their own, and re-launching a much loved character through a much more accessible medium. "Umru is an established character, and already has equity in Pakistan," Ramish explains, adding that taking on Umru was a big experiment. With their previous effort, Kachee Goliyan Comics, featuring the everyday adventures of J.C and Sufi, they relied mostly on situational comedy for appeal. Superheroes still remain mostly confined to a niche appreciation in Pakistan, with a mere smattering of Marvel and DC fans. Umru Ayar, on the other hand, was a way of reaching out to both nostalgic twenty-somethings familiar with the story and characters, and teens new to them. "It was a double-edged sword," Ramish admits, "but the fantasy element and complex storylines are things that appeal to everyone."
Having been invited to comic conventions in both Dubai and India in recent years (unfortunately missing the former due to exams and the latter over visa issues), the boys seem skeptical about the prospect of organising one in Pakistan, pointing out that it is too early to expect one to happen in a country with barely any comic book culture. "Usually, comic-cons exist to promote local artists, but without any artists to promote, there's nothing to do." At best, he explains, a local comic con would feature a screening of the superhero movie of the season, sell a few graphic novels and t-shirts, and become a completely foreign event. Be that as it may, it still shows that KGC's appeal has transcended borders. Ramish acknowledges that although their global presence is limited by their localised content, their new website is aimed towards changing that.
Considering how socially conscious these young men are, it's unsurprising to hear that they hope to open up their own art school one day. "We're not from an art school, and neither are the people who work with us, but collectively, we're better than the kids who've come to us after four-year programs at art schools. They lack the basic knowledge and skills that we've all picked up from researching techniques and going through daily comics," he states unabashedly, and this is why he feels the need to establish a more progressive art institute. He's critical not of the capability of the students, but the way they're taught. "Their vision is limited. They're scared and restricted, and lack the element of experimentation, and in general would be better off not going to art school at all," he says, with a hint of frustration in his voice. This apparent lack of vision of the country's art schools is one of the reasons he plans to attend art school in Malaysia in early 2014; to learn how to teach art in order to train and mentor young artists.
We finish up the interview to chat, and I'm struck once again by just how normal these three boys are. They're just three average guys, who share an endless love for nihari, doodh patti and Batman, but together, they've built something special and almost magical. What stands out most of all is their infectious, all-conquering passion. Part of a mostly jaded and cynical generation, they adamantly refuse to relinquish their idealism, and this idealism is what makes their work so effective. Whether through philanthropy or sheer creative ambition, the path these three have carved out for themselves is an excellent example for young creative people in a society that still primarily churns out doctors, MBA grads, and engineers. Considering how far they've come in such a short time with so much more in the pipeline, theirs is a journey worth watching.
Ghausia Rashid Salam is Assistant to the Editor-in-Chief and newly appointed Junior Articles Editor for the magazine. She resides on the internet.
comicsFall 2013FeaturedGhausia Rashid Salamissue 10Kachee Goliyan
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Phasing Through The Ink
From our eighth issue, Aaron Grierson writes about what literature may mean in the Information Age.
Immanuel Kant in Shillong
This is the kind of town where you could be sitting in a restaurant, concentrating on your noodle soup, and...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Anthé (okzitanisch: Ante) ist eine Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand: ) in Frankreich im Département Lot-et-Garonne in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine (bis 2016: Aquitanien). Anthé gehört zum Arrondissement Villeneuve-sur-Lot und zum Kanton Le Fumélois.

Geografie
Anthé liegt etwa 20 Kilometer ostsüdöstlich von Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Umgeben wird Anthé von den Nachbargemeinden Cazideroque im Norden und Nordwesten, Tournon-d'Agenais im Osten und Nordosten, Montaigu-de-Quercy im Süden und Südosten, Roquecor im Süden sowie Valeilles im Westen.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kirche Saint-Pierre aus dem 13./14. Jahrhundert

Weblinks

Ort in Nouvelle-Aquitaine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Suzuki came to us looking for a way to create a special edition. We created an amazing plush leather interior with customised embossing. We selected a few sharp looking 19 inch wheel and tyre packages from Suzuki to choose from. A decal package to accent the lines of the Swift, Vitara and the Belano.
The Suzuki SX-R Edition was born.


text:
Q: Calling powershell or ruby script by VBA, ideally take output to Excel or point user to output path I need Excel VBA to call another script language using shell. Ideally, also returning its output, but if that is hard to do, just to execute that other script and tell the user in a pop-up MessageBox where to get the output from and paste it into the Excel file.
I tried several ways, including (I took out some full file names):
pscmd = "C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe -noexit -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File ......\.....ps1"

or
Shell("C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe ""........ps1""", vbNormalFocus) - with full path to powershell or not
or
Shell("ruby.exe ""C:\testsoft\test.rb", "C:\testsoft\tst.txt""", vbNormalFocus)

or
Shell("powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass  "".....ps1 -input """ & pathVariable & """", 1)

or
Sub RunPowershellScript()

    strCommand = "C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe -noexit -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File ""C:\testsoft\mdruby-nolog.ps1"""
    Set wshShell = CreateObject("WScript.Shell")
    Set WshShellExec = wshShell.Exec(strCommand)
    strOutput = WshShellExec.StdOut.ReadAll
    MsgBox strOutput

End Sub

but all to no avail.
It does not work at all with running a ruby script or powershell script or opening cmd.
For example, calling up some programs that I tested work though:
strCommand = "ping.exe 127.0.0.1"
strCommand = "notepad.exe" ' works even with specifying a file to open
strCommand = "calc.exe"

My powershell or ruby scripts shall calculate MD5 checksums of PDFs created from Excel using VBA. They work on their own, just fine.
Is there an easy way?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
<?php
/**
 * Sage includes
 *
 * The $sage_includes array determines the code library included in your theme.
 * Add or remove files to the array as needed. Supports child theme overrides.
 *
 * Please note that missing files will produce a fatal error.
 *
 * @link https://github.com/roots/sage/pull/1042
 */
$sage_includes = [
  'extras/setup.php',
  'extras/menu.php',
  'extras/scripts.php',
  'extras/styles.php',
  'extras/utils.php',
  'extras/wpml.php',
  'extras/wpsl.php',
];

foreach ($sage_includes as $file) {
  if (!$filepath = locate_template($file)) {
    trigger_error(sprintf(__('Error locating %s for inclusion', 'sage'), $file), E_USER_ERROR);
  }

  require_once $filepath;
}
unset($file, $filepath);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For someone who's always on the hunt for new games and apps to download, a visit to the Google Play store is a must. The home section alone is filled to the brim with different apps worth checking out. So when one Howard Forums member discovered an app called "Cricket Ad It Up," you can just imagine how this piqued his interest.
12thman, the Howard Forums user, shared his discovery on the website. And as it turns out, the new app looks like it could be Cricket Wireless' successor to its Cricket Rewards program. A few weeks prior to this discovery, the prepaid brand had announced that they will be discontinuing this rewards program to give way to what their customers want.
True enough, when you read the description on Cricket Ad It Up, the app describes itself as an app that allows users to lower their phone bills or get a gift based on targeted ads on your lock screen. If you're wondering why this sounds so familiar, it's because it's a bit similar to the exclusive phone offers of Amazon Prime.
To use the app, you can swipe left, right or tap to read more on the ads presented on your screen. Whenever you unlock your device to look at an ad, you get more points when you swipe left or right. Once you have accumulated enough points, you can use them to spend on Cricket Bill Credits or other perks. It's pretty neat.
Coincidentally, the Cricket Ad It Up app went live last November 28th, which is the same day that Cricket Rewards stopped accepting new enrollments. With this notion, it's an indication that it could be Cricket's move at replacing the rewards program it had set up.
As of this writing, the FAQ of the app states that this app is in beta testing. The app has around 1,000-5,000 users and has since received 2.2 out of 5 stars. It is exclusively available on Android devices running Android 4.4 or higher. The app was developed by Adfone for Cricket Wireless. And while it is currently on testing stage, there's no word on when it will be ready to launch. Some are guessing it could be out of testing phase by the time Cricket Rewards ends, which will be on February 26, 2018. By this time, Cricket has informed its subscribers that their accumulated rewards should be used up.
If this app goes well, Cricket subscribers could be getting better discounts and free services compared to what they got under the Cricket Rewards program. Of course, this app will be a bit intrusive compared to the current program being used. But if the rewards are better, it just might be worth it. Do you agree? Would you be willing to give up some privacy in exchange for the rewards offered by Cricket Ad It Up?
This is awful. We already share enough personal data. Cricket is the absolute worst prepaid carriers.
"Cricket is the absolute worst prepaid carriers."
Except for the independent AT&T MVNO's, and anything on Sprint or T-Mobile.
This is stupid. Just give me a discount without all the fuss.
Not even entitled to privacy.
Note that this app is NOT from Cricket Wireless LLC.
According to the app permissions listed on their Google Play page, someone running the app could be giving the third-party app developer access to practically everything on their phone (that's how I read into "retrieve running apps", GPS and network-based location, "modify or delete the contents of your USB storage", "view network connections", etc.).
Some of these issues are down right scary. Linkedin stole gmail's address book via web interface. Neither of them have been held accountable.
Did they steal it, or copy it?
The above article details access/duplication, but not theft. Sorry.
This is a FAIL, and a grab at the total content of your phone. Cricket, some of us aren't so stupid and see right through this.
At 5 points/ad, to reach the maximum points daily means a huge drain on your battery, far worse than what I go through with Boost Dealz. At least with Boost Dealz, you have several ways to earn points - 150 credits daily bonus (may be 3,000 credit max. on this bonus); 15 credits/video watched with videos mostly in the 30 second range with a very small number in the 45 second range and an even smaller number in the 15 second range; 295 credit surveys (haven't been able to complete a lot of these), and 925 credit surveys. Between the 925 credit surveys, the 15 credit ads, and the daily bonus (1,500 by Day 10), I was able to rack up 20,000 credits in 10 days. The maximum credit you can use in a billing cycle is $20.00 (20,000 credits) and so far I am enjoying it over the competition. CellNUVO has the option to earn free service, but they were having so many problems that I gave up on them. I don't mind paying $10 month for unlimited talk and text, 3 GB LTE with unlimited slower data once I use up the 3 GB. I have great Boost Mobile coverage in the areas I use the phone.
Cricket needs to up the number of points by triple at least if they want to compete with Boost Mobile and offer surveys. They also need to stop cancelling rewards programs. Find, hire a third party app developer, or internally create a good one, then stick with it, or get out of offering them.


Around De World – A Pasta Affair Excites Tastebuds with New Menu!
Its that time of year again when new delights arouse the senses. And for Around De World – A Pasta Affair, a plethora of new items are being introduced to the menu. Previously, my visit to Around De World was a spur of the moment while browsing the alley at Liang Seah Street. At that time, I only ordered the house specialty "Curry Up My Life". It was not your ordinary fare and I was keen to try out more. Who knew that just in a few months after my last visit, the menu has been extended to cater to and excite even more tastebuds.
And its definitely Christmas in season at Around De World. The interior has been decorated with with hues of red, silver and purple. Together with the soothing piped music of carols and heralds from the angels, life has certainly seemed to take a calm and slower step.
For the day, I had the customized set menu for the food bloggers (organised by Calvin from The Foodielicious World). As a starter for each table to share, we had the Caesar Salad. Crisp pieces of lettuce garbed in a generous serving of mayonnaise and dashed with chunks of crispy salted croutons and bacon bits. Simple but good.
The Cheesy Bolognese Fries ($3.90) was highly recommended. Imagine the traditional Cheese Fries from KFC minus the mayaonnaise and topped with a ladles of chunky umami rich meaty bolognese sauce. The golden brown fries is made even more sinful in this dish, but absolutely a lip smacker.
ADW Wings ($5.90) , deep fried battered drumlets served with a special bbq sauce. Why they call it "Wings" I won't know, but this was average for me.
And now onto the pastas! For me personally, I had the Chilli O' Crab Spaghetti ($14.90). Served smoking with a meaty pincer plus crab meat infused within the sauce, this was one dish that made the guests sneeze as it was prepared. I had the level 3 (the spiciest and very spicy for some), but it was ok for me. Crunchy croutons that decorate the dish provide interesting contrast in texture to the otherwise silky pasta with sauce.
And if you like, you can even get your pastas served Penne style.
The Chicken Terrifiyaki and Mushroom ($11.90) which I tasted reminded me strongly of a terriyakied chinese stir fry. The noodles are served wet with juicy marinated chicken pieces, the overall taste was sweet with the slightly smoky essence of the terriyaki sauce. To like it or not, I guess its an individual's preference.
I didn't try the next 4 pastas and much of the 2 cheesy baked rice ordered by the rest of the food bloggers, but I got pictures! And they look good!
Wasanara ($9.90) – Not on the menu but you can order if you like the challenge.
The Cheesepie for dessert is a simple cheese lover's dream. Even stickier and cheesier than any ordinary cheesecake, the texture was extremely velvety with the smooth creamy essence of cheese. Flavours is kept simple with natural cheese scented with tinges of sugar throughout. Coupled with the tart base, this was excellent.
The Tetramisu ($6.90) aptly named because of 4 distinct layers is a creation inspired from the tiramisu. Layers of chocolate, sugar, coffee jelly, kahlua soaked cake and mascarpone cheese make up the dish. And a layer of chocolate/coffee powder dusted at the top gives a fascinating dreamy presentation.
I also had the Banana Bar ($5.90). Layered with chunks of sliced banana within the sponge and then topped with a good spread of velvety dark sweetened chocolate. This was one rich serving of fruit.
Around De World never ceases to amaze me. The humble team of chefs led by Chef D who graduated from Le Cordon Bleu are each about finding their own creativity and inspiration around the world. A hip modern cafe targeted towards expressing the youth of the world, it will be interesting to visit the cafe, and to come back for more when suddenly the urge to indulge in that tetramisu sets in. Especially since Christmas is around the corner.
Next PostNext ToTT Cooking Studio with Chef Malcolm Lee of The Candlenut Kitchen!


Officience was born from a shared vision: that Vietnam would become a major player in service outsourcing.
Over the years, Officience has managed to gather the support of many clients who have enabled us to make our own small contribution to Vietnam in the form of training and job creation (250 jobs in 2011). Officience brings together a team of managers who are Vietnamese, French-Vietnamese and French, and who are all passionate about Vietnam. As a result, we have created a community of people who are closely linked to this country.
Because we have such a strong connection to the country we are living in, whether it is our country of origin or not, it means that we want to tell you about Vietnam: as we see it, as we love it! We will cover Vietnamese current events from different angles, including new technology, outsourcing, entrepreneurship, as well as sociology, economy and cultural events.
Friends of Vietnam, people who are part of French/Vietnamese cooperation, both now or in the future, we welcome you to our blog.
Enjoy reading about and discovering Vietnam!


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The Power of Persistence
In 2004 I found myself in the midst of an ugly divorce. It was bad. My husband handled our family's finances, until one day there was a knock on the door. To my complete shock, I learned my car was about to be repossessed and our home would be foreclosed. My life would never be the same. In many ways, that was a good thing.
Don't get me wrong, I did not want my world to come crashing down around me. I had three beautiful children, and now I had no income to support them, and no idea of where I would turn next. But through that scary time, I found the courage to believe in myself, and the resilience to make my way through.
How a Party Opened Doors
Just three days after the financial bombshell hit, I got an invitation to a friend's party. It was a jewelry party, and while jewelry was the last thing on my mind, I needed a break from the stress and chaos.
Going to that home party was an eye-opener for me. I saw how someone could have a part-time business and create a full-time income.
My previous career in Veterinary Medicine had been put on hold after my son was diagnosed with life-threating allergies, so a direct sales business was an open door to creating a much-needed income for my children.
I took a deep breath and started promoting jewelry via home parties. I had never felt comfortable speaking to groups, but I dove into doing events and building a team. Suddenly, I was making money, having fun, and feeling hopeful for the first time in a long time.
A New Beginning Out West
After the earthshattering way my marriage ended, I knew I needed a fresh start. My son was doing acting at the time, so me and the kids said goodbye to Wisconsin and headed to California where we could pursue his dream.
My direct sales business came with me, and over the course of three years it grew into a substantial six-figure income.
Nothing happens overnight, and my kids and I have been through a lot. But we came together as a family and stuck it out.
Each day, my children and grandkids fill my heart with joy. I'm proud that my kids know the importance of working hard and being persistent. They saw that if you go after what you believe in, magic things will happen!
I know from personal experience how it feels to struggle, and it inspires me to help others, especially single Moms who may be finding it hard to get ahead. It's one of the reasons I love the direct sales business model: it encourages and rewards you for lifting others up.
A Plant-Based Path to Health
In the past few years I have become more interested in health and wellness in part because multiple sclerosis runs in my family. My mom has it, my sister has it, and I have aunts that have it too.
While there is no cure for MS, nutrition can play an important role in quality of life. At first, I thought all supplements and nutritional products were the same, but I have learned that plant-based nutrition is a game-changer.
MS is debilitating with constant fatigue, weakness and inflammation. My Mom loves card games but she had become so weak that she found it difficult to even hold the cards in her hands.
After I started taking the organic, whole food supplements that Touchstone Essentials offers, I knew Mom should try it too.
She's also one of the most skeptical people when it comes to taking stuff, but I sent her a care package that included organic plant-based protein, organic greens with vitamin D, plant-based omegas, and zeolite detox. I told her just to give it a try since it was filled with good nutrition.
She called me a week later and she was in tears. Happy tears! She was sleeping better at night and had more energy. She could actually go places in her wheelchair. And she is able to raise her arms above her head and can even use light weights!
These may sound like little things, but for someone who doesn't have them, gaining energy, strength and stamina is huge. Helping her made me feel good.
Since I made the switch to plant-based supplements I have discovered there is a lot of interest in the organic movement. And it's not just in the US—there is a global demand for organic.
It's only going to get bigger. As a generation, millennials want healthier options and to support companies that have a positive impact on the world. And they want everything online.
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Do yourself a favor and check it out.
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William Evans Mitch
Share William's life story with friends and family
MITCH, WILLIAM EVANS, age 89, of Mountain Brook, died March 5, 2005. Mr. Mitch was a senior partner in the law firm, Cooper, Mitch & Crawford. He had been in the active practice of law in Birmingham for over 60 years. In activities in and out of the courtroom, he influenced regional and national policy on civil rights, civil liberties and legislative reapportionment. These included cases that created the legal underpinning for the arbitration of grievances under Labor/Man-agement Contracts and the Reynolds v. Sims case that led to the historic one man-one vote decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. He was a member of the Canterbury United Methodist Church. During World War II, he served as a C.I.C./Fighter Director Officer on the U.S.S. Prince William C.V.E. 31 in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Mr. Mitch is survived by his son, Dr. William E. Mitch, Galvaston, TX; granddaughter, Eleanor Baylor Mitch, New York, NY; grandson, Dr. William A. Mitch, New Haven, CT; his daughter, Mrs. Churchill G. Carey, San Juan, PR; grandson, William C. Carey, San Francisco, CA; grandson, Dr. Timothy M. Carey, Tampa, FL; and granddaughter, Mrs. Elizabeth Carey Burwell, Stanford, CA; and his son, John Timothy Mitch, Birmingham, AL; grandson, John T. Mitch, Jr. Chattanooga, TN; and granddaughter, Katherine M. Stanley of Corinth, MS. Services will be held at the chapel of Canterbury United Methodist Church at 2 p.m. followed by private interment at Elmwood Cemetery. The family request that in lieu of flowers, any memorials be made to the Jimmy Hale Mission or to the William E. Mitch Scholarship at the University of Alabama School of Law. Ridout's Elmwood Chapel directing.
Published in The Birmingham News on Mar. 6, 2005.


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Residents of Nakivale Settlement to benefit from the newly built Promise Hub
NRM commemorates international Day of PWDs
Rugunda calls for Concerted Effort in Fight Against HIV Aids
WWF Calls for Prioritization of policies that Promote Sustainable Renewable Energy
Hadijah Nakitende
Patrick Muvunga and Diana Kruger help a young girl to cut the tape during the opening of the Promise Hub in Nakivale
The month of May 2019 has started with a lot of benefits to people living in Nakivale Refugee Settlement. This follows the opening of the first ever Promise Hub in the world. The Hub, which is circular in shape, covers a size of 165 sqm and it is made of 20.000 plastic bottles in Nakivale.
Promise Hub will be creating 1 Billion new jobs within the next 30 years in communities around the world. It's a massive promise, and it starts right here, right now.
It will provide a center for computer training, but above all, it will serve as an entrepreneurial hub for the residents.
At Promise Hub, we believe in empowering locals to live sustainable lives. We believe that instead of people migrating to opportunities, Promise Hub will migrate opportunities to people.
We are establishing "Hubs", which are incubators where individuals can discover their individual passions and talents, develop their skills and build successful businesses, all over the world in communities where individuals want to rise!
And they've chosen Nakivale, Uganda, to be the home of their first Promise Hub on the planet.
Promise Hub provides to their members, also known as Promise Hub Heroes, everything they need to create local and online jobs to generate income, strengthen their local community and ensure the Hub's financial independence.
Promise Hub Heroes learn, share and fine-tune their project ideas with the help of 24/7 access to the internet via Airtel thanks to our partnership with NetHope, a range of hardware tools at the Hub as well as encouragement from a well-trained local impact team of young entrepreneurs and international online mentors.
There are several game changers Promise Hub provides. The Promise Hub Express, a Speedy Premium Shipping Service, empowered by MyMalls in collaboration with DHL Global which allows the Promise Hub heroes to sell and ship their products to the US straight out of Nakivale.
Throughout 2019 an online marketplace will be launched and a digital wallet which enables all Promise Hub members to have access to financial services will be implemented.
"For me, Promise Hub can be the most efficient solution to tackling the poverty felt in many African countries affected by war or violence" says Patrick Muvunga Trickpa, leader of the Promise Hub in Nakivale. "When jobs are scarce, the most viable solution is to create your own job, to become an entrepreneur. But entrepreneurs in Nakivale often face challenges such as internet access to reach outside markets or sell products, sending products outside and an inability to receive online payments. Promise Hub solves all of these challenges and by providing entrepreneurs in the refugee settlement the ability to produce and sell their products everywhere in the world, our model benefits the refugees and improves the local economy," added Muvunga, who came to Nakivale in 2010 after fleeing war in the DR Congo.
Related Topics:a range of hardware tools at the Hub as well as encouragement from a well-trained local impact team of young entrepreneurs and international online mentors., also known as Promise Hub Heroes, And they've chosen Nakivale, everything they need to create local and online jobs to generate income, Residents of Nakivale Settlement to benefit from the newly built Promise Hub, share and fine-tune their project ideas with the help of 24/7 access to the internet via Airtel thanks to our partnership with NetHope, strengthen their local community and ensure the Hub's financial independence. Promise Hub Heroes learn, to be the home of their first Promise Hub on the planet. Promise Hub provides to their members, Uganda
Gov't in awkward situation as Oil production delays further
Tumwebaze calls for reduction of costs on ICT services


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NH PFAS FAQs
Throughout the northeast and across the nation, state and local officials, health departments, and water utilities including Aquarion have focused their attention on a group of man-made chemicals called per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that have been detected in drinking waters, including public and private water supplies, and bottled water. Some health officials indicate that consumer products, food, and cookware represent the largest exposure of PFAS to people. However, drinking water contaminated with PFAS can also be a source of exposure.
Aquarion has been and will remain vigilant about this important issue, and will continue additional PFAS testing beyond compliance testing at some of our water sources. We will continue to share test results with our customers and state and local officials. We will also continue to work with the public health agencies and drinking water associations to ensure protection of our drinking water supplies, and delivery of high quality water to our customers.
Below are Aquarion's latest sampling results and additional information on PFAS.
Have a different question? Submit it here.
For Aquarion's Water System serving Hampton, North Hampton, and Rye, NH
PFAS Results Average for Period: October 2019 through July 2020
Sample Results (pdf)
Are PFAS regulated drinking water contaminants?
The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) has set the following drinking water standards for four PFAS compounds:
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) - 12 ng/L
perfluoroctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) - 15 ng/L
perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) - 11 ng/L
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) - 18 ng/L
Has Aquarion observed PFAS in its wells in New Hampshire?
Yes, PFAS have been detected in most of the wells, in most cases at very low concentrations. Although some wells (6, 9, 11 & 14) consistently show higher levels of more PFAS compounds than the other twelve wells, no compliance sample results have exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Levels.
What is Aquarion doing about the PFAS issue?
Aquarion has tested water from all of its wells, from some of the observation wells in the well fields, the entry points to the distribution system, and at various locations in the distribution system.
Since October 2019, Aquarion has been collecting compliance samples from the entry points to the distribution system.
Aquarion also completed bench testing and pilot testing on potential PFAS removal systems should treatment be needed in the future to comply with drinking water regulations.
How did PFAS get into the well water?
PFAS can enter a drinking water supply through industrial and commercial releases to water or air, discharges from sewage treatment plants, leaching from septic systems and landfills, land application of contaminated sludge, and use of fire-fighting foam.
Currently, the exact sources of PFAS found in Aquarion's wells are uncertain. Due to their presence in so many products used in society, PFAS appear to be almost ubiquitous in the environment. NHDES considers PFAS concentrations less than 10 ppt to be background levels. Aquarion is collaborating with NHDES to identify the potential sources of these compounds in our wells.
Is Coakley Landfill a source of PFAS in Aquarion's wells?
Aquarion has done a lot of work in conjunction with various stakeholders and experts to better understand the presence of PFAS in our wells, where it is coming from, and how to protect our wells and drinking water from PFAS. To date, several potential sources have been identified. One of these sources, a wastewater discharge from a nearby car wash, has been shut down by NHDES and is no longer discharging PFAS compounds into the ground near our Mill Road wells. Together, we are making progress.
There is still more to learn and do. Aquarion believes that it is important to identify, investigate and abate all significant potential sources of PFAS that could be contaminating drinking water supplies. The additional studies that are planned in the vicinity of the Coakley Landfill should be helpful in determining whether PFAS contamination from Coakley is migrating far enough to contaminate our wells and or private wells in the area. However, to date, there is no clear evidence that Coakley is contaminating our wells. Aquarion remains committed to working with our partners to protect private and public drinking water in the Hampton area.
Water is pumped from 16 state-approved wells in Hampton, North Hampton, Rye, and Stratham. It is treated and delivered to customers through an extensive underground piping system.
The Aquarion water system serves about 24,000 residents in Hampton, North Hampton, and Rye, plus thousands of visitors and tourists.
Aquarion's wells supply an average of 2.1 million gallons of water per day to the system.
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Was Well 6 shut off due to PFAS? Will it remain shut off?
Relatively higher levels of PFAS are observed in Well 6. In August 2017, Well 6 was shut off because it was not needed to meet summer demands after that time. It was also shut to allow Aquarion to conduct further PFAS sampling. This information helped us to develop a better understanding of the distribution and concentration of PFAS in the area.
Since then, Well 6 has remained off except when needed to meet peak summer demands. Well 6 is used last, only when needed, and blended with other wells to minimize PFAS concentrations in tap water.
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← Science as true worship, Part I
Science as true worship, Part II →
Fire Back: Where the Readers Respond
In which we expose the intellectual dishonesty of a commenter and a few scientists.
"Allallt" commented on the Science as true worship, Part I post:
I am currently in my 5th year of study at a university, I worked alongside a biologist for a year, I lived with two doctors, and although I don't mean to imply that you are lying, I have never met a single person who claimed to know a deficiency in evolution that kept quiet about.
I've never met a scientist who thought they could disprove another scientist, who didn't take the opportunity and the pay for the paper they published.
'Science' is a collection of scientists in different universities in different countries publishing in different journal articles. I'm not sure they have the structure to keep such a conspiracy going.
None of this makes biologists right about evolution. But it does mean I am very sceptical of your opening story about a scientist who not only claims to know the deficiencies in evolution, but also thinks everyone else knows but everyone is just a part of a big global conspiracy.
You know you're dealing with an intellectually dishonest person when he says he doesn't mean to do something, but does it anyway. As I pointed out to him in my response, I did not say there was a big global conspiracy. Biologists are forthright about the work they're doing, but they're not always forthright about the conclusions. Until now, I had assumed it was not always deliberate, and that some scientists are just so locked into a particular paradigm that they can't admit the obvious — that Darwin's theory is flawed — to themselves, let alone to the public. However, after reading the following, I'm starting to doubt that.
When I was young, Stephen Jay Gould was derided, as was Carl Sagan. Of Gould, John Maynard Smith, Emeritus Professor at Sussex, once wrote, "Because of the excellence of his essays, he has come to be seen by non-biologists as the preeminent evolutionary theorist. In contrast, the evolutionary biologists with whom I have discussed his work tend to see him as a man whose ideas are so confused as to be hardly worth bothering with, but as one who should not be publicly criticized because he is at least on our side against the creationists." [emphasis added]
This was precisely the point of my anecdote about the biology student who didn't want to "hand a victory to Christians" with any public admission of flaws in Darwin's theory. Actual biologists are well aware of Darwin's deficiencies. The reason most of the general public is not is because any criticisms are deliberately held back from public discourse. So, while there is no global conspiracy to hide the research, how many nonbiologists are going to read through journal papers or even popular level science books with the necessary rigor to realize that Darwin's theory is as scientifically dead as geocentric theory? Not many, and those who do are derided as "deniers" or "creationists."
All of this dissembling and labeling betrays an incredibly unscientific attitude, and shows to what degree ideology rules certain scientific fields (see also: climate change). Contrast this with the way physicists openly and even joyfully discuss serious challenges to one of the most successful and widely-accepted theories in physics, the standard model of particle physics:
"It was so weird that people were forced to chuck their favorite theories and start from scratch," Adam Martin, co-author of the paper, said in a press release. "That's a fun area of particle physics. We're looking into the unknown. Is it one new particle? Is it two new particles?"
The LHC's data shows two deviations from events expected by the Standard Model, which is the theoretical foundation of particle physics. The recent paper examines four possible explanations for the deviations, one of them being a heavier version of the Higgs boson. Further research may open up doors for new models in particle physics or lead to a mundane, anticlimactic explanation, according to Martin.
"People are still cautiously optimistic," he said. "Everybody knows that with more data, it could just go away. If it stays, it's potentially really, really, really exciting."
Posted in Arguing with Atheists, Biology, Evolution, Fire Back


