steve2267 wrote: Within the context of Israel wanting additional F-15's, this desire may very well stem from the need to carry 5,000lb munitions such as the deep penetrating GBU-28.
From the last Weapons Carriage Requirements slide I had downloaded from this forum, the GBU-28 does not appear to be slated for carry by the F-35. So if Israel needs to deliver those somewhere, the F-15 appears to be their ride.
I have no idea how far a Strike Eagle could deliver that payload, or how it would compare to an F-35 with two GBU-28's on STA 3&9.
Looks like 3 GBU-28s on the new F-15s.
GBU-28 wouldn't have been particularly useful even against the deeper bunkers Hezbollah dug 15 years ago.
outharden the penetrating capability of a 5,000 lb weapon.
That second pdf is interesting for the IRST. They didn't put a pod on there and have the line go to that, they make it look as if the F-15 Advanced has a under nose mounted window solution like F-35 does. Has anyone heard of that before?
Chalk it up to artistic license as the other pdf clearly shows the IRST mounted in the left pylon above the Sniper pod (ie "Tiger Eyes").
I find the range and loiter figured highly suspect. One, it doesn't mention any loading configuration. Two, it indicates a drastic, and I do mean drastic, improvement over the F-15E, which can only loiter for 3hrs at 150nm with 4 AAMs, CFTs, and wing tanks.
The IRST is in the pylon of the targeting pod.
*Edit* The loiter figure I listed is for retaining the wing tanks throughout the mission. IF we assume they are dropped when empty, then maybe we can get a loiter of 3hrs at 200nm with a light air to air load.
"Israel has not made a final decision on acquiring a more advanced version of the Boeing F-15 multirole fighter, the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) told Jane's. "All possibilities regarding this issue are under IDF, IAF [Israeli Air Force], and the defence establishment's examination, and their position has yet to be decided," the IDF said in a statement on 20 November.
The Ynet news website reported on 19 November that there had been an official announcement that the IAF would acquire a more advanced version of the fighter called the F-15IA in addition to more Lockheed Martin F-35s, 50 of which have already been ordered.
It indicated that the F-15IA is the Israeli designation for the F-15 Advanced Eagle. A Saudi version called the F-15SA is already in production and Qatar has ordered one called the F-15QA, the main difference between the two being the Qataris have opted for the Large Area Display cockpit made by the Israeli company Elbit.
Ynet said there was initially US opposition to Israel's acquisition of the F-15IA if it resulted in a reduction of Israel's F-35 order. It cited a document approved by Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman shortly before he resigned on 14 November as saying that the IAF still intends to field three F-35 squadrons, each with 25 aircraft...."
Israel won't buy any more F-15's until the line is closing for real. That's when they will order them. Until that it will just be talks about it.
Wild weekend over Damascus, Israel Air Force bombed multiple targets, including a couple of Pantsirs. Contrary to the previous years when attacks were neither denied nor confirmed, this time IDF not only acknowledged attacks but also revealed quite interesting details, like the fact Syrians were told Israel was afrer Iranian targets and that no harm would come their way if they stay put. Obviously they didn't, and as a result we have another round of self-proclaimed world's best air defense systems vs actual world's best air force.
According to the video published, two Pantsir (TEL vehivles) were destroyed, and it is even more amusing that the first Pantsir was distinctly aware of the fact it was targeted - at least two SAMs were launched, all in vain, as the the first TEL explodes even before the PGM that video comes from hits.
Local armed conflicts of recent years (Iraq 1991, 1998 yrs., Yugoslavia 1999) distinctly demonstrated that modern means of air assault striking the entire depth of country's territory are capable of achieving their main task — destroying its military capability and industrial base without conducting a wide-scale ground campaign.
Keeping that in mind a question is due: is it presently possible to create an effective and resilient SAM system, and what traits should it have?
SAA/M «Панцирь-С1» — leading SHORAD system of the world. It is the embodiment of every principle a modern SAA/M must have according to the concept (see above) envisioned in our KBP, thus making it superior to every foreign competitor. It has filled the previously missing link in the IADS, that ensures their fullest efficiency and resilience against EA and air attack and adaptability of the entire IADS in the quickly changing realm of air attack munition specifications and tactics of their employment. All in all, due to high tactical-technical specifications and high level of adaptability of the C2 system in various combat environments achieved in SAA/M «Панцирь-С1» makes it one of the most promising intelligent weapon systems of the XXI century.
Quite telling that the "most intelligent" SAM system is supposed to intercept AGM-62 Walleye. The two SAMs that veered wildly off course either means that 1) not so resilient against EA 2) "high level of automation" does not mean crews of SAA "qualification" can operate this kind of weapon 3) EO fire control channel is sh*t, can be jammed or was not made available to the export customers.
hythelday wrote: Wild weekend over Damascus, Israel Air Force bombed multiple targets, including a couple of Pantsirs. Contrary to the previous years when attacks were neither denied nor confirmed, this time IDF not only acknowledged attacks but also revealed quite interesting details, like the fact Syrians were told Israel was afrer Iranian targets and that no harm would come their way if they stay put. Obviously they didn't, and as a result we have another round of self-proclaimed world's best air defense systems vs actual world's best air force.
LOL, there's goes the myth that Super Uber Pantsir shots down every incoming missile, bomb or otherwise any other aerial weapon.
Two missiles shot at relatively good range (for a short defense system) against a straight flying and potentially high RCS weapon which could be either a Dalilah cruise missile or a GBU-15 (since IMO, this seem to clearly be a Man-in-the-loop weapon and these are probably the most used of such weapons within the Israeli arsenal) and all of them MISSED!
Imagine what would be the "performance" of those Pantsirs against low RCS (and small) weapons such as SDB's - They would be get with their "Pantsies down"
Not to mention SDBs "escorted" by MALD-Js.
To be fair Russians manage to shoot down small drones over Khmeimim (after a couple of incidents) and even systems with poor specs can score a hit (F-117 incident, or Israeli Sufa that crashed over Israel as a result of S-175 (or was it S-200?) last year), given the right combination of skill, luck and targeted aircraft negligence.
However this a third destroyed Pantsir on video (probably more) which means it's neither an easy to use, nor super effective system against first grade opponent, even when *potentially* supported by all the C2 and early warning the S-300/400 system provides.
This yet again reinforces the notion that IADS loses to a persistent and well-equipped air force, which is good news for NATO air forces, and potentionally bad news for the navies.
A lot of SAMs doing some strange things in Syria lately, wonder if F-35s are lurking in the background doing their best Growler impersonation on Syria's IADS. It's like giving your old 4th gen air force protective hidden angels magnifying their effectiveness and F-35s are all over the world now projecting their power.
Is that an open door I see on the SA-22? Looks like the driver was smart enough to leg it out of there.
marsavian wrote: A lot of SAMs doing some strange things in Syria lately, wonder if F-35s are lurking in the background doing their best Growler impersonation on Syria's IADS. It's like giving your old 4th gen air force protective hidden angels magnifying their effectiveness and F-35s are all over the world now projecting their power.


text:
"The Summer Concert was one of the most amazing, joyous, life-affirming events we have ever been to."
Parent, Junior Girls' School
School Retains Primary Schools Five-a-side Football Shield
School Retains Five-a-Side Football Shield
View more Archive News
The Junior Boys' team has won the Bolton Primary Schools' 5-a-side Football Shield for the second year in succession.
Victories over Chorley New Road, Masefield and Church Road saw the team through the group stages. The Oaks were beaten 3-0 in the Quarter Final and Sharples were beaten 7-0 in the Semi Final. In the end, Bolton School ran out comfortable winners in the final, beating Cherry Tree 5-1.
The squad comprised Sam Hart, Will Dowie, Callum Parkinson, Matthew Parkingson, Ben Gibbons, Michael Brookwell and Muhammed Seedat.
Five-a-side team retains the Bolton Primary Schools' Football Shield

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Europa > Publications Office > Style guide > IV. Publications in English > 10. House rules
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Truncations (in which the end of the word is deleted) are followed by a full stop (e.g. Co., Art., Chap.), but contractions (in which the middle of the word is removed) are not (e.g. Dr, Ms, Ltd). See also Section 10.8 and Annexes A3 and A4.
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Engaging citizens. The year 2013 was designated the European Year of Citizens.
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text:
Varga Katalin (Halmágy, 1802. augusztus 22. – Halmágy, 1852 után) az erdélyi bányászmozgalom vezetője volt az 1840-es években. A kisnemes származású asszony eredetileg saját peres ügyében kereste igazát Bécsben, de a Mócvidéken keresztül utazva, és megismerve a zalatnai kincstári uradalom román bányászjobbágyainak panaszait, az ő ügyükben is megpróbált eljárni. Ugyan kérvényeit kivizsgálták, de a hatóság őt magát veszedelmes felforgatónak tartotta, és Andrei Șaguna ortodox püspöki helytartó segítségével elfogatta. Miután négy évet töltött vizsgálati fogságban, háromhavi elzárásra, a perköltségek viselésére és Erdély területéről való eltávolításra ítélték az állami közbiztonság, a közbéke elleni vétség és a jobbágyok földesuruk elleni izgatása címén. Szabadulása után haláláig rendőri megfigyelés alatt élt szülőfalujában.

Élete

Család és a kötélgyártók pere
Erdélyben, az Olt mellett fekvő Halmágyon született 1802. augusztus 22-én, szegény kisnemesi családban. Apja Varga János, anyja Rozsondai Katalin, egytelkes kisbirtokosok, földjüket maguk művelték – így Varga Katalin is. Nemességükre csak egy 1846-os kérvény utal. Nyolcéves korában veszítette el édesapját, két évvel később édesanyját. Tízéves korától kezdve nagynénje, Rozsondai Anna nevelte Ilonka nevű húgával, míg fivére, János nagybátyjukhoz, Rozsondai Jánoshoz került. Az egyébként is kis birtok teljesen felaprózódott a testvérek között. Magyar anyanyelvén kívül megtanult románul és németül is. Evangélikus vallású volt. Húszéves volt, amikor férjhez ment a jómódú özvegy Kelemen György kerékgyártóhoz, akinek két fiát is felnevelte előző házasságából, valamint részt vállalt vállalkozásában is. Közös gyermekük nem született. Elindította a kenderkereskedelmet, mely ugyan eleinte nyereséges volt, de később hitelt nyújtott vásárlóinak, akik azt nem fizették vissza. Időközben elvált férjétől a feleség okozta pénzügyi nehézségek miatt, tizenöt és fél évig éltek együtt. Kelemen 1847 elején, Varga Katalin elfogatásának idején meghalt.

A brassói kötélgyártók 631 forinttal adósai maradtak. Ellenük a brassói elöljáróságnál pert indított, de mivel nem jutott eredményre, kétszer is Bécsben járt, a császári udvarban, hogy ott kérjen segítséget. 1839. augusztus 1-jén a királyi kancellária nem foglalt állást, és visszautasította az ügyet Brassóba, de mivel ott ismételten elakadt, 1840 áprilisában visszatért Bécsbe, ahol az udvar már intézkedésre szólította föl a brassói elöljáróságot. Ott ismételten nem ért el eredményt, de a kerületi bíró felvilágosítása nyomán a "nyugtalan kérvényezőről" a per anyagai végleg irattárba kerültek. Varga Katalin vagyonát vesztve kezdett új életet.

1840-ben, mikor Bécsből Brassóba tartott, Aradnál meggondolta magát, és a főkormányszék székhelye, Kolozsvár felé folytatta útját. Valószínűleg ekkor találkozott a zalatnai kincstári uradalomhoz tartozó Abrudfalva, Bucsum és Kerpenyes bányászjobbágyaival, akiknek földesuruk, a kincstár nem volt hajlandó kifizetni az aranybányának a falvakra eső, több éves elmaradásban lévő jövedelemrészesedését. A három falu lakói megbízták Varga Katalint saját perük intézésével is, aki ezt ettől kezdve szívügyének tekintette.

A három község pere

A három falu a három zalatnai kincstári bányauradalom közül a középsőhöz tartozott. Román lakosságú szórt települések voltak, a központjukon kívül még több falumaggal. Lakóik, az ún. bányászjobbágyok munkaidejük 80%-át hagyományosan az egyénileg végzett külszíni nemesfémbányászatra fordították. A kinyert ércet kényszerárfolyamon kellett beszolgáltatniuk az uradalom aranybeváltóinak egyikében – a vidék így korán jelentős pénzforgalom kiindulópontja lett. Életüket számos privilégium szabályozta, de sorsuk a megelőző évtizedekben egyre rosszabbra fordult és korábban szerzett privilégiumaik jó részét a hatóságok már nem tartották tiszteletben. Báthory Kristóf a zalatnai uradalom bányászjobbágyait felmentette a harmincad és a gabonabehozatali vámok alól, amely mentességet a többi erdélyi fejedelem is megerősítette. I. Apafi Mihály az abrudfalvi, bucsumi és kerpenyesi jobbágyokat mindennemű adó alól felmentette. Az 1720-as évektől aztán egyre több kohó épült és az uradalom vezetői a bányászjobbágyokat egyre többször kényszerítették robot (favágás, szénégetés, szállítás) végzésére. Ezen kívül egyre több erdőt idegenítettek el az üzemek céljaira, pedig különösen a felső uradalom és Kerpenyes lakói számára fontos bevételt jelentett a faedénykészítés. A bányászjobbágyok a gyakoribbá váló szökésekkel válaszoltak a szigorításokra. 1775-ben újrarendezték az uradalmi szolgáltatásokat: minden telekre heti két robotnap jutott, amelyeket pénzzel (taxa) lehetett megváltani – egyben ez a taxa jelentette az uradalom egyetlen saját, helyben maradó bevételét, a tisztviselőknek érdekük fűződött tehát a beszedéséhez.

1789-ben, a Horea–Cloșca-féle parasztfelkelés leverése után a középső uradalom községei szerződést írtak alá, amelyben vállalták, hogy "önként" leszállítják a bányáknak és a kohóknak szükséges anyagokat és eszközöket. A szerződés nem maximálta az elvégzendő munka mértékét, mivel azonban az aranybányászat jövedelmezősége a következő két évtizedben visszaesett, ezt az időszakot az ideiglenes nyugalom jellemezte. 1811-ben az arany devalvációja, 1814–1817-ben éhínség keserítette a bányászok életét. Az uradalom a robot újabb nemeit eszelte ki, amelyeknek taxával való megváltását számonkérhette. A jobbágyok a legsérelmesebb robotnemnek az évente több hétig tartó, a messzi Offenbányán végeztetett munkát tartották, melynek során az Aranyosból kellett kihalászniuk a leúsztatott fatörzseket. Nekik kellett ellátniuk fával az izbitai fűrészmalmot is. Az uradalom ezen kívül rendszeresen fölszámolta és újraerdősítette a falvak irtásait, amelyeken a saját élelmezésükre vetettek terményeket, megtiltotta a jobbágyoknak a tűzifával való kereskedést és akadályozta a falvak kocsmáztatási jogának érvényesítését. A falvak már 1836-ban úrbéri keresetet indítottak az uradalom ellen. Erre válaszul vezetőiket nemcsak letartóztatták, de össze is vonták perüket az eredeti keresettel. Ekkor a falvak követeléseik közé vették a két ügy anyagának elkülönítését is.

A három falu térségében Varga Katalin gyakran változtatta lakóhelyét és öltözetét. Legtöbbször a falvak közösségeinek vezetőinél szállt meg, azonban rendszeresen tett eleget vacsorameghívásoknak a többi parasztcsaládnál is. Rendszeresen hívott össze gyűléseket – többnyire a templom előtt –, ahol meghallgatta, majd lejegyezte a bányászok panaszait. A kérvények megfogalmazásában pesti ügyvédek segítettek neki, kiket korábbi útjain ismert meg.

Miután Varga Katalin Bucsumba költözött, elkészített egy kérvényt, melyet maga írt alá és vitt el Bécsbe. Ez rendszerezte a három falu panaszait: a tisztek zaklatásait és a korábbiaknál is több robotot, valamint követelte a privilégiumok betartását. A kérvény 1841 januárjában már az uralkodóhoz került, azonban a területén fekvő bányauradalmakkal egyébként állandó konfliktusban álló vármegye csak 1842-ben küldött egy vizsgálóbizottságot az erdősérelmek ügyében. A kiküldött biztos, Fosztó Menyhért alispán jelentésében megállapította, hogy a jobbágyok követeléseinek java jogos, és helytelen, hogy az uradalom az egy telken élő családoktól külön-külön megköveteli a taxát, holott azt csak telkenként szedhetné be. Ennek hatására Varga Katalin felszólította a falusiakat, hogy nyugodtan használjanak az erdőkből annyi fát, amennyire a kohókban és saját maguknak szükség van, valamint kergessék el az erdőőröket. 1843 márciusában a királyi kancellária újraélesztette a vizsgálatot.

Szintén a vizsgálat folytatása mellett szólt, hogy 1843. május 6-án a Detunáta mellett Varga Katalin vezetésével 50-60 bottal és baltákkal felfegyverzett jobbágy vonult fel a tőlük kisajátított földeken erdőültetvényezésbe kezdő uradalmi emberek ellen. Összetűzésre végül nem került sor, de a falusiak elpusztították a facsemetéket. Fosztó alispán jelentése szerint az incidensben nem a bányászjobbágyok, hanem az erdőtelepítők voltak hibásak. Az uradalom ezután mindent megtett Fosztó jelentésének megsemmisítéséért, Varga Katalint pedig a "veszedelmes lázasztónő" és "ámítónő" címkékkel illették. A vármegye és az uradalmak számos sikertelen kísérletet tettek Varga Katalin elfogására. Varga Katalin 351 bányászjobbágy nevében újabb kérvényt fogalmazott meg, míg a kincstár az előző kérvénnyel kapcsolatos döntések megsemmisítésén fáradozott:

A per tárgyalására még 1843-ban sor került, ahol Fosztó Menyhért lett a három község képviselője. A tárgyalás nem járt eredménnyel, a folytatást pedig 1848-ra halasztották. Azonban a főkormányszék egy újabb, a Horea és Cloșca vezette felkeléshez hasonló fegyveres megmozdulástól való félelmében 1844. február 28-án határozatot hozott. E szerint a zalatnai uradalom jobbágyai nem voltak többé kötelesek azon jobbágyszolgáltatások teljesítésére, melyek túllépték az 1789-es megállapodásokat, és ha az uradalom azt nem kívánja betartani, jogi úton kell kezdeményeznie annak eltörlését. Az egy telken lakó családok közül csak egy volt köteles robot teljesítésére, a többi csak bért fizetett. Továbbá engedélyezték az alkoholos italok szabad kereskedelmét, és tiltották azok uradalmi lefoglalását. Fosztó Menyhért személyesen olvasta föl és fordította le a határozatot a három község népének. Elmagyarázta, hogy annak értelmében pontosan milyen kötelezettségek hárulnak rájuk. A kincstár fellebbezést nyújtott be a határozat ellen, amit az udvar elutasított. Az uradalom azonban továbbra is korábbi gyakorlatát folytatta és Fosztót néplázítóként állította be, amiért pontosan ismertette a jobbágyoknak az 1789-es megállapodás tartalmát.

Eközben a hatóságok folyamatos sikertelen próbálkozásokat tettek Varga Katalin elfogására, azonban Simion Țandro és Teodor Crîznic bányászokat a nagyenyedi börtönbe zárták. Ekkor a főkormányszék és a vármegye is erőket mozgósított ez ügyben: 1844. augusztus 26-án körlevélben értesítették a törvényhatóságokat Varga Katalin személyleírásával, miszerint "öltönyét változtatja, némelykor strimflibe és csinos öltönybe jár, máskor oláhosan öltözködik, utazik gyalog és lóháton. Ki is szorgalmatosan fölkerestetvén, ha megtaláltatik, fogattassék el és biztos őrizet alatt kísértessék nemes Alsófehér megye tisztségéhez." Ebből kifolyólag Varga Katalin gyakran változtatta lakhelyét, de többnyire Pojényben tartózkodott. Bucsum környéki erdei házához több kémet állítottak készenlétbe, hogy bármikor elfoghassák. Ennek hatására a faluk lakói latin nyelvű kérvényben fordultak az uralkodóhoz, amelyben Varga Katalint ártatlannak és jóságosnak írták le, és menlevelet kértek neki. A királyi kancellária utasította a főtörvényszéket, hogy "Varga Katalin minden további zaklatás nélkül békésen visszatérhessen hazájába és ebből a célból lássa el a szükséges útlevéllel". Ez tiltakozást váltott ki, elsősorban a kincstár részéről.

Aktív ellenállás

A térségben 1700 óta próbálkoztak az ortodox román népesség görögkatolikus hitre való áttérítésével. Az udvar 1844. december 17-én 1000 forintot ítélt meg egy új görögkatolikus templom építésére Bucsumsászán. 1845. április 25-én, amikor elkezdődtek volna a munkálatok, az a helybéliek ellenkezésébe ütközött, mivel azt hitték, hogy uradalmi iroda épül. Dumitru Nicoară és néhány társa vasvillával akadályozta meg a parókia építését, arra hivatkozva, hogy a telek jobbágyi tulajdonban van. A történteket Varga Katalin hatásának rótták föl. Ezután a jobbágyok közül többen újra felvették a robotot, miközben Katalin számos újabb kérvényét a főkormányszék elutasította.

1845. március 9-én az abrudfalvi templom előtt Varga Katalin beszédében erőszakos fellépésre buzdította a falusiakat azokkal szemben, akik az uradalom számára fát vágnak. Mikor az uradalom a tiltás ellenére kis mennyiségű szeszes italt lefoglalt, Varga levélben szólította fel Szakács Mikes Sámuel abrudbányai ügyvédet, hogy lépjen fel ez ellen az ispánságnál. Varga Katalin befolyásának növekedésére a kamara nyomást gyakorolt Fosztóra, aki személyesen indult el jobb belátásra bírni a falusiakat, de csak 1846 februárjában ért el kisebb eredményeket, Kerpenyesen. Bucsumban Varga Katalin ötven – bottal felfegyverzett – követőjével Ion Danciu Pleșa bíró udvarára vonult, ahol az adópénzek számadását követelte, ami dulakodásba fulladt. A jelentések minden estben Katalint nyilvánították bűnösnek, és a kincstár kitartott álláspontja mellett, miszerint el kell őt fogni.

Varga Katalin elfogatása az erdélyi főnemesség számára is sürgetővé vált. Egyrészt a galíciai parasztfelkelés kitörésének nyugtalanító híre miatt, másrészt mivel a közelítő 1846-os erdélyi országgyűlés egyik legfontosabb kérdésének épp az úrbéri rendezés ígérkezett. Báró Jósika Sámuel kancellár és gróf Teleki József főkormányzó 1846. augusztus 10-én katonai erőket kért Anton Puchner főhadparancsnoktól. Varga Katalin ebben a helyzetben meglepő lépésre vállalkozott és ismét személyesen vitte kérvényét Bécsbe:

A kérvény menlevelet kért Varga Katalinnak, mivel a három község minden felelősséget átvállalt; pártatlan vizsgálóbizottságot kért, melynek költségeit a községek fedezték volna; kártérítést kért a mértéken felüli terhelésekért és kérték privilégiumaik megújítását. Továbbá szerepelt a kérvényben a kérés, hogy minden katonai végrehajtás maradjon el a vizsgálóbizottság érkezéséig. Ekkor az országos felkeléstől tartó Jósika kancellár letett a katonai akció tervéről és az 1846. június 27-én ortodox püspöki helytartóvá kinevezett Andrei Șaguna segítségét kérte.

Andrei Șaguna politikája és Varga Katalin elfogatása

Andrei Șaguna rendezési tervét, miszerint engedményeket tesznek a parasztságnak, Varga Katalint pedig Magyarországra száműzik (mivel ekkor még magyarországi származásúnak hitték), mind a kancellár, mind a főkormányzó, mind az alispán támogatta. Șaguna, miután szeptember 2-án elfoglalta nagyszebeni hivatalát, 24-én Zalatnára érkezett. Itt előbb tanácskozást tartott Nemegyei János uradalmi igazgatóval, majd 27-én sikertelenül próbált istentiszteletet tartani Bucsumban, de 29-én Izbitán, 30-án pedig Kerpenyesen találkozott a parasztokkal. Október 1-jén 170 abrudfalvi és bucsumi jobbágy vitte el Șagunának Abrudbányára írott nyilatkozatát, amelyben jogaik fenntartása mellett, az úrbéri per lezajlásáig megígérték az elvárt szolgáltatások teljesítését. A három falu jobbágyai ismét felvették a robotot. Időközben Jósika kancellár tudomást szerzett Varga Katalin bécsi útjáról, így gróf Josef Sedlnitzky rendőrminisztert felkérte a kézre kerítésére. A kamara sürgetésére Teleki főkormányzó hivatalosan is megbízta Șagunát Varga Katalin ügyének rendezésével.

Az abrudfalvi ispánság jelentette Nemegyeinek, hogy Varga Katalin december 29. délelőttjén átutazott Abrudbányán Bucsum felé. Az igazgató ezt jelentette gróf Nádasdy Ferenc kincstartónak, aki két bucsumi papot bízott meg Varga Katalin megfigyelésével, majd miután a jobbágyok ismét abbahagyták a robotot, az uradalom sürgetésére mozgósította Șagunát. A tervek szerint Teleki gróf 1847. január 7-én kiadta a parancsot Varga Katalinról: "ha kiadattatik, rögtön elfogattassék és a már e részben kibocsátott legfelsőbb rendeletek szerint honjába visszakísértessék", 12-én pedig meghívás érkezett Șagunának Bucsumból. Șaguna január 14-én indult el Bucsumba Pogány György alispánnal és Tövissy Gergely szolgabíróval. Január 17-én, Abrudfalván Șaguna a környékbeli papokat másnapra az izbitai templomhoz kérette. A bucsumi delegáció arra kérte a püspöki helytartót, hogy uradalmi és vármegyei tisztek kísérete nélkül jelenjen meg, aminek Șaguna nem tett eleget. A gazdag izbitai paptól díszes ebédet rendelt magának, melyet később a pap a három község jobbágyaival fizettetett ki.

Șaguna saját érdemeit kidomborítva így jegyezte le a történteket:

A történészek Simion Balint verespataki görögkatolikus esperes beszámolóját tartják a leghitelesebbnek. E szerint az elfogatás a paplak előtt játszódott le. Varga Katalin, miután a szánhoz érve néhány magyar szót váltott a püspöki helytartóval, az feltessékelte a szánba. Mikor Varga Katalin nem tett eleget a kérésnek, Șaguna felkapta és betuszkolta a szánba, majd maga is felszállt Pogány alispánnal együtt. Ekkor szólt Șaguna a kocsisnak: "Hajtsad Jancsi!" Ezután Simion Țandro a lovak kantárjához kapott, de amikor a helytartó rákiáltott, elengedte, a szán pedig elhagyta a helyszínt. A távolabb álló tömeg későn érkezett Varga Katalin kiszabadítására. Innen Magyarigenbe, majd január 20-án a nagyenyedi börtönbe vitték. A hatóságok számára ekkor derült ki, hogy Varga Katalin erdélyi születésű, így a kitoloncolás helyett tárgyalásokat kell indítani.

A püspökválasztáson, 1847. december 2-án, Tordán Șaguna a legkevesebb szavazatot kapta, azonban a király őt nevezte ki püspöknek. Az elfogatásért Șaguna, Pogány, Tövissy és a közreműködő bucsumi papok pénzjutalomban részesültek. A román polgárság lapja, a Gazeta de Transilvania végig Șaguna politikája és Varga Katalin elfogatása mellett foglalt állást.

Börtönévek

Teleki főkormányzó január 23-án rendelkezett arról, hogy Varga Katalint továbbra is Nagyenyeden kell fogva tartani, illetve kihallgatni. Nádasdy kincstartó január 26-án Varga Katalin menlevelének visszavonását és a nemesasszony perbefogását indítványozta. A hatóságok nyomozása és a fogoly tanúvallomásai nem jártak kielégítő eredménnyel Varga Katalin múltját illetően. A fogházban papírt és íróeszközöket is rendelkezésére bocsátottak és levelezhetett családjával, valamint Alexandru Bohăţel kolozsvári ügyvéddel. További hét papírlapot is teleírt, melyek fennmaradt szépirodalmi munkáját tartalmazzák. Verseit nem sorokba szedve, látszólag prózában jegyezte le. Műveinek üzenete többnyire abban állt, hogy gyors szabadulásra számít, és utána folytatni kívánja a három község perét. Az erdélyi országgyűlés ekkor tárgyalta az úrbérrendezésre vonatkozó törvényjavaslatot, így a kancellária kérte Puchner József hadseregparancsnokot a biztonságosabb gyulafehérvári börtönbe való áthelyeztetésére, mely március 26-án meg is történt. Itt a fogda legveszélyesebb bűnözők számára fenntartott celláinak egyikébe zárták, melynek ajtaja vasrudakkal volt megerősítve. Lefoglalták írásait, íróeszközeit, csak ruhaneműit és húsz krajcárt tarthatott magánál. A tömlöc elé éjjel-nappali őrséget állítottak, és nem engedtek hozzá látogatókat.

