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A 21-Year-Old Bodybuilder Suddenly Died From Flu Complications— Here's What You Need to Know
The young man died of "septic shock caused by influenza," an extremely rare occurrence in such a young and healthy person
By Reegan von Wildenradt
Instagram.com/@kylerbaughma
Kyler Baughman's parents noticed he wasn't feeling quite right when he came home for the holidays— it started with a cough and a stuffy nose, then in the next few days, escalated to a full-blown case of influenza, complete with a relentless fever.
The fit and healthy 21-year-old, like so many of us, insisted he was fine, convinced he'd bounce out of it. Days later, he was dead, with doctors blaming it on septic shock caused by influenza. But how does the flu overwhelm a healthy, fit, young person?
According to WPXI, Baughman was a normal, highly active 21-year-old. According to his mother, Beverly Baughman, he was a fitness nut who was going to school to be a personal trainer. After celebrating Christmas with his family, Baughman returned to work the next day, but came home early because he wasn't feeling well. "He kinda just laid down and went about his day," Baughman's fiancé, Olivia Marcanio, told WPXI, "That was the day he was coughing and said his chest hurt."
Days later, Baughman's condition hadn't improved, and he was rushed to the emergency room and then airlifted to UPMC Presbyterian in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He died less than 24 hours later.
"Organ failure due to septic shock caused by influenza," Beverly Baughman said. "It doesn't seem real."
According to the Mayo Clinic, sepsis, the precursor to septic shock, "occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body." Essentially, our bodies release chemicals into our bloodstream when we get sick. In cases of sepsis, instead of helping, these chemicals end up hurting the body and trigger "a cascade of changes that can damage multiple organ systems."
If not diagnosed quickly, these damaged organs will eventually fail, causing the body to go into septic shock and die, which is tragically what happened to Baughman. According to WXPI, he had not received a flu shot this year.
Baughman's case is a rare and tragic circumstance— according to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, there are just over 1 million reported cases of sepsis in the United States annually, and anywhere from 15 to 30 percent of those cases result in death. The people at highest risk are the very old or those with an already-weakened immune system.
The Mayo Clinic says cases of sepsis and septic shock are on the rise in the United States. The Clinic attributes this to three main causes— the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which the Mayo Clinic attributes to a frequent "root cause" of the infections that cause sepsis, the rising number of people in the over-65 high-risk range, and an increase in the number of people who are living with weakened immune systems caused by diseases like HIV.
But Baughman didn't fall into either of the latter two groups. It's unclear why he developed sepsis so quickly, but it's important to note that it can happen to anyone. Despite this, sepsis is treatable if doctors catch it early enough. Baughman's parents are using their son's tragic death to encourage people to listen to their bodies and to not hesitate to visit the doctor if they don't feel well. "Try and know your body. Don't let things go," Baughman's father, Todd Baughman, said. "Whenever you have a fever for multiple days, don't let it go, get it taken care of."
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Colloquium: CAET is pleased to publish submissions from several more contributors to our on-going Colloquium in which authors report on the state of the creative and expressive arts in their respective countries. This issue focuses on Japan. We welcome further reports from other Asian countries.
Kyoko Ono; Kana Okazaki-Sakaue; Shoichi Machida, Yukari Sakiyama, .


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Harbor District mixed-use development plans again revised with less office space, focus on apartments, hotel
Mandel Group Inc.'s Harbor Yards project now calls for a 150‐room hotel, 150‐unit apartment building and a 93,000-square-foot office building.
Harbor District mixed-use development plans again revised with less office space, focus on apartments, hotel Mandel Group Inc.'s Harbor Yards project now calls for a 150‐room hotel, 150‐unit apartment building and a 93,000-square-foot office building. Check out this story on jsonline.com: https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/real-estate/commercial/2019/09/09/mandel-revises-milwaukee-harbor-district-mixed-use-development-plans/2262506001/
Tom Daykin, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Published 9:38 a.m. CT Sept. 9, 2019 | Updated 10:49 a.m. CT Sept. 9, 2019
Mandel Group Inc.'s revised Harbor District development proposal calls for (from left) an office building, apartments and a hotel. (Photo: HGA)
A mixed-use development planned for Milwaukee's Harbor District is being revised again, with less office space and a bigger focus on apartments and a hotel.
Mandel Group Inc.'s $150 million project, known as Harbor Yards, now calls for a six-story, 150‐room hotel; a seven-story, 150‐unit apartment building; and a 10-story, 93,000-square-foot office building, the firm announced.
Those buildings would be developed next to one another between the Milwaukee River and South Water Street, north of East Florida Street. The office and apartment buildings would include street-level retail space.
Also, a five-story, 100-unit apartment building would be built west of South Water Street and south of East Florida Street. A four-story central parking structure would be developed just to its north.
Other plans include public green space just south of the office building. That could connect to a possible movable bike and pedestrian bridge that would run through Union Pacific Corp.'s deactivated railroad swing bridge.
Another public space, to host a farmers market and other events, would be next to the parking structure. Harbor Yards would include a public river walk.
Mandel's initial plans for the 4.25-acre site, announced in 2016, were mainly focused on office space.
Revised conceptual plans, released last year, added apartments and a possible hotel, but also called for two riverfront office buildings totaling around 160,000 square feet.
The latest revision reflects plans to create a more complete neighborhood, similar to Mandel's The North End and East Pointe Commons developments, said Robert Monnat, partner and chief operating officer.
"The pedestrian experience and day‐to day vibe of this neighborhood is of tantamount importance to its long‐term success," Monnat said in a statement.
Mandel has completed the site's environmental cleanup studies, and has prepared plans to demolish the site's existing unused grain elevator and former warehouse.
The firm hopes to proceed with the initial phases of Harbor Yards within the
next year. Mandel has been talking to potential hotel developers, as well as marketing the office space to prospective tenants.
Harbor Yards would need approval from the Plan Commission and Common Council.
Tom Daykin can be emailed at tdaykin@jrn.com and followed on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag: Bi-polar disorder
The Almighty Sometimes
By Kendall Feaver
Directed by Katy Rudd
Winner of The Bruntwood Prize for playwriting 2015 this play tackles a vital social issue regarding our approach to children's mental health, and how we support and educate families coping with mental illness. Kendall Feaver has written a beautifully balanced play that looks at the pros and cons of medication. The Almighty Sometimes puts a spotlight on fraught and complex family situations by questioning if it is possible to find a balance where we enable young people to have their independence as they grow into adulthood and still ensure we safeguard vulnerable individuals.
The writing is always engaging and Feaver skilfully takes the audience into Anna's world where there are no certainties. She is constantly checking out what What do you think of me? Anna is complex, full of confidence and bravado yet also crippled with fears over who she really might be or could be without her medication. Feaver ensures no character is one dimensional and our perceptions and loyalties are constantly shifting. Is her mother Renee doing her very best for her daughter or is she smothering and controlling? Martyr, monster or a Mum desperately navigating CAMHS, the cash strapped NHS adolescent mental health service? Psychiatrist Vivienne appears dedicated and professional, and emotionally invested in Anna. Yet does she know enough about the drugs she prescribes to an adolescent brain which is still in development? Is it ok to publish academic books and articles about your clients when confidentiality is sacrosanct in therapy, and when your subject is too young to give consent?
Katy Rudd has clearly invested a lot of care and sensitivity in this production. She has taken a great cast of talented actors and a wonderful new script and created something really sublime and special.
Julie Hesmondhalgh as Renee epitomises the energy and lifeforce of a woman trying to keep her child alive having witnessed the horror of her attempting suicide at age seven. After years of relative calm with the aid of psychiatry and medication she is distraught to find that fragile equilibrium shattered as Anna attempts to discover who she is without her medication. As always Hesmondhalgh lights up the stage with her earthy humour and wry intelligence. Sharon Duncan-Brewster is impeccable as the Child Psychiatrist heavily invested in her young client and torn by the therapeutic rupture created by NHS policy that demands Anna move on to Adult Services. Mike Noble is wonderful as the diffident, slightly bemused young suitor. His own troubled background and sense of shame or otherness ensure he "gets" Anna's experience of being judged. The tragedy being he needs the nurturing of her mother Renee in his life more than he needs the increasingly unwell Anna. I have had to take care of people who should have been taking care of me- Why the fuck would I sign up for one more?
Norah Holden-Lopez continues to astound and is on a real trajectory building on her recent performances in Ghosts and in Our Town. She delivers a sensitive and powerful portrayal of bipolar disorder which is never mawkish or hysterical but is perfectly pitched throughout. She moves apparently effortlessly from a medicated Anna who is managing her move to adulthood with apparent aplomb to a vicious, fractured girl wounding and controlling those who love her with a calculated suicide attempt. In the second act Lopez-Holden is barely recognisable as she further splinters and fractures. It is a terrifying and haunting spectacle and her performance is electrifying.
Designer Susanna Vize has created a glistening, watery hexagon which evokes slippery precipices. A sense of little to cling unto and lots of swirling movement under the surface like the flow of mental processes. The swings descending from the ceiling bring a lightness as Anna and Oliver get to just hang out like any young couple but also reflect the up and down cycling of Anna's mood as she stops her medication. As Anna floats up higher and higher she is further and further away from Oliver. This new Anna wants to feel lighter and freer but risks plummeting to the ground without treatment. The cage like trap which later surrounds her is sharp and brutal with slats of light splintering around her as though in the electric force field of her own mind. Lucy Carter and Giles Thomas use light and sound respectively to build on this sense of mental torment; jarring and discordant as they wound and disorientate. The overall effect is of the slicing of synapses creating new vivid ideas but also burning through and obliterating other thoughts and feelings.
In the U.K. a tiny 6% of health research is spent on mental health yet one in four of the population will experience some degree of mental health disorder leaving many families living on a precipice. What does a diagnosis mean for their child? A label that stays with their medical records and often defines and dictates their choices in life. What will be the side effects of the drugs, even if they work? What if therapy reveals something even more terrible in a family story? With a diagnosis of diabetes or heart disease or cancer we tend to readily accept any treatment that may bring about cure or maintain life. Sadly with mental health we often reject any help through fear of social stigma. My own mother, in the grip of depression actually asked me if I minded her accepting treatment in a psychiatric unit, yet had never thought to question her right to have treatment for cardiac issues. In a modern society it is horrific that mental health is not given the same value as our physical health.
This is a play with a difficult subject matter that contains some scenes that are uncomfortable or distressing to watch. It is also a play that informs and engages and has a lightness of humour and humanity running through it. It explores what form tenderness takes in the face of adversity. It may be a mother crushing pills into her child's food to keep her child alive, or forcing her to gag after an overdose attempt or shaving her legs for her when she wants to feel pretty. Regardless of whether we choose medication or not, it is essentially about our human need to have someone there with us in the light and also in dark times. I don't know where I am…..You're with me.
Royal Exchange until 24th February 2018
Images by Manuel Harlan
February 19, 2018 February 19, 2018 LiveArtAliveBi-polar disorder, CAMHS, Julie Hesmondhalgh, Katy Rudd, Kendall Feaver, Mental Health, Mike Noble, NHS, Norah Lopez-Holden, Royal Exchange, Sharon Duncan-Brewster, The Almighty Sometimes, The Bruntwood Prize1 Comment


