We are halfway through our winter and it seems that it is becoming worse every week, a couple of cold snaps here and there. Lots of heavy snow storm. Some freezing rain during our commute to and fro work. Oh man, this year's winter is restless.
Weel, we cannot do anything about our weather and changing climate, but at least we can winter-proof our budget! If we are not watchful of how we warm ourselves, our electricity bills and/or our personal budget could sky-rocket! So in today's article, I will show you what are the ways you can do to lower your expenses during winter.
If you bought a 20-year-old plus house that has a furnace that is never been replaced, then it might be a good idea to invest in a new energy efficient furnace. The good news is many states in America or provinces in Canada encourage their citizens to upgrade their house into an energy efficient by providing grants on energy efficient furnace, windows, insulation, etc. be sure to check out for these grants and use them wisely.
According to the electric power and natural gas utility in Manitoba, Manitoba Hydro, a brand new energy efficient furnace can save you as much as $12000 over its 25-year lifetime, so if you are not planning to move out anytime soon and you have an extra savings to upgrade your furnace, then I recommend that you should do this. Remember! $12000 over 25 years or $480 per year plus you reduce your pollution.
If you do not have money to buy for a new one, then at least get it checked by a specialist to see if there are small adjustments/ upgrades that can be done to improve the efficiency of your furnace to reduce your electric cost.
Ring, ring, Duct cleaning! Have you got those annoying calls offering you air duct cleaning services? It might be annoying and some are probably scams but maintaining your air ducts will actually may help you same money!
Having an energy efficient furnace is a great way to save money on electrical bills but what is the use of it if the warm air doesn't reach the places it needs to warm. It is important to get your air duct inspected to determine if there are any leaks or if the air duct system is efficiently distributing the warm air inside the house.
It is fairly common in most houses, especially the older ones, for people staying in the basement to wear only a shirt while those who are staying on the upper levels to wear a jacket or sweater. That my friend is a good indicator that your house is burning cash.
So should you change your air duct? Well, calculate your return on investment (R.O.I.) first. See how much you will save over the long run versus how much you will pay for reworking your air duct. If you will be saving a couple of hundreds of dollars per year, then go for it. You are not only saving money on your electrical bills, but you are also investing in your house, you better the comfort of everyone, and you reduce the pollution you are contributing. Win!
Who among you are guilty of leaving your furnace on because you do not want to come home to a frozen house after a long day? All of everyone in your house leaves at the same time and comes back at the same time, then that means your furnace is running for about a good 8 hrs for no reason!
Smart and/or programmable thermostat cost somewhere between $50 to $300, but the benefits outweigh the cost. For instance, you will save a ton of money on your energy bills if you turn off the heater before the last person leaves. If you have a smart thermostat and the last person to leave forgot to turn off the heater, you can still turn it off using your smartphone. Finally, using the same method, you can turn on your house's furnace minutes before you come home. NEAT!
Programmable Thermostats also works fine. Set the time when your heater will shut off or turn on and/or automatically set the desired temperature at any given time.
Well ultimately, we want the cold air out and the hot air inside, so I think it would be wise if we will check our doors and windows for an air draft. If you spot one, attempt to fix the seal, but if you do not know how to do that, then cover the entire window with a plastic sheet. Just be sure the window you are sealing is not being frequently opened or closed. This simple hack will help you keep the cold air coming inside your house and the hot air coming out.
Another solution is to upgrade your windows/doors if you have a budget and/or there are grants from the government that are available.
But John Greg these tips are for the homeowners, I DON'T HAVE A HOUSE. Can you say something more useful to me?
No money to upgrade your furnace and/or your air duct? Or don't even own one? Do not worry, there is another way to lower down your heating cost and that is by lowering your thermostat and bundling up. You do not need to wear your bulky winter coat, just a nice warm jacket would do. Nowadays, there are polyester or ultralight down sweaters that are as thin as a t-shirt and they are comfortable to wear.
You want to do this because lowering your heater couple of degrees will help you save a lot on your heating cost. WIN!
Here is another tip that you can do if you do not have the money to upgrade your furnace. This also works well if you are living in a condo/apartment where you need to pay for your heater but don't own a furnace.
You can use an energy efficient portable stand up heater to heat the room where people or you are in while leaving empty rooms on minimum heat! The beauty of this tip is the energy that you will need to heat a small room which is significantly lower compared to heating an entire house/condo/apartment, therefore, the electricity bill will be smaller.
I love my hot beverages, especially during winter times. However, the cost of coffee or tea can quickly pile up if you are not smart on your purchases. Instead of lining up to your favorite coffee shop or ordering ahead using your app, why not brew your own? Chances are your favorite coffee brand also sells their coffees on leading grocery chains and online retailers such as Amazon and they selling it for a considerably cheaper price.
By brewing your coffee, you can skip the lineup, therefore, saves you time plus your expense will be considerably lower. WIN!
You might be thinking, "Okay, this list is now getting weird", but hear me out.
How do people generate heat? … ahh … yeah not that one, but if you are a married couple you can do that too, why not?
Okay, let us keep our conversation "clean". Cleaning your house will save you money because it will make you physically move, therefore, you will generate body heat. So do clean your house and exercise along the way to generate your own body heat instead of cranking up the heater when you are a little bit cold.
Doing this tip will not only lower your heating cost, but it will also help you exercise and keep your house clean. WIN!
We use dehumidifiers to ensure molds will not grow, but during winter the air is already dry so there is no need for it. In addition to, humidity keeps the temperature a bit higher compared to a non-humid atmosphere (as you probably observe during summer), so why would you remove it?
By simply not using a dehumidifier during winter, you effectively solve 2 problems at once – cut the electricity cost and increase the ambient temperature a bit. WIN!
A famous princess once said, "Let it go.. The cold doesn't bother me anyways". I would say, she is a very wise princess and probably great on her finances too! She is right! As long as we are not freezing to death and/or at the verge of having hypothermia, we should be able to let go of some of our "conveniences" and embrace the cold temperature to save money for what is more important.
Most of the times we just want to crank up the heater because it is comfortable that way. We conditioned ourselves that cold weather is uncomfortable. However, I believe we should change our thinking and attitude and be grateful for what we have instead. We should be grateful that we still have a heated house instead of living on the streets. We should be grateful we have access to items that can keep as cozy. And we should be grateful that we can make hot beverages that will make us warm. Not everyone is as blessed as us, so a little sacrifice should not be that bad. WIN!
Do You Know Other Ways How to Save Money On Winter?
That is it for me ladies and gents. Now it is your turn!
What part of the article do you like the most? Are there some things that you want me to elaborate on?
Do you have other tips and tricks on winter-proofing your budget?
Your feedback is very important to our community! Please let us know your thoughts on the comment section!
Your post was very useful. I just moved in my new house. It is a passive house and everything is electric in the house. The heating of the house is cheap and with the solar panels and with the wind turbine generators it is almost 0.
I really liked your section about buying products cheaper online. This is a working opportunity for saving some money. You can use Amazon to buy products cheaper. Thanks for the tips.
Thanks for sharing your experience. I envy the way you heat your house and I like how you use solar panels and a wind turbine to produce renewable electricity. That certainly lower the cost of heating for your house.
Yes, buying online is likely to be cheaper nowadays than buying in retail stores.
Useful tips you shared in your article. I also live in a cold climate and I find your tips really helpful. I have to admit that we use a humidifier because of the reason mentioned by you: the air is too dry and we don't use it against molds, only in combination with some essential oils to refresh the air.
And yes, the house cleaning is a good tip, it's a win-win situation.
Actually you are right! We should use humidifier! What I meant to say is do not use dehumidifier. Thanks for your comment. You save the day!
Winter can be really frustrating. We tend to use more energy in winter which results in paying more bills. This article has a good guide for that. It has various ideas on saving during winter times. I'm definitely going to follow these tips. Thank you so much for sharing this article.
I'm glad that you like and agree on the list that I made. I am confident that you can save a lot over the long term if you follow these tips.
Hello,I have read the whole review about this.Thanks for sharing this helpful guideline of wrting about Wealth builder tips.This information is very important for all.we know, health is wealth.sound body lives in a sound mind.There are many winter saving tips.If we follow this tips,we can save winter.Thanks for sharing this information about this topic.
Thanks for liking the article. I hope that tips that I gave can help you save during winter. Especially this year's winter is brutally colder and harsher compared to the previous one.
With these tips, at least you can keep yourself warm and cozy while not breaking your wallet too much.
All of this winter talk makes me wanna move to some tropical country.
I hear you. This year's winter is the worst winter I've ever experienced so far.