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Pashinyan: Armenia-Germany ties at highest level ever
February 14, 2020 - 11:53 AMT
PanARMENIAN.Net - Armenian-German relations are at their highest level ever, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said at a meeting with German Chancellor Angela Merkel on Thursday, February 13.
Pashinyan is currently in Berlin on a three-day working visit.
The Armenian PM said his third meeting with Merkel over the past one and a half years testifies to the high level of relations between the two countries.
"I would like to make a point of Germany's continued support for Armenian reforms. We are grateful for the moral, political, technical and financial support provided by Germany and the European Union. It is crucial for us to ensure the irreversibility of democracy in our country, strengthen the rule of law through drastic reform of economic and political institutions," Pashinyan told a press conference with Merkel.
According to Pashinyan, Germany serves a successful model as a highly effective parliamentary government.
Merkel said, in turn, that drastic changes are expected in the Armenian judiciary, wishing the country "every success in its endeavors."
Armenian, Russian Foreign Ministers talk new statement over the phone
The top diplomats discussed the implementation of the agreements reached at Russia-Armenia-Azerbaijan summit in Moscow.
Azerbaijan rejects own commitment to Karabakh deal, Armenia tells UN
Ara Ayvazian said the violation of the ceasefire has led to the ethnic cleansing of the indigenous people of Artsakh.
Bodies of around 900 Karabakh servicemen recovered so far
Karabakh authorities said that searches continue in Jabrail and Fizuli, which are now under Azerbaijan's control.
France says does not recognize Nagorno-Karabakh
It said France's responsibility as a co-chair of the OSCE Minsk Group is to work towards finding a negotiated settlement.
How Azerbaijanis abused Armenians in 1920
From an American Colonel's report
Over 46,000 refugees have returned to Karabakh so far
Lavrov: Karabakh situation can't be used to transfer mercenaries to region
Turkey turning Armenian church into "cultural center"
French-Armenian soldier killed in Mali during counterterrorism mission
Overview: Foreign Policy & Diaspora
Antony Blinken blasts "so-called ally" Turkey, hints at more sanctions Blinken's comments came a day before Biden takes over from the administration of President Donald Trump.


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Olympic Champions
At Barcelona 1992 Badminton became an official sport in the Olympic Programme. Susi Susanti of Indonesia had the honour of claiming the game's first Olympic Gold, while it was also her very first Medal as well as her nation's (Indonesia) first golden success at the Olympics.
At Atlanta 1996 it was Denmark's champion Poul-Erik Hoyer Larsen and Korea's Bang Soo-Hyun who emerged to win Gold, while in the Sydney edition of the Games, China's showed increasing success when it swept up 4 out of the 5 Gold Medals on offer - except for Men's Doubles.
In Athens in 2004 Taufik Hidayat did extremely well to keep the Chinese at bay, while at Beijing in 2008 Lin Dan along with Zhang Ning simply reinstated China's overall supremacy in the game. And at the last edition in London Lin Dan once again led China's charge, this time all five Gold Medals went to the overpowering Chinese!
Gold Medallists at Barcelona 1992
Men's Singles - Allan Budi Kusuma, Indonesia.
Women's Singles - Susi Susanti, Indonesia.
Men's Doubles - Kim Moon Soo and Park Joo-Bong, Korea.
Women's Doubles - Hwang Hye-Young and Chung So-Young, Korea.
*Mixed Doubles was not part of the 1992 Olympic Games.
Gold Medallists at Atlanta 1996
Men's Singles - Poul-Erik Hoyer Larsen, Denmark.
Women's Singles - Bang Soo-Hyun, Korea.
Men's Doubles - Rexy Mainaky and Ricky Subagja, lndonesia.
Women's Doubles - Ge Fei and Gu Jun, China.
Mixed Doubles - Kim Dong-Moon and Gil Young-Ah, Korea.
Gold Medallists at Sydney 2000
Men's Singles - Ji Xinpeng, China.
Women's Singles - Gong Zhichao, China.
Men's Doubles - Tony Gunawan and Candra Wijaya, Indonesia.
Mixed Doubles - Zhang Jun and Gao Ling, China.
Gold Medallists at Athens 2004
Men's Singles - Taufik Hidayat, lndonesia
Women's Singles - Zhang Ning, China.
Men's Doubles - Kim Dong-Moon and Ha Tae-Kwon, Korea
Women's Doubles - Zhang Jiewen and Yang Wei, China.
Gold Medallists at Beijing 2008
Men's Singles - Lin Dan, China.
Men's Doubles - Markis Kido and Hendra Setiawan, Indonesia.
Women's Doubles - Du Jing and Yu Yang, China.
Mixed Doubles - Lee Yong-Dae and Lee Hyo-Jung, Korea.
Gold Medallists at London 2012
Men's Singles - Lin Dan, China
Women's Singles - Li Xuerui, China
Men's Doubles - Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng, China
Women's Doubles - Tian Qing and Zhao Yunlei, China
Mixed Doubles - Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei, China.
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