text:
Otto Hopfenmüller
Dear Salvatorian Confreres,
I am very happy to be able to send my fraternal greeting from our Motherhouse in Rome, in which Fr. Francis Mary of the Cross Jordan lived the major part of his religious life. As you know on 17 January 1890, Fr. Jordan sent from this house, the first Salvatorian missionaries to proclaim the Good News of Christ the Savior to the poor and needy in Assam, northeastern India.
For this reason, and from this same place, I write to announce to you that from 17 January to 8 December 2015, we will celebrate the Salvatorian Missionary Year. I have come to this resolution after reflection and dialogue with the members of the generalate as well as through prayer at the tomb of our Venerable Founder. How many times have I asked myself, what can we do to revitalize our apostolic religious life so that it is attractive and commits Salvatorians to become passionate witnesses of Christ's salvation in the world?
The Church today, through Pope Francis, also invites us to be creative witnesses in our way of living and acting, deepening what is essential in respect to our following Christ. For us, Salvatorian religious, Christ the Savior is at the heart of our life and is the source of energy to overcome adversity and temptation so that we "do not conform ourselves to this age" (see Rom 12:2). This is our Salvatorian vocation, to be witnesses of Jesus Christ in a Church that is a sign of Salvation.
In reality, mission and witness are constitutive parts of the purpose of our Society of the Divine Savior, so that all know, love and serve Christ the Savior. As soon as Fr. Jordan got word of the approbation of his apostolic work at the diocesan level in 1889, he received a petition from the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith to have Salvatorians evangelize the immense territory of Assam, in the northeast of India. It was a territory of great challenges, where the proclamation of the Gospel had not yet arrived. It was an invitation and involved challenges that other religious orders had rejected.
Enflamed with missionary zeal and supported by his companions, Fr. Jordan accepted this pastoral responsibility. On 17 January 1890, our Founder sent from Rome the first Salvatorian missionary group to the Asian continent. This date since then signals the start of the expansion of Fr. Jordan's missionary spirit that continues to bear fruit until our days, so that today Salvatorian life and spirit are present in over 40 countries.
Nonetheless, the sudden death of Fr. Otto Hopfenmüller in the mission of Assam represented for the Founder a serious setback. Rather than extinguishing his evangelizing dream, however, he increased the number of workers so that the seeds of the Gospel would reach the mission in Assam. Without losing time, on 12 December of the same year 1890, Fr. Jordan sent another Salvatorian group comprised of Sisters, Fathers and one Brother.
Years later, the First World War (1915) resulted in the forced exit of the Salvatorians in Assam and new suffering for Fr. Jordan. As is known, only 74 years later, that is, in 1989, did Salvatorians return to the Indian mission. The territory in which first Salvatorians started and were expelled, now is flourishing and subdivided into 16 new dioceses, where 40% of the population confesses the Christian faith in a country where the majority follows Hinduism.
Confreres I recount this story because it reminds us that next year we celebrate the 125th anniversary of the sending of the first Salvatorian missionaries to Assam as well as the 125th anniversary of the death of Fr. Otto Hopfenmüller and the 25th anniversary of the resumption of the Salvatorian mission in Assam. These events have led us to proclaim 2015 as the Salvatorian Missionary Year under the motto "The Savior's Mission is our Passion."
I wish to invite everyone to participate in this time of grace, which will promote the missionary spirit at the personal, community and congregational level for all the members of the Salvatorian Family. Furthermore, Pope Francis has proposed the celebration of the Year for Consecrated Life from the first Sunday of Advent 2014 to 2 February 2016. This suggests, therefore, that mission and consecration ought to go hand in hand in the life of every Salvatorian.
In order to engage in the Salvatorian Missionary Year, with the help of the General Mission Secretariat and the Team promoting the veneration of the Founder, we propose the following goals:
1) Thank the Divine Savior, before anything else, for the history of our mission and the unity of the Salvatorian Family.
2) Recall the first Salvatorians who understood the missionary charism of Fr. Jordan.
3) Revive the missionary fire of our Salvatorian identity within the Church and in the world at the personal and community level.
This invitation is directed to all Salvatorians but I especially wish to address our young religious confreres so that you be the ones who carry the torch and illumine the world with the Gospel message and the joy of evangelization. Do not be afraid to be disciples on mission, helping to transform human realities, marked by material and spiritual poverty, into realities marked by hope and the fullness of life. Do not allow the light of the Salvatorian mission be extinguished in your hearts!
I end this letter by announcing that on our webpage (www.sds.org) there is a link to the Salvatorian Missionary Year, in which you will find documents about this topic, prayers, photos, activities, and celebrations. I ask that you share the materials that have been prepared for this missionary event with others. I deeply desire that the Salvatorian Missionary Year not be solely a "clanging cymbal" rather that it be an interior event, a vocational call to return to the source of the centrality of Christ and the missionary impulse in the apostolic heart of Fr. Francis Jordan. The Salvatorian mission is not only a longing of the past, rather it is the core element that gives impulse to and maintains alive the desire to follow the Lord day by day in the heart of the Salvatorian.
I thank you, ahead of time, for all you will do during the celebrations of these Salvatorian events, reviving and spreading Fr. Jordan's charism in different cultures. Count on my prayers in this undertaking and do not be afraid. Loudly proclaim in all parts "The Savior's Mission is our Passion."
Fr. Milton Zonta, SDS - Superior General
Fr. Agustín Van Baelen, SDS - General Mission Secretary
Rome 16 June 2014; 166th anniversary of the birth of Fr Francis Jordan
long as the Queen of heaven and earth is not everywhere praised, you dare not allow yourself a moment's rest.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Web;

using Sitecore.Diagnostics;
using Sitecore.Reflection;
using Sitecore.Social.Fitbit.Helpers;
using Sitecore.Social.Fitbit.Model;
using Sitecore.Social.Infrastructure.Utils;
using Sitecore.Social.NetworkProviders;
using Sitecore.Social.NetworkProviders.Connector.Paths;
using Sitecore.Social.NetworkProviders.NetworkFields;
using Sitecore.Text;
using Sitecore.Web;

namespace Sitecore.Social.Fitbit.Networks.Providers
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Fitbit Network Provider for Sitecore Social Connect
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// With help from https://github.com/aarondcoleman/Fitbit.NET/blob/async-portable/Fitbit.Portable/OAuth2/OAuth2Helper.cs
    /// </remarks>
    public class FitbitNetworkProvider : NetworkProvider, NetworkProviders.Interfaces.IAuth, NetworkProviders.Interfaces.IGetAccountInfo, NetworkProviders.Interfaces.IAccessTokenSecretRenewal
    {
        #region Fields

        private string _fitbitAuthUrl = "https://www.fitbit.com/oauth2/authorize";

        private string _fitbitTokenUrl = "https://api.fitbit.com/oauth2/token";

        private string _fitbitProfileUrlFormat = "https://api.fitbit.com/1/user/{0}/profile.json";

        private string _fitbitScope = "profile activity heartrate";

        #endregion Fields

        public FitbitNetworkProvider(NetworkProviders.Application application)
            : base(application)
        {
        }

        #region Properties

        public string FitbitAuthUrl
        {
            get
            {
                return _fitbitAuthUrl;
            }

            set
            {
                _fitbitAuthUrl = value;
            }
        }

        public string FitbitTokenUrl
        {
            get
            {
                return _fitbitTokenUrl;
            }

            set
            {
                _fitbitTokenUrl = value;
            }
        }

        public string FitbitProfileUrlFormat
        {
            get
            {
                return _fitbitProfileUrlFormat;
            }

            set
            {
                _fitbitProfileUrlFormat = value;
            }
        }

        public string FitbitScope
        {
            get
            {
                return _fitbitScope;
            }

            set
            {
                _fitbitScope = value;
            }
        }

        #endregion Properties

        #region IAuth Implementation

        /// <summary>
        /// The AuthGetCode method must compose an authorization URL and redirect users to the social network.
        /// The AuthGetAccessToken method must get the OAuth access token from the social network.
        /// </summary>
        public void AuthGetCode(NetworkProviders.Args.AuthArgs args)
        {
            UrlString authUrl = new UrlString(FitbitAuthUrl);
            authUrl.Add("client_id", args.Application.ApplicationKey);
            authUrl.Add("response_type", "code");
            authUrl.Add("scope", FitbitScope);
            authUrl.Add("state", args.StateKey.ToString());
            string callbackUrl = WebUtil.GetFullUrl(string.Format("{0}?type=access", Paths.SocialLoginHandlerPath));
            authUrl.Add("redirect_uri", callbackUrl);

            RedirectUtil.Redirect(authUrl.ToString());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The AuthGetAccessToken method must get the OAuth access token from the social network and
        /// then call the InvokeAuthCompleted method of the base class
        /// passing the initialized instance of AuthCompletedArgs.
        /// </summary>
        public void AuthGetAccessToken(NetworkProviders.Args.AuthArgs args)
        {
            OAuth2Token token = ExchangeAuthCodeForAccessToken(args, HttpContext.Current.Request["code"]);

            if (args.CallbackType == null)
            {
                return;
            }

            NetworkProviders.Args.AuthCompletedArgs authCompletedArgs = new NetworkProviders.Args.AuthCompletedArgs
            {
                Application = args.Application,
                AccessTokenSecret = token.Token,
                AccessTokenSecretExpirationDate = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(token.ExpiresIn),
                AccessTokenSecretIssueDate = DateTime.UtcNow,
                RefreshToken = token.RefreshToken,
                CallbackPage = args.CallbackUrl,
                ExternalData = args.ExternalData,
                AttachAccountToLoggedInUser = args.AttachAccountToLoggedInUser,
                IsAsyncProfileUpdate = args.IsAsyncProfileUpdate
            };

