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Method and means for transmitting low speed signals over a PCM framing code
The standard D3 signalling frame bit pattern of a T1-type PCM telephone system is modified to provide a pattern in which (4n-3) separate low-speed data channels can be transmitted in a superframe consisting of 12n frames of the PCN carrier (n being a positive integer), without requiring a separate synchronization detector for superframe synchronization. Simple self-synchronizing circuit means are further disclosed for multiplexing a large number of essentially steady-state signals onto the low-speed data channels, and for positively detecting the onset and cessation of each steady-state signal, independently of the onset and cessation of any other steady-state signal, once in each group of k superframes, where k-1 is the number of steady-state signals being multiplexed.
Decoursey, Calvin H. (Reno, NV)
Lynch Communication Systems, Inc. (Reno, NV)
H04J3/06; H04J3/12; (IPC1-7): H04J1/14
370/110, 370/111, 370/82, 370/84, 370/99
3936609 Submultiplex transmission of alarm status signals for a time division multiplex system 1976-02-03 Waldeck 370/110
3909540 Data and signaling multiplexing in PCM systems via the framing code 1975-09-30 Maryscuk 370/110
3873776 Alarm arrangement for a time-division multiplex, pulse-code modulation carrier system 1975-03-25 Smith 370/110
3840705 DATA CHANNEL UNIT FOR A PCM TDM SYSTEM 1974-10-08 Hackett 370/110
SMITH, JERRY
PETER C. VAN DER SLUYS (34 SHERMAN COURT, FAIRFIELD, CT, 06430, US)
I claim:
1. The method of superimposing low-speed data onto a PCM carrier framing pattern of the D3 type, comprising the steps of:
(a) substituting, for a superframe consisting of n consecutive aaabbb sequences of the D3 signalling frame bit pattern, a pattern of the form aaabxx . . . bxxbxb, in which a represents a first logic level; b represents another logic level; x represents a logic level which can be either a or b; and . . . represents n-2 sequences of bxxbxx; and
(b) separately encoding the x bits of said substituted pattern with low-speed information.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
(c) transmitting said substituted pattern;
(d) using the aaa sequence of said transmitted pattern to derive a time reference for decoding both signalling information and low-speed information; and
(e) decoding said low-speed information with respect to said time reference.
3. The method of claim 1, in which at least three essentially steady-state data signals are multiplexed onto at least two of said x bits by sequentially encoding onto said x bits, in successive superframes, addresses identifying an individual steady-state signal only when said signal is present; transmitting said x bits; decoding said x bits when received to generate an address; and using said decoded address to determine, in successive superframes, both the presence and the identity of each said steady-state signal.
4. A self-synchronizing method of multiplexing a first plurality of essentially steady-state signals onto a second plurality of framing bits having predetermined positions in a superframe of a modified D3-type PCM framing pattern, comprising the steps of:
(a) sequentially encoding onto said framing bits, in successive superframes, addresses each identifying an individual steady-state signal only when said signal is present;
(b) transmitting said framing bits;
(c) decoding said framing bits when received to regenerate said encoded addresses; and
(d) using, in successive superframes, the address decoded in that superframe to determine both the presence and the identity of one of said steady-state signals.
5. The method of claim 4, in which the absence of a steady-state signal is indicated by transmitting a non-identifying address instead of the address of the steady-state signal involved.
6. Self-synchronizing apparatus for multiplexing a first plurality of essentially steady-state signals onto a second plurality of framing bits having predetermined positions in a superframe of a modified D3-type PCM framing pattern, comprising:
(a) first addressing means arranged to sequentially address, in successive superframes, each of said steady-state signals;
(b) encoding means responsive to the presence of the signal being addressed and arranged to encode onto said framing bits an address code identifying said addressed signal if it is present, but a non-identifying address code if it is absent;
(c) transmitting means arranged to transmit said framing bits;
(d) receiving means arranged to receive said framing bits and to determine their respective positions in the superframe;
(e) a plurality of addressable latching means, each corresponding to one of said signals, associated with said receiving means;
(f) second addressing means arranged to sequentially address, in successive superframes, each of said latching means;
(g) decoding means associated with said receiving means and arranged to decode said address code;
(h) address loading means operatively connected to said decoding means and to said second addressing means, and arranged to reset said second addressing means to the decoded address whenever an identifying address code is being decoded;
(i) input means associated with said latching means and operatively connected to said decoding means to set the latching means being addressed into a first condition if the address code being decoded is an identifying code, and into a second condition if the address code being decoded is a non-identifying code.
The multiplexing of several telephone channels onto a single pulse-code modulated carrier is commonly carried out by a system standardized throughout the telephone industry and known as a T1-type system. D3 is the most commonly used T1-type system. In order to enable the receiving apparatus in such a system to properly synchronize itself with the incoming pulse train, D3 systems use a so-called D3 signal format, in which each one hundred ninety-two bit information segment of the pulse train is preceded by a framing pulse whose logic level is determined by an arbitrary standardized scheme.
Specifically, in the D3 format, the framing pulses alternate between main frame pulses whose sequence is 101010101010 . . . , and signalling frame pulses whose sequence is 000111000111 . . . , the initial "0" of the signalling frame pattern always following a "0" of the main frame pattern. It will be noted that the main frame pattern repeats every four frames, whereas the signalling frame pattern repeats every twelve frames.
On occasion, it is desirable to transmit over the T1-type carrier certain low-speed information such as equipment status or alarm information, without using one of the multiplexed channels for that purpose. U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,540 to Maryscuk et al shows one way of accomplishing this. Noting that the triple bits of the signalling frame pattern are redundant, and that 0x0x1x0x0x1x (where x can be either "1" or "0") is an equally distinctive pattern, Maryscuk derives the signalling frame synchronization from the 001 pattern of those signalling frame bits which immediately follow a "0" bit of the main frame pattern. This leaves every other signalling frame bit (i.e. the signalling frame bits immediately following the "1" bits of the main frame pattern) free for the transmission of low-speed information. The positions of these bits in the pattern are referred to herein as the "x" positions.
Inasmuch as the low-speed information must also be synchronized for proper decoding, the above-described prior art scheme provides so-called superframe framing bits in every third "x" position. The superframe framing pattern is chosen as 10001000 . . . ; consequently, with each superframe being twelve frames long, the low-speed frame pattern repeats every forty-eight frames and is capable of transmitting eight channels of low-speed data.
In the event of a loss of synchronization, the reframing time (i.e. the time required to re-synchronize all receiver frunctions with the incoming pulse train) is a multiple, determined by the specific reframing method being used, of the longest pattern repetition interval, i.e. forty-eight frames in the above-described prior art system.
It will be noted that in the prior art system, separate synchronization detectors must be provided for the signalling frame pattern (i.e. the 001001 . . . pattern) and the super-frame framing pattern (i.e. the 10001000 . . . pattern).
With the advent of more sophisticated equipment and the consequent need to transmit more and higher-frequency data, it is desirable or even critical to be able to piggy-back more low-speed data channels with a shorter reframing time and simpler equipment onto the D3 pattern.
The present invention makes it possible to transmit 4n-3 (where n is a positive integer) low-speed data channels in a pattern repetition interval of only 12n frames (e.g. nine channels in thirty-six frames) by preserving only one out of every n 000 sequences in the D3 signalling frame pattern as a framing reference, and setting the remaining signalling frame bits in such a way that no 000 sequence can occur anywhere else in the signalling frame pattern. This concept also makes it possible to use a single synchronization detector for both the signalling information and the low-speed information, as they are both framed by the same reference sequence.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, some or all of the low-speed channels can themselves be multiplexed, if desired, to transmit up to 2(4n-3) -1 separate essentially steady-state signals with a transmission rate of k signals every 12nk frames, where k is the number of multiplexed steady-state signals.
FIG. 1 is an overall block diagram of a system using this invention;
FIGS. 2a through 2f are pulse diagrams illustrating the time relationship of various signals in the inventive system;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of receiver circuits involved in the invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an encoding circuit involved in a further aspect of the invention; and
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a decoding circuit involved in the system of FIG. 4.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical telephone system making use of the invention. A central office 10 serves subscribers S, located at some distance from the central office 10, over a repeatered cable 12 having two wire pairs (a forward pair 12F and a return pair 12R) for each twenty-four subscribers, by multiplexing the twenty-four subscriber channels onto what is essentially a T1-type PCM system. The signals used by the subscribers S and by the central office 10 are encoded, at each end of the cable 12, by transmitters 16C and 16S, respectively. At the opposite ends of cable 12, the multiplexed signals are decoded by receivers 18S and 18C, respectively.
In the return direction R (i.e. from the remote unit 22 to the central office unit 20), it is desirable to transmit, in addition to the information coming from subscribers S, certain alarm or status information originated by the remote unit 22 to advise maintenance personnel at the central office 10 of the existence and nature of any malfunction of the remote unit 22 which would not be detectable by a loss of incoming signal at the central office unit 20. In both directions, it is also desirable to transmit certain test signals and other operational data, collectively referred to herein as low-speed information.
The invention accomplishes this by generating, in each of the transmitters 16C and 16S, a T1-type pulse train using a slightly modified version of the standard D3 framing pattern shown in FIG. 2a. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the normal 000111000111000111 signalling frame pulse sequence of a thirty-six frame "superframe" is modified to become 0001x1 x2 1x3 x4 1x5 x6 1x7 x8 1x9 1, where x1 through x9 are bits representing nine low-speed information channels. Although x1 through x9 can be either "1" or "0" as the low-speed information being transmitted may require, it will be seen that it is impossible for a 000 sequence to occur anywhere except in the first three bits of each superframe.
In a more general form, it will be noted from FIG. 2b, which shows the modified framing pulse pattern of this invention, that each 000111 sequence of the signalling frame bits in a superframe made up of n twelve-frame groups of the standard D3 pattern is replaced by 1xx1xx in the inventive modification, except that the first 000111 sequence in each superframe is replaced by 0001xx, and the last 000111 sequence in each superframe is replaced by 1xx1x1. Thus, the first modified sequence in a superframe contains (4-2) x-bits, the last (4-1) x-bits, and all other 4 x-bits; and consequently, a superframe consisting of n groups of twelve frames contains (n-2)4+(4-2)+(4-1)=(4n-3) x-bits.
FIG. 3 shows, in block form, the general manner in which the receivers 18 handle a T1-type pulse train having a modified D3 framing bit pattern. The incoming pulse train is analyzed by a conventional frame detector 30 which extracts the framing information from the pulse train, and which has four outputs: main frame bits (101010 . . . ), signalling frame bits (the modified pattern discussed in detail herein); main frame clock (one pulse every two frames, see FIG. 2c); and signal frame clock (one pulse every two frames, interleaved with the pulses of the main frame clock, see FIG. 2d).
As in any conventional T1-type system, the main frame bits output of the frame detector 30 constitutes the synchronization input of a voice channel demultiplexer 32 whose data input is the incoming pulse train. The signalling frame bits, however, instead of being directly applied to signalling channel demultiplexer 38 to provide its (A), (B) frame timing for synchronization as in a conventional T1-type system, are first applied to a 000 detector 34 which puts out a superframe reference or reset pulse whenever it detects a third consecutive "0" in the signalling frame bit sequence (FIG. 2d).
The reset pulse is used to reset a signalling synchronization generator 36 which is essentially a resettable divide-by-six circuit. Its input is the signalling frame clock (i.e. one pulse every two frames), and its output is one timing pulse every twelve frames. The timing pulses are synchronized by the reset pulse from 000 detector 34 in such manner as to produce the timing information provided, in conventional systems, by the signalling frame bits themselves, i.e. the identification of those frames in the incoming pulse train which contain (B) type signalling information (the frame following the first "0" of each 000 sequence of the standard D3 signalling frame bit pattern) and those which contain (A) type signalling information (the frame following the first "1" of each 111 sequence of the standard D3 signalling frame bit pattern).
The (A), (B) frame timing output of generator 36 provides the synchronization input to the conventional signal channel demultiplexer 38, whose data input is once again the incoming pulse train.
To derive the low-speed signal information, the reset pulse is also fed to a counter 40 which is advanced one count by each main frame clock pulse, and which is reset by the third "0" of the 000 sequence at the start of each superframe by the reset pulse. The output of counter 40 is the timing signal which provides the synchronization input to the low-speed channel demultiplexer 42, whose data input is the signalling frame pulse train from frame detector 30. The low-speed channel demultiplexer operates in a conventional manner to convey the logic levels of the x1 through x9 bits in the signalling frame pulse train to the proper low-speed signal information outputs in accordance with the timing count produced by counter 40.
The signals on lines (c) through (f) of FIG. 3 are illustrated in the time-amplitude diagrams of FIGS. 2c through 2f, respectively.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, two or more of the low-speed channels can be multiplexed (at the price of additional reframe time) to allow the transmission of essentially steady-state signals such as alarm indications.
As shown in FIG. 4, the low-speed channel multiplexing system of this invention (illustrated in FIG. 4 as a seven steady-state signal device using three of the low-speed channels) includes a three-bit counter 102 which reiteratively generates address codes 0 (binary 000) through 7 (binary 111) at its outputs Q1, Q2, Q3, at the rate of one address code per superframe. The address codes generated by the counter 102 are decoded by an eight-bit decoder 104 which decodes the address code and successively connects its eight inputs (the no-alarm input and the seven alarm inputs) to its Q output.
The signalling frame bit pattern of the transmitted T1-type pulse frame is loaded into a shift register 106. Assuming that the alarm indications are to be multiplexed onto low-speed channels x1, x2, and x3, the Q1, Q2 and Q3 outputs, respectively, of counter 102 are each ANDed with the Q output of decoder 104 and fed to the parallel inputs of shift register 106 corresponding to the x1, x2 and x3 bit positions in the framing pattern. Thus, when no alarm is present, x1, x2 and x3 will all be "0" because at all times either the address is 000 or the Q output is "0" (because alarm inputs 1 through 7 are all "0").
If an alarm condition now occurs at alarm input 2, that input goes to "1". The next time the address generated by counter 102 is binary 010, the decoder 104 connects alarm input 2 to the Q output, and the Q output goes to "1". The resulting coincidence of "1" inputs at AND gate 108 loads a "1" into the x2 position of shift register 106. When the shift register 106 is now serially read out by the transmit circuitry to frame the next superframe, the alarm code 010 will be contained in the x1, x2, x3 channels.
It will be noted that the alarm condition at alarm input 2 is transmitted only once every eight superframes. The presence or absence of the other alarms is transmitted in the intervening superframes.
FIG. 5 shows the decoding of the multiplexed alarm code at the receivers 18 (FIG. 1). A three-bit counter 112 stepped once per superframe by a superframe clock 114 normally free-runs, i.e. cycles through its eight output stages at the same rate as counter 102 (FIG. 4), but not necessarily in synchronization with it. The incoming signalling frame pulse train is serial-loaded into a shift register 116. When a complete superframe's worth of signalling frame pulses are in the proper position in shift register 116, the x1, x2 and x3 bits are clocked out in parallel and applied to the parallel-load address inputs 118 of counter 112, as well as to the inputs of OR gate 120.
The output of OR gate 120 is applied to the D input of an eight-bit addressable latch 122. The state of the D input is transferred in rotation to the eight alarm outputs (0) through (7) of the latch 122, in accordance with the address appearing at the address inputs 124 of latch 122. While not addressed, the alarm outputs (0) through (7) retain the state in which they were when last addressed.
The output of OR gate 120 is also applied to the load command input of counter 112. Whenever its load command input is "1", counter 112 is reset to put out the address appearing at its parallel-load inputs 118.
As long as there is no alarm condition, i.e. the x1, x2 and x3 bits are all "0", the eight-bit latch 122 simply cycles through its eight outputs and continually resets them all to "0". When an alarm condition such as that at alarm input 2 (FIG. 4) now occurs, one of the next eight superframes will contain a 010 in the x1, x2, x3 positions. At that moment, the resulting "1" output of OR gate 120 causes counter 112 to reset to the address 010 which now appears at the parallel-load inputs 118. This in turn connects the D input of latch 122 to alarm output (2) which immediately latches into the "1" or "on" state.
The counter 112 is now in synchronism with counter 102 and remains that way. If by any chance it should drop out of synchronism, it is resynchronized every time x1, x2, and x3 are not all zero (once every eight superframes in the above example).
When the alarm condition at alarm input 2 (FIG. 4) is corrected, the next 010 address output of counter 102 will produce a 000 in the x1, x2, x3 positions of the pulse train. On the receiving end (FIG. 5), the D input of latch 122 will consequently be "0" while counter 112 provides a 010 address to input 124 of latch 122, and alarm output (2) will latch "off".
In the case of a carrier failure (an all-zero pulse train), all the outputs of latch 122 will latch "off". This is not significant, however, because an all-zero pulse train is one of several conditions which the receiver conventionally recognizes as a system failure. Whenever the receiver recognizes any system failure condition, it conventionally perceives all received data (including any alarm indications) to be invalid, and blocks its utilization.
It will be noted that due to the self-synchronizing nature of the low-speed signal multiplexing arrangement of this invention, the maximum reframe time of K-1 multiplexed alarm signals is k superframes plus the reframe time of the modified D3 pattern itself.
Although the invention has been described herein in terms of a 000 sequence as being the reference point for superframe and signalling frame synchronization, the same result can be achieved in the same manner by using a 111 sequence as a reference, and preventing the occurrence of three successive "1" bits anywhere else in a superframe.
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The Perils of Pauline
November 21, 2014 ~ Anthony Camber
No plan survives contact with the enemy. As I wrote in my last blog about researching The Pauline Conversion, as you dig around in the archives you have to be prepared to unearth something that stops your neat idea in its tracks. If you're unlucky it sends you reversing back to the start line. If you're lucky it diverts you onto a shinier, more interesting path. The Pauline Conversion is very much an example of the latter.
The journey to The Pauline Conversion started over a year ago after Russia passed an anti-gay law just months before hosting the Olympic Winter Games in Sochi. You might remember the fuss, which resulted ultimately in mass hand-wringing and general inaction. This law angered me, naturally. It was a hugely retrograde step for the country, and the global community fluffed its response.
It set me thinking. Could I write a book satirising this situation in some way? It felt a natural fit for St Paul's College in an earlier, less equal time than the contemporary Britain of The Pink and the Grey. I'd also been itching to write a story about a younger version of Dennis. One calculation later, I settled on 1972 as a first approximation. In those days the summer and winter games occurred in the same year. Munich, in the summer, suffered from terrorism: not a great backdrop for a St Paul's story. Sapporo's winter games were a better fit, mirroring Sochi in 2014.
That took me back to February 1972, when the Sapporo games took place. I noodled with the idea of St Paul's or the university staging its own games, but nothing grabbed me – and it wouldn't be Dennis's thing at all, unless there was a gold medal in tea preparation. In search of inspiration I looked into that time in more detail: what was going on, globally and locally?
A lot of change. A lot of unrest.
Change is constant, of course, and someone's always up in arms about something. But Cambridge was experiencing a greater turbulence than usual. Miners were on strike across the country, and the energy shortage was about to bring power cuts and disruption. Students took part in a sit-in at a university building, arguing for a greater say in university affairs and changes to exams. Not far from St Paul's a large rectangle of old Cambridge was being demolished and redeveloped: a multi-storey car park, a modern shopping centre.
All this on the back of the great social changes of the 1960s. For gay men the decade brought, eventually, decriminalisation – though there's a difference between legal and socially acceptable. Even five years after decriminalisation, attitudes towards LGBT people (not that this term was in use) had barely shifted from much darker, more violent times, even in a semi-enlightened Cambridge that would have tolerated St Paul's for a couple of centuries. And discrimination was rife not just against gay people. Women were poorly treated (they still are, of course), and beginning to fight back: stereotypically, burning bras in the cause of women's liberation.
In Dennis I saw a man who would be uneasy and suspicious of too much change too rapidly. But he would also be a moderniser, understanding the worst way to manage change is to build a dam and hide beneath it. He would also be a man of multifarious routines, as we all are, with that nagging middle-aged sense of a life slipping away unfulfilled.
Change, then: a rich seam to mine, at many levels. Environmental, social, personal, with Dennis at the core pushing and coping and not coping and blundering.
An idea bloomed and I started to write, but the story lacked fizz. I persevered for a while hoping a light bulb would blaze above my head, but I felt I was writing words to throw away. Changing tack, instead I hugged cups of tea and stared through plate glass at winter crowds, letting my mind wander, waiting for something, something…
Inspiration hit me, eventually, in the shower. (Without tea, plate glass, or winter crowds.) It was the character of Red. Red, I knew, would set the sparks flying.
A complete scene-by-scene outline followed at its own dozy pace, and then when I could procrastinate no more, with research in hand, I started on my second first draft: ninety-four glorious, frustrating days of writing. And after several further months and a few more drafts, with feedback from trusted compadres and the attention of my bluest editing pencil, I decided it was ready. (You can edit a manuscript forever. It's never finished, it's just time to stop fiddling and let go.)
There are things I'd like to have covered in the book. I barely touched on racial discrimination. A bolder author would have included a black character and the terrible racism common at the time. But that might have appeared tick-box tokenism and diluted other aspects of the story. You can't do everything. You're painting a picture not taking a photograph, and readers aren't daft.
So it's done, and it's out, and I think the paperback looks tremendous. The plan now is to promote the book, and in particular attract reviewers – from "normal" readers and from pro or semi-pro reviewers. On Amazon, reviews are king. Reviews drive sales, and sales drive reviews. That's the plan, anyway. And as we know, no plan survives contact with the enemy…
The poor, powerless IOC
September 5, 2013 ~ Anthony Camber	~ Leave a comment
"But one should not forget that we are staging the games in a sovereign state and the IOC cannot be expected to have an influence on the sovereign affairs of a country," says departing IOC president Jacques Rogge.
No indeed. The IOC's hands are tied. They can do nothing, nothing, to stop countries — to which they, at their sole discretion, award the biggest sporting event on the planet — from battering their citizens. Sovereign governments are entirely beyond the IOC's influence.
Olympic Symbol etc. (Protection) Act 1995
1(1) There shall be a right, to be known as the Olympics association right. …
2(1) The Olympics association right shall confer exclusive rights in relation to the use of the Olympic symbol, the Olympic motto and the protected words. …
The poor, powerless IOC.
London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006
11 Olympic Route Network …
14 Traffic regulation orders …
19 Advertising regulations …
22 Enforcement: power of entry
(1) A constable or enforcement officer may—
(a) enter land or premises on which they reasonably believe a contravention of regulations under section 19 is occurring (whether by reason of advertising on that land or premises or by the use of that land or premises to cause an advertisement to appear elsewhere);
(b) remove, destroy, conceal or erase any infringing article;
(c) when entering land under paragraph (a), be accompanied by one or more persons for the purpose of taking action under paragraph (b);
(d) use, or authorise the use of, reasonable force for the purpose of taking action under this subsection. …
25 Street trading, &c. …
(a) enter land or premises on which they reasonably believe a contravention of regulations under section 25 is occurring;
(b) remove any infringing article;
34 Greater London Authority: powers
(1) The Greater London Authority may do anything—
(a) for the purpose of complying with an obligation of the Mayor of London under the Host City Contract (whether before, during or after the London Olympics),
(b) for a purpose connected with preparing for or managing the London Olympics, or
(c) for a purpose connected with anything done in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b).
The London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (Advertising and Trading) (England) Regulations 2011 (and similar regulations for Wales and Scotland)
Control of advertising activity
6.—(1) A person must not engage in advertising activity in an event zone during the relevant event period or periods. …
The Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, London Restricted Zone EGR112) Regulations 2012 (and 14 similar regulations for other Olympic venues)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Control of Interference from Apparatus) (The London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games) Regulations 2012
The A19 Trunk Road and the A66 Trunk Road (Olympic Torch Relay) (Temporary Prohibition of Traffic) Order 2012
Etc, etc. There are 51 acts and statutory instruments on legislation.gov.uk with "Olympic" in the title.
What would Putin do?
July 24, 2013 ~ Anthony Camber	~ Leave a comment
It's a big few years for sport in Russia. In a couple of weeks Moscow hosts the World Athletics Championships. Next January the Winter Olympics bandwagon stops in Sochi. And in 2018 FIFA's World Cup peppers the country with 32 national teams playing the world's most popular sport.
Meanwhile, let's look at some of the laws Russia has recently passed.
July 3: Russian president Vladimir Putin signed a law that means if you — gay or straight, single or married or civilly partnered — live in a country with any form of marriage equality, you will not be allowed to adopt a Russian-born child.
June 20: Putin signed a law allowing the Russian government to arrest, hold and then expel any foreign tourist who is gay or "pro-gay". You could reasonably expect "pro-gay" activities to include showing the rainbow flag, or arguing for equality — very much considered acts of free speech in modern western democracies.
Earlier in June: Putin classified "homosexual propaganda" as pornography. A teacher in Russia must not state that homosexuality is OK and normal, for example. Worse than that: neither can a judge. Spouting such "propaganda" can lead to arrest and a fine.
Buzzfeed's 36 Photos From Russia That Everyone Needs To See shows you in graphic detail what's happening in that country as a result.
The heads of the IAAF, the IOC and FIFA should be worried. How does Russia's behaviour match all the fine words on equality and anti-discrimination coming from these organisations? It doesn't, plainly. And what are they going to do about it? Nothing, of course.
I've written before and at length about homophobia in football: FIFA blusters much and achieves zip; I don't want to re-re-rehash that again here. In a statement the IOC claims the new laws won't affect the Winter Olympics, saying "athletes of all orientations will be welcome at the Games." There's a petition calling for a stupid boycott: don't sign it.
The IAAF, meanwhile, has been silent.
You won't find any mention on the IAAF's website of Russia's new crackdown. The only gay is Tyson Gay. Google finds no mention on the site of the word "homosexual", and only one instance of "sexuality", used in an article from 2000 about an athlete who appeared naked in an advert.
Now, I happen to have a copy of the IAAF Constitution to hand, along with its official Code of Ethics (these are all available on the IAAF website). In Article 3 of the IAAF Constitution, about the objectives of the IAAF, clauses 3.3 and 3.4 say:
3.3. To encourage participation in Athletics at all levels throughout the world regardless of age, gender or race.
3.4. To strive to ensure that no gender, race, religious, political or other kind of unfair discrimination exists, continues to exist, or is allowed to develop in Athletics in any form, and that all may participate in Athletics regardless of their gender, race, religious or political views or any other irrelevant factor.
Here's the Code of Ethics, part A.1 (this applies to all IAAF officials):
A.1. No discrimination on the basis of gender, race, religion, political opinion or other such ground will be tolerated in Athletics, including in the IAAF Council, Committees, Commissions and other elected or appointed organs of the IAAF.
And here's the IAAF Constitution again, under "Rights and obligations of members", Article 4, clause 8(a):
4.8. Members shall have the following obligations of Membership:
4.8.(a) to respect and further the Objects set out in Article 3;
It strikes me that Russia is, by enacting these new laws, very much in breach of clause 4.8(a) of the IAAF Constitution. I'd also say that any IAAF official who through action or inaction allows discrimination on the basis of sexuality to take place in or around the World Athletics Championships is in violation of the IAAF Code of Ethics.
I tweeted @iaaforg earlier today:
@iaaforg Does the IAAF condemn or condone Russia's new anti-LGBT laws?
— Anthony Camber (@AnthonyCamber) July 24, 2013
Any response? Nope.
Of course, other countries in the IAAF already discriminate against LGBT people, and the get-out qualifiers "unfair" and "irrelevant" in clause 3.4 are no doubt the ones those countries underline in green ink as justification. But it is rare for a country to reintroduce discrimination it has already shed: and, in any case, the code of ethics to which all IAAF officials must abide has no such qualifier.
I'd like to see two things happen.
Firstly, and most importantly, I want to see LGBT athletes demonstrate publicly, confidently and repeatedly that they are not afraid to be out in elite sport, on and off the field. Visibility, visibility, visibility. It's visibility that has brought equal marriage rights in England and Wales, and it's visibility that will change sport — that is changing sport.
Secondly, I want to see straight athletes show their support for LGBT people — and do so on camera, in the stadium. Overtly or covertly, I don't mind. Painted nails, rainbow pins, messages in interviews, signs to camera when lined up for their events, carrying rainbow flags on laps of honour, anything.
What would the IAAF officials do?
Coming soon: Disunited
January 18, 2013 January 18, 2013 ~ Anthony Camber	~ Leave a comment
A couple of years ago I wrote a short story — very short, only about 1500 words — set in the dusty office of the manager of a football club. A young, talented member of his team came to him with a confession: he was gay. More than that, he wanted to come out publicly. The story played out as an exchange between the two, with a not particularly twisty twist at the end.
It was inspired by the then-recent decision of FIFA, football's world governing body, to award the 2018 World Cup to Russia and the 2022 World Cup to Qatar. For an organisation allegedly committed to stamping out discrimination in the game, the decision was and remains incomprehensible: homosexuality is barely tolerated in much of Russia, and is illegal in Qatar. It's as if FIFA had awarded the World Cup of 1978 to South Africa, at the height of apartheid.