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Sweden 'lacks tools' to fight extremism
by icelander93 » Fri Jun 24, 2011 12:08 pm
http://www.thelocal.se/31648/20110126/
Sweden 'lacks tools' to fight extremism: Åkesson
Sweden Democrat leader Jimmie Åkesson kicked off Wednesday's Riksdag debate about violent extremism with a reference to the Stockholm suicide bombing in December.
Åkesson argued that the attack in Stockholm wasn't a one-off event, pointing to the Swedes suspected of planning a terror attack on a Danish newspaper, as well as two Swedes of Somali descent who were convicted in Gothenburg of planning terror crimes.
According to Åkesson, the debate in Sweden about Islamic extremism has been infected by a fear of saying the wrong things.
"One has to be able to discuss rather than simply cast blame on one another," he said.
Justice minister Beatrice Ask countered by warning that people shouldn't draw too many conclusions from the Stockholm suicide bombing.
She argued that Sweden is a tolerant country where people accept one another despite their differences.
"Sweden is an open society where people can have different backgrounds and religious convictions and live side by side," she said.
She admitted, however, that not everyone is accepting of Swedish society.
"There are people who refuse to accept the foundations of our society and who are ready to hurt others to have their way," she said.
She added that the government was currently reviewing its strategy for how best to prevent extremism from taking root in Sweden.
"I believe, personally, that a lack of hope and belief in the future, due to actual or perceived injustices, is primarily what attracts certain men to extremist movements (Swedish security service) Säpo has said that early measures must be implemented to stop social exclusion," said Ask.
Åkesson responded by pointing out that Sweden still lacked a national action plan for fighting terrorism, arguing for laws that prohibited people from traveling abroad to participate in terrorist training camps.
"We can say that today we don't have the tools," he said.
He also called for a closer examination of young people's attitudes toward Islamism, arguing that Islamism as a political ideology must be surveyed and combated.
Sven-Erik Österberg, the head of the Social Democrats' parliamentary group, said his party wants to cooperate broadly with Muslims in Sweden and that there is a problem with "Muslim extremism" in Sweden today.
"The problem shouldn't be overstated, but it shouldn't be ignored either. Those who take up the fight against extremism need our support against all forms of extremism," he said.
Österberg also argued that the government ought to implement tighter controls over publicly financed and privately operated religious free schools.
The Green Party's Maria Ferm warned against increased control and surveillance in society.
"If we give up a little of our freedom for a little more security, we risk losing both," she said.
Ferm warned as well against placing collective guilt on Muslims for Islamic terror attacks.
"Jimmie Åkesson tries to connect the typical image of a terrorist to a Muslim man," she said.
She then cited statistics that only 0.34 percent of European terror attacks are carried out by Islamic extremists and that left-wing and right-wing extremists are responsible for the lion's share of political violence in Sweden.
Johan Pehrsson of the Liberal Party (Folkpartiet) argued that there was an "uncomfortably high level of extremist violence in Sweden, not only among groups on the extreme right and left."
"There is burning, bombing, assault, threat and sabotage," he said, arguing for better measures for helping young people who want to leave extremist groups.
The Left Party's Lena Olsson criticised the Sweden Democrats' approach to the debate.
"Listening to the Sweden Democrats and their xenophobic solutions is like listening to a guitar with only one string," she said.
Taking the podium once again, Ask claimed that Sweden does have an action plan against terrorism and chastised Åkesson for his party's refusal to participate in discussions about fighting terrorism in the Riksdag's Committee on the European Union.
"Don't come and say that you care about fighting extremism when you don't understand that that work must be carried out within the framework of the EU," said Ask.
"It doesn't work to just say no if at the same time you want to uphold freedom and democracy in Sweden."
Åkesson went on to question how prepared Säpo was for combating terrorism.
"I question whether Säpo has everything under control. It doesn't inspire confidence that they didn't know about the suicide bomber in Stockholm," he said.
He also rejected arguments in favour of fighting extremism by creating a more unified and equal society, as well as claims that most terror attacks in Europe have not been carried out by Islamic extremists.
"You can't compare militant vegetarians from Umeå with jihadists," he said.


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Trades and Trade Careers
This unit discusses the direct connection between entrepreneurship and the trades, and is designed to promote understanding the importance of trade related careers, identify the correlation of these two closely related fields, and develop skills...

Big Ideas

● History and origins of trade school.

● Pittsburgh’s renaissance and new emerging entrepreneurship opportunities in our region.

● Creating and presenting a business plan as an introduction to entrepreneurial endeavors.

Essential Questions

● What is trade school?

● What is the history of trade school?

● What is the current status and future status of trade school?

● What are the benefits of post-secondary education?

● What are the projected average wages in trade related careers?

● What are the average wages associated with various degrees?

● Where are the career opportunities in the trades?

● What are the essential questions to ask post-secondary institutions?


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Africa, Featured, Headlines, Health, Indigenous Rights, Poverty & SDGs, TerraViva United Nations
Once Decimated by AIDS, Zimbabwe's Khoisan Tribe Embraces Treatment
By Jeffrey Moyo	Reprint | | Print | |En español
Members of Zimbabwe's Khoisan tribe perform a traditional dance during an HIV/AIDS awareness campaign conducted by Tsoro-O-Tso San, a development trust that aids the tribe. Credit: Jeffrey Moyo/IPS
TSHOLOTSHO, Zimbabwe, Aug 31 2017 (IPS) - Sixty-seven-year-old Hloniphani Sidingo gives a broad smile while popping out through the gate of a clinic in her village, as she heads home clutching containers of anti-retroviral pills.
The first Bantu people to dwell in present-day Zimbabwe, the Khoisan, also known as the Bushmen or Basagwa, populate remote areas of southern Africa, particularly Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Here, the Khoisan community is found in Matabeleland North's Tsholotsho district, where many like Sidingo are domiciled. Other Khoisans live in Plumtree in this country's Matabeleland South province.
Now, with the word spreading far and wide about AIDS awareness, many Khoisans like Sidingo have joined the fight against the disease. And thanks to the Zimbabwean government's anti-retroviral initiative, she is still alive more than 16 years after she tested positive for HIV.
"I'm so happy. I'm happy I continue to receive my share of treatment pills from government and this keeps me going," Sidingo told IPS.
AIDS Pandemic Far From Over: 37 Million Living with HIV Globally
Stigma Still a Major Roadblock for AIDS Fight in Africa
Zimbabwe's Children Are the Battlefield in War to Contain HIV/AIDS
"AIDS killed my husband and my children – five of them," she said. "I'm not taking chances because I want to survive. My husband back in the days didn't trust community health workers when they approached us urging us to embrace HIV/AIDS tests and get treatment if we have the disease. Ntungwa, my husband, actually thought health workers were up to no good and avoided them, resulting even in our children, who also later died of AIDS, doing like their father," added Sidingo.
Meanwhile, organisations catering for the welfare of the Khoisan here say the dread and shame surrounding HIV/AIDS is fading among members of the tribe.
"The Khoisan now understand the existence of the (AIDS) virus and almost all who are infected are on ARVs," Davy Ndlovu, Programmes Manager for Tsoro-O-Tso San, a development trust that aids Khoisan people in Zimbabwe, told IPS.
But while success stories are there to be told about the ancient tribe's strides in combatting HIV/AIDS, a combination of poverty and ignorance has sometimes disrupted ARV treatment.
"As you might be aware, the San are a poor people and when the nursing staff here once told them not to take the medication on an empty stomach, this was interpreted in that when one had no food for that day, one would not take his or her medication. Due to this ignorance, a number of Khoisan people living with AIDS have lost their lives," Ndlovu said.
While the tribe now embraces ARV medication, they still face the burden of having to walk long distances to access treatment, according to Tsoro-O-Tso San.
"The other issue has to do with reviews where people are expected to travel to the nearest hospital, which is about 15 to 20 kilometres away. When they fail to raise transport money, they just stay and miss the review," said Ndlovu.
Despite such hurdles, for Khoisans living with HIV like Sidingo, fighting the disease has become top priority.
"I have learnt to adhere to taking my medication consistently. Many people in my community now understand the importance of getting tested for HIV," Sidingo told IPS.
Ndlovu said like Sidingo, many Khoisans now live with HIV and are trying to cope with the virus like everybody else, in a country where 1.2 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, according to UNAIDS.
To Ndlovu, "They (the Khoisan) are no longer discriminated against in the AIDS battle."
Of the 2,500 Khoisan people domiciled in Zimbabwe, approximately 800 of them now live with HIV/AIDS, about a third of the population, according to Tsoro-O-Tso San.
Meanwhile, the rush to get tested for HIV/AIDS amongst Zimbabwe's Khoisan tribe comes at a time the tribe stands accused of engaging in careless sex habits, exposing the tribe to the ravages of AIDS.
"The biggest threat is that the San still practice casual sex with no protection at all. Sex among the San is a pastime to be enjoyed and you still find people sharing girlfriends – young and old do this," Ndlovu of the Tsoro-O-Tso San told IPS.
"Organisations like Medicine Sen Frontiers (MSF) have worked with the Khoisan tribe on issues related to HIV/AIDS. A number of the Khoisans, both male and female, the youths in particular, have been trained as peer HIV/AIDS educators with the intention to teach people issues related to HIV/AIDS prevention, safe sex, and treatment," said Ndlovu.
The Zimbabwean government's National Aids Council fosters also HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns amongst the country's ancient tribe, according to Tsoro-O-Tso San.
To do this, NAC works in conjunction with the country's Ministry of Health to provide anti-retroviral drugs to the minority tribe, a gesture that has put smiles on many HIV-positive Khoisans like Sidingo.
"Back in the years, as the Khoisan we thought our people were being bewitched as we saw them succumbing to AIDS, but thanks to the treatment, we have started to live on even with the virus," Sidingo told IPS.
ARV treatment
Khoisan tribe


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Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ,
To the exiles of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, 2who have been chosen and destined by God the Father and sanctified by the Spirit to be obedient to Jesus Christ and to be sprinkled with his blood:
May grace and peace be yours in abundance.
A Living Hope
3 Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! By his great mercy he has given us a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4and into an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you, 5who are being protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time. 6In this you rejoice, even if now for a little while you have had to suffer various trials, 7so that the genuineness of your faith—being more precious than gold that, though perishable, is tested by fire—may be found to result in praise and glory and honor when Jesus Christ is revealed. 8Although you have not seen him, you love him; and even though you do not see him now, you believe in him and rejoice with an indescribable and glorious joy, 9for you are receiving the outcome of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
10 Concerning this salvation, the prophets who prophesied of the grace that was to be yours made careful search and inquiry, 11inquiring about the person or time that the Spirit of Christ within them indicated when it testified in advance to the sufferings destined for Christ and the subsequent glory. 12It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in regard to the things that have now been announced to you through those who brought you good news by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven—things into which angels long to look!
A Call to Holy Living
13 Therefore prepare your minds for action; discipline yourselves; set all your hope on the grace that Jesus Christ will bring you when he is revealed. 14Like obedient children, do not be conformed to the desires that you formerly had in ignorance. 15Instead, as he who called you is holy, be holy yourselves in all your conduct; 16for it is written, "You shall be holy, for I am holy."
17 If you invoke as Father the one who judges all people impartially according to their deeds, live in reverent fear during the time of your exile. 18You know that you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your ancestors, not with perishable things like silver or gold, 19but with the precious blood of Christ, like that of a lamb without defect or blemish. 20He was destined before the foundation of the world, but was revealed at the end of the ages for your sake. 21Through him you have come to trust in God, who raised him from the dead and gave him glory, so that your faith and hope are set on God.
22 Now that you have purified your souls by your obedience to the truth so that you have genuine mutual love, love one another deeply from the heart. 23You have been born anew, not of perishable but of imperishable seed, through the living and enduring word of God. 24For
"All flesh is like grass
and all its glory like the flower of grass.
The grass withers,
and the flower falls,
but the word of the Lord endures forever."
That word is the good news that was announced to you.
New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
9 Receiving the end of your faith He reminds the faithful where they ought to direct all their thoughts, even to eternal salvation. For this world holds all our affections ensnared by is allurements; this life and all things belonging to the body are great impediments, which prevent us from applying our minds to the contemplation of the future and spiritual life. Hence the Apostle sets before us this future life as a subject of deep meditation, and he indirectly intimates that the loss of all other things is to be deemed as nothing, provided our souls be saved. By saying receiving, he takes away all doubt, in order that they might more cheerfully go on, being certain of obtaining salvation. 1414 It is necessary either to give a future meaning to this participle, "Being about to receive;" or to view the Apostle as speaking of the salvation of the soul now, as distinct from the salvation of the soul and body hereafter. The latter view seems most appropriate to the passage. The soul is now saved by faith. The end of faith, its object and accomplishment, is reconciliation with God, and reconciliation is salvation. — Ed. In the meantime, however, he shews what the end of faith is, lest they should be over-anxious, because it is as yet deferred. For our adoption ought now to satisfy us; nor ought we to ask to be introduced before the time into the possession of our inheritance. We may also take the end for reward; but the meaning would be the same. For we learn from the Apostle's words, that salvation is not otherwise obtained than by faith; and we know that faith leans on the sole promise of gratuitous adoption; but if it be so, doubtless salvation is not owing to the merits of works, nor can it be hoped for on their account.
But why does he mention souls only, when the glory of a resurrection is promised to our bodies? As the soul is immortal, salvation is properly ascribed to it, as Paul sometimes is wont to speak, —
"That the soul may be saved in the day of the Lord."
(1 Corinthians 5:5.)
But it is the same as though he had said "Eternal salvation." For there is an implied comparison between it and the mortal and fading life which belongs to the body. At the same time, the body is not excluded from a participation of glory when annexed to the soul.
He hence commends the value of salvation, because the prophets had their minds intensely fixed on it; for it must have been a great matter, and possessing peculiar excellency, which could have thus kindled in the prophets a spirit of inquiry respecting it. But still more clearly does God's goodness toward us shine forth in this case, because much more is now made known to us than what all the prophets attained by their long and anxious inquiries. At the same time he confirms the certainty of salvation by this very antiquity; for from the beginning of the world it had received a plain testimony from the Holy Spirit.
These two things ought to be distinctly noticed: he declares that more has been given to us than to the ancient fathers, in order to amplify by this comparison the grace of the gospel; and then, that what is preached to us respecting salvation, cannot be suspected of any novelty, for the Spirit had formerly testified of it by the prophets. When, therefore, he says that the prophets searched and sedulously inquired, this does not belong to their writings or doctrine, but to the private desire with which every one boiled over. What is said afterwards is to be referred to their public office.
But that each particular may be more evident, the passage must be arranged under certain propositions. Let the first then be this, — that the Prophets who foretold of the grace which Christ exhibited at his coming, diligently inquired as to the time when full revelation was to be made. The second is, — that the Spirit of Christ predicted by them of the future condition of Christ's kingdom, such as it is now, and such as it is expected yet to be, even that it is destined that Christ and his whole body should, through various sufferings, enter into glory. The third is, — that the prophets ministered to us more abundantly than to their own age, and that this was revealed to them from above; for in Christ only is the full exhibition of those things of which God then presented but an obscure image. The fourth is, — that in the Gospel is contained a clear confirmation of prophetic doctrine, but also a much fuller and plainer explanation; for the salvation which he formerly proclaimed as it were at a distance by the prophets, he now reveals openly to us, and as it were before our eyes. The last proposition is, — that it hence appears evident how wonderful is the glory of that salvation promised to us in the Gospel, because even angels, though they enjoy God's presence in heaven, yet burn with the desire of seeing it. Now all these things tend to shew this one thing, that Christians, elevated to the height of their felicity, ought to surmount all the obstacles of the world; for what is there which this incomparable benefit does not reduce to nothing?
10 Of which salvation Had not the fathers the same salvation as we have? Why then does he say that the fathers inquired, as though they possessed not what is now offered to us? The answer to this is plain, that salvation is to be taken here for that clear manifestation of it which we have through the coming of Christ. The words of Peter mean no other thing than those of Christ, when he said,
"Many kings and prophets have desired to see the things which ye see, and have not seen them." (Matthew 13:17.)
As then the prophets had but a limited knowledge of the grace brought by Christ, as to its revelation they justly desired something more. When Simeon, after seeing Christ, prepared himself calmly and with a satisfied mind for death, he shewed that he was before unsatisfied and anxious. Such was the feeling of all the godly.
14 It is necessary either to give a future meaning to this participle, "Being about to receive;" or to view the Apostle as speaking of the salvation of the soul now, as distinct from the salvation of the soul and body hereafter. The latter view seems most appropriate to the passage. The soul is now saved by faith. The end of faith, its object and accomplishment, is reconciliation with God, and reconciliation is salvation. — Ed.
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/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2021
Armed forces community
Data and analysis from Census 2021
Health and life expectancies
Adult smoking habits in the UK
Adult smoking habits in the UK: 2021
Cigarette smoking habits among adults in the UK, including the proportion of people who smoke, demographic breakdowns, changes over time and use of e-cigarettes.
This is the latest release. View previous releases
Email Lauren Revie, Byron Davies and David Mais
Next release:
Data collection changes during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
Smoking prevalence based on data from the Annual Population Survey (APS)
Characteristics of current cigarette smokers in the UK
Smoking prevalence based on the data from Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN)
Other UK sources of data on smoking prevalence during the coronavirus pandemic
Adult smoking habits in the UK data
Measuring the data
Cite this statistical bulletin
Print this Statistical bulletin
View all data used in this Statistical bulletin
1. Main points
In the UK, in 2021, 13.3% of people aged 18 years and over smoked cigarettes, which equates to around 6.6 million people in the population; this is the lowest proportion of current smokers since records started in 2011 based on our estimates from the Annual Population Survey (APS).
Of the constituent countries, the highest proportion of current smokers in 2021 was in Scotland (14.8%) and the lowest was in England (13.0%); Wales and Northern Ireland reported 14.1% and 13.8% current smokers, respectively.
In 2021, 15.1% of men smoked compared with 11.5% of women in the UK; this trend has been consistent since 2011.
In the UK, those aged 25 to 34 years had the highest proportion of current smokers (15.8%), compared with those aged 65 years and over who had the lowest (8.0%) in 2021.
In the UK, those who had no qualifications were more likely to be current smokers (28.2%) than those whose highest level of education was a degree or equivalent (6.6%) in 2021.
In Great Britain, 7.7% of Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN) respondents, aged 16 years and over, in 2021 said they currently used an e-cigarette daily or occasionally, based on data collected in August and September 2021, which equates to around 4 million adults in the population; this is an increase on the estimate from 2020, where 6.4% of people reported daily or occasional e-cigarette use.
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has meant changes for the APS and OPN data collection in 2020 and 2021. See our methodology article for more information.
Statistician's comment
"This year, we have reported 13.3% of adults aged 18 years and over in the UK were smokers in 2021; this is a decrease from 14.0% in 2020. This is the lowest proportion of current smokers since 2011, when we began recording smoking prevalence from the Annual Population Survey (APS).
The decrease in the proportion of current smokers may be partly attributed to the increase in vaping and e-cigarette use. Data from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN) have shown regular use of a vaping device has increased in 2021 and the highest usage was among those aged 16 to 24 years."
James Tucker, Data and Analysis for Social Care and Health Division, Office for National Statistics
Follow James Tucker on Twitter @ONSJames
2. Data collection changes during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) collects data on adult smoking habits using two surveys. The Annual Population Survey (APS) provides headline indicators of the number of adults aged 18 years and over who smoke in the UK, and the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN) collects more detailed information on smoking habits, intention to quit smoking, and e-cigarette users aged 16 years and over in Great Britain.
3. Smoking prevalence based on data from the Annual Population Survey (APS)
As noted in our release last year, the change in the mode of data collection for the APS, introduced at the end of March 2020, affected the comparability of our smoking prevalence estimates with previous years.
Because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, changes were made to the APS data collection in 2020 and 2021. The smoking prevalence estimates from the APS for 2020 and 2021 were produced using an updated weighting methodology to remove the effect of the change in method of data collection, introduced at the end of March 2020. Figures for 2020 and 2021 are now comparable with previous years. Please see our methodology article for more information.
Proportion of current smokers in the UK
In 2021, the proportion of current smokers in the UK was 13.3%, which equates to 6.6 million people. There has been a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of smokers from 2020 (14.0% of the population). The trend in smoking prevalence continued to decrease, and the latest figure represents a 6.9 percentage point decrease in current smokers compared with 2011 (20.2% of the population).
Vaping devices such as e-cigarettes have played a major role in the decrease in smoking prevalence in the UK. In this bulletin, we have reported an increase in e-cigarette use, and organisations such as Action on Smoking Health (ASH) have reported similar increases in e-cigarettes (vapes) usage among adults in Great Britain. Research from Italy has shown that, during the coronavirus pandemic, there was a decrease in smoking prevalence; however, the average number of cigarettes consumed daily increased among current smokers. Policies associated with the Tobacco Control Plan for England (PDF, 548KB), such as increased public awareness campaigns and smokefree places, may have contributed to decreased smoking prevalence.
Official smoking prevalence estimates for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland should be taken from devolved health or national surveys (see Section 6).
We use the APS as the official measure of smoking prevalence in England to monitor and track progress against the Tobacco Control Plan for England and the Khan review. The Tobacco Control Plan aims to reduce smoking prevalence among adults in England to 12% or less by the end of 2022. In 2021, England had the lowest proportion of current smokers with 13.0%, which equates to around 5.4 million people. This is a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of smokers from 2020, with 13.8% (around 5.7 million people).
For the other constituent countries of the UK, Scotland had the highest proportion of current smokers (14.8%, around 620,000 people). In Wales and Northern Ireland, the proportion of current smokers was 14.1% (around 340,000 people) and 13.8% (around 190,000 people), respectively. Since 2011, there has been a statistically significant decline in the proportion of current smokers in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. For Northern Ireland, the estimate over time has been more variable because of the smaller sample size.
The Khan review, an independent review commissioned by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, was set up to review the feasibility of government policies aimed at achieving smokefree by 2030. Policies aimed at reducing smoking prevalence have helped to cut the proportion of current smokers in England. However, despite the success of these policies, according to the Khan review it is likely that the smokefree target of 5% current smokers by 2030 will be missed. The Khan review has made several recommendations to help achieve the smokefree target, such as increased investment, increasing the age of sale of tobacco from 18 years, promoting vaping as an alternative to smoking, and improving preventative measures in the NHS. As these recommendations are implemented, in time we will be able to monitor the effect they have on the trend of the proportion of current smokers in England.
Figure 1: Smoking prevalence has fallen in all four countries of the UK since 2011
Proportion who were current smokers, all persons aged 18 years and over, UK, 2011 to 2021
Embed this interactive
Because of changes in weighting, the smoking prevalence estimates for 2020 and 2021 are now comparable with estimates from previous years.
As in previous years, in 2021, men were more likely to smoke than women in the UK. Across all constituent countries of the UK, 15.1% of men (around 3.7 million) and 11.5% of women (around 2.9 million) reported being current smokers.
Current cigarette smokers in 2021 by age
Those aged 25 to 34 years continued to have the highest proportion of current smokers (15.8%, around 1.3 million people), when compared with any other age group, and those aged 65 years and over continued to have the lowest proportion of current smokers (8.0%, around 900,000 people). Across time, the largest reduction in smoking prevalence has been among those aged 18 to 24 years; 25.7% of this group smoked in 2011 compared with 13.2% in 2021, which is a reduction of almost 12.5 percentage points (see Figure 2). Research from the University of Essex suggests that increased taxation on tobacco products has been effective at reducing smoking prevalence among those aged under 25 years.
Figure 2: People aged 25 to 34 years continued to have the highest smoking prevalence
Proportion who were current smokers, all persons by age group, UK, 2011 to 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics – Annual Population Survey
Download this chart Figure 2: People aged 25 to 34 years continued to have the highest smoking prevalence
Image .csv .xls
Local authority smoking prevalence
Smoking prevalence estimates by local authority area tend to fluctuate each year because of their small sample sizes producing more statistical uncertainty. Therefore, we describe local authorities where the proportion of smokers has been consistently high or low on a year-to-year basis. This year, we have included smoking prevalence estimates for Northern Ireland from 2015 to 2021.
Since 2012, the City of Kingston Upon Hull and Blackpool have been in the 10 local authorities with the highest proportion of current smokers eight and nine times, respectively. In 2021, the proportion of current smokers in City of Kingston Upon Hull and Blackpool was 22.0% and 20.6%, respectively. In 2021, Oadby and Wigston (3.2%) and West Oxfordshire (3.7%) had the lowest levels of smoking prevalence in England. This is around 10 percentage points lower than the UK estimate (13.3%). Table 4 in the accompanying dataset contains information on smoking prevalence in local and unitary authority areas of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland by sex, between 2012 and 2021. Additional data for local areas in England can be found in Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Local Tobacco Control Profiles.
Figure 3: The proportion of current smokers by local authority of the UK
The proportion who were current smokers, all person aged 18 years and over by local authority, UK, 2015 to 2021
Smoking prevalence estimates for Buckinghamshire unitary authority are not available for 2015 to 2020.
Official smoking prevalence estimates for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland should be taken from devolved health or national surveys.
Confidence intervals for local authority estimates of smoking prevalence can be found in the accompanying dataset.
4. Characteristics of current cigarette smokers in the UK
In this section, we describe data from the APS, which cover adults aged 18 years and over in the UK. Smoking habits are associated with a variety of characteristics, such as relationship status and education level.
Around one in four people who are unemployed smoked compared with around one in eight people who are in paid employment
In 2021, when looking at smoking prevalence by economic activity in the UK, those who were defined as unemployed had a higher proportion of current smokers (25.7%), compared with those who were in paid employment (13.3%). People who were economically inactive had the lowest percentage of reported current smokers (12.2%).
Figure 4: Those who were unemployed had a higher proportion of current smokers compared with those who were in paid employment
The proportion who were current smokers by economic activity, all persons aged 18 years and over, UK, 2011 to 2021
Download this chart Figure 4: Those who were unemployed had a higher proportion of current smokers compared with those who were in paid employment
Around one in four people with no qualifications were current smokers compared with 1 in 15 people whose highest level of education is a degree or equivalent
In 2021, 28.2% of people who have no qualifications were current smokers. The proportion is higher than those who reported a degree as their highest level of education, at 6.6%, and those who reported higher education as their highest level of education, at 12.0%.
Figure 5: The highest proportion of current smokers was among those who reported they had no qualifications
The proportion who were current smokers by highest level of education attainment, all persons aged 18 years and over, UK, 2014 to 2021
Download this chart Figure 5: The highest proportion of current smokers was among those who reported they had no qualifications
The accompanying datasets include a wider range of data on the characteristics of cigarette smokers from the APS, including estimates by socio-economic status, relationship status, housing tenure, country of birth, ethnicity, and religion.
5. Smoking prevalence based on the data from Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN)
The Opinions and Lifestyle Survey is conducted by an online-self completion questionnaire. Telephone interviews are available if requested by a respondent, however the predominant mode of collection is online. For more information, please see our accompanying methodology article.
Current smokers in Great Britain
The proportion of adults aged 16 years and over who said they smoked cigarettes in Great Britain decreased significantly from 14.5% in 2020 to 12.7% in 2021, continuing the downward trend seen since 1974. This is in line with the reduction in smoking we see in the Annual Population Survey (which covers the UK and adults aged 18 years and over). Over 2020 and 2021, there were many factors that may have contributed to this trend change, some of which reflect real changes in smoking habits and some of which relate to changes in the way in which the data were collected.
During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, with emphasis on overall and respiratory health, the trends could reflect a behavioural change, with respondents more likely to reduce or give up smoking. Social smokers may not have socialised as much during lockdowns and working from home may also have had some influence on smoking prevalence. Coinciding with this, the OPN underwent a change in mode from an interviewer-led telephone survey to a self-completion mixed-mode online survey along with a question-order change and sample-frame change. More information can be found in the OPN QMI. With many changes occurring concurrently, we recommend caution when interpreting the movement in the trend.
While the proportion of current smokers continues to fall, the proportion of smokers who have quit continues to increase and reached its record high in 2021 (Figure 6). Among those who have ever smoked, 66.9% said they had quit in 2021, which is a statistically significant increase since 2015.
Figure 6: The proportion of cigarette smokers who have quit continued to increase
The proportion of current smokers and those who have quit, for all persons aged 16 years and over, Great Britain, 1974 to 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics – Opinions and Lifestyle Survey
The proportion of cigarette smokers who have quit is the proportion of all those who said that they have smoked cigarettes regularly who do not currently smoke.
From March 2020, the survey moved to weekly data collection.
From 25 August 2021, the survey moved to fortnightly data collection.
Data are weighted from 2000 onwards.
Data on cigarette use were collected on a two-year basis prior to 2000.
Information on the changes in legislation and government policy can be found on the Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) website.
Download this chart Figure 6: The proportion of cigarette smokers who have quit continued to increase
Those who intended to quit smoking waited longer to have their first cigarette of the day
Of the people who currently smoked, 55.3% stated that they intended to quit smoking, with 21.7% of current smokers intending to quit within the next three months at the time of interview. When current smokers intended to quit, they also waited longer to have their first cigarette of the day after waking (see Figure 7). Among those who intended to quit within the next three months, 47.2% had their first cigarette within the first hour of waking compared with 66.5% of those not intending to quit.
Figure 7: Current smokers who intended to quit waited longer to have their first cigarette of the day
Time waited until first cigarette of the day by intention to quit, Great Britain, 2021
The data refer to the amount of time cigarette smokers typically waited until they had their first cigarette after waking.
Download this chart Figure 7: Current smokers who intended to quit waited longer to have their first cigarette of the day
Electronic cigarettes use
Before March 2020, respondents were asked whether they currently use a vaping device, such as an e-shisha or e-pipe; as such, people were classed as current users even if their frequency of use was "daily" or "occasional". In March 2020, the survey question changed to ask respondents if they were daily or occasional users. Questions on vaping were only asked during August and September 2021.
Prevalence of vaping in Great Britain
In 2021, 4.9% of survey respondents reported that they were currently daily users of an e-cigarette, which is an increase from 3.8% in 2020, although not statistically significant. A further 2.8% reported using an e-cigarette occasionally, which is an increase from 2.6% in 2020, although not statistically significant. Together, this equates to around 4 million vapers in the population of Great Britain.
Figure 8: The proportion of current daily vapers increased in 2021 compared with 2020
Proportion of daily and occasional vapers, Great Britain, 2020 and 2021
Download this chart Figure 8: The proportion of current daily vapers increased in 2021 compared with 2020
As seen in previous years, a higher proportion of men reported vaping daily or as an occasional user (9.7%) compared with women (5.7%) in 2021. This is the first year since the data collection began in 2014 that young people aged 16 to 24 years reported the highest proportion of vapers (daily and occasional) at 11.1% (see Figure 9). Because of changes in survey methodology, caution is recommended when interpreting trends over this period. For more information on methodological changes, please see our accompanying methodology article.
Figure 9: Daily and occasional vape use was the highest in those aged 16 to 24 years in 2021 compared with 2020
Proportion of daily and occasional vapers by age, Great Britain, 2020 and 2021
Download this chart Figure 9: Daily and occasional vape use was the highest in those aged 16 to 24 years in 2021 compared with 2020
High prevalence of vaping among current smokers
In 2021, the proportion of vapers was highest among current cigarette smokers (25.3%) and ex-cigarette smokers (15.0%). Only 1.5% of people who have never smoked reported that they currently vape.
6. Other UK sources of data on smoking prevalence during the coronavirus pandemic
The devolved countries of the UK each have their own health surveys, which are used to provide official estimates of smoking in each country. These surveys are also used to track progress against each country's targets to reduce smoking. These are:
the Northern Ireland Health Survey, which shows that 17% of adults smoked cigarettes in 2021 to 2022
the National Survey for Wales, which shows that 13% of adults smoked cigarettes in April 2021 to March 2022
the Scottish Health Survey, which shows that 11% of adults smoked cigarettes in 2021 (PDF, 12.7MB)
The Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, through their Local Tobacco Control Profiles, details data on a wide range of indicators related to the smoking of cigarettes including different measures of prevalence in adults and young people, smoking-related mortality, and the wider impacts of smoking on health. The Health Survey for England and the Smoking Toolkit Study (non-Government Statistical Service) also collect data on smoking habits and e-cigarettes.
7. Adult smoking habits in the UK data
Smoking habits in the UK and its constituent countries
Dataset | Released 6 December 2022
Annual data on the proportion of adults who currently smoke, the proportion of ex-smokers, and the proportion of those who have never smoked, by sex and age.
E-cigarette use in Great Britain
Annual data on the proportion of adults in Great Britain who use e-cigarettes, by different characteristics such as age, sex and cigarette smoking status.
E-cigarette use in England
Annual data on the proportion of adults in England who use e-cigarettes, by different characteristics such as age, sex and cigarette smoking status.
Adult smoking habits in Great Britain
Annual data on the proportion of adults in Great Britain who smoke cigarettes, cigarette consumption, the proportion who have never smoked cigarettes, and the proportion of smokers who have quit, by sex and age over time.
Adult smoking habits in England
Annual data on the proportion of adults in England who smoke cigarettes, cigarette consumption, the proportion who have never smoked cigarettes, and the proportion of smokers who have quit, by sex and age over time.
Current cigarette smokers
The Annual Population Survey (APS) defines current cigarette smokers as those who said they smoke cigarettes nowadays. With the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN), current cigarette smokers are those who said they smoked cigarettes, even if occasionally. Current cigarette smokers are provided as a proportion of those in the population.
Cigarette smokers who have quit
From the OPN, those who said they have smoked cigarettes regularly, but they do not currently smoke, are cigarette smokers who have quit. This is provided as a proportion of those who have ever smoked cigarettes regularly.
Current vapers
From the OPN, those who said they currently use e-cigarettes, a vaping device, or both are current vapers. Current vapers are provided as a proportion of those in the population.
Survey mode
Survey mode is the method that is used to collect information from respondents. There are different types of survey mode such as face to face, telephone, online and mixed mode.
Selection bias is an experimental error that occurs when the participant pool, or the subsequent data, is not representative of the target population.
Statistical significance
Significance has been determined using 95% confidence intervals, which provide the range of values within which we are 95% confident that the true value lies. The 95% confidence intervals for the estimates are available in the accompanying datasets.
International Labour Organisation (ILO) definitions of economic activity are used. Unemployed people are those who are not currently in work but who are looking for work. The group "economically inactive" contains those who are not in work and not looking for work. This includes retired people and students. More information regarding economic activity can be found in the Labour Force Survey - user guidance.
9. Measuring the data
Annual Population Survey (APS)
The data on smoking habits in the UK come from the APS. The survey covers residents of the UK aged 18 years and over. Further information on the APS and survey methodology is available.
As noted in our release last year, the change from a mixed-mode to telephone-only data collection for the APS, introduced at the end of March 2020, resulted in a potentially biased sample. Previous research has shown that estimates from participants in telephone interviews are likely to underestimate smoking prevalence. Evidence of this can be found in Section 2 and Section 3 of our release last year. The change in the mode of data collection meant our smoking prevalence estimates for 2020 were not comparable with the previous years' estimates. For this release, we have updated our weighting methodology to improve comparability of our smoking prevalence estimates for 2020 and 2021. Details of this update can be found in our methodology article.
Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN)
Data on smoking and e-cigarette use for Great Britain for those aged 16 years and over come from the OPN. In March 2020, the OPN was transformed from a monthly to weekly omnibus survey to understand how the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting life in Great Britain. Consequentially, the number of questions relating to smoking and vaping habits was greatly reduced (see Section 4). Further information on the OPN and survey methodology is available.
The analysis reported in this release used survey weights to make estimates representative of the population. Survey weights take into account non-response and attrition as well as the distribution of population characteristics such as sex and age, where someone lives, and socio-economic characteristics.
10. Strengths and limitations
Robust methods are adopted for the Annual Population Survey (APS) and Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN) sampling and weighting strategies to limit the impact of bias. Quality assurance procedures are undertaken throughout the analysis stages to minimise the risk of error.
The sample size of the APS is large, approximately 164,751 respondents, making it possible to generate statistics for small geographic areas. The sample size of the OPN in 2021 was approximately 242,022, making the cigarette smoking estimates more robust compared with earlier years.
Comparisons between periods and groups must be done with caution as estimates are provided from a sample survey; as such, confidence intervals are included in the accompanying datasets to present the sampling variability. These should be taken into account when assessing differences between periods, as true differences may not exist.
There are differences when comparing estimates of smoking prevalence from different surveys. These differences are attributable to a range of factors, for example:
different survey questions
different methods of sampling
different methods of weighting
11. Related links
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities: Local Tobacco Control Profiles
Web page | Updated as and when new data become available
Data on a wide range of indicators related to the smoking of cigarettes including different measures of prevalence in adults and young people, smoking-related mortality, and the wider impacts of smoking on health.
Smoking prevalence in the UK and the impact of data collection changes: 2020
Bulletin | Released 7 December 2021
Impact that the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had on data collection, how this has influenced estimates of smoking prevalence and the comparability of these estimates.
12. Cite this statistical bulletin
Office for National Statistics (ONS), released 6 December 2022, ONS website, statistical bulletin, Adult smoking habits in the UK: 2021
Contact details for this Statistical bulletin
Lauren Revie, Byron Davies and David Mais
health.data@ons.gov.uk


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November 3, 2018 / 12:50 PM / in 8 months
India iPhone sales to fall for first time in four years: researcher
FILE PHOTO - A salesperson speaks on the phone at an Apple reseller store in Mumbai, India July 27, 2018. Picture taken July 27, 2018. REUTERS/Francis Mascarenhas
BENGALURU (Reuters) - Apple's iPhone sales are set to dip by around a quarter in India's holiday season fourth quarter, putting them on course for the first full-year fall in four years, industry research firm Counterpoint said on Saturday.
The Cupertino, California company's struggle to break through with India's 1.3 billion consumers swung more sharply into focus this week after Apple blamed a disappointing set of sales forecasts on a handful of big emerging markets.
Chief Executive Tim Cook said after publishing third quarter results that sales were flat in India in the fourth quarter, which includes a month-long festive season culminating this week in Diwali - a bumper period for electronics sales.
Neil Shah, research director at HongKong-based Counterpoint Research, said on Saturday its channel checks pointed to numbers for the quarter in the range of 700,000 to 800,000 units, down from about a million a year ago.
For the whole of 2018, Apple was set to sell about 2 million phones - a drop of about a million from last year, he said, as Indians balk at high prices for the devices, driven by trade tariffs and a weak rupee.
"Sales are set to drop for the first time in four years," Shah said. "If you look at Q3 - it was 900k last year and this (year) is almost 450k.
"Iphones have gone costlier and the features and specs aren't that compelling. The install base of android has grown vastly; the new customer base (for Apple) is not coming."
Cook on Thursday called the company's problems in India "speed bumps along a very long journey" and most analysts say that the prestige of Apple's brand should allow it to claim back lost ground as Indians' spending power continues to grow.
Shah said that, while more than half the phones sold this year were older iPhone models, high selling prices meant Apple's Indian revenue should still be flat or slightly higher than a year ago.
Reporting by Nivedita Bhattercharjee, editing by Patrick Graham


Even with a well-defined project plan, it's best to let the customer know that an estimate on deliverables is just that -- an estimate.
"Estimate." Although that magic word appears in every proposal, it means different things to different people.
For a solution provider, an estimate includes a well-defined set of deliverables documented in the proposal and the subsequent requirements document. Ultimately, it represents an educated guess about the project's cost, which is, of course, subject to change as a result of unforeseen challenges or circumstances. Too often, though, customers see an estimate as a bottom line that's set in stone and that includes all the costs of implementing a new system as well as any additional costs that might come up during installation.
Once, in the middle of a three-month ERP implementation, our client landed a new account of its own and needed to begin working with its new customer right away. To comply with that customer's electronic data interchange (EDI) process, our client had to adopt a complex set of rules into its practice. So our implementation team hunkered down, wrote the necessary interface and met our client's tight deadline. As a result, we billed an amount well beyond our original estimate. Our team assumed that the client understood that this extra work hadn't been included in the estimate. However, our client didn't think that adding a new customer should change the project's scope. Eventually, we reached a compromise, but not without some ill will.
Unfortunately, such situations are all too common in ERP implementations. We make money by billing customers for time spent on projects. Unlike other products for sale, hours can't be returned. If we don't get paid for our time, it's gone and can't be sold to someone else. Our implementers want to do the best for their customers, and our customers want to run profitable companies. So how do you balance those positions to manage customer expectations about estimates -- and prevent writing off billable hours?
First, here's what not to do: Don't beg for forgiveness at the end of a project. Ask for permission before it starts by having the customer acknowledge that there might be some cost overruns. If you wait until the end to bring up that issue, your chances of recouping money for extra hours spent are next to nil.
We begin each project with a simple one-page letter of understanding. This document explains how we reached our estimate, noting that it's subject to change as the project moves forward. It also says that all adjustments will be discussed with and approved by the client via a change order before work begins. Both our project managers and the client sign this letter at the outset. We then hold a kick-off meeting with the customer to discuss the project's stages, team members, sign-off documents, change-control process and our status-reporting mechanism -- including the all-important budget report.
That bi-monthly report shows our progress toward project milestones, comparing actual time to estimated time. If it appears that we're exceeding our original estimates, our project manager discusses the situation with the client, and they agree upon a remedy, signing a change order if necessary. Regularly scheduled meetings with the client allow us to discuss new requests and potential problems. Results of all meetings, status reports, change orders and other pertinent project documents are posted to a dedicated SharePoint portal.
Our well-documented processes and procedures, along with our use of SharePoint and a change-order system built into our Navision ERP application, keep project management overhead to a minimum.
And, while we're constantly refining our methodology, we've made great strides in reducing "returned time" and defining "estimate" with its intended meaning.
Jeff Rudolph is the partner in charge of Sikich LLP's ICS Technology Division. Based in Aurora, Ill. Sikich is a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner providing Microsoft Dynamics ERP solutions with Great Plains, Navision and CRM as well as infrastructure solutions with the Microsoft platform.


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      if parentID is not None:
          _parent=document[parentID]
          _canvas=html.CANVAS(id='canvas', style={'width': _parent.width, 'height':_parent.height, 'background-color': 'black'})
          _parent <= _canvas

      self._canvas = document[id]

  @property
  def ctx(self, type='2d'):
      return self._canvas.getContext(type)

  @property
  def width(self):
      return self._canvas.width

  @property
  def height(self):
      return self._canvas.height

  def clear(self, ctx):
      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, self._canvas.width, self._canvas.height)

  def loop(self, *args):
      _ctx = self.ctx
      self.clear(_ctx)
      self.update()
      self.draw()
      self.queue()

  def update(self):
      pass

  def draw(self):
      pass

  def queue(self):
      window.requestAnimationFrame(self.loop)

class ParticleCanvas(Canvas):
  def __init__(self, id, parentID, emitters, fields):
      Canvas.__init__(self, id, parentID)
      self._emitters=emitters
      self._fields=fields

  def update(self):
      for emitter in self._emitters:
          emitter.emitParticles()

      self.plotParticles()

  def draw(self):
      _ctx=self.ctx
      for emitter in self._emitters:
          emitter.draw(_ctx)
          for _particle in emitter._particles:
              _particle.draw(_ctx)

      for _field in self._fields:
          _field.draw(_ctx)

  def plotParticles(self):
      boundsX = self._canvas.width
      boundsY = self._canvas.height

      for emitter in self._emitters:
          for _particle in emitter._particles:
              pos = _particle._position

              #If we're out of bounds, drop this particle and move on to the next
              if boundsX < pos._x or boundsX < 0 or boundsY < pos._y or pos._y < 0:
                 emitter._particles.remove(_particle)
                 continue

              _particle.submitToFields(self._fields)
              #Move our particles
              # console.log(_particle._position._x, _particle._position._y)
              _particle.move()

class Vector:
  def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
      self._x=x
      self._y=y

  def __add__(self, other):
      self._x+=other._x
      self._y+=other._y
      return self

  def __sub__(self, other):
      self._x-=other._x
      self._y-=other._y
      return self

  def getMagnitude(self):
      return self._x * self._x + self._y * self._y

  def getAngle(self):
      return math.atan2(self._y,self._x)

def fromAngle(angle, magnitude):
  return Vector(x=magnitude * math.cos(angle), y=magnitude * math.sin(angle))

class Particle:
  def __init__(self, position = Vector(0,0), velocity=Vector(0,0), acceleration=Vector(0,0)):
      self._position=position
      self._velocity=velocity
      self._acceleration=acceleration
      self._size=1

  def move(self):
      #Add our current acceleration to our current velocity
      self._velocity += self._acceleration

      #Add our current velocity to our position
      self._position += self._velocity

  def draw(self, ctx):
      #Set the color of our particles
      ctx.fillStyle = 'rgb(0,0,255)'

      #Draw a square at our position [particleSize] wide and tall
      ctx.fillRect(self._position._x, self._position._y, self._size, self._size)

  def submitToFields(self, fields):
      #our starting acceleration this frame
      totalAccelerationX = 0
      totalAccelerationY = 0

      #for each passed field
      for _field in fields:
          _vectorX = _field._position._x - self._position._x
          _vectorY = _field._position._y - self._position._y

          #calculate the force via MAGIC and HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE!
          _div=math.pow(_vectorX*_vectorX+_vectorY*_vectorY,1.5)
          if _div == 0:
              _force=0
          else:
             _force = _field._mass / _div

          #add to the total acceleration the force adjusted by distance
          totalAccelerationX += _vectorX * _force
          totalAccelerationY += _vectorY * _force

      #update our particle's acceleration
      self._acceleration = Vector(totalAccelerationX, totalAccelerationY)

class Emitter:
  def __init__(self, point, velocity, spread=math.pi/32):
      self._position=point
      self._velocity=velocity
      self._spread=spread
      self._drawColor="#999"
      self._particles=[]

  def emitParticle(self):
      #Use an angle randomized over the spread so we have more of a "spray"
      angle = self._velocity.getAngle() + self._spread - (random.random() * self._spread * 2)

      #The magnitude of the emitter's velocity
      magnitude = self._velocity.getMagnitude()

      #The emitter's position
      _position = Vector(self._position._x, self._position._y)

      #New velocity based off of the calculated angle and magnitude
      _velocity = fromAngle(angle, magnitude)

      #return our new Particle!
      return Particle(position=_position, velocity=_velocity)

  def emitParticles(self, maxParticles=200, emissionRate=2):
      if len(self._particles) > maxParticles:
          return

      for _i in range(emissionRate):
          self._particles.append(self.emitParticle())

  def draw(self, ctx):
      size=4
      ctx.fillStyle = self._drawColor
      ctx.beginPath()
      ctx.arc(self._position._x, self._position._y, size, 0, math.pi * 2)
      ctx.closePath()
      ctx.fill()

class Field:
  def __init__(self, position, mass=100):
      self._position=position
      self._mass=mass
      if mass < 0:
         self._drawColor = "#f00"
      else:
         self._drawColor = "#0f0"

  def draw(self, ctx):
      size=4
      ctx.fillStyle = self._drawColor
      ctx.beginPath()
      ctx.arc(self._position._x, self._position._y, size, 0, math.pi * 2)
      ctx.closePath()
      ctx.fill()

#_width=document['pydiv'].width
#_height=document['pydiv'].height
emitters=[Emitter(Vector(100, 100), fromAngle(0,2))]
fields = [Field(Vector(200, 100), -140)]
pc=ParticleCanvas('canvas', 'pydiv', emitters=emitters, fields=fields)
pc.loop()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Harvard Business review just published a short description of some research that Nina Mazar, On Amir, and I carried out over the past few years as part of their "Breakthrough Ideas for 2008," and who am I to challenge this categorization?
The academic paper describing these findings in more detail will come out in the Journal of Marketing Research sometime in the near future, but in the meantime, here is the short version of it.
In general, the results point to a few interesting aspects of human nature. One is that most of us, when tempted, are willing to be a little dishonest, regardless of the risks. Another is that even when we have no chance of getting caught, we still don't become wild liars-our conscience imposes some limits. Finally (and what I find most disturbing), it's clear that we have an incredible ability to rationalize our dishonesty and that justifying it becomes substantially easier when cheating is one step removed from cash. Nonmonetary exchanges allow people greater psychological latitude to cheat-leading to crimes that go well beyond pilfered pens to backdated stock options, falsified financial reports, and crony deals. Such latitude is the force behind the Enrons of the world.


Psion chickens caused a social meltdown in Second Life. The digital birds were bred for their color and numbered almost one-hundred thousand causing server slowdowns and attracting griefers. Patrick Davison heard about the controversy and shares his findingsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Distributed by Tubemogul.


WHY USA Schramm & Associates is a local family-owned franchisee of the WHY USA Real Estate Marketing System.
Schramm & Associates was established in 1984 by Joe and Mary Beth Schramm who have been involved in the Real Estate Business since 1974. They purchased the WHY USA Franchise for the Quad Cities area in 1995, and have saved Quad City area Real Estate Consumers more than three million dollars in commissions since introducing the $990 concept to the Quad Cities.
We are looking forward to serving your real estate needs.


text:
Q: How can I access private class members of container class within the anonymouse inner class? How can I access all the member field of the class which contains the function initTimer() from within the AbstractActionClass?
Thanks
private void initTimer()
    {
       Action updateClockAction = new AbstractAction() {
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
                    JLabel secLabel = m_GameApplet.GetJpanelStartNetGame().GetJlabelSeconds();
                    secLabel.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Lucida Handwriting", 1, 36));
                    secLabel.setForeground(Color.red);
                    secLabel.setText(Integer.toString(m_TimerSeconds));
                    if(m_TimerSeconds >0)
                    {
                        m_TimerSeconds--;
                    }
                    else if (m_TimerSeconds == 0)
                    {
                        m_Timer.stop();
                        m_GameApplet.GetJpanelStartNetGame().GetJlabelSeconds().setText("0");
                        m_GameApplet.GetJpanelStartNetGame().GetJbuttonFinish().setVisible(false);
                        //Checking whether time ended for both players and no solution was recieved
                        if(!m_WasGameDecisived)
                        {
                            System.out.println("Tie - No one had a solution in the given time");
                            //askUserForAnotherRoundLeaveTableOrExitProgram();//////////////////////////////////////////////To implement
                        }
                    }
                }
            };
            m_Timer = new Timer(1000, updateClockAction);
    }

A: Try,
ClassName.this.foo

where foo is a class member. For more information, see JLS §15.8.4 Qualified this.

A: Assuming your outer class is called OuterClass, then OuterClass.this.whatever

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Новоивановка () — деревня в Стерлибашевском районе Республики Башкортостан Российской Федерации. Входит в состав Куганакбашевского сельсовета.

География

Географическое положение
Расстояние до:
 районного центра (Стерлибашево): 18 км,
 центра сельсовета (Куганакбаш): 6 км,
 ближайшей ж/д станции (Стерлитамак): 56 км.

Население

Согласно переписи 2002 года, преобладающие национальности — русские (73 %), татары (27 %).

Примечания

Ссылки
 Совет муниципальных образований Республики Башкортостан

Населённые пункты Стерлибашевского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
A barn-find Mazda of sorts - Sindy's Miata!
..the 'of sorts' being used for a combination of:
a. it's not really a Mazda.
b. it's not actually a barn.
c. it's not really a 'find' when it was never lost - it's a 25-year-old plastic replica of a 30-year-old Japanese sports-car, designed for a little girl's doll - yeah, it doesn't see much action these days..
d. it's a 25-year-old plastic replica of a 30-year-old Japanese sports-car, designed for a little girl's doll: nobody here gives a flying f...
But today we are. Right now we will. Because I took a whole damn impromptu-photoset of this thing in a friend's garage last weekend, and bloody hell.. a 1/6 scale plastic replica of a much-loved sportscar with a plastic doll jammed in it.. well that just makes me smile.
Sindy's 1993 "Surprise SPORTSCAR" - a 1989- NA Mazda MX-5.. or Mazda Miata.. or Eunos Roadser, depending on which market it was you first came across the little Mazda roadster..
Thanks to a quick bit of googl'ing (ahh, cheers again internet!), I can tell you that what you're looking at was produced in the early 90's for Hasbro's 'Sindy' - an (English) knock-off of Mattel's likely-better-known 'Barbie'.
Whether Mazda knew anything about it.. yeah, I don't know. There's likely nothing really negative about it for Mazda either way; good for subconsciously converting little girls in to Mazda customers decades-on, and a hilarious skeleton-in-the-closet for those "track-day bro!" MX-5 owners when these cars finally became acceptable/cool/appreciated.
I was more than a bit surprised by the detail on this thing anyway. The random accuracy. On a toy designed as an accessory for a doll? Wow. I'm impressed. I reckon I had toy cars - designed with no other purpose than being a smaller reproduction of a car - that were worse than this!
The most obvious sway from a more accurate replica being those wildly chunky tyres on the eight-spoke (there's one for the trainspotters!) 'daisies'. Slammed, spacers, and 235's on the factory 14x5.5" alloys; Sindy's got taste - It looks tough!
I don't think she'd left the driver's seat in a while..
..oