text:
Home World Israel Crossfire War – Exchanges of Fire in Lebanon Between Rival Militias After...
Crossfire War – Exchanges of Fire in Lebanon Between Rival Militias After Speech
Willard Payne
Tue February 12, 2008
Crossfire War – Rapid Fire News=Tehran – Beirut – Damascus Watch – West Asia – North – Northeast Africa Theatre: Tehran – Riyadh – Tripoli – Khartoum – Baghdad – El Arish – Gaza – Nablus – Beirut/Paris – Rome – Cairo – Amman – Jerusalem – London – Washington; Fighting Breaks Out Between Rival Militias in Lebanon After Jumblatt Speech – Hezbollah Prepares Response – Israel Prepares Large Assault on Gaza
Night Watch: BEIRUT – The anarchy and chaos Lebanon Druze leader Walid Jumblatt warned about yesterday may have begun as soon as he ended his highly irresponsible, inflammatory speech. Al Jazeera reports right afterward a convoy of his political party-militia, the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) fired on, not Hezbollah the group Jumblatt challenged in his speech, but a group united with Hezbollah in the opposition coalition, the Lebanese Democratic Party (LDP).
Someone speaking for the LDP said they returned fire and warned the incident could cause more violence and they would hold Jumblatt responsible. The LDP claimed their headquarters were fired on in Aley by a PSP convoy as it drove past. Interestingly enough that was not the only armed incident.
There was another exchange of fire between supporters of Parliament Majority leader Saad al-Hariri and the security services of Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri whose militia is a leading member of the March 8 opposition coalition. Saad al-Hariri is the son of former Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri assassinated by Tehran three years ago this Thursday and a large rally is planned for the third anniversary which will undoubtedly inflame the situation even more. I actually expect the gathering to be attacked. [ALJAZEERA]
The political paralysis in Lebanon has been the greatest frozen conflict in West Asia since the fifteen year civil war ended in 1990 and even more so when Syrian forces withdrew in 2005 as Tehran began a campaign of assassination of leaders opposed to Hezbollah-Iran most importantly Rafiq al-Hariri. Then we witnessed Hezbollah's successful performance in its 2006 war with Israel that strengthened the Shia militia and established them as the leading opposition unit in the fractured nation.
The situation became more extreme in December 2006 when Hezbollah withdrew from the cabinet and began demonstrations with the support of Christian nationalists led by former general Michel Aoun and now the Presidential impasse that has prevented the Parliamentary election of a new head of state since November. It is quite possible Walid Jumblatt may have been speaking for more than just himself when he said he and his militia are ready for the next war because chances are all of the groups realize a peaceful resolution is beyond them and there is no other choice but a new round of fighting to see which political-militia alliance can control the country. Such is the compulsive state of Lebanon.
But what makes the situation more volatile and devastating this time are the number of outside powers that will be drawn into the conflict and that is why I believe it will result in Lebanon being erased from the map of the world. History is full of wars which had a massive amount of fighting in small areas that resulted in changes of the map in that theatre and in West Asia that is definitely Lebanon.
It is not because the country has vital raw materials, it doesn't, but a lot of major power-alliances believe their prestige is at stake, their perception of whether or not they are successful if they can control events there. Europe, led by France-Italy already have 12,ooo troops on the ground in the south with supporting ships right off the coast. Washington is prepared to send more equipment to what is left of the government, Israel is constantly on the alert and ready to invade again and Iran-Syria are also prepared to enter the war including using more suicidal units like Fatah al-Islam which fought Lebanon's army for three months with only 400 fighters. Tehran would love to see the European units with UNIFIL encounter groups like that.
This is the chosen battleground of the leading regional/international powers as to who can determine their presence in the region's future. Only Russia has wisely chosen to stay out of this war realizing nothing really important is at stake for them or for any outside international alliance but what the West, in its illusory analysis has convinced itself, is somehow a military presence in Lebanon is of enormous importance to them.
Lebanon has become the West Asia counterpart to NATO's misguided sense of mission in Kosovo. In any war, especially major ones, delusion is always a crucial factor in decision making and it is amazing to see how prestigious-convincing that delusion is even fashionable, it is actually something the "powers that be" and those who identify with them brag about.
Hezbollah's leadership has begun to respond (verbally) to Jumblatt's speech. Mahmoud Qumati, Deputy Chairman of Hezbollah's Political Council stated for the group, "Our patience has reached its maximum limit. But we have to warn you about the moment we get angry. We have to warn about the moment we made our decision. If we decide to go to the streets, we will not be deterred by snipers or traitors, or hired killers." Hezbollah has characterized the pro-government forces as ants about to be crushed by a lion and with Hezbollah's suicidal devotion I actually believe that will happen.
Gaza – The Jerusalem Post reports Israel Defense Minister Ehud Barak has instructed Israel's military commanders to prepare a large assault on Gaza to finally end the constant rocket-mortar barrages at Israel's communities in the Western Negev and the oil terminal at Ashkelon. What has increased the state of alarm is not only the new influx of militants and terrorists on Israel's Sinai border, as a result of the Rafah Terminal breach, but Palestinians have begun to use the more powerful and longer range Katuysha rocket being supplied by Tehran-Damascus.
Barak announced today, "Acting under my instruction, the IDF (Israel Defense Force) is preparing for a possible large scale operation in Gaza and the ensuing ramifications as well as the final consolidation of other action plans." [JPOST]
The immediate ramifications are of course Iran-Syria entering the war in support of the Palestinian community and they will to some extent but I suspect Tehran-Damascus realize with the chaos developing in Lebanon this is Syria's chance to retake the country which is more of an objective than trying to retake the economically useless Golan Heights. Retaking Lebanon, which has never been officially recognized by Damascus, a creation of the French in 1920, would provide Syria with more of a sense of accomplishment than enjoying the view from Golan and it would be a substantial blow to the West and its belief it can continue to control events in the region.
As I have mentioned repeatedly, there is no market for salt in the Dead Sea, Israel was never Iran's main target. Tehran will have Palestinian militants keep Israel busy and Iran will commit some expendable units as a show of support, but Tehran's primary objectives in this region are the West defeated in Iraq, Lebanon, bases in the Persian Gulf destroyed and Hosni Mubarak removed as President of Egypt.
www.crossfirewar.com
Willard Payne is an international affairs analyst who specializes in International Relations. A graduate of Western Illinois University with a concentration in East-West Trade and East-West Industrial Cooperation, he has been providing incisive analysis to NewsBlaze. He is the author of Imagery: The Day Before.
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text:
package com.atlassian.plugin.main;

import com.atlassian.plugin.DefaultModuleDescriptorFactory;
import com.atlassian.plugin.ModuleDescriptorFactory;
import com.atlassian.plugin.PluginAccessor;
import com.atlassian.plugin.hostcontainer.DefaultHostContainer;
import com.atlassian.plugin.manager.PluginPersistentStateStore;
import com.atlassian.plugin.manager.store.MemoryPluginPersistentStateStore;
import com.atlassian.plugin.osgi.container.OsgiPersistentCache;
import com.atlassian.plugin.osgi.container.PackageScannerConfiguration;
import com.atlassian.plugin.osgi.container.impl.DefaultOsgiPersistentCache;
import com.atlassian.plugin.osgi.hostcomponents.ComponentRegistrar;
import com.atlassian.plugin.osgi.hostcomponents.HostComponentProvider;
import static com.atlassian.plugin.util.Assertions.isTrue;
import static com.atlassian.plugin.util.Assertions.notNull;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**
 * The builder for {@link PluginsConfiguration} instances that additionally performs validation and default creation.
 * For a usage example, see the package javadocs.
 * <p>
 * Not thread-safe. Instances of this class should be thread and preferably method local.
 * @since 2.2
 */
public class PluginsConfigurationBuilder
{
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     * Static factory for creating a new builder.
     * @return a new builder.
     */
    public static PluginsConfigurationBuilder pluginsConfiguration()
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        return new PluginsConfigurationBuilder();
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    private PackageScannerConfiguration packageScannerConfiguration;
    private HostComponentProvider hostComponentProvider;
    private File osgiPersistentCache;
    private File pluginDirectory;
    private URL bundledPluginUrl;
    private File bundledPluginCacheDirectory;
    private String pluginDescriptorFilename;
    private ModuleDescriptorFactory moduleDescriptorFactory;
    private PluginPersistentStateStore pluginStateStore;
    private long hotDeployPollingPeriod;
    private boolean useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer = false;
    private String applicationKey;

    /**
     * Sets the package scanner configuration instance that contains information about what packages to expose to plugins.
     * @param packageScannerConfiguration The configuration instance
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder packageScannerConfiguration(final PackageScannerConfiguration packageScannerConfiguration)
    {
        this.packageScannerConfiguration = notNull("packageScannerConfiguration", packageScannerConfiguration);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the host component provider instance, used for registering application services as OSGi services so that
     * they can be automatically available to plugins
     * @param hostComponentProvider The host component provider implementation
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder hostComponentProvider(final HostComponentProvider hostComponentProvider)
    {
        this.hostComponentProvider = notNull("hostComponentProvider", hostComponentProvider);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the set of persistent caching directories the OSGi classes will use.  This includes the caching directory
     * to extract framework bundles into, the container bundle cache, and the transformed plugin cache.
     * @param osgiPersistentCache A directory that exists
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder osgiPersistentCache(final File osgiPersistentCache)
    {
        this.osgiPersistentCache = osgiPersistentCache;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the directory that contains the plugins and will be used to store installed plugins.
     * @param pluginDirectory A directory that exists
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder pluginDirectory(final File pluginDirectory)
    {
        this.pluginDirectory = pluginDirectory;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the URL to a ZIP file containing plugins that are to be started before any user plugins but after
     * framework bundles.  Must be set if {@link #bundledPluginCacheDirectory(java.io.File)} is set.
     * @param bundledPluginUrl A URL to a ZIP of plugin JAR files
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder bundledPluginUrl(final URL bundledPluginUrl)
    {
        this.bundledPluginUrl = bundledPluginUrl;
        return this;
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    /**
     * Sets the directory to unzip bundled plugins into.  The directory will automatically be cleaned out if the
     * framework detects any modification.  Must be set if {@link #bundledPluginUrl(java.net.URL)} is set.
     * @param bundledPluginCacheDirectory A directory that exists
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder bundledPluginCacheDirectory(final File bundledPluginCacheDirectory)
    {
        this.bundledPluginCacheDirectory = bundledPluginCacheDirectory;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the plugin descriptor file name to expect in a plugin JAR artifact
     * @param pluginDescriptorFilename A valid file name
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder pluginDescriptorFilename(final String pluginDescriptorFilename)
    {
        this.pluginDescriptorFilename = pluginDescriptorFilename;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the module descriptor factory that will be used to create instances of discovered module descriptors.
     * Usually, the {@link DefaultModuleDescriptorFactory} is what is used, which takes class instances of module
     * descriptors to instantiate.
     * @param moduleDescriptorFactory A module descriptor factory instance
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder moduleDescriptorFactory(final ModuleDescriptorFactory moduleDescriptorFactory)
    {
        this.moduleDescriptorFactory = moduleDescriptorFactory;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the plugin state store implementation used for persisting which plugins and modules are enabled or disabled
     * across restarts.
     * @param pluginStateStore The plugin state store implementation
     * @return this
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder pluginStateStore(final PluginPersistentStateStore pluginStateStore)
    {
        this.pluginStateStore = pluginStateStore;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the polling frequency for scanning for new plugins
     * @param hotDeployPollingFrequency The quantity of time periods
     * @param timeUnit The units for the frequency
     * @return {@code this}
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder hotDeployPollingFrequency(final long hotDeployPollingFrequency, final TimeUnit timeUnit)
    {
        hotDeployPollingPeriod = timeUnit.toMillis(hotDeployPollingFrequency);
        return this;
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    /**
     * Defines whether ther legacy plugin deployer should be used or not.
     * @param useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer {@code true} if the legacy plugin deployer should be used.
     * @return {@code this}
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer(final boolean useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer)
    {
        this.useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer = useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the current application key to use when filtering modules in a plugin
     * @param applicationKey the current application identifier
     * @return {@code this}
     */
    public PluginsConfigurationBuilder applicationKey(final String applicationKey)
    {
        this.applicationKey = applicationKey;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Builds a {@link com.atlassian.plugin.main.PluginsConfiguration} instance by processing the configuration that
     * was previously set, validating the input, and setting any defaults where not explicitly specified.
     * @return A valid {@link PluginsConfiguration} instance to pass to {@link AtlassianPlugins}
     */
    public PluginsConfiguration build()
    {
        notNull("Plugin directory must be defined", pluginDirectory);
        isTrue("Plugin directory must exist", pluginDirectory.exists());

        if (packageScannerConfiguration == null)
        {
            packageScannerConfiguration = new PackageScannerConfigurationBuilder().build();
        }
        if (pluginDescriptorFilename == null)
        {
            pluginDescriptorFilename = PluginAccessor.Descriptor.FILENAME;
        }

        if (hostComponentProvider == null)
        {
            hostComponentProvider = new HostComponentProvider()
            {
                public void provide(final ComponentRegistrar registrar)
                {
                }
            };
        }

        if (pluginStateStore == null)
        {
            pluginStateStore = new MemoryPluginPersistentStateStore();
        }

        if (moduleDescriptorFactory == null)
        {
            moduleDescriptorFactory = new DefaultModuleDescriptorFactory(new DefaultHostContainer());
        }

        if (osgiPersistentCache == null)
        {
            osgiPersistentCache = createTempDir("atlassian-plugins-osgi-cache");
        }

        if (bundledPluginUrl != null && bundledPluginCacheDirectory == null)
        {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bundled plugin cache directory MUST be defined when bundled plugin URL is defined");
        }

        return new InternalPluginsConfiguration(this);
    }

    private File createTempDir(final String prefix)
    {
        try
        {
            final File directory = File.createTempFile(prefix, AtlassianPlugins.TEMP_DIRECTORY_SUFFIX);
            directory.delete();
            directory.mkdir();
            return directory;
        }
        catch (final IOException e)
        {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Was not able to create temp file with prefix <" + prefix + ">", e);
        }
    }

    private static class InternalPluginsConfiguration implements PluginsConfiguration
    {
        private final PackageScannerConfiguration packageScannerConfiguration;
        private final HostComponentProvider hostComponentProvider;
        private final OsgiPersistentCache osgiPersistentCache;
        private final File pluginDirectory;
        private final URL bundledPluginUrl;
        private final File bundledPluginCacheDirectory;
        private final String pluginDescriptorFilename;
        private final ModuleDescriptorFactory moduleDescriptorFactory;
        private final PluginPersistentStateStore pluginStateStore;
        private final long hotDeployPollingPeriod;
        private final boolean useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer;
        private final String applicationKey;

        InternalPluginsConfiguration(final PluginsConfigurationBuilder builder)
        {
            packageScannerConfiguration = builder.packageScannerConfiguration;
            hostComponentProvider = builder.hostComponentProvider;
            osgiPersistentCache = new DefaultOsgiPersistentCache(builder.osgiPersistentCache, builder.packageScannerConfiguration.getCurrentHostVersion());
            pluginDirectory = builder.pluginDirectory;
            bundledPluginUrl = builder.bundledPluginUrl;
            bundledPluginCacheDirectory = builder.bundledPluginCacheDirectory;
            pluginDescriptorFilename = builder.pluginDescriptorFilename;
            moduleDescriptorFactory = builder.moduleDescriptorFactory;
            pluginStateStore = builder.pluginStateStore;
            hotDeployPollingPeriod = builder.hotDeployPollingPeriod;
            useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer = builder.useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer;
            applicationKey = builder.applicationKey;
        }

        public PackageScannerConfiguration getPackageScannerConfiguration()
        {
            return packageScannerConfiguration;
        }

        public HostComponentProvider getHostComponentProvider()
        {
            return hostComponentProvider;
        }

        public String getPluginDescriptorFilename()
        {
            return pluginDescriptorFilename;
        }

        public File getPluginDirectory()
        {
            return pluginDirectory;
        }

        public URL getBundledPluginUrl()
        {
            return bundledPluginUrl;
        }

        public File getBundledPluginCacheDirectory()
        {
            return bundledPluginCacheDirectory;
        }

        public ModuleDescriptorFactory getModuleDescriptorFactory()
        {
            return moduleDescriptorFactory;
        }

        public PluginPersistentStateStore getPluginStateStore()
        {
            return pluginStateStore;
        }

        public long getHotDeployPollingPeriod()
        {
            return hotDeployPollingPeriod;
        }

        public boolean isUseLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer()
        {
            return useLegacyDynamicPluginDeployer;
        }

        public String getApplicationKey()
        {
            return applicationKey;
        }

        public OsgiPersistentCache getOsgiPersistentCache()
        {
            return osgiPersistentCache;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
5 Key Spotify User Statistics to Keep on Replay
As with any online service, Spotify's true value may lie with its monthly active users. Here's a few things you should know about Spotify's user-base before you decide to invest in the streaming platform.
Updated Apr 3, 2018 1:27 PM EDT
Original: Apr 2, 2018
Now that Spotify (SPOT - Get Report) has finally had it's IPO and opened at $165.90, there are more than a few things new investors will want to keep in mind before putting money behind the music-streaming service:
Forty-four percent of Spotify's 159 million monthly active users use the service daily.
Average daily usage among those users clocks in at 49 minutes.
Seventy-two percent of users are under the age of 34.
Premium subscriptions grew 46% to 71 million in 2017.
Spotify aims for 92 to 96 million premium subscriptions by the end of 2018.
Will you be streaming the stock?
Check out more of our best videos over on YouTube:
InvestingDigital EntertainmentMusicSoftware & ServicesVideo
How the Diamond Industry Is Attracting Millennials

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Astronomers are uncovering the role of dust in creating our universe—and in helping us understand it.
Cosmic dust, which collects in galaxies in loose fogs or thick clouds, has often plagued astronomers. The tiny grains, each 10,000 times smaller than the eye of a needle, absorb light, scatter it, or change its wavelength so it's invisible to the eye. In doing so, dust steals some of the few clues we have to understand the nature of the universe.
Most of what we see in space owes its existence to a grain of dust.
It was like turning on a light in a room where astronomers had fumbled in the dark for centuries.
Unbox the universe with Greg Kestin in the latest episode of "What the Physics?!"
The next surge in science, expected to help explain some of the mysteries surrounding dusty, star-forming galaxies, will come from the James Webb Space Telescope, a massive instrument with a six-and-a-half-meter dish—a piece of highly polished metal as wide as a giraffe is tall—set to for launch in 2018. Free from the interfering atmosphere, this telescope will peer into the dusty edges of space in finer detail than any other telescope.


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
There has been tremendous interest in the excesses recently reported by both ATLAS~\cite{ATLASdiphoton} and CMS~\cite{CMS:2015dxe} in the diphoton spectrum around 750 GeV.~If this is a sign of a new resonance, the simplest explanation for the decay is through the photon field strength or dual field strength tensor.~For concreteness we will consider the dual field strength case via the dimension five operator
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{c_{\gamma\gamma}}{4\Lambda} \, \varphi\, F_{\mu\nu}\widetilde{F}^{\mu\nu},
\label{eq:photon-tensor}
\end{eqnarray}
where $F_{\mu\nu}=\partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\mu$ and $\widetilde{F}^{\mu\nu}=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F_{\rho\sigma}$.~We take $\Lambda$ to be some new mass scale associated with this operator that will cancel in all the ratios we will consider.~Our choice of operator in~\eref{photon-tensor} implies the new resonance $\varphi$ is a parity odd scalar, but our considerations largely apply if it turns out to be a parity even or CP violating scalar as well as a spin 2 resonance.

Assuming electroweak $SU(2)\times U(1)$ gauge symmetry holds in the UV, the operator in~\eref{photon-tensor} must descend from a linear combination of the operators~\cite{Low:2015qho}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{c_{W}}{4\Lambda} \, \varphi \, W^a_{\mu\nu}\widetilde{W}^{a\mu\nu} \;\;\;\; {\rm and} \;\;\;\;
\frac{c_{B}}{4\Lambda}\, \varphi\, B_{\mu\nu}\widetilde{B}^{\mu\nu} .
\label{eq:SM-tensor}
\end{eqnarray}
As has already been pointed out many times~\cite{Cai:2015bss,Harigaya:2015ezk,Mambrini:2015wyu,Nakai:2015ptz,Knapen:2015dap,Buttazzo:2015txu,Franceschini:2015kwy,Higaki:2015jag,McDermott:2015sck,Ellis:2015oso,Bellazzini:2015nxw,Low:2015qep,Gupta:2015zzs,Molinaro:2015cwg,Cao:2015pto,Matsuzaki:2015che,Kobakhidze:2015ldh,Cox:2015ckc,Curtin:2015jcv,Bian:2015kjt,Ahmed:2015uqt,Falkowski:2015swt,Bai:2015nbs,Benbrik:2015fyz,Alves:2015jgx,Cao:2015twy,Liao:2015tow,deBlas:2015hlv,Belyaev:2015hgo,Altmannshofer:2015xfo,Craig:2015lra,Cao:2015scs,Dev:2015vjd},
these operators will lead to correlated signals in $\varphi$ decays to $Z\gamma$ and $ZZ$, as well as $WW$ if $c_W$ is non-zero.~Searches for diboson resonances have been performed by ATLAS~\cite{Aad:2014fha,Aad:2015ipg,Aad:2015rka} and CMS~\cite{Khachatryan:2014gha}~placing constraints on models which can explain the diphoton resonance.

In this letter, we emphasize that the operator in~\eref{photon-tensor} \textit{alone} is enough to produce $\varphi \to 2f\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4f$ decays of the $\varphi$ resonance through virtual photons, irrespective of its UV origin.~We examine under which circumstances the virtual photon component makes up a sizable contribution, or even dominates over the $ZZ$ and $Z\gamma$ components, to these three and four body decays, with particular emphasis on the leptonic $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma~(2\ell \equiv 2e, 2\mu)$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell~(4\ell \equiv 2e2\mu, 4e, 4\mu)$ channels.

We also examine what effects cuts on the lepton invariant masses have on the relative composition of the $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$ partial widths.~Should the diphoton excess persist, then knowing the mass of $\varphi$ will allow a search for $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$ decays imposing only minimal constraints on any subset of the final states.~We take advantage of this to motivate modifying current experimental searches in the $2\ell\gamma$ and $4\ell$ channels in order to maximize the sensitivity to the virtual diphoton effects.~We also briefly discuss possibilities in the less experimentally clean decays to other SM fermions.

All of the results presented here are obtained by integration of the analytic expressions for the $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$ fully differential decay widths obtained in~\cite{Chen:2012jy,Chen:2013ejz,Chen:2014ona} to which we refer the reader for further details.

\section{Decay of $\varphi$ to  $2\ell\gamma$}
\label{sec:llgam}

If there is indeed a new particle decaying to $\gamma\gamma$, then it will also decay to $2\ell\gamma$ via a virtual photon.~The rate of this decay is strongly sensitive to the phase space cuts, particularly on the invariant mass of the lepton pair.~In particular, if an experimental analysis allows lepton pairs with an invariant mass between $M_{\rm low}$ and $M_{\rm high}$, then the ratio of partial widths gives
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\Gamma(\varphi \rightarrow \gamma^* \gamma
\rightarrow 2\ell\gamma)}{\Gamma(\varphi \rightarrow \gamma \gamma )}
\approx \frac{4\alpha}{3\pi}
\log\left(\frac{M_{\rm high}}{M_{\rm low}}\right) .
\label{eq:estimate}
\end{eqnarray}
The factor of $\alpha/\pi$ comes from the additional photon coupling, while the log comes from integrating the photon propagator over the phase space.~From this formula we see that if a search has a narrow invariant mass window around the $Z$ pole, as in the ATLAS search~\cite{Aad:2014fha} which requires $65 < M_{\ell\ell} < 120$ GeV, then the effects from virtual photons will be tiny.~On the other hand, making a search as inclusive as possible will raise the rate from virtual photons even in the absence of contributions from $Z$'s.

Of course most models that explain the diphoton excess via~\eref{photon-tensor} will also generate the $Z\gamma$ operator
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{c_{Z\gamma}}{2\Lambda}\, \varphi\, F_{\mu\nu}\widetilde{Z}^{\mu\nu} .
\end{eqnarray}
Naively, the effects from this operator should be parametrically larger than the the $\gamma^* \gamma$ operator since the $Z$ can be produced on shell.~However, the suppression is not nearly so large for two important reasons:
\begin{itemize}
\item The $Z$ coupling to leptons is suppressed relative to that of the photon.
\item Unlike the photon, there is no log enhancement when integrating the region of phase space away from the $Z$ pole.
\end{itemize}
Therefore, if the phase space cuts are very inclusive, the off-shell photon can be an important effect.

In~\fref{components} we plot the three different contributions to the process $\varphi \rightarrow 2\ell\gamma$ as a function of the ratio of couplings
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda_{Z\gamma} = c_{Z\gamma}/c_{\gamma\gamma} .
\label{eq:lambdazg}
\end{eqnarray}
We have normalized the three components of $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ to the $\varphi \to \gamma\gamma$ partial width so the ratio involving the $\gamma^*\gamma$ component (blue curve) is flat.~We plot these ratios for both ATLAS-like phase space cuts (solid) and for much more inclusive  `Full' cuts\footnote{Note that we have only considered cuts on the lepton invariant masses and not on the lepton $p_T$ or rapidity.~Since the rate is dominated by the pole structure of the vector boson propogators, this simplifications captures qualitatively the features we wish to emphasize in this study.}
with $4~\rm{GeV} < M_{\ell\ell} < 750~\rm{GeV}$ (dashed).~The lower cutoff of $4$~GeV is inspired by studies looking for similar off-shell photon effects involving the Higgs boson at 125~GeV~\cite{Gonzalez-Alonso:2014rla,Chen:2015iha,Chen:2015rha}.~We see that with these relaxed phase space cuts, the $\gamma^\ast\gamma$ component can be a few per cent of the on-shell rate because the log in \eref{estimate} is large, while with current cuts the virtual photon contribution is an order of magnitude smaller.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=0.46\textwidth]{Figures/Components.pdf}
\caption{The ratio of $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ events that come from the three underlying components:~$Z^*\gamma$ (red),~$\gamma^*\gamma$ (blue), and interference between the two (green), relative to the number of on-shell $\varphi \to \gamma\gamma$ events.~The contributions are shown as a function of $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$, the ratio of couplings defined in~\eref{lambdazg}.~We show ratios for the inclusive (Full) phase space cuts $4 < M_{\ell\ell} < 750$ GeV (dashed) as well as for ATLAS-like cuts with $65~\rm{GeV} < M_{\ell\ell} < 115~\rm{GeV}$ (solid).~The vertical grey line corresponds to Run I limits on $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ derived from~\cite{Aad:2014fha}. }
\label{fig:components}
\end{figure}

We also see in~\fref{components} that for small $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$, the $\gamma^*\gamma$ component dominates, while for large $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ the $Z^*\gamma $ component dominates as expected.~Another expected feature is that the contribution from $Z^*\gamma $ is relatively unaltered by these cuts since they both contain the Z-pole.~The interference between the two components is always small, but is significantly enhanced by the more inclusive cuts, making this effect potentially observable with a large number of $\varphi$ decays.~This type of interference also opens up the possibility of observing CP violation in the $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ three body decays as proposed for the Higgs boson~\cite{Chen:2014ona}.

From the ATLAS 8 TeV search~\cite{Aad:2014fha}, one can bound the cross section into $2\ell\gamma$, although the bound depends on how the cross section scales going from 8 to 13 TeV.~In the case of gluon initiated production, the two body decay $\varphi \to Z\gamma$ is limited to be about twice $\varphi \to \gamma\gamma$ (see for example~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy}) so we place a grey vertical line to indicate this limit.~The production mechanism could however be photon~\cite{Fichet:2015vvy,Csaki:2015vek} or quark~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy,Gao:2015igz} initiated, or perhaps some more exotic production mechanism~\cite{Cho:2015nxy,Li:2015jwd,An:2015cgp,Bernon:2015abk,Liu:2015yec}.~Therefore, we show results for even larger values of $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ due to this uncertainty.

The central observation of this study is that the invariant mass spectrum of the lepton pair (rather than the full $\ell\ell\gamma$ system) contains significant information on the couplings of the new resonance to gauge bosons.~In Fig.~\ref{fig:Mlldist} we plot the normalized invariant mass distributions for two extreme values (10 and 0.1) of the ratio of couplings $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:lambdazg}).~We also show the two simple cases of $c_W = 0$ (red) and $c_B = 0$ (green) using the $SU(2)\times U(1)$ operators in Eq.~\eqref{eq:SM-tensor}. These predict $\lambda_{Z\gamma} = \sqrt{2} \tan\theta_W\approx 0.8$ and $\lambda_{Z\gamma} = \sqrt{2}\cot\theta_W\approx 2.6$ respectively~\cite{Low:2015qho}, where $\theta_W$ is the Weinberg angle.~Unsurprisingly, we see that larger values of $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ raises the height of the peak around the $Z$ pole, while lower values raises the value at low $M_{\ell\ell}$.~A perhaps more unexpected feature, is that for low values of the ratio there are also more events at high $M_{\ell\ell}$ above the $Z$ peak.~This comes from the fact that the distributions are normalized so the peak is not as large.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{Figures/LogMlldistV2.pdf}
\caption{Normalized (over $4< M_{\ell\ell}<750$ GeV) lepton pair invariant mass distribution shown for two extreme values 10 (orange) and 0.1 (blue) of the ratio of couplings $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:lambdazg}).~We also show the two simple cases of $c_W = 0$ (red) and $c_B = 0$ (green) if the $\varphi Z\gamma$ and $\varphi \gamma\gamma$ operators descend from the $SU(2)\times U(1)$ invariant operators in~\eref{SM-tensor}.~See text for more information.}
\label{fig:Mlldist}
\end{figure}

We can exploit the fact that the virtual photon and $Z$ have very different distributions in the invariant mass of the lepton pair to make a crude but very simple measurement of $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$.~The idea is to simply take the fraction of events that have leptons near the $Z$ pole:
\begin{eqnarray}
R_Z(\Delta) = \frac{N(M_Z + \Delta > M_{\ell\ell} > M_Z - \Delta) }{{\rm total \; number \; of \; events}},
\label{eq:Rz}
\end{eqnarray}
where the total number of events is defined by the inclusive phase space cuts $4~\rm{GeV} < M_{\ell\ell} < 750$~GeV.~As can be seen in~\fref{zgamlambda}, $R_Z$ is strongly dependent on $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$.~We plot various different values of the mass window $\Delta$, and we see that for $\lambda_{Z\gamma} \lesssim 0.7$, the slope of the curve is large and this variable becomes quite sensitive.~For larger couplings, the virtual photon contribution to this channel becomes subdominant and this observable becomes less sensitive.~In this case, however, the total rate of $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ events will be larger so a more statistically precise measurement will be possible.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figures/Rz.pdf}
\caption{$R_Z(\Delta)$, the fraction of events near the $Z$ pole defined in~\eref{Rz} as a function of $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$, the ratio of couplings defined in~\eref{lambdazg}.~We plot $\Delta = 2.5,\;10,\;30,\;50$ GeV going from bottom to top.~The total phase space is defined via the cuts $4~\rm{GeV} < M_{\ell\ell} < 750$ GeV shown at the top.~Again, we also show the limit (vertical line) from $Z\gamma$ searches~\cite{Aad:2014fha} at 8 TeV.}
\label{fig:zgamlambda}
\end{figure}

One could imagine varying $\Delta$ in an experimental analysis to get more information about this coupling ratio.~Taking this to the extreme and using the full phase space information contained in the differential mass distribution event by event would allow for even better measurements.~Of course using a so-called matrix element method where the likelihood is constructed from the fully differential decay width using all observables in $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ uses the maximum amount of information.~Furthermore, at 750~GeV these kinematic observables may be more discriminating than was found for a 125~GeV Higgs boson~\cite{Gainer:2011aa} decaying to $2\ell\gamma$.~However, we leave a fully differential analysis utilizing all observables in $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ using the framework of~\cite{Chen:2012jy,Chen:2013ejz,Chen:2014ona,Chen:2014pia} to ongoing work~\cite{followup}.

Finally, we briefly comment on backgrounds.~The dominant background around 750 GeV in the current search~\cite{Aad:2014fha} comes from genuine $2\ell\gamma$, while a jet faking a photon is the second most important but highly subdominant.~The dominant background has been calculated very precisely in both the $q\bar{q}$ and $gg$ initial states~\cite{Ametller:1985di,vanderBij:1988fb,Ohnemus:1992jn,Baur:1997kz,DeFlorian:2000sg,Adamson:2002rm,Hollik:2004tm,Accomando:2005ra,Campbell:2011bn,Hamilton:2012np,Grazzini:2013bna,Barze:2014zba,Denner:2014bna,Grazzini:2015nwa}.~A crude estimate using tree-level Madgraph~\cite{Alwall:2014hca} simulation finds that opening the lepton invariant mass cut from being just around the $Z$ pole to simply requiring $M_{\ell\ell} > 4$ GeV roughly doubles the background.~This should also give a reasonable estimate for the fake photon background because the underlying process is $Z^{(*)}/\gamma^{(*)}$ + jets, so the invariant mass distribution when a photon is replaced with a jet should be similar.~Ultimately, the background is smooth and rapidly falling in the center of mass energy, allowing for good background discrimination with a simple side-band analysis.~Therefore, we do not expect relaxing the cuts on the lepton pair invariant mass to be an obstruction for enhancing the virtual diphoton signal.

\section{Decays to four leptons}

We now turn to $\varphi \rightarrow 4\ell$ four body decays where again $4\ell = 2e2\mu, 4e, 4\mu$.~In this case the operator
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{c_{ZZ}}{4\Lambda}\, \varphi \,Z_{\mu\nu}\widetilde{Z}^{\mu\nu}
\end{eqnarray}
will also contribute and is naively the dominant effect due to the fact that both $Z$ bosons can be on-shell at $750$~GeV.~There are however, still contributions from the $c_{\gamma\gamma}$ and $c_{Z\gamma}$ operators studied in the previous section.~If these operators descend only from the $SU(2)\times U(1)$ invariant operators of~\eref{SM-tensor}, then there are only two unknowns and the system is over-constrained.~Therefore, measuring the contribution of all three operators is a non-trivial test of the SM gauge symmetry at the scale of the mass of the new resonance.~While the $\varphi \to 4\ell$ rate alone is not enough to measure all three operators, a fully differential analysis may be able to determine all three in a single channel~\cite{followup}, but we do not explore this here.

The current best limits for decays to $ZZ$ in Run I come from the $\ell \bar\ell q\bar{q}$ channel~\cite{Aad:2015ipg} from which one can extract that the $\varphi$ decay to $ZZ$ is at most a factor of six bigger than the rate to $\gamma\gamma$~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy} assuming that $\varphi$ is produced from gluon initial states.~This channel has a significantly higher branching ratio than the $4\ell$ channel, but suffers from a worse signal to background ratio.~Therefore, this search requires that both pairs of objects are roughly on the $Z$ pole.~There is also a search for decays to four leptons~\cite{Aad:2015rka} which has a significantly smaller rate, but is experimentally much cleaner.~In this search, there is also a requirement that one lepton pair invariant mass be between 50 and 120 GeV while the second is required to be between 12 and 120 GeV.~This not only reduces the total signal rate, but also the relative size of any non-$ZZ$ contribution to $\varphi \to 4\ell$, analogous to the three body case of $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ described above.

Here we will study ratios of partial widths involving $\varphi \rightarrow 4\ell$ in the two dimensional parameter space of $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ defined in~\eref{lambdazg} and a second ratio of couplings,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:lamZZ}
\lambda_{ZZ} = c_{ZZ}/c_{\gamma\gamma}.
\end{eqnarray}
The kinematics of $\varphi \rightarrow 4\ell$ are more complicated than $2\ell\gamma$ and have been studied at length in the context of a heavy Higgs decay (see for example~\cite{Soni:1993jc,Barger:1993wt,Choi:2002jk,Buszello:2002uu,Gao:2010qx}).~Although there are multiple angular observables which contain useful information, in this simplified study we focus on the information contained in the two invariant mass distributions of the lepton pairs.~In particular, as with our study of $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$, we examine how the $\varphi \to 4\ell$ rate as well as its composition in terms of the $Z Z, Z \gamma^\ast$, and $\gamma^\ast\gamma^\ast$ components is affected by phase space cuts on the invariant mass of the lepton pairs.

We label the lepton pair invariant masses $M_1$ and $M_2$ and define $M_1 > M_2$ following the conventions and definitions in~\cite{Chen:2012jy,Chen:2013ejz}.~Since we are considering only rates, the difference between the $2e2\mu$ and $4e/4\mu$ channels due to identical final state interference is negligible.~However, as pointed out in~\cite{Chen:2015iha}, these identical final state effects can greatly influence event selection and these channels should be treated separately in a more complete fully differential likelihood analysis~\cite{Chen:2013ejz,Chen:2014gka,Chen:2014pia,Chen:2015iha}.~Since these subtleties are not relevant for current purposes, we simply study the $2e2\mu$ channel and multiply by a factor of two to include $4e$ and $4\mu$.

We first consider the ratio of the $\varphi\rightarrow 4\ell$ rate to the $\varphi\rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ decay rate as shown~\fref{4lrate}.~As with the Higgs boson at 125~GeV, this ratio will not be very large, but this is compensated by the very high precision with which it can be measured~\cite{Djouadi:2015aba}.~Depending on the coupling ratios, the $\varphi\rightarrow 4\ell$ rate will not be bigger than $\mathcal{O}(2-3\%)$ of the $\varphi\rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ rate for coupling ratios which are still allowed by $\varphi \rightarrow ZZ$ and $\varphi \rightarrow Z\gamma$ direct searches~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy}.~This happens to be roughly the same as for the 125~GeV Higgs boson where this ratio is $\sim 2.5\%$~\cite{Dittmaier:2011ti,Heinemeyer:2013tqa}.~As the Higgs boson was discovered in both $h\to \gamma\gamma$ and $h\to 4\ell$~\cite{Chatrchyan:2012xdj,Aad:2012tfa}, this gives some hope that if the $750$~GeV diphoton excess persists, a signal in $\varphi \to 4\ell$ may also be observable soon.

From~\fref{4lrate}, we also see that the rate can be enhanced by going to more inclusive phase space cuts: $4 < M_{1,2} < 750$ GeV, compared to those used by the ATLAS search~\cite{Aad:2015ipg} which requires $50 < M_1 < 120$ GeV and $12 < M_2 < 120$~GeV.~The effect is largest when $\lambda_{ZZ} \ll 1$ since in this case the $Z\gamma^\ast$ and $\gamma^\ast\gamma^\ast$ components make up a larger fraction of $\varphi \to 4\ell$.~Thus phase space cuts have a larger effect compared to when $ZZ$ dominates, since in that case both $Z$ bosons can be on-shell in either the more inclusive or the ATLAS-like cuts.~We again show values of $\lambda_{ZZ}$ and $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ larger than allowed by $\varphi \to ZZ$ and $\varphi \to Z\gamma$ searches~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy} due to the various assumptions which go into these limits as discussed above.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figures/R4loAALamZALamZZ.pdf}
\caption{Contours for the ratio of the rate of $\varphi\rightarrow 4\ell$ ($4\ell \equiv 2e2\mu + 4e + 4\mu$) over the rate of $\varphi\rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ in the plane of coupling ratios $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ and $\lambda_{ZZ}$ defined in~\eref{lambdazg} and~\eref{lamZZ}, respectively.~We show inclusive phase space cuts $4 < M_{1,2} < 750$~GeV (dashed orange) as well as ATLAS-like cuts~\cite{Aad:2015ipg} with $50 < M_1 < 120$~GeV and $12 < M_2 < 120$~GeV (solid blue).~We also put the limits on the coupling ratios coming from $\varphi \to ZZ$ and $\varphi \to Z\gamma$ searches assuming $\varphi$ is produced from gluon initial states as in~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy}.  }
\label{fig:4lrate}
\end{figure}

In~\fref{4lcomponents} we show the relative contribution of the naively subdominant components to $\varphi\rightarrow 4\ell$, namely those arising from $Z\gamma^\ast$ (blue) and $\gamma^\ast\gamma^\ast$ (orange).~Again we see that expanding the phase space cuts gives significantly more sensitivity to these components than current ATLAS cuts.~The absolute size of the $ZZ$ component is relatively unaffected when $\lambda_{ZZ} \gtrsim 1$ and $\lambda_{Z\gamma} \ll 1$ as can also be inferred from~\fref{4lrate} because the inclusive and ATLAS cut contours become very similar in that region.~We also see in~\fref{4lcomponents} that the $Z\gamma^\ast$ component dominates when $\lambda_{ZZ} \ll 1, \lambda_{Z\gamma} \gtrsim 1$, and that the $\gamma^\ast\gamma^\ast$ dominates when $\lambda_{ZZ} \ll 1, \lambda_{Z\gamma} \ll 1$.~Finally, we note the sharply rising slope for the size of the $\gamma^\ast\gamma^\ast$ component when $\lambda_{ZZ} \lesssim 0.3$ and $\lambda_{Z\gamma} \lesssim 0.5$, indicating a strong sensitivity in this regime.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figures/RVVo4lLamZALamZZ.pdf}
\caption{Contours for the fraction of $2e2\mu$ events that come from $Z\gamma^\ast$ (blue) and $\gamma^\ast\gamma^\ast$ (orange) in the plane of coupling ratios $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ and $\lambda_{ZZ}$ defined in~\eref{lambdazg} and~\eref{lamZZ}, respectively.~Again the dashed lines correspond to inclusive phase space cuts while the the solid lines correspond to the phase space cuts used in the ATLAS search~\cite{Aad:2015ipg} as defined in figure.~We also show limits on the coupling ratios assuming $\varphi$ is produced from gluon initial states as in~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy}.  }
\label{fig:4lcomponents}
\end{figure}

We again propose a simple way to measure $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ and $\lambda_{ZZ}$ analogous to the one from the previous section for $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$.~Namely we define a similar ratio
\begin{eqnarray}
R_{ZZ}(\Delta_{i}) = \frac{N(M_Z + \Delta_{1,2} > M_{1,2} > M_Z - \Delta_{1,2}) }{{\rm total \; number \; of \; events}}.
\label{eq:rzz}
\end{eqnarray}
where again the total number of events is defined by the inclusive phase space with $4 < M_{1,2} < 750$~GeV.~We show contours of $R_{ZZ}$ in~\fref{rzz} where we see that it is very sensitive to
$\lambda_{ZZ}$ for $\lambda_{ZZ} \lesssim 1$ while less sensitive to $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$.~The stronger sensitivity to $\lambda_{ZZ}$ can be understood from the pole structure of the two $Z$ bosons which can both be on-shell at 750~GeV.~Again we also see the benefits of using more inclusive cuts to enhance the non-ZZ components.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figures/Rz4l.pdf}
\caption{Contours of $R_{ZZ}$ as defined in~\eref{rzz} in the plane of coupling ratios $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ and $\lambda_{ZZ}$ defined in~\eref{lambdazg} and~\eref{lamZZ} respectively.~We show $R_{ZZ}$ for $\Delta_1=\Delta_2=5$ GeV (blue solid) and $\Delta_2 = 5$ GeV with $4 < M_{1} < 750$~GeV (dashed orange).~We also show the limits on the coupling ratios assuming $\varphi$ is produced from gluon initial states as in~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy}.  }
\label{fig:rzz}
\end{figure}

We have not discussed interference between the different intermediate states since it has a negligible effect on the rates.~However, in a fully differential analysis where shape information is used, these interference effects can potentially be important.~In particular, as has been shown in many studies of the Higgs boson, these interference effects would give us access to the CP properties of $\varphi$ and to potential CP violating effects.~An investigation of these interesting possibilities using the framework of~\cite{Chen:2012jy,Chen:2013ejz,Chen:2014ona,Chen:2014pia} is ongoing~\cite{followup}.

In an experimental analysis, backgrounds must of course be taken into account, but, as with Higgs decays to four leptons, the background is very small.~The dominant source of background is quark initiated $ZZ$ production, with the one-loop gluon process also contributing, but again is very subdominant~\cite{Aad:2015rka}.~As far as we know, there are no higher order calculations of these backgrounds, but that is partially because they are quite small.~As with the $2\ell\gamma$ case, enlarging the mass window from the current searches will increase the background, but it will still be small and smooth, so a sideband analyses can again be used.~Of course using a fully differential likelihood analysis would increase the ability to discriminate signal from background further~\cite{Gainer:2011xz}, but we do not investigate this possibility here.~For present purposes we have simply used naive estimates to ensure that the dominant background can easily be controlled.

\section{Non-leptonic and Exotic Decays}

If the diphoton excess proves to be more than a statistical fluctuation and indeed due to a new scalar $\varphi$, we will want to search for $\varphi$ decays in as many channels as possible, not just the experimentally clean ones with leptons.~Furthermore, our considerations of the virtual diphoton contributions to $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$ also apply when one considers other charged fermions in the SM, though of course experimentally these channels are much less cleanly measured.~While the branching ratios and couplings of the $Z$ and photon are well measured, looking for decays in $\varphi \to 2f\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 2f2f'$ is an important test to see if there is other new physics or couplings of $\varphi$ to SM fermions.

In~\fref{ffgam} we consider the $\varphi \to V\gamma \to 2f\gamma$ (where $V = Z, \gamma^\ast$) partial width normalized to $\varphi \rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ for the various light SM fermions.~We see that for small $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ the leptons (solid red) dominate.~By comparing the solid red curve, which is the full $\varphi \to 2\ell \gamma$ decay width, to the dashed red curve which is only the on-shell $Z\gamma$ mediated $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ width, we see that the low $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ behavior is dominated by photon contributions.~This explains why the leptons are the largest contribution at small $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$, since they have larger electric charge than SM quarks.~At larger $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$, decays with quarks and neutrinos become more important.~While these are experimentally more difficult, kinematic shape information can perhaps be used to uncover the signal from the background, though we do not explore this issue here.~We also note that if one imposes the $\varphi \to Z\gamma$ limit (vertical line) derived from~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy}, this implies a limit on $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ ($\ell = e, \mu, \tau$) and $\varphi \to 2q\gamma$ ($q = u, d, c, s, b$) of $\sim 40\%$ and $\sim 90\%$ of the $\gamma\gamma$ rate, respectively.~ Of course, all the caveats discussed above about the production mechanism still apply.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figures/R2foAAvLamZA.pdf}
\caption{The ratio of the $\varphi \to 2f\gamma$ partial width relative to $\varphi \to \gamma\gamma$.~This is plotted as a function of the ratio $\lambda_{Z\gamma}$ defined in~\eref{lambdazg}.~We plot $f$ to be leptons (solid red), light quarks (dashed blue), and neutrinos (dashed green).~The on-shell $Z\gamma$ contribution times branching ratio into leptons (dashed red) is shown for comparison.~We also show the limit (vertical line) obtained from $Z\gamma$ searches~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy} at 8 TeV. }
\label{fig:ffgam}
\end{figure}

For the case of four fermion decays, there are many more possibilities including $\ell\ell\nu\nu$ and $\ell\ell q \bar{q}$ which are also experimentally challenging.~They are expected however to have much larger rates than $\varphi \to 4\ell$ in much of the parameter space, particularly when the $\varphi\gamma\gamma$ coupling is not parametrically larger than for $Z\gamma$ and $ZZ$.~One can also consider $WW$ decays to $\ell\nu\ell\nu$ or other channels.~While the computations utilized in this work can be extended to these cases as well, the experimental analyses become more difficult and backgrounds have to be treated more carefully.~If the resonance at 750 GeV turns out to be genuine new physics, fully understanding all these channels will be crucial to characterizing the new state and any theory it might be associated with.

Finally, we note that the simplified analysis presented here is also useful if the new physics is not one simple resonance decaying to diphoton but is instead multiple resonances~\cite{Franceschini:2015kwy,Potter:2016psi}, not a resonance~\cite{Cho:2015nxy,Li:2015jwd,An:2015cgp,Bernon:2015abk,Liu:2015yec}, or a resonance that decays through a cascade~\cite{Knapen:2015dap,Falkowski:2015swt,Agrawal:2015dbf,Chang:2015sdy,Chala:2015cev}.~Each of these kinds of models has different predictions for both the correlated searches via $Z\gamma$ and $ZZ$ as well as with virtual photons.~Furthermore, the improved signal to background ratio, particularly in the case of four leptons, will allow a more precise measurement of the line-shape allowing discrimination of many possibilities.~Should the excess persist, an exploration of these cases would also be interesting.

\section{Conclusions and Outlook}
\label{sec:conclution}

In this work, we interpret the excess observed by ATLAS and CMS in the diphoton spectra around 750 GeV to be indicative of a new scalar resonance $\varphi$ decaying to photons.~We show in particular that the effective operator responsible for the $\varphi \to \gamma\gamma$ decay will also lead to a signal in $\varphi \to 2f\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 2f2f'$ (where $f$ is a SM fermion) decays independently of the effective couplings of $\varphi$ to $Z\gamma$ and $ZZ$.~We have focused in particular on the leptonic $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$ channels ($\ell = e, \mu$).~Depending on the relative sizes of these effective couplings, we show that the virtual diphoton component can make up a sizable, and sometimes dominant, contribution to the total $\varphi \to 2\ell \gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$ partial widths.

We have also explored the effects that phase space cuts on the invariant mass of the lepton pairs have on the total rates and composition of $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$.~We have emphasized the contribution from virtual photons and pointed out that current experimental searches should be modified in order to enhance the sensitivity to these virtual photon effects.~We find that a more inclusive phase space cut (while still requiring the full system to be at the resonance mass) would allow an increased signal rate and larger contributions from all components of $\varphi \to 2\ell \gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$.~The virtual photon contributions in particular can be increased by an order of magnitude.~This allows us to study $\varphi$ in more detail while still keeping the backgrounds under control.

Finally, we have used a simple cut and count method with ratios of partial widths to assess the potential sensitivity of $\varphi \to 2\ell\gamma$ and $\varphi \to 4\ell$ to ratios of effective couplings between $\varphi$ and $ZZ$, $Z\gamma$, and $\gamma\gamma$.~We find particularly strong sensitivity when the effective coupling of $\varphi$ to $\gamma\gamma$ is larger than to $Z\gamma$ or $ZZ$.~A full analysis taking advantage of all the final state kinematics can reveal more about the nature of the resonance, but we have left this to ongoing work.~We have also briefly discussed non-leptonic channels and potential applications of our analysis methods to more exotic possibilities for explaining the diphoton excess.~Should the excess persist, the methods utilized and discussed here will prove useful for ascertaining the nature of the putative new resonance.

\vspace{.3in}

{\bf Acknowledgments:}~We would like to thank Yi Chen, Jose Santiago, and Jorge de Blas for useful conversations.~R.V.M.~is supported by MINECO, under grant number FPA2013-47836-C3-2-P.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: How to upload package with dependencies to my PPA? I made a package for my PPA and uploaded it. It built without any problems.
Then I made another package that depended on the first and uploaded it. It failed because it couldn't find the files in the first package. This leads me to believe that the first package wasn't even installed.
How can I make sure the first package is installed before it tries to build the second package?
The control file for the first package (libjsoncpp):

Source: jsoncpp
Priority: extra
Maintainer: Nathan Osman
Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 7)
Standards-Version: 3.8.3
Section: libs
Homepage: http://jsoncpp.sf.net

Package: jsoncpp-dev
Section: libdevel
Architecture: any
Depends: libjsoncpp (= ${binary:Version})
Description: JSON parsing library for C++
 jsoncpp is a C++ library that makes it easy to
 read / write JSON data.
 .
 This package contains the development tools necessary
 to create applications that use jsoncpp.

Package: libjsoncpp
Section: libs
Architecture: any
Depends: ${shlibs:Depends}, ${misc:Depends}
Description: JSON parsing library for C++
 jsoncpp is a C++ library that makes it easy to
 read / write JSON data.

The control file for the second (libsopp):

Source: sopp
Priority: extra
Maintainer: Nathan Osman
Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 7)
Standards-Version: 3.8.3
Section: libs
Homepage: http://stackoverflow.quickmediasolutions.com

Package: sopp-dev
Section: libdevel
Architecture: any
Depends: libsopp (= ${binary:Version}), jsoncpp-dev
Description: A C++ library for interfacing with StackExchange sites.
 so++ is a C++ library that wraps the functionality of the StackOverflow
 API. It provides access to all of the StackExchange sites.
 .
 This package contains the development files necessary to write software
 that uses so++.

Package: libsopp
Section: libs
Architecture: any
Depends: ${shlibs:Depends}, ${misc:Depends}, libjsoncpp
Description: A C++ library for interfacing with StackExchange sites.
 so++ is a C++ library that wraps the functionality of the StackOverflow
 API. It provides access to all of the StackExchange sites.

A: Your second package (sopp) needs to specify that it needs the first to build; the dependency you have specified (with Depends:) will only handle installation.
To add a build dependency, add this to the top (Source:) section of your control file:
Build-Depends: jsoncpp-dev
You should then be able to drop jsoncpp from the Depends line, as the shlibs:Depends macro should work that out itself.

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LS-115509 is an opioid analgesic related to the 4-phenylpiperidine family. It is comparable to drugs such as prodine and pheneridine, but is distinguished by the presence of an ether group and furan ring at the piperidine 4-position, which are not found in other drugs of this class. In animal studies, it has around 2-3x the potency of morphine depending on what assay is used. Like prodine, it has two stereocenters and four possible enantiomers, but the activity of these has not been tested separately.

See also
 PEPAP

References

Synthetic opioids
Piperidines
Ethers
Mu-opioid receptor agonists

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A dangerous fugitive eludes authorities in Northern California.
Defining Characteristics: Has the letters "Jr" tattooed on his upper-left arm and the letters "AL" tattooed on his upper-right arm.
The south side of Milwaukee was home to a gang of drug dealers known as the Lopez Family. They owned seven houses in a two-block radius and used the location as headquarters for their drug empire. Anyone who got in their way had to face Arthur, the Lopez family's hit man. When a rival gang called the Latin Kings tried to move in on their territory, a turf war erupted.
Authorities believe that around 4:30 pm, Arthur Lopez Jr. was alerted with the code. He put on a mask, hopped on a bike, and pedaled toward his unsuspecting target. Carlos was hit by eight bullets and died instantly in his car.
Authorities used Arturo's taped phone calls from jail and eyewitness testimony of the shooting to obtain arrest warrants for Arthur and the rest of the Lopez family. A task force moved in to put the Lopez gang out of business for good. With a warrant secured, the police raided the homes of the Lopez family, seizing large stashes of guns, drugs, and cash. Eight people were arrested, finally ending the family's crime wave.
Arthur Lopez Jr. has finally been captured and convicted and sent to prison.
Watch this case now on Amazon Prime in season twelve with Robert Stack and in season six with Dennis Farina. Also available on YouTube with Dennis Farina. Various seasons available now on Hulu.
Vanessa was in on it. Not an "innocent bystander".
"I" THINK SHE WAS USED TO STEAL THE GOLF CLUB FOR SOMEONE ELSE & THEY KILLED HER WITH IT BUT IT WAS RETURNED! WHY DIDN'T THEY GET IN TO THE HOME AND "KILL" US ALL? THEY WERE HOPING "I" ANSWER THE FRONT DOOR! SPITTING "IMAGE" OF DADAE!
after the fall of Lopez Family…so the rise of other…it never ends…history will only repeat itself..


text:
World Hemangioblastoma Market Estimation Of Top Key Players Shares, Revenue, Analysis And Forecasts Till 2023
Posted by Depp Gaikwad·Nov 28
Market Scenario
The global hemangioblastoma market is expected to grow at the rate of 6.1% during the forecast period (2018–2023)
Hemangioblastoma is a type of brain tumor, it is rare and slow growing disease. Uncontrolled growth occurs in the cell linings of blood vessels and it leads to a tumor. The disease-causing factor is unknown, but it is more likely to affect people with von Hippel-Lindau disease history or it can be sporadically. The growing awareness about cancer, increasing number of tumor surgeries, growing demand for advanced therapies and increasing healthcare expenditure are expected to drive the growth of the market. According to National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Library of Medicine, 80% cases of hemangioblastoma are sporadic, whereas 20 to 25% develop in the context of Von Hippel–Lindau disease and it accounts for 7 to 10% of total brain tumor cases.
The rising cost of tumor treatment and scarcity of experts may hamper the growth of the market during the assessment period.
Browse Sample of the Report @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/6404
The global hemangioblastoma market has been segmented on the basis of tumor site, diagnosis, and treatment.
On the basis of tumor site, the market has been classified as brain tumor, spinal cord tumor, and retinal tumor. The diagnosis segment has been classified as CT scan, MRI scan, and angiogram.
The market, by treatment, has been segmented into surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroids, and anticonvulsants. Radiotherapy segment has been classified into Conformal radiotherapy, Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), Stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery. Corticosteroid segment has been further divided into hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and prednisolone. anticonvulsants segment has been further divided into carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenytoin, and sodium valproate.
The market has been segmented, by region, into the Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East & Africa. The hemangioblastoma market in the Americas has further been segmented into North America and South America, with the North American market divided into the US and Canada.
The European hemangioblastoma market has been segmented into Western Europe and Eastern Europe. Western Europe has further been classified as Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Spain, and the rest of Western Europe.
The hemangioblastoma market in Asia-Pacific has been segmented into Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, and the rest of Asia-Pacific. The hemangioblastoma market in the Middle East & Africa has been segmented into the Middle East and Africa.
Regional Market Summary
The Americas are likely to dominate the global hemangioblastoma market owing to the adoption of highly advanced technology, the presence of a well-established healthcare system, rising prevalence of cancer, and increasing healthcare expenditure. According to the National cancer institute, in 2016, 15.5 million cancer cases were found in united states, and it is expected to reach 20.3 million by 2016. Also, the expenditure on cancer care in 2017 was 147.3 billion.
The European market is expected to be the second-largest hemangioblastoma market share. The market growth in this region can be attributed to government funding and support of the healthcare sector and increasing cancer cases in the region. According to the European Commission, in 2016, The European nations (EU28), total expenditure of general governments on 'healthcare' amounted to 7.1 % of GDP and it was around USD1000 billion.
Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing hemangioblastoma market during the forecast period owing to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, government support, rising investments in healthcare and presence of huge population. According to the World Economic Forum, in 2017, more than 55% of deaths occurred due to chronic and non-communicable diseases, which is more than 8 million and out of this one-third, people were below 60years.
The market in the Middle East & Africa is expected to account for the smallest share of the global hemangioblastoma market due to an underdeveloped healthcare sector, lack of technical knowledge, and poor medical facilities.
Some of the key players in the global hemangioblastoma market are Eli Lilly and Company, Bedford Laboratories, Astellas US Holding, Inc., DNAtrix, Inc., Advantagene, Inc., Burzynski Research Institute, Inc., Direct Therapeutics, Inc., Cellectar Biosciences, Inc., and others.
FOR MORE DETAILS – https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/hemangioblastoma-market-6404
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Q: Positive LookBehind for Javascript Could use some help here. I have dug around and having trouble locating a string due to the special characters I have to pass through.
Trying to capture any number that would be where the "258" is the following string:
".value), 258, '0')"
The below is what I am looking for as the string I want to capture can be many digits longs and only digits 0-9.
(?<=value\), )(.*)(?=\,)

Any alternatives would be helpful as Positive LookBehind for Javascript is not supported any longer  :(

A: You can use capturing groups and then extract the one that has 258 in it like so:

let regex = /(value\), )(\d*)/;
let string = ".value), 258, '0')";
let output = regex.exec(string);
console.log(output[2])

//output[0] is the whole match
//output[1] is the first capture group: "value), "
//output[2] is the second capture group: "258"

A:

str = ".value), 258, '0')"
match = /value\), (\d+),/.exec(str)

if (match) console.log(match[1]);

A: You could match .value),  with \.value\), and then capture one or more digits in a capturing group with (\d+).
This will be the first capturing group and in the example will be matches[1]
If this must be followed by a comma, you could use a positive lookahead (?=,) (You don't have to escape the comma) or instead of the lookahead match what comes after the captured group like , or , '0'\)
\.value\), (\d+)(?=,)
For example:

var pattern = /\.value\), (\d+)(?=,)/;
var str = ".value), 258, '0')";
matches = str.match(pattern);
console.log(matches[1]);


If you have been following @deployant on Instagram, you would have noticed that we recently started the #SpringDriveSunday hashtag that was well-received by Seikoholics from around the world. We ran a mini Instagram contest and gave away a Spring Drive lapel pin to a reader in Australia. It doesn't end here, we will be having ongoing contests along the way and yes indeed this shows our little obsession towards the very radical, "hybrid" system of the Spring Drive caliber.
And for a Spring Drive caliber fanatic like ourselves, perhaps the most befitting Grand Seiko would be the 10th Anniversary Limited Edition models that were first introduced in the year 2014.
The SBGA111 is one of the two LE models made to commemorate the movement's 10th anniversary. Watch pictured here is on author's own croc-leather strap.
The year 2014 marks the 10th anniversary of the 9R Spring Drive caliber. The self-winding movement was first introduced in the year 2004 by Seiko, designed and made in-house, after a long-time (27 years to be exact) vision of Seiko engineer Yoshikazu Akahane who started working on the "hybrid" concept in 1977.
Both the SBGA111 and the SBGA109 were introduced together as part of the 10th Anniversary edition, with the SBGA111 in a stainless steel case and the SBGA109 in a titanium case. Although at first glance they may look indistinguishable, but upon comparison they are significantly different. In fact, only some components of the watches are identical, i.e. the hands, hour markers and the power reserve indicator.
The SBGA109 (belonging to the author's friend) vs the SBGA111. How many differences can you spot?
The 10th anniversary duo that is extremely hard to photograph under strong sunlight. Left: SBGA109. Right: SBGA111.
Nicknamed "tatami mat" by Seikoholics, the dial design on these pieces would be the core characteristic to identify the 10th anniversary edition from all other Grand Seikos.
The dial is made up of many pressed "+" symbol, which is Japanese kanji for the number "ten", a suited symbol to commemorate the 10th year. Between the "+" there are tiny "GS" motif embossed on the first and the last thirds of the dial. The hidden surprise on the dial would be the Seikosha lion lurking just below the 10 minute marker, and once again making reference to commemorate the 10th anniversary.
A close-up at the Seikosha lion that sits at the 10 minute marker. Also evident in this photo are the blade-like Zaratsu polished hands.
The power reserve indicator features a blue hand that matches that of the smooth, gliding seconds hand. At the rehaut, there is engraving that states "Caliber 9R 10th Anniversary Since 2004", and these are the only Grand Seikos with such engraving, which makes them even more special.
As are all Grand Seikos, the finishing is done Zaratsu method, also known as blade or black polishing, made by carefully applying a rotating tin plate against the metal at a very precise angle. The result of Zaratsu polishing is distortion-free reflections that are visible even in low light conditions.
The 12, 6 and 9 hour markers in these editions are rectangular in baton shape instead, similar to the SARB series "Kit Kat" hour makers (as nicknamed by Seikoholics), rather than trapezoid-shaped ones used on the Grand Seiko Snowflake.
The case on the SBGA109 uses Seiko's "Bright Titanium" alloy which has lightweight properties, but known to be 1.5 times harder and more "wear resistant" than stainless steel.
The hands keeping in character with the Grand Seiko fashion, are the black-polished dauphine hands which both pieces share in identical.
The familiar "GS" signed crown.
The movement used in the SBGA111 is the 9R65, which has an accuracy of -/+ 1 sec per day.
On the SBGA109, the movement used is the more superior 9R15, which comes with a decorated rotor with the solid 18k gold medallion right in the middle of the rotor, increasing its weight for rotation. It is tested for accuracy at +/- 0.5 sec per day, thanks to the use of the specially selected Seiko lab-grown quartz crystal.
The caseback comparison between the two models. Left: SBGA109 with the 9R15 movement. Right: SBGA111 with a covered caseback.
The SBGA111 features a closed caseback with the Grand Seiko Lion of Seikosha medallion that is full of vintage vibes. The author's piece as pictured is numbered 0133 out of 1,500 pieces.
The watches are water resistant of up to 10bar (100m).
The SBGA111 is a majestic one on the author's wrist, be it on its original bracelet or on the matching blue croc-leather. However, as eye-catching as they may be, Grand Seiko pieces are still often underrated for what they are worth. Perhaps it could be due to the legacy of the old "Seiko" logo on the dial, but things are definitely changing now.
Both are likely to be sold out from authorised dealers in Japan, but if you are tenacious, you will still be able to hunt for either in the secondary market ranging from USD3,000 to 7,000 depending on its general condition.
A special mention of thanks to the author's friend for providing the SBGA109 as a comparison for our review.


text:
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Brazil's military blocked arrests of Bolsonaro rioters, officials say
ByNews Polite January 14, 2023
BRASÍLIA — As security forces cleared supporters of defeated former president Jair Bolsonaro from Brazil's Congress, presidential palace and Supreme Court last Sunday, the insurrectionists retreated to a place they had made their sanctuary: the lawn outside the national headquarters of the army.
The bolsonaristas had camped on the sprawling green space since the right-wing leader's October election loss to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. They, like Bolsonaro himself, refused to recognize Lula's victory, even after the leftist was sworn in Jan. 1. For weeks, they had called on the military to stage a coup to keep Bolsonaro in power.
It was an idea that observers in and out of Brazil saw as far-fetched. But when top Lula administration officials arrived at the army headquarters Sunday night with the aim of securing the detention of insurrectionists at the camp, they were confronted with tanks and three lines of military personnel.
"You are not going to arrest people here," Brazil's senior army commander, Gen. Júlio César de Arruda, told new Justice Minister Flávio Dino, according to two officials who were present.
That act of protection, which Lula administration officials say gave hundreds of insurrectionists time to escape arrest, is one of several indications of a troubling pattern that authorities are now investigating as evidence of alleged collusion between military and police officials and the thousands of rioters who invaded the institutions at the heart of Brazil's young democracy.
Those indications also include a change in the security plan before the insurrectionists gathered outside the federal buildings on Sunday, police inaction and fraternization as they began entering the buildings, and the presence of a senior officer of the military police who had told superiors he was on vacation.
This article, based on interviews with more than 20 senior Lula administration and judicial officials, protest organizers, participants, data miners and others, includes previously unreported details of the five-hour attack that shook Latin America's largest country, with echoes of the Jan. 6, 2021, assault on the U.S. Capitol.
Brazil's military command did not respond to a request for comment.
Authorities are also working to identify the authors of messages on social media calling for the Sunday demonstration and the donors who funded buses to carry participants to the capital.
Before Sunday, the military had twice blocked authorities from clearing the bolsonarista camp, according to statements by Col. Fábio Augusto Vieira, the former commander of the military police of the Federal District of Brasília, that were provided to The Washington Post. Vieira has been detained in connection with security lapses during the riots.
The insurrectionists tore through the modernist government buildings of Brasília's Plaza of the Three Powers, smashing glass, destroying furniture, slashing paintings and stealing weapons, documents and other trophies. Their plan, administration officials believe, was to trigger a law that would have allowed the military to restore order in the capital.
The investigation has also engulfed a key figure from Bolsonaro's administration: Anderson Torres, Brasília's security chief at the time of the insurrection and Bolsonaro's justice minister. After the riot, authorities found a draft decree in Torres's home declaring a "state of defense" to override Brazil's electoral court and overturn Lula's election victory. Investigators say they believe it was written between Dec. 13 and 31, when Bolsonaro was still president.
Torres, who was in Florida during the insurrection, has not challenged the authenticity of the document but said it was meant for the trash bin. He has denied any connection to the riots. Torres returned to Brazil on Saturday morning and was promptly arrested.
Bolsonaro spent years sowing doubt in Brazil's electoral system, calling Lula a thief and stoking his supporters' belief that if his opponent won, it could only be through fraud. Lula's victory was affirmed by Brazil's electoral court, the United States and other governments around the world. Bolsonaro authorized his chief of staff to lead a transition but never conceded.
On Dec. 30, in his most extensive public remarks since his loss, Bolsonaro called the result unfair. Then he decamped to Orlando, skipping Lula's inauguration and its ceremonial passing of the presidential sash, a symbolic affirmation of democracy.
Still in Kissimmee, Fla., when his supporters began rioting, he was publicly silent for several hours. He condemned the violence, while also noting past violence by Brazil's left.
Brazil's Supreme Court on Friday agreed to a petition by prosecutors to investigate Bolsonaro as part of its probe into the "instigators and intellectual authors" behind the riot.
"There were a lot of conniving agents," Lula told reporters last week. "There were a lot of people conniving from the military police. A lot of people conniving from the Armed Forces. I am convinced that the door of the [presidential palace] was opened for these people to enter because there is no broken door. That is, someone facilitated their entry here."
On the night of the riot, Lula administration officials say, the president's chief of staff, his justice and defense ministers, and the new security chief for the capital named to replace Torres arrived at the Space Age-style army headquarters at about 10:20 p.m. to negotiate the detention of insurrectionists and others in the protest camp. Military commanders agreed to allow security officials under Lula's control to raid the camp, but not until 6 a.m. Monday. Administration officials say they believe that gave the military time to warn relatives and friends there to leave.
The security forces are one target in a rapidly expanding probe of an assault that has once again highlighted the danger to Western democracies from far-right extremists fueled by misinformation.
Investigators, working around the clock, are tracing the origins of social media posts that called on "patriots" to assemble and bring Brasília to a halt, accounts of businesses linked to the buses that brought rioters to the capital and data contained on 1,300 cellular phones seized from alleged insurrectionists.
Authorities have said they are investigating financial links to Brazil's agribusiness interests, whom Bolsonaro championed while in office and who they say helped pay for the buses. Investigators say they are operating under the premise that Brazil's large agricultural exporters are unlikely suspects, and are instead focusing on smaller companies tied to the illegal deforestation that flourished under Bolsonaro's permissive approach to the environment. They note that a man arrested on Christmas Eve in connection to a bombing attempt in the capital came from Pará state in the Amazon region — a part of the country where illegal agribusiness thrives.
"Those who were involved in the coup d'etat were especially those involved in agribusiness outside the law," Dino, the justice minister, told The Post. "The ones who occupy indigenous lands, public land, smuggle pesticides, fertilizers. People who operate in illegal mining. That's the segment that's going to appear."
Sen. Carlos Portinho, the former leader of Bolsonaro's government in the Senate, condemned the violence but also placed some of the responsibility for the security lapses on the Lula administration.
"Now we know 48 hours before Sunday, they were warned this could happen, and 20 hours before Sunday, they dismounted all the security planning," Portinho said. "This is national security. I think it was a general lack in the government of Brasília but certainly as well in the Ministry of Defense and Lula."
Lula's government has said it was aware of plans for a protest but said the security plan was downscaled without their knowledge by pro-Bolsonaro state officials.
Social media posts calling bolsonaristas to the capital mention the company and name of one Brazilian billionaire close to Bolsonaro repeatedly. But authorities say they do not yet have enough evidence to pursue that figure.
The details uncovered by the investigation relate mostly to what officials describe as the surface of the plot: a network of smaller businesses, including transportation and tourism companies based in Brazil's south, a Bolsonaro stronghold.
Government lawyers have asked a federal court to block $1.3 million in assets belonging to 52 people and seven businesses. The businesses are allegedly part of a network of local sponsors and organizers that in some cases helped raise donations for the Sunday gathering.
One is a small rural agribusiness union in Castro in Paraná state. Its Facebook page, which is no longer available, includes a group photo with a Bolsonaro campaign poster and a letter last year expressing solidarity with protesters against an "excessively activist" Supreme Court, a frequent target of bolsonarista criticism.
The union said it defends democratic values and legal orders expressed in the Brazilian constitution. "We do not condone demonstrations that transcend the limits of the established order," it said in a statement published Friday by the news outlet O Globo.
Other businesses on the list appear to be small tourism or transportation agencies whose buses were used by protesters. Two of them acknowledged renting out vehicles but said they did not know they would be used to transport people to the capital to participate in an insurrection. At least one has denied transporting protesters.
Word of the buses spread through WhatsApp groups as well as Telegram and YouTube channels.
The Brazilian technology firm Palver monitors more than 17,000 public WhatsApp groups and other social media used to organize the trips. Many of those who asked for donations, Palver President Felipe Bailez said, were relatively obscure — YouTubers with 50,000 or fewer followers, for example.
Bus organizers and protesters have described the event as the expression of a grass-roots movement in which many bolsonaristas paid for their own bus tickets or gathered small donations from friends and family. But thousands of WhatsApp messages tell a different story, Bailez said, with local organizers offering to cover bus rides, meals and other expenses free of charge.
"I think there were [more powerful] authorities and entrepreneurs and politicians and hardcore bolsonaristas involved in this," Bailez said. "But I really believe there was a lot of organic engagement from small-business owners and people in various cities of Brazil. … I don't think it was completely planned by one person or a group of people."
Rodrigo Jorge Amaral, 44, owns a tourism company in Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina state on Brazil's southern coast. He had just traveled to Brasília to protest Lula's inauguration when he started to receive messages about another trip. Some came from U.S. phone numbers, with California and Florida area codes.
"Are you going to Brasília?"
Members of his local pro-Bolsonaro WhatsApp groups, some of whom had come together for a trucker strike in 2018, knew he owned a bus. He started responding to the messages with a cut-and-pasted response.
"BRASÍLIA URGENT," he wrote. A bus would be leaving the island city from a pier at 8 p.m. Jan. 6. He initially charged people 650 reals, or about $127, But organizers gathered enough donations, Amaral said, that they were able to cover the trip. He would not identify the donors, saying they were worried about being targeted by authorities.
Amaral said his group arrived in Brasília after protesters had already entered the buildings. He said he knew people wanted to go inside the buildings but not to damage them.
Many who traveled to Brasília have said they did not know about plans to storm the buildings. Still unclear is when and how the mob decided to invade the buildings — and whether anyone in particular gave the order.
Bailez, who has scoured WhatsApp messages from that day, said he hasn't seen a direct instruction.
"I saw some guy saying, 'I'm here in Brasília and we're taking over the Congress,' and some other guy saying, 'We're going to explode this building.' Some other guy would say, 'We need to destroy everything.'
"I think that they started getting excited, and it was like a snowball."
But he did notice WhatsApp accounts using a bomb emoji as early as two days before Sunday's riot. In one national WhatsApp group, there was also a step-by-step plan on what to do before entering government buildings. The manual told protesters never to start an invasion without a crowd and never to try to take "two powers at the same time."
One man in the southeastern state of Espírito Santo said he was organizing a bus to travel to Brasília but was spooked by messages circulating in a Telegram group called "Taking power."
On the day before the riot, he said, it became clear to him that some wanted to try to enter government buildings. He decided to cancel his bus, he said.
"After Bolsonaro announced he was going abroad, they sensed they needed to change the strategy," the man said, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss the sensitive matter.
"They needed to separate the men from the boys," he said. "Only the men who could act upon it should come to Brasília."
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Q: Choosing an MSChart-Extension tool from button click I am using MSChart-Extensions and I would like the option to choose the Zoom, Pan and Select tools from a button, as well as from the ContextMenuStrip. I feel like the easiest way is to simulate a click from the ContextMenuStrip.Items collection
Here is what I've got. In my form I have this
private void zoomButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    this.chart.ChangeTool("Zoom");
}

And in MSChartExtensions.cs I have this
public static void ChangeTool(this Chart sender, string option)
{
    Chart chart = sender;

    foreach(ToolStripItem item in chart.ContextMenuStrip.Items)
    {
        if (item.Text == option)
        {
            item.PerformClick();
            break;
        }
    }
}

This successfully chooses the tool from the collection. However, I am getting a System.ArgumentNullException in the SetChartControlState method. I have stepped through the code and I see that when the application enters ChartContext_ItemClicked, the sender's source control is null. I've dug through MSDN, and found this

A Control that represents the control that is displaying the shortcut menu. If no control has displayed the shortcut menu, the property returns a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic).

So I assume that because no right-click menu (ContextMenuStrip) is shown, the source control is null. Is there a way around this? How can I get this working? Thanks for the help

A: I figured it out. Change the ChangeTools() method to this
// In MSChartExtensions.cs
public static void ChangeTool(this Chart sender, string option)
{
    if (option == "Zoom")
        SetChartControlState(sender, MSChartExtensionToolState.Zoom);
    else if (option == "Select")
        SetChartControlState(sender, MSChartExtensionToolState.Select);
    else if (option == "Pan")
        SetChartControlState(sender, MSChartExtensionToolState.Pan);
    else if (option == "Zoom Out")
    {
        Chart ptrChart = sender;
        WindowMessagesNativeMethods.SuspendDrawing(ptrChart);
        ptrChart.ChartAreas[0].AxisX.ScaleView.ZoomReset();
        ptrChart.ChartAreas[0].AxisY.ScaleView.ZoomReset();
        ptrChart.ChartAreas[0].AxisY2.ScaleView.ZoomReset();
        WindowMessagesNativeMethods.ResumeDrawing(ptrChart);
    }
}

And then call this method like how I did in the question
// In the form
private void zoomButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    this.chart.ChangeTool("Zoom"); // As an example
}

If anyone has a better way of doing this, feel free to let me know


Send the gift of a Taste of New Orleans with our Unique Gourmet Popcorn Flavors!
We will include a custom note with your package. Let us know what you'd like to say in the "Comments" section when you check out and we will take care of the rest!
Send the taste of New Orleans anywhere with unique Cajun spice popcorn flavors and other classic New Orleans flavors. We offer a quality selection of New Orleans themed and flavored gourmet popcorn gift baskets, packs and mixes for individuals and special occasions year round. Like all of our popcorn gifts, these New Orleans food gift baskets are sealed tight and shipped fast and fresh, so you can enjoy gourmet popcorn at its peak. Make sure to write a custom note to your recipient, and we'll send your regards for you with a complimentary card!
From Cajun-seasoned popcorn, like Gumbo and Boiled Crawfish, to our most popular traditional flavors, like Beignet and King Cake, you can find the perfect New Orleans popcorn present for anyone and everyone here. Need to bring a snack to a party? We can help there, too! Check out our Who Dat Mix - perfect for chowing down on any given Sunday as you cheer the Saints to victory. Can't decide? Try them all! We strive to keep our prices low so you can enjoy gourmet popcorn without the gourmet price tag.