            InvokeAuthCompleted(args.CallbackType, authCompletedArgs);
        }

        #endregion IAuth Implementation

        #region IGetAccountInfo Implementation

        public string GetDisplayName(Account account)
        {
            ProfileInfo currentProfile = GetCurrentUserProfile(account);

            return currentProfile.DisplayName;
        }

        public string GetAccountId(Account account)
        {
            ProfileInfo currentProfile = GetCurrentUserProfile(account);

            return currentProfile.EncodedId;
        }

        public AccountBasicData GetAccountBasicData(Account account)
        {
            ProfileInfo currentProfile = GetCurrentUserProfile(account);

            return new AccountBasicData
            {
                Account = account,
                FullName = currentProfile.FullName,
                Id = currentProfile.EncodedId
            };
        }

        public IEnumerable<Field> GetAccountInfo(Account account, IEnumerable<FieldInfo> acceptedFields)
        {
            List<FieldInfo> acceptedFieldsList = acceptedFields.ToList();
            if (!acceptedFieldsList.Any())
            {
                yield break;
            }

            ProfileInfo currentProfile = GetCurrentUserProfile(account);
            foreach (var acceptedField in acceptedFieldsList.Where(acceptedField => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(acceptedField.OriginalKey)))
            {
                System.Reflection.PropertyInfo propertyInfo = ReflectionUtil.GetPropertyInfo(currentProfile, acceptedField.OriginalKey);
                if (propertyInfo == null)
                {
                    Log.Warn(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "There is no property \"{0}\" in a UserInfo object", acceptedField.OriginalKey), this);
                    continue;
                }

                object propertyValue = propertyInfo.GetValue(currentProfile);
                if (propertyValue == null)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                yield return new Field
                {
                    Name = GetFieldSitecoreKey(acceptedField),
                    Value = propertyValue.ToString()
                };
            }
        }

        #endregion IGetAccountInfo Implementation

        #region IAccessTokenSecretRenewal Implementation

        public void RefreshAccessTokenSecret(Account account)
        {
            FormUrlEncodedContent content = new FormUrlEncodedContent(new[]
            {
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("grant_type", "refresh_token"),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("refresh_token", account.RefreshToken)
            });

            OAuth2Token token = RequestHelper.ExecuteRequest<OAuth2Token>(FitbitTokenUrl, account.Application, null, content);

            account.AccessTokenSecret = token.Token;
            account.AccessTokenSecretExpirationDate = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(token.ExpiresIn);
            account.AccessTokenSecretIssueDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
            account.RefreshToken = token.RefreshToken;
        }

        #endregion IAccessTokenSecretRenewal Implementation

        #region Private Methods

        private ProfileInfo GetCurrentUserProfile(Account account)
        {
            string currentUserProfileUrl = string.Format(FitbitProfileUrlFormat, "-");
            ProfileResponse profile = RequestHelper.ExecuteRequest<ProfileResponse>(currentUserProfileUrl, account);

            return profile.User;
        }

        private OAuth2Token ExchangeAuthCodeForAccessToken(NetworkProviders.Args.AuthArgs args, string code)
        {
            FormUrlEncodedContent content = new FormUrlEncodedContent(new[]
            {
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("code", code),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("grant_type", "authorization_code"),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("client_id", args.Application.ApplicationKey),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("redirect_uri", WebUtil.GetFullUrl(string.Format("{0}?type=access", Paths.SocialLoginHandlerPath))),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("state", args.StateKey.ToString())
            });

            OAuth2Token result = RequestHelper.ExecuteRequest<OAuth2Token>(FitbitTokenUrl, args.Application, null, content);

            return result;
        }

        #endregion Private Methods
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Eduscan is an institute which is headed by a licensed educational psychologist, Dr. Alka Kalra, under whose guidance the Learning Support Assistants (LSA) are not only professionally equipped but also provided with various tools and techniques to support the kids that are differently abled to cope with their day to day academic demands. Learning Support Assistants are regularly monitored and supervised by a team of senior psychologists that work at Eduscan. We also have a very robust system of reporting to the school authorities as well as to the parents. We provide the schools with the Learning Support Assistants depending upon the need of the child. These assistants are trained to assist the children with attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder, children within the autism spectrum, children with dyscalculia/dyslexia/ dysgraphia on the school campuses.
Working with LSA kids has made me realise that we all can solve big issues with kids with a little care and smile. So 'caring' is that Eduscan trait that resonates the most with me. My kids call me the world's best mom as I make sure that I listen to all their issues and solve them. I similarly try to bond with the special kids at campus and listen to all their issues and make sure to get a smile on their face before they leave.
How many teachers you want to register ?
participants. The price will remain the same.


Tesla is making history again with its new like of retro electric cars. Featured here is their version of the 1982 Chevrolet Malibu.
Reno, NV — Tesla, Inc. is back in the news this week on the heels of a successful quarter. The upstart car company announced at the Reno Grand Car Show that it plans on releasing a "retro" line of 1980s are all fit with modern Tesla technologies. However the company also announced that the new-old line of vehicles will also feature power windows and AM Radios, something missing from Tesla's modern fleet.
There are several, limited-run models Tesla is exploring including replicas of 1979 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am and a more practical 1982 Chevrolet Malibu, the latter which was famous for falling apart at freeway speeds. Tesla hopes to spark interest in people who are approaching retirement.
"It's really a brilliant move in terms of them expanding their market share," continued Mr. Stephenson.
Mr. Musk made a few comments at the Reno Grand Car Show regarding the new models. The billionaire entrepreneur said that they will be re-using old chassis from salvage models and then fit them with modern technologies. According to Musk, this will dramatically cut costs and make Teslas even more accessible to everyday people.


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What if I told you that there was an easy, automatic, low risk, high-reward way to break into real estate investing?
What if I told you that you could buy a rental property with as little as 3.5% down, achieve a return of 100% or more per year, and do this with far less risk than your peers investing traditionally in rentals with 25% down?
You're probably either interested, or you don't believe me.
It's called "house-hacking" and it's how I started investing in real estate with just $20,000 in Denver, CO. This article will explain to you what house-hacking is, the math behind house-hacking, how house-hacking can be low-risk, and how house-hacking can accelerate the accumulation of a sizable rental portfolio.
House-hacking is the process of buying an investment property as an owner-occupant, moving into one of the units or bedrooms, and renting out the remainder of the property to some wonderful tenants that kindly pay down your mortgage.
For example, my first ever purchase was a $240,000 beat up, old duplex in an "up and coming" neighborhood in Denver, CO. I moved in, got the place livable, and began renting out the other unit to some tenants for $1,150 per month and the other bedroom in my unit to a roommate for $550 per month (total of $1700 in rent per month). My mortgage was $1,550 per month, so with that and the maintenance expenses and upkeep, my portion of the utilities, and the rest of it, I probably broke even. Part of the reason my mortgage payment was so high was due to the MIP (Mortgage Insurance Premium) I had to pay with my low down payment FHA loan.
I put down just $12,000 and probably sunk another $8,000 into the property over the next few months with repairs. I did much of the work myself and hired out some of the big projects to professionals.
And that was AWESOME. There I was, 24 years old, living completely rent and mortgage free. My savings rate went through the roof! I lived in a pretty great spot–an easy 10-minute bike ride from downtown Denver, and was able to completely finance my housing with other people's money.
The math behind house-hacking can get a little bit absurd. Think about it, when you put down 3.5% or 5% on a property, you are leveraged 28.5:1 or 19:1, respectively.
In my case, with 5% down, every 1% appreciation results in a $2,400 gain or a 19% return on my $12,000 down payment! Same thing with loan amortization. Same thing with the rent, which I count as part of my return since I no longer have to pay it.
When you are playing with numbers that produce returns as ridiculously high as these, computing the ROI on a house-hack is kind of silly, even in an average market. My property made me several times my money back in less than two years.
Instead, if you want to get a good idea for whether a property will make for a great house-hack, analyze it's potential as an investment property. Don't just buy a property that will produce a positive ROI – as long as your market stays flat or appreciates, your ROI will be massively positive as a house-hacker. Instead, buy a property that will produce a strong ROI as cash flowing rental property after you move out and retain it.
They should be able to live in the property happily and at very low-cost with the help of tenant rent indefinitely.
They should be able to sell the property at a gain, just as any homeowners in the local area can.
They should be able to keep the property as a cash-flowing rental that will produce passive income and build wealth in an up, down, or sideways market.
If you give yourself those three options, you'll be sitting pretty with a lot of good problems in as little as a year. This is lower risk than remaining a tenant, so long as you assume that rents in your area are unlikely to drop drastically.
It's lower risk than buying a regular single-family home because your homeowner peers will not have the opportunity to rent out part of their space to cover all or most of the mortgage in a down market. And, it's lower risk than buying an investment property the traditional way, because you can live in the property for such a low-cost and wait out any downturn.
Of course, these three advantages only produce a low-risk situation if you are able to purchase a solid cash flowing house-hack in an area that you are happy to live in. If your plan is to move out as soon as possible, and you'll hate living in the place, you might be in for some discomfort if the market takes a dive and you are unable to buy more property or sell.
One of the challenges with house-hacking is that the house-hacker will often use a low down payment loan like an FHA or 5% down conventional loan. These loans come with mortgage insurance, which can often run hundreds of dollars per month. My goal with my house-hacks is to get to 25% equity as quickly as possible and refinance into fixed 30-year mortgages without any mortgage insurance.
The house-hacker can force appreciation by improving the property.
The house-hacker may benefit from market appreciation.
The house-hacker will be paying the loan down.
The house-hacker will be living rent and mortgage free, allowing them to increase their savings rate.
One way or another, you need to work hard to build equity as fast as possible if you pursue this strategy. After achieving this refinance, you'll be in an incredible position. You'll be able to use another FHA or 5% conventional loan to buy another house-hack. It's like a cheat code to purchase hundreds of thousands of dollars in real estate with just $10,000 – $20,000 in cash.
On its own, house-hacking can take folks from a modest income to early financial freedom, done correctly. Imagine the possibilities if you continue to work hard, save hard, and build wealth in other interesting ways while house-hacking!
Scott Trench is a real estate investor and the Director of Operations for BiggerPockets. Scott is passionate about helping others build wealth and serving his community in whatever ways he can. In his spare time, Scott enjoys skiing, biking, and cooking, and he is a lifelong rugger.
House-hacking is just one component (although a core one in all but two or three of the most expensive markets in the United States of an aggressive plan to take one from full-time employment to early financial freedom as rapidly as possible. If you are interested in a holistic plan, with detailed, actionable steps to move toward early financial freedom, you'll want to check out Scott's new book, Set for Life. This book was written for folks that work a full-time job earning at or near the minimum wage, with little to no net worth who aspire to early financial freedom.
Don't you have to qualify for an FHA loan? By qualify I mean have your income below a certain threshold… I thought an FHA loan was for people who can't really afford the 20% or more fore a conventional 30 year loan.
Seriously?? Whoa – that's awesome! Thanks for shedding some light on this Brandon, I had no idea. Good to hear the real story from the expert!
Not your idea Brandon. The idea of the author of the article. Sorry.
The sum of the monthly mortgage and monthly tax payments must be less than 31% of your gross (pre-taxes) monthly salary.
The sum of the monthly mortgage, monthly tax and other monthly debt payments must be less than 43% of your gross (pre-taxes) monthly salary.
DISCLAIMER: The figures above are based upon current FHA program guidelines. FHA requires a 3.5% down payment as well as an upfront and monthly mortgage insurance in many cases.
This is from FHA.com, not a government website but I've been told this multiple times this year by several lenders. Maximum amounts vary by area.
So that being said… can this conceivably be applied effectively as described in the article?
I heard your recent BiggerPockets podcast with Scott, regarding this topic. I have a friend who I've been discussing some real estate investing with. He is a single handyman and could benefit from this idea but he doesn't have the down payment cash right away. I have a family and more cash to invest. Is it possible to cooperatively invest with him such that I front him the 3-4% downpayment, to allow him to get into a property. In the podcast you all mentioned a subset of the FHA loan guarantee program which would allow you to qualify for the costs of repair as well.
I went big and got a fourplex in red hot Austin, TX with this strategy and it's AWESOME. It's definitely not the easiest thing to accomplish – I had to put an extra $30k of capex / improvements into the property as well as get rid of the inherited tenants who just stopped paying, which took 3 months of hairpulling… But once all was said and done, the property cash flows $250/month with me occupying one of the units. When I move out, it should cash flow $1250 !!!
But like anything in life there are some caveats – namely that in hot real estate markets, it's very difficult to close on a deal with an FHA loan because sellers prefer a conventional mortgage since those tend to close faster and with less shenanigans.
I got really lucky because my original offer was via conventional loan and I won in a multiple offer scenario (gotta write those love letters baby!) and then negotiated with seller to switch to FHA for that sweet 3.5% down payment. Still though, my deal almost fell through since the appraiser got delayed; it took a LOT of negotiating with the seller (basically doubling my option amount to let them know I was still acting in good faith) to get this deal wrapped up.
So it's not all sunshine and rainbows, but if you're willing to learn and hustle it's definitely one of the best deals around!
Some really great tips here. When we first graduated college and had a mountain of debt, I wish I had known more about house hacking.
Thanks for checking it out! Glad it was helpful.


text:
Tag Archives: compensatory education
Rothstein: March 'had it right'
Posted on September 3, 2013 by stevehinnefeld
Organizers of the 1963 March on Washington were correct to call for immediate desegregation of the nation's schools and neighborhoods, Richard Rothstein writes in an Economic Policy Institute report.
The marchers, he says, "did not need to be told what a half century of social science research has confirmed – schools cannot fulfill their potential so long as African Americans are segregated, as (Martin Luther) King put it, into 'a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.'"
But instead of pushing integration, the federal government in the 1960s backed "compensatory education": more money for schools serving poor and minority children. Rothstein argues that today's education reform ideology, focused on test scores, teacher effectiveness and choice, follows a similar track. It promotes a false dream that, if we just get the accountability factors right, we can have schools that are separate but truly equal – or at least equal enough.
The report runs nearly 20 pages and covers a lot of ground. Here are a few highlights:
The March on Washington didn't integrate the schools, but it did help trigger the well-known study of the nation's schools by sociologist James S. Coleman, who expected to find that funding discrepancies accounted for the achievement differences between black and white students. In fact, Rothstein writes, the study found that funding didn't make as much of a difference as expected.
What did make a difference was integration, but only where black children were integrated into majority middle-class schools. In other words, the priorities of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom had been correct: To improve black student achievement, the nation must improve socioeconomic conditions for black families, as well as implement integration not only by race but by social class.
But the Johnson and Nixon administrations buried the report's findings. Courts ordered busing to integrate urban schools, but the approach was eventually abandoned.
Attempts to raise achievement solely by improving ghetto schools continue to date, with disappointing results. It remains the strategy of contemporary reformers, and its continued failure leads, inevitably, to conclusions that public education itself has failed and must be dismantled.
Rothstein points out that black students have made remarkable academic progress, as measured by the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Black fourth-graders improved their scores by a full standard deviation over a generation: "an improvement rate rarely encountered in any area of human performance." How did this happen? Rothstein doesn't claim to know, but he suggests possibilities: higher educational attainment for mothers, smaller family size and improved health care. He says policymakers have been "shockingly incurious" about the trend, and it hasn't been widely studied.
He says critics of schools are missing the boat by fixating on the black-white achievement gap. The gap is shrinking, but it continues because white students also are making progress. "It is hard to see how improvement for both whites and blacks can be deemed evidence of school failure, but by focusing on the gap rather than real improvement, most policymakers draw such a conclusion," he writes.
Yet there is one indicator that's clearly going in the wrong direction.
Isolation of black students, particularly of low-income black students, in predominantly black and low-income schools, is increasing … When low-performing students are concentrated in the same schools, it is more difficult to raise their achievement than when these children are integrated into the middle-class population. … Children learn less from each other if few come from homes where large vocabularies and more complex language are used and where they were often read to when young.
Rothstein's report appeared last week as part of a series marking the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington and its uncompleted agenda. "By stressing integration as the most important goal of education improvement, the March on Washington had it right," he concludes. "It is appropriate not only to commemorate this resolve but to renew it."
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged compensatory education, desegregation, March on Washington, Richard Rothstein	| 2 Replies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Perhaps the intriguing Japanese folk art, Etegami, is not new to you. It is new to me and I'm astonished I hadn't come across it before but I'm glad I have now.
Etegami means picture letter, from the Japanese 'e' picture and 'tegami' letter. It is made to be shared: sent in the mail to an acquaintance. Postcard-sized images are observed from life, drawn with characteristic lively lines of black ink, and painted with mineral-based Japanese watercolor. A picture letter often portrays an everyday object—a vegetable, fruit, or flower—to which an apt phrase is then added. Seasons are celebrated and friends are cheered with the arrival of friendly art in the mail.
In Japan, the tradition of sending hand drawn New Year's greetings is as old as the postal system, which still encourages the practice with prizes.
In the 1970s, calligraphy student Kunio Koike, who is considered the father of etegami, grew tired of the rigorous rules and lengthy apprenticeship of traditional Japanese calligraphy and developed the simple, loose etegami style. His work was taken up by the media in the late 1970s, and picture letters blossomed into a year-round, not just year end, pastime.
His motto was heta de ii, heta ga ii. Clumsiness is no problem. Clumsy makes it better.
The paper traditionally used in etegami is absorbent. The brush pen, used to ink the black outline, hangs down vertically from fingertips which loosely hold it's very end. The line seems to breath and follow the very heartbeat of the artist. This is a "living line," one which the artist can only loosely control. As the eye slowly follows the line of the subject, the brush and ink react to the paper in unpredictable ways and there is an element of surprise in the outcome.
A loose process with many variables? A recipe to defy that old enemy perfectionism! Some might find the lack of tight control disconcerting, but to me it sounds freeing.
Etegami is a folk art and many practitioners do not see themselves as artists. Being a beginner is not a huge hindrance to success; rather it might hinder more to think you know what you're doing. The Western etegami practitioner, whose art name is dosankodebbie, states, "It has often been observed that people who take up the art of etegami after having mastered other forms of visual arts have a harder time producing orthodox etegami than the absolute beginner."
It definitely passes the "I could try that!" test.
A flat image with no shading or shadows. A blank background; sometimes white spaces left within the painted image. Also a limited palette of three colors or so that bleed together.
Not copying another's art or a photo but drawing from life, looking carefully for yourself. No pencil planning or preparation but committing to that ink line in the moment.
Simple, nature-oriented, season-related subject matter.
A closeup composition that fills the card and bursts the boundaries of the postcard size.
A few written words that cause one to pause, that speak to the heart of the recipient.
In place of a written signature, the artist's name or symbol, perhaps one's own design, stamped in red ink.
A decision by the artist to be content with what they made. Accept the way it came out and send it off! Even the pieces you consider mistakes.
Of course, none of these are hard and fast rules. But they seem to be the accepted norm in Japanese etegami circles.
How do I know this? Thanks to the lively work of dosankodebbie, whose work appears above. She was born in Japan of non-Japanese parents and has been a devotee of etegami for many years. Dosankodebbie has almost single-handedly introduced the West to this delightful art form through her blog which I highly recommend.
Dosankodebbie has written one of the few etegami instructional books available in English A Beginner's Guide to Etegami, available for sale as an inexpensive download or in print, shipping from Japan, via her Etsy store. Also known as the Etegami Emporium, the store sells dosankodebbie's vibrant etegami as postcards, cards, magnets and original work. You can purchase the absorbent postcard-sized etegami paper in packs of a quality not easily available outside Japan.
Which brings us to the question, how hard is it to find suitable etegami materials outside Japan?
One attraction of this simple form of art: you need few materials. And growing demand has created a market for them in the West.
Once you are set up with the basics, they last a long time. All you need is black ink, a brushpen, gansai watercolors, absorbent washi postcard paper, and a name stamp.
The cheapest quick-start choice is The Little Red Gift Set from Kuretake: 6 gansai watercolor palettes; a ready-to-go inked brush and a waterbrush. To this add paper.
A more expensive set is the Etagami Starter Kit also from Kuretake, pictured, with twelve paints, a mixing palette, paper and several brushes.
Newsprint for practicing, helpful since it's so absorbent.
Washi paper postcard packs, usually of ten, that come in five degrees of absorbency.
Experienced practitioners enjoy the unpredictable nature of the most absorbent paper. The US company Jetpens.com sells postcard packs of each absorbency. Beginners do well with the middle range or absorbency number 3, which also happens to be the least expensive.
The container is cardboard, so is not waterproof. The low flat paint trays are not attached to the box. The loose pans make it easy to switch them between containers if you invest in a larger size tray of paints at some point, such as the set of 36 pictured.
Dosankodebbie has a tutorial that shows you how to make your own personal name seal or stamp, carving it from an eraser.
What Does Etegami Look Like in Practice?
"The shaking hand is allowed. No need for perfection. Imperfect lines is perfect."
One day a postcard with a large canola flower on it arrived from my friend. A message, "It will be spring soon" was attached. This postcard arrived unexpectedly on a cold day and spring was long in coming. It made me glad and I decorated my desk with it for a while.
This is etegami at its best. It is made to be shared. More specifically mailed. Etegami paper has space on the back for a written address. That is the norm: picture on the front and the business side of getting it to someone on the back. Or you can place it in an envelope to mail. But don't spoil the image with mailing details.
Also, you can request membership of dosankodebbie's public Facebook page, Etegami Fun Club and enjoy sharing your images there.
Do you have experience with etegami? Do you have a response to this post? I'd be so encouraged to hear from you in the comments section below!


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Shiny Things by Orin Drake | Shiny Things Gallery | Fandom | Final Fantasy | Jewelry
Somehow Final Fantasy inspires a lot of shiny things. It just fits.
Me and My Kingdom of Three
Made as the development cycle of Final Fantasy XV winds to an end, but conceptualized long before, this is something I made for me. Four crystals inside one ring, surrounded by a total of 13 skulls, on a band 13 beads wide, color splashed between black and silver. I'm very, very happy with it, and it means a lot to me.
That said, wow was getting the Swarovski crystals spanned between sides of the ring a "challenge". But I did it! Another dumb idea that worked! Ridiculously. Like making the ring an open centerpiece. I'd tinkered with the pattern for the beaded skull for a while, trying to get it as small as possible but still retain the feel I was going for. ...Admittedly the sizing was luck and a shot in the dark, and the arrangement of two magnetic clasps with another little silver skull inbetween was an alteration to the original thought. It would have wound up too long to be comfortable with my original concept, but this way it's just right, with just enough slack to slide and move comfortably. It's also got a little weight to it, as the ring itself is surprisingly heavy stainless steel with some really solid magnetic clasps and a decently heavy small skull bead as a counter-balance. It actually feels quite good on, and rather matches my... aesthetic. (As does most Insomnian fashion, I must admit.)
Heart of Dawn
The heart and soul of a world cast in darkness, it beats with the essence of light; and indeed, perhaps, hope. That will be up to the one who will wield the light within.
Ever just have a dumb idea and then you stumble into bits and pieces of exactly the right things to accidentally make it much better than you ever imagined it could be? Yeah, this was weird. I'd played with the idea of making a tiny representation of the crystal from Final Fantasy XV, but I'd wanted to get to learning how to make an artificial druzy/geode first. I was a little surprised to come across the perfect, real geode for the project without meaning to, and it all... snowballed. As things will.
Once I had the geode in hand, I wanted to sculpt around the outside to more resemble the crystal in the game itself. Thanks in large part to this Tumblr post (and later to Episode Ignis), I'd made certain... observations about the crystal itself. It looked blown open, for one, exploded. And where it's pierced to secure it in place, it appears to be leaking or bleeding. That combined with the "tendrils" underneath made it both beautiful and unsettling, some odd mix of organic things, and obviously I kind of love some of that horrifying stuff, so I had to run with it. I'm also pretty proud of managing to make it look like stone. The wire emerging from the sculpture itself is iron (later coated in protective enamel), because that gave me the sturdiness I needed in such a relatively "thin" gauge of wire. While the stone plus all the outside sculpt itself added quite a bit of weight, underneath the molded epoxy is a wire harness to make sure everything is fully and completely secure. The fact that the chain is a very heavy gauge steel (along with the clasp) helps too.
Then it came time to work out the interior. I'd toyed with the idea that maybe I could make it glow pink or purple, but didn't really hold much faith in being able to do so because of how difficult and expensive it is to get those colors... but I stumbled across a place that sold very small quantities and I went for it. Boy am I glad I did. IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO PHOTOGRAPH CORRECTLY, but with the aid of a few seconds of blacklight, the resulting glow is astonishingly bright in vibrant pink, fading out to purple, then blue. It does charge in full sun, as well, but won't glow quite as brightly afterward and be more purple than achingly neon pink. There's a range of color and glow possibilities and I love them all, is what I'm saying. So once I had the glow color down, it was a simple matter of layering blue and purple iridescent pigment to finish the rest of the interior while still showing off the actual natural crystal. No matter the lighting, it is awesome, shiny, and glowy. Success, level up.
...The result is also a little painful. You can tell what experience Final Fantasy XV fans had with the game by their reaction to this. Though I should hope the bulk of the reaction is somewhere on the spectrum of "Ooohh shiny!"/"Ooohh glowy!" I'm really happy to share the pain and passion in this manner. Clearly
This is, and is meant to be, a one of a kind piece. I will never do anything quite like this again. Which is... probably a blessing, though one of these days I might get back to playing with making artificial druzies. Just not anytime too soon, and certainly not this large.
Cecil the Dancing Paladin
My girlfriend's been "a little into speedrunning" of late, and so a tiny shiny Cecil from FFIV seems like just the accessory for that, doesn't it? Also I still think it looks like he's dancing, hence the title.
It's always a bit of a trip; even working from the sprites to make a pattern, it's impossible to see what I've actually made until I take a step back and see it from a slight distance.
OP Material Necklace
The commission started as a simple request: all the FFVII materia on one necklace. So I asked if all the materia meant all the materia, black, white, and Huge Materia included, and... result!
This was a fantastic project with a lot of communication and encouragement, and an overall great experience. I've also been made aware that the receiver of the gift was very appreciative, which is always a joy. Handmade geeky bling for Christmas, y'know?
As for the materia themselves, the small ones are my usual uber-glowy acrylic beads in the usual spiral wire wrap, but I wanted to do a little something different with the Huge Materia. Not just make them bigger, clearly, but give them all a little sparkle. I kind of liked keeping everything "rounded", so I used larger jade beads, dye, and so many coatings of iridescent pigments to give them a different look. Plus I both really liked the idea of the "caged" wire wrap for them, thanks in part to in-game "Huge Materia container" field model, and just the fact that the beads were a bit heavier and needed some extra security for long-term hold.
I also decided to do the spacer beads myself. They're black epoxy, hand-formed and then hand-drilled because it ain't FFVII unless it's super extra. Plus I just wanted to see if I could do it, and behold.
Double-Side Beadwoven FFXV Moogle Plush
Square-Enix's FFXV Moogle fan art contest was the absolute best excuse to finally get on with a project I'd been debating for a long while, anyway: a little beadwoven "sprite" version of the FFXV Moogle. All off-loom weaving, nothing but beads and thread, and... a bunch of hours. Finished within two weeks, so beyond that, what meaning does time really have anyway.
I started with a picture of the official key chain, available at the Square Enix Cafe, and based a very basic pixel version around that. Brightening up the colors and adding more shiny elements, because I am me, I was very happy with how the "standard Moogle side" came out.
But. In the game, the Moogle is definitely a little different. Being that I am who I am, I decided to rework the pattern slightly, selecting off-white beads and trying to translate the stripes and patterns to itty bitty pixel sprite form. Ultimately I also added a little bit of thread detail as well, just because I enjoyed that element of the original design.
Then I was further myself, deciding that yes, I needed to make this a double-sided piece of beadwork, because I've never joined two sides with this complicated a shape before. How'd it go? I really, honestly, do not want to talk about it and no I don't want to replicate this anytime soon... but I did it. Success. A lot of work and time and cursing and I'm taking a few days off after, but it worked!
I kind of love how it all turned out, not going to downplay that. On one side, brightly-colored "traditional" Moogle, and on the other side is the made-with-love patchwork FFXV Moogle. I'd have gotten around to it no matter what, but if I can reflect even a little bit of the love and devotion FFXV inspired in me by submitting it to a fanart contest? I am totally happy to be spurred into starting, finishing, and submitting this as my entry.
I even attempted to record a quick little video to better see the way the light moves across the beads, and how flexible the finished piece is. Which... is not anywhere near the best video in the world, but hey, it's a thing.
(Full disclosure: I never had the heart to use one in battle. Yeah, I know. I just... how dare I.)
Corrupted Water Crystal
Like a good many things, this started off as a nebulous concept I hadn't taken in any way seriously until it was too late. My girlfriend had been talking about wanting some version of a water crystal pendant (ala Final Fantasy 1), with the mention of "corrupted" in there somewhere, and the Fiend responsible being the Kraken so tentacles were a given and... I let my mind wander and tried a few things with a spare crystal I'd had around for ages to add color and some extra sparkle. I was only encouraged further.
Several layers of sparkly and a wide variety of techniques later and ta-da, there be a corrupted water crystal. As is the standard case with me, trying to get a decent representation of the colors under various lighting proved... challenging. There's a depth of purple beneath the blue, and the crystal itself remains translucent, so depending on how the light bounces and how much there actually is shining on it, the crystal itself has waves of both purple and blue, while the tentacles are always a darker blue with an opaque black base.
This one's both spoken and paid for, but I'm definitely planning to play more with the concept in the future. I'm also open for commissions, as per usual.
They'll Remember What You Did
Jul 12, 2017 19:37
I'd actually been looking for Ring of the Lucii (FFXV) references when I happened across OddWorks' model in Shapeways. As someone who'd been disappointed in missing out on snagging one of the FFVII models by joabaldwin before S-E's C&D (he even had chocobos dammit), I sort of... kept lingering on the idea of buying one in matte black steel for a while. Technically there is an official version... for $250. In silver. ...It's not silver in the game, it's black with a specific gold outline. *cough* And so, after looking for coupons, I thought... yeah okay why not. The 3D printed ring was absolutely beautiful on its own... but I'd like to believe that I improved upon it.
Trying to approach this without spoilers is. Difficult. Shall we say there are reasons why I actually hesitated both to buy this and to make anything with it. Symbolic and otherwise. Leaving it as a ring was never an option. I wanted to turn it into a pendant. Using gray/black labradorite was a no-brainer; depending on the light source, they're everything from black to silver, but if you turn them just right, they flash a very particular bright blue. Guess what I could almost not convince to happen at all in photographs. There are 15 (representing the game) beads on either side, altogether making 30 (it just so happens to have been made in Final Fantasy's 30th anniversary year). 13 (representing the Armiger weapons) knots in silk cord separate each bead. Some... thought went into this.
Minor aside: single-string necklaces are wrong and terrible and don't do it or eventually the string will break and you'll lose beads or just everything altogether. Despite how thin and small the cording looks, each side is comprised of three separate strands (two super strong nylon bead threads in medium thickness, and one of surprisingly strong silk cording), doubled and knotted, so technically there are 6 strands carrying the weight of the pendant and supporting the beads. It can be done, don't be lazy. Okay, back to my geeky not-shame.
And the best bit, as far as I'm concerned? The way it hangs makes it really subtle. You don't see the front unless you inspect it, it's just kind of a pretty weird ring pendant and then surprise, it's pain.
Oh, right, and of course the crystal is Swarovski. I mean, come on. The setting itself drove me nuts for a little while before I figured out how to make it work, as it's not sized for any standard crystal size in particular. Buuuuuut it gave me an excuse to play with a new material I had my eye on for a while, so. No complaints.
...Save one. ...I began this project with the intent to sell it. To send it far from here. But. Uh. ...I've grown attached. I'm more than happy to make more by commission, to individual specifications. But this one? ...I think maybe I want to keep it close. To remember. S-E has pretty much completely ruined my life at this point, yeah.
Thirteen Kings
No secret around these parts that FFXV has more or less destroyed my life. ...I mean not in the worst way since it's inspired me, right? That's what I keep telling myself. So there's this Armiger in the game, a collection of sparkly super weapons to collect so you can kick all the ass. On the pause menu, they each have a little tiny icon.
But that was too easy, wasn't it. Initially I designed all 16 icons in a larger size, 30 pixels high. ...After making the first one, I realized how incredibly huge the whole line would turn out to be (and how much extra time it would take), so I completely redesigned all of the symbols at 16 pixels high. Ish. The Rouge got an extra pixel so I could pull off the detail, but I believe we can all agree she deserves it.
4,176 beads for the main design. Yeah, I didn't really want to know that either. 3+ weeks and... well. I really don't want to think about that. The result is kind of amazing, though. I wound up picking beads that I hadn't expected to pick (more on the process here) and I am so very pleased with the result... but of course the different ways the beads shine make it so, so very difficult to get good pictures. I did what I could and I'm incredibly happy with the result.
(For sale.)
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Already the same evening that we were running off these leaflets mentioned above in Scholl's apartment, Hans Scholl told me that these leaflets were to be distributed in Munich the next night and that I should help.
Editor's note: Willi Graf was off by one day regarding the scattering operation. That occurred the same night.


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10 specialist museums well worth a visit in or from Swindon
By Barrie Hudson
Steam - GWR museum
1 Swindon is well-served when it comes to specialist museums. The Richard Jefferies Museum - richardjefferies.org - is based at the Coate farmhouse where the acclaimed Victorian nature writer spent much of his childhood. The museum is filled with rare books and other memorabilia and holds items once owned or used by the author and his loved ones. The museum also hosts a range of special events reflecting Jefferies' love of community life and the natural world.
2 Swindon Museum of Computing - www.museumofcomputing.org.uk - is currently open only on Saturdays from 10am until 4pm, but is well worth making a date with. Often said to be the best venue of its kind in the country, the museum charts the history of computing from early and highly complex mechanical devices through far more recent times. There are fascinating and nostalgia-inducing excursions into the history of video games and a variety of other devices which were once at the farthest edge of technology.
3 The largest of Swindon's three major specialist museums is, of course, Steam. The Museum of the Great Western Railway is about to enter its 20th year of operation and offers visitors not only an array of fascinating exhibits but plenty of insights into the lives and work of the people who made Swindon a railway town for well over a century. Its website is www.steam-museum.org.uk
4 The Atwell Wilson Motor Museum in Calne is the only motor museum in Wiltshire. Its oldest exhibits date back more than 90 years to an era in which motoring was reserved entirely for the wealthiest in society - and those employed to drive their newfangled machines. Items of more recent vintage range from exotic Americana to vehicles many a parent or grandparent will remember having in their garages in the 1950s, 60s, 70s and 80s. Visit www.atwellwilson.org.uk
5 Like the Atwell Wilson Motor Museum, Cotswold Motoring Museum - www.atwellwilson.org.uk - in Bourton-on-the-Water - has a roster of full-size exhibits which dates back to the dawn of the motoring era. They range from affordable family transport to vehicles most people could only have dreamed of owning. There are caravans and motorcycles as well as cars, while another aspect of the museum's appeal is a comprehensive collection of transport-related toys, ranging from small models to pedal cars.
6 The REME museum - www.rememuseum.org.uk - is based at MoD Lyneham. It presents the complete story of the Corps of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, with exhibits including uniforms, weapons, medals and tools. Specialist vehicles based on tanks are among the larger exhibits.
7 One of Weston-super-Mare's lesser known attractions is also the largest of its kind in the world. The Helicopter Museum - has more than 100 machines in its collection, which is housed in a hangar. The helicopters on show represent an array of eras and purposes.
8 The star attraction at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton - www.fleetairarm.com is surely Concorde 002, one of the earliest airworthy examples of the supersonic craft which became a symbol of British engineering expertise. Other aircraft on show include the first jet to make a carrier landing at sea.
9 The Tank Museum at Bovington in Dorset - www.tankmuseum.org - is perhaps better suited as a destination during a long weekend or holiday rather than a day trip, but nobody with an interested in the military machines which were first used to devastating effect during World War One will fail to be fascinated by the range of vehicles on display. The most recent are still in use in various parts of the world.
10 The Museum of Army Flying at Middle Wallop in Hampshire - www.armyflying.com - has a collection which charts the full history of Army Aviation. The earliest Army aviators took to the skies beneath balloons in the late 19th century.
Fears popular Coate field could still be built on
SPECIAL REPORT: The secret forest hidden in the heart of Swindon
Boy, 17, brandished a CROSSBOW at Swindon traffic warden
'We should shrink the shopping area and have more housing in the town centre'
Swindon teen burglar, 14, also tried to steal a Ford Ka


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By Bethan Jones
Bereavement leave – should employees be entitled to paid time off?
Statutory bereavement leave is common across Europe and it is perhaps surprising that Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina do more for workers rights in this area than the UK.
In the UK, there is no minimum entitlement to bereavement leave. Instead, employees end up relying on their employer's discretion or taking a combination of sick leave, holiday or time off to care for dependants when dealing with a death in their family. This has its limitations – technically time off to care for dependants only provides emergency unpaid leave and is specifically to take action necessary as a consequence of the death of a dependant. The type of action contemplated by the statute is arranging the funeral or registering the death, rather than time off to cope with the emotional reaction to a death. Whilst some employees will be signed off sick with stress, this can have adverse consequences, in medicalising an emotional reaction and complicating an employee's sickness absence record.
Earlier this year, the National Council for Palliative Care issued a new programme to support businesses in dealing with employees suffering from bereavement. This was a result of research which suggested that 56% of people would leave their job if their employer did not provide proper bereavement support. Following on from this, a Private Members Bill has been introduced to specifically address bereavement leave for parents on the death of their child.
The Parental Bereavement Leave (Statutory Entitlement) Bill 2016-17A received its Second Reading debate on 28 October 2016. The bill seeks to introduce two weeks' paid leave (paid equivalent to the statutory entitlement to maternity or paternity pay) for any employee who suffers the loss of a child. The bill points out a current inconsistency in the law, in that a mother whose child is still-born is still entitled to maternity leave and the father to paternity leave, but if their child died at two, five, ten or fifteen years old, they would not have any statutory entitlement to leave and would be reliant on their employers' discretion. Whilst many employers would be sympathetic in these circumstances, there is concern that the law should be doing more to protect employees.
It is worth noting that it would also be beneficial to employers to have a structured scheme for this leave – providing certainty and enabling them to recover some of the cost of payment, in the same way as with statutory maternity pay. This would also avoid the potential for inconsistency, which as a minimum could affect staff morale and in more serious cases, lead to discrimination claims. Some larger employers, such as Asda, Heinz and Unilever already provide ten days' paid leave, with the suggestion that this is a benefit that many staff never need to use and so it is unlikely to be abused.
There is also a separate issue relating to the different religious approaches to bereavement. In Hinduism, when a death occurs, relatives are required to observe a 13-day mourning period after cremation. In Judaism, family members are required to stay at home for seven days of mourning after a death. Whilst employers could use their discretion when dealing with an employee of a certain religion to avoid discrimination, having a clear statutory framework as a starting point may help to avoid issues in this area.
The current proposal for two weeks' leave would leapfrog the UK ahead of other countries – currently Canada provides three days' paid leave, provided an employee has three months' service, Israel provides seven and Albania provides five – and there has been some concern that this is too long.
Clearly some employees will want to get back to work quickly after a bereavement, to avoid isolation at home and assist with carrying on with their lives, whilst others will not feel able to cope for some time. There is also the issue of who the leave should cover – should you just be entitled to take leave on the death of a child? Statistically, many more people of working age will lose a parent, so allowing paid time off when a parent dies is likely to have a bigger impact on businesses. This is obviously a complex and highly sensitive area and it will be difficult for the government to legislate appropriately for all individual circumstances. We'll keep you updated with any developments as they arise.
For more information please contact a member of our Employment team.
Staff Accommodation and the Minimum Wage
Valerie Bond
Arrears of holiday pay – latest developments
Nikki Duncan
Challenging Non-Disclosure Agreements in discrimination cases
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Exploring The Comics Universe
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Staff Picks for March 23, 2016 – All My Ghosts, The Shadow Glass, Circuit-Breaker, Agony, 2000 AD and Klaus
by Broken Frontier Staff
It's nearly Wednesday, and you know what that means: a fresh load of comics and graphic novels! With so many publications hitting your local comics store or digital storefront, the BF staff is here to lead you through the woods with our weekly staff picks. Satisfaction guaranteed!
Comic of the Week
All My Ghosts
Everybody knows print is dead – especially when it comes to the newspaper biz. I can't remember the last time I actually read a newspaper and caught a whiff of the now exotic scent of newsprint. This makes me sad for a number of reasons.
For Joe Hale, the editor-in-chief and publisher of a small-town newspaper, the Wise Press, the death of print represents an escape from family duty and a chance to live his own life, even if the impending buy-out of the family business means his daughter never gets the chance to follow in her forebears' footsteps. What Joe fails to realize is just how important the paper is to the town of Wise and to what it means to himself.
Jeremy Massie's intensely personal portrait of a town in the midst of an economic downturn is a wonderful, bittersweet snapshot of a scene playing out across much of rural North America. First published by Alterna via Comixology, this well-crafted little gem is now collected in print and deserves a look by anyone who's ever lived through hard times in a dwindling town or industry – so, I guess that means just about all of us.
Jeremy Massie (W/A) • Alterna Comics, $9.99
—Jason Wilkins
The Shadow Glass #1
After 20 years as an illustrator and concept artist, Manchester-based artist Aly (Alastair) Fell is making his comics debut with this six-part tale of magick and self-discovery set in Elizabethan London.
The book focuses on Rosalind, a wilful young woman who searches for the truth about her identity when she discovers that the man who brought her up wasn't her biological father. When she seeks answers from her childhood teacher, the occultist Dr John Dee, she is drawn into a series of uncomfortable secrets about her heritage.
As you'd expect from the cover shown here, the artwork in Shadow Glass is crisp and rock-solid, backed up with delicate but eerie colouring. This is a smooth opener that creates a rich world and a sticky web of suspense around its elegantly rendered characters.
Aly Fell (W/A) • Dark Horse Comics, $3.99
– Tom Murphy
Circuit-Breaker #1
When an anti-human robot militia threatens Tokyo, the young android Chiren is just the "girl" to save the day. Created to protect humanity from harm, Chiren has never had cause to question her programming. However, the brewing conflict brings to light some uncomfortable truths that could turn our young heroine's world upside down.
Kevin McCarthy and Kyle Baker's Circuit-Breaker was first announced over two years ago, and all signs indicate that it will be well worth the wait. The influence of manga great Osamu Tezuka is evident in both McCarthy's high-flying, philosophically tinged script and Baker's eye-catching visuals. And, of course, expect plenty of the latter's customary sharp humor as well.
Kevin McCarthy (W), Kyle Baker (A) • Image Comics, $2.99
– Paul Mirek
The darkly humorous misadventures of Mark Beyer's Amy and Jordan first burst into the world via Raw, Art Spiegelman and Francoise Mouly's epoch-making vehicle for art comics. And the pair's endurance of urban despair and grotesque misfortune hasn't lost any of its timeliness in the 29 years since Agony was originally published.
In his introduction, novelist Colson Whitehead gets to the skull beneath the skin of Beyer's work: "Agony is one of the most hilarious books I've ever read, but again, your mileage will vary depending on your feelings about the inherent comedy of suicide by acid bath and forfeiting the security deposit on your apartment because you've saturated every surface with blood."
This is the first release from New York Review Comics, an offshoot of the high-brow New York Review of Books, which promises to be a stimulating addition to the comics landscape. Also due out in the next couple of months are a new edition of historical saga Peplum, by French artist Blutch, and a collection of new and selected cartoons by the veteran British absurdist Glen Baxter.
Mark Beyer (W/A) • New York Review Comics, $15.95
2000 AD #1973
When a weekly publication is 39 years old and still going strong it builds up a lot of back story. For a number of years, 2000 AD – that great UK comics bastion of sci-fi and fantasy – has countered the potential problem of inaccessibility for newer or lapsed readers by providing special "jumping-on point" issues with a line-up of all-new serials.
Prog #1973 continues that tradition with Judge Dredd encountering 'The Grindstone Cowboys' by Carroll and MacNeil; a new three-part short story in the Tharg's 3rillers series from Robson and Lynch; Survival Geeks in 'Geeks Fatales' by Rennie, Beeby and Googe; a return to Deadworld in Tainted: Fall of Deadworld by Kek-W and Kendall; and more Roman-inspired Aquila adventuring in 'Charon's Mercy' by Rennie and Davidson.
With this great British institution's 4oth anniversary less than a year away there's never been a better time to revisit the Galaxy's Greatest Comic.
Anthology – Various creators • Rebellion, £2.55
– Andy Oliver
Klaus #4
Dashing heroes are at their best when complemented by bold villains, and writer Grant Morrison never fails to provide this symmetry in his stories. His retelling of the Santa Claus mythos has been an enjoyable adventure thus far, and it appears that some of the deeper character development readers were hoping for will be delivered in the fourth issue. The Lady Dagmar and Klaus have a history that dates back to childhood, and artist Dan Mora will get to show off his flashback chops as Morrison's story heads for (mostly) happier times. It appears that we'll also learn more about the Baron and the root of his evil.
Morrison and Mora have been an effective team on this title. Mora exaggerates the art when necessary to prove a point and is consistent with the realistic elements that make this a fully realized world, while his colors take delightful departures from the established palate when dealing with the more fantastic elements in the story. As Morrison weaves together elements of the realistic with the fantastic, we see Klaus change from his solitary nature into someone who is dedicating himself to helping others. It's the journey of a man on his way to becoming a hero – but first he has to contend with a tyrant.
Grant Morrison (W), Dan Mora (A), Boom! Studios, $3.99
-Karen O'Brien
Tags: 2000 ADagonyall my ghostsalterna comicsaly fellboom! studioscircuit-breakerdan moradark horse comicsgrant morrisonimage comicsjeremy massiekevin mccarthyklauskyle bakermark beyernew york review comicsthe shadow glass
— Broken Frontier Staff
Preview: Low Road West #1 – Phillip Kennedy Johnson and Flaviano's Tale of Survival in a War-Torn U.S. Published by BOOM! Studios in September
It's a 2000 AD Double Bill, With the Satirical Vampirism of Durham Red and the Zombie Samurai of Hondo City Justice
Staff Picks for March 30, 2016 – The Opportunity, Golem, Godzilla: Oblivion, Take Me Back to Manchester, Power Lines and More
Broken Frontier Staff Picks for November 26: Little Nemo, Ody-C, Madman, Gotham by Midnight, The Borgias & More
Staff Picks for July 17, 2019 – They Called Us Enemy, Bags (Or a Story Thereof), Build Your Own Theme Park, Love and Rockets and More!July 16, 2019
The Small Press Day 2019 Scrapbook – Looking Back on the Biggest and Best SPD to Date!July 15, 2019
Read the Orbital Comics and Gosh! Comics Small Press Day Dream-Themed Collaborative Comic Here!July 13, 2019
Small Press Day 2019 is this Saturday July 13th – Stores and Event Organisers on What You Can Expect from the Fourth Annual Celebration of Self and Micropublished ComicsJuly 11, 2019
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Staff Picks for July 17, 2019 – They Called Us Enemy, Bags (Or a Story Thereof), Build Your Own Theme Park, Love and Rockets and More!
Inside Look: Swim – Abs Bailey Talks Creative Process and Working in Multiple Media on Her Slice-of-Life One-Shot
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text:
Young PH Volcanoes face off in 3rd place playoff
A true David and Goliath battle for the Philippines first match against Korea.
The First Pacific U19 national rugby team, the Jr. Volcanoes, face a tough ask in their final match of the U19 Asia Rugby Division 1 championships.
The Philippines were out muscled against an experienced and well advanced Korea on Wednesday night in their semifinal battle. The Philippines now turn their attention to finish the year on a high, against Southeast Asian neighbours Singapore.
The young Volcanoes after a gutsy performance will field a similar roster with one noticeable change. Vice Captain Rhys Jacob Mackley will move back to his favored position at scrum half to make room for the return of Gabriel Lingan. Lingan was a late withdrawal two hours before Wednesday's semifinal match. A known playmaker and general for the Philippines he will be a boost for the home team for their bronze medal play off.
"It was unfortunate for us to lose Gabe so close to kick off for game 1, he is an experienced team member of this squad and will no doubt be a leader for Saturday's final game. We trained with Gabe all week leading up to Korea so to have him back for the final is a blessing. Gabe brings a wealth of experience into the playmaker's role, the coaching staff and his team mates are happy to see him return to the starting side" shares assistant coach and current Philippine Volcano, Jake Robrigado Letts.
After both teams' performances from Wednesday, the Philippines with a home ground advantage are likely to go in favorites. Man of the match Francis Glen Serafica will be looking for a repeat performance with his bone crushing defense and strong attacking runs. Team captain Kai Ledesma Stroem will be expected to once again lead from the front.
The 2016 Transcom Shield, an annual international rugby fixture between the Philippine National Men's Development Team and the Hong Kong Senior Warriors has been scheduled as a pre-game curtain raiser before the Jr. Volcanoes.
The Philippines will kick off the first match at 12.00pm for the men's fixture, followed by the Jr Volcanoes at 2.00pm. Both matches will be played at International School Manila, Taguig this Saturday December 17.


The monthly average cost for Tranquility Assisted Living Home is around $3,353. The Scottsdale average for this type of care is around $2,844. While the national average cost is around $3,063, Arizona is around $2,757 monthly.
Tranquility Assisted Living Home is situated in the South Scottsdale area of Scottsdale, Arizona. They are a care home facility catering to seniors. The neighborhood surrounding this community is heavily populated, including about 34,390 people in the surrounding zip code. It is a predominantly middle income area, with a median family income of $55,343. The community is located close to many local conveniences, such as retail shopping, health care facilities, and houses of worship. They are only 1.5 miles from Scottsdale Healthcare-osborn Medical Center. There are a number of churches within 4 miles, including Scottsdale Congregational Church, Bethany Lutheran Church, Scottsdale United Methodist, and Scottsdale Church of God. There are also dozens of drug stores within one mile of the facility.
Tranquility Assisted Living Home offers both assisted living and residential senior care. The facility is a good choice for individuals who need help with common chores such as preparing meals, personal hygiene, and house work, but who are able to move around and are mostly independent. They can also provide for residents who wish to remain in a small group setting and require some assitance with common self care.


It is a new version of the language HTML, with new elements, attributes, and behaviors,and a larger set of technologies that allows more diverse and powerful Web sites and applications. This set is sometimes called HTML5 & friends and often shortened to just HTML5.
Semantics : Allowing you to describe more precisely what your content is.
Offline & Storage : Allowing webpages to store data on the client-side locally and operate offline more efficiently.
Multimedia : Making video and audio first-class citizens in the Open Web.
2D/3D Graphics & Effects : Allowing a much more divisive range of presentation options.
Performance & Integration : Providing greater speed optimization and better usage of computer hardware.
Device Access : Allowing for the usage of various input and output devices.
Styling : Letting authors write more sophisticated themes.
The new HTML 5 has surpassed the expectations of developers in all aspects and has allowed fulfilling customers� requirement with ease.
Better integration of multimedia and advanced graphics with new syntactical features.
No use of flash and other media plug-ins, saving precious power in mobile devices.
We ensure version compatibility of iOS.
Provides better temporary storage for users.
Lesser page loading time for users.


Perfect catch for wordless! I hope you'll visit my corner too if you get the chance.
Wow, casual Wordless Wednesday people are getting a real treat here. Thanks!
Great series. It can be really hard to get good bird shots.


The Fellows of Local Government is a program within the Allegheny County Department of Human Services created with the objective of helping graduates with bachelor's degrees—in fields like social work, sociology, political science, economics, policy studies, pre-law, business, communications, information technology, statistics and accounting—who have "lived experience within a human service system" to advance in careers by providing them with positions as "Fellows." Fellows work for the Allegheny County Department of Human Services in the Pittsburgh region for one year, accumulating on-the-job training and valuable contacts for the future.
According to the Allegheny County website, the following qualify as lived experience within a human service system: being the recipient of child welfare services, being the recipient of mental health services, being the recipient of drug and alcohol services, being the recipient of intellectual disability services, being the recipient of community support services, or other qualifying experiences which will be determined on a base by case basis (Fellows FAQ).
The application deadline for the Fellows in Local Government Program is January 16, 2015. Candidates will be informed of their status between mid March and April 2015, and the Fellow will being work in May, June, or July 2015.


text:
Q: How can I connect VS Code source control with a GitHub profile to directly push, commit, and sync changes and even push the repository? How can I connect VS Code source control with a GitHub profile to directly push, commit, and sync changes and even push the repository?
Committing and syncing with the git repo is easy if we open the proper repo directory to push.

A: VS Code should "just work" as long as you've configure your git remotes. You can do that via commandline with the git remote commands. If you want to add a remote, use git remote add <name> <URL>. If you want to modify the url of an existing remote, use git remote set-url <name> <newurl>.
For docs, see https://git-scm.com/docs/git-remote and https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Working-with-Remotes.
I don't know what you mean by "publish" (in contrast to "push"). If you mean publishing a GitHub pages site, that should work automatically when you push changes to the branch that your GitHub pages site is configured to track.

A: first copy your repo url then go to source panel click on initialize repository
after that click on three dots placed on upper side and than click pull,push
option placed in lower column then click on push to and click on add remote and
past the copied url and add name and press enter. your github profile is linked

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;

namespace System
{
    public delegate TResult Func<in T1, in T2, out TResult>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2);
}

namespace System.Runtime.CompilerServices
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Enables compiling extension methods in .NET 2.0
    /// </summary>
    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Method)]
    sealed class ExtensionAttribute : Attribute { }
}


text:
Der Runde Tisch der Religionen in Deutschland ist ein eigenständiges Gremium aus hochrangigen Repräsentanten von Religionsgemeinschaften in Deutschland. Im Rahmen seiner bundesweiten Tätigkeit trifft er sich zweimal jährlich zur gegenseitigen Information über Entwicklungen in den Religionsgemeinschaften und Förderung des interreligiösen Dialogs, zu Stellungnahmen für die Presse und für die Religionsgemeinschaften im interreligiösen Kontext sowie zur Planung des alljährlichen "Tags der Religionen".

Auf lokaler Ebene bestehen in Deutschland Runde Tische der Religionen, die neben den Räten der Religionen eigenständig tätig sind.

Gründung
Nach Gesprächen mit den großen Religionsgemeinschaften in Deutschland durch den Vorsitzenden von Religions for Peace/WCRP Deutschland Franz Brendle erfolgte die Gründung eines bundesweiten Runden Tisches der Religionen am 26. März 1998 im Rahmen des "Mainzer Dialogs". Gründungsmitglieder waren der bei der Gründung bestellte Geschäftsführer Franz Brendle und der stellvertretende Geschäftsführer Johannes Lähnemann (WCRP), Bischof Karl Ludwig Kohlwage (ev. Christentum), Bischof Hermann Josef Spital (r.-k. Christentum), Archidiakon Wassilios Klein (orth. Christentum), Ignatz Bubis (Judentum), Nadeem Elyas (Islam), Friedo Zölzer (Bahaitum) und Alfred Weil (Buddhismus). Weitere anwesende Unterstützer waren
Bischof Rolf Koppe (ev. Christentum), Weihbischof Hans-Jochen Jaschke und Hans Waldenfels (r.-k. Christentum), Hasan Özdogan (Islam) und Ram Adhar Mall (Hinduismus).

Die aktuellen Mitglieder sind auf der Homepage des Runden Tisches der Religionen aufgeführt.

Noch im gleichen Jahr äußerte sich der Gründungskreis öffentlich in einem "Brief der Religionen an die Religionen", der mit den Worten beginnt "Es ist an der Zeit, aufeinander zuzugehen. Die Religionsgemeinschaften fühlen sich mitverantwortlich für das gesellschaftliche Zusammenleben und sind sich der Bedeutung der Religionen für das öffentliche Leben bewusst.

Verlautbarungen
In seinen Stellungnahmen für Presse und Religionsgemeinschaften thematisiert der Runde Tisch der Religionen in Deutschland aktuelle Themen wie Religionsfreiheit, die Flüchtlingsthematik oder Terroranschläge. Vertrauensbildende Maßnahmen – auch bei Themen, zu denen innerhalb der einzelnen Religionsgemeinschaften unterschiedliche Auffassungen bestehen – werden dabei als ein Schwerpunkt gesehen. Überlegungen hierzu finden sich auch in der Publikation "Gemeinsam Beten?".

Tag der Religionen
Die Veranstaltung eines Tags der Religionen an wechselnden Orten ist ein Schwerpunkt in der Tätigkeit des Runden Tischs der Religionen in Deutschland. Er findet regelmäßig in Verbindung mit einer der beiden jährlichen Sitzungen und im Zusammenwirken mit einer größeren deutschen Stadt und deren interreligiösen Initiativen vor Ort statt: u. a. 2019 in Nürnberg, 2018 in Berlin, und 2016 in Dortmund. Die Berliner Veranstaltung fand gemeinsam mit dem Berliner Forum der Religionen und unter der Schirmherrschaft des Regierenden Bürgermeisters Michael Müller statt. In Dortmund wies Bundespräsident a. D. Christian Wulff auf die soziale und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung der Religionen hin.

Literatur
 Johannes Lähnemann: Lernen in der Begegnung – Ein Leben auf dem Weg zur Interreligiosität, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen, S. 160–168 (2017)
 Dokumentation zu 2. Ökumenischer Kirchentag, München, 2010, Podium: Runder Tisch der Religionen in Deutschland, S. 607–617, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh (2011)

Weblinks
 Homepage Runder Tisch der Religionen in Deutschland
 YouTube, 2020: Gebet der Weltreligionen zur Corona-Pandemie (Runder Tisch der Religionen)
 Pressemitteilung Islamrat, 2010: Runder Tisch der Religionen beim 2. Ökumenischen Kirchentag
 Interview Domradio Köln, 2009: Dr. F. Brendle zum Tag der Religionen

Einzelnachweise

Interreligiöser Dialog

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
A leading-one detector is an electronic circuit commonly found in central processing units and especially their arithmetic logic units (ALUs). It is used to detect whether the leading bit in a computer word is 1 or 0, which is used to perform basic binary tests like IF A>0.

Binary arithmetic


It happens to many bead artists, especially seed bead weavers. They feel insecure choosing colors for a new project. They begin to doubt themselves and their color instincts. And then, like grasping for an aspirin, they head straight for the dark metallic iris beads they think will cure every color ailment. They cross their fingers for good luck, hoping those dark metallic iris beads will pinch hit for a strong, memorable palette.
Time and again the cover of our beloved bead magazines display the featured project in dark metallic iris beads; sometimes several variations at a time. The side-by-side weaving of 3 kinds of dark metallic iris beads looks less like a well-planned color scheme and more like a dark, reflective mass of indistinguishable tones reminiscent of the skin of that wet reptilian creature that burst from the astronaut's chest in the movie "Alien." If I want to discern the design, I have to squint to visually separate it from the confusing, murky color palette. It's difficult to comprehend exceptional design when it's palette is boring, or worse, mediocre. And the dark, metallic iris palette is exactly that: mediocre.
I've seen many a good piece of beaded jewelry (and many a good artist) hiding behind the dark metallic iris palette. Sure the beads themselves tempt us with their shiny colors (as do most beads), but they don't make the most appealing palettes. They are at best, OK. And who wants to settle for "OK"?
1. Become aware of the trap itself. If you've read this article, you've handled this.
2. If you have the slightest hesitation about choosing colors (who doesn't?) grab a color wheel! Pick ONE color, then spin the wheel and read the different combos it shows you. Use one of them.
3. Borrow palette ideas from everything that appeals to you: fabric, clothing, linen catalogues, etc.
4. Educate yourself. The archives of my monthly "Margie's Muse" column will provide you with more valuable color training than you have time for. FREE! Or read my color books (available on my website). Or take my online color classes.
5. Consciously look at color combinations that excite you. Take the time to determine what makes them work. Chances are the variations of light and dark are a major reason (a feature the dark, metallic iris palette lacks).
6. Take risks! Shut your eyes and grab handfuls of beads, tubes, or hanks. Commit to making a color palette using 3 of them.
If you must create jewelry in the dark metallic iris palette, don't do so out of self-doubt, insecurity, or ignorance. Do it because it speaks to your soul and makes your spirit sing. Or because your customer will pay you for it.
Life is too short and too delicious for boring beadwork and mediocre palettes.
Thank you for the tips! Mostly I trust my color instincts, if I use 2-3 colors. But if I want use more than 3 colors, so I doubt.
Thanks, Lariata! Go for it!


text:
Polymerentgasung bezeichnet die Entfernung von niedermolekularen Bestandteilen wie Restmonomeren, Lösungsmitteln, Reaktionsnebenprodukten und Wasser aus Polymeren.

Motivation
Beim Verlassen eines Reaktors nach einer Polymerisationsreaktion enthalten viele Polymere noch unerwünschte niedermolekulare Bestandteile.  Diese Bestandteile können das Produkt für die weitere Verarbeitung unbrauchbar machen, so kann eine Polymerlösung nicht direkt für die Kunststoffverarbeitung verwendet werden, kann giftig sein, kann schlechte sensorische Eigenschaften wie einen unangenehmen Geruch verursachen oder die Eigenschaften des Polymers verschlechtern. Weiterhin sollen Monomere und Lösungsmittel dem Prozess wieder zugeführt werden. Kunststoff-Recycling erfordert häufig das Entfernen von Wasser oder das Entfernen von flüchtigen Abbauprodukten.

Grundlegende Verfahrensvarianten
Bei der Entgasung kann das Polymer in fester oder flüssiger Phase vorliegen, wobei die Flüchtigen in eine flüssige oder eine Gasphase übergehen. Beispiele:
 Festes Polymer, flüssige Phase: Extraktion von Caprolactam aus Polyamiden mit Wasser.
 Festes Polymer, Gasphase: Entfernung von Ethylen aus Polyethylen mittels Luft oder Stickstoff in Silos.
 Flüssiges Polymer, Gasphase: Entfernung von Styrol aus Polystyrol durch Vakuum.

Üblicherweise werden verschiedene Arten von Entgasungsschritten zu kombiniert, um technische oder physikochemische Limitierungen der einzelnen Schritte zu überwinden.

Physikalische und chemische Aspekte

Thermodynamik
Die Aktivität der flüchtigen Bestandteile muss im Polymer höher sein als in der anderen Phase, damit sie in diese übergehen. Um ein solches Verfahren auszulegen, muss die Aktivität berechnet werden. Dies geschieht meist über das Flory-Huggins-Modell. Dieser Effekt kann durch höhere Temperaturen oder, bei  einem niedrigeren Partialdruck der flüchtigen Komponente dadurch verstärkt werden, dass ein Inertgas oder ein niedrigerer Druck eingesetzt wird.

Diffusion
Um aus dem Polymer entfernt zu werden, müssen die flüchtigen Bestandteile durch Diffusion zu einer Phasengrenze gelangen. Aufgrund der niedrigen Diffusionskoeffizienten von flüchtigen Bestandteilen in Polymeren kann dies der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt sein. Der Effekt der Diffusion kann durch höhere Temperaturen oder durch kleine Diffusionslängen aufgrund der höheren Fourierzahl verbessert werden.

Chemische Stabilität
Höhere Temperaturen können auch die chemische Stabilität des Polymers und damit seine Gebrauchseigenschaften beeinträchtigen.  Wenn die Ceiling-Temperatur eines Polymers überschritten wird, zerfällt es teilweise in seine Monomere, was es unbrauchbar macht. Ganz allgemein tritt thermische Schädigung auch während der Entgasung auf, wodurch die für den Prozess verfügbare Temperatur und Verweilzeit begrenzt wird.

Wärmeübergang
Weil Polymere und Polymerlösungen häufig eine hohe Viskosität haben, herrscht in den Apparaten meist laminare Strömung, was zu niedrigen Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten führt. Dies kann eine Prozessbegrenzung darstellen.

Schaum- vs. Filmentgasung
Es gibt zwei grundlegende Formen der Entgasung im Vakuum. Bei der Schaumentgasung nukleieren und wachsen Blasen im Inneren der Polymerlösung, die schließlich platzen und ihren flüchtigen Inhalt an die Umgebung abgeben. Dazu ist ein ausreichender Dampfdruck erforderlich. Wenn möglich, ist dies eine sehr effiziente Methode, da die flüchtigen Bestandteile nur einen kurzen Weg diffundieren müssen.

Filmentgasung tritt auf, wenn der Dampfdruck nicht mehr ausreicht, um Blasen zu erzeugen, und erfordert eine ausreichende Oberfläche und eine gute Durchmischung. In diesem Fall kann dem Polymer ein Schleppmittel wie Stickstoff zugesetzt werden, um einen verbesserten Stofftransport durch Blasen zu bewirken.

Typen von Entgasungsapparaten und -maschinen

Entgasungsapparate für Polymerschmelzen werden in statische oder bewegte Apparate eingeteilt. Letzteres wird auch als maschinelle Eindampftechnik bezeichnet.

Statische Entgasungsapparate

 Strangverdampfer: Das Polymer wird in viele einzelne Stränge zerteilt, die in einer Vakuumkammer herunterfallen. Durch Diffusion gelangen die flüchtigen Bestandteile in die Gasphase, die dann über ein Vakuumsystem abgesaugt werden. Dies ist normalerweise die letzte Stufe eines Entgasungsprozesses, wenn der Dampfdruck der flüchtigen Komponenten niedrig ist.

 Fallfilmverdampfer: Das Polymer fällt an senkrechten Wänden in Kontakt mit einer Wand herunter.

 Rohrverdampfer: Eine siedende Polymerlösung fließt in einem vertikalen Rohrbündelwärmetauscher nach unten in einen Abscheider. Das Polymer wird am Boden ausgetragen, der Brüden wird über ein Vakuumsystem und Kondensatoren zurückgewonnen.

 Flashverdampfer: Eine Polymerlösung wird vorgewärmt und in einen Abscheider eingespeist, wo durch den verminderten Druck ein Teil der flüchtigen Bestandteile verdampft.

Entgasungsmaschinen

 Gleichlaufende Doppelschneckenextruder: Die Polymerlösung wird in einen gleichlaufenden Doppelschneckenextruder eingebracht, wo sie einer Scherung und mechanischer Energiezufuhr ausgesetzt wird und Brüden abgezogen wird. Dieser Maschinentyp ermöglicht unterschiedliche Drücke in verschiedenen Zonen. Ein Vorteil ist der Selbstreinigungseffekt dieser Extruder.

 Einschneckenextruder: Diese arbeiten ähnlich wie gleichlaufende Doppelschneckenextruder, jedoch ohne Selbstreinigungseffekt.

 Dünnschichtverdampfer: Die Polymerlösung wird in einen einzigen großen Behälter eingebracht, in dem ein Rotor das Produkt rührt und eine Oberflächenerneuerung bewirkt. Bei diesen Maschinen ist nur eine einzige Druckstufe möglich.

 Großvolumige Kneter: Eine Polymerlösung wird in einen großvolumigen Kneter eingebracht und bei längeren Verweilzeiten als in einem Extruder einer Scherung unterworfen.

Entgasung von Suspensionen und Latices

Entfernung von Monomeren und Lösungsmitteln aus Suspensionen und Latices wird häufig in Rührkesseln durchgeführt.

Einzelnachweise

Polymer
Verfahrenstechnik