For over one hundred years, the Betty Crocker brand has been synonymous with quality cake mixes, frostings, cookie mixes and instant foods. These items are very popular with consumers because they are tasty and easy to use. Furthermore, they make baking and cooking more fun because they have a wide range of items that suit almost anyone's taste.
One way that General Mills spreads the word about these yummy Betty Crocker foods is to issue coupons to consumers. These coupons can save consumers as much as 40% off the regular retail price of a Betty Crocker food item. They can be found in many ways online and locally. As a result, consumers who regularly use Betty Crocker food items can easily save as much as 40% by finding these coupons.
Betty Crocker's history is interesting to anyone who is a fan of good food. Contrary to popular belief, Betty Crocker is a fictional character. She was dreamed up in 1921 by a businesswoman named Marjorie Child Husted. She worked with the Washburn Crosby Company in 1921 to give Betty a human form. Betty's image was first used to sell flour and other baking goods made by the company now known as General Mills. By the 1930's, the firm already began selling cake mixes and Bisquick with her image on them.
By World War II, the image and the company merged to offer consumers a full line of cake mixes, frostings and cookie mixes. The 1950's and 1960's saw the company add brownie mixes and new cake mix flavors. The 1970's and 1980's saw the company add Hamburger Helper, fruit snacks and fruit-roll-ups to the fold. Today, General Mills still offers these and other fine foods under the Betty Crocker name.
General Mills offers Betty Crocker coupons through their official website. Consumers who want to use these coupons must first sign up using an e-mail address. Once they sign up, consumers can find coupons that can save them as much as 40% off the retail price of many Betty Crocker items. Some of these coupons include a 50 cent coupon good for any one Betty Crocker brownie mix item. Other coupons have included a 40 cent coupon that is good towards the purchase of one box of any Betty Crocker cake mix.
The best part about this site is that you don't need to search your e-mail inbox for the coupons. The coupons can be printed right off the website.
Look in your local mail.
General Mills offers coupons through their national postal ad campaigns. These coupons are often included in your weekly supermarket ads. They offer savings on instant food products, cake mixes and other baking items. Recent examples have included a coupon that was good for 50 cents off any one tub of Betty Crocker frosting as well as a 40 cent coupon that was good for any one box of instant au gratin potatoes.
Finally, look in your local Sunday newspaper.
General Mills also offers coupons nationally as part of the ads one finds in a local Sunday newspaper. These coupons are generally good for instant food products and baking products. Some of the recent coupons that were offered included 50 cents off 2 boxes of Hamburger Helper and 75 cents off the price of a bag of Bisquick baking mix.


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HomeBike NewsYamaha MT15 bookings officially open - Dealer confirms dual ABS, mileage
Yamaha MT15 bookings officially open – Dealer confirms dual ABS, mileage
Nabanita Singha Roy
Much awaited naked street motorcycle, Yamaha MT15 is all set to be launched in India. Fans have waited for a long time for this motorcycle. Launched a couple of years ago in the international market, the bike was an instant hit in many countries where it is on sale. So why this delay in India launch?
Due to price constraints, it was not being launched in India. Cause this 150cc segment motorcycle retails for about Rs 1.7 lakhs, as per today's currency conversion rate in Thailand. In India, not many will be paying that kind of money to a 150 cc single cylinder naked street bike. Which is why Yamaha India has stripped the MT15 of its many features, to make it feasible for the Indian market.
Image for reference. India will not get MT15 with USD forks. Image shared by authorized Yamaha dealer on social media.
Over the last few months, engineers at Yamaha India were busy figuring out a way to bring the price down of MT15 in India. And the leaked photos of India-spec MT15 confirm that they have successfully managed to do that. The three major differences found in India-spec MT15 – it is devoid of USD forks in the front, alloys are different, fuel tank is less contoured.
With launch scheduled for 15th March, many authorized dealers of Yamaha India have shared ads of 'Bookings open' on social media. One such dealer ad is listed below. Most of them are using photo of international spec MT15, as the India-spec MT15 is not yet revealed.
A few dealers we spoke to, confirmed that bookings are being accepted at a varied pricing. Some dealers are charging Rs 1k, some are charging 2k, some are taking 5k, while some are not taking any amount, just noting down the name and contact number of the person.
Powering the India-spec MT15 is the same 155cc single cylinder engine which powers the R15 V3. This engine delivers 19.3 PS peak power and 15 Nm peak torque via 6 speed transmission. Tyres are from MRF (international MT15 gets Pirelli / Metzeler). Braking setup is also same as R15 V3. Front and rear disc brake with dual ABS. Mileage claimed by dealer is in the 45 kmpl region. Expected launch price is Rs 1.2 lakh, ex-sh. It will take on Bajaj Pulsar 180, etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


'Become A Music Teacher' are looking for individuals nationwide to run either singing, guitar, drums and piano teaching businesses.
* Ability to play your musical instrument or sing to a reasonable level.
When applying please leave your name and contact details including the instrument/s you play, an email address and telephone number by visiting the 'Become A Music Teacher' website and selecting the 'contact us' tab.


Fall may strike some people as a season unsuited to an engagement party. For the resourceful, this only brings in different, maybe even better options. You switch your mojitos to wine, put on your scarves, and do all the things that turn your fall-centric party into the stuff of multi-generational legends. Here, few things matter as much as the cuisine you pick, which is why we have put together a food-and-cocktail guide to point you towards what works best.
No guest wants to feel ignored when they arrive unless they are extremely introverted and would not rather be at the party either. The point is that you need to make people feel welcome with something delicious and warm, such as spiked cider or some other greeter cocktail.
Choose food options to remind people that you are proud of where you are from. If you are from the South, for instance, throw in as much of the regional charm as you can comfortably afford to. Get a food truck to come service the guests, serve lobster salad, fried chicken, etc. and see how people throw themselves into the festive mood you want them in.
To make everything look cohesive, complement your autumn table display with a charcuterie board and serve the local cheese on these. Add some tasty fruits too, so that people can balance the taste without having to take a drink.
For an autumn engagement party, drinks go exceedingly well with herbs and garnishes that spruce up the cocktails. Consider including 'The Bonfire' on the menu – a drink combining apple cider, bourbon, sugar cube, soda, and bitters. You could also have fresh cinnamon sticks served out as garnishes, or even apple slices.
Munching on fresh harvest veggies is not something you cannot do after summer is up. At a fall party, you could serve an assortment of veggie crudités, and watch in satisfaction because the crowd is bound to lap it up.
Plenty of naysayers would call a return to comfort foods bad form, but considering these are people you know, and not the President and First Lady visiting you like you probably dream about, getting the guests to chill out is among your main goals. Serve tomato soup canapé, so that people can go back to that time in memory where they used to be young, happy, and cozy.
Cold weather months get harder the more you slip into a sulky way of approaching them. Stay lively and get cozy with some apple cider straight out of the press. Maybe even have people press out their own cider, and let them have a bottle they can take home. If you are the first one to use this idea, it is sure to leave a mark.
Locally sourced ingredients, an eco-friendly list of items, and the right setting can make many guests more receptive towards the food served at the tables. While it is not that people absolutely require this aspect to come in play where dining is concerned, many would have hang-ups about overindulging. To assuage the health conscious portion of your guest list, serve a salad of grains and seeds along with fresh fruit.
Barring pumpkin, nothing says fall as effectively as squash at a party. It makes for a down-to-earth entrée, appetizer, or dessert, and adjusting your menu to fit it can be a great way to celebrate the season. You may want to consider a squash salad decorated with roasted acorn rings. Throw in some mixed field greens, shaved yellow squash, and toasted seeds for uniqueness.
If your event is scheduled for before sunset, you may want to try out alternatives to the traditional dinner entrée. Serve a miniature avocado toast to make it easy for our guests to binge later, so that you have a unique take on breakfast.
This is a smart way to turn the dessert station into the proverbial honey pot. If you are serving cider doughnuts, for example, pair them with a cocktail mixed out of cider. Throw in toppings, glazes and such, so that even the more shy guests can go have a look-see without feeling embarrassed.
Heavier foods are not a menu requirement for parties held in colder months. Instead, go for small sweets, like little cheesecakes that melt in the mouth, with nuts that offer a gratifying crunch. For the perfect bit of fall, add Douglas fir.
These are some ideas you can use for a fall engagement party. Of course, this is not exhaustive, but if you have ideas of your own, it would be good to run them by your event planner first.


Do you want a metal swing in your backyard?
Have you seen people with iron swings that look nice in their gardens?
Why would a wrought iron outdoor swing with frame be a popular choice, anyway?
In this article, we'll show you five great swings and a few quality frames, all of which are made of wrought iron. You'll be able to pick your favorite and see for yourself just how much easier it is to clean, maintain, and enjoy an iron swing.
With one of these products in your yard, you'll be able to enjoy a sturdier swing that won't become damaged by the weather. So let's get started!
When you want a cute and cozy single-person iron swing, you need the International Caravan Santa Fe Wrought Iron Outdoor Patio Swing. This adorable little swing is completely made of iron and is designed to hold up to UV rays as well as wind and rain.
This chair swing comes in either teal green or brown.
This swing is comfortable whether you use a cushion with it or not.
It may be harder to find a frame for this swing than some of the others listed here.
This swing is a little pricey in comparison to the larger swings on our list.
The Jefferson Wrought Iron Outdoor Swing is a great option for anyone looking for an iron swing with a canopy attachment. This product is big enough for two adults to shade comfortably and is elegant as well as stylish.
This swing can hold up to 500 pounds of weight.
The canopy is adjustable so you can always have shade and protection when you sit in it.
The mesh seats and back on this swing may become damaged more easily than some of the others listed here, since they are not iron.
The hardware is lower quality on this swing than some others on our list.
Pick up the International Caravan Tropico Iron Porch Swing if you want something with a minimalist style that matches most types of decor. This is a rustproof swing that is made completely from wrought iron for tons of durability.
Customers report this swing being much more comfortable than it seems like it would be.
This swing is easy to use with or without a cushion as you prefer.
Some customers report this product not matching their frames in terms of color.
The swing can be a little challenging to hang in some situations.
When you want a swing that looks great and holds up well to lots of wear and tear, you need the International Caravan Mandalay Iron Porch Swing. This swing features a design that's very classic and stylish and comes with everything you need to hang it to your frame in no time.
This swing is big enough for two adults to share comfortably.
The swing is powder-coated for a rustproof finish that can be used for many years.
Some customers have reported this swing arriving damaged or missing some pieces.
The product is very heavy and may cost more in shipping than some others.
Pick up the International Caravan Lisbon Loveseat Porch Swing for a beautiful dark brown swing that will look great with any decor. This swing features a wrought iron frame and resin wicker seat and back for a beautiful and seamless style that blends together perfectly.
This is a great swing for smaller spaces such as apartment patios or tiny porches.
This swing is lightweight enough that it can be used indoors by hanging it from the ceiling with the proper safety procedures.
This product may be too large for some of the frames available on the market.
Some customers do not find this swing to be very comfortable, although this is up to your opinion.
There are also a few frames you should consider when you purchase swings like the ones above. Here are some of our favorites.
With the Yaheetech Iron A Frame Porch Swing Stand, you can enjoy a comfortable and safe swinging experience in no time. This frame can support up to 440 pounds of weight including the swing and comes with built-in top rings for easy and safe hanging of the swing seat as well.
This product is very easy to put together for most customers.
The company is easy to get ahold of by phone and is happy to replace any missing pieces with no trouble.
This product may arrive with some incorrect hardware in some rare situations.
Some customers have received products that are missing the instructions.
Choose the Topeakmart A Frame Porch Swing Hanging Stand to enjoy a classic look that will support just about any swing out there. This is a stable product with lots of added support from a back bar and an A-frame design.
This swing frame can hold about 400 pounds of weight including the swing itself.
This frame is a universal size that works well with a lot of swings.
Some customers have reported this product arriving with bolts that are too short to put it together safely.
This product may be very challenging to assemble without assistance.
The FDInspiration Iron Hanging Swing Frame features a timeless design and a glossy surface that looks great in any yard. It's powder-coated for maximum durability and long-lasting life in any weather.
This product can support up to 441 pounds of weight including the swing itself.
This frame comes with built-in rings to help secure the swing to the frame.
This is a heavy product that may cost quite a bit in shipping.
This product is smaller than some of the other frames out there.
With so many great swing and frame options out there, you should have no trouble finding something you'll love from our list of products. Pick your favorite and enjoy your new place to relax outdoors!


I would like to share a happy news. I have achieved a milestone accolade in traffic with 100,000 hits. I am also proud to announce that my earning reaches $ 100 next week. My love and thanks to all.
Congrats Sunil. And good work. Keep it up.
Congratulations! And thanks for telling us how much you earned. It gives us an idea of what to expect.
Congratulations! Reaching $100 a month is a milestone, too; it goes up from there!
Thanks for your wish. But $ 100 a month is not the milestone I reached. It is just 20 - 25 a month now.
You are doing good. Keep working hard and I am wishing you all the best.
Happy, happy, joy, joy for you! Congrats.
Write more and honestly. You will have click from others. All the best.
That's amazing!!!! I only wish that someday I can achieve that goal. I just reached 1,000 yesterday. So still a long ways to go. My excitednees about that went down a little reading this. I know its all in due time. Thank you for your willingness to share your success!!
I am so delighted to read your comments. My advice is never give up. Keep on working and working and working. Success is sure to bless you sooner or later. Await the pleasure of reading your success story in the near future. Congratulation on your 1k Viewership. Best of luck!
Thank you so much dinesdinu. Glad that you found time to respond to my post.
Congratulations Sunil. You must have written some interesting hubs ... I'm just off to read a few now.
Very much pleased to read your comments. Thank you for the compliments. Hope to hear your success story soon. My prayers for you.
Congrats! Your milestone inspires me to keep on writing!
Thank you for your compliments. Sure, you will have stunning achievements soon. To inspire people like you that I ventured to write my story in detail. I am glad you loved it. Keep on writing and achieve!
Thank you dear for the compliments and wishing me good luck. With great pleasure I wish you the same in return. Keep on writing and achieve your set goals. Best of luck.
Well done, Sunil. Your achievement is a testimony of the fact that hard labour brings fruit and HubPages is a great platform to express yourself. Congratulations.
srsddn, you were always kind to me and your words always encouraged me so well. Thank you for your kind words and support. I have observed that you are doing so well on HP and am sure soon you too have a great success story to share on. Await the pleasure of hearing that story ASAP. Best of luck.
Thank you so much for your compliments. Glad to note that you find it brilliant. I am trying hard to improve more and more. Comments like these are a tonic for me. Thank you once again. Best of luck to you too.
Congratulations! Wish you all the best for future too!
So happy to read your complimentary message. You were too kind to me whenever I posted something here. Thank you for all. I hope you have your own success story soon. Please share. Best of luck!
I don't how to express my thanks and pleasure. You had done a great job for me recently and I am so thankful to you. Hope you will continue your support. I wish you all the best. In fact I must say that I reserve my gratitude.
Absolutely Sunil! I was actually going to set aside some time to look over another one of your articles after I finish the project I'm working on now. Look for another email from me sometime in the next week. Congratulations again!
Congratulations Sunil! I am absolutely thrilled for you; 100,000 is a fantastic milestone to achieve so well done to you!!
Thank you for your compliments. Pray for your success. Best of luck.
This might not seem like much to some of you turbo-hubbers, but I reached a personal milestone today with my 100th hub titledTEAM Mayberry @ http://hubpages.com/hub/TEAM-MayberryLotsa Luck To You & Yours!


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Truly, the words become now tiny before the king. A simple man who truly changed the world without being diplomatic or playing any game. Although Michael was one of the most successful artists that ever lived in the 20th century, but his characteristic contribution towards entertainment made him immortal for the centuries to come.
In 2018, Forbes declared "Death hasn't ended Michael Jackson's commercial success." Thanks to his music catalog which is still leading to conquer the world. Despite being most influential even after death, some of the major artists who inspired by Jackson publicized their emotions and fan-moment. Look at 10 powerful celebrities'- claiming MJ is the biggest reason helping to become what they are today. Artists that includes – Justin Bieber-Canadian pop singer, Beyoncé-American pop and R&B singer, Chris Brown-American R&B singer and many others.
The top 10 Best dancers of all time
Before checking out 10 famous celebrities who inspired by Michael Jackson, here's whom he inspired by:
1. James Brown
2. Fred Astaire
3. Jackie Wilson
4. Sammy Davis, Jr.
5. Diana Ross
Artists who influenced by Michael Jackson:
1. Madonna
"My God, he was so unique, so original, so rare. And there will never be anyone like him again." Madonna (AT 2009 VMAS)
16 Pictures Showing Michael Jackson's facial transformation
2. Justin Bieber
"He's an icon," Justin told Billy. "Every time that I go out on stage, every time I go out and perform, I'm always trying to be the best and that's what he always did… And there's never gonna be another Michael Jackson as long as anyone lives. I think that he's just incredible and it's an honor to be here." Justin Bieber (courtesy – Access Hollywood)
"Michael taught me that sometimes you have to forget technique, forget what you have on. If you feel silly, you have to go from the gut just let it go. Michael Jackson changed me, and helped me to become the artist I am thank you, Michael." Beyoncé (source)
7 Reasons Why Michael Jackson Is The King of pop
4. Whitney Houston
"Michael Jackson to me was the greatest entertainer I'd ever seen in my life. He was a real gentleman and I'll always love him. Always!" Whitney Houston (Source)
5. Lady Gaga
"There was one sweater, that's like a letterman sweater that says MJ on it and there is a jacket that says 'Stop the Filthy Tabloid Press' on the back and I don't go out in them, but when I'm in the studio or if I'm feeling down I'll wear them because I think he would have been OK with that. But I don't know. But I am taking care of his clothes … and for any Michael Jackson fan, that's watching … it's very pristine … and it's perfect." Lady Gaga (source)
6. Celine Dion
"You see a lot through the newspapers and it's unfortunate sometimes that people have this (distorted) image, but Michael was on top of his gig and on top of his talent, and seeing the movie and seeing him, how top-shape he was, it's very difficult to accept." Celine Dion (Source)
Top 10 Best Female Singers Right Now
7. Bruno Mars
"Because the details, the attention to detail he did on everything he did, everything he was a part of, you can look at what made him so iconic, the glove, the hat, the dancing, the music videos, the way he sang when he sang, everything he did was Michael Jackson, and he just kind of stamped that on the world." Bruno Mars (source)
8. Chris Brown
"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer," Chris Brown (source)
"I think it gave Michael a chance to be celebrated for the genius he was without all the other stuff in the way, and I don't know if that would ever have happened had he been alive. The Michael Jackson I knew was just a musician who loved music." Jay-Z (source)
The Top 10 Hottest Male Singers of all time
10. Justin Timberlake
"To create the things that he created with his music is untouchable. He opened the minds of the world to be able to do that through his music… it's a feat not accomplished by many people, maybe only a handful of people. I don't think anyone ever did it like him." Justin Timberlake (source)
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10 Of The Porn Movies That Revolve Around Christmas Celebration


Growing up, volunteering was something I saw as very much part of normal everyday life. My Dad was heavily involved with St. Vincent de Paul, while my mother and a group of her friends opened and ran a Gorta charity shop in Carlow town. In addition, my parents were habitually involved with charity events and activities – anything from flag days to coffee mornings.
My five siblings and I were encouraged to find causes that we believed in and support them in a similar, if more modest, fashion. Throughout school and college, I was involved in numerous initiatives: running a student chapter of Amnesty International, being a volunteer leader in summer camps for low-income families, carol singing at Christmas, participating in sponsored fasts, walks, runs, you name it.
After graduating, I moved to Galway to work with global software giant, SAP, and quickly got involved in their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programme. During my five-year stint there, I volunteered with Junior Achievement Ireland, teaching local school children basic principles of business and the working world. I also took part in Ability West's 'befriending' programme. I was paired up with an amazing girl with Down Syndrome who I met on a weekly basis for over three years to go to the cinema, concerts, shopping, bowling, or whatever tickled her fancy.
I started my entrepreneurial journey in 2011. I decided to leverage my skill-set of information development, instructional design, and people management, to establish TWi, offering technical communication services on an outsource basis to large multinational companies.
Inevitably, the first few years in this new venture involved long hours, and greatly reduced the time I had for extracurricular activities. Luckily, I had incredible support. Having relocated to Cork, I benefited from the guidance of the local business community through networks such as it@cork and Cork Chamber. I availed of training, mentoring, and practical assistance from the Rubicon Centre, CIT's business incubation centre, where our offices were located for the first couple of years. I was, and remain, incredibly grateful to the individuals who volunteered their time and skills to help me get things started on the right foot.
Initially, TWi had no formal CSR programme as such, although I knew I wanted to incorporate it into the company's ethos from the outset. Obviously, a start-up doesn't have the same resources to commit to CSR activities as a huge multinational. However, it is entirely possible to start small. We committed to donate a portion of the company's annual profits to charity. We began with ad hoc donations or sponsorships, and voluntary engagement in local activities such as entering a relay team in the Cork City Marathon.
In 2015, we set up an internal Charity and Community Involvement (CCI) group to put more structure around our CSR strategy. This group is charged with combining the available resources of the company with the time of willing employees, and collaborating with charity partners to deploy them to maximum effect. Following consultation with our own staff and meetings with various charities, our 2015-2016 CSR plan focused our support on Autism Assistance Dogs Ireland (AADI) and Cork Simon. In 2017, we continue to support Cork Simon, along with a new charity partner, Pieta House, offering both financial and non-financial support.
Our business is focused on creating instructional text for companies that develop technology, medical devices, and pharmaceutical products. We also train people to write business documentation in a clear and user-friendly way. We have proactively shared our expertise with Cork Simon staff through 'skill-based volunteering', making use of our core professional skills (writing, editing, and proofreading) to improve the quality of Cork Simon reports and funding applications, and to simplify user manuals for software used by Cork Simon staff.
By integrating volunteering and CSR activities into our company's culture, our collective contribution has far exceeded what any individual could have achieved independently. From a team-building perspective, we've gotten back as much or more than we've given in effort to complete any task. Furthermore, it's been a learning curve for all of us. For example, a presentation from a Cork Simon case worker last year illuminated the factors that contribute to homelessness. It gave us a deeper understanding of the issue and challenged some of our assumptions.
Certainly, volunteering must be freely given – integrating it into our working lives is not about making it obligatory, but simply encouraging it and making it more convenient. All of us have many competing demands on our time, juggling work and family life. It can be valuable to highlight and facilitate tangible opportunities for staff, along with any willing friends or family, to get involved in volunteering, whether through a company CSR programme like we have at TWi or through an organisation like Volunteer Ireland.
Life is full of surprises and none of us know when we might experience challenges and require assistance. In my experience, volunteering can be immensely rewarding and have far-reaching and positive effects, regardless of our circumstances and whether we're on the giving or receiving side.
You article is very inspiring. Thank you for your honesty.


The company has already given a sneak peek of the upcoming premium smartphones in the "Ultimate" series that will officially be launched at MWC 2019. The phones will be sold in four models: Power Max (which will feature the 18,000 mAh battery), Ultimate, Energy, and Hardcase.
The Power Max and Ultimate ranges both reportedly include Android smartphones.
The most exciting aspects of these recent reports are talking about the possibility of the launch of an Energizer Mobile folding smartphone which would launch right after Samsung ould reveal its one foldable phone, the Galaxy F device. The Energizer Ultimate U620S Pop features a dual 16-megapixel and 2-megapixel front camera pop-up module and triple cameras on the back (16-megapixel + 5-megapixel + 2-megapixel).
Surfaces such as highways, roads, walkways and parking lots may become hard to navigate due to accumulating snow. Wednesday for most of northeastern and north central IL , due to the sleet and freezing rain.
Energizer Mobile's 18,000mAh battery smartphone will fall under the Power Max lineup that already offers a phone with a huge 16, 000mAh battery in the form of the Power Max P16K Pro. "The Energizer Ultimate U620S is said to feature a 6.2" 1080p+ screen. It is powered by an octa-core MediaTek Helio P25, coupled with 6GB RAM and also has 128GB internal storage.
I can't even begin to fathom what kind of battery life you'll be able to eke out with 18,000 mAh, but seeing as how this is coming from Energizer - the battery company - I suppose it's not all that surprising. The Energizer Ultimate U630S Pop will hit the market in June, while the Energizer Ultimate U620S Pop will be made available in July.
The latest line of Energizer-branded handsets is remarkable for including several Android-powered smartphones that likely will compete with Chinese manufacturers that have specialized in producing lower-cost phones whose sales are surging. Oppo's smartphone sales grew 6.8% 29.2 million in the final quarter of a year ago, while Xiaomi's edged upward by 1.4% to 28.6 million, IDC estimated.


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What is the YIELDDISC Function?
The YIELDDISC function is categorized under Financial functionsFunctionsList of the most important Excel functions for financial analysts. This cheat sheet covers 100s of functions that are critical to know as an Excel analyst. It will calculate the annual yield for a discounted security.
As a financial analystFinancial Analyst Job DescriptionSee a real Financial Analyst Job Description including all the skills, experience, and education required to be the successful candidate for the job. Perform financial forecasting, reporting, and operational metrics tracking, analyze financial data, create financial models, we often calculate yield on a bond to determine the income that would be generated in a year. Yield is different from the rate of return as the latter is the gain already earned while yield is the prospective return. The YIELDDISC function is not the same as the YIELD function as it calculates the yield on a discounted security.
Settlement (required argument) – It is the settlement date of the security. It is a date after the security is traded to the buyer that is after the issue date.
Maturity (required argument) – It is the maturity date of the security or the date when it expires.
Pr (required argument) – It is the price of security per $100 face value.
Redemption (required argument) – It is the redemption value per $100 face value.
How to use the YIELDDISC Function in Excel?
The above YIELDDISC function calculates the yield on the discounted security as 6.27%.
We used as a basis the actual/actual basis.
As recommended by Microsoft, the date arguments were entered as references to cells containing dates.
The settlement date provided is greater than or equal to the maturity date.
We provided invalid numbers for the rate, pr, redemption, frequency or [basis] arguments. That is, we provided rate < 0; pr ≤ 0; redemption ≤ 0; or [basis] is any number other than 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
The settlement & maturity dates provided are not valid dates.
The result from the Excel RATE function appears to be the value 0 or appears as a percentage but shows no decimal places. The problem is often due to the formatting of the cell containing the function. If this is the case, fix the problem by formatting the cell to show a percentage with decimal places.
The settlement date is the date a buyer purchases a coupon, such as a bond. The maturity date is the date when a coupon expires. For example, suppose a 30-year bond is issued on January 1, 2012, and is purchased by a buyer six months later. The issue date would be January 1, 2012, the settlement date would be July 1, 2012, and the maturity date would be January 1, 2042, which is 30 years after the January 1, 2012 issue date.


text:
Florence weakens to tropical storm
0 0 Friday, September 14, 2018 Edit this post
Rescue personnel take a moment to pray after a large tree fell on a home killing a mother and her infant following Hurricane Florence coming ashore on Friday in Wilmington, N.C. A man was rescued. Photo by Ken Cedeno/UPI
Florence weakened to a tropical storm early Friday evening as it slowly moved into South Carolina, delivering heavy rain, strong gusts and "catastrophic" flash flooding, the National Hurricane Center said.
The center of the storm made landfall around 7:15 a.m. near Wrightsville Beach, N.C., close to the South Carolina border. Forecasters said Florence made landfall with winds of 90 mph -- a Category 1 hurricane -- and slowed a bit in its movement as its outward winds lashed North and South Carolina.
In its 8 p.m. EDT advisory, the NHC said Florence was moving slowly inland over the north part of South Carolina. The eye of the storm was about 15 miles north-northeast of Myrtle Beach, S.C., and 55 miles east-southeast of Florence, S.C. It was moving west at 3 mph and had maximum sustained winds of 70 mph.
Experts said although wind speed has reduced over the past two days, the slow speed of the hurricane's travel indicates catastrophic flooding is the primary threat for the coast.
"Life-threatening, catastrophic flash flooding and prolonged significant river flooding are likely over portions of the Carolinas and the southern and central Appalachians through early next week, as Florence is expected to slow down while it moves inland," the NHC said.
The NHC on Friday noted rain totals for several locations in the storm zone.
Oriental, N.C., has seen nearly 19 inches, Surf City 14 and WFO Morehead City 14 inches and Jacksonville 13 inches.
Earlier Friday, forecasters said water levels were 7 feet above normal and expected to rise.
A storm surge warning was in effect from Myrtle Beach, S.C., north to Salvo, N.C., and Pamlico Sound. A tropical storm warning was in effect from Edisto Beach, S.C., north to Cape Hatteras, N.C., and Pamlico Sound.
U.S. - U.S. Daily News: Florence weakens to tropical storm
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aZGQcVtl-0E/W5yVxgChYRI/AAAAAAAA-ew/Jvj7MpJUI2wpJVDrDJz8SQzeGFt1eUZtQCLcBGAs/s1600/1.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aZGQcVtl-0E/W5yVxgChYRI/AAAAAAAA-ew/Jvj7MpJUI2wpJVDrDJz8SQzeGFt1eUZtQCLcBGAs/s72-c/1.jpg
https://us.dailynews.us.com/2018/09/florence-weakens-to-tropical-storm.html


Star Brite Waterproofing with PTEF restores water repellency to virtually all marine fabrics from boat covers to bimini tops. It is also the easiest, most effective way to waterproof car covers, tents, tarps, foul weather gear, convertible tops, and more. Star Brite waterproofing is also great for use on new fabrics, greatly extending their service life by providing an additional barrier to moisture and damaging UV rays. It's easy to use: simply spray the fabric to be restored and allow it to dry for 6 hours before use. Always apply waterproofing outdoors, taking care to not breathe the solution. Spray the surface until thoroughly wet and take care to avoid overspray.


We want you to have fun but of course we need to have some guidelines to keep everything working well for the whole crew. We'll ask you to sign copy of these guidelines and register your crew at checkin.
- No black soles shoes or suntan lotions/oils on deck. Newport has a noise ordinance after 10pm.


text:
Q: Open VPN packets aren't going through tunnel port 1194
proto udp
dev tun
ca ca.crt
cert server.crt
key server.key
dh dh2048.pem
tls-auth ta.key 0
key-direction 0
server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt
client-to-client
push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"
push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222"
push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220"
duplicate-cn
keepalive 10 120
cipher AES-128-CBC
auth SHA256
comp-lzo
user nobody
group nogroup
persist-key
persist-tun
status openvpn-status.log
verb 3

This is the server conf file i have used
client
dev tun
proto udp
remote ********* 1194
resolv-retry infinite
nobind
user nobody
group nogroup
persist-key
persist-tun
remote-cert-tls server
tls-auth ta.key 1
key-direction 1
cipher AES-128-CBC
redirect-gateway def1
auth SHA256
comp-lzo
verb 3

This the client conf file i have used
While sending the packets to the server they're not going through the tunnel.
I have used traceroute to check the path between the client and server,the packets are taking another way.
Should I modify or add any commands to the conf files so that i can make the packets go through tunnel?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Titanium.UI.setBackgroundColor('#000');
var currwin = Titanium.UI.currentWindow;
currwin.backgroundImage = 'images/bgGradient.png';
currwin.navTintColor = '#B5CCEF';
var textColor ='#FFF';
var rowHeight = Ti.UI.SIZE;

var win = Titanium.UI.createScrollView({
	top:0,
	showVerticalScrollIndicator:true,
	showHorizontalScrollIndicator:false,
	scrollType: 'vertical',
	layout: 'vertical'
});

//****DESCRIPTION LABEL****
var descRow = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
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var descLabel = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: "Gustafson presents a formula, amongst others, based Thiem, of inflow to a tunnel, with and without sealing.",
	font:{fontSize:14,fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor,
	left: 5
});

descRow.add(descLabel);
win.add(descRow);

//****************** INPUT FIELDS *******************
var row0 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var lbl0 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Mean permeability K(r) of \nrock (m/s): ',
	left: 5,
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor
});
row0.add(lbl0);

var var0 = Ti.UI.createTextArea({
        borderStyle: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BORDERSTYLE_ROUNDED,
        // keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_DECIMAL_PAD,
        keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_NUMBERS_PUNCTUATION,
        clearButtonMode: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BUTTONMODE_ONFOCUS,
        returnKeyType: Titanium.UI.RETURNKEY_DONE,
		right: 5,
		width: 130,
        softKeyboardOnFocus : Titanium.UI.Android.SOFT_KEYBOARD_SHOW_ON_FOCUS
    });
row0.add(var0);
win.add(row0);

var row1 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var lbl1 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Tunnel depth H below \ngroundwater level (m): ',
	left: 5,
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor
});
row1.add(lbl1);

var var1 = Ti.UI.createTextArea({
        borderStyle: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BORDERSTYLE_ROUNDED,
        // keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_DECIMAL_PAD,
        keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_NUMBERS_PUNCTUATION,
        clearButtonMode: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BUTTONMODE_ONFOCUS,
        returnKeyType: Titanium.UI.RETURNKEY_DONE,
		right: 5,
		width: 130,
        softKeyboardOnFocus : Titanium.UI.Android.SOFT_KEYBOARD_SHOW_ON_FOCUS
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row1.add(var1);
win.add(row1);

var row2 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
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var lbl2 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Tunnel radius r (m): ',
	left: 5,
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor
});
row2.add(lbl2);

var var2 = Ti.UI.createTextArea({
        borderStyle: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BORDERSTYLE_ROUNDED,
        // keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_DECIMAL_PAD,
        keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_NUMBERS_PUNCTUATION,
        clearButtonMode: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BUTTONMODE_ONFOCUS,
        returnKeyType: Titanium.UI.RETURNKEY_DONE,
		right: 5,
		width: 130,
        softKeyboardOnFocus : Titanium.UI.Android.SOFT_KEYBOARD_SHOW_ON_FOCUS
    });
row2.add(var2);
win.add(row2);

var row3 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var lbl3 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Skin factor ξ \nclose to tunnel (-): ',
	left: 5,
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor
});
row3.add(lbl3);

var var3 = Ti.UI.createTextArea({
        borderStyle: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BORDERSTYLE_ROUNDED,
        // keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_DECIMAL_PAD,
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        clearButtonMode: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BUTTONMODE_ONFOCUS,
        returnKeyType: Titanium.UI.RETURNKEY_DONE,
		right: 5,
		width: 130,
        softKeyboardOnFocus : Titanium.UI.Android.SOFT_KEYBOARD_SHOW_ON_FOCUS
    });
row3.add(var3);
win.add(row3);

var row4 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var lbl4 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Mean permeability K(inj) \nof sealed zone (m/s): ',
	left: 5,
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor
});
row4.add(lbl4);

var var4 = Ti.UI.createTextArea({
        borderStyle: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BORDERSTYLE_ROUNDED,
        // keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_DECIMAL_PAD,
        keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_NUMBERS_PUNCTUATION,
        clearButtonMode: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BUTTONMODE_ONFOCUS,
        returnKeyType: Titanium.UI.RETURNKEY_DONE,
		right: 5,
		width: 130,
        softKeyboardOnFocus : Titanium.UI.Android.SOFT_KEYBOARD_SHOW_ON_FOCUS
    });
row4.add(var4);
win.add(row4);

var row5 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var lbl5 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Thickness t of sealed \nzone around tunnel (m): ',
	left: 5,
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor
});
row5.add(lbl5);

var var5 = Ti.UI.createTextArea({
        borderStyle: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BORDERSTYLE_ROUNDED,
        // keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_DECIMAL_PAD,
        keyboardType: Ti.UI.KEYBOARD_NUMBERS_PUNCTUATION,
        clearButtonMode: Titanium.UI.INPUT_BUTTONMODE_ONFOCUS,
        returnKeyType: Titanium.UI.RETURNKEY_DONE,
		right: 5,
		width: 130,
        softKeyboardOnFocus : Titanium.UI.Android.SOFT_KEYBOARD_SHOW_ON_FOCUS
    });
row5.add(var5);
win.add(row5);

//******************** CALCULATEBTN**************************
var calcRow = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});
var calculateBtn = Titanium.UI.createButton({
	title:'Calculate',
	width:200,
	color:'#B5CCEF',
	backgroundColor: 'transparent'
});

calcRow.add(calculateBtn);
win.add(calcRow);

calculateBtn.addEventListener('click', function()
{
	Calculate();
});

//***********************************************************
var resultHeaderRow = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

resultHeaderRow.backgroundColor = '#909FB9';

var resultHeaderLbl = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Result:',
	font:{fontSize:18,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: 'black',
	left: 5
});
resultHeaderRow.add(resultHeaderLbl);
win.add(resultHeaderRow);

var resultRow1 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var resultLbl1 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Inflow to tunnel without sealing (L/min and 100 m): ',
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor,
	width: 300,
	left: 5
});
resultRow1.add(resultLbl1);
win.add(resultRow1);

var resultRow2 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var resultLbl2 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Inflow to tunnel with sealing (L/min and 100 m): ',
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor,
	width: 300,
	left: 5
});
resultRow2.add(resultLbl2);
win.add(resultRow2);

var resultRow3 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var resultLbl3 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Resulting inflow, compared to the unsealed inflow: ',
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor,
	width: 300,
	left: 5
});
resultRow3.add(resultLbl3);
win.add(resultRow3);

var resultRow4 = Titanium.UI.createView({
	width: '100%',
	height: Ti.UI.SIZE
});

var resultLbl4 = Titanium.UI.createLabel({
	text: 'Approximate influence distance R(sealed)/R(unsealad): ',
	font:{fontSize:14,fontWeight:'bold',fontFamily:'Helvetica Neue'},
	color: textColor,
	width: 300,
	left: 5
});
resultRow4.add(resultLbl4);
win.add(resultRow4);

//********** Calculate ****************************
function Calculate()
{
	var val0 = parseFloat(var0.value.replace(',', '.'));
	var val1 = parseFloat(var1.value.replace(',', '.'));
	var val2 = parseFloat(var2.value.replace(',', '.'));
	var val3 = parseFloat(var3.value.replace(',', '.'));
	var val4 = parseFloat(var4.value.replace(',', '.'));
	var val5 = parseFloat(var5.value.replace(',', '.'));

	var result1 = 1000*60*100*(2*Math.PI*val0*val1)/(Math.log(2*val1/val2)+val3);
	var result2 = 1000*60*100*(2*Math.PI*val0*val1)/(Math.log(2*val1/val2)+((val0/val4)-1)*(Math.log(1+(val5/val2)))+val3);

	var resultRounded1 = Math.ceil(result1);
	var resultRounded2 = Math.round(result2);

	var result3 = resultRounded2/resultRounded1;
	var resultRounded3 = Math.round(result3*100);

	if (isNaN(resultRounded1) || isNaN(resultRounded2) || isNaN(resultRounded3))
	{
		resultLbl1.text = 'Result is null, check input fields!';
		resultLbl2.text = '';
		resultLbl3.text = '';
	}
	else
	{
		resultLbl1.text = 'Inflow to tunnel without sealing (L/min and 100 m): '+resultRounded1+'';
		resultLbl2.text = 'Inflow to tunnel with sealing (L/min and 100 m): '+resultRounded2+'';
		resultLbl3.text = 'Resulting inflow, compared to the unsealed inflow: '+resultRounded3+'%';
		resultLbl4.text = 'Approximate influence distance Rsealed/Runsealad: '+resultRounded3+'%';
	}
}

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        var aboutWindow = Titanium.UI.createWindow({
        	title: 'Steady state inflow to tunnel',
        	url: 'DetailDescription.js',
        	lblText: 'Gustafson presents a formula, amongst others, based Thiem, of inflow to a tunnel, with and without sealing. '
        		+ 'The inflow calculation refers to steady-state conditions. The tunnel is assumed long and rock is homogenous and permeability is isotropic (rarely the case).'
        		+ '\nThe groundwater drawdown is small, to maintain the driving head force. The rock permeability is also falsely assumed to be valid for the near-field of the tunnel. '
        		+ 'The formula includes effect from grouting and also the skin factor ξ, caused by the fractures closest to the tunnel to seal by precipitation and stress. It may usually be -1 to +3, zero without that effect, and initially negative with introduced damage effects from blasting. '
        		+ 'The size of ξ is usually unknown (SKB, Äspö, Sweden). Ongoing precipitation in fissures may also be present. Generally, a rule of thumb is that the inflow q(r) ≈ K(r)·H and that q(inj) ≈ 2·π·K(inj)·H for steady state conditions. '
        		+ '\nThus, the inflow reduction level q(inj)/q(r) is about 2·π·K(inj)/K(r) . Hence, the uncertainty of the permeability of the sealing is critical to the prediction of inflow for the steady state to a sealed tunnel. '
        		+ 'Additionally, the combined (K(inj) + ξ)-effect can be compared to the design-K(inj), from the magnitude of the actual inflow. The formula should be used with caution. The calculation error of inflow without sealing may well be large. '
        		+ 'A correction factor has been proposed by Heuer to about 10 % of the inflow rate predicted from the analytical solution. A reduction to about 30-40 % is obtained by setting the skin factor ξ to 5 instead of commonly set to zero in the Thiem formula. An actual skin >0 may explain some of the error in the estimates, using conventional setting of the Thiem formula. '
        		+ '\nThe influence radius reduction is proportional to (q(inj)/q(r)) to a linear tunnel, but proportional to √(q(inj)/q(r)) for a single well.'
        		+ '\n\nSee, for instance:'
        		+ '\nGustafson G., Hydrogeology for Rock Engineers, ISRM, BeFo, 2012.'
        		+ '\nCashman & Preene, Groundwater Lowering in Construction, A Practical Guide to Dewatering, CRC, 2013.'
        		+ '\nHeuer, R.E. , Estimating rock-tunnel water inflow, Proceeding of the Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference, June 18-21, 1995.'
        		+ '\nSKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Company), Site Investigations at Äspö, Sweden.'
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Home Classic Instruments Vintage Dobros
Vintage Dobros
By Tom Gray
When John Dopyera stormed out of the National shop in January 1929, his resignation stemmed from more than a spur-of-the-moment tantrum. For months, the inventor of the resonator guitar spent his evenings and weekends working with his brother, Rudy, on a secret project – a single-cone guitar they believed superior to the National Triolian. They called their new instrument the Dobro.
The Triolian's bridge sat in a round wooden "biscuit" mounted in the center of a metal amplifying cone. John Dopyera developed the biscuit-bridge system for use in a ukulele, but felt the design did not sustain well enough when enlarged for a guitar. National's president, George Beauchamp, overruled Dopyera and rushed the Triolian into production in late 1928. Beauchamp and Dopyera had been rubbing each other the wrong way for some time, and this came as the last straw. John and his brothers decided to split from National.
The Dopyeras turned the resonator upside-down and modified its V shape into a W, connected to the bridge by a long screw through the center. A radiating spider carried the sound from the bridge to the edges of the cone. Without a block of wood choking it, the inverted resonator vibrated freely and sustained notes longer than the biscuit-bridge cone.
Rudy and Emil (later called Ed) Dopyera left National soon after John.
The brothers named their new company Dobro (a shortened version of Dopyera Brothers). The word also meant "good" in their native Slovak language. Emil, the salesman, showed the prototype guitar to dealers in southern California and took the first orders. Two other brothers, Louis and Bob, helped finance the venture. In the spring of '29 Dobro started production in the back room of Russell Plating Company. Within a few months the company moved to a new brick factory at 727 East 62nd Street in Los Angeles.
Dobro's model numbers corresponded to list prices in a system that has long confused collectors. Because prices changed from year to year, guitars changed model numbers, and the same model number may have applied to several different guitars. For instance, 1929's Model 45 was a dark, unbound student guitar, 1932's Model 45 was a bound single-screenhole "Cyclops," and by late '33 the Model 45 was a spruce-top with two screenholes. This was not a progression of the same basic guitar. These were Dobro guitars that in those particular years carried a list price of $45. It was not a good system, and the company stuck it with until production ceased at the dawn of World War II.
Dobro's original 1929 line included the unbound student Model 45, the Standard Model 55 with a bound fretboard, the two-tone French scroll carved (actually sandblasted) Model 65 with a bound ebony fretboard, the Professional Model 85 with a triple-bound mahogany body, and the Model 125 "De Luxe" with a walnut body and four-way matched back.
Custom Dobro guitars with gold-plated, engraved hardware and fancy inlay cost from $175 to $250. Round or square necks were available on all models.
Dobro also made mandolins, ukuleles, and "Tenortrope" banjo-guitars with round wooden bodies. By '31 Dobro introduced the Model 50 tenor guitar, with a bound fretboard and a mandolin-size resonator in a guitar-size body.
Dobro started its serial numbers around 800. Later in the '30s Regal in Chicago confused things by numbering a run of Dobros across the same range.
An early California instrument can be identified by square slot-ends in the headstock, coverplate screws in the points of numbers on a clock, and the lack of a dot at the 17th fret. The dot at the 17th fret was added in late 1930. By 1933 Dobro moved the screws to the half-hour points so a repairman could open a guitar without removing the tailpiece.
In '32 Dobro modified its guitar line, with new model numbers ending in six instead of five. The unbound student guitar, its hardware painted silver instead of plated, dropped in price to become the Model 36. The Model 55 became the Model 56 (some ads specified hardware plated with nickel instead of chrome). The scrollwork Model 60 evolved into two styles: the Model 66, with a fretboard of red bean wood, and the Model 66-B, with a bound body.
Dobro introduced the Model 76, with a bound birch body and inlaid celluloid trademark, but made few of them. The Model 85 became the Model 86, with engraving added on the coverplate. Dobro's Model 106 was a walnut guitar with a two-way matched back. The Model 156 was walnut with an inlaid fretboard and gold plating. Dobro's tenor guitar came in three models, the 50, 75, and 100, with details corresponding to the Models 56, 76, and 106.
On the extreme high end was Dobro's Model 206, with a spruce top, walnut back and sides, gold-plated and engraved hardware, and five-ply binding with a layer of gold sparkle in the center. Dobro made few Model 206 guitars – John Dopyera said no more than 12 or 15 – as showpieces for trade shows or by special order. Only three are known to exist today.
By this time the Great Depression had kicked into high gear.
Gold-plated guitars were hard to sell to people having trouble putting food on the table. Most of Dobro's sales were in the lower end of the scale. To increase sales, Dobro had to make some even cheaper by simplifying the design and omitting some features.
In 1932, Dobro introduced a line of single-screenhole guitars, today known as the Cyclops instruments, which required less hardware and labor.
The least expensive was the Model 27, with an unbound body stained, painted silver, or brushed with a faux wood grain. Some '33 square-necks had their frets painted on. The Model 45 Cyclops had a bound body with a rosewood finish. The Model 60 Cyclops had the same "carved" scrollwork and binding as the 66-B.
In mid '33 Dobro replaced the Cyclops guitar's full-sized screenhole with two smaller ones joined in a single frame. No model numbers for the double-Cyclops guitars have come to light, but there are two distinct styles. Some have no binding on the body, and others have ivoroid binding around the top and fretboard. Some double-Cyclops guitars, especially those sold through Montgomery Ward under the brand name Magno-Tone, have coverplates with radiating slots in a design called the poinsettia. Most of the double-Cyclops guitars date to '33 and '34, but Dobro apparently made a few as late as '36.
California Dobro-made guitars appeared under a variety of brand names in the early 1930s, sold either through catalogs or by private music studios (guitar schools). Dobro often economized on guitars carrying other brands by installing no soundwells under the resonators or by cutting f-holes instead of installing screens. According to Emil Dopyera, part of the thinking was that if a guitar did not have the Dobro emblem it should not have the full Dobro sound. Budget Dobro guitars were sold under such brands as Hawaiian Radio-Tone, Michigan Music, Rex, and others. Emil later said, "If we got an order for 100 guitars with a special coverplate for a little less money, we did it."
In Dobro's 5,000-square-foot factory the production of guitar bodies was limited by space. According to John Dopyera, in about 1931 Dobro bought a shipment of guitar bodies from Regal, in Chicago. Dobro assembled between 60 and 100 guitars with Regal-made bodies in its Los Angeles factory before deciding that shipping the bodies from Illinois was too expensive, especially if Dobro had to send the finished guitars back to Chicago for distribution. So the Dopyeras decided to ship the metal parts east and let a Midwestern company assemble some guitars, as National already did with Harmony.
Gibson expressed interest in the deal, but their representative made no effort to hide his opinion that the Dobro was not a real guitar, but a gimmick. The brothers took offense at what they called Gibson's "holier-than-thou" attitude. They decided to go with Regal, which at that time was producing its own line of guitars as well as Lyon and Healy and Washburn instruments. Dobro and Regal divided the U.S. into two territories, with the Mississippi River as the center line; Dobro would sell to jobbers in the West, Regal in the East.
The first Regal-made Dobros reached the market by the summer or fall of '32. In January '33, Regal announced in Musical Merchandise its own line of ampliphonic instruments built with Dobro parts. Regal made identical guitars under both the Dobro and Regal brands. Dobro in Los Angeles skipped over most of the 4000s in their serial numbering, reserving those numbers for Regal-made Dobros. Regal Dobros of the mid '30s are most easily recognizable by their round slot ends extending straight through the headstock.
In 1933, Dobro introduced one of the first electric guitars. George Beauchamp's and Adolph Ricken-bacher's Electro frypan appeared in late 1932, but in Seattle a musician named Paul Tutmarc had been selling electric guitars under the name Audiovox since 1931. Dobro employee Victor Smith claimed he had been working on an electric guitar as early as 1929. Art Stimson, who had worked with Tutmarc, came to Los Angeles and told the Dopyeras the Audiovox pickup was his own invention. He sold them all rights for $600.
1933's Dobro All-Electric looked something like a standard Dobro with a bound mahogany body. But its coverplate had no holes and was engraved with lightning bolts. Two pickup blades rose through a slot in the coverplate, one under the three bass strings and one under the treble.
Underneath the coverplate the blades connected to a large horseshoe magnet and a heavy transformer.
In 1934 Dobro combined the pickup with a resonator in a bound mahogany guitar. A horseshoe magnet was mounted inside the back, and the pickup blades rose on stems through holes in the resonator. According to John Dopyera, all but one of these guitars were returned to the factory for refunds because their owners didn't understand how to use them. Only one, serial number 6845, is known today.
At the 1934 NAMM show Dobro presented a revamped line of guitars, mandolins, and ukuleles. The shift from the old line was gradual, with some of the new models produced as early as 1933. By mid '34 all previous models were discontinued. Because the mid '30s were Dobro's peak production years, the new line contained what are today the best known prewar Dobro models. All these guitars had bodies roughly 31/2″ deep at the butt, where earlier Dobros had measured closer to 31/4″.
The Model 19 was Dobro's cheapest resonator guitar – so cheap that it didn't carry the Dobro emblem. Its decal said, "The Angelus, a Dobro Product." It had no soundwell and smooth-sided f-holes instead of screenholes. The Angelus coverplate had a simple design of 12 round holes at the clock points.
The birch Model 27 proved Dobro's biggest seller and remained popular through the decades. This was the model played on the Grand Ole' Opry in the post-war years by both Bashful Brother Oswald and Josh Graves. In the '70s, Jerry Douglas made his mark playing a Regal-built Model 27. Modern dealers and collectors usually identify a Model 27 as having binding on the top only, but rare early examples had no binding at all and most Regal-made Model 27s were bound top and back. The true identifying mark of a Model 27 is its lack of the three holes under the strings between the screenholes, an economy suggested by Regal and adopted by Dobro (Regal apparently never liked bothering with the three holes and even on high-end models never beveled the edges, as Dobro did). Many players hold that omitting the three holes improved the sound of the Model 27.
Dobro's 1934 line included the Model 37, with a mahogany body bound top and back and along the fretboard, the Model 45, with a spruce top and mahogany back and sides, the Model 60, its scrollwork "carved" in a new pattern with a more prominent letter "D" on the back, and the walnut Model 100. Dobro in California marketed some budget flat-tops with trapeze tailpieces and 14-fret Spanish necks, using the name Dobro Jr. Regal produced only the Models 19, 27, 37, and 45, by far the more common models.
Both Dobro and Regal built tenor guitars with full-size resonators, shortened bodies and 14-fret necks. Dobro called theirs the 37T and 45T, with details corresponding to the Model 37 and Model 45 guitars (a Model 37 guitar was a 37G, and a mandolin a 37M). Regal offered more tenor guitar models but used a different numbering system, calling their tenors the 191/2, 271/2, 371/2, and 451/2.
In September '34 Dobro introduced a line of metal-body guitars.
Rudy Dopyera wanted Dobro to build metal instruments from the beginning, but John was not satisfied with the soldering method used by National. The solder of the era was weak, and heliarc welding was not yet invented. When John Dopyera found a local shop making metal boxes by crimping the edges together, he learned the technique from the foreman and applied it to metal guitars. The crimped rims of Dobro's metal guitars gave them the name "fiddle-edge."
The first metal Dobros had solid headstocks and individual gear machines, at that time an expensive feature. Dobro's metal guitars had "crossed window" soundholes; Regal's had five-sectioned f-holes. The Dobro M14 (Regal 14M) "Leader" had a body of nickel-plated brass, the M15 Professional was of German silver, and the M16 "Artist" was of German silver, "…elaborately engraved." Regal and Dobro used different engraving patterns. Serial numbers on the metal guitars ran in a new sequence with the prefix "M." These instruments were the quality single-cone guitars John Dopyera wanted to build at National in 1929. But times had changed. Few of the M guitars sold in the Depression market.
In 1935 a less-expensive line of Dobro metal guitars replaced the M series. The Model 32 had a painted steel body. The Model 46 was made of "Dobro-Lite" aluminum, finished in translucent silver-gold or, later, painted.
The Model 62 had a body of nickel-plated brass with stencil-sandblasted designs on the front and back.
In January '35, following a bitter lawsuit and a lot of wheeling and dealing, National and Dobro merged into one company under the control of Louis Dopyera. Two months later National-Dobro moved into a new factory at 6920 McKinley Avenue in Los Angeles, where the two lines came to share much equipment. The characteristic square slot ends of the earlier Dobros gave way to rounded slot ends passing through the headstocks at a slant, cut by the same router used on National guitars of that period. McKinley Avenue Dobros typically have spun cones instead of stamped ones and serial numbers in the 8000s. They include the Model 27 square-necks prized by collectors today.
At the '35 NAMM show, Dobro introduced the prototypes of its new electric line: the No. 1 Hawaiian Guitar, with a one-piece body of cast aluminum, the No. 2 Standard Guitar, with a Regal archtop body and a pickup mounted in an oval metal housing, and the No. 3 Mandolin. The earliest aluminum lap steels had no knobs. Later Dobro added first a volume and then a tone control. The aluminum guitar was discontinued by 1937.
In early '36 National-Dobro opened a branch office in Chicago, the center of the nation's musical instrument business. National and Dobro instruments shipped from Los Angeles to Chicago were numbered in the same series with the prefix "A." By '37 the Chicago office grew from a warehouse to a full-fledged factory, building National and Supro instruments and handling so much of the company's business that the Los Angeles plant finally closed.
In August '37, National-Dobro contracted all Dobro assembly to Regal, agreeing to sell Regal hardware by the unit. By that time National-Dobro's attention was focused on production and profitability.
Louis Dopyera had bought out all his brothers and, except for a few odd shares, was sole owner of the company. All five brothers continued to collect royalties for use of the Dobro brand name.
The introduction of a cheap, efficient gear machine in '36 allowed solid headstocks on lower-priced guitars. Regal began using solid headstocks on all models of Dobros in a new serial number sequence beginning apparently at one and continuing into four digits. Mike Auldridge played a Model 37 from this series with the Seldom Scene in the '70s and '80s, and kept another only a few serial numbers different as a backup.
Once Regal took over all Dobro production, it ceased numbering any guitars except for a occasional enigmatic marks like "J" or "HH25."
National-Dobro, however, continued the Dobro number series, which had reached the 9000s, usually with an "L" prefix, on National guitars. Regal never numbered resonator guitars carrying its own trademark, except by accident.
Regal mixed and matched hardware freely on all its Dobro guitars, apparently using whatever tailpieces or coverplates were handy at the time.
After '37 Regal used the f-hole and crossed-window dies on metal guitars and sold them with or without pickguards. Distributors, studios, and mail-order houses sold Regal-built resonator instruments under brand names that included Alhambra, Broman, Bruno, Gretsch, Magno-tone, More Harmony, NIOMA, Norwood Chimes, Old Kraftsman, and Orpheum.
In '37 the Dobro Model 75, with a walnut body and engraved coverplate, made a brief appearance in Regal's catalog. That year Regal replaced the budget Model 19 with the Model 25, which had top and back binding and pointed f-holes, and introduced the Model 6, a small, two-tone guitar with f-holes and a mandolin-size resonator not specified as genuine Dobro, although many of them were. The Model 6 had a moon-and-stars or 12-diamond coverplate.
In 1937 Regal introduced the Dobro Hawaiian Electric Guitar, with a solid, square-ended wooden body. The Dobro Spanish Electric Guitar had an archtop body with a two-blade pickup mounted in a square metal housing.
In 1939 Regal revised its prices and changed the Dobro line once again. The blond Model 5, with a mandolin resonator, joined the Model 6 in the bargain basement. The former Model 25 got a $2 raise to become the new Model 27, and the former Model 27 went up $5 to become the Model 32. The steel-bodied former Model 32 became the Model 35. The mahogany Model 37 disappeared from the line. The aluminum Model 47 dropped $1 to become the Model 46, and the plated-brass Model 62 rose $3 to become the Model 65. A measure of the Great Depression was that the most expensive wood-body Dobro of '39, the spruce-top Model 45, had the same price and model number as the cheapest student Dobro of '29.
Regal made a few Dobro guitars for which no model number is known. Some spruce-tops had f-holes instead of screenholes. In '38 Regal made Super Auditorium Size Dobros using archtop bodies bought from Harmony or Kay. These required 13-fret necks to get the scale right. In '41 Regal made an f-hole resonator guitar with maple top, back, and sides in a natural finish.
The U.S.' entry into WWII was a death blow to resonator guitars. President Roosevelt issued a limitation order restricting the use of critical materials. Louis Dopyera saw the handwriting on the wall. Within weeks of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, he sold all the assets of National-Dobro to himself and with his former employees Vic Smith and Al Frost started the Valco Corporation to go into war work. According to Smith, Valco sold the Dobro hardware it had on hand to Gibson.
Gibson experimented with a few resonator guitar prototypes in the 1940s, but never put any into production. After the war Valco returned to the instrument business, building electric guitars. Regal struggled along and declared bankruptcy in 1954.
Not until the folk music revival of the '60s would anyone make another Dobro.
A Regal-made Model 19, with poinsettia coverplate and a Gumby-shaped headstock with drum veneer and stenciled "Gretsch". Photo courtesy of Tom Gray.
This article originally appeared in VG's June '99 issue. All copyrights are by the author and Vintage Guitar magazine. Unauthorized replication or use is strictly prohibited.
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text:
A common-sense solution to problem
by Joel Serface
We in Colorado are on the front lines of climate change. More than most states, we are already seeing the impacts of changing climate every day. Warmer winters are threatening our ski industry, which could face up to $150 million a year in lost tourism revenue. Warming is also causing the devastation from the mountain pine and piñon beetles that are wreaking havoc on many of our forests. A hotter, dryer climate will lead to more ruinous wildfires, like the Waldo Canyon and Black Forest blazes. And drought conditions and earlier snowmelt are putting strains on our farmers and ranchers. But Coloradans are also on the front lines combating the climate crisis with our efforts to cut the dangerous carbon pollution that traps heat and fuels climate change. We're getting more electricity from non-polluting sources like wind, and we're cutting electricity demand with money-saving programs to stop wasting energy. Crucially, this transition toward a cleaner electric system has caused no disruptions to customers. Our lights stayed on, the ski lifts are running, our factories and farms have kept humming. That's an important lesson to share with the rest of the country -- clean energy is reliable energy, less risky and volatile than the energy it is replacing. It's also a timely lesson because on Wednesday, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees the national electric grid, held a public technical conference in Denver to examine the impacts on electric reliability of the Obama administration's proposal to fight climate change. The Clean Power Plan, due to be finalized this summer, aims to reduce carbon pollution from power plants 30 percent by 2030 by having utilities cut back on using power from the dirtiest coal-fired power plants and boost cleaner energy sources, like wind and solar. Electric power plants are the single largest source of carbon pollution nationwide. Colorado was the first state to pass voter-approved state-wide goals to get more electric power from renewable sources like the wind and the sun. Today, our renewables targets are the nation's second highest. They've already created some 10,000 jobs and brought in millions of dollars for rural communities from leases and property tax payments. Renewables counted for more than 14 percent of our electricity in 2013. The biggest utility, Xcel Energy, recently got permission from Colorado regulators to buy even more wind power because it is cheaper than natural gas. Critics of the Clean Power Plan, including the coal industry, politicians and those who deny climate science and oppose any effort to reduce carbon pollution, are issuing alarmist warnings about blackouts and outages. But Colorado's experience, and my own, show they are not only wrong, they ignore the many benefits of low-cost renewable energy in stabilizing energy supply. My company, Brightman Energy, develops utility-scale solar and wind projects in Texas, Colorado and elsewhere. We've seen our renewable projects merge seamlessly into electric grids, providing uninterrupted, inexpensive power. Other states have deployed even more renewable power than Colorado without problems. Contrary to the doomsayers' dire accounting, the pollution-cutting targets set by the Environmental Protection Agency are both modest and achievable. EPA offers states great flexibility to meet their pollution goals by whatever combination of cleaner conventional power, renewables and energy savings makes the most sense. At the Denver FERC conference, you were likely to hear utility bosses say they needed more time because the EPA plan is too ambitious. That's a stalling tactic. Delay is unnecessary -- the plan already sets a decade-long timetable for states to meet the goals. Of course, states, utilities and operators of the regional electric grids will have to continue to do extensive modeling and planning to ensure the transition goes smoothly. But experience shows they are up to the task. So when you hear sky-is-falling predictions, keep calm, and carry on producing cleaner energy to fight climate change. Joel Serface, a Boulder resident, is co-founder and managing director of Brightman Energy LLC and a Rocky Mountains chapter director of the national nonpartisan business group Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2)."


text:
Marcus Hordeonius Flaccus (avant 14  - 17 décembre 69 ) était un sénateur romain qui a vécu sous les Julio-Claudiens.

Carrière politique et militaire avant 68

Origine familiale
Peu de choses sont connues de la vie d'Hordeonius Flaccus avant l'année des quatre empereurs. Son père est sans doute originaire de Naples et a été procurateur financier en Gaule Narbonnaise sous Tibère. Cette trajectoire familiale indique sans doute une certaine proximité avec le pouvoir impérial.

Carrière politique
M. Hordeonius Flaccus est consul suffect de mars à avril 47, avec Gaius Calpetanus Rantius Sedatus comme collègue. Il s'agit alors de l'acmé de sa carrière politique. Ce consulat, nécessairement obtenu à trente-trois ans minimum, indique qu'Hordeonius est né en 14 apr. J.-C. au plus tôt. Les magistratures politiques et commandements militaires obtenus par Hordeonius Flaccus sont inconnus jusqu'au début de l'année 69, lors de laquelle il commande les légions de Germanie supérieure avec le titre de Légat d'Auguste propréteur.

Hordeonius Flaccus et les événements de 68-70
La majeure partie de ce que nous connaissons de la vie d'Hordeonius Flaccus est liée aux conflits des années 68-70 apr. J.-C. et repose sur ce qu'en écrit l'historien romain Tacite dans ses Histoires. Hordeonius est nommé à ce poste par le successeur de Néron, Galba, qui s'était révolté contre le dernier empereur Julio-Claudien ; il y remplace Lucius Verginius Rufus. Après la rébellion de Vitellius, commandant des légions de Germanie inférieure, contre Galba, Hordeonius Flaccus est seul à s'occuper de la défense du Rhin, avec des troupes réduites.

Après avoir vaincu Othon, Vitellius, nouvel empereur de Rome, dut faire face à la rébellion de Vespasien et demanda des renforts de troupes à Hordeonius Flaccus. Celui-ci refusa en arguant d'une révolte possible du peuple germain des Bataves, peuple allié des Romains. Les tensions entre Hordeonius Flaccus et l'empereur Vitellius, auquel restaient fidèles les légions du Rhin, conduisirent le légat à une forte impopularité auprès de ses troupes, dont l'historien Tacite rapporte plusieurs exemples.

Devant faire face à la Révolte des Bataves, Hordeonius Flaccus essaya d'utiliser au mieux ses forces face au général batave Caius Julius Civilis, ancien commandant des troupes auxiliaires de l'armée romaine, qui prétendait défendre le parti de Vespasien et se servit ainsi de la guerre civile en cours pour mener sa révolte. Dès l'été 69, plusieurs affrontements eurent lieu et tournèrent à l'avantage des Bataves. Deux légions, la legio V Alaudae et la legio XV Primigenia, furent défaites à Noviomagus (actuelle Nimègue) et durent se replier sur le camp de Castra Vetera (actuelle Xanten), où elles subirent un long siège mené par les Bataves.

Après la défaite de Vitellius face à Vespasien, connue début novembre en Germanie, Civilis continua le siège de Castra Vetera, révélant ainsi la véritable raison de sa révolte (défendre l'indépendance des Bataves). Hordeonius Flaccus, aidé par C. Dillius Vocula, leva le siège et attaqua les Bataves à Krefeld dans la nuit du 1er au 2 décembre 69. Malgré ce succès, la relation d'Hordeonius Flaccus et de ses troupes continua à se détériorer. Lorsqu'il fallut faire prêter serment au nouvel empereur, Vespasien, plusieurs soldats s'y opposèrent, et lorsque, à la mi-décembre, Hordeonius Flaccus distribua dans le camp de Novaesium (actuelle Neuss) un don d'argent aux troupes (donativum), il le fit au nom de Vespasien, alors que celui-ci avait été envoyé quelques semaines plus tôt par Vitellius : les troupes se rebellèrent et tuèrent leur général.

Tacite est particulièrement hostile à la figure d'Hordeonius Flaccus, qu'il décrit comme un exemple de décadence romaine, opposée à la vigueur et à l'intelligence du chef batave Julius Civilis. Dans son étude sur l'année des quatre empereurs, Pierre Cosme insiste sur le fossé qui s'était progressivement creusé entre le commandant et ses troupes et sur la perte de contrôle (notamment de l'information militaire) qui accompagnait ce processus. L'historien allemand Egon Flaig parle même d'incompétence du commandement et analyse les modalités de la crise de confiance qui agita les légions du Rhin lors de cet épisode.

Notes et références

Sénateur romain du Ier siècle
Consul de l'Empire romain
Naissance en 14
Décès en 69
Militaire de la Rome antique au Ier siècle

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