A bűnper megindítását a főkormányszék 1847. február 25-én javasolta, melyet követően Bánffy Miklós főispán vezetésével kezdődött meg a részletes vizsgálat és a tanúk kihallgatása. A terjedelmes jegyzőkönyv a közügyi igazgatósághoz 1848. január 25-én érkezett meg, a vármegye pedig június 15-én küldte vissza hitelesítve. Közben a forradalom kitörése miatt a főkormányszék sürgetésére Donáth Sándor közügyi igazgató közölte a tízpontos vádiratot. Ebben a teljes felelősséget Varga Katalinra hárították. A főkormányszéktől augusztus 22-ére megérkezett minden, a perhez szükséges irat, a per azonban a szabadságharc kitörése miatt elmaradt. Varga Katalin az 1848–49-es forradalom és szabadságharc idejét börtönben töltötte. Gyulafehérvár végig császári kézen maradt. A per újraindítására 1850 áprilisában került sor, helyhiány miatt, s mivel Varga Katalin magaviselete "nyugodt és bigott" volt. Az elsőfokú ítélet december 14-én született meg. Négy éves vizsgálati fogság után háromhavi elzárásra, a perköltségek viselésére és Erdély területéről való eltávolításra ítélték az állami közbiztonság, a közbéke elleni vétség és a jobbágyok földesuruk elleni izgatása címén.

A másodfokú ítélethozatalra 1851. február 10-én került sor. Az indoklás már szakított a Donáth-féle vádpontokkal, eszerint nem a közhangulatot akarta szítani, hanem csak a robotszolgáltatások mértékét akarta egy korábbi állapotra visszaállítani abban a hiszemben, hogy a földesúr a jobbágyok jogait sérti. Ezen felül – mivel időközben a földesúri szolgáltatásokat eltörölték – az ítéletet annyival enyhítették, hogy kikerült belőle az Erdélyből való száműzetés. Varga Katalin az elzárás letöltése után, május 21-én szabadult. Visszatért Halmágyra, ahol rendőri megfigyelés alatt tartották, és nem térhetett többé vissza a zalatnai uradalomba. A nyár folyamán még híresztelték, hogy újra a három községben tartózkodik, de november 10-én jelentették, hogy egyszer sem hagyta el Halmágyot. A kormányzati iratokban 1852-ben szerepel utoljára neve, még a halotti anyakönyvbe sincs bejegyezve. A falu hagyományai szerint a 181. számú házban élt élete végéig, és temetésén a falu nagy része jelen volt, azonban ennek dátuma ismeretlen.

Hatása és jelentősége

Varga Katalin alakja köré már életében olyan legendák szövődtek, hogy befolyásos kapcsolatokkal rendelkezett, az uralkodói család tagja vagy a császár dajkája volt. A hatóságok részben ezért fordítottak nagy gondot az előéletének feltárására, de nem jártak sikerrel. Próbálták rábizonyítani, hogy a liberális nemesség, vagy az enyedi ügyvédek bérence, illetve hogy csak haszonszerzés céljából szövetkezett a bányászjobbágyokkal. A korabeli és későbbi történetírás a hiányos ismeretek miatt gyakran vagy a parasztok kizsákmányolására törekvő nőnek írta le, vagy nem foglalkozott az 1848 előtti mozgalommal.

1977-ben szülőfalujában, Halmágyon, a falu templomkertjében állították fel emlékművét. Portréját Constanța Hodoș festette meg. Először Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu erdélyi román történész írt róla 1877-ben O lacrimă fierbinte című kötetében.
Molnár Ákos A császár dajkája című regényében örökítette meg alakját 1935-ben; Vlaicu Bârna pedig Varga Katalin regénye (Romanul Caterinei Varga) című művében keltette életre a bányászvezért 1960-ban (magyarul három évvel később jelent meg). A róla szóló legfontosabb történészi munkák I. Tóth Zoltán 1951-es Varga Katalin (valamint az ezzel egy időben megjelent Parasztmozgalmak az Erdélyi Érchegységben 1848-ig) és Kiss András 1979-es Varga Katalin pere című kiadványai. A marosvásárhelyi Nemzeti Színház 1955-ben mutatta be Horváth Ágoston Varga Katalin című drámáját Szabó Ernő rendezésében. 1948-ban jelent meg Raffy Ádám róla szóló Erdélyi Szent Johanna című regénye, melyet A havasok asszonya címen Szőts István akart 1949-ben, majd 1956-ban filmre vinni. Ez azonban az államvezetés ellenkezése és Szőts ausztriai emigrációja miatt meghiúsult.

A pártállami szocializmus ideje alatt a helyi takarékszövetkezet, valamint 1948 és 1964 között egy kolozsvári kötöttárugyár (Helios) az ő nevét viselte. 1951-ben a szolnoki leánygimnázium is felvette a Varga Katalin nevet, melyet a mai napig visel. Ez talán I. Tóth Zoltán munkájának megjelenésével kapcsolatba hozható, mivel a gimnázium szoros kapcsolatban állt az azt megjelentető kiadóval. Szintén róla neveztek el egy XIV. kerületi középiskolai leánykollégiumot Budapesten. 1946-tól 1968-as bezárásáig nevét viselte a VI. kerületi leánygimnázium. Ecaterina Varga nevét ma is számos út őrzi Erdélyben.

Varga Katalin mozgalmában különleges, hogy a feudális világban egy magyar nő állt a román parasztok élére. A bányászjobbágyok Doamna Noastră ('a mi asszonyunk') néven emlegették. Varga Katalin munkássága kapcsolta össze Erdélyben Horea felkelését és az 1848-as eseményeket.

Megjegyzések

Hivatkozások

Források

További információk

 Varga Katalin életútja a Varga Katalin Gimnázium honlapján

Erdélyi magyar történelmi személyek
19. századi magyarok
Munkásmozgalom
1802-ben született személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Peru is famed for its staggering scenery, so enjoy the verdant views of Sacred Valley and the spectacular surroundings of the quaint village of Ollantaytambo.
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Garuda Indonesia is the national airline of Indonesia based at Jakarta�s Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. The carrier operates an extensive domestic and regional network of services throughout Asia, Australia and the Middle East. In Jun-2010, Garuda resumed services to Europe (initially Amsterdam via Dubai) after an extended EU imposed ban.
Garuda ihas undergone a thorough restructuring in what it labelled "The Quantum Leap", which involved a dramatic redesign of the airline's strategic direction, network, brand and fleet. The airline launched an IPO in 2011 which was substantially under-subscribed at the relatively aggressive pricing sought. In Apr-2012, the government announced that talks were under way for a consortium of local investors to absorb the overhang, still held by the underwriters.
Garuda presented "5-star Airline" award for Indonesia
Theodore Koumelis - 29 January 2015, 09:04
JAKARTA - On Tuesday, January 27, 2015, Skytrax CEO Edward Plaisted presented PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. with the "5-star Airline" award which was received by Garuda Indonesia President & CEO, M. Arif Wibowo. Also attending the ceremony was the Minister of Communication of the Republic of Indonesia, Ignasius Jonan, at Hotel Indonesia Kempinski, Jakarta.
Previously, on December 11, 2014, Skytrax in their webste, officially announced Garuda's eligibility to become a 5-Star airline following an audit they had conducted. Skytrax is the world's leading airline and airport review specialist headquartered in London.
This prestigious recognition is testament of the many improvements consistently carried out by the company over the years that eventually led to its transformation from a little known entity among the world's airlines into one of the best airlines with a top-tier 5-star ranking. Of the 200 and more airlines in the world today, only seven are named a 5-star airline, namely Singapore Airlines, Cathay Pacific Airways, Qatar Airways, Asiana Airlines, All Nippon Airways (ANA), Hainan Airlines and Garuda Indonesia.
Indonesia Minister of Transportation, Ignasius Jonan said that becoming a 5-star airline is an impressive achievement that not only improves the airline's reputation but also that of Indonesia in the eyes of the world. "This is indeed something exceptional. I believe that Garuda's gift to the Indonesian people is the fruit of hard work, determination and consistent performance of the management and all Garuda Indonesia employees, to deliver the highest standard of service to their customers, and which eventually resulted in Garuda's success in becoming a 5-star airline," added Jonan.
CEO Skytrax Edward Plaisted explained that the 5-star airline rating is a firm recognition of Garuda Indonesia's ongoing transformation in terms of the standard and quality of its services. "This achievement reflects the hard work by the airline in recent years and we are delighted to confirm that they have met the standards of a 5-star airline," said Plaisted.
"Consistency of an airline's product and service is a major part of the 5-Star rating, and Garuda's fleet now offers Business Class flat-bed seating and 32-34 inch seat pitch in Economy Class. Customers can also experience the new First and Business Class 5-Star service concept in their newest Boeing 777-300ER fleet," added Plaisted.
Furthermore, Edward also added, "We place a lot of importance on the fact that the majority of customers travel in Economy Class. It is the quality and consistency of those standards that contribute greatly to Garuda becoming a 5-star airline."
Garuda Indonesia President CEO, M. Arif Wibowo said this achievement marks another important milestone for Garuda Indonesia as it is testament of the world's recognition of Garuda Indonesia's ongoing transformation program and improvements.
"We are proud to present this award to the people of Indonesia. We shall remain committed to improve even better and hold our 5-star airline title, and of course to always provide service of the highest quality to all Garuda Indonesia customers," added Arif.
Arif added, "We are truly honored to receive this prestigious award, so at this opportune moment, on behalf of Garuda Indonesia, I would like to thank all of Garuda Indonesia's stakeholders, including all of our valued customers. Nevertheless, being recognized as a 5-Star Airline has ignited us even further and inspired us to challenge ourselves to improve even further and provide the best possible services for our passengers, consistently and continuously."
"Garuda's success in becoming a 5-star airline is the result of continued dedication, commitment and hard work from all Garuda Indonesia employees to deliver the best possible service to its customers. We also gratefully acknowledge the support provided by our customers which led to Garuda Indonesia being awarded this prestigious 5-star airline award," Arif added.
An airline's rating is based on an overall evaluation of Garuda's products and services, both in its ground service at the airport and the delivery quality of inflight service onboard Garuda's flights.
Becoming a 5-star airline ultimately affects Garuda Indonesia's improvement plans for 2015, such as moving operations to Terminal 3 Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, which is the airline's home-base hub. The new location will offer Garuda Indonesia passengers a more pleasant travel experience and facilitate other SkyTeam airline members through enhanced integrated transfers and airport services, together with improved and expanded premium facilities.
Spurred on by a strong commitment to deliver the best service, Garuda Indonesia's performance gradually earned global recognition. In 2010, Garuda Indonesia became a 4-star airline and was voted "The World's Most Improved Airline" by London-based Skytrax, and "Airline Turn Around of The Year" by the the Centre for Asia Pacific Airlines (CAPA), an independent institution for aviation and airline analysis based in Sydney, Australia.
Further in 2012, Garuda Indonesia won "The Best International Airline" from Roy Morgan research agency in Australia, and was named "The World's Best Regional Airline" and "The Best Regional Airline in Asia" by Skytrax, during the Farnborough Air Show. Meanwhile, during the Paris Air Show in June 2013, Garuda Indonesia received the "The World's Best Economy Class" award and was ranked as one of "The World's Top 10 Airlines".
In addition, during the "Farnborough Airshow" in UK on July 15, 2014 Garuda Indonesia once again received international recognition, winning "The World's Best Cabin Crew 2014" award from Skytrax, beating other nominees, the likes of Singapore Airlines and Cathay Pacific Airways. In 2014, Garuda Indonesia was named one of "The World's Top 10 Airlines" and was ranked seventh in the world, climbing from eight position in the previous year.
Garuda Indonesia was also voted "Best in Region: Asia and Australasia" for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) by the "Airline Passenger Experience Association (APEX)", an association of businesses and professionals that that create, deliver, and manage the airline passenger experience headquartered in New York, USA during the 'Passenger Choice Award 2013' and 'Passenger Choice Award 2014' held in Anaheim, California, USA.
Since becoming a member of the global SkyTeam alliance in March 2014, Garuda Indonesia along with 19 other SkyTeam members serves a total of 1,052 flights to various destination cities in 177 countries, and offer a global network that covers more than 16,323 flights daily. In addition, Garuda Indonesia passengers will be able to enjoy 516 lounges of SkyTeam members worldwide.
Garuda Indonesia Named 'World's Best Economy Class 2013' Airline by Skytrax at Paris Airshow
Garuda Indonesia was again awarded by an international institution. After winning the title "The World's Best Regional Airline" last year, Garuda Indonesia was named "The World's Best Economy Class" by Skytrax - London, on Tuesday, June 18.
In addition to being voted "The World's Best Economy Class", Garuda was also named "The World's Best Economy Class Seats" and ranked the eighth place in "The World's Top 10 Airlines" by Skytrax. The awards presentation took place during the biggest air show in the world, the Paris Air Show 2013. The awards were presented by CEO of Skytrax Edward Plaisted and CNN's foremost international business correspondent and presenter Richard Quest to President and CEO of Garuda Indonesia Emirsyah Satar in the Hall de la Cocarde, Air & Space Museum, Paris.
President and CEO of Garuda Indonesia Emirsyah Satar said that winning the "The World's Best Economy Class" award this year was the result of hard work and commitment from all Garuda Indonesia employees to deliver the best service to the customer. Last year, Garuda Indonesia was ranked the fourth place in "The Top Five Economy Class Airline", after Singapore Airlines, Qatar Airways, and Asiana Airlines, and the eleventh place in "The World's Top Airlines" by Skytrax.
"Thanks to the strong commitment from the management and employees to deliver the best, Garuda Indonesia's performance is being more and more recognized globally; and this serves as a motivation for us to better serve our customers and to continuously improve our performance through the 'Quantum Leap 2011 - 2015'," he added.
Both awards were given to Garuda based on a global customer satisfaction survey conducted by Skytrax of 18 million passengers from 100 different countries between July 2011 and June 2012. The survey, carried out since July 2012 till June 2013, targeted more than 200 domestic and leading world airlines and measured 38 aspects about the airline's products and services.
The "First Class" service comes complete with "Chef on Board" serving "Fine Dining" and catering to passengers requests at an altitude of more than 35.000 feet, and "In-flight Connectivity" to enable passengers to continue their business activities during flight or access their favorite entertainment, such as live soccer games in the sports channel.
As the airline continues its company transformation and fleet development program, in 2013 Garuda Indonesia will welcome 24 new aircraft, consisting of four Boeing 777-300 ER, three Airbus A330, ten Boeing 737-800NG, and seven Bombardier CRJ1000 NextGen. Through the "Quantum Leap 2011 - 2015" program, by the year 2015 Garuda Indonesia will operate as many as 194 aircraft, from the current total of 112 aircraft.
About PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk.
Garuda Indonesia is the flag carrier of Indonesia and serves as a full service airline. Garuda Indonesia currently operates 82 aircrafts and serves 33 domestic and 18 international destinations in Asia (Regional Southeast Asia, Middle East, China, Japan and South Korea), Australia, and Europe (The Netherlands). As a result of its concern to safety, Garuda Indonesia received IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) as proves that the airline has fulfilled global best practice in safety and security procedures.
For more information, please visitwww.garuda-indonesia.com.


It comes naturally for a lot of people to eat fruits after peeling them, which in some ways is legit, considering these foods go through several hands before reaching your kitchen. You think peeling them makes then 'cleaner'. But this is where we miss out on a whole lot of nutrition. Outer layers or peels of several fruits and vegetables are replete with important nutrien that we must inclue in our diet. Peeling them away can make the fruit lose some of its nutrient value. One such fruit is cucumber that is usually eaten after peeling away the thick, waxy layer. Cucumbers belong to the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. They are usually consumed raw, as a part of salads, sandwiches or pickles. According to Delhi based Nutritionist Dr. Rupali Datta, "We generally recommend eating any fruit with peels as they contain essential fibre that is a must for your body. The dark green colour of the cucumber peel indicates the presence of antioxidants in it, which ensures nourishment. Moreover, these peels contain quite a few macro-nutrients that contribute to a healthy body."
Cucumber peels are a great source of insoluble fibre that sweeps through the digestive tract easily and creates a faecal bulk, further helping in relieving constipation. The peel and seeds are considered most nutrient-dense parts of the cucumber. They contain beta-carotene, which is an antioxidant that helps with immunity, skin and eye care. So, let the peel be as it is to reap the benefits of its vitamin K content. Vitamin K plays a vital role in activating proteins that your body needs for healthy bone maintenance.
Cucumber peels may be dirty and full of pesticides, but this doesn't mean, they cannot be washed off under running water. Ensure that you wash the cucumber at least 3-4 times. Soaking cucumbers in a little bit of salt cold, salt water can help clean it further. Take out the cucumbers in 15-20 minutes, wipe them clan with a dry kitchen towel and store in a airy compartment of your fridge. Whether organic or not, washing cucumbers well is a must.
You must definitely eat cucumber peels unless they are excessively bitter in taste. So, the next time you are adding cucumber to your salads, sandwiches or pickles, make sure, they are unpeeled so that you gain all the goodness this juicy, green wonder fruit has to offer.


Going "vegan" was once seen as an extreme choice of deprivation. What about chocolate? Eggs? Cheese? Bacon? How could a person really give up all those flavors?Veganism seemed to struggle for a long time to find its footing, but in recent years, the lifestyle choice has exploded in popularity.
Your staff are the bread and butter of your business.
Over the past year, I have met more than 100 highly dedicated, thoughtful food safety leaders—and they are an anxious lot. You see, they know better than every executive, investor, regulator, and customer how broken the American food safety system is.
Many people around the world believe that eating canned food can be bad for your health. Some people claim that canned foods simply are less nutritious compared to fresh foods whereas others believe that the actual packaging may negatively affect the food inside.
One of the most primary concerns for every full-service restaurant operator is revenue. Stalled cash flow equals lots of problems for a restaurant. There's no way to pay for staff, supplies or even rent if customers aren't coming in the door.
High stress is in the DNA of the foodservice business. Operators today, however, are under even more pressure, dealing with labor shortages or automation that is coming to market almost up to the task.
If photography is the art of making a second last forever then why not make it part of an amazing culinary experience? And what if that was all it took for a diner to stop and actually walk through the door of your establishment? It can happen.
These tips have proven to be both inspirational and effective in keeping our restaurant top of mind.
We all know restaurant businesses operate on razor-thin margins. As a result, operators appropriately focus on product quality, guest satisfaction, and managing prime costs to survive. But I'd like us to think differently for a moment—not just for the sake of the bottom line, but for a larger purpose as well.
We're only halfway through summer, and already some parts of the country are seeing record-breaking numbers when it comes to the amount of tourists—great news for restaurants, who are experiencing an uptick in sales for the season.
The restaurant world is fast-paced, with new brands opening and others closing every day. The stakes are high for restaurants looking to scale up and add locations amid this fierce competition for customers.


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This is Culture
Muslims worldwide welcome Islamic New Year, 1440 Hijri
Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban
Muslims around the world are marking the entry into an Islamic New Year as September 11, 2018 was officially declared the first day (1st Muharram) of the year 1440 Hijri. Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar.
According to the calendar used across most of the Arab world, Muslims have entered the year 1440 Hijri. It is referred to as the Hijri Calendar because it began with the Hijra, or hegira, i.e. the Prophet Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina (in present day Saudi Arabia).
Muhammad and a number of Muslims at the time migrated to Medina due to persecution by the disbelievers. The first Muslim state was established in Medina till he returned to Makkah after a conquest years later.
The occasion comes with very little celebration as compared to January 1st in the case of the Gregorian calendar. Except for Muslim dominant nations, it is a normal day across most secular countries.
In parts of northern Nigeria for instance, state governments have declared the day a holiday to allow residents observe the day as such.
The Saudi Press Agency, SPA, and the Islamic Society of North America, ISNA, all declared September 11 as the official date for the start of the New year. SPA said in an article: "The Supreme Court has announced that tomorrow, Tuesday is the first day of Muharram,1440 H corresponding to 11th September 2018.
"It said in its statement that the crescent of the month of Muharram 1440 H was not sighted on Sunday evening 29/12/1439 H, there for the Supreme Court decided that Monday 30/12/1439H shall be the completion of the month of Dhu-AlHijjah and Tuesday 1/1/1440H is the first day of Muharram according to the Umm Al-Qura calendar."
As per Islamic traditions, Muslims have two main celebrations annually in the mould of Eid-ul-Fitr (Post Ramadan feast) and Eid-ul-Adha (feast of sacrifice).
Supreme Court: Tomorrow, Tuesday is the first day of Muharram 1440H.https://t.co/Km4nulbu2H#SPAGOV
— SPAENG (@Spa_Eng) September 10, 2018
The New Year of Hijrah 1440 shall begin, in sha Allah, on Tuesday, September 11, 2018. May Allah make the new year, the year of unity and harmony and keep us on the right path.
— ISNA (@ISNAHQ) September 9, 2018
Friends and followers, Happy Islamic New Year 1440!
Wishing you peace, happiness and success!
— Harun Maruf (@HarunMaruf) September 10, 2018
Happy Hijry New Year to all Muslim Brothers and Sisters. May Allah sustain the peace, security and prosperity in our beloved Nations; weaken the traitors and bless us all with more peace, security and prosperity. Happy New Year 1440.
— Mohamed Shainee (@mshainee) September 10, 2018
Happy Islamic New Year 1440 Hijri pic.twitter.com/2tpcfIA0De
— Jay Lim 임병준 (@aQuoteAday) September 10, 2018
On this major T-junction, the beginning of the 1440 Hijr year, let us reflect on the importance of tolerance and acceptance in our society. Let us spread the joy of being one, and the benign attitude of solidarity and imagined coexistence.#عام_هجري_جديد_١٤٤٠ه
— Aziz Mahdi ? ☭ (@AMAGuudcadde) September 10, 2018
It is New Year's Eve of the hijri (Islamic) calendar!
May 1440 be a year of kindness, restraint and healing. pic.twitter.com/FBwA3KVu9Y
— Dr. Ingrid Mattson (@IngridMattson) September 10, 2018
Difference between Hijri and Gregorian calendars
Unlike the Gregorian which has 365/366 days, the Islamic year has minimum 354 days. This is because the Hijri Calendar follows the movements of the moon. The Hijri Calendar is consistently less by 11 days comparative to the Gregorian.
Gregorian calendars, which are most widely used across the world and even alongside the Islamic one in most of the Arab world, on the other hand measure time beginning with the year 0 A.D.
A.D. stands for Anno Domini, which means "In the year of our Lord." The Hijri Calendar has years marked by A.H., which stands for Anno Hegirae, "In the Year of the Hijra." The hegira took place in A.H. 1.
The Hijri Calendar is the official calendar in many predominantly Muslim countries, most notably Saudi Arabia. In other countries, Muslims refer to the Gregorian Calendar for most dates and consult the Hijri Calendar only for religious purposes.
The similarities between the Islamic and Gregorian calendar are that; both have 12 months each of seven days in a week. The slight day variations are that the first day of the week is Sunday (Yawmul Ahad) whiles Monday is seen as the first on the other side.
Affordable unique South African art on display
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Ethiopian rappers challenging Israel police through song
Philippine 'circumcision season': A rite of passage or child abuse?
Nigerian musicians sing for election
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New Year celebrations
'Progress has been made'- South Sudan's information minister [The Morning Call]
8 years of independence for South Sudan [The Morning Call]
South African army in hijab row, Mandela's grandson deplores 'witch hunt'
Ethiopian PM loses father - State media
DRC opposition lose 23 seats to Kabila's coalition: Apex court rebuked


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It was one afternoon in July five years ago today, that 15 parents came together to deepen their friendship and commitment for the sake of their children with autism (CWA). Most of them are members of the different Quezon City chapters of Autism Society Philippines (ASP). Their objective is not only to strengthen their support group but to provide a better future for their CWA. The parents realized that only in coming together can they truly help their CWA as they become adults. Their logo therefore would be the 'kapit-bisig' and their motto 'kayang-kaya kung sama-sama'.
The idea of a cooperative appealed to them as the platform with which to achieve this objective. A cooperative has democratic ownership and control because decision-making is done by all the members. The Kaakibat ng ASP Multi Purpose Cooperative was first registered as a credit cooperative in Feb 2013. Two years later it became a multi-purpose cooperative with the purpose of providing socialization activities, work opportunities and adult services/programs to their CWA. Other goals were to help parent financially for therapy and special education; and to establish a Center which will serve as a respite for parents and workshop for their CWA.
Since then, the cooperative has done activities for the children of their members. These included art activities like 'katsa' bags, Christmas cards and gift bags which are sold to friends and relatives. The CWAs were also taught to prepare sandwiches for events. Other regular activities included singing (like caroling) and sports like swimming and basketball. These activities not only give the CWAs opportunities for socialization and livelihood but also raise their self-confidence and self-worth.
This November, the KASP-MPC will be doing a benefit recital/musical to raise funds for their dream Center.
About the contributor: Josephine Palomares has long been the face of autism advocacy for ASP Diliman Chapter. After serving as the President of the chapter for multiple terms, she continues to serve the disability community as she leads the Kaakibat ng Autism Society Philippines Inc. Multipurpose Cooperative; and contributes as an active member of the Association for Adults with Autism. She owns and personally manages a thriving model airplane export business in Bulacan. Her son Macky is on the spectrum.


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A Market Tale, Part II
By the early 1960's the era of the small neighborhood market had come to an end. All of the neighborhood kids would gather on the east side of Fairmont Avenue and watch as great vehicles came in and picked up and moved the best houses, while others tore down the rest and hauled what had once been kitchens where wonderful dinners had been cooked, living rooms where Bret Maverick and Marshall Dillon had been watched while eating those dinners on TV trays, and bedrooms where couples made love and then placed the sleeping results of their efforts in cradles and cribs, to an inglorious dump somewhere beyond the edge of town. New machines cleared and leveled the ground, dug ditches for pipes, poured a foundation that looked like a concrete football field to us, and then began erecting walls. In a few months a gigantic (for then) Safeway store occupied half of the block between Fairmont and 43rd Street, Landis and Wightman.
"I'll never stop going to Jim's" my mother stated, and she was as good as her word. We had been shopping at Jim's Market Spot, which occupied the opposite corner of Landis and Fairmont, since we moved into our house in 1952, and Mom liked Jim and liked Jim's store. The problem was that Mom did most of her grocery shopping on the naval base and paid prices not even Safeway could compete with, and she only resorted to Jim's when some item was used up between monthly shopping trips.
Other residents of the area who did not have access to the Navy base were content to stretch their dollars further at the Safeway, and Jim noticed a trickle at first and finally a flood of his customers crossing the street, stepping on the big rubber mats which activated the automatic doors, and disappearing into the air-conditioned vastness that was the Safeway supermarket. At length Jim heard the bell tolling and closed his market. I was told that he was crying when he locked the big double front door for the last time but I don't know if that is true; I wasn't there to see it.
As I recall, the building remained vacant from then until I entered the Army in 1966. Many businesses rose and fell along Fairmont; burger joints, pool halls, auto repair operations and plumbers and the like, but Jim's old building was either too big or too small for whoever came along trying to start a business, so it sat shuttered, quiet, and lonely for my remaining years of childhood.
When I returned home from the Army however things had changed. Jim's Market Spot was now a lounge called "Granny's", and the place was doing a brisk business indeed. I never went in there at first, since one of my old neighborhood friend's father owned a bar a mile or two up El Cajon Boulevard, and my hours of sitting on my butt on a bar stool and piddling away my time and a large percentage of my Army severance pay were largely spent there. A couple of years later however I had occasion to venture into Granny's and found, to my surprise, a place very much to my liking.
Granny had an L shaped bar with the short segment angling to the left as you entered the front door; the same front door that Jim had locked a decade earlier, and the long segment continuing straight toward the back of the building, where the beer cooler from which I had tried to purchase a beer for my father once stood. To the right were tables in a murky darkness where couples or small groups would be lost in their own conversation or listening to the juke box when live entertainment was not to be had. But live entertainment was almost always there to be had. Just behind the short segment of the L, the one which stretched off to the left, was a piano, and behind the piano on any given night was Freddy.
Freddy was a piano player and a singer, but equally important she was an entertainer. I have seen many acts and have come to place musical performers into two categories: musicians and entertainers. The Beatles were musicians. Fabulously gifted, they wrote and played wonderful music. When they got on a stage however they would mostly just stand there (or sit, in Ringo's case), shake their moppy hair every once in a while to make the girls scream, and do their songs. The Rolling Stones on the other hand were entertainers. Oh, they were (and still are) musicians, to be sure, but in addition they, and primarily front man Mick Jagger, were amazing entertainers. Mick would strut, gyrate, twirl the mic stand like a baton, and pout and point and leer at the people in the crowd and utterly hypnotize the audience.
Freddy was no Mick Jagger. I never saw her do a handstand or sling her microphone like Roger Daltry of The Who. What Freddy did however was play popular songs from multiple genres, most if not all of which we were familiar with, and some that we even knew the lyrics to, and draw the audience into the performance. Being a person of an ebullient nature I would even sometimes sing along, as would some of my friends depending on how many pitchers of Granny's suds we had already sent down the hatch. Freddy's venue was small, but she played it to perfection and Granny's became a favorite watering hole for me and a good many of my friends.
On one particular evening five of us were perched on our bar stools along the short segment of the L where Freddy sat before her piano. My brother Brad was to my right and long time friend Was to my left. To the left of Wes were two friends from the construction crew of which we were all a part. Charlie Pietermeeder sat next to Wes and Monkey star next to him. Monkey's real name was Andy Bandrill, and as every drywall hanger in our crew knew, Bandrill sounds like mandrill, a monkey of the Family Cercopithecidae, Genus Mandrillus, Species Mandrillus sphinx. At least they knew it once I figured it out and shared it with them. Anyway, all of that quickly boiled down to Monkey, and so there sat Monkey on the end of our chorus line.
It was a good night. Freddy was on her game, the beer was flowing, we were all laughing and joking with each other, and Wes was flirting with Freddy. Freddy was a good deal older than any of us but certainly not ready to be put in the rest home and, in an odd way, attractive. How to describe her? Well, plain I guess. But plain taken to its best potential. Her hair was well done, and although her figure was a bit more full than the willowy sweetheart whom I had waiting for my dissipated ass back at our house, she was not at all unattractive, and Wes was a man who was not afraid to make an advance to an attractive lady. Freddy was on duty however, and while she obviously enjoyed the attention she did not materially abet Wes in his efforts.
Eventually the effects of several glasses of beer drove Brad to make his way to the men's restroom in the back of the establishment. Brad posted up in front of the urinal in the usual manner and was routinely taking care of his business when the door to the men's room opened behind him and he heard the rustle of skirts. Addled somewhat by the beer he had consumed, it took Brad a moment or two longer than it normally would have to register that skirts in a men's room is not a combination that one comes to expect. A quick look over his right shoulder confirmed that the rustle was indeed that of a skirt and that the skirt was being worn by Freddy, the piano player, who was at that moment disappearing into a stall in the men's room.
This discovery produced an initial pucker, and Brad shook off the last few drops and hurried back to his stool after coming uncomfortably close to catching something in his zipper in his haste. As soon as Brad had reclaimed his perch he leaned over and whispered to me "Freddy's a guy. Don't tell Wes." I was initially stunned, but recovered quickly and guarded Brad's secret. Soon after that Freddy returned to her post and Wes took his turn in the restroom, which gave Brad and me the opportunity we were looking for to share this intelligence with Charlie and Monkey.
Those two worthy gentlemen were also surprised to learn this fact, but oddly enough nobody was put out by it, even though this was 1973 and attitudes toward this sort of thing still trended toward a hard line of opposition. We all tended to be interested in our own business however and were not inclined to interfere into that of others, and so as long as Freddy could play a good piano and sing a good song we couldn't care less whether her chromosomes were xx or xy. We all agreed to keep the secret from Wes however. We were a bunch who loved a joke, as I have written elsewhere, and the possibilities here were delicious to contemplate.
At length Wes returned and reclaimed his perch right in the middle of our line and right in front of Freddy. Wes' flirtation was not aggressive, in fact it was more like a fun way to play for an evening than a strong pitch to make it more than that, although one never knew where such things could lead and Wes was always up for the game. Wes flirted with the girls in the same manner that fish swim, birds fly, and spiders are ugly; it was just his nature. On this night however Wes' advances generated increasingly ill-concealed chuckles from the rest of us, who were trying with all of our might to talk about the Padres' baseball season or the war that lingered in Vietnam or the degree to which Harvey Black, the crew foreman for Earl Thurston Drywall and Finishing, was shorting our paychecks; any mundane thing to try to keep us from cracking up right there at the bar.
Wes was only a casual Casanova and his attention was far from being directed only at Freddy. He too was interested in the Padres, the war, and getting cheated, and he joined into our general conversation. But when his bent returned towards amorous attention to Freddy the thinly suppressed giggles became more and more obvious and impossible for him to ignore. Wes could clearly see that it had something to do with his flirting but he knew that we had never behaved this way before, and this was far from the first that Wes, or any of us for that matter, had flirted in a bar. Not willing to make a stink in front of the object of his attention he waited until Freddy exited her stage to go and take a break.
"OK you shitbirds, what's so damned funny?" Wes asked as soon as the coast was clear. At this our suppressed laughter erupted from where we had tried to cage it for the last hour. "Man, Freddy's a guy!" Charlie blurted out, and we all laughed harder. Wes looked at Monkey, Brad and me, and we all nodded our affirmation. "Yeah man, it's true" I said. "Freddy came in to use the crapper when Brad was taking a leak. He saw the skirt hit the floor in the stall." At this point Charlie chimed in "It's OK man. We ain't judging" he said and slapped Wes on the back. "To each his own."
Wes got red as a beet and just sat on his stool, unsure of whether he should hit somebody or just get up and walk out of the joint. Ultimately he did neither. Wes knew he had to face us on the job site the next morning and there was nowhere to hide. Also, Wes could play a joke as well as the next guy, and it slowly sunk in that it was just his turn to be the butt of one. I extended the pitcher and refilled Wes' glass and we all had one more laugh, including Wes, and went back to enjoying our evening.
Her break concluded, Freddy returned to resume her work for the evening. Wes' attentions were now dramatically muted and Freddy figured out quickly that the jig was up. We all genuinely enjoyed her music however and had no inclination to leave. This became apparent to Freddy who discerned that nobody was going to get weird on her this night, and we all enjoyed ourselves greatly until we went home far later than we should have.
That old building continued as a lounge for a few more years, and then changed hands and became something much more unsavory, and I will go no further in describing that sad history. At last, the old building was torn down sometime in the last thirty years, along with a couple of the adjacent houses, and now a Mexican seafood restaurant occupies the space. In my mind's eye however I can sometimes see the place in a vision. It's after closing time and when the traffic has settled down. The neighborhood rests in the dead of the night, gathering strength for the next day's frenetic activity at parks, schools, and businesses that have transformed the place where I grew up. A thin, ethereal outline of an elderly woman pulling a wire shopping cart on two wheels walks arthritically through the big doors of Jim's Market Spot, past five idiots sitting at a bar when they should be home with their wives and sweethearts. She selects her weekly groceries as a little boy pulls a quart of beer out of a cooler. The vision brings a smile to my face, and sometimes maybe a small tear in my eye.
gdgdurden	San Diego, Uncategorized	1 Comment March 19, 2016 March 19, 2016 9 Minutes
A Market Tale, Part I
I was a young man in the days before the time of the supermarket. My father was a career Navy man so we had access to the commissary on the naval base, and that would pretty nearly qualify as a supermarket in today's sense of the word, but most of the other souls who resided in San Diego didn't have access to that vast emporium of comestibles. Instead, they did their shopping at small neighborhood markets. The market in my neighborhood was Jim's Market Spot, and there now follows a couple of stories about that business and also about the building which remained there after Safeway and FedMart and Albertson's drove Jim and others like him out of business.
Jim's was located in a brick building on the corner of Landis Street and Fairmont Avenue, about one block away from my house. The building was not very large, but it was easily three or four times larger than were the tiny intra-neighborhood stores that dotted the residential areas of the city. Jim's occupied a corner on busy Fairmont and served the neighborhood with a variety of meats, vegetables, dairy and package goods that the little satellite stores simply couldn't stock. My mother did her monthly shopping at the commissary and we drove on weekends to get fresh vegetables and dairy from farms where Interstates 8 and 805 now cross each other in Mission Valley. At any time of the month however the baking soda or laundry soap or sugar or eggs would come up short and it was off to Jim's Mom would go.
I was no stranger to Jim's either. I had little use for vegetables and only slightly more for soap, but Jim had a collection of candies that was more than enough to fulfill any young boy's dreams. Bubble gum, Pez candies, Likum Straws, jawbreakers, licorice; it was all there and more besides, and much of it could be had for a penny or, if there was a couple of baseball cards or some other prize to be found in every package, maybe a nickel. That was the good news. The bad news was that, in the mid 1950's, pennies and nickels were not so easy to come by for a young kid in what I would later learn was a mid-lower income neighborhood.
That problem was temporarily corrected when, at the age of six, my father returned from a deployment into the Western Pacific. His ship had been engaged in ferrying Vietnamese people who did not wish to live under the new communist government in the north down to the south of that country where an alternative government had been established. During that deployment my father, who was a machinist, created a brass piggy bank from a spent three inch shell casing and put all of his spare change into it. When he returned he gave that treasure trove to my brother Brad and I to saw open with the hacksaw in the garage and divide up. This we did, and Brad poured that shining, jingling hoard out onto the workbench where we nearly drooled over our Midas-like unimaginable wealth. We simply split the pile, half and half, and then retired to count our stash like Scrooge McDuck in his money bin. The only problem is that I couldn't count so well. I certainly knew a penny from a nickel from a dime and so on, but I couldn't really tell you what a penny plus a nickel plus a dime added up to. Never mind. It added up to a lot, and I was thrilled with my share.
So now I had to decide how to dispose of this bliss. My friends, of course, had no end of ideas for the distribution of these bright coins, and more expensive items like ten cent sodas and twenty cent bags of Bell Brand Potato Chips were purchased and consumed at my house or the houses of Wes and Johnny and others, and still the money pile seemed great. My next opportunity to share my largesse was unique however in that I was presented with the chance to give back to my giver.
Dad was in the Navy, as I have previously stated, and periodically had to deploy on sea duty for extended periods of time. Upon his return my father would be engaged in all manner of projects, trying to put our house and grounds shipshape before his next deployment. Painting, patching leaks around the windows, fixing electrical outlets or leaky faucets took up much of his time, as did weeding and repairing fences and many more such outdoor activities. Dad was a country boy, Georgia farm-born, who preferred being outside to all things, and when he worked outside in the warm San Diego sunshine he would periodically enjoy a cold beer during a break in the action.
Usually it was Pabst Blue Ribbon or Eastside Old Tap Lager. This was before the proliferation of micro brews and there was a much smaller choice of suds from which to select a favorite. If anybody today was to taste a Schlitz, or Burgermeister, or Lucky or Blatz, my father's preference for Pabst and Eastside would demonstrate that he had a discriminating palate indeed. And when Dad peeled off a metal cap or punched a couple of holes in a can top with a tool that we affectionately called a church key, I would always be out there to get my swig to two from the jug. Dad was of the opinion that alcohol should not be a mystery to kids, since mystery adds greatly to desirability. He would therefore share with Brad and I when we were at home and under his direct supervision. We were never given enough to make us at all wobbly, and I always loved taking a break and sitting with Dad on the big bench swing that he had built out of pipes and other pieces of metal that he cut, threaded and shaped at the machine shop on board his ship and sharing a beer while he told me stories.
It was on one sunny day when Dad was hacking rocks out of the cement-like adobe clay soil that made up our back yard, with the intention of starting a garden, that I had the bright idea to surprise him with a cold beer. We had none of that commodity in the house and so I dipped into my booty and walked up to Jim's. I stepped into the cool, well-lit interior of the building and walked past the butcher counter, past the candy counter (with more than one sideways glance), past the butter and eggs and milk, and straight to the cooler filled with beer.
I was determined that this would not be a miserly show of generosity. Dad usually bought six packs of stubby glass bottles or metal cans of beer to enjoy at various times of the day. I had no interest in such a paltry indulgence for Dad's break time pleasure and went straight to where the big boys rested on a shelf. I don't remember which brand I selected, but it was 32 ounces of cold joy which I could already see myself sharing with Dad on the swing.
I selected my purchase and carried it over to the checkout counter, waiting my turn behind a woman who was doing her weekly shopping. Nobody noticed me, which was normal, and so when the woman concluded her purchase, loaded her bags in a sort of tall wire basket on wheels and rolled it out through the doors of the store, I stepped up and place my beer on the counter that stood a little less than eye level to me.
Jim turned to greet his next customer and just stopped dead in his tracks. Before him was a quart of beer and a curly haired urchin (I hated that curly hair!) looking up at him with the innocence of a newborn babe. Jim, who knew me and all of the other kids in the neighborhood, let out a peal of laughter. As soon as he regained his composure he said "I can't sell that to you Glenn." "Why not?" I asked. "I want to surprise my dad with it. He's working in the back yard and I know that he would like it." "I believe you, and I'm sure that your father would be very happy to get your surprise," Jim knew that Dad enjoyed a brew or three when working outside, "but I can't sell it to you. The law says that you have to be twenty one years old to buy it."
I stood mute for a moment and then pled my case with the vigor and cunning of a pint-sized Perry Mason, but to no avail. Jim was unwilling to lose his alcohol license or perhaps even his store to aid and abet my surprise gift to Dad, and in fact wouldn't even let me put the quart bottle back on the shelf. I left completely indignant and disappointed, and went straight to my mother to share this glaring example of injustice.
Mom laughed out loud, much like Jim had, and this did little to mollify my hurt feelings. "He's right" she told me. "You have to be twenty one to drink beer." "But Dad lets me drink beer" I reasoned. "That's OK" she replied "As long as we're here at home. Out there," she pointed out the window, "It isn't allowed. Dad doesn't let you drink beer when we're at the beach, or camping in the mountains does he?" I had to admit that he did not, and it began to sink in that this surprise was not going to happen. Mom, however, came to my rescue, as she did so many other times in my life. "I'll go up and get you your beer. And you keep your quarter; I'll pay for it."
Cheap grace! I get the surprise and don't even have to pay for it. I readily agreed and walked to Jim's with Mom. I stood by her side, and I'm certain that I must have been smirking just a little bit as she paid for the very bottle of beer that I had so recently been holding illegally in my felonious little hands. Both Mom and Jim had another good laugh, an occurrence that was beginning to rankle considerably, but Jim patted me on my curly head, appreciative of the impulse behind my little role in this episode of life's theater of the absurd.
We walked back home from Jim's, with Mom holding the quart, and then I opened it up and went to the back yard to complete my irritatingly delayed surprise. Dad, who was wielding a pick and shovel and had worked up a good sweat, looked up as I approached him and repaid my efforts with the look of surprise followed by a wide grin that I had looked forward to from the outset. "Where did this come from?" he asked as he took a long and appreciative pull from the brown glass jug, handed it back to me, and led me over to the swing in the shade of a large Torrey Pine. I took a swig and began to tell Dad the tale as we sat down. He put his head back and roared with laughter, which confirmed my growing suspicion that all adults were either crazy or in on a plot to make me so. He then put his arm around my shoulders however and thanked me for the beer, and that went a long way toward making the whole ordeal worth it.
This break took longer than most. I shared a little more of the beer while Dad polished off the rest. He told me stories of his boyhood in Georgia or adventures in China, the Philippines, Korea and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), or maybe just daydreamed with me about living in a cabin in the forest or starting a farm of our own. It was a hard-won quart of beer, but the payoff was well worth it.
gdgdurden	Childhood, Family Life, Uncategorized	Leave a comment March 13, 2016 March 13, 2016 8 Minutes


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It is officially summer break! I now have a 1st grader, really? When did that happen? We wouldn't have made it here if it wasn't for my son's teacher, Mrs. E! She was awesome!! I don't know how I could ever thank her enough. I handed over my son to her for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week. Yes, it is her job, it is school, but she really cares for the kids. It really was like every kid in the class was one of her own.
So what do you do at the end of the year to thank her for all her caring and hard work? Make her candy! I figure another coffee mug, or Best Teacher nik-nak is the last thing she needs! So what do I do? I do what I do best, take to the kitchen. I made Peanut Butter Cups and then my version of a Milky Way (coming soon). I think the handmade gifts, food or otherwise, really show someone you care. I hope that is what she got out of it as well!
These are actually super easy to make! No dipping of chocolate required! The recipe makes about 36 mini cups, and from start to finish (minus the hardening time at the end) it took me less that 30 minutes.
Line a mini muffin tray with liners.
Put peanut butter, butter, and salt into a microwave safe bowl. Microwave for about 20 seconds, just to get it soft. You don't want the butter melted. Stir in the sugar until it is well combined.
Melt the chocolate and the shortening together over a double broiler.
Fill the bottom of each muffin liner with a teaspoon of melted chocolate. Top with about a teaspoon of the peanut butter mixture. Finally, cover each one with more chocolate.
Set in the fridge to harden. This makes about 36 peanut butter cups. I did mini, but you could easily use a regular muffin tin, and make larger ones!
I am so bad at NOT bookmarking peanut butter recipes. I need a different goal to work toward.
Mmmmm. Those look really good. I try to avoid making anyone anything with peanuts now since so many people are allergic... But I'm not, and I'll love these!
Those pb cups would definitely not last long in my house. They sound like a perfect summer treat, though....no baking!
These look and sound awesome Erin! I would eat way too many of these beauties!
Isn't it amazing to see our kids getting older before our eyes? Congrats on having such a wonderful teacher. I hope that for our daughter as she enters kindergarten this fall!
WOWEEE!!! Love it! They look beautiful!!
I'm in love with this! I made 131 mini carrot cupcakes last week and was staring at the little 1-inch liners I was using. I had actually thought about making peanut butter cups but didn't know how to go about doing it. Well... now you know what I'm going to be doing soon ;-) Thank you so much for sharing this recipe. Congrats to making it to summer vacation :-) Hear hear to being done with school!!!!!!
I am a total sucker for PB cups! These are awesome!
I love peanut butter cups! I made some myself out of leftover melted chocolate a few months ago and I couldn't stop eating them. I'm sure Mrs. E appreciated these more than another mug.
Congrats on having a first grader!
These cups look lovely! I love peanut butter in them! Great photos, no wonder why they are considering your photos on tastespotting and Foodgawker!!! Congrats, Erin.
A perfect gift. These look wonderful and so delicious.
Yes I am with you with kids growing up! Mine are in school from 8 to 3 and I have to hand it to those teachers, especially with Kindergarten age!
Your PB cups look amazing girl, I hope it is up on top 9, because it looks and sounds fantastic and very delicious!!!
Oh, yum. This is the perfect teacher gift. I've been wanting to make these; thanks for the recipe. It will be a great summer treat to make.
Yup, super hungry now :)!
So cute! What a great gift for a teacher, I bet she loved them!
These would disappear quickly in our house...and I know I'd eat my share. Delectable, Erin!!!
My husband loves peanut butter cups (we no longer can buy them here in Australia) so thanks for the recipe! Will have to try them out soon. Great blog by the way - now following!
Will have to try this recipe..My grandchildren LOVE peanut butter anything!
Baked Wontons and a Bonus!