text:
\section{Introduction}

The expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating. This phenomenon could be accounted for by a small amount of dark energy, i.e. a tiny cosmological constant, or alternatively by a modification of General Relativity (GR) (for recent reviews see \cite{rev1,rev2}). In the latter case, some kind of `screening' mechanism is needed to retain the experimental successes of GR in the tested limits.
Many key features of modifications of gravity that appear in the literature are encapsulated in simpler models involving a single long range scalar field, $\varphi$, with nonminimal couplings. In this context,  screening mechanisms  are simply understood by considering the dynamics of scalar fluctuations, $\delta \varphi$,  about some environmentally dependent background, $\bar \varphi$. At the quadratic order these are typically described by a Lagrangian of the form
\begin{equation}
\delta {\cal L}=-\frac12 Z^{\mu\nu}[\bar\varphi] \partial_\mu \delta \varphi \partial_\nu \delta \varphi-\frac12 M^2[\bar\varphi] \delta \varphi^2+\frac{1}{M_{pl}} \delta \varphi \delta T \, ,
\end{equation}
where $Z^{\mu\nu}$ is an environmentally dependent $Z$ factor that alters the effective coupling, and $M$ is an environmentally dependent mass. Generically, when $Z^{\mu\nu} \sim {\cal O}(1)$, the scalar couples to the fluctuation in the trace of the energy-momentum tensor, $\delta T$, with gravitational strength.  The chameleon mechanism \cite{cham} works by rendering the mass $M$ large in the Earth's environment, such that the range of the scalar force is less than the millimetre scale probed by table top tests of gravity. In contrast, the Vainshtein mechanism \cite{vain,dyson} exploits an environmental increase in the $Z$ factor, $Z^{\mu\nu} \gg 1$ so that the effective coupling to matter is much weaker than gravity, $\frac{1}{M_{pl}\sqrt{Z}} \ll \frac{1}{M_{pl}}$.

In this paper, we will study  Vainshtein screening  in  weakly coupled non-Abelian massive gauge theories. These theories have a strong coupling cutoff at a scale $\sim m_A/g$, but can be UV completed by the Higgs mechanism. Our main interest will be to see the IR effects of the extra UV modes in the
completion, namely the radial mode. For simplicity, our strategy to analyze the dynamics will be to focus on the helicity-0 sector of the gauge theory.
By resorting to the Goldstone equivalence theorem, the dynamics of the helicity-0 sector can be extracted by the Stuckleberg method, and the transverse modes can be ignored. The Stuckelberg fields then come in the form of a non-linear $\sigma$-model, which for the simplest massive gauge theory is just $SU(2)$. We will view this setup as an avatar of what one may expect for massive gravity, at least in terms of the flavor of problems one may encounter. While the precise proof that this is the case is currently absent, heuristics suggests this philosophy is reasonable. Thus, in practice we will be focusing on the $\sigma$-model scalar field theories, including the $U(1)$ $\sigma$-model as the simplest case, which feature the  Vainshtein mechanism.

The environmental dependence of the $Z$ factor is achieved in the full theory via derivative self-interactions of the field.  These interactions manifest themselves through the breakdown of classical perturbation theory: when the non-linearities kick in and become important, the $Z$ factor is enhanced.  In a static, spherically symmetric scenario, for this to occur at a macroscopic scale beyond the Schwarzschild radius of the source, the scale  suppressing the self-interactions should be well below the Planck scale $\Lambda \ll M_{pl}$. Quantum mechanically this suggests that the interaction generically becomes strong at  the same scale $\Lambda$, signaling the breakdown of perturbative unitarity and the limit of the (truncated) effective field theory (EFT) description. In standard QFT, the appearance of such behavior is taken to point to the necessity of a Wilsonian completion at the scale $\Lambda$, which extends the low energy theory beyond the cut-off.  This generically requires new degrees of freedom near the cut-off that help to soften the interactions while maintaining unitarity (for a textbook discussion see e.g. \cite{georgi}). A simple example of this is the Higgs, which preserves unitarity in WW scattering above the strong coupling scale of the massive non-Abelian gauge theory. For an illustration of the equivalent scales at which such a UV completion should be relevant in a modified gravity context, note that for Lorentz invariant massive gravity the EFT cut-off is at the scale $\Lambda_3\sim (m^2 M_{pl})^{1/3}$ \cite{nima}, which for a Hubble mass graviton yields the macroscopic scale $\Lambda_3 \sim (1000\text{km})^{-1}$.

Of course, having a gravity theory that is only valid down to $1000$km or so is unsatisfactory to say the least.  It has been suggested that the truncated low energy effective description can be maintained beyond the cut-off, $\Lambda$,  in the presence of a non-trivial environment when Vainshtein screening is active \cite{nic}. This is precisely because of the enhanced $Z$ factor, which serves to weaken the effective coupling for fluctuations about the classical environment.  The interactions describing these fluctuations now become strong at a much higher scale, $\Lambda_\text{env} \gg \Lambda$.  For massive gravity this improved things a little (although not enough), with the environmental strong coupling scale in the field of the Earth rising as high as $\Lambda_\text{env} \sim 1/\text{km}$ \cite{strong}. For DGP gravity the environmental cut-off seems better, near  the centimeter scale \cite{nic}.

Implicit in all of these discussions of environmental strong coupling scales is the assumption that whatever completes the theory beyond the scale $\Lambda$ remains unimportant up to the new cut-off $\Lambda_\text{env}$.  For example, if we imagine that a particular theory can be completed by integrating in a heavy particle with mass $m \lesssim \Lambda$, then we are assuming that for some reason this particle remains more or less inert up to the new strong coupling scale. This, in fact, seems a bit too optimistic. Indeed, if we properly integrate out a heavy field, at scales below its mass we would expect to find many {\it  additional} higher dimensional operators suppressed by the mass (for recent discussions, see e.g. \cite{cliff}). Classically, once the first non-linearity has become important as required by the Vainshtein mechanism, it seems likely that these additional terms will also begin to kick in at some macroscopic scale at least as big as $1/m$, spoiling the classical solution to the truncated effective theory beyond that scale. If so, the classical solution may not be reliable, and thus $\Lambda_\text{env}$ calculated in the quadratic truncation may cease to be physically sensible, having been computed on a wrong background.

Our purpose here is to explore this in more detail, and investigate the signatures of a UV completion on the classical solution with Vainshtein screening.  For the examples that we study, we will find that the truncated low energy EFT cannot be trusted much beyond the scale at which Vainshtein screening occurs. Extrapolating this result one might worry that generic theories with Vainshtein screening, including modified gravity, cannot really be taken seriously beyond the vacuum strong coupling scale
until the full effect of their (partial) UV completion is known.  This in fact is not counter to the philosophy of \cite{nic}, where the argument was not that DGP was well behaved much above the vacuum strong coupling scale. On the contrary, the point was that the effects indicating the breakdown of unitarity of the low energy theory would merely remain well hidden from the limited direct tests of GR at short distances.

At first glance, finding a UV completion of a theory with Vainshtein screening might seem a little optimistic. Indeed, for the standard set-up in which screening occurs for static, spherically symmetric profiles around a heavy source, we typically find that fluctuations about the background exhibit superluminality \cite{uvir,deser}. This has been associated with an inability to find a standard Wilsonian completion \cite{uvir} \AP{(although see also \cite{Shore})}. Since there are no complete, compelling alternatives to the Wilsonian method to date\footnote{The so-called {\it non-Wilsonian completions} \cite{class} attempt to look to high energies in a way that seems to be different, but an argument has been offered that such non-Wilsonian completions are in fact Wilsonian in principle, but incomplete \cite{kovner}.}, we will look for explicit examples of low energy theories that feature Vainshtein screening with a standard Wilsonian UV completion that cures the aforementioned problems. In detail, for the most part we will focus on Vainshtein screening in a homogeneous environment in which the $Z$ factor grows with the energy of the background. Superluminal pathologies are avoidable with a proper UV completion, and in the examples we will consider this will be explicit. We will compare the dynamics of the truncated low energy EFT, and its UV completion, assuming the same initial data and the same energy density. For the UV completion, we will need to specify initial conditions for the new degrees of freedom that are now present, and in considering solutions we will scan over all consistent possibilities.

Our main result is that the two descriptions begin to deviate significantly from one another whenever the energy density exceeds the scale at which Vainshtein screening kicks in. This seems generic, suggesting that classical solutions to theories with Vainshtein screening cannot be trusted much beyond the Vainshtein scale, at least not until the full effect of the (partial) UV completion is known. Special initial conditions yielding configurations that appear more stable exist, but they require tuning of parameters.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: we begin in section \ref{sec:U1} with a detailed study of Vainshtein screening in a simple {\it K-essence} like model, admitting a UV completion in terms of a $U(1)$ Higgs - which is really a UV completion of a massive Abelian gauge theory (which is, clearly, not unique). This will represent the main body of the paper in which generic features are also discussed. We will show that the classical  homogeneous solution for the truncated low energy EFT cannot be trusted beyond the cut-off $\Lambda$, above which screening is meant to kick in. The low energy theory merely describes a phase - the Goldstone mode - whereas the full UV description also contains the radial mode that begins to significantly affect the dynamics for solutions with energy density ${\cal E }\gg \Lambda^4$.  In section \ref{sec:su2}, we perform a similar, although less detailed, analysis for a model of Vainshtein screening that can be completed in an $SU(2)$ $\sigma$-model,  which, as noted, comprises a UV completion of the
massive $SU(2)$ gauge theory. Our results are essentially the same as those in section \ref{sec:U1}.  In section \ref{sec:gb}, we discuss Einstein-Gauss Bonnet gravity in $D>4$ dimensions, as a stringy extension of $D$-dimensional GR. Static spherically symmetric solutions to the latter low energy theory are known to deviate from their linearized description at the Schwarzschild radius around a heavy source. This is entirely analogous to the breakdown of the linearized scalar description in modified gravity scenarios with a Vainshtein radius. We then show that the UV correction coming from Gauss-Bonnet manifests itself at a macroscopic scale just below the Schwarzschild radius. In section \ref{sec:conc} we summarize our findings, which suggest that the Vainshtein mechanism for the cases we explored is not reliable much beyond the scale of the non-linearities in the truncated low energy description.

\section{Vainshtein $\&$ Higgs: $U(1)$} \label{sec:U1}
\AP{It turns out that the important features of the non-Abelian Vainshtein screening, and its UV completion,  also appear in a much simpler Abelian scenario. With this in mind, } let us start by considering a {\it K-essence} like  theory
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}=X+\epsilon \frac{X^2}{\Lambda^4}+ \frac{1}{M_{pl}}  \varphi  T,
\end{equation}
where $X=-\frac12 (\partial \varphi)^2$, $\epsilon=\pm1$, and $\Lambda \ll M_{pl}$ is some scale associated with the breakdown of perturbative unitarity for fluctuations about the vacuum.  On a non-trivial background, the fluctuations acquire a $Z$ factor
\begin{equation}
Z^{\mu\nu}=\eta^{\mu\nu}\left(1+2\epsilon \frac{\bar X}{\Lambda^4}\right)-2\epsilon \frac{\partial^\mu \bar \varphi \partial^\nu \bar \varphi}{\Lambda^4}.
\end{equation}
It is instructive to recall the intimate connection between the breakdown of perturbative unitarity at the scale $\Lambda$ and the breakdown of classical perturbation theory in the presence of a source \cite{nima,nonpert,predictive}. For this example, we have a canonical propagator  $\sim 1/p^2$, where $p$ is the 4-momentum, and  a 4-point self interaction of the field with a vertex that schematically scales as $p^{4}/\Lambda^{4}$.
Assuming a static and spherically symmetric profile, we now consider the classical field $\varphi^c$ outside a heavy  source of mass $M$.  Diagrammatically, we can describe this as follows,
\begin{equation}  \label{pot}
\unitlength=1mm
\begin{fmffile}{phipic}
\parbox{15mm}{
\begin{fmfgraph*}(15,15)
\fmfleft{pl}
\fmfright{pr}
\fmf{dashes}{pl,pr}
\fmfblob{0.2w}{pl}
\end{fmfgraph*} } = \quad
\parbox{15mm}{
\begin{fmfgraph*}(15,15)
\fmfleft{pl}
\fmfright{pr}
\fmf{dashes}{pl,pr}
\fmfdot{pl}
\end{fmfgraph*} } + \quad
\parbox{15mm}{
\begin{fmfgraph*}(15,15)
\fmfleft{p1,p2,p3}
\fmfright{pr}
\fmf{dashes}{p1,pl}
\fmf{dashes}{p2,pl}
\fmf{dashes}{p3,pl}
\fmf{dashes}{pl,pr}
\fmfdot{p1}
\fmfdot{p2}
\fmfdot{p3}
\end{fmfgraph*} } +  \ldots
\end{fmffile}
\end{equation}
The first diagram contributes the usual profile for a massless scalar $\varphi_{lin}^c \sim \frac{M}{M_{pl}}\frac{1}{r}$. The next diagram yields a correction that is easily computed by dimensional analysis, $\Delta \varphi^c \sim \left( \frac{M}{M_{pl}}\right)^{3}\frac{1}{(\Lambda r)^{4}} \frac{1}{r}$.  Note that the linearized approximation becomes a poor one when $\Delta \varphi^c/\varphi^c_{lin} \sim 1$, or equivalently when $r \sim r_V \sim \frac{1}{\Lambda}\left(\frac{M}{M_{pl}}\right)^{\frac12}$. Below the Vainshtein radius $r_V$, one should sum all the diagrams in Eq. (\ref{pot}), which is of course, equivalent to solving the classical field equations exactly in the presence of the source. In other words, solve
\begin{equation}
\varphi'-\epsilon \frac{\varphi'^3}{\Lambda^4} =\frac{M}{M_{pl}} \frac{1}{4\pi r^2}.
\end{equation}
It is well known that the solution that asymptotes to $\varphi_{lin}=-\frac{M}{M_{pl}} \frac{1}{4\pi r}$ can only be continuously extended to much shorter distances when $\epsilon=-1$. Then the solution is screened for $r \ll r_V  \sim  \frac{1}{\Lambda}\left(\frac{M}{M_{pl}}\right)^{\frac12}$, scaling as $\varphi_{nonlin} \sim \left(\frac{M}{M_{pl}} \Lambda^4  r\right)^{1/3}$, and giving a $Z$ factor that goes as $Z \sim \left(\frac{r_V}{r}\right)^{4/3} \gg 1$. In contrast, when $\epsilon=+1$, the solution runs into a branch-cut singularity close to the  same scale  $r_V$. This behavior appears to be generic in models with Vainshtein screening on static backgrounds. The sign of the higher dimensional operator that kicks in at some macroscopic scale around a heavy source is critical.  For one particular sign we can extend the static, spherically symmetric solution to shorter distances, while for the other sign the solution is cut-off at the Vainshtein radius by a branch cut (see, e.g.  \cite{dyson}).

This relation between the existence of scalar profiles with screening, and the sign of the higher dimensional operator is reversed when we consider homogeneous  but time dependent configurations.  Consider, for example, a scenario in which the homogeneous scalar is excited from its trivial vacuum state to one of constant energy density, ${\cal E}>0$. Then the homogeneous field equations read
\begin{equation}
\frac12 \dot \varphi^2+\frac34 \epsilon \frac{\dot \varphi^4}{\Lambda^4}=\cal E \, .
\end{equation}
Now the linearized solution $\varphi_{lin}=\sqrt{2 \cal E} t$ can only be continuously  extended to much higher energy configurations when $\epsilon=+1$.  This is important since we have screening for ${\cal E} \gg \Lambda^4 $ whence $Z \sim \sqrt{\cal E}/\Lambda^2 \gg 1$. Here the scale $\Lambda$ doubles up as both the Vainshtein scale and the vacuum strong coupling scale\footnote{This seems qualitatively different to what happens in the static spherically symmetric configurations with screening, for which the Vainshtein radius $r_V \gg 1/\Lambda$. However, even in those scenarios, the gradient energy density stored in the field at the Vainshtein radius is of order $\varphi'^2(r_V) \sim \left(\frac{M}{M_{pl}r_V^2 }\right)^2\sim \Lambda^4$.}.
If we were to now extract an environmental strong coupling scale based on fluctuations about this energetic background we would find that for high energies (${\cal E} \gg \Lambda^4$), the environmental strong coupling scale is given by $\Lambda_{\text{env}} \sim {\cal E}^{1/4} \gg \Lambda$.
In contrast, for $\epsilon=-1$, the homogeneous solution runs into a branch cut for ${\cal E}\sim \Lambda^4$ and there is no screening.

Thus, whatever the sign of $\epsilon$, we can always find some sort of Vainshtein effect, be it on static or homogeneous backgrounds.  However, analyticity considerations  suggest there is only one choice of sign ($\epsilon=+1$) that can be consistently extended into the UV beyond the cut-off $\Lambda$ by integrating out weakly coupled physics in the usual way \cite{uvir} (although see also \cite{Shore}). In this instance, a possible UV completion exists in terms of a $U(1)$ $\sigma$-model \cite{uvir}
\begin{equation} \label{uv}
{\cal L}=-(\partial \rho)^2-\rho^2 (\partial \alpha)^2-\lambda (\rho^2-\eta^2)^2.
\end{equation}
Here the mass of the radial mode  $m^2 =4 \lambda \eta^2$. Below this scale we can integrate out the radial mode. The low energy effective description is given by \cite{cliff}
 \begin{equation}
{\cal L}=\eta^2 \left[ -(\partial \alpha)^2 +\frac{(\partial \alpha)^4}{m^2}+m^2{\cal O}\left(\frac{\partial^6}{m^6}\right) \right].
\end{equation}
Now canonically normalizing $\alpha=\frac{\varphi}{\sqrt{2} \eta}$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}=X+ \frac{X^2}{\Lambda^4}+\ldots
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda=\sqrt{\eta m}=\frac{m}{\sqrt{2} \lambda^{1/4}}$ so that at weak coupling $m <\Lambda$. Note that the stability of the Higgs potential ($\lambda>0$) forces us to take $\epsilon=+1$ as claimed earlier. Because of this we will now focus on Vainshtein screening for homogeneous backgrounds.

The question we would like to ask is:  for the same initial data, when do classical homogeneous solutions, $\dot \alpha_{UV}(t)$, to the UV theory (\ref{uv}) deviate from the solutions, $\dot \alpha_{IR}(t)$, to the following truncated low energy effective theory:
 \begin{equation} \label{ir}
{\cal L}=\eta^2 \left[ -(\partial \alpha)^2 +\frac{(\partial \alpha)^4}{m^2} \right].
\end{equation}
By ``the same initial data'', we mean the same initial conditions for $\dot \alpha$ in both cases (let $\dot \alpha_{IR}(0)=\dot \alpha_{UV}(0)=\omega$), and the same total energy density, $\cal E$. For the UV theory we also need to specify initial conditions for $\rho$. Now a low energy observer ignorant of the details of the UV completion has no way of knowing the initial data, $\dot \rho(0)=v$ for the velocity of the  radial mode, so we scan over all the allowed possibilities $v^2  \in [0, v_{max}^2]$, for some $v_{max}$ to be identified shortly. For a given $v$, the initial data for $\rho(0)=\rho_0$ can be inferred from the matching of energy density. We scan over all allowed initial data by  introducing a parameter $\theta \in [0,\pi/2]$ and setting $v^2= v_{max}^2 \sin^2 \theta$.

The dynamics of the low energy effective theory is trivial: $\dot \alpha_{IR}(t)=\omega$ at all times. Furthermore, the energy density of this solution is  given by $
{\cal E}=\eta^2 \omega^2 +\frac{3}{4\lambda}\omega^4 $. The dynamics of the UV theory is marginally more complicated:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{UVeqs}
\dot \rho^2+\rho^2 \dot \alpha_{UV}^2+\lambda(\rho^2-\eta^2)^2={\cal E}\, \nonumber \\
\rho^2 \dot \alpha_{UV}=J,
\end{eqnarray}
where the constant angular momentum is given in terms of the initial data as $J=\rho_0^2 \omega$. Indeed, we find that the motion is governed by an effective potential: $\dot \rho^2+V_{eff}(\rho)=\cal E$, where
\begin{equation}
V_{eff}(\rho)=\frac{w^2 \rho_0^4}{\rho^2}+\lambda(\rho^2-\eta^2).
\end{equation}
As usual, the angular momentum generates a potential barrier at small radii.
To identify $v_{max}$, we evaluate the energy equation (\ref{UVeqs}) at $t=0$, yielding
\begin{equation} \label{t=0}
v^2={\cal E}-\rho_0^2 \omega^2-\lambda(\rho_0^2-\eta^2)^2.
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{U1.pdf}
\caption{The maximum value of $\chi$, considering a wide range of initial data for the radial mode, vs the total energy density in units of the vacuum strong coupling scale}
\label{fig:plot}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Demanding that the RHS above be maximized as a function of $\rho_0$, we can show that $v_{max}^2=\frac{\omega^4}{\lambda}$. This represents the maximum amount of kinetic energy that can be stored in the radial mode on the initial surface, for a given angular velocity $\omega$.
For a given $\sin^2\theta=v^2/v_{max}^2 \in [0,1]$, we can extract the initial value $\rho_0$ by solving Eq. \ref{t=0}. Because this equation is quadratic in $\rho_0^2$, there are  in general two roots. However, the smaller of these can never  be  positive (as required for real $\rho_0$) at high energies  (${\cal E} \gg \Lambda^4$, or equivalently $w^2 \gg \lambda \eta^2$) for any $\theta \in [0,\pi/2]$ so we neglect it. Instead we focus on the larger root
\begin{equation}
\rho_0=\eta \sqrt{1+\frac{\omega^2}{\lambda \eta^2}\left(\cos\theta-\frac12\right)},
\end{equation}
which always yields a real radius for some $\theta \in [0, \pi/2]$.
Now that we have set up the initial data in the UV theory we can evolve the solution for $\dot \alpha_{UV}(t)$ and compare it to our low energy solution $\dot \alpha_{IR}(t)=\omega$. For a given total energy density $\cal E$ , we propose the following measure for comparing the two theories
\begin{equation} \label{chi}
\chi({\cal E})=\text{max} \left\{\left| \frac{\dot \alpha_{UV}^{2}(t)-\dot \alpha_{IR}^{2}(t)}{\dot \alpha_{UV}^{2}(t)+\dot \alpha_{IR}^{2}(t)}\right|, t\geq 0 , 0 \leq \theta\leq \pi/2\right\}.
\end{equation}
If $\chi ({\cal E}) \gtrsim {\cal O}(0.1)$ for a given energy density ${\cal E}$, we deem the low energy solution  to be a poor approximation to the full UV solution at those energies.  In Fig \ref{fig:plot}, we plot $\chi$ against ${\cal E}/\Lambda^4$, where $\Lambda \sim \eta \lambda^{1/4}$ is the vacuum strong coupling scale.  We immediately see that   $\chi ({\cal E}) \gtrsim {\cal O}(0.1)$ whenever ${\cal E} \gtrsim \Lambda^4$.  This brings us to our main conclusion: the classical solutions to the low energy effective action (\ref{ir}) cannot be trusted in the region where Vainshtein screening is meant to take place, ${\cal E} \gg \Lambda^4$, rendering the environmental strong coupling scale dubious.

\section{Vainshtein $\&$ Higgs: $SU(2)$} \label{sec:su2}

\AP{We now turn our attention to the low energy limit of a weakly coupled non-abelian massive gauge theory. Motivated by the helicity-0 sector of massive $SU(2)$, we consider a class of Lagrangians given by}
\begin{equation} \label{Y}
{\cal L}=Y+\epsilon \frac{Y^2}{\Lambda^4},
\end{equation}
where\footnote{This comes from $Y=-\partial\Phi^\dagger\partial\Phi$, with the parameterization \begin{equation}\nonumber\Phi=\eta\left(\begin{array}{c}\sin(\varphi/\eta)e^{i\psi_1/\eta}\\ \cos(\varphi/\eta)e^{i\psi_2/\eta}\end{array}\right)\end{equation}.} $Y=- (\partial \varphi)^2-\sin^2\left(\frac{ \varphi}{\eta}\right) (\partial \psi_1^2)-\cos^2 \left(\frac{\varphi}{\eta}\right) (\partial \psi_2^2)$.
If the $\psi_i$ are not allowed to fluctuate this reduces to the scenario discussed in the previous section, so it should come as no surprise that a UV completion of the theory can  be found only when $\epsilon=+1$. This completion is, of course,  the $SU(2)$ $\sigma$-model
\begin{multline} \label{uvsu2}
{\cal L}=-(\partial \rho)^2-\rho^2 \left[\partial \alpha)^2+\sin^2\alpha (\partial \beta_1)^2+\cos^2\alpha (\partial \beta_2)^2\right] \\-\lambda (\rho^2-\eta^2)^2.
\end{multline}
Again, if we integrate out the radial mode below the mass scale $m^2=4\lambda \eta^2$, we are left with the following low energy effective theory describing the Goldstone modes
\begin{multline} \label{irsu2}
{\cal L}=\eta^2 \left.\Bigg\{ -\left[(\partial \alpha)^2+\sin^2\alpha (\partial \beta_1)^2+\cos^2\alpha (\partial \beta_2)^2\right] \right. \\\left. +\frac{\left[(\partial \alpha)^2+\sin^2\alpha (\partial \beta_1)^2+\cos^2\alpha (\partial \beta_2)^2\right]^2}{m^2} \right\}.
\end{multline}
Canonically normalizing $\alpha=\varphi/\eta, ~\beta_i=\psi_i/\eta$ gives the action (\ref{Y}) with $\epsilon=+1$ and $\Lambda= \sqrt{\eta m}=\frac{m}{\sqrt{2} \lambda^{1/4}}$, as before. Assuming weak coupling in the UV theory gives $\Lambda<\eta$, and so we may assume that perturbative unitarity breaks down for the low energy theory at $\Lambda$. Furthermore, in direct analogy with the previous section, we  find Vainshtein screening (i.e. large $Z$ factors) on homogeneous backgrounds whenever the energy density of the solution ${\cal E} \gg \Lambda^4$.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{SU2.pdf}
\caption{The maximum value of $\chi$, for $\alpha$ and $\beta$, considering a wide range of initial data for the radial mode, vs the total energy density in units of the vacuum strong coupling scale}
\label{fig:plot2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Once again we ask whether the classical low energy solution is a good approximation to the classical solution of the UV complete theory at the scale when screening is meant to occur. To answer this we apply similar methods to  the previous section, matching initial data in the two theories, and energy density and then scanning over the allowed initial data for the radial mode. For simplicity we concentrate on the solutions for $\alpha$ and $\beta_{1}$ only, and use the same definition of $\chi(\cal E)$ for both modes as defined in (\ref{chi}). Summarizing results, Fig \ref{fig:plot2} shows that  the low energy classical solution, for both $\alpha$ and $\beta_{1}$, ceases to be a good approximation whenever ${\cal E} \gtrsim \Lambda^4$. Again, this indicates that the environmental strong coupling scale is highly questionable.

\section{Vainshtein screening and Einstein Gauss-Bonnet gravity}  \label{sec:gb}

Let us now return to the case of Vainshtein screening in gravity. We wish to stress that in fact there is an analogue of the Vainshtein radius in General Relativity: the Schwarzschild radius. To see it, consider the perturbative description of static, spherically symmetric configurations in $D$ dimensions \cite{Duff}. Expand the metric and the Einstein-Hilbert action about Minkowski space, $g_{\mu\nu}=\eta_{\mu\nu}+h_{\mu\nu}$. Schematically,
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\frac{M_D^{D-2}}{2}  \int d^D x \sqrt{-g} R \sim \nonumber \\
&&~~~~~~~~~~~~ \int d^D x M_D^{D-2} \left[h\partial^2 h +h^2 \partial^2 h +\ldots\right] \, . ~~~~~~~~
\end{eqnarray}
with a coupling to a source given by $\int d^D x h_{\mu\nu} T^{\mu\nu}$. The potential due to a source of mass $M$ in perturbation theory is obtained by the resummation of the  diagrams
\begin{equation}  \label{potGR}
\unitlength=1mm
\begin{fmffile}{GRpics}
\parbox{15mm}{
\begin{fmfgraph*}(15,15)
\fmfleft{pl}
\fmfright{pr}
\fmf{wiggly}{pl,pr}
\fmfblob{0.2w}{pl}
\end{fmfgraph*} } = \quad
\parbox{15mm}{
\begin{fmfgraph*}(15,15)
\fmfleft{pl}
\fmfright{pr}
\fmf{wiggly}{pl,pr}
\fmfdot{pl}
\end{fmfgraph*} } + \quad
\parbox{15mm}{
\begin{fmfgraph*}(15,15)
\fmfleft{p1,p2}
\fmfright{pr}
\fmf{wiggly}{p1,pl}
\fmf{wiggly}{p2,pl}
\fmf{wiggly}{pl,pr}
\fmfdot{p1}
\fmfdot{p2}
\end{fmfgraph*} } +  \ldots
\end{fmffile}
\end{equation}
After canonically normalizing the graviton field $h_{\mu\nu}\sim M_D^{-\frac12(D-2)} \hat h_{\mu\nu} $, we see that  each external source yields a factor of $M/M_D^{\frac12(D-2)}$, while each $3$-point vertex brings in a factor of $M_D^{-\frac12(D-2)}$. Thus the first diagram yields the usual Newtonian potential $\hat h_{lin}^c\sim\frac{ M}{M_D^{\frac12(D-2)}}r^{-(D-3)}$, while the second one yields a correction $\Delta \hat h^c \sim \frac{M^2}{M_D^{\frac32(D-2)} }r^{-2(D-3)}$. The perturbative expansion breaks down when $\Delta \hat h^c/\hat h^c_{lin} \sim 1$, or equivalently when
\begin{equation}
r \sim r_s \sim \frac{1}{M_D}\left(\frac{M}{M_D}\right)^{\frac{1}{D-3}} \, .
\end{equation}
This is precisely the Schwarzschild radius of the source, which is indeed where the linearized perturbation theory breaks down, and one needs to consider nonlinear corrections. In standard GR, they - thanks to full $4D$ diffeomorphism invariance of the theory - add up to the full nonlinear Schwarzschild geometry. The explicit demonstration of this is nontrivial, as found by Duff \cite{Duff} and requires regulating the computations using extended sources, where the environmental effects help at sub-Schwarzschild/Vainshtein scales
(a note of this has been made by Arnowitt, Deser an Misner in 1960 \cite{adm}!). The `strong coupling' at the `Vainshtein/Schwarzschild' radius then turns out to be merely a coordinate singularity, arising from large blueshifts experienced by infalling observers relative to static observers far away.
In this particular example the `classical low energy theory'  (linearized GR + leading order non-linear interaction,\AP{ $\sim h^2 \partial^2  h $}) is properly completed into a `fully nonlinear interacting theory' (GR)
without any new degrees of freedom ever appearing below the cutoff of the nonlinear theory (aside from the local matter modes that are needed to describe extended sources, but are already present in the theory). However, this occurs {\it because} the full diffeomorphism invariance of GR coupled to matter - a gauge symmetry - precludes any new degrees of freedom until the Planck scale. Note, that the key ingredient of this `taming' of the perturbative expansion is played by the systematic reinterpretation of the perturbative terms as corrections of the background in the boosted local
frame, since diffeomorphism invariance ensures the universality of the divergent pieces. The expansion is regulated by taking extended sources, which are also diffeomorphism-invariant (ie, obeying stress-energy conservation \cite{adm}), and the series is then properly resummed yielding the Schwarzschild background. In general, such protection mechanisms that extend the standard $4D$ diffeomorphism invariance are not generically known in commonplace modified gravity frameworks that go beyond GR, and it remains unclear whether they exist.

\AP{However, although GR allows us to extend the classical description beyond the Schwarzschild/Vainshtein radius, it too runs into a strong coupled regime at the scale of the $D$ dimensional Planck mass, $M_D$. If we now think of GR itself as our `classical low energy theory'  then $M_D$ plays the role of the vacuum strong coupling scale, and so we now seek to ask what effect any (partial) UV complete has on the classical geometry.} In the absence of a detailed, UV complete, theory of quantum gravity, but taking string theory as the most promising candidate for it, we would expect various higher dimension irrelevant operators to correct the low energy $D$ dimensional Einstein-Hilbert action. Among them, the Gauss-Bonnet term appears to be generic \cite{GB},
\begin{equation}
\frac{M_D^{D-2}}{2} \alpha' \int d^D x \sqrt{-g}  \left[ R_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}R^{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}-4 R_{\mu\nu}R^{\mu\nu}+R^2\right],
\end{equation}
where the slope parameter $\alpha'$ is positive and of the order $l_s^2$, and the string length is $l_s \gtrsim 1/M_D$. In $D>4$ dimensions, black hole solutions to Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity  \cite{stdeser} are given by a Schwarzschild like metric, $ds^2=-V(r) dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{V(r)}+r^2 d\Omega_{D-2}$ with a potential
\begin{equation}
V(r)=1+\frac{r^2}{2\tilde \alpha'}\left[1-\sqrt{1+\frac{8 \tilde  \alpha'M}{(D-2) \Omega_{D-2}M_D^{D-2}r^{D-1}}}\right],
\end{equation}
where $\tilde \alpha'=(D-3)(D-4)\alpha'$, and $\Omega_{D-2}$ is the volume of the unit $D-2$ sphere. If we expand the square root, then to leading order we recover the Schwarzschild solution of $D$ dimensional General Relativity
\begin{equation}
V(r) \approx 1-\frac{2M}{(D-2) \Omega_{D-2}M_D^{D-2}r^{D-3}} +\ldots
\end{equation}
However, this expansion is only valid if $\frac{8 \tilde  \alpha'M}{(D-2) \Omega_{D-2}M_D^{D-2}r^{D-1}}<1$, or in other words it breaks down at a scale
\begin{equation}
r_{GB} \sim \frac{1}{M_D}\left(\frac{M}{M_D}\right)^{\frac{1}{D-1}} (\alpha' M_D^2)^{\frac{1}{D-1}} \gtrsim \frac{1}{M_D}\left(\frac{M}{M_D}\right)^{\frac{1}{D-1}}.
\end{equation}
The point we want to emphasize is that  for a classical source $M \gg M_D$, the UV correction to the GR solution manifests itself at a macroscopic scale $r_{GB}$ which is within  the GR-Schwarzschild radius, $r_s$ (the analogue of the Vainshtein radius), but way beyond the cut-off $1/M_D$ (although $r_{GB}$ is inside the black hole horizon, so an external observer merely sees a small correction to the position of the horizon - a weak secondary hair). If this sort of behavior occurs in modified gravity scenarios with Vainshtein screening, one might see corrections to the scalar profile at some macroscopic scale within the Vainshtein radius but way beyond the cut-off $1/\Lambda$.

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:conc}

Much of the work involving modifications of gravity refers to the Vainshtein mechanism as the key ingredient needed to tame the behavior of extra degrees of freedom in the realms where GR has been experimentally favored. However, the existing frameworks break down at very low scales, and it is unclear if they are meaningful microscopically. Thus it is sensible to test Vainshtein screening in models that are known to have a UV completion, and hence a healthy short distance behavior. In the examples we have considered - dealing with the Goldstone sectors of massive gauge theories - we have encountered concerning behavior of the low energy theories due to the degrees of freedom from the UV completion. These modes - even after being integrated out, but consistently so - leave their fingerprints in the low energy limits, and strongly affect the classical solutions in the region where Vainshtein screening is supposed to occur. This renders the classical solutions to the truncated EFTs that are used to exhibit Vainshtein phenomena questionable. As a corollary to this result, the environmental strong coupling, often taken as the reliable cut-off for the effective theory, is in fact not only unreliable, but it completely loses its meaning. In reality,  the cut-off to the truncated EFT should really be taken to be close to the Vainshtein radius before  any UV degrees of freedom have been excited. If we are to go beyond the Vainshtein radius, then we seem to have to worry about what those UV degrees of freedom are doing.

While this behavior seems to occur in the Goldstone sectors of massive gauge theories, and in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, our evidence is limited to these examples.  However, it seems plausible that such examples are representatives of the behavior of massive gravity, and while we cannot be certain of it, we do think that in all likelihood the spirit of our result extends beyond the specific scenarios we have considered. In any theory with Vainshtein screening there is a breakdown of perturbative unitarity at some low scale $\Lambda$ due to some higher dimensional operators. To unitarize the theory we expect new physics to come in at some scale $m \lesssim \Lambda$ -- barring some new powerful gauge symmetry analogous to diffeomorphism invariance in GR. Such symmetries do not appear to be known at the present time. So the breakdown of the calculability will manifest in perturbaton theory
as a tower of higher dimensional operators,  {\it in addition} to the ones included in the original theory, suppressed by the same scale $m$. Such new terms would correct both the background and the estimates of the strong coupling scale. Indeed, in the truncated EFT, Vainshtein screening kicks in when the higher dimensional operators that are retained become important. Generically the additional operators not included in the original theory will become important at a scale somewhere between the Vainshtein scale and $m<\Lambda$, in effect lowering the cutoff. Unless such effects can be reliably suppressed, the benefits of the environmental suppression of strong coupling effects may be altogether lost. More work seems to be warranted to settle this question.

\vskip.35cm

{\bf Acknowledgments}:  We would like to thank Marco Crisostomi and Guido D'Amico for useful discussions.
AP is funded by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. DS is funded by a STFC studentship.
NK is supported in part by the DOE Grant DE-SC0009999.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Hello I am , November 5th, 2018, This is my post about Cost Of Patio Pavers Amazing Paver And Brick Patios Rocha Construction Silver Spring MD Decorating Ideas 17, on this page you can see so beautiful design about Cost Of Patio Pavers Amazing Paver And Brick Patios Rocha Construction Silver Spring MD Decorating Ideas 17, the first picture in this post is the best picture we use about Cost Of Patio Pavers Amazing Paver And Brick Patios Rocha Construction Silver Spring MD Decorating Ideas 17, detail on photo's above, you can see in the second paragraph.
The first picture is a picture Cost Of Patio Pavers Amazing Paver And Brick Patios Rocha Construction Silver Spring MD Decorating Ideas 17, the image has been in named with : Cost Of Patio Pavers Amazing Paver And Brick Patios Rocha Construction Silver Spring MD Decorating Ideas 17, This image was posted on category : Uncategorized, have resolution : 1000x750 pixel. This posting entitled Cost Of Patio Pavers Amazing Paver And Brick Patios Rocha Construction Silver Spring MD Decorating Ideas 17, and many people looking for about Cost Of Patio Pavers Amazing Paver And Brick Patios Rocha Construction Silver Spring MD Decorating Ideas 17 from search engine.


text:
Q: Sum two bytes in Python/Micropython I would like to sum two bytes in Python, Micropython in the easiest way possible
I'm. working on some code for University. It simply has to send data to address shifted by 'mask' eg.
 addrs = b'\x10'
 mask = b'\x01'
 finaladdrs = addrs + mask #should be b'\x11'
 machine.send(finaladdrs, somevalue)

I've already tried converting to int, but it doesn't work properly. Converting to a string requires a lot of processing.

A: Elements of a byte string are integers:
>>> addrs = b'\x10'
>>> mask = b'\x01'
>>> addrs[0] + mask[0]
17

Back to bytes:
>>> bytes([addrs[0] + mask[0]])
b'\x11'

This can be convenient for iterating over byte data, such as generating a checksum:
>>> data = bytes([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> data
b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05'
>>> data += bytes([sum(data) & 0xFF]) # bytes data must be 0-255, hence mask
>>> data
b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x0f'

To limit conversions from integer lists to bytes and vice versa, you can use a mutable bytearray:
>>> addrs = bytearray(b'\x10')
>>> mask = b'\x01'
>>> addrs[0] += mask[0]
>>> addrs
bytearray(b'\x11')

A: if you are flexible in assigning addrs and mask  to start with 0b instead of b'\x', here is a solution:
addrs = 0b10
mask = 0b01
finaladdrs = bin(addrs + mask)
print(finaladdrs)

output:
0b11

A: You can use ord and chr for conversion
Code:
addrs = b'\x10'
mask = b'\x01'

finaladdrs = bytes(chr(ord(addrs) + ord(mask)), encoding='utf-8')

Output:
b'\x11'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
NL GROWLERS VS. WORCESTER RAILERS
NL GROWLERS VS. FORT WAYNE KOMETS
St. John's Edge vs. Windsor Express
evenko and Live Nation present Blue Rodeo at Mile One Centre in St. John's, February. 16th. Showtime is 8 p.m.
When fans lined Toronto's Queen Street to get into clubs where Blue Rodeo was performing in the mid-1980s, the band felt as though they had achieved success. And, in fact, they had. But that success has grown exponentially through the ensuing three decades since they formed, and by staying authentic and true to themselves, Canada continues its enduring love affair with Blue Rodeo.
Reflecting back on three decades of successes and those early Blue Rodeo days, the band fully appreciates how fortunate they are. Jim Cuddy shares, "When you look back, you realize that it has just been this beautiful dream."
In the thirty years since forming, Blue Rodeo has sold over four million albums, won countless Juno awards, been inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame, been named to the Order of Canada and have been honoured with the Governor General's Performing Arts Award.
Blue Rodeo is: Jim Cuddy (vocals/guitar), Greg Keelor (vocals/guitar), Bazil Donovan (bass), Glenn Milchem (drums/vocals), Colin Cripps (guitar/vocals) and Mike Boguski (keyboards).
Tickets range in price from $42.50 – $65.50 (including tax plus applicable surcharge) and available at the Mile One Centre Box Office, (709) 576-7657 at mileonecentre.com.
FIBA BASKETBALL WORLD CUP QUALIFIER
MILE ONE CENTRE TO HOST FIBA BASKETBALL WORLD CUP 2019 AMERICAS QUALIFIERS GAMES
Canada will face Chile on Thursday, February 21 before taking on Venezuela on Sunday, February 24 to conclude the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 Americas Qualifiers.
Prior to February's home games, Canada visits Venezuela on November 30 in a battle for the group's top spot. Canada will also face Brazil to conclude the fifth window on December 3. Fans can catch all the action live on DAZN.
The FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 in China (Aug. 31-Sept. 15, 2019) will be the biggest edition of FIBA's flagship event with a record 32 participating teams playing 92 games over 16 days.
For the first time, the FIBA Basketball World Cup will qualify seven teams directly for the following year's Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.
Two-game ticket packages will go on sale for a limited time beginning Saturday, November 3 at 11:00 am NDT for as low as $24.
Individual tickets are available on Saturday, November 17 at 11:00 am NST.
Tickets will be available at the Mile One Centre box office, 709-576-7657 and www.mileonecentre.com.
<!– Google Tag Manager –>

<!– End Google Tag Manager –><!– Google Tag Manager (noscript) –>

<!– End Google Tag Manager (noscript) –>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Trigonometric Functions on a unit circle I have to find all solutions for $\theta$ in the given range:
\begin{equation}
tan (\theta) = \frac {-1}{\sqrt3}, -\pi \le \theta  \lt 2\pi
\end{equation}
I said that if $(x,y)$ is on the unit circle we have
\begin{equation}
\frac{y}{x} = \frac{-1}{\sqrt3}
\end{equation}
since $x^2+y^2=1$ $\implies x =  \frac{\sqrt 3}{2}$,$y=-\frac{1}{2}$ and $x = - \frac{\sqrt3}{2}$,$y=\frac{1}{2}$
I am struggling on how to find the angles because I didn't understand the concept. I put my points into the circle but then I get confused about the angles. The one angle it will be $\theta = -\frac{\pi}{6}$ since $tan^{-1}(-\frac{1}{\sqrt3})= - \frac{\pi}{6}$.

Can anyone help me to understand the way of thinking for the other angles?
With Thanks

A: As you determined,
$$\theta = \arctan\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) = -\frac{\pi}{6}$$
is one solution.
Remember that the tangent function has period $\pi$.  Thus,
$$\tan\theta = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$$
when
$$\theta = -\frac{\pi}{6} + n\pi, n \in \mathbb{Z}$$
where $\mathbb{Z}$ is the set of integers.  Since you require that $-\pi \leq \theta < 2\pi$, you can find the remaining solutions in the interval by finding values of $n$ such that
$$-\pi \leq -\frac{\pi}{6} + n\pi < 2\pi$$


text:
Lance Bellers - Fotolia
In this FAQ, we examine how the Financial CHOICE Act of 2017 would change U.S. regulatory compliance mandates targeting the finance industry's business practices.
Caron Carlson
The Financial CHOICE Act of 2017 is a 600-page bill aimed at dismantling many of the safeguards established following the 2008 financial meltdown. The legislation was introduced by Rep. Jeb Hensarling (R-Texas), and would amend the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (known as the Dodd-Frank Act) and a number of other laws. The act passed the Republican-led House of Representatives strictly along party lines on June 8, 2017.
The Financial CHOICE Act would repeal numerous financial rules, which its supporters claim harm economic growth by creating excessive regulatory compliance complexity. They argue that the measure would ease lending, promote job creation, hold Wall Street and regulators accountable and improve the economy.
The Trump Administration supports the legislation, calling it a "necessary and important" step for U.S. financial reform. In a June 6 statement, the White House said that the bill reflects the administration's core principles for regulating the financial system, including preventing taxpayer-funded bailouts and making regulatory measures more efficient.
This FAQ is part of SearchCompliance's IT Compliance FAQ series.
Who opposes the Financial CHOICE Act?
Democrats in Congress vehemently oppose the Financial CHOICE Act. Opponents have dubbed it the "Wrong CHOICE Act," and argue that it would eliminate some of the most important rules preventing a repeat of the 2008 financial crisis. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) called the legislation "a dangerous, Wall Street-first bill that would drag us right back to the days of the Great Recession."
Numerous unions and consumer advocacy groups have also spoken out against the legislation. The AFL-CIO warned that deregulation led to the 2008 financial crisis, and the deregulatory initiatives outlined in the Financial CHOICE Act would harm working people. The Consumer Federation of America cautioned that if the safeguards established by Dodd-Frank are reversed, the financial system will be exposed to greater instability.
Nancy Pelosi's statement regarding the Financial CHOICE Act
AFL-CIO: CHOICE Act puts economy at risk
How does the Financial CHOICE Act address the idea that some banks are "too big to fail?"
Backers of the Financial CHOICE Act argue that banks must not be allowed to remain "too big to fail." The bill would retroactively repeal the authority of the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) to designate some companies as "systematically important financial institutions," aka, "too big to fail." Companies given this designation are subject to extra regulatory oversight and restrictions.
The bill's authors accuse the FSOC of having a "highly politicized structure and penchant for secrecy," and claim that the council "injects unprecedented levels of political risk into the financial system by equipping a council composed largely of Presidential appointees with the authority to dictate the range of acceptable activities and the size and scope of private financial firms."
The bill would also eliminate the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.'s Orderly Liquidation Authority, which allows regulators to intervene if a large financial institution is about to collapse in order to prevent the failure from spreading to the rest of the financial system. The bill would establish a new bankruptcy chapter in place of the current FSOC and FDIC rules designed to protect the U.S. financial system from the failure of a single institution.
An overview of the Financial CHOICE Act of 2017
House Committee on Financial Services: Proposal would reform U.S. regulatory system
What will happen to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau if the Financial CHOICE Act becomes law?
The Financial CHOICE Act would move the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau into the executive branch and empower the president to fire the bureau head at will. The bill would rename the bureau the "Consumer Law Enforcement Agency" and limit its ability to act against institutions for unfair, deceptive or abusive practices. It would also give Congress additional oversight of the bureau, including authority over its budget, which effectively enables it to hobble an agency by eliminating its funding.
The president would also be able to fire the head of the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which oversees the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.
GOP bill would cripple Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Volcker Rule repeal included in draft of House spending bill
How would current rules change under the Financial CHOICE Act?
The Financial CHOICE Act would repeal the Volcker Rule, which restricts banks from making certain speculative investments in an effort to prevent them from taking big risks at taxpayer expense. The bill's authors called the Volcker Rule (named after former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker) "a solution in search of a problem," and claims that it increases borrowing costs for businesses and reduces economic activity. The Financial CHOICE Act would also repeal the Department of Labor's "Fiduciary Rule" requiring brokers to act in the best interest of their clients when providing retirement advice.
Supporters of the Financial CHOICE Act maintain that it would promote greater accountability from Wall Street by imposing enhanced penalties for acts such as financial fraud and self-dealing. The bill would allow the Securities and Exchange Commission to triple monetary fines sought in certain cases where penalties are linked to a defendant's illegal profits. It would also give the SEC the authority to impose sanctions equal to investor losses in cases involving "fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement," and where the loss or risk of loss was significant. Individuals and firms convicted of insider trading and other corrupt practices could face greater criminal fines under the Financial CHOICE Act as well.
House bill would dismantle financial reforms
House passes Financial CHOICE Act in effort to fix Dodd-Frank
What are the chances of the Financial CHOICE Act becoming law?
The strictly partisan Financial CHOICE Act has slim odds of becoming law as written. In the Senate, the measure would require support from at least eight Democrats to garner the necessary 60 votes. (At present, Republicans hold 52 seats in the Senate.) A more likely scenario is that the Senate will craft a separate, less expansive financial reform initiative. Many of the CHOICE Act proposals could inform future debate on U.S. financial reform, however, and some could eventually become law.
White House statement supporting the Financial CHOICE Act
Now that the House has voted to reform Dodd-Frank, what comes next?
Tech industry opposes travel ban executive order
Privacy Shield requirements strive to raise data protection standards
Can International Cybersecurity Principles help avoid conflicting compliance rules?
Compliance with Court Orders Act raises encryption questions
This was last published in July 2017
Blockchain compliance raises questions of regulatory scope, intent
Caron Carlson asks:
Do the reformed compliance rules outlined in the Financial CHOICE Act go far enough to regulate nefarious financial business transactions?
Save time and money with data-driven IT purchase decisions –DellEMC
Volcker rule – SearchCompliance
Dodd-Frank Act – SearchFinancialSecurity
Medical records theft from NFL team's trainer could ... – SearchCompliance
Caron Carlson - 17 Jul 2017 12:26 PM


The one duty colleges must working-class youngsters is to offer them a very good education. The goal, in flip, is for this software to be broadly applied in schools throughout the nation and probably the world. Fusion appears to grasp that the singular, institutional mannequin of training that has continued for more than one hundred years does not work for all youngsters — and students who attend tend to agree, and to learn immensely from the one-on-one attention they obtain.
In this traditional view, most just like the nineteenth century concept of schooling as mental self-discipline, Bestor was joined by different neotraditionalist educational luminaries, including Robert Maynard Hutchins, president of the College of Chicago and advocate of the nice books curriculum, and James Bryant Conant, the highly revered and influential president of Harvard University.
Harvey Milk has ignited a debate about whether faculties ought to create segregated areas for college students of unique backgrounds and circumstances. This unity of objective lies at the heart of the progressive training philosophy. But regardless of the robust U.S. push to get more college students engaged in science, there's a deep contradiction within the trend of typical schools to keep away from experimentation in favor of emphasizing the precise" answers on rigid exams of a slender set of information.
Instructional psychology is the scientific subject involved with making use of psychological theories and concepts to the understanding and improvement of teaching and learning in formal educational settings. Subsequently, all texts of Academic Psychology are loaded with materials associated to the opposite six basic questions. It consists of software of psychological principles and strategies to human behaviour in academic conditions. Careers in irregular psychology embody a wide range of pursuits and providers. Academic psychology helps in understanding the capacities, potentials and limitations of the child.
This definition also does not embody the overt behaviour of man and animal that are additionally vital subject matter of psychology. Academic psychology each attracts from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. On this manner, it's fairly reasonable to name Academic Psychology as a science and know-how of Education. And you need to know psychology so you may truly apply it to problems with usability, effectiveness, and influence.
Psychology and Curriculum: Psychology suggests that the curriculum needs to be built-in, versatile, co-associated and little one-centred. Points comparable to mores, values, culture and norms are important within the area of forensic psychology. Psychology states that teacher ought to have sympathetic and affectionate perspective in direction of the learner. The science of educational psychology is ever rising attributable to constant researches on this area.
In order to develop a transparent understanding of the time period academic psychology it's vital to know the which means of psychology and training individually. Specifically, thus, the subject matter of instructional psychology must be centred across the technique of instructing and learning enabling the trainer and learners to do their jobs as satisfactorily as attainable.
It also tries to discover and clarify the psychology of the learner, his patterns of responses, his hereditary nature and impact of assorted environmental forces each in studying and growth. Psychology and regulation is a new field with career opportunities at a number of levels of training. Conduct is determined by a number of causes – whereas psychology is the research of the brain based mostly on observable conduct; the student of psychology should keep in mind that there are a lot of doable elements concerned in determining what may be occurring in the brain.
This paper is part of the Targeted Collection on Making ready and Supporting College Physics Educators. This social side carries over to working and learning with others in new projects that allows them additional gain insight into their not too long ago acquired data and skills. McLuhan (1964) provides the instance of the French Revolution, it was the printed word that, attaining cultural saturation within the eighteenth century, had homogenized the French nation… The typographic ideas of uniformity, continuity, and linearity had overlaid the complexities of ancient feudal and oral society" (p. 14).
With its inception, the visual sense took reign as a very powerful which dramatically shifted the symbolic environment (Griffin, 2012). Not solely do we have to attend to the importance of located learning and distributed cognition, we also should look to building relationships and interactions that allow us to flourish and to develop, and to take responsibility for our lives and our half on this planet.
It might be playful and enjoyable, however it could actually additionally take away from what issues in context, and so far as fame and certification go, I might like to actually see, empirically, whether badges do more for folks than would studying find out how to write a resume or studying methods to articulate what it's they've realized in a non-faculty atmosphere.
The Online Casual Studying of English (New Language Learning and Educating Environments), by G. Sockett PPT. After all you may talk about the classification, the names given to the different phenomena and the timescale however in the introduction the report's authors readily admit the difficulties of pinning down trends that are regularly altering, shifting focus and tend to merge with each other.
There is a motion among some who are involved within the casual or after-college house who feel we have to standardize methods to measure studying outcomes, while others worry this is another version of faculty encroaching on the out-of-faculty or after-college house. B. It is a change that takes place by way of practice or expertise, however modifications attributable to development or maturation aren't learning.
And the dissonance between our digital selves and our analog bodies has thrown us into a new state of hysteria: present shock. As well as, some learning episodes that are strictly casual may be too narrowly based mostly in that the learner only learns a part of a activity or superficial expertise that is probably not transferable to the job (Bell and Dale 1999).
It took many clicks to find this poem, however such a strong imaginative and prescient cannot be ignored. What Preservice Teachers' Preconceptions about Multicultural Ideas:An Ethnographic Case Examine , The Journal of Multiculturalism in Education, Vol 5, Quantity 2, Multicultural Journal. The journal publishes qualitative empirical analysis stories, articles that advance scholarship in the subject of multicultural schooling; praxis essays relating successful multicultural education schemes or practical concepts and strategies for instruction from the multicultural perspective.
Approaches to Multicultural Education in Preservice Instructor Education, Multicultural Schooling, College of Phoenix, USA. The author examines multicultural children's literature and offers an evaluation of quite a few items. Calls for multicultural education to bare its conceptual inadequacies and retheorize its approaches that search to maneuver faculties toward providing equitable schooling for all college students, subsequently, became louder and more prevalent.
The position of colleges / madrasah and different instructional institutions be very essential in operating multicultural education in Indonesia. Sadly, it would appear that multicultural training by and enormous has failed to address issues associated to disability in its key literature. Multicultural Perspectives in Mathematics Education – a set of fine sources developed, maintained, and made obtainable by the College of Georgia Department of Mathematics Education.
For the pilot, two studying activities had been tied to the MTR CD through the multicultural curriculum growth element of the course. Basically, non secular education aims to improve religion, understanding, appreciation, and experience of the learners about Islam, so it became a believer and a Muslim man worry of Allah SWT, and noble in life personal, community, nation, and state.
Skills are needed in figuring out multicultural education concepts, writing tutorial goals, developing understanding generalizations or theses, growing appropriate scholar actions, utilizing assets, assessing student learning, and bringing closure to classes. As a result of IJME attracts a global viewers, we've got a unique alternative by way of this course of to have interaction in a far-reaching, collective observation of the worldwide multicultural cultural dialogue.
While the failure of trainer education schemes to deal with issues of race and tradition has been criticized (Cross, 2003), there seems to be scant criticism within the literature of the truth that trainer preparation efforts focus little or no on points associated to disability. So I'm suggesting that Carjuzaa and Dervin are at totally different locations on the (liberal, I consider) diversity query continuum with respect to how their work displays understandings of what difference means and what multicultural training is for.
One factor we're not short on is our large list of the reason why we don't imagine college is a good choice for most youngsters…or at the very least why they should make such a choice warily and with plenty of warning. Volkswagon is starting a European-type apprenticeship program in Tennessee, but for high school graduates. However the situation at current is getting better though on paper as the federal government has raised concern on the necessity to make it possible for the victims to early pregnancies go back to highschool after giving delivery. I can't think about permitting the eighth grade steerage counselors at any faculty I've ever recognized to wield that sort of power.
There was a time that vocational coaching meant focusing only on skilled trades reminiscent of being a mechanic or a welder. Compared to Determine 1, the distribution traces are a lot smoother, together with for India and Nigeria. The state department of education coordinates activities among local school districts and between the federal government and native schools.
No matter the precise proportion, Malta continues to be one of many nations with the highest (ESL) charges in Europe. The relative value for vocational education is estimated to be 20 percent to forty p.c greater than that of educational instruction, varying significantly by program space and content stage. In keeping with Okoro (2000), many college students depart college in poor health – prepared for the challenges of work and maturity.
Collectively with all education sector improvement partners and the Ministry of Education Developing a ten 12 months Education Sector Strategic Plan and addressing coverage issues to introduce the Sector Vast Strategy to education sector. In closing, I've discovered by means of analysis, personal experience, and commentary that schooling within the prison system… is the inspiration to a new beginning and a better likelihood to succeed during incarceration and especially after being released.
At the end of the 12th grade in Might/June students sit the Senior Faculty Certificates Examination (SSCE). Over a six 12 months cycle, this might translate to about 15 million college students out of the school system, assuming this figures remain unchanged. A robust vocational program that prepares college students to enter the office or to maneuver on to additional schooling and coaching advantages not only the person students, however your complete financial system those students will finally assist.
I am looking for some sffordable universities particularly in Birmingham, UK. I need to go for submit graduate course(MBA). These observations in the 1998 Nationwide Coverage on Schooling did not correctly reflect the place of Vocational Schooling (e.g. item forty two, which state, Every state and local government, in cooperation with appropriate businesses, shall set up related apprenticeship training scheme".
The conclusions of the November 2010 Council underlined the necessity for information on VET techniques in the context of the Copenhagen process and of the essential contribution they should make to the Europe 2020 strategy In particular, the Bruges communiqué of seven December 2010 on enhanced European cooperation in vocational education and training for the interval 2011-20 states that 'EU degree coverage-making in VET should be based mostly on current comparable knowledge.
In the early 20th century, a powerful array of intellectuals, social critics, and grassroots activists got here collectively to launch a progressive training motion that sought broad-primarily based change in American instructional follow. Fusion meaningfully fashions the effectiveness of personalized training and supplies a paradigm for what that appears like. The varsity's graduates go on to do remarkably properly, with ninety eight-100% persevering with on to pursue increased schooling. DTMB, I would't take into account PP's record as policies… I would really like PP to simply take one points and present the progressive solution.
In place of tried (however not at all times true) educational standbys, these schools are implementing visionary methodologies and difficult effectively-established notions concerning the very nature of primary and secondary training. Schooling was in the end about growth, Dewey argued, and the varsity played a vital function in creating an setting that was aware of the child's interests and wishes, and would enable the child to flourish.
Progressive education that is based on experiential learning is often thought of to be one of the simplest ways for a pupil experience real world conditions. This developed the progressive training notion that students were to be engaged and taught so that their information could also be directed to society for a socially helpful need. I wish to deal with every drawback from the conservative vs. progressive proposals and let the readers decide which is a greater or more viable approach.
Dear Candidates, We have great pleasure in informing you the glad news that now you can pursue Annamalai University's distance training programs in Saudi Arabia. In light of how anti-democratic our academic methods are, these free e-learning alternatives are a godsend. On-line studying is a top quality College of Edinburgh diploma, delivered flexibly.. data classes to seek out out more about on-line distance learning with us. You seem to be an exception to many in that you consider in really obtaining an training and never just a degree.
Modules (programs) in most undergraduate and graduate academic disciplines could be mixed with each other. Accreditation is solely a validation course of by which establishments of upper training are evaluated against established requirements to ensure a excessive degree of educational quality. I am going to try and run a online college from Venezuela however would like to be accredited in the States.
Technological improvements have modified the entire scenario of the educational system with the introduction of the concept of distance training. As one of many main suppliers of distance education we make sure that all our distance education courses are delivered using participating teaching methods that successfully ship the course content.
Coursera – another significant studying platform with one hundred forty associate-universities throughout 28 international locations, providing over 1,500 courses. On-line and distance training additionally makes it doable to begin examine in your house nation earlier than making the move to Australia to check on campus. It is also one of the first universities In India to be awarded the highest ISO 9001-14001 Quality Award by AQSR of USA.
Distance learning is new sufficient that it may be a problem to realize assist for these packages in a standard brick-and-mortar academic learning surroundings. Evaluation of learning may also be difficult as exams could be written on any day, making it possible for students to share examination questions with resulting loss of academic integrity.
The great thing about finishing your vitamin degree online is that you simply get to work at your individual pace, usually. Presently I am working in US. I am involved in doing distance post graduation related to operations and my subject. To maximise such customized learning, many on-line schools now use adaptive know-how—a self-paced software program program designed to help varied remedial needs of every student.
The training reform was originally began in 1837 as a result of the United States authorities believed that they needed to educate the youth in an effort to create higher residents and informed voters. It's true that far more young people go to a better" schooling institution compared to a era in the past, but the quickly increasing value means many by no means end and the top faculties have fewer and fewer college students from working class and poor communities attending. Constitution-school advocates and others who claim the mantle of training reform have now seen their ideas put into practice in quite a few areas—from excessive-stakes testing to digital learning to the takeover of struggling public colleges.
A reform that succeeds in a single state, college, or district could fail in one other—and for a multiplicity of advanced causes that may be difficult to untangle. One of the best recognized and most successful of these applications was Head Begin, a federally funded program to supply poor kids the advantage of a preschool schooling. For instance, the truth that computers are naturally good at math leads to the query of the use of calculators in math education.
Though much progress has been made in Arkansas to improve public training in recent years, schooling reform in Arkansas has traditionally been a gradual and contentious course of. In addition to the low levels of academic achievement, the state's historically poor schooling has been resulting from its reluctance to integrate, its low teacher salaries and per pupil expenditures, its efforts to outlaw the teaching of evolution, and its basic lack of legislative assist to fund training.
Dr. Fran Langan is a professor and chairperson on the School of Education at Keystone School. Regarded as the Father of Multicultural Training," Dr. Banks work in multicultural education is understood and influential all through the world. Since 1991, The National Affiliation for Multicultural Schooling Conferences with various themes have been held in lots of international locations and areas, promoting peoples' mutual understanding and respect. The Consortium of Equity Conferences (CEC) is a group of progressive, like-minded organizations unified through their widespread interest in promoting access and equity via educational packages and conferences.
The guide, Diversity and Citizenship Training: International Perspectives, is edited by James A. Banks and might be revealed by Jossey-Bass in the fall of 2003 ( ). She has an Masters of Skilled Research in Humanistic and Multicultural Training from the State College of New York at New Paltz. By inserting multicultural substance in civic schooling learning, it is anticipated that the students are capable of decide the role of civic training in fostering the spirit of nationwide integration and strengthen national identity.
The MEI conference is sponsored every year by the College of Education and Professional Studies on the UCO. In the period of multiculturalism and pluralism, non secular schooling is challenged to convey the students out of non secular exclusivity. Tchet raises the bar for leaders and advocates who're dedicated to equity and social justice through multicultural schooling.


David Giardina has been a solo crooner since mid 1990's with swing orchestras including the Todd Sullivan Orchestra and the Robert Lawrence Orchestra and piano accompanists including Steve Ross, Mark York, Mark Janas and Karl Mansfield. He specializes in Classic American pop songs (often referred to as "Tin Pan Alley"). David has performed at such venues as the world famous Rainbow Room, the Algonquin Hotel, Swing 46, Grand Central Partnership, The Central Park Band Shell as well as command performances at the United Nations and many others. He can sing it sweet or swing it hot! David's CD's "Alive In Tin Pan Alley!" and "What it a dream" are celebrations of great American pop tunes.
David is also an award winning film writer/director/producer, singer, model and life coach. His last feature "Taffy Was Born" is now on dvd at: www.filmbay.com. And you can watch his weekly tv show "Celebrating Art" every Tuesday at 8pm on www.mnn.org channel 4.


text:
package org.jibx.starter;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import org.jibx.extras.DocumentComparator;
import org.jibx.runtime.BindingDirectory;
import org.jibx.runtime.IBindingFactory;
import org.jibx.runtime.IMarshallable;
import org.jibx.runtime.IMarshallingContext;
import org.jibx.runtime.IUnmarshallingContext;
import org.jibx.runtime.JiBXException;
import org.jibx.runtime.impl.UnmarshallingContext;

public class Test
{
    /**
     * Roundtrip all files in a directory of sample documents.
     *
     * @param root
     * @return true if all successful, false if any error
     */
    private static boolean processDirectory(File root, IBindingFactory factory) {

        // process all the files in this directory
        File[] files = root.listFiles();
        boolean success = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
            File file = files[i];
            if (!file.isDirectory()) {
                try {

                    // unmarshal document into object
                    IUnmarshallingContext uctx = factory.createUnmarshallingContext();
                    uctx.setDocument(new FileInputStream(file), null);
                    Object object = uctx.unmarshalElement();
                    String encoding = ((UnmarshallingContext)uctx).getInputEncoding();

                    // marshal object back out to document in memory
                    IMarshallingContext mctx = factory.createMarshallingContext();
                    mctx.setIndent(2);
                    ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                    mctx.setOutput(bos, "UTF-8");
                    ((IMarshallable)object).marshal(mctx);
                    mctx.endDocument();

                    // compare with original input document
                    InputStreamReader brdr = new InputStreamReader
                        (new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray()), "UTF-8");
                    InputStreamReader frdr = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file), encoding);
                    DocumentComparator comp = new DocumentComparator(System.err, true);
                    System.out.println("Comparing round-tripped file '" + file.getPath() + "' with original file");
                    if (comp.compare(frdr, brdr)) {
                        System.out.println("Successfully round-tripped file '" + file.getPath() + '\'');
                    } else {

                        // save output for comparison failure
                        try {
                            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file.getName());
                            fos.write(bos.toByteArray());
                            fos.close();
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                            System.err.println("Error writing to file '" + file.getName() + "': " + e.getMessage());
                            success = false;
                        }
                    }

                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.err.println("Error on file '" + file.getPath() + '\'');
                    e.printStackTrace();
                    success = false;
                }
            }
        }
        return success;
    }

    /**
     * Processes a directory of sample documents, unmarshalling each document and then marshalling it back out and
     * comparing the result with the original input document.
     *
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        if (args.length != 2) {
            System.out.println("Usage: java -cp ... " + "org.jibx.starter.Test binding-package directory-path");
            System.exit(1);
        }

        // setup the directory path
        File root = new File(args[1]);
        if (!root.isDirectory()) {
            System.err.println("Root directory '" + args[1] + "' not found");
            System.exit(2);
        }

        // get the binding factory
        IBindingFactory factory = null;
        try {
            factory = BindingDirectory.getFactory("binding", args[0]);
        } catch (JiBXException e) {
            System.err.println("Binding factory not found - did you remember to compile the binding?");
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(3);
        }

        // process all the data files
        if (!processDirectory(root, factory)) {
            System.exit(4);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Control Panel for a Vostok (left) sits beside an Instrument panel (Right). This Instrument Panel minus the Signal Table markings appeared at the Institute of Economic Acheivements in Moscow in 1967. Oddly, the middle three part gauge has "Radiation" as a parameter.
This page examines the Control and Display system of the Spacecraft "Vostok" Космического Корабля «Восток» as flown from April 12, 1961 to June 19, 1963 on six human piloted missions. The displays and controls of the Spacecraft "Vostok" were mostly located on two panels in the spacecraft. There are two main panels of the spacecraft "Vostok" are known as the System of Indication and Signalization-1-3KA (СИС-1-3КА - система 1 индикации и сигнализации). Here 3КА or 3А* was the internal designation for the human rated Vostok. The black panel on the left side of the cabin (and the left in the above picture) is known as the Control Panel (ПУ - Пульт управления) and the panel in the upper center of the cabin (right side of the picture) is known as the Instrument Panel (ПД - приборная доска). In addition there is a controller for manual orientation (РУ - ручка управления) or attitude control and several other controls not in this picture that are part of the overall system in the Right Side Controls (See Below).
1) Directly by the Cosmonaut.
2) By Automatic Timer Mechanisms such the Program-Timer-Unit "Granite" and barometrically initiated relays, environmental system relays, and an analog computer for solar guided orientation.
3) By Command Radio Link (Командная Радиолиния «МРВ-ВС – БКРЛ-В») as initiated by ground stations. See the first section under the Ground Support tab.
Here, we shall focus on the first way. In general, the cosmonaut had control over voice communications and tape recorder (Магнитофон), manual orientation and the associated optical device "Vzor" ВЗОР, the globe display, emergency retrofire, nominal and contingency ejection initiations, cabin lighting, circulation fan, and emergency oxygen. The majority of these controls were on the control panel on the left side of the cabin.
Right Hand Side Controls:It is notable there was a short wave broadcast radio receiver in the cabin a 3B-17 *radio receiver (ЗБ-17 широковещательный радиоприемник –ШВРП) built by the Moscow Radio Institute (НИИ-695 МНИИРС) as a component of the Zarya (Заря) radio system.
Just above the radio is a large circuit breaker was for arming the ejection seat catapult a.k.a the "armchair" (кресло пилота КП-В-ЗА) labeled Permission Catapult or Ejection (РАЗРЕШЕНИЕ КАТАП.) and End or Shutdown the Catapult or Ejection (ОТБОЙ КАТАПУЛТЬТИР.) Oddly, this breaker is not currently in Yuri Gagarin's Vostok-1 at the Energia Museum.
To the right of the radio and orientation controller were depending on the spacecraft, 2 or 3 **additional circuit levers speculated to turn on and off rotation on three individual axis (Roll, Pitch, Yaw)or alternatively opening and closing valves of nitrogen gas for the orientation system (notice the crossfeeds on the attitude control system scheme under this Tab).
Additional controls for experiments could be placed in this area. On Vostok-5 a switch to activate a Spectrometer (СПЕКТРОМЕТР) and an enigmatic S-08 (С-08) switch were placed.
An Achs-1 (АЧС-1) standard aircraft clock and a telegraph key completed this section.
*This radio, interestingly was powered by a small radioisotope battery. Cosmonauts did indeed listen to AM broadcasts from around the world during the flight. There were three bands that were listened to. (1) K2 - 24 Meters to 28 Meters including the 25 Meter International Broadcast Band (11650 to 12050 kHz) (2) 28 Meters to 50 Meters including the 31 Meter Band (9500 to 9900 kHz) the 41 Meter Band (7100 to 7300 kHz) and finally the 49 Meter Band (5950-6200 kHz).(3) The C Band (Средние волны) from 187-571 Meters - Medium wave. For example, Moscow's Radio Mayak (Маяк) was at 546 Meters or 549 kHz. Interestingly, the 24, 31, 39, and 50 Meter areas are marked for reference on Vostok-5.
**On Yuri Gagarin's Vostok only two axis were available for manual control – pitch and yaw. Roll was of a lower priority as it does not affect the trajectory of retrofire.
Displays and Indicators: With regard to indication we have 25 signal lights, 3 gauges each with 3 dial indicators (one dial on one gauge could display two states – so 10 indications total), a clockwork globe, and two clocks, one of which had a special system of indication for the automated descent program progression. The gauges displayed environmental conditions of the cabin and pressures of the attitude system tanks and retrorocket. The majority of the displays were located on the instrument panel.
The Instrument Panel: DWG # 669-7500-0. The dimensions of the instrument panel are approximately 40 cm wide and 38 cm tall. The Globe Device on the Instrument Panel measures 23.4cm wide by 20.4cm tall. The installation of instrument panel is mounted in the cabin above the illuminator of optical orientation device "Vzor" at a distance not more than 1OOO mm reach of pilot. The front face of the instrument panel must be established at the angle of 45 degrees.
1. Globe Device - IMP (глобус) more formally known as the Indicator of Place in Flight or Place of Landing (ИМП-индикатор места положения и местапосадки). It is notable here that the Latitude/Longitude indicator sometimes pictured above the Globe was not present on flights of the "Vostok", but was used on the flights of the spacecraft "Voshod" (Восход). Two switches on the control panel on the left control this device - one is the on/off function, the other switches the device between displaying the place in flight and the place of landing. When the place in flight is selected a green light above the globe labeled "Place in Flight" (МЕСТАПОЛОЖЕНИЯ) is illuminated in green. Two adjustment knobs below the globe labeled O and Ae (О, Э) changed the position of the globe. Ae changed the position in the equatorial plane and O changed the position within the orbital plane., a three digit orbit counter in the lower right section of the globe section labeled «ЧИСЛО ВИТКОВ» and a correction index display and adjustment knob completed this stand-alone portion of the instrument panel. The correction (КОРРЕКЦИЯ) knob consists of two parts. The upper part switches between three states Center, Right, and Left (С-средиий П-правый Л-левый). When C was selected center digit was changed, P the Right digit and L the left digit. The lower part of the knob changes the direction of the numbered wheels' rotation (НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ВРАЩЕНИЯ) and adjusts smaller numbers (МЕНЬШЕ) corrections clockwise and larger number (БОЛЬШЕ) corrections counter clockwise. The three digit window for the correction index sits above this two part knob.
This Globe device was built by OT or GKOT. There are four versions known: It is important to note that Vostok though Vostok-6 had either the IMP-1 or IMP-2 type globes during flight. Numerous labels have shown apparently surplus IMP-3 and IMP-4 Globus devices mounted in various instrument panels and presented as "Vostok". IMP-1 (ИМП-1) (No Orbit Counter) IMP-2 (ИМП-2) Vostok-2 through 6 Flight Version (No Latitude/Longitude Indicator) IMP-3 (ИМП-3) with Latitude/Longitude Indicator, IMP-4 (ИМП-4) Voskhod Version (Variation to knob style and warning added to Orbit Counter Mechanism) This Globe device was powered by a small electric motor. With the exception of several diodes and the status indicator light, it was completely a mechanical device.
2. Combined Time Indicator - (ИВК - индикатор временной комбинированный) or clock (at a glance looks like a gauge at the lower left of the instrument panel). This device is connected with Working Control of the Descent Regime (ПКРС — прибор контроля режима спуска) that controls the sequence of spacecraft functions prior to retrofire. There are two known types of this indicator readily distinguished by the number of adjustment knobs on the outside rim of this timepiece and the presence an additional secondhand at the 12:00 position. IVK-1 (ИВК-1) which flew on spacecraft Vostok-1 and 2 (and possibly 3 and 4) had two adjustments - one at 3:00 and one at 6:00. The later version (ИВК-2) had three adjustments and the additional secondhand and flew on Vostok-5, Vostok-6, and Voskhod. On the IVK-1 the Descent phase was marked on the rim as well as "I" at 0 minutes, "II" at 6 and a half minutes and "III" at 37 minutes with additional markings at 39, 44, and 51 minutes. These markings were related directly to events displayed in green on the signal table (Табло сигнальные). The IVK was manufactured by the same design bureau that produced the IMP Globe Device - "ОТ".
3. Cabin Temperature (ДТВ - датчики температуры воздуха) (0-40 Degrees Celsius) The last was unmarked for normal limits, but low temperatures below 12 C were considered problematic for the storage batteries or accumulator batteries.
Gauge 3: Indicator of Pressure in Tanks of Orientation System and Retrorocket. (ИДБ - Индикатор Давления в Баллонах систем ориентации и ТДУ).
3. Automatic Attitude Control System Pressures (0-200 Atmospheres with 50-150 Atmospheres considered to be a normal range.) This portion of the gauge changes display between Automatic System I and Automatic System II based on the position of the switch on the control panel.
4. Signal Table (Табло сигнальные) For a complete and illustration look under the Signal Table Page Tab. The large green signal light above the globe device was labeled "Place of Landing" (МЕСТО ПОСАДКИ). Do not let the rare photo with Place of Flight (МЕСТО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ) mislead you as this was but one display and official documentation verifies МЕСТО ПОСАДКИ was indeed the correct notation. This would save power on a mission as well as the globe mode was normally for Place of Flight during the mission.
Manual Control Handle. (РУ - ручка управления) DWG # 12-480-13. The Manual Control Handle set at the Cosmonaut's right hand side. Up/Down movement of this handle controls pitch, Left/Right Movement controls yaw, and twisting the handle clockwise or counterclockwise produces roll.
Where are the Instrument Panels (PD - 3K) today?


text:
Q: Ember hasMany with multiple models I'm a bit new to Ember, so please forgive me if this question illuminates my general lack of understanding of the framework.
Basically I am attempting to use Contentful with Ember. I found this addon, which seems to make this pretty simple https://github.com/davidpett/ember-data-contentful.
However, I am running into one issue that's beginning to really frustrate me. I have a content type, which has a "many reference" field, which allows a user to reference multiple of many different content types. Essentially, I have a "modules" field, which will be an array of several different modules. Each module will basically be it's own model.
In ember
modules: hasMany('module')
But module can be one of many different models, assuming there needs to be a model that corresponds to each content type.
I have already asked a question here: https://github.com/davidpett/ember-data-contentful/issues/24 but have been unable to get this working quite yet.

A: To solve this you would need to have each of your models inherit from a base model that implements the Contentful system-metadata properties. They're found in the sys property in the json response.
You could then extend this base model depending on the content type of the base model to the specific model that would correspond to that content type.
I realize that you're trying to do something similar in the issue thread you posted. I think the problem you're running into is that you don't have a contentType property on your base class.

A: Well, I have no idea of contentful.
My team did resolve this kind of dynamic types by using computed to request specific model manually. Since we didn't find a better way to make ember-data support multiple models in hasMany. And it works really well.
But for batch query, you may need to implement batch request collapse technique to improve the performance.
Another idea is, replace hasMany with DS.attr() as no type. And try whether you can pushPayload and peek those 'modules', and match your module models mannually to your model.modules in adapter. This might not work or only works for GET requests.
Or just match those payload model name/id to your model.modules, and use computed to peek the right record and mount to model.

A: Turned out there was an issue with the ember-data-contentful lib. Downgrading to version 0.2.1 solves the problem for now. The author is aware of the bug and is looking into a fix in a future version. Thanks everyone for their help!


text:
133279 1 https://ilovetheupperwestside.com/ads/tony-de-nicola-apartment/ 970x250 array(2) { [0]=> string(10) "ad-970x250" [1]=> string(16) "adsanity-970x250" } Tony De Nicola Apartment
Fairway Market For Sale
David Cunningham October 24, 2019 Community No Comments
Last modified on October 9th, 2021
After coming back from bankruptcy under new ownership in 2016, Fairway Market is up for sale again.
Fairway Market, a grocery store chain founded in the early 1930s, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2016. Its 2013 IPO was succeeded by three unprofitable years. Its debt, originally $300 million, was reduced to $84 million, bringing it under control of its lenders, which include Goldman Sachs. After another debt overhaul in 2018 with a five-year plan, Moody's Investor Service predicted another restructuring within 12 to 18 months, citing Fairway's small scale compared to larger chains.
While Fairway occupies prime locations in Manhattan, it's seen pressure by the growth in the city of competitors like Trader Joe's and Whole Foods. Fairway's strong organic and gourmet offerings that historically have given it an edge over more basic chains in that market segment are now being rivaled by the substantial offerings of this kind in increasingly popular, much larger chains like Trader Joe's and Whole Foods. These chains also have the advantage of substantially more resources via their broader nationwide presence.
Latest: Fairway Will Close SOME Stores
Startup delivery services like Seamless have also grown substantially in popularity, stemming both from the rise of service-based apps, and customer subsidies by these companies to incentivize user growth and retention. The growth of these apps, which has been largest in major cities like Manhattan, has further cut into the grocery industry as a whole. Furthermore, food subscription apps like FreshDirect have compounded this problem.
Fairway continues to grow in the areas around New York City, including New Jersey, Long Island, and Connecticut. It currently operates 15 grocery stores and four wine stores in the New York Metropolitan area. In June of this year, Fairway opened a cooking school at its Upper West Side location. It has also partnered with the delivery apps Shipt and Instacart to compete with the increasingly delivery-focused food industry.
After its bankruptcy, Fairway surprised many when it was able to keep almost all of its locations open in the coming years.
Join the Upper West Side Newsletter:
FREE Performing Arts Classes on Instagram Live!
A Heated Debate About Free Street Parking on the Upper West Side
UWS Save Our Stores Files as Non-Profit, Opens For Membership
David Cunningham is a blogger and software developer living in the Upper West Side. He loves writing, running around Riverside Park, shopping at Fairway and Zabar's, and working on web apps in his free time. He moved to New York in 2018 after spending five years working as a developer in Huntsville, Alabama (the home of Space Camp). He is currently building a tech blog platform called Dabbling In, and you can learn more about him at his website, cunningdj.com
Tags:Fairway


text:
Q: Size of overflow:hidden div with position:absolute one inside I have html code like this:

         some content

        content with unknown height

Outer block has overflow:hidden, because it should be resized according to resizing of the second inner block. But this way the first inner block is cropped if the second one (and so the outer one) is not big enought.
How can I get it not cropped (or another way to make outer div resized)?

A: As far as I understand your question:
overflow: hidden; hides the scrollbars and keeps the element at its specified dimensions. Either you can change it to overflow: auto; or just remove it as that is the default state.


Thames Valley police officers are appealing for witnesses following an altercation at a petrol station in Reading.
Police were called out to the BP Garage in Richfield Avenue, Reading, at around 2pm on Wednesday, April 18.
While there, the police dealt with an argument.
A spokesman from Thames Valley Police said: "We were called to the incident in Richfield Avenue at around 2pm following reports of an altercation at the BP Petrol Station.
Anyone with information is asked to call the police non emergency number on 101, quoting incident reference number 43180116236.
Alternatively, those who witnessed the altercation can also give information by contacting Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555111.


text:
If you have a question that is not answered on this page, or a suggestion for what might feature here, please let us know by using the contact form.
Q: How can I contact the Archbishop of York?
A: Details of the correspondence address and telephone number for Bishopthorpe Palace can be found on the Contact Us page of this site.
Q: Can I email the Archbishop?
A: There is no facility on this website to email the Archbishop of York directly. If you wish to email your comments about the website, please use the form available on the Contact Us page. Please note that if your message is personal or sensitive, or you would like a reply from the Archbishop's office, please write to
The Archbishop of York at Bishopthorpe Palace
Bishopthorpe
YO23 2GE
Q: How can I visit or take a guided tour of Bishopthorpe Palace?
A: Enquiries as to hiring meeting rooms in the Palace or enquiries relating to functions should be directed to the Palace Manager. Visit the Contact Us page of this site.
Q: Can I invite the Archbishop to an event, or to my local church?
A: If you wish to extend an invitation to the Archbishop, please do so in writing, using the details on the Contact Us page. As there are many demands on the Archbishop's time he is often unable to accept many invitations, and his schedule is often planned over six months in advance. Please allow plenty of time in advance of the event when considering an invitation to the Archbishop.
Q: How do I address the Archbishop of York?
A: The formal address for the Archbishop of York is: The Most Reverend & Right Honourable Stephen Cottrell, Archbishop of York.
Q: Can you tell me where my nearest church is?
A: If you are a UK resident the website A Church Near You can give you details of where your nearest Anglican Church can be found.
Q: Who does what at Bishopthorpe Palace?
A: The Archbishop is supported by a dedicated team of advisers, administrators and clerical, technical and maintenance staff at Bishopthorpe Palace. A list of the senior members of staff and their job descriptions can be viewed on our website.