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Justia Patents Push Button TypeUS Patent for Illumination-type pushbutton switch construction Patent (Patent # 4,431,879)
Illumination-type pushbutton switch construction
Sep 28, 1982 - Nihon Kaiheiki Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
Disclosed is an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction including an operation section slidably arranged in a switch housing and a switch operating section for actuating a switch section in cooperation with the operation section, wherein the operation section and the switch operating section are improved. The improved operation section includes a pushbutton, a switch actuating member detachably fitted with respect to the pushbutton and a supporting frame detachably attached to the switch actuating member, the supporting frame having a holding portion for holding a light emitting element. The improved switch operating section includes an actuating plate disposed so as to be slidable along the inner surface of the switch housing, the actuating plate being detachably attached to the switch actuating member, to thereby allow the pushbutton, switch actuating member, supporting frame and actuating plate to be connected in series and detachable from one another so as to be integrally movable.
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This invention relates to an improvement in an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction suitable for use in, for example, a terminal device of an electronic computer, a controlling board of a machine tool, a slot machine and the like.
More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved illumination-type pushbutton switch construction which is capable of ensuring the connection between a light emitting element having pin-like terminals disposed in a housing and a socket for securely inserting therein the pin-like terminals to prevent the pin-like terminals from being disconnected from the socket, to thereby accomplish the reliable operation; always keeping the distance between the illumination surface of the switch construction and the light emitting surface of the light emitting element constant irrespective of the state of a pushbutton to accomplish a stable illumination without any attenuation of light; allowing the pushbutton, the light emitting element and a switch actuating means for operating the switch to be easily replaced separate from one another, to thereby facilitate repairs and the like; effectively preventing the switch actuating means from being dislocated from the housing; and always keeping the distance between the illumination surface of the switch construction and the light emitting surface of the light emitting element constant even after the components have been replaced, to thereby accomplish a stable illumination without any attenuation of light.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, there have been used two kinds of illumination-type switch constructions, one using an electric lamp having a screw cap and the other using an electric lamp which is lighted by flowing a current to a peripheral metal sheet thereof and the projected portion of a bottom thereof. However, the former switch construction has a disadvantage that the engagement between the screwed portion of the lamp and the switch is loosened due to vibration or the like to cause a contact failure, to thereby decrease reliability in operation, whereas, the latter switch construction has a disadvantage that the lamp is easily disconnected from a C-shaped socket due to vibration or impact.
In such conventional illumination-type switch construction, an illumination unit is generally fixed in a housing of the switch so that it may not move in the housing, as disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Application Laying-Open Publication No. 109225/1980. However, such structure causes a disadvantage that the distance between the illumination surface of the switch and the light emitting surface of a light emitting element is varied dependent on the position of a pushbutton to cause an attenuation of light, thus, it cannot accomplish a stable illumination.
In addition, in view of the durability and life of a switch section and/or in order to facilitate the incorporation of a pushbutton and the replacement of a light emitting element, a switch construction has been proposed which is constructed in such a manner that a switch section and an illumination section are fomred separate from each other. However, such conventional switch construction has a disadvantage that it is substantially impossible to smoothly and easily carry out the replacement of an illumination unit and an operation section including the pushbutton, a switch actuating means and the like.
Another switch construction of such type has been proposed which is constructed in such a manner to form the outer surface of a switch actuating means with guide pawls and engage the guide pawls with openings formed at the opposite side walls of a housing, to thereby prevent the switch actuating means from being dislocated from the housing. However, such conventional switch construction has a disadvantage that moisture, dust and the like enter into the housing through the openings of the housing, to thereby cause failure of the switch construction.
Further, each of the conventional switch constructions mentioned above has a disadvantage that it is highly difficult to replace the pushbutton and the switch actuating means when it is required to positionally change the light emitting element, for example, from the central portion of the pushbutton to the position deflected therefrom as desired.
The present invention has been made in view of the foregoing disadvantages of the prior art.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved illumination-type pushbutton switch construction wherein a light emitting element having pin-like terminals is used to ensure the connection between the light emitting element and a socket by the pin-like terminals, to thereby effectively prevent the light emitting element from being disconnected from the socket due to vibration, impact or the like at the operation of the switch.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved illumination-type pushbutton switch construction which is capable of always keeping the distance between the illumination surface of the switch construction and the light emitting surface of a light emitting element constant irrespective of the position of a pushbutton to accomplish a stable illumination without any attenuation of light by movably disposing an illumination unit consisting of the light emitting element and a socket.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved illumination-type pushbutton switch construction which is capable of easily accomplishing the change in pushbuttons of different colors and light emitting elements of different operating voltages and the replacement of a light emitting element due to burnout or the like by engaging a light emitting element with at least one of a pushbutton and a switch actuating means forming an operation section, detachably fitting the pushbutton with respect to the switch actuating means and detachably fitting the switch actuating means with respect to an actuating plate, and connecting the pushbutton, switching actuating means and actuating plate in series to allow them to be integrally moved.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved illumination-type pushbutton switch construction wherein a switch section, a switch operating section and an illumination unit are formed substantially independent from one another; so that the replacement of one of these components may be easily carried out without affecting other components, the mounting or replacement of a light emitting element may be easily accomplished, the replacement of the pushbutton and switch actuating means may be easily attained when it is required to positionally change the light emitting element, for example, from the central portion of the pushbutton to the end portion thereof, and any desired combination of these components in such case of positionally changing the light emitting element may be easily carried out to significantly decrease the need of stocking these components.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved illumination-type pushbutton switch construction which is capable of easily being assembled by only the steps of fitting a base member having a switch section arranged thereon with respect to the lower portion of a housing, connecting a switch actuating means to a switch actuating plate from the upward direction, and subsequently connecting a pushbutton to the switch actuating means.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide an improved illumination-type pushbutton switch construction which is capable of effectively preventing a switch actuating means from being dislocated from a housing by engaging a switch actuating plate with the housing so as to allow the actuating plate to be moved only within a fixed stroke and engaging the switch actuating means with the actuating plate.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction comprising a housing having at least one open end, a switch section provided in the housing, an operation section slidably arranged in the housing in proximity to the open end of the housing, a switch operation section for actuating the switch section in cooperation with the operation section, an illumination unit disposed so as to be movable in the housing in response to the operation of the operation section, a terminal means for the illumination unit provided in the housing, and an electrically conductive bias means disposed between the illumination unit and the terminal means therefor.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the illumination unit comprises a light emitting element having pin-like terminals and a socket for securely inserting therein the pin-like terminals of the light emitting element, and the operation section is provided with a holding portion which acts to prevent the light emitting element from being dislocated from the housing.
The operation section includes a pushbutton and the switch actuating means detachably fitted with respect to the pushbutton, the switch actuating means being further detachably connected to the switch operating section. This allows the pushbutton, switch actuating means and switch operating section being connected in series to be integrally movable and detachable from one another.
Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate the same parts throughout the figures thereof and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway sectional view showing the essential part of a first embodiment of an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the pushbutton switch construction shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing the essential portion of components of the pushbutton switch construction shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a switch actuating means of the pushbutton switch construction shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a bottom view showing a supporting frame of the pushbutton switch construction shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a bottom view showing a light emitting element of the pushbutton switch construction shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a view for explaining the manner of holding a light emitting element with respect to a supporting frame attached to a switch actuating means in the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 3;
FIG. 8 is a view showing the manner of holding another example of a light emitting element with respect to another example of a supporting frame attached to a switch actuating means in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3;
FIG. 9 is a bottom view showing a further example of a supporting frame;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of assistance in explaining the state that a socket of an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction of the present invention has been inserted in a cylindrical portion formed at a housing;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing the manner of removing an operation section from a switch body of a pushbutton switch construction of the present invention;
FIG. 12A is an exploded view showing another example of each of a pushbutton and a lens suitable for use in the present invention;
FIG. 12B is an exploded view showing another example of a pushbutton and a filter suitable for use in the present invention;
FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view showing a second embodiment of an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction according to the present invention; and
FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing a modification of the embodiment shown in FIG. 13 wherein two light emitting elements are used.
Now, an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction according to the present invention will be hereinafter described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIGS. 1 to 3 illustrate a first embodiment of a pushbutton switch construction of the present invention. The pushbutton switch construction illustrated includes a housing section 1, a switch section 2 and an operation section 3. The housing section 1 is opened at the upper end portion 1a thereof and has a horizontal partition member 1b provided at the central portion thereof by which the housing section is divided into an upper chamber and a lower chamber. The partition member 1b is provided with a central opening (not shown) and side openings (not shown). The side opening is provided at both sides of the central opening and at the side end of the partition member 1b. At the portion of the central opening, the partition member 1b is further provided with a cylinder portion 1g at the lower surface thereof. Thus, a socket 8 hereinafter described is slidably inserted in the cylinder portion 1g through the central opening. One of the side openings receives therethrough an actuating plate 28 hereinafter described, and the other side opening receives therethrough a sliding plate 33 hereinafter described. The operation section 3 is received through the open end 1a of the housing section in the upper chamber to be slidable in the vertical direction. The switch section 2 is received in the lower chamber of the housing 1 through the lower open end portion 1c thereof. The operation section 3 includes a switch actuating means 4, a supporting frame 5 fitted with respect to the switch actuating means 4, and a pushbutton 6. The switch section 2 has a base member 2A on which switch elements detailedly described hereinafter are mounted and is fitted in the lower chamber of the housing 1 by engaging a plurality of recesses 1d formed at the lower open end 1a with the corresponding projections 2b formed on the side surfaces 2a of the base member 2A.
The switch section 2 includes a normally closed fixed member (hereinafter referred to as "NC fixed member") 20, a normally open fixed member (hereinafter referred to as "NO fixed member") 21 and a supporting member 22 having a pair of rising portions 22a, which are disposed on the base member 2A. The NC and NO fixed members 20 and 21 extend through the base member 2A in the downward direction to form NC and NO contact terminals 23 and 24, respectively. The supporting member 22 also downwardly extends through the base member 2A to form a common terminal 25. Each of the rising portion 22a of the supporting member 22 is formed at the both sides thereof with cutouts 26a and 26b (FIG. 1) in the vertical direction. The upper cutouts 26a are engaged with one end 27b of a first lever member 27 and the lower cutouts 26b are engaged with one end 29a of a second lever member 29 actuated by pressing an actuating plate 28 hereinafter described. Reference numeral 30 designates a spring of which the both ends are respectively fixed to the first and second lever members 27 and 29. The spring 30 acts to pivotably move the lever members 27 and 29 about the ends 27b and 29a, respectively, when the second lever member 29 is actuated by pressing the actuating plate 28 with respect to the member 29.
The actuating plate 28 acts to transmit the movement of the pushbutton 6 therethrough to the switch section 2. More particularly, the actuating plate 28 is attached to the base member 2A so as to be guided by the inner surface 1e of the housing 1 and the vertical portions 2e of rising members 2d mounted on the base member 2A so that it may be slidable in the vertical direction. Also, the actuating plate 28 has a recess 28a provided at the upper portion of the inner surface thereof, which is engaged with one of a pair of pawls 4b of the switch actuating means 4 through openings (not shown) of the partition member 1b to accomplish the mechanical connection of the actuating plate 28 with the operation section 3. The inner surface 1e of the housing 1 is formed with a step portion 1f which acts to prevent the actuating plate from being dislocated in the upward direction. The actuating plate 28 is formed with a heart-shaped cam 31 at the portion opposite to the inner surface 1e of the housing. Reference numeral 32 indicates a pin of which one bent end is inserted into a hole 2c formed at the side surface 2a of the base member 2A and the other bent end or free end 32b is movably fitted in the cam 31. Thus, the first lever member 27 is pivotably moved about the end portion 27b in the vertical direction to operate NC and NO contacts 20a and 21a through a movable contact 27a provided on the lever member 27. In this instance, the movable contact 27a is in the state of contacting with the NC contact 20a at the time when the actuating plate 28 abuts at the lower surfaces 28c of the horizontal arm portions 28b thereof against the second lever member 29 to start to force the second lever member 29 in the downward direction. Subsequently, when the actuating plate 28 further forces the lever member 29, the first lever member 27 is pivotably moved about the supporting point or end 27b to allow the movable contact 27a to contact with the NO contact 21a. As seen from the foregoing, an upward force is always applied to the horizontal arm portions 28b of the actuating plate 28 due to the moment generated by the positional relationship between the supporting points of the lever members 27 and 29 and the spring 30.
On the central portion of the base member 2A, terminals 9 for a light emitting element 7 are disposed which extend through the base member in the downward direction.
As described hereinbefore, the operation section 3 includes the switch actuating means 4, the supporting frame 5 formed separate from the actuating means 4, and the pushbutton 6 fitted in the actuating means 4 and supporting frame 5. The supporting frame 5 is mounted to the actuating means 4 and provided with a through-hole 3a which acts to hold the light emitting element 7 inserted therein from the downward direction. the switch actuating means, as mentioned above, is provided with one pair of the resilient pawls 4b opposite to each other and extending in the downward direction, one being resiliently engaged with the recess 28a of the actuating plate 28 and the other pawl being resiliently engaged with a recess 33a of a sliding plate 33 provided opposite to the actuating plate 28 as shown in FIG. 2. In addition, the actuating plate 28 is guided by the side surfaces 2e of the rising members 2d of the base member 2A as well as by the inner surface 1e of the housing 1 to be smoothly slidable in the vertical direction, as mentioned above. Furthermore, the pin 32 has the one bent end 32 securely inserted into the side hole 2c of the base member 2A and the other bent end or free end 32b inserted into the heart-shaped cam 31, so that the free end 32b may be slidably moved in the cam 31 to control the vertical movement of the actuating plate 28. Reference numeral 33b indicates a compression spring interposed between the sliding plate 33 and the base member 2A to allow the sliding plate 33 to be slided along a guide means (not shown) in the housing 1.
Thus, it will be noted that the upward force applied to the actuating plate 28 by the tension spring 30 and the upward force applied to the sliding plate 33 by the compression spring 33b cooperatively allow the switch actuating means 4 to be uniformly forced in the upward direction, resulting in the pushbutton 6 being smoothy slided in the housing 1.
As best seen in FIGS. 4 to 7, the switch actuating means 4 is opened at the upper and lower surfaces and the supporting member 5 having the hole 3a for holding the light emitting element 7 provided therethrough is attached to the lower surface of the switch actuating means 4. The supporting frame 5 is formed at the upper portion of each of the both sides thereof with recesses (not shown) and the switch actuating means 4 is formed at the lower portion of the inner surface thereof with a step 4A (FIG. 4). The step 4A is provided at the both sides wall portions thereof with projections 4d, above which a pair of downward extending elements 4e are provided. The attaching of the supporting member 5 to the switch actuating means 5 is accomplished by abutting the upper surface of the supporting member 5 against the step 4A of the switch actuating means 4 to securely fit the projections 4d of the step 4A in the recesses (not shown) of the supporting member 5. The through-hole 3a of the supporting member 5 is formed at the periphery thereof with an annular step 5b. The through-hole 3a is also provided with a plurality of projections 5c extending in the axial direction thereof between the lower end of the through-hole 3a and the annular step 5b. Thus, when the light emitting element 7 having a bottom shape as shown in FIG. 6 is inserted into the through-hole 3a, the supporting member 5 securely supports the element 7 therein.
FIGS. 8 and 9 show another supporting frame 45 suitable for supporting a light emitting element or lamp 7A having a shape as shown in FIG. 8 wherein the lamp 7A is provided at the periphery thereof with projections 7e extending in the longitudinal direction and a through-hole 45a of the supporting member 45 is formed at the inner surface thereof with recesses 45b which are to be engaged with the projections 7e.
The pushbutton 6 forming a part of the operation section 3, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, is mounted on the switch actuating means 4 by resiliently engaging pawls 6b formed at the lower end portions of leg members 6a downwardly extending from the both sides of one side surface of the pushbutton with recesses 4c formed at the switch actuating means 4. The pushbutton 6 has a lens 11 provided therein through which a light emitted from the element 7 is radiated from the upper surface of the pushbutton 6 to the exterior.
The supporting frame 5 securely supports therein the light emitting element 7 in a manner to project a light emitting portion 7a from the upper surface 5a of the supporting frame 5 and fit an annular portion 7c having a step 7b formed of an insulating material in the through-hole 3a of the supporting frame. The light emitting element 7 has two pin-like terminals 7d which project from the lower surface of the supporting frame 5 to extend in the housing 1. The light emitting element 7 suitable for use in the present invention includes any illuminants having pin-like terminals such as, for example, a light emitting diode, a miniature lamp having a filament, a neon glim lamp, and the like.
Below the light emitting element 7, a socket 8 shown in FIG. 10 is provided. The socket 8 is slidably inserted in a cylinder portion 1g formed in the housing 1 in a manner as shown in FIG. 2 which acts as a guide for an illumination unit consisting of the light emitting element 7 and the socket 8. Further, the socket 8 is upwardly forced by an electrically conductive compression coil spring 10. The socket is provided with a pair of through-holes 8a extending in the longitudinal direction thereof which receive therein the pin-like terminals 7d of the light emitting element 7. At the end of each of the through-holes 8a, the socket 8 is formed with a step 8b which is adapted to pressedly engage with the upper end of the compression spring 10. The socket 8 is made of an insulating material and has a metal fitment 8c inserted into the through-holes 8a in proximity to the steps 8b, the fitment 8c being adapted to contact with the pin-like terminals 7d and the spring 10 when the terminals 7d are downwardly inserted into the through-holes 8a. The spring 10 interposed between the socket 8 and the terminals 9 for the light emitting element 7 of which each one end is positioned in the housing 1 and the other end downwardly extends through the base member 2A to the exterior of the housing is disposed in such a manner that the upper end thereof pressedly contacts with the steps 8b of the socket 8 and the lower end thereof pressedly abuts against the end 9a of the terminals 9, to thereby accomplish an electrical connection between the light emitting element 7 and the terminals 9.
Thus, it will be noted that the embodiment illustrated is constructed in the manner such that, when the pushbutton 6 is downwardly pushed, the switch actuating means 4, supporting frame 5, light emitting element 7 and socket 8 are integrally moved in the downward direction. It is preferable to prevent the pushbutton 6 from being further pushed in the downward direction when the switch changing-over operation has been completed by applying a force to the pushbutton 6. This may be accomplished by engaging a step formed on the inner surface 1e of the housing 1 with a projection formed on the outer surface of any one of the pushbutton 6, the switch actuating means 4 and the supporting frame 5.
Reference numeral 12 designates a resilient plate having openings 12a which are fitted on projections 1i provided on the outer periphery of the housing 1. The resilient plate 12 and the flange portion 1j of the housing 1 cooperatively act to mount the pushbutton switch construction of the embodiment illustrated on a panel 34 (FIG. 11).
When it is required to remove the operation section 3 from the switch construction for the purpose of, for example, replacing parts after the switch construction has been attached to the panel 34, the removal can be easily carried out by applying a tool 35 such as a screw drive or the like to a pair of recesses 6d formed on the side surfaces 6c (FIGS. 2 and 3) of the pushbutton 6 and drawing up the operation section 3 while uniformly applying a force on the both sides thereof as shown in FIG. 11.
FIG. 12A shows a modification of the first embodiment mentioned above which includes a pushbutton 50 formed of a transparent material and a lens 51 colored red, yellow, green or the like so that it may accomplish an illumination of desired color by changing the lens 51.
FIG. 12B shows another modification of the first embodiment wherein a pushbutton 60 is colored white, red, yellow, green or the like, and a transparent filter member 61 is substituted for the lens 51 in the above modification.
A second embodiment of an illumination-type pushbutton switch construction according to the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 13, which is adapted to arrange a light emitting element at the end portion of a pushbutton using a pushbutton, a light emitting element and a switch actuating means different from those of the first embodiment mentioned above. The second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13 includes an operation section 53 comprising a switch actuating means 54 for actuating a switch section 2 and a pushbutton 56 formed separate from the switch actuating means 54 and fitted in the means 54. The switch actuating means 54 is formed with resilient pawls 54b downwardly extending from the lower end portions of the side surfaces thereof and opposite to each other, one pawl 54b being fixedly engaged with a recess 28a of an actuating plate 28 and the other pawl 54b being securely engaged with the step portion 33a of a sliding plate 33 in a similar manner to the first embodiment.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the switch actuating means 54 is formed at the substantially central portion thereof with a space 54A for receiving a light emitting element 57 and conductive terminals 55 thereof forming an illumination unit. More particularly, the space 54A is formed at the both sides of an inlet thereof with holding portions 54d for the light emitting element 57 which are provided with recesses 54e opposite to each other. Also, the space 54A is provided with lateral channels (not shown) for guiding L-shaped terminals 57d of the light emitting element 57 and is formed at the lower portion of the rear surface thereof with holes (not shown) for securely holding the free end portions 57e of the terminals 57d in order to prevent the light emitting element 57 from moving in the directions other than the upward direction. Further, the space 54A is provided at the side surfaces 54B thereof opposite to each other with vertical channels 54h for guiding and holding the conductive terminals 55 and at the central portion of the bottom surface thereof with through-holes (not shown) for introducing the leg portions 55a of the terminals 55 therethrough to the socket 8.
The pushbutton 56 forming a part of the operation section 53 is provided at the leg portions 56a thereof downwardly extending from the both sides thereof with pawls 56b, which are resiliently engaged with the recesses 54c of the switch actuating means 54 to allow the pushbutton 56 to be mounted in the switch actuating means. The pushbutton 56 is also provided at the position deflected from the central portion of the upper wall thereof with an aperture 56c through which the light emitting portion 57a of the element 57 is exposed to the exterior of the switch construction, this allowing a light emitted from the element 57 to be effectively radiated in the upward direction.
The light emitting element 57 is held with respect to the pushbutton 56 and switch actuating means 54 by fitting the light emitting portion 57a in the aperture 56c of the pushbutton 56 and fitting the element 57 in the space 54A of the switch actuating means 54 through the holding portions 54d having the recesses 54e. In this instance, the substantially L-shaped terminals 57d of the light emitting element 57 are resiliently supported by the conductive terminals 55, so that it is effectively contacted and held with respect to the terminals 55. The free ends 57e of the terminals 57, as mentioned above, are securely inserted into the holes (not shown) of the rear wall of the space 54A. In the second embodiment, any illuminants having terminals such as, for example, a light emitting diode, a miniature lamp, a neon glim lamp and the like can be used as the light emitting element 57, similar to the first embodiment.
Thus, it will be noted that the switch construction of the second embodiment is constructed in the manner such that the switch actuating means 54, conductive terminals 55, light emitting element 55 and the socket 8 are integrally moved in the downward direction when the pushbutton 56 is pushed downwardly. It is preferable to prevent the pushbutton 56 from being further pushed in the downward direction when the switch changing-over operation has been completed by applying a force to the pushbutton 56. This may be carried out by engaging a step formed on the inner surface 1e of a housing 1 with a projection formed on the outer surface of any one of the pushbutton 56, switch actuating means 54 and the supporting frame 54.
It will be easily understood that the switch construction of the second embodiment can be operated in the substantially same manner as the first embodiment.
FIG. 14 shows a modification of the second embodiment wherein two light emitting elements 70 are provided. In FIG. 14, reference numerals 80 and 100 designate a socket and a housing, respectively.
In the first and second embodiments explained hereinbefore, the fitting of the pushbutton with respect to the switch actuating means is accomplished by engaging the projections of the pushbutton with the recesses of the switch actuating means. However, it is a matter of course that this may be carried out in the other way. This also is applied to the fitting between the switch actuating means and the operation section.
In the embodiments illustrated, the holding of the light emitting element with respect to the switch section is accomplished by means of the through-hole or stopper provided at the operation section. However, it is of course that this may be accomplished by any other means suitable for holding the light emitting element in position.
Further, in the embodiments illustrated, the guide means of allowing the illumination unit comprising the light emitting element and the socket to be moved in the housing in response to the operation of the operation section are provided at the housing. However, at least one rising member may be formed on the base member 2A as such guide means. Thus, it will be noted that the illumination unit can be smoothly guided in the housing by means of any suitable grooves or projections provided at the housing or base plate.
As seen from the foregoing, the present invention is constructed in the manner to upwardly force the illumination unit which comprises the light emitting element having the plural pin-like turminals and the socket by means of the conductive compression spring and hold the light emitting element in the housing by means of the operation section for actuating the switch section, to thereby resiliently support the illumination unit in the housing in the vertical direction. Also, in the present invention, the illumination unit is disposed to be movable in the housing in response to the operation of the operation section; thus, the present invention can effectively prevent the pin-like terminals of the light emitting element from being disconnected from the socket due to vibration or impact at the operation, to thereby ensure a reliability in operation. Furthermore, the present invention is capable of keeping the distance between the illuminating surface of the switch construction and the light emitting surface of the illumination unit constant, to thereby accomplish a stable illumination without any attenuation of light.
Also, the present invention has another advantage of allowing the pushbutton, the light emitting element disposed in the housing and the switch actuating means to be replaceable independent from one another and effectively preventing the dislocation of the switch actuating means from the housing. In addition, the present invention is capable of always keeping the distance between the illuminating surface of the switch construction and the light emitting surface of the illumination unit constant even if the components have been replaced.
Further, in the present invention, each of the switch section, operation section and light emitting element is formed as an independent unit; therefore, the removal of, for example, the switch actuating means does not require the disassemble of the switch section. The present invention is also capable of easily accomplishing the mounting and replacing of the light emitting element such as a light emitting diode, a miniature lamp or the like and independently accomplishing the replacement of the pushbutton and switch actuating means with ease in the case that the pushbutton is positionally changed from the central position of the switch construction to the side position thereof. In this instance, any combination of components of the switch construction can be accomplished as desired, to thereby eliminate the need of stocking various kinds of components.
The present invention has a further advantage capable of eliminating the need of providing extra openings and/or recesses on the outer wall of the housing, to thereby effectively prevent moisture, dust and the like from entering into the housing to ensure a reliability in operation.
Having described the invention as related to its preferred embodiments, it is intended that the invention be not limited by any of the details of description but rather be constructed broadly within its spirit and scope as set out in the appended claims.
Also, it is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation.
1. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction comprising:
a housing having at least one open end;
a switch section provided in said housing;
an operation section slidably arranged in said housing in proximity to said open end of said housing;
a switch operating section for actuating said switch section in cooperation with said operation section;
an illumination unit disposed so as to be movable in said housing in response to the operation of said operation section and including at least one light emitting element having pin-like terminals and a socket for securely inserting therein said pin-like terminals;
a terminal means for said illumination unit provided in said housing;
an electrically conductive bias means disposed between said illumination unit and said terminal means therefor; and
wherein said operation section includes a pushbutton, a switch actuating means detachably fitted with respect to said pushbutton and a supporting frame detachably attached to said switch actuating means, said supporting frame having a holding portion for holding said light emitting element; and
wherein said switch operating section includes an actuating plate disposed so as to be slidable along the inner surface of said housing, said actuating plate being detachably attached to said switch actuating means, to thereby allow said pushbutton, switch actuating means, supporting frame and actuating plate to be connected in series and detachable from one another so as to be integrally movable.
2. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 1, wherein said terminal means for said illumination unit has one end disposed in said housing and the other end extending to the exterior of said housing.
3. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 1, wherein said conductive bias means comprises a conductive compression coil spring, said compression coil spring acting to force said light emitting element of said illumination unit against said holding portion of said operation section.
4. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 3, wherein said socket is provided with through-holes in the longitudinal direction thereof which receive therein said pin-like terminals of said light emitting element and is formed at the end of said through-holes with step portions against which said compression coil spring abuts, said through-holes having inserted therein a socket metal fitment at the positions adjacent to said step portions and abutting on said pin-like terminals and compression coil spring.
5. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 1, wherein said actuating plate is engaged with the inner surface of said housing to move therealong only within the range of a predetermined stroke, so that said switch actuating means is prevented from being dislocated from said housing.
6. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 1, wherein said light emitting element includes a light emitting portion and an annular portion having a step formed of an insulating material, and said light emitting element is held with respect to said supporting frame by fitting said annular portion in said supporting frame.
7. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 1, wherein said housing further has a guide member provided therein which accomplishes said movement of the illumination unit in said housing, said guide member acting to guide said socket of the illumination unit therealong.
wherein said operation section has a holding portion provided therein which holds said light emitting element;
wherein said conductive bias means includes a conductive compression coil spring, said compression coil spring acting to force said light emitting element of said illumination unit against said holding portion of said operation section; and
wherein said socket is provided with through-holes in the longitudinal direction thereof which receive therein said pin-like terminals of said light emitting element and is formed at the end of said through-holes with step portions against which said compression spring abuts, said through-holes having inserted therein a socket metal fitment at the positions adjacent to said step portions and abutting on said pin-like terminals and compression spring.
10. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 8, wherein said operation section includes a pushbutton, a switch actuating means detachably fitted with respect to said pushbutton and a supporting frame detachably attached to said switch actuating means, said supporting frame having said holding portion for holding said light emitting element.
11. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 10, wherein said switch operating section includes an actuating plate disposed so as to be slidable along the inner surface of said housing; said actuating plate being detachably attached to said switch actuating means, to thereby allow said pushbutton, switch actuating means, supporting frame and actuating plate to be connected in series and detachable from one another so as to be integrally movable.
12. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 10, wherein said light emitting element includes a light emitting portion and an annular portion having a step formed of an insulating material, and said light emitting element is held with respect to said supporting frame by fitting said annular portion in said supporting frame.
13. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 8, wherein said operation section includes a pushbutton and a switch actuating means detachably mounted with respect to said pushbutton, and said holding portion for said light emitting element is formed at said switch actuating means.
14. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 13, wherein said switch operating section includes an actuating plate disposed so as to be slidable along the inner surface of said housing, said actuating plate being detachably attached to said switch actuating means, to thereby allow said pushbutton, switch actuating means and actuating plate to be connected in series and detachable from one another so as to be integrally movable.
15. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 14, wherein said actuating plate is engaged with the inner surface of said housing to move therealong only within the range of a predetermined stroke, so that said switch actuating means is prevented from being dislocated from said housing.
16. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction as defined in claim 8, wherein said housing further has a guide member provided therein which accomplishes said movement of the illumination unit in said housing, said guide member acting to guide said socket of the illumination unit therealong.
17. An illumination-type pushbutton switch construction comprising:
wherein said operation section has a holding portion provided therein which holds said light emitting element, said operation section further includes a pushbutton and a switch actuating means detachably mounted with respect to said pushbutton, and said holding portion for said light emitting element is formed at said switch actuating means; and
wherein said switch operating section includes an actuating plate disposed so as to be slidable along the inner surface of said housing, said actuating plate being detachably attached to said switch actuating means, to thereby allow said pushbutton, switch actuating means and actuating plate to be connected in series and detachable from one another so as to be integrally movable.
3639745 February 1972 Shiki
3819895 June 1974 Pittman et al.
3849621 November 1974 Habecker
4301344 November 17, 1981 Sakakino et al.
4354074 October 12, 1982 Yoshimura
Filed: Sep 28, 1982
Date of Patent: Feb 14, 1984
Assignee: Nihon Kaiheiki Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo)
Inventors: Yasushi Fujita (Tokyo), Hiroshi Sato (Tokyo)
Primary Examiner: John W. Shepperd
Assistant Examiner: Renee S. Kidorf
Attorney: Lawrence I. Field
Application Number: 6/425,368
Current U.S. Class: Push Button Type (200/314)
International Classification: H01H 918;


Make a sun print with construction paper and patience.
To do this activity, you need a very bright sunny day.
Find a spot where the sun will keep shining even as the shadows move.
Lay out your paper. Place your nature objects and/or toys on the paper.
It works best with objects that lie flat against the paper, and if you leave spaces between the objects.
If there is any wind, secure your paper if the objects are not very heavy by putting rocks on the edges.
After a few hours, check under the objects.
Under the object, the paper will stay dark, while the sun lightens the surrounding paper.
The longer you leave out the paper, the stronger will be the contrast for your shapes.
There is a product called Sun Print paper that will give a stronger result in only a few minutes, but this is a homemade version.


Free 4 Halftone Textured Pack. This set of free high quality vector patterns is here today from Simphiwe Mangole. All the textures are available in Adobe Illustrator format, with variety of versions. All the textures are completely scalable, customizable. So, download now and create some awesome posters, logo and other designs! All the files are fully customizable. Also you can always resize it as big as you ever need.


text:
Q: Inline throw() method in C++ I am trying to define a really simple exception class. Because it is so simple I want to keep it in the .h file only, but the compiler doesn't like throw(). The code:
#include <exception>
#include <string>

class PricingException : public virtual std::exception
{
private:
    std::string msg;
public:
        PricingException(std::string message) : msg(message) {}
        const char* what() const throw() { return msg.c_str(); }
        ~PricingException() throw() {}
};

GCC gives the following errors:
/home/ga/dev/CppGroup/MonteCarlo/PricingException.h:13: error: expected unqualified-id before '{' token
/home/ga/dev/CppGroup/MonteCarlo/PricingException.h:14: error: expected unqualified-id before '{' token

for lines with throw(). Any idea how to fix it?
EDIT
I tried to remove the bodies of the problematic methods, i.e.
virtual ~PricingException() throw();// {}

And now I get even more weird error message:
/home/ga/dev/CppGroup/MonteCarlo/PricingException.h:14: error: looser throw specifier for 'virtual PricingException::~PricingException()'
/usr/include/c++/4.5/exception:65: error:   overriding 'virtual std::exception::~exception() throw ()'

It just ignored my throw specifier!

A: Try the C++0x syntax instead, g++ 4.5 may be recent enough to support it:
const char* what() const noexcept { return msg.c_str(); }

However, this shouldn't matter (wording from draft 3242, section [except.spec]:

Two exception-specifications are compatible if:

*

*both are non-throwing (see below), regardless of their form,

*both have the form noexcept(constant-expression) and the constant-expressions are equivalent,

*one exception-specification is a noexcept-specification allowing all exceptions and the other is of the form throw(type-id-list), or

*both are dynamic-exception-specifications that have the same set of adjusted types.

.

If a virtual function has an exception-specification, all declarations, including the definition, of any function that overrides that virtual function in any derived class shall only allow exceptions that are allowed by the exception-specification of the base class virtual function.

.

A function with no exception-specification or with an exception-specification of the form noexcept(constant-expression) where the constant-expression yields false allows all exceptions. An exception-specification is
  non-throwing if it is of the form throw(), noexcept, or noexcept(constant-expression) where the constant-expression yields true. A function with a non-throwing exception-specification does not allow any exceptions.

So try a newer build of g++, where these changes may be more completely implemented.

A: The closest I have found in the C++0x is:
15.4 Exception specifications [except.spec]

2  An exception-specification shall appear only on a function declarator for a function type, pointer to function type, reference to function type, or pointer to member function type that is the top-level type of a declaration or definition, or on such a type appearing as a parameter or return type in a function declarator.

It looks to me like it could disallow the use of exception specifications on definitions.

A: I wasn't able to reproduce this in several versions of g++. The most likely problem is that a previously included header file has a problem that's finally causing the compiler trouble when it sees the throw but not before.

A: Have you tried throw with out the ()? in this example (i know its in the .cpp file) but you see that the throws all do not have a parenthesis
http://www.glenmccl.com/eh_cmp.htm

A: Found it finally! @Mike Seymour was right in his comment - it turns out that in a file nr3.h (part of Numerical Recepies code) there is a macro throw(message) defined.
What I don't understand is why it impacts compilation of files that don't include this .h file...
Anyway, I think Visual Studio had a different compilation order or something, so it was pure luck that it compiled there and not under gcc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
News & Statements
National Homelessness and Housing Organizations Respond to USICH Report
Leave a Comment	/ Statements / By Admin
10 national organizations, representing advocates and leaders in national efforts to end homelessness, released the following statement:
Today, the Trump administration's United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) released a document that purports to lay out a plan to address homelessness.
This is a plan in name only. It does not contain the interventions proven to reduce and end homelessness, which have been embraced by administrations on both sides of the aisle. The vast majority of what has been proposed cannot be implemented by the agency. The document continues to leverage data that has been widely disproven by experts.
The White House — by putting forth such an ineffective and dishonest document — fails to take seriously the grave dangers facing our neighbors and country today. Homelessness has always been a matter of life and death for those experiencing it. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, homelessness has become a deadlier threat to the most vulnerable people in our communities, and an imminent risk to millions of Americans. Studies estimate that millions may soon face eviction or become homeless.
This report only adds to a history of actions by the administration that fail to reduce or end homelessness across our country, and instead advances harm that disproportionately impacts Black, Indigenous, and other people of color. Examples include:
Despite mentioning racial equity in the report, releasing an Executive Order banning federal contractors from hosting trainings on racial equity
Lack of leadership on another comprehensive stimulus bill, as millions of Americans remain out of work and find themselves at risk of eviction
Allowing shelters to discriminate against transgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming people experiencing homelessness by removing critical gender identity protections from HUD's Equal Access rule
Removing protections against housing discrimination and segregation, by dismantling the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing rule
Eliminating federal programs that provide affordable homes to the people at the greatest risk, by slashing funding for HUD programs by up to 18% in the 2018, 2019, and 2020 budget requests
Forcing mixed-status immigrant families to separate or face eviction through a proposed rule related to the Housing and Community Development Act of 1980
Attempting to divert significant VA funding away from permanent supportive housing for the most vulnerable veterans experiencing homelessness
Addressing people experiencing homelessness as a "disgrace" that hurts the "prestige" of cities and threatening to raze encampments
We know the nation can do better on homelessness because the nation has done better on homelessness. In the past 15 years, the nation has achieved periods of sustained and dramatic progress. During this time, federal leaders aligned around data and evidence on what worked, and targeted policies and investments to support the needs of communities.
Lives of our neighbors and the values of our country are at stake. Homelessness reflects the racism, discrimination, and inequity that hurts our neighbors and our nation — and our unrealized potential to build a stronger country. If the nation is ready to recognize and reconcile its ongoing crisis of racial inequity, then the nation must also become ready to end homelessness.
We can build a future where everyone in our country has a fair and equal opportunity, which begins with a place to call home. Communities have proven what is possible, and we all have a responsibility to support this reality. This path forward requires serious federal leadership that believes in that future and can develop a meaningful plan to support it.
A Way Home America
Funders Together to End Homelessness
Heartland Alliance
National Alliance to End Homelessness
National Coalition for Homeless Veterans
National Homelessness Law Center
National Innovation Service
National Low Income Housing Coalition
True Colors United
Copyright © 2022 NCHJ

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wider temperature range capability of the synthetic base fluid ensures correct oil viscosity to reduce friction at start-up, and to provide maximum lubricity during high temperature operation. The effective anti-wear additive system minimize wear in even the most sophisticated valve train mechanisms, including those with variable valve timing.
Formulated with latest generation technology containing reduced levels of metals, phosphorus and sulfur, it maximize the life of sensitive catalysts in catalytic converters and reduces the plugging rate of diesel particulate filters.
Metallic detergent and ashless dispersant additive system ensures maximu power and performance by providing superior control of ring belt and piston skirt deposits, even under the most severe operating conditions. Special friction modifiers assist in reducing friction for maximum fuel economy.
Synthetic, highly shear-stable formulation provides superior control of oil flow through the ring belt area by maintaining oil viscosity, and reduces oil evaporation at the elevated ring zone temperatures experienced under all operating conditions.
Premium performance, multigrade motor oil formulated from selected synthetic base fluids and matching additive technology for use in passenger car and light truck gasoline and diesel engines under all operating conditions. It is formulated with reduced levels of metals and the elements phosphorus and sulfur to provide maximum durability of the latest low emission vehicle technologies and reduced emissions in all engines. It is optimized to provide complete engine protection plus ultimate performance.
Not recommended for use in gas-fuelled (CNG or LPG) engines or motorcycle engines.
Havoline® Ultra S SAE 5W-40 is a premium performance, multigrade motor oil formulated from selected synthetic base fluids and matching additive technology for use in passenger car and light truck gasoline and diesel engines under all operating conditions. It is formulated with reduced levels of metals and the elements phosphorus and sulfur to provide maximum durability of the latest low emission vehicle technologies and reduced emissions in all engines. It is optimized to provide complete engine protection plus ultimate performance.


The terms ' damage ' and ' damages ' are not synonymous in meaning . The term 'damages ' is not also plural form of the term ' damage' . The real meaning of the term ' damage ' differs from the term ' damages '. Distinction between the two terms are shown in the following tabular form .
1. The term damage means injury caused by any wrongful act . On the other hand , damages means the compensation awarded by the Court for the injury caused by the wrongful act.
2. Injury means injury to any legal right such as loss of money , health , property , comfort , mental peace or the like . But the term damages means the sum claimed for injury to the legal right in order to compensate the loss .
3. The word damage tends to say infringement of a legal right by the defendant to the plaintiff. While damages means pecuniary compensation awarded by the Court to the plaintiff for damage caused by the defendant .


The overall aim of the study is to identify the fundamental causes of conflicts, their implications and the range of options for community-led peace-building and conflictsensitive development interventions in the two study areas of the Kuraz and Hamer districts of South Omo zone in the Southern Nations Nationalities and PeoplesThe overall aim of the study is to identify the fundamental causes of conflicts, their implications and the range of options for community-led peace-building and conflictsensitive development interventions in the two study areas of the Kuraz and Hamer districts of South Omo zone in the Southern Nations Nationalities and PeoplesRegional State (SNNPRS) of Ethiopia. Both of these districts are cross-border areas. It also aims to recommend ways that national, regional and international processescould support conflict prevention and resolution in the region.
The preceding chapter discussed the history and ideology of Ethiopian federalism with the objective of setting the ground for the forthcoming discussions on the effect of federalism on ethnic conflicts in the study regions.
While possession of unexplained property (illicit enrichment) is expressly criminalized under Article 419 of the 2004 Criminal Code of Ethiopia, there are practical problems in its prosecution, inter alia, regarding burden and standards of proof.
Struggles over territory are recognized to be the most pervasive form of conflicts and the largest category of causes of inter-state wars as well as intra-state conflicts and terrritorial conflicts occur most frequently between neighbors (Richardson 1960; Wright 1965; Vasquez 1995; Huth 1996; Wallensteen and Sollenberg 2000; Gleditsch 1995; 2001).
A burgeoning literature explores climate change as a risk multiplier that will lead to an escalation in armed conflicts. This literature can be referred to as "climateA burgeoning literature explores climate change as a risk multiplier that will lead to an escalation in armed conflicts. This literature can be referred to as "climatechange causes conflict" (CCCC) discourse. Among substantive factors, CCCC proponents examine implications of increasing heat and drought, as well as more severe weather overall (i.e., more storms with greater intensity).
This report represents an attempt to understand the interplay between environmental/climatic factors and conflict dynamics in the Horn of Africa. It shows that climatic change and local political dynamics may intensify the competition for scarce water and pasture and the degradation of natural resources, and in the worst cases cause violent conflict.
Piloting the Delivery of Quality Education Services in the Developing Regional States of Ethiopia, also known as "Building Relationships through Innovative Delivery of Growing Education Services" (BRIDGES), is being implemented by Save the Children UK, Islamic Relief, and Mercy Corps in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It is a twelve-month project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID).
In this paper we examine the impact of precipitation variations on the probability of conflict in Ethiopia using subnational data at 0.5×0.5 decimal degrees resolution for the period 1997 to 2013. We find that lower precipitation levels, after accounting for the long-term average, are associated with higher probability of conflict.
Conflict destroys the very bases of development: environmental resource, economic infrastructure, and the social and civic ties that permit and sustain development. Understanding the nature, causes and consequences of conflict through scientific inquiry is indispensable to conflict prevention and management endeavours.
Pankhurst explores natural resource conflict management processes during the past century in South Wello, Ethiopia. The study examines how local groups and external agents, including officials and landowners, managed conflicts over communal pasture, forests and water for irrigation.
Peace, rule of law and governance are inter-related and critical foundations of sustainable development. At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), Member States reaffirmed "the importance of freedom, peace and security, respect for all human rights, […] the rule of law, gender equality, women's empowerment and the overall commitment to just and democratic societies for development" and reaffirmed that "to achieve our sustainable development goals, we need institutions at all levels that are effective, transparent, accountable and democratic." (A/RES/66/288).
This paper provides an assessment of the work done by the Organ on National Healing, Reconciliation and Integration (ONHRI) in post-2008 Zimbabwe. ONHRI was employed by the Zimbabwean government (precisely as Government of National Unity) to ensure national healing and integration. The efficacy of top-down approaches to social cohesion in post-conf lict contexts is questioned. The paper outlines how political expediency, mistrust and polarisation debilitated the work of ONHRI.
This report summarizes findings from a context analysis undertaken as part of the UNICEF Peacebuilding, Education and Advocacy Programme (PBEA), funded by theThis report summarizes findings from a context analysis undertaken as part of the UNICEF Peacebuilding, Education and Advocacy Programme (PBEA), funded by theGovernment of the Netherlands. The PBEA programme in Ethiopia aims to strengthen resilience, social cohesion and educational equity in the four Developing Regional States (DRS) of Afar, Gambella, Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz.
The Horn of Africa is one of the most insecure regions in Africa. This insecurity manifests itself in many ways, including conflict and terrorism, and driven by al-Shabaab activities, the region has established itself as one of the major terrorist corridors in the world. Even though the Organization of African Unity (OAU) passed the Cairo Resolution in 1964 to respect colonial borders, most international borders in the Horn of Africa are porous, volatile, contested, and fragile.
With a population estimated in 2000 to be more than 64 million and a land area of 1.13 million square kilometres, Ethiopia is one of the largest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The country is one of the poorest in the world, ranked 169 out of 175 in UNDP's latest Human Development Report. Annual per capita income, at an estimated 100 USD, is the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and average food consumption per capita per day is less than 70 percent of internationally accepted standards. The economy is predominantly rural, and, according to recent Central Statistical Authority (CSA) figures, this sector accounts for 81 percent of total employment and 84 percent of total exports.
Disputes are one of the major factors negatively affecting the development process of any nation. They divert resources that could otherwise be used productively; hence, there appears to be general agreement on their undesirability (Alexander 2005). Dispute resolution practices and peace-building mechanisms remain problematic for most societies in the world including those in Africa, as most of them are trying to imitate Western modalities instead of using their own indigenous knowledge systems and skills.
Among the drivers of conflict in the Horn of Africa economic motivations have been ubiquitous and pervasive in prompting and sustaining conflict. At other times economic drivers have exhibited a potential for peaceful cooperation. An understanding of their role and relationship with other forces of change is essential.
People in the study area, the surrounding of Borkena plain, suffer from a complex interplay of environmental degradation, population growth, ethnic and religious conflicts, and related social tensions. But the most depressing problem in their life situation is that they can not find a way out of the downward spiral of resource scarcity and conflict. They are not given any chance to get involved themselves in actively searching of solutions specific to their problems. The advise they can get from their authorities, is not taking into account the complexity of their social situation, and consequently can not solve their problems.
The humanitarian situation in Ethiopia has been further exacerbated by an upsurge in conflict around the border areas of Oromia and Somali regions, since early September 2017. Over the course of the following months, the conflict has left hundreds of thousands displaced, often in areas already experiencing ongoing drought-related humanitarian need. Nearly all districts along the regional borders were affected.
The term conflict has its roots in the Latin word conflictus, meaning 'to clash or engage in a fight' thereby signifying a confrontation between one or more partiesThe term conflict has its roots in the Latin word conflictus, meaning 'to clash or engage in a fight' thereby signifying a confrontation between one or more partiesaspiring towards incompatible or competitive means or ends.


The annual Movie Nights series held at Sternwheeler Park will once again be a part of the Our Days Celebration.
The movie will start approximately at dusk. There is no charge for admission. Those planning to attend are encouraged to bring chairs or blankets.


text:
Mascot Winners Announced
anniversary.thEarlier this week, we announced that we were offering three young supporters the chance to be a part of history as we get ready to celebrate the Football League's 125
Not only is Saturday's match against Hartlepool United the league opener, the game against the Pools also has an added significance with the match selected by the Football League as one of their six special anniversary fixtures.
It is set to be a historic occasion, and as revealed earlier this week, we want to give three young fans the chance to be a part of that by leading the teams out on the day.
We've had a brilliant response to the competition and would first of all like to thank all those who entered. Just three mascot places were up for grabs and Jack the Kitman drew the winners out of a hat this morning.
Thomas Higginbottom
Richie Bebb
Shane Doolan
All three youngsters have been contacted, congratulations!


text:
Clark County Primary Effluent Pump Station
This project was a wastewater pump station expansion at the Clark County Water Reclamation District. The project increased the existing primary effluent pump station peak flow pumping capacity from 120 MGD to 320 MGD. Work involved tying into the existing wet well without causing shutdowns to the operating facility. The project also included all new control systems to incorporate the new pumps and the old pumps in the system.
The project involved construction of a new sub-grade, cast-in-place concrete wet well and single-story pump station with five new vertical turbine pumps, valves, pump motors and variable frequency drives. This expansion also required steel and fiberglass reinforced plastic piping conveyance systems with pipe sizes ranging from eight inches in diameter to 96 inches in diameter. The piping system was constructed primarily underground, including new concrete junction boxes with automatic slide gates. The work also included new flow meters and electrically actuated control valves to control flow to the eight existing aeration basins and four future aeration basins.
In addition, a new electrical building was constructed for the new electrical load center, motor control centers, variable frequency drives, UPS and control terminal. Modifications were also required at the District's Primary Effluent Diversion Structure, which involved the relining of 300 feet of existing 72-inch concrete pipe that was part of the new piping system. This project also included the complete design-build of a new two-stage odor control bio-filter system to help mitigate foul air from the system.
Clark County Water Reclamation District
Advanced Delivery Methods
MILLION GALLONS PER DAY
FEET OF PIPING RELINED
NEW VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS
Water Resources National Leader


text:
Japan Association for Middle East Studies
JAMES Newsletter, No. 89
Presidential Statement on the Events of September 11, 2001
Korean Association of Middle East Studies 10th International Symposium
World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies
JAMES on the Internet
Recent Research Activities of JAMES Members
The 5th JAMES Open Lecture "Islam and the Islamic World in the 21st Century"
At the Social Science Research Council
KATO Hiroshi (Hitotsubashi University)
Following an organizational reform banning the election of a director for three consecutive periods and a president for two, a new board of directors was selected to lead JAMES. One purpose of the reform was to elect younger people to position - and although the seven years' difference between my age and the former president's cannot be qualified a very large difference, I believe that the new board is quite young in spirit. Our group consists of lively opinionated individuals, and if I may say so, even my budding leadership skills only add to this aspect of "youth."
As the new president, I feel that the new board must come together to solve the following issues. The first issue is to continue the successes of the previous committee headed by Professor SATO, that is, to continue improving our activities as an academic society and expanding our international network of colleagues. At the same time, however, we must seriously reflect on what should be done and what can be done, and concentrate on a smaller range of activities. This is the second issue. It is necessary to decide for whom and for what the academic society operates, and to choose our activities accordingly.
In addition, the term "Middle East" must be reexamined. In international politics and economy today, each player operates as a nation-state, no matter its size, but on the other hand, each nation has an extensive network spread throughout the world (what may be called globalization). In such a context, perhaps the term "Middle East" has become merely a convenient historical framework we use to talk about an area's history, and nothing more.
Presidential Statement on the Events of
Along with the repeatedly televised images, the tragedy of September 11 that took many people's lives in the United States remains in our minds as a shocking, unforgettable event. The deplorable nature of the incident is hardly expressible, and we share, along with many other people worldwide, the feelings of deep sorrow for the victims and of anger towards the acts of violence.
The tragedy poses a challenge to those of us who specialize in Middle East studies. The motives are of course still under investigation, but we believe that the factors that led up to September 11 cannot be attributed simply to political and economic affairs. We suggest that our attitude towards the Middle East and the Islamic World thus far, characterized by unconcern and inadequate understanding, may have played a part. And sadly, the events of September 11 may cause even more apathy and less understanding, instead of marking a change in attitude.
In fact, this trend is unfortunately already apparent in, for example, post-September-11th mass media coverage, when no distinctions are made between the Islamic world, the Middle East, the Arab world, and other areas. The tragedy of September 11 cannot be simply attributed to any particular area, nation, or ethnic group, and discrimination against a particular group based on such simplistic reasoning cannot be allowed.
People of many religions, ethnicities, languages, and values coexist in what we call the Middle East, and as a result, it is a fact that a rich multifaceted culture has been developed and will continue to be developed. We are afraid that this fact and many urgent issues in the Middle East such as the peace process will be, as a result of the September 11 attacks, overlooked by the average Japanese person.
Historically speaking, Japan has not yet had any contact with the Middle East resulting in dissent between the two regions. In a way this circumstance situates Japanese Middle East studies in a unique position, and reminds us that as Japanese Middle East specialists, we must continue to work towards a multifaceted research discipline and to take heed of information from a variety of sources.
JAMES called together an emergency board meeting and decided to post on the website comments from JAMES members, all speaking from their respective backgrounds, specializations, and activities, regarding September 11. Furthermore, by doing this on a freely accessible website, non-members can also access a variety of information and opinions. We believe that opening up such a medium was one answer to how an academic society like ours can contribute to society.
Korean Association of Middle East Studies
10th International Symposium
NAGASAWA Eiji (The University of Tokyo)
I represented JAMES at the 10th International KAMES Symposium "The Middle East War and Peace" held October 26-28 in Seoul. The program was organized into the following five sessions.
I Keynote Speech on Christianity and Peace, Islam and Peace
II The Middle East Conflict: A Historical Perspective
Panel 1 Islamic Fundamentalism and Terrorism
Panel 2 Studies on al-Azhar
III The Middle East Peace and Asian Perception
Panel 1 The Idea of a Jewish Nation
Panel 2 World Economic Order and Economic Sanctions in the Middle East
IV The Middle East Peace Process
V Concluding Session
This conference was held in the tense state of world affairs after the United States began its attack in Afghanistan. It is noteworthy that a conference discussing Middle East peace was held in East Asia at this time, and the issue of the KAMES conference was taken up widely in the newspapers.
The most heated discussion was held in Session IV, although it cannot necessarily be said that it was a focused, to-the-point discussion. Dr. Mahdi Abdul-Hadi (Director, Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs) digressed from his paper topic and instead discussed the crises of the Peace Process, while Dr. Arye Naor (Ben Gurion University) coolly reflected on the history of realistic peace process strategies. (Dr. Naor is well-known for his concept of the New Middle East.) Dr. Choi Young Cheol (Konkuk University) spoke on the history of the Jerusalem issue. In this session I raised two issues that I felt were painfully needed. First, a common understanding of history must be arrived at (what may be called a bridge to the past), and also an attempt at realistic peace process strategies must be made (what may be called a bridge to the future). Many more hours of serious discussion must take place before these aims can be attained.
In another session, Dr. Qu Hong from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences spoke on Islamic studies in China. The question of the "Asian perception" of Middle East issues is not easily solved but I felt that perhaps it would be beneficial to shape the "East Asian perspective" from the Japanese, Korean, and Chinese points of view. At the beginning of the symposium, Dr. Chun Jae Ok (Dean of the Graduate School of Theology, Ewha Women's University) spoke on Christianity and peace. The address referred to Micah of the Old Testament and Luke of the New Testament, and touched upon Christian feminism in Korea. Although both Japan and Korea invested widely in the Middle East since the 1970s, there are many more Koreans than Japanese who converted to Islam. Even this one factor, I believe, differentiates the Korean and Japanese approaches to and perspectives on the Middle East and the Islamic World, and is worthy of investigation.
The first WOCMES will be held in Mainz, Germany on September 8-13, 2002, and over one hundred panels are being planned. JAMES will hold a panel "Sufi Saints and Non-Sufi Saints" (organized by JAMES member TONAGA Yasushi, Kyoto University) and an exhibit of Japanese publications on Middle East studies.
- JAMES has maintained a website since July 2001 in the National Institute of Informatics domain. (This Website)
Please send news of workshops organized or attended and any other news to be posted to the JAMES office.
- JAMES has an e-mail mailing list and sends its members JAMES news and other information (68 messages as of October 2002). If you have not received any JAMES messages and would like to, please notify the JAMES office of your current e-mail address.
A section of the JAMES website has been set aside for posting JAMES members' recent publications.
The Bibliography of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies in Japan 1868-1988, published in 1992 by The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies (The Toyo Bunko), is a list of publications in Japan or by Japanese referring to Islam and the Middle East. This bibliography has been made into a database, and the updated (post-1989) database can be viewed and searched free of charge on the Toyo Bunko website (http://www.toyo-bunko.or.jp/OnlineSearch/IslamME.html) or on the NII information search service (http://webfront.nii.ac.jp/, 30 yen per access). JAMES will compile recent publications of JAMES members with the Toyo Bunko and will use the information to update the database.
Information can be sent through the website or by e-mail to the JAMES office or to the Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies.
JAMES office: james@cc.ocha.ac.jp
Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies: agoto@toyo-bunko.or.jp
The 5th JAMES Open Lecture
Islam and the Islamic World in the 21st Century
On December 8, 2001, JAMES held an open lecture series entitled "Islam and the Islamic World in the 21st Century: Japan and the Islamic World" at the Nagoya Congress Center. The lectures addressed the important issue of the relationship Japan should seek with the Islamic World, as the Islamic World continues to become increasingly significant in the future.
1. Middle East Studies in Japan
(SATO Tsugitaka, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo)
Even before contemporary times, there was, though limited, knowledge of the Islamic World in Japan during the Edo Period as seen in ARAI Hakuseki's writings. Later, during the Meiji Period, many works forming the basis of a Japanese understanding of Islam were published. However, much of the information on Islam and Muhammad was transmitted via Europe, and thus there was a distinct European slant on the writings at this time. Firsthand accounts of the Islamic world, such as through the first Japanese Muslim's pilgrimage to Mecca, came later. Then, during World War II, with the advance of the Japanese army, studies on Asian Muslims were conducted. It was after the war that full-scale Islamic studies came into bloom, starting with the work of MAEJIMA Shinji and IZUTSU Toshihiko, who further developed the ideas of pre-war Islamic studies. Then followed a generation of scholars who studied in the West (SHIMADA Johei, HONDA Minobu, NAKAMURA Koujirou), and from the 1960s onwards, a new generation of scholars who study in the Middle East to conduct research and gather historical materials onsite.
2. Southeast Asian Muslims and the Japanese
(KOBAYASHI Yasuko, Faculty of Foreign Studies, Nanzan University)
KOBAYASHI first referred to Magoshichi's experiences in Southeast Asia as a wandering fisherman in Nankai Kibun, which is perhaps the oldest known record worldwide of Southeast Asian Muslims. During the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, Islamic studies were tied to war strategies; KOBAYASHI elaborated on the recent studies investigating the relationship between Indonesian Muslim intellectuals (such as Muhammadiya and Nahdlatul Ulama) and the Japanese Occupational Government. Despite such a history, post-war Japan has virtually ignored its past in its relationships with Southeast Asian nations. Furthermore, because post-war Japanese research on Southeast Asia was based on American area studies methods, scholars concentrated on the concept of nationalism, and it was only in the 1970s that the importance of Islam as a research subject came to be acknowledged. Therefore KOBAYASHI concluded that the history of Southeast Asian Muslims and Japan needs to be reevaluated and requires an entirely new perspective.
3. Iranian Returnees Reflect on Japan
(YAMAGISHI Tomoko, Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Meiji University)
Iranian laborers in Japan, who are Muslim, are perhaps familiar to many Japanese people. YAMAGISHI first reported on the recent history of Iranians coming to Japan to work (the end of the Iran-Iraq war and the economic boom of the 1980s were given as reasons), and the issues of living in Japanese society (such as the laborers' legal status, areas of residence, occupations, information on living, sources of entertainment, crime). Interviews of Iranians who returned to their country were conducted in Iran last summer as a part of the Islamic Area Studies Project. Many of the interviewees spoke fondly of their experiences in Japan and had a favorable impression of the country. At the same time they spoke of work-related conflicts such as insurance and compensation, and many other various issues. Also, though they thought well of Japanese society favoring order and safety, the returnees felt that in comparison to Iranian society, family ties were weak and that very little human emotion was expressed. The Japanese experience from the Iranian point of view was accompanied by images and voices taped during the interviews.
The Social Science Research Council (based in New York) is an independent non-profit, non-governmental organization which was established in 1923 in the United States for the promotion of social sciences. The events of September 11 prompted the start-up of the Middle East-North Africa Program to organize and bring together Middle East and Islamic studies worldwide. As a part of this effort, Professor SATO was invited to become one of the project advisors.
On January 7th and 8th of this conference, the meeting "The State of Middle East Studies: Towards a Global Perspective" was held. At this meeting, scholars from three countries (France, Russia, Japan) reported on the current state of Middle East studies in their respective countries. One issue in the discussions was whether a questionnaire of Middle East studies scholars and institutions in the world could be conducted using the MESA format.
Globalization of Middle East studies was one purpose of the meeting. For this aim, the countries represented at the meeting each brought a unique perspective: France with its long history of Middle Eastern studies with a viewpoint distinct from the American one; Russia with its tradition of Oriental studies but with the need to revitalize Middle East studies after the collapse of the Soviet Union; and Japan, which, though located far from the Middle East invests greatly in Islamic area studies. I attended this meeting as the Japanese representative.
The discussion revolved around whether such a globalization of Middle East studies led by the United States were possible, or even it were necessary at all. Many conflicting opinions were given but as a result, the group agreed on a unified format for the questionnaire and to share information of Middle East studies worldwide. The JAMES committee has decided to participate in this effort and will conduct the questionnaire next May at the annual JAMES meeting.


Been There, Done That - authors who specialize in the field of divorce and have experienced it themselves tell you the best ways to handle the difficult situations you're facing.
Encourage children to express their feelings, (including sadness, loss, hurt, anger, guilt, helplessness, or fear) even if what they say is hard to bear.
Encourage children to express their opinions.


text:
Homapatak , falu Romániában, a Bánságban, Temes megyében.

Fekvése
Facsádtól keletre fekvő település.

Története
Homapatak nevét 1514-1516 között említette először oklevél Homosthya néven. 1596-ban Homostia, 1785-ben Homichie, 1808-ban Homosdia, 1913-ban Homapatak néven írták.

1851-ben Fényes Elek írta a településről: "Krassó vármegyében, 201 óhitű lakossal, s anyatemplommal."

A trianoni békeszerződés előtt Krassó-Szörény vármegye Facsádi járásához tartozott.

1910-ben 370 román lakosa volt, melyből 369 görög keleti ortodox volt.

Nevezetességek
1782–1804 között épült ortodox fatemploma a romániai műemlékek jegyzékében a TM-II-m-B-06240 sorszámon szerepel.

Jegyzetek

Források

Temes megye települései
Krassó-Szörény vármegye települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Error storing a .p12 file in a Heroku config variable I am able to store a .pem file but not a .p12 file. When I run the command
heroku config:set P12_CERTIFICATE="$(cat /Users/Brian/certs/pass.com.gym.p12)"
I get an error
invalid byte sequence in UTF-8
/Users/Brian/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.0.0-p353/lib/ruby/2.0.0/optparse.rb:1355:in `==='
/Users/Brian/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.0.0-p353/lib/ruby/2.0.0/optparse.rb:1355:in `block in parse_in_order'
/Users/Brian/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.0.0-p353/lib/ruby/2.0.0/optparse.rb:1351:in `catch'
/Users/Brian/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.0.0-p353/lib/ruby/2.0.0/optparse.rb:1351:in `parse_in_order'
/Users/Brian/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.0.0-p353/lib/ruby/2.0.0/optparse.rb:1345:in `order!'
/Users/Brian/.heroku/client/lib/heroku/command.rb:168:in `prepare_run'
/Users/Brian/.heroku/client/lib/heroku/command.rb:222:in `run'
/Users/Brian/.heroku/client/lib/heroku/cli.rb:45:in `start'
/usr/local/Cellar/heroku-toolbelt/3.0.1/libexec/bin/heroku:24:in `<main>'

According to this accepted answer from a couple of years ago, this used to be possible for p12 files. I really need to be able to store the p12 file in a config var in order to sign passes dynamically. Any help is appreciated.

A: .p12 (PKCS#12) uses a binary file format so you won't be able to include that as a Heroku configuration variable.
One option is to convert the p12 to separate PEM files for the key and the cert as detailed in this answer
You could then add the contents of the key file and the cert as heroku config variables. You could sign documents using those instead or even create (I think) a PKCS12 file on the fly with OpenSSL:
p12 = OpenSSL::PKCS12.create('pass', 'descriptor',
                      OpenSSL::PKey.read(ENV['PRIVATE_KEY']),
                      OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(ENV['CERT']))
p12_binary = p12.to_der

A: An alternative to Lukas' answer is to base64 encode your p12 file and then convert it back when you need to use it. For example, in NodeJS you would do something like:
Convert to Base64 String
const p12Buffer = fs.readFileSync("/path/cert.p12");
const base64String = Buffer.from(p12Buffer).toString('base64');

You could then store the contents of the base64String string into your heroku config environment variable P12_CERT
Convert from Base64 String (to use the p12 cert in your code)
const p12Buffer = Buffer.from(process.env.P12_CERT, 'base64');


Following the first silhouette, ŠKODA reveals the name of its new compact model – ŠKODA SCALA. The name comes from the Latin word 'scala', which means 'stairs' or 'ladder', signifying the next step forward for the Czech car manufacturer in the compact segment. The SCALA is the first ŠKODA production model in Europe to bear the ŠKODA lettering in the middle of the tailgate instead of the ŠKODA logo.
With the SCALA, ŠKODA presents its new emotional exterior and interior design language for the first time in series production. It already caused a sensation at the Paris Motor Show in the form of the VISION RS. The traditional Czech brand is also taking a leap forward in terms of technology, offering innovative features in the new model that so far have only been seen in higher segments. The name SCALA, which comes from Latin meaning 'stairs' or 'ladder', therefore is a perfect match, as ŠKODA has taken several major development steps forward. It also perfectly embodies the brand's values, which the term "smart understatement" aptly summarizes.
In addition, the new ŠKODA SCALA sports another, new and unmistakable feature: the first European series model of the brand to feature the word ŠKODA affixed in individual letters instead of the logo to the centre of the boot lid of the new compact model.


text:
package com.scicrop.se.net;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.Date;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import com.scicrop.se.commons.dataobjects.ArgumentsHistory;
import com.scicrop.se.commons.dataobjects.Payload;
import com.scicrop.se.commons.net.NetUtils.SentinelExtractorStatus;
import com.scicrop.se.commons.utils.LogHelper;
import com.scicrop.se.runtime.Launch;

public class SeUdpClient extends Thread {

	private int port = -1;

	private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(SeUdpClient.class);
	private ArgumentsHistory aHistory = null;

	public SeUdpClient(int port, ArgumentsHistory aHistory) {
		this.port = port;
		this.aHistory = aHistory;
	}

	public void run(){
		while(true){

			sendMsgToUdpServer();

			try {
				Thread.sleep(15000);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				LogHelper.getInstance().handleVerboseLog(aHistory.isVerbose(), aHistory.isLog(), log, 'e', e.getMessage());
			}
		}

	}

	public void sendMsgToUdpServer() {
		DatagramSocket clientSocket = null;
		try {
			clientSocket = new DatagramSocket();
			InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
			byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];

			String sentence = new Payload(SentinelExtractorStatus.STARTING, "", -1, Launch.CONF_PARAM, new Date().getTime()).toString();
			if(Launch.STATUS != null) sentence = Launch.STATUS.toString();
			sendData = sentence.getBytes();
			DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, port);
			clientSocket.send(sendPacket);

		} catch (SocketException e) {
			LogHelper.getInstance().handleVerboseLog(aHistory.isVerbose(), aHistory.isLog(), log, 'e', e.getMessage());
		} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
			LogHelper.getInstance().handleVerboseLog(aHistory.isVerbose(), aHistory.isLog(), log, 'e', e.getMessage());
		} catch (IOException e) {
			LogHelper.getInstance().handleVerboseLog(aHistory.isVerbose(), aHistory.isLog(), log, 'e', e.getMessage());
		}finally{
			clientSocket.close();
		}
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Deface::Override.new(:virtual_path  => "spree/admin/orders/_shipment",
                     :name          => "add_print_label_to_order_edit",
                     :insert_after  => "code[erb-loud]:contains(\"link_to 'ship', '#'\")",
                     :partial       => "spree/admin/orders/label")


text:
Q: SQLAlchemy: Multiple Inheritance with dynamic 'association_proxy' creator function I am currently trying to create the following database schema with SQLAlchemy (using ext.declarative):
I have a base class MyBaseClass which provides some common functionality for all of my publicly accessible classes, a mixin class MetadataMixin that provides functionality to query metadata from imdb and store it.
Every class that subclasses MetadataMixin has a field persons which provides a M:N relationship to instances of the Person class, and a field persons_roles which provides a 1:N relationship to an object (one for each subclass) which stores the role a concrete Person plays in the instance of the subclass.
This is an abbreviated version of what my code looks like at the moment:
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, Enum, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy.ext.associationproxy import association_proxy
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

Base = declarative_base()

class MyBaseClass(object):
    """Base class for all publicly accessible classes"""
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

class Person(MyBaseClass):
    """A Person"""

    name = Column(Unicode)
    movies = association_proxy('movie_roles', 'movie',
                               creator=lambda m: _PersonMovieRole(movie=m))
    shows = association_proxy('show_roles', 'show',
                              creator=lambda s: _PersonShowRole(show=s=))

class _PersonMovieRole(Base):
    """Role for a Person in a Movie"""
    __tablename__ = 'persons_movies'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    role = Column(Enum('none', 'actor', 'writer', 'director', 'producer'),
                  default='none')
    person_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('persons.id'))
    person = relationship('Person', backref='movie_roles')
    movie_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('movies.id'))
    movie = relationship('Movie', backref='persons_roles')

class _PersonShowRole(Base):
    """Role for a Person in a Show"""
    __tablename__ = 'persons_shows'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    role = Column(Enum('none', 'actor', 'writer', 'director', 'producer'),
                  default='none')
    person_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('persons.id'))
    person = relationship('Person', backref='show_roles')
    show_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('shows.id'))
    show = relationship('Episode', backref='persons_roles')

class MetadataMixin(object):
    """Mixin class that provides metadata-fields and methods"""

    # ...
    persons = association_proxy('persons_roles', 'person',
                                creator= #...???...#)

class Movie(Base, MyBaseClass, MetadataMixin):
    #....
    pass

What I'm trying to do is to create a generic creator function for association_proxy that creates either a PersonMovieRole or a PersonShowRole object, depending on the class of the concrete instance that a Person is added to. What I'm stuck on at the moment is that I don't know how to pass the calling class to the creator function.
Is this possible, or is there maybe even an easier way for what I'm trying to accomplish?

A: By the time your persons field is defined, you cannot really know what class it will end up in. Python takes up ready dictionaries of class members and creates classes out of them (via type.__new__), but when it happens, those members are already fully defined.
So you need to provide the required information directly to the mixin, and tolerate the small duplication it will create in your code. I'd opt for interface similar to this one:
class Movie(Base, MyBaseClass, MetadataMixin('Movie')):
    pass

(You cannot have MetadataMixin(Movie) either, for the exact same reasons: Movie requires its base classes to be completely defined by the time the class is created).
To implement such "parametrized class", simply use a function:
def MetadataMixin(cls_name):
    """Mixin class that provides metadata-fields and methods"""
    person_role_cls_name = 'Person%sRole' % cls_name
    person_role_cls = Base._decl_class_registry[person_role_cls_name]

    class Mixin(object):
        # ...
        persons = association_proxy('persons_roles', 'person',
                                    creator=person_role_cls)
    return Mixin

This works because what we're looking up in Base._decl_class_registry - the registry of all classes descending from your declarative base - is not the final class (e.g. Movie), but the association object (e.g. PersonMovieRole).