The player in my short story looked ahead to 2022, when he might be out, happily married, with kids — and playing for England. Would the FA not allow him to be selected, to avoid offending the hosts? Would Qatar turn him away at the airport, along with any other players that might be out by then? Of course not.
The authorities in Qatar could surely do nothing but let him and the others play, or risk the condemnation of the international community. They would have to let in his partner, if he had one. Any other action would be intolerable, and worthy of a boycott.
I'm sure that by 2022 this won't be a hypothetical scenario. I'm convinced that there'll be out gay male players in the top football leagues around the world, and it's more likely than not that at least one of the 32 national teams in Qatar will field an out gay player.
But currently there are none at the highest levels of the game, nationally or internationally: the only out gay man currently playing is Anton Hysén, in the third division of the Swedish league. In Britain, the only out gay player so far has been Justin Fashanu, twenty years ago, in a different world.
I don't believe this will remain the case for long. I think that within a year — possibly this summer, between seasons — someone playing in the English or Scottish Premier League will come out. I don't know who, I don't know where — I have no inside information — it just feels as if it will happen. A momentum seems to be building, almost as if a growing number of people are being let into a secret and then voicing their support without naming names. Eventually there'll be a critical mass, a tipping point, and the unnamed player or players will come out. Perhaps: I don't know.
But this gut feeling is why I'm in a hurry to publish my next book.
Called Disunited, it's set at a football club I don't name, in a city I don't name, in the present day. It's about a newly signed rising star of the game called Danny Prince who becomes — reluctantly — the first British player to come out since Fashanu. It's my usual mix of humour and seriousness, and — in case you might be put off — it's not a football book, full of arcane gags about the offside rule. The first top footballer who comes out in the UK today will face many struggles on and off the pitch — dealing with his teammates, his manager, and not least his supporters — but the story's about universal human worries: loyalty, honesty, risks, relationships, and remaining true to yourself.
The book will be out in early February, which happily coincides with the Football v Homophobia month of action and LGBT history month. I'll publish a sneak preview here when it's available.
Or maybe a real-life player will beat me to it…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Title 52. Voting and Elections
§ 10101
52 U.S.C. § 10101 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 52. Voting and Elections § 10101. Voting rights
Search U.S. Code
(a) Race, color, or previous condition not to affect right to vote; uniform standards for voting qualifications; errors or omissions from papers; literacy tests; agreements between Attorney General and State or local authorities; definitions
(1) All citizens of the United States who are otherwise qualified by law to vote at any election by the people in any State, Territory, district, county, city, parish, township, school district, municipality, or other territorial subdivision, shall be entitled and allowed to vote at all such elections, without distinction of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; any constitution, law, custom, usage, or regulation of any State or Territory, or by or under its authority, to the contrary notwithstanding.
(2) No person acting under color of law shall--
(A) in determining whether any individual is qualified under State law or laws to vote in any election, apply any standard, practice, or procedure different from the standards, practices, or procedures applied under such law or laws to other individuals within the same county, parish, or similar political subdivision who have been found by State officials to be qualified to vote;
(B) deny the right of any individual to vote in any election because of an error or omission on any record or paper relating to any application, registration, or other act requisite to voting, if such error or omission is not material in determining whether such individual is qualified under State law to vote in such election; or
(C) employ any literacy test as a qualification for voting in any election unless (i) such test is administered to each individual and is conducted wholly in writing, and (ii) a certified copy of the test and of the answers given by the individual is furnished to him within twenty-five days of the submission of his request made within the period of time during which records and papers are required to be retained and preserved pursuant to Title III of the Civil Rights Act of 1960: Provided, however, That the Attorney General may enter into agreements with appropriate State or local authorities that preparation, conduct, and maintenance of such tests in accordance with the provisions of applicable State or local law, including such special provisions as are necessary in the preparation, conduct, and maintenance of such tests for persons who are blind or otherwise physically handicapped, meet the purposes of this subparagraph and constitute compliance therewith.
(3) For purposes of this subsection--
(A) the term "vote" shall have the same meaning as in subsection (e) of this section;
(B) the phrase "literacy test" includes any test of the ability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter.
(b) Intimidation, threats, or coercion
No person, whether acting under color of law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any other person for the purpose of interfering with the right of such other person to vote or to vote as he may choose, or of causing such other person to vote for, or not to vote for, any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the Senate, or Member of the House of Representatives, Delegates or Commissioners from the Territories or possessions, at any general, special, or primary election held solely or in part for the purpose of selecting or electing any such candidate.
(c) Preventive relief; injunction; rebuttable literacy presumption; liability of United States for costs; State as party defendant
Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice which would deprive any other person of any right or privilege secured by subsection (a) or (b), the Attorney General may institute for the United States, or in the name of the United States, a civil action or other proper proceeding for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order. If in any such proceeding literacy is a relevant fact there shall be a rebuttable presumption that any person who has not been adjudged an incompetent and who has completed the sixth grade in a public school in, or a private school accredited by, any State or territory, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico where instruction is carried on predominantly in the English language, possesses sufficient literacy, comprehension, and intelligence to vote in any election. In any proceeding hereunder the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person. Whenever, in a proceeding instituted under this subsection any official of a State or subdivision thereof is alleged to have committed any act or practice constituting a deprivation of any right or privilege secured by subsection (a), the act or practice shall also be deemed that of the State and the State may be joined as a party defendant and, if, prior to the institution of such proceeding, such official has resigned or has been relieved of his office and no successor has assumed such office, the proceeding may be instituted against the State.
(d) Jurisdiction; exhaustion of other remedies
The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section and shall exercise the same without regard to whether the party aggrieved shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law.
(e) Order qualifying person to vote; application; hearing; voting referees; transmittal of report and order; certificate of qualification; definitions
In any proceeding instituted pursuant to subsection (c) in the event the court finds that any person has been deprived on account of race or color of any right or privilege secured by subsection (a), the court shall upon request of the Attorney General and after each party has been given notice and the opportunity to be heard make a finding whether such deprivation was or is pursuant to a pattern or practice. If the court finds such pattern or practice, any person of such race or color resident within the affected area shall, for one year and thereafter until the court subsequently finds that such pattern or practice has ceased, be entitled, upon his application therefor, to an order declaring him qualified to vote, upon proof that at any election or elections (1) he is qualified under State law to vote, and (2) he has since such finding by the court been (a) deprived of or denied under color of law the opportunity to register to vote or otherwise to qualify to vote, or (b) found not qualified to vote by any person acting under color of law. Such order shall be effective as to any election held within the longest period for which such applicant could have been registered or otherwise qualified under State law at which the applicant's qualifications would under State law entitle him to vote.
Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of State law or the action of any State officer or court, an applicant so declared qualified to vote shall be permitted to vote in any such election. The Attorney General shall cause to be transmitted certified copies of such order to the appropriate election officers. The refusal by any such officer with notice of such order to permit any person so declared qualified to vote to vote at an appropriate election shall constitute contempt of court.
An application for an order pursuant to this subsection shall be heard within ten days, and the execution of any order disposing of such application shall not be stayed if the effect of such stay would be to delay the effectiveness of the order beyond the date of any election at which the applicant would otherwise be enabled to vote.
The court may appoint one or more persons who are qualified voters in the judicial district, to be known as voting referees, who shall subscribe to the oath of office required by section 3331 of Title 5 , to serve for such period as the court shall determine, to receive such applications and to take evidence and report to the court findings as to whether or not at any election or elections (1) any such applicant is qualified under State law to vote, and (2) he has since the finding by the court heretofore specified been (a) deprived of or denied under color of law the opportunity to register to vote or otherwise to qualify to vote, or (b) found not qualified to vote by any person acting under color of law. In a proceeding before a voting referee, the applicant shall be heard ex parte at such times and places as the court shall direct. His statement under oath shall be prima facie evidence as to his age, residence, and his prior efforts to register or otherwise qualify to vote. Where proof of literacy or an understanding of other subjects is required by valid provisions of State law, the answer of the applicant, if written, shall be included in such report to the court; if oral, it shall be taken down stenographically and a transcription included in such report to the court.
Upon receipt of such report, the court shall cause the Attorney General to transmit a copy thereof to the State attorney general and to each party to such proceeding together with an order to show cause within ten days, or such shorter time as the court may fix, why an order of the court should not be entered in accordance with such report. Upon the expiration of such period, such order shall be entered unless prior to that time there has been filed with the court and served upon all parties a statement of exceptions to such report. Exceptions as to matters of fact shall be considered only if supported by a duly verified copy of a public record or by affidavit of persons having personal knowledge of such facts or by statements or matters contained in such report; those relating to matters of law shall be supported by an appropriate memorandum of law. The issues of fact and law raised by such exceptions shall be determined by the court or, if the due and speedy administration of justice requires, they may be referred to the voting referee to determine in accordance with procedures prescribed by the court. A hearing as to an issue of fact shall be held only in the event that the proof in support of the exception disclose the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. The applicant's literacy and understanding of other subjects shall be determined solely on the basis of answers included in the report of the voting referee.
The court, or at its direction the voting referee, shall issue to each applicant so declared qualified a certificate identifying the holder thereof as a person so qualified.
Any voting referee appointed by the court pursuant to this subsection shall to the extent not inconsistent herewith have all the powers conferred upon a master by rule 53(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure . The compensation to be allowed to any persons appointed by the court pursuant to this subsection shall be fixed by the court and shall be payable by the United States.
Applications pursuant to this subsection shall be determined expeditiously. In the case of any application filed twenty or more days prior to an election which is undetermined by the time of such election, the court shall issue an order authorizing the applicant to vote provisionally: Provided, however, That such applicant shall be qualified to vote under State law. In the case of an application filed within twenty days prior to an election, the court, in its discretion, may make such an order. In either case the order shall make appropriate provision for the impounding of the applicant's ballot pending determination of the application. The court may take any other action, and may authorize such referee or such other person as it may designate to take any other action, appropriate or necessary to carry out the provisions of this subsection and to enforce its decrees. This subsection shall in no way be construed as a limitation upon the existing powers of the court.
When used in the subsection, the word "vote" includes all action necessary to make a vote effective including, but not limited to, registration or other action required by State law prerequisite to voting, casting a ballot, and having such ballot counted and included in the appropriate totals of votes cast with respect to candidates for public office and propositions for which votes are received in an election; the words "affected area" shall mean any subdivision of the State in which the laws of the State relating to voting are or have been to any extent administered by a person found in the proceeding to have violated subsection (a); and the words "qualified under State law" shall mean qualified according to the laws, customs, or usages of the State, and shall not, in any event, imply qualifications more stringent than those used by the persons found in the proceeding to have violated subsection (a) in qualifying persons other than those of the race or color against which the pattern or practice of discrimination was found to exist.
(f) Contempt; assignment of counsel; witnesses
Any person cited for an alleged contempt under this Act shall be allowed to make his full defense by counsel learned in the law; and the court before which he is cited or tried, or some judge thereof, shall immediately, upon his request, assign to him such counsel, not exceeding two, as he may desire, who shall have free access to him at all reasonable hours. He shall be allowed, in his defense to make any proof that he can produce by lawful witnesses, and shall have the like process of the court to compel his witnesses to appear at his trial or hearing, as is usually granted to compel witnesses to appear on behalf of the prosecution. If such person shall be found by the court to be financially unable to provide for such counsel, it shall be the duty of the court to provide such counsel.
(g) Three-judge district court: hearing, determination, expedition of action, review by Supreme Court; single-judge district court: hearing, determination, expedition of action
In any proceeding instituted by the United States in any district court of the United States under this section in which the Attorney General requests a finding of a pattern or practice of discrimination pursuant to subsection (e) of this section the Attorney General, at the time he files the complaint, or any defendant in the proceeding, within twenty days after service upon him of the complaint, may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the entire case. A copy of the request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of the copy of such request it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court.
In any proceeding brought under subsection (c) of this section to enforce subsection (b) of this section, or in the event neither the Attorney General nor any defendant files a request for a three-judge court in any proceeding authorized by this subsection, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or, in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.
It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.
Read this complete 52 U.S.C. § 10101 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 52. Voting and Elections § 10101. Voting rights on Westlaw


text:
Beauty. Grace. Gymnastics ›
Beauty. Grace. Gymnastics
Why "The Final Five"?
Lindsey Johnson
When someone mentions the 2016 Rio Olympics a year from now, what will you remember? Michael Phelps taking home his 24th Gold Olympic Metal, Helen Maroulis receiving USA's first gold in Women's wrestling, Puerto Rico winning their first gold metal because of Monica Puig's or how about Simone Biles taking home four gold metals for gymnastics? All of these are impeccable examples of the beauty of the Olympic games. By definition Olympic Games can be defined as "the world's biggest sporting event that is divided into summer and winter games held every four years by a single city". These games demonstrate an athlete's ability while also showcasing pride to their country. It's refreshing to see athletes from all over the world coming together through their god given abilities. Though there were many memorable events in athletics this year, USA's Gymnastic team stood out the most to me.
"The best athlete of this time." How many times have we heard this said in regards to an athletic figure? Can one really define the best or is it merely another's interpretation of that definition? Some may argue it is is indefinable and perhaps that is true, but one thing is clear; Simone Biles, Laurie Hernández, Gabby Douglas, Aly Raismen and Madison Kocian were just five athletes out of a numerous amount of individuals that captured an audience's attention though the skill sets of their craft. Summer Olympics of 2012 was when I was first introduced to Gabby Douglas, or, as they like to call her "The Flying Squirrel". The way her body moved in the air was intriguing to watch, and what was even more extraordinary to witness was to see someone who looked like me, an African American teenager winning metals and receiving recognition for her craft.
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Gabby Douglas was and still is pleasing to watch when preforming. Though some like to argue that Gabby didn't preform as well this year, I rebuke those claims. Her performances were still extraordinary and flawless on the uneven bars, however media was overly critical of Gabby this year. Some of Gaby's routines were not nearly as difficult as her teammates or competitors due to her knee injury that she is still healing from, and as a result I feel it took away from some of her creditably or possibility to have more medals. Despite the obstacles that presented itself this year, Gabby is a phenomenal athlete who has three Olympic metals and has made history in both summer Olympics that she has attended, something media can never take from her.
Laurie Hernández, Ally Raisman and Madison Kocian were three other gymnasts that were fascinating to watch. All three girls were smooth and crisp with their routines; whether it was through the beams, or the bars, you became entrapped from reality as you watched their graceful body movements. I loved seeing the strength in the girls as they persevered through the obstacles of their routine but were still able to come out on top, it was truly a time to be proud to be a woman.
"Simone Biles is the best American gymnast." Though some can argue this claim; I think she merits this title. Simone is exceptionally talented and has the ability to harness any gymnastic skill that she puts her mind to. When you watch the young woman, it is impossible not to become enthralled by her swift and crisp body movements. Most athletes, whether it is in gymnastics, swimming, basketball and so fort are strong in certain points, but are weaker in others; however Simone exemplifies skill in all gymnastic events, which makes her an astounding athlete. Her routines are invigorating and enjoyable, while still challenging. Like Gabby Douglas, Simone is extremely intriguing to watch preform. I think my favorite routines to watch for her are the uneven bars and the floor exercise because you can really witness her flawless technique and the ability she posses as a gymnast; it is quite beautiful. The way her body moves smoothly with the bars or music is indescribable. I also love that Simone is another African American teenager who is getting recognition for all her hard work she has put into her skill.
One of my favorite aspects of The "Final Five" was how different each gymnast was. All five girls had their strengths, which truly made them captivating to watch, as well as a stronger and more unified team. "The Final Five" was a prime example of diversity in our country. It was beautiful to see strong women from different backgrounds working together out of pride for their country and craft that they obtain, especially in such a trying time in America. Diversity is beautiful, and through the Olympics you are reminded that we all are one in the same, fighting for a better life.


text:
Q: Method Overloading C++ -> Only one method called I have this code, and the only method called is the 'double' one, why?
  #include<iostream>
  using namespace std;

  int    abs(int i){ cout << i << endl; return 0; };
  long   abs(long l){ cout << l << endl; return 0; };
  double abs(double d){ cout << d << endl; return 0; };

  int main(){
   abs(-13.63);
   abs(1);
   abs(1000000000); //chama long abs(long l)
  }

A: I couldn't get your code to compile on codepad, I think your method was clashing with the core abs function, but this
adjusted version worked:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int    xabs(int i){ cout << "i:" << i << endl; return 0; }
long   xabs(long l){ cout << "l:" << l << endl; return 0; }
double xabs(double d){ cout << "d:" << d << endl; return 0; }

int main(){
 xabs(-13.63);
 xabs(1);
 xabs(1000000000); //chama long abs(long l)

 return 0;
}

Output:
d:-13.63
i:1
i:1000000000

A: A few minor edits to your code will help troubleshoot this a bit.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int    abs(int i)   { cout << "*1*  " << i << endl; return 0; };
long   abs(long l)  { cout << "*2*  " << l << endl; return 0; };
double abs(double d){ cout << "*3*  " << d << endl; return 0; };

int main(){
    abs(-13.63);
    abs(1);
    abs(1000000000); //chama long abs(long l)
    abs(1000000000L);
}

When I do this, I see that different versions are indeed being called, and that the number 1000000000 is not stored as a long, but as an int.  (At least on my machine here.)  I added the fourth call to force storage as a long and it seems to have worked.  This is what I get for output:
*3*  -13.63
*1*  1
*1*  1000000000
*2*  1000000000

Does that help?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
List of the works of the Maître de Thégonnec.

This is a listing/"catalogue raisonnė" of the works of the Maître de Thégonnec. He is best known for his work on the Calvary at Saint-Thégonnec. Here he was responsible for all the statuary except Roland Doré (sculptor)'s "Christ aux outrages". He operated between the years 1550 and 1610. Apart from the grand calvary at Saint-Thégonnec, he worked on another calvary for Saint-Ségal's Saint-Sébastien chapel and a smaller calvary at Locquénolé, near Morlaix. He also added finishing touches to the Calvary at Guimiliau. These apart, the remains of calvaries at Guimiliiau, Saint-Thégonnec, La Roche-Maurice, Lochmélar, Plougastel-Daoulas and Bourg-Blanc show how active the Maître de Thégonnec and his workshop were! He also completed statues for the fountains at Pleyben and Ploudaniel.

Calvaries

Fountains

Further reading
"Sculpteurs sur pierre en Basse-Bretagne. Les Ateliers du XVe au XVIIe Siècle" by Emmanuelle LeSeac'h. Published by Presses Universitaires de Rennes.

References

Calvaries in Brittany
Buildings and structures in Finistère

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
"Art is not always about pretty things…" GCC #ArtToo Photography Show May 28 – August 4, 2018
Recognition Matters @ GCC
ArtToo_Kreutter-CurtisPHO118
ArtToo_Fenn-DavidPHO103
ArtToo_Schiller-MirandaPHO118
Recognition_Matters_logo
Batavia, New York - The "#ArtToo: A Photo Show" at the Genesee County Park Interpretive Nature Center in East Bethany continues for three more weeks until August 4, 2018, and features photographic work by Genesee Community College students. Historically, the term 'art' has been used to describe paintings and sculptures, the #ArtToo show title reminds viewers that digital art and photography are critical and highly expressive forms of fine art as well. The artist statement, by GCC student Kasey Edgerton describes the exhibit and includes a quote by a noted nationally acclaimed gallery director.
"Art conveys the zeitgeist of a generation. It expresses our greatest hopes and aspirations, and reflects our deepest fears and uncertainties. It is impossible to disentangle art from its socio-political moment, or the psychological maelstrom surrounding it."
A statement by former Director of the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery in Washington, D.C., Elizabeth Broun helped inspire the theme of this show:
"Art is not always about pretty things. It's about who we are,
what happened to us, and how our lives are affected.
"Art is a product of what shapes us; our highest highs and lowest lows, individually, and as a people. Perhaps most strongly in times of adversity, art lifts us up, gives voice to the disenfranchised, and galvanizes the oppressed. Now in this age of rampant mistrust and polarization the autonomy and power of art is of the utmost importance, particularly in holding to account those who would seek to quell it. Art too, can be fearless. Art too, can be a commanding force for political change and social justice. In a time when a band of courageous voices can sweep the nation with two simple, but potent words: #MeToo, and a group of young survivor's poignant plea that #Enough is enough, art can do its part to take the world to task.
The work collected here spans mediums and genres but is united by bonds of scholarship, intention, and the insatiable need to process and contextualize the experiences we are subjected to. It is a way to work through and ultimately derive meaning from the seemingly random string of occurrences which weave together into individual lives. We have come together to support, strengthen, and experience each other, as each of us is art too."
This exhibit is the culmination of the students' hard work and creative talent, something Genesee Community College encourages and features in the College's Recognition Matters series which shines the spotlight, sometimes literally, onto the high-quality inspirational contributions created by GCC's students, faculty and staff.
Genesee County Park Interpretive Nature Center is located ¼ mile from the Bethany Center Road entrance of the Genesee County Park at 11095 Bethany Center Road, East Bethany, NY 14054. The Center's summer hours are Thursday through Saturdays, 10 a.m. – 4 p.m., and Sundays from 12 - 4 p.m. For more information go to: http://co.genesee.ny.us/departments/parks/inc.php
For more information, contact Marketing Communications Associate Director Donna Rae Sutherland at (585) 343-0055 ext. 6616, or via email: dsutherland@genesee.edu.
Curtis Kreutter's photograph, Until Next Time, is available at:
http://marketing.genesee.edu/images/ArtToo_Kreutter-CurtisPHO118.jpg
Caption: "We have our modes of transportation and our places where we need to be. Things we need to get done. We never really think about what we pass on our way to work or school. These small things have a lot more meaning than we think. As we go through life we think of the things we used to do and the things we have encountered in the past that remind us of where we came from and at the same time it reminds us of where we are going."
David Fenn's photograph, Timila, is available at:
http://marketing.genesee.edu/images/ArtToo_Fenn-DavidPHO103.jpg
Caption: "During my time as a photographer for the Seneca Park Zoo, I get to see many of the animals that come through the door. The day to day activities of these creatures varies with each visit and every time I learn something new. On this day I captured one of the newest residents of the zoo, Timila, the snow leopard. Seeing how she adapts to the new scenery and making her feelings known to those that come to see her. It was an honor to be one of the first ones to capture her."
Miranda Schiller's photograph, Trestle, is available at:
http://marketing.genesee.edu/images/ArtToo_Schiller-MirandaPHO118.jpg
Caption: "I love photographing industrial structures, and the bridge on Oak Street in Batavia has always intrigued me. Especially in the winter, with the snow contrasting against the black wrought iron and the dark water, the bridge is a stark component of the landscape. While man made, it's been there so long that it looks almost natural spanning the creek, its vertical struts reflected in the water beneath it and echoing the trees behind it. With my interest in black and white film photography, I'm drawn to extreme contrasts even when working with color images."


Hey, I'm an independent web & Python developer from Kochi, India. I work primarily with Python and Odoo.
Have a look through some of my projects and blog posts. Need help with an upcoming project or application? Learn a bit more about me.


text:
Q: Printing data in ListView instead of toast I have problem i am getting my data from one activity. i want to print that using a list view. How can i do it.?
    Intent intent = getIntent();
    ArrayList<String> fruitSelection = intent.getStringArrayListExtra("fruits");

    if (fruitSelection != null) {
        // use a toast to display selected fruits
        if (fruitSelection.size() > 0) {
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            sb.append("Your selection of fruits\n\n");
            for (String s : fruitSelection) {
                sb.append("* ").append(s).append("\n");
            }
            Toast toast = Toast.makeText(this, sb.toString().trim(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
            toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
            toast.show();
        } else {
            Toast toast = Toast.makeText(this, "Nothing selected", Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
            toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
            toast.show();}
        }
    }
}

A: Create a class that extends BaseAdapter and use .setAdapter() on your ListView.
See this for more info :
http://www.vogella.com/articles/AndroidListView/article.html

A: Assuming you're viewing the "fruit" data in another activity, set the second Activity to extend ListActivity and set the Adapter on the ListActivity's ListView to access the fruit array.
ListView listView = getListView();
listView.setAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(this.getApplicationContext(), R.layout.list_view_item, fruitSelection);

A: Intent intent = getIntent();
    ArrayList<String> fruitSelection = intent.getStringArrayListExtra("fruits");

ListView  listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listView);

        ArrayAdapter<String> adapter; adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this,
                android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, android.R.id.text1, fruitSelection);

        listView.setAdapter(adapter);

    listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listView);

            adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this,
                    android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, android.R.id.text1, values);

            listView.setAdapter(adapter);


Requesting a loan is easy with iNeedMoneyTodayAsap.com. Fill out one easy form on iNeedMoneyTodayAsap.com and your inquiry will be submitted to our large network of lenders. Loan amounts range from $100 to $1,000 (exact amounts vary based on lender programs and your state of residence). You can have a response from one of our lenders the same day, and often within minutes. Once your loan is approved, you will be redirected to the lender's website where you can review the terms of the loan, including details about all the applicable rates and fees. If you accept these terms, the lender will deposit money directly into your bank account as quickly as the next day.


A weakling is not the man that fell, but the man that stayed on the ground after falling. If life pushes you to the ground, don't stay there brooding over your wounds because they may never heal. Rather, stand up and wipe off the dust, clean the wounds and keep going, for the journey only ends with your last breath. Life has a way of teaching us the things we need to learn. Though sometimes the circumstances you face may be harsh, God will never let you go through what you can not handle.
If you are finding it difficult to stand after the fall, below are some simple but effective tips on how to overcome failure.
You may be just a step closer to the real deal, so never give up. Your life ends only when you die. Thus if your problems haven't killed you yet, you are certainly stronger than you were yesterday. Your book is still open and you can either start all over by writing whatever you want in it, or continue from where you stopped.
Develop a new strategy towards achieving your goals.
If the fall was as a result of a failed business, go back to the drawing board and restrategize. It could mean redefining the objectives and setting new stratégies for meeting them. Look at the things you were not willing to do before the fall and do them without shame, so long as they don't compromise your values.
Change Your Approach to Life.
Choose to see the good in your situation and pick up as many lessons as possible. Don't blame anyone else for what happened irrespective of the temptation to do so. This is because nothing happens to us without our conscious or unconscious permission. Sometimes it takes just one wrong decision, to bring down the walls of an entire city. Drop your bad habits and pick up new ones. Set for your self some principles and stick to them faithfully.
Some failures or challenges in life come as a result of the company we keep. If God sees that your social circle is leading you in the wrong path, He will give you many chances to redirect your steps and what you're going through could be one ofsuch chances. Thus ask yourself some honest questions…"how much value do your friends add to your life? Since you began hanging out with them, how much success have you recorded? What have you learned? etc An honest question would lead to an honest answer and you would be left with the choice to either keep them, or let them go.
Most times the reason we struggle and fail continuously is because we are walking the blind man's path. You are not here by chance and so you have to find the reason for which you were sent here and align it to your goals in life. The children born in every genration carry in them the skills and talents needed by that generation and as such have a mission to accomplish. Find your mission and fulfill it. Not only will it bring you motivation to get back to your feet, it will lead you even closer to your goal.
Always seek the face of God in everything you do. He gave you the life you have, and He knows how you can live and be happy again. The ideas you have came from him and He knows the way to get them done. It is common to get excited over ideas and jump to executing them without asking for direction and as a result, progress may be too slow that it might discourage you and could cause you to abandon it. Or it might look so good in the beginning and suddenly crash and you start cursing. There is only one way out…, seek His face in the things you do. If you do and still can't make it through, don't get impatient. Rather ask Him again for what you are missing out and He will keep directing you until you get it. Those who put their trust in Him can NEVER be disappointed because He cannot go against His word.


Well, this one actually was lunch...but would be perfect for a light summer dinner as well. Due to my tomato allergy, I have to get creative with my pizzas. And, they have to be gluten free. Fun, I know. California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) offers a gluten free crust. I usually get their white pizza, but sub the crust for gluten free and do okay. As a summer special they came out with a Tricolore' pizza...a parmesan, garlic and olive oil crust topped with a spring salad mix and balsamic vinaigrette.
Today, I decided to create my own version. It was super simple and so yummy. Kinda like eating flatbread with your salad.
Place crust on a pizza pan. Drizzle or spritz ( I have a mister) crust with olive oil. Sprinkle with a bit of garlic powder, parmesan cheese and minced garlic. Bake as directed (about 5-7 minutes). In the meantime, wash greens and pat dry (my salad spinner broke). Toss greens with balsamic dressing to lightly coat. Once the crust is done, cut it BEFORE adding the salad topping. I just find this works better. Top the crust with the salad. It is that easy.
I am always looking for quick and easy summertime meals to make.
Words for this Sunday morning. Have a wonderful week everyone!
Hi Everyone!! I have hacked my moms blog (with her permission of course!). I am her oldest daughter, also referred to as #1 and babygirl #1 and Elie. Being a teacher means having an awesome summer vacation full of..... NOTHING! no deadlines, no IEP's, no meetings, nothing but the sun, pool and a few...well 20 projects. I live in an apartment and have inherited many amazing Pottery Barn pieces from my parents. While I love adore am obsessed with Pottery Barn, our coffee table was just no longer practical. It was super heavy and I was constantly moving it to eat at, vacuum around, move out of the way when we had people over, you get the picture. I decided I wanted something more practical for us, yet refused to spend a ton of $$$ since it is only an apartment. I saw some pins on Pinterest where people had taken the cheap IKEA Lack coffee tables and had added wooden planks to the top. I loved the idea, however I wanted two tables that could be used as side tables or as a makeshift coffee table.
Finally, my sweet mommy and I made a trip to IKEA. I decided (with her help) on two white IKEA Lack side tables. Because we like to eat in front of the TV and the Lack tables are somewhat short, we agreed that adding casters would not only help with the height but with the ability to move them around. I already knew I wanted to add wood planks to the tops of the tables.
So I easily sold our beloved (very much worn) Pottery Barn coffee table and went to work on the new side tables. I have to say... this was a tough one when it came to the wood, dimensions and MATH (FYI I AM NOT A MATH PERSON). The new IKEA Lack side tables are 21 5/8 (square), not exactly easy to divide into even parts. After several hours days I finally figured out my math for the size of the planks.
I had some leftover pine and I also scored at my local Home Depot for pine boards at $0.69 a piece! Of course because I live in an apartment I am not fortunate enough to have space for all these cool power tools so I asked my dad if he could rip the boards for me. One hour, one afternoon, and dad had them all cut for me! My math calculation was a success (this is very rare!).
That night I stained the boards (pine is great for staining because it soaks up stain well and dries quick). The next day I bought some wood screws and went to town on bolting my planks to the tops on my tables. It took no time and I am beyond happy with how they turned out!!
The IKEA lack side tables are 21 5/8" square.
The length on each board should be 21 5/8"
My dad used a table saw to make the cuts and it worked perfectly.
I am soo glad I chose to do this project, the tables are very practical and soo easy to move.
We actually made this dish on Sunday evening, but it was so yummy I had to share. Baby Girl, otherwise known as #2, found this recipe on Pinterest and had made it prior to coming home. She raved about how yummy it was. So, of course we had to try it. It was every bit as delicious as she said it was.
In a medium bowl, whisk together olive oil, Parmesan, garlic, brown sugar, soy sauce and red pepper flakes. In a gallon size Ziploc bag or large bowl, combine shrimp and olive oil mixture; marinate for at least 30 minutes to overnight, turning bag occasionally.
Serve immediately, garnished with Parmesan and green onions, if desired.
It would be great served with a crusty loaf of French bread (regular or gluten free).
I actually shared a picture of this dish the other night on Instagram. The dish was delicious, so I thought I would share it with you today.
The recipe is in the July issue of Bon Appetit and can be found here. We substituted bone in pork chops for the pork loin and it worked beautifully. This was a recipe we did not have to do much tweaking to adapting it to gluten free. We served it with grilled herb-butter corn on the cob.
Thank you to everyone for your kind words on Baby Girl's room reveal. She arrived home safely last night, and she LOVES it.
Today is the day! For those of you who follow me on Instagram, you know I have been working on baby girl's room in anticipation of her arrival home from the university. Well, she is due to arrive home this evening after a VERY long drive (12 hours). Her sweet beau flew out on Saturday to tour campus, and to make the drive back home with her. The worst part of their trip is over...getting out of Texas! When they say "everything is bigger in Texas" they mean it. It takes her 3 hours, give or take, just to get out of the state!! From there on out, it is a straight shot home.
I know ya'll are ready for the pictures, but just a couple of things first. I had a few ask about the paint I used for her furniture. I used the same primer and paint for this project as I did when I redid our Pottery Barn piece and mirror.
Primer: Gripper (white) by Glidden found at Home Depot.
Paint: Advance (semi-gloss-color matched to Ikea drawer) by Benjamin Moore.
Dresser Handles: Rustoleum Spray Paint & Primer in one (flat soft iron).
Gripper is my go to primer! I have used it on many furniture pieces, our entertainment center, mantle and bath room cabinets. You only have to lightly scuff sand any shiny finishes and you are good to go. I generally apply two light coats. The primer also comes in gray, and the white can be tinted as well. I had it tinted when painting our entertainment center, mantle and cabinets since I was going from white to dark chocolate brown. Less top coats!!
My first time using Advance by Benjamin Moore was when I redid our Pottery Barn piece. It was on a recommendation from the gentleman at the paint store. All I can say is, where was this paint when I did all those other projects??!!! It is the easiest paint to use. A little goes a VERY VERY long way. I used a brush for the intricate parts, and rolled the rest with a sponge roller. This paint flattens out as it dries and cures...no brush/roller marks. You can see them a bit when applying, but trust me, for the most part they disappear.
With all the pieces, I applied two light primer coats. Advance has a built in primer, but in both instances I was taking very dark (red and black in this case) to light or white. And, then applied 3 light top coats. On some pieces I am sure you can get away with 1 coat of primer and two top coats.
The primer dries quickly, and the paint generally sets up overnight. Even in our gosh awful humidity!!
Her dresser handles I sprayed with a couple coats of Rustoleum to match handles on her other dresser in the room.
Okay, without further ado...here is the room. I tried to get the best shots this morning, but as you can see her room gets full on sun through the side windows making it a little difficult for this amateur.
Study area to the left, repainted bed and dresser.
This dresser was a find at a local flea/antique store years back.
A closer look at the details on the dresser and the handles.
Ikea Hemnes 8 drawer dresser. I used a drawer from this to have the paint color matched. The mirror is the one that used to hang in our downstairs foyer.
This wall was originally solid. When this room was our girls playroom, we added the nook for our big screen tv, when the room became our oldest's we added the bench seat that houses storage below (under the cushion is a hinged top). We will add some more pillows and a throw to this area.
This room has two dormer spaces that are fairly tight. This one showcases all her volleyball awards, medals, pictures and balls. The wire basket is from Home Goods and holds her mini souvenier tournament balls.
The bookcase is the Hemnes bookcase from Ikea. This is perfect for storing books, yearbooks, keepsakes, and her collection of Bibles.
A closer look at her volleyball collection.
Study area. This girl has spent many an hour at that desk. Someday I will have to share an up close picture of her desk chair and the reason why I refuse to paint it!!! The desk and bookcase are from Ikea. Why they did away with the expedit is beyond me. The new version does not look as sturdy.
A closer look at the desk.
Perfect for adding some inspiration.
This is the other dormer. The Hemnes dresser/shoe storage is from Ikea as well and holds her jewelry and shoes (well, some of them anyway...this girls loves her shoes just like her sister). And, a full length mirror.
Close up of her bedding. The white quilt and shams are from Pottery Barn (pick stitch) and the Lilly bedding is from Garnett Hill. The throw pillow I had made along with her bench cushion by our local upholsterer, and then had a girlfriend monogram it for her.
Cork coasters I painted to help protect the finish on her newly painted dresser. This girl loves her sweet tea!!!
Well, there you have it! I am just glad I got it all done in time (hence my lack of posts lately). We can't wait for her to arrive home.
I was recently contacted by Heather Von St. James, and was honored and humbled that she asked if I would be willing to write a post about her...but more importantly about Mesothelioma awareness. How could I not. She is a mother like me, has a beautiful daughter Lily Rose, and is a very courageous cancer survivor. What she did not know is that my father-in-law worked in an environment full of asbestos, as a plumber in a northern school system and that my husband attended those very schools as well. My father-in-law lived to be 93, and my husband is 56...I pray his good health continues.
A bit about Heather, and how she came to have Mesothelioma. Heather had just given birth 3 1/2 months prior to sweet Lily Rose, when her doctors broke the news. Three words no one ever wants to hear..."You have cancer" or more specifically, " You have malignant pleural mesothelioma". A cancer caused primarily by asbestos exposure. Something at the time I am sure not many had even heard about! Heather was just 36.
Mesothelioma generally tends to be diagnosed in older men.. Why? They generally are the ones working in fields where they might be exposed to asbestos, plumbing or heating (like my father-in-law), electricians, mechanics and sometimes military personnel who have worked on board ships. Many wives of the very same men, also became sick. Why? They were the ones handling their husbands laundry...shaking out the dust before putting the clothes in the wash (we have all done this, just not with asbestos), their clothes were caked in asbestos dust from their days work. And, many women who had worked in schools that had asbestos also became ill. As I mentioned, my father-in-law worked in such a school and my husband recalls seeing it as well.
Now I am sure you are wondering how Jennifer came into contact with asbestos. The answer is that her father worked in construction, mainly drywall work. The dust was on his clothing. The very clothing he wore from the site he was working on back into his own home. White dust, innocent enough, right? Very wrong! He was unknowingly exposing his family, his young daughter, to asbestos.
Heather was one of the earlier diagnosed patients with mesothelioma, a new and very scary cancer trend. These were young people and young adults who had been exposed as children. Some exposed by coming in contact with dust on their parents clothing from their work site like Heather, some exposed because they came in contact with asbestos tiles found in older schools, some in insulation found in attics of the family home. Innocent, unknowing children. Some just wanted to hug their daddy after a long day at work. Heartbreaking. They had no clue.
Heather has since become very involved in the research and awareness of this form of cancer. Many of those she comes in contact with in the mesothelioma community are just in their 20s-30s, their whole life ahead of them, but right now they are trying to survive this form of cancer instead.
The good news...many advances have been made in the treatment of this disease, and more people are surviving. I truly believe this is due to courageous people like Heather, who have spear headed a movement for more research and through people like me are spreading awareness to others.
I would encourage all of you to visit www.mesothelioma.com to learn more, and to read more about Heather.
Heather, thank you for reaching out to me. You will continue to be in my prayers, and I thank you for your dedication to this disease.


text:
NE, Orkney & Shetland selected
NE Scotland, Orkney & Shetland
Woman tells Fraserburgh murder trial of 'crowd armed with weapons'
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-43385846
Image caption Gary Clampett died in 2017
A woman has told a murder trial that she saw a crowd armed with weapons around a man the night he died.
Gary Clampett, 39, died after an incident in Fraserburgh last June.
John Henderson, 47, Gary Martin, 37, Joseph Martin, 40, Thomas Martin, 45, David Graham, 46, Barry Martin, 32, James Connor 52, and Dean Leech, 25, deny murder.
Rena Sutherland told the High Court in Glasgow: "I saw a crowd of people round him."
The witness said: "I didn't see much from where I was. I saw someone with a claw hammer in their hand. I just saw a hand up in the air.
"I couldn't see Gary properly for the crowd."
The men are accused of using knives, a machete, a sword, a chain, a hammer, a crowbar, a wrench, a stick, bats, golf clubs, poles and a metal bat.
The trial before judge Lord Beckett continues.


CAMP Brig. Gen. Vicente Lim, Bgy. Canlubang, Calamba City, Laguna -- Twenty-seven suspected drug pushers were arrested by policemen in Calabarzon (Cavite, Laguna Batangas, Rizal, Quezon) days after Chief Supt. Edward Carranza reshuffled his men for more intensive performance against illegal drugs and other forms of criminalities in the region.
Arrested in Cavite were Roy Romeo and Roizzel Angelo Romero, both of Bgy. 21, Cavite City, for selling shabu; Rommel Mamaril, of Bgy. Ibayo Silangan (3 sachets of shabu); Jarvin Mojica (3 sachets of shabu); Adrian Masambal, of Bgy. Ibayo Silangan, Naic (2 sachets of shabu); Michael A. Pascual and Juanito O. Macahig Jr., both of Bgy. Ligas 1, Bacoor City (2 sachets of shabu); Anthony Go, of Bgy. 41, Cavite City (10 sachets of shabu); Sofia Toy and Angelito Cabral, both of Bgy. 41, Cavite City (2 sachets of shabu).
Nonito Padua, of Bgy. Sto. Angel Norte, Sta. Cruz (six sachets of shabu); and Mario Lopez Dichoso, of Tiongco Subd., Bgy. Tagapo, Santa Rosa City (six sachets of shabu).
Batangas policemen arrested Benjamin Bolanos Jr., of Bgy. Quilo-Quilo Norte, Padre Garcia, for 2 sachets of shabu; Arnel Gerez, of Bgy. Banay-Banay, Padre Garcia (2 sachets of shabu), and Louise Renel Masangcay and Christopher Tambol, both of Bgy. Sinturian, San Nicolas town (six sachets of shabu).
The Quezon PNP arrested Isagani Reyes Bayan, of Purok 1, Bgy. Malabanban Sur, Candelaria, for 0.41 gram of shabu.


Last weekend, Mike Spence was a guest on KIRO Radio's Tom Kelly's Real Estate Today weekly radio show. A strong real estate market has given rise to more transactions represented by dual agents. Dual Agency is when a real estate agent represents both the buyer and the seller in the same transaction.
Can one agent really handle both sides of the deal?
Do they really represent both buyer and seller equally?
Does having a dual agent increase or decrease risk?
If I have a dual agent, can the commission be negotiated?
What is the most common type of dual agent?
If buyer broker helps the buyer and seller broker helps the seller, who does the dual agent broker help?
What are the most comment mistakes made by dual agents?


One use of a weak two-bid is to direct a lead. The one shown in the diagram was decidedly different. It undirected a lead to the player who made the bid.
It occurred Sunday in the New York final of the Grand National Team Championship, played at Honors Club, 115 East 57th Street. West, whose two-diamond opening was obviously influenced by the favorable vulnerability and the third-seat situation, was Jim Cayne. His partner, substituting most effectively for Alan Sontag, was Jacqui Mitchell. Together with David Berkowitz and Larry Cohen, they won the final by a wide margin against a group led by Nancy Schwantes, and will represent New York in national playoffs in Chicago this month.
There are times when one should believe an opponent, and this was one of them. South's three no-trump bid suggested that he was well prepared for a diamond lead, so Cayne tried a small spade. When dummy played low East won with the queen and shifted to the diamond nine.
South played low, and West won with the jack and looked for fresh fields to conquer. He tried the heart 10, and South finessed the queen. But he was having no luck at all. The queen lost to the king, and East reverted to diamonds. Another finesse predictably lost, West established his diamonds, and South made the seven tricks he began with. Down two.
In the replay West did not open the bidding. North bid one no-trump, South raised to three, and East, with nothing to undirect the normal lead, produced a heart. That gave North his eighth trick, and he crossed to the South hand with a club lead to play a spade. The king was his ninth trick, and the Cayne foursome gained 13 imps en route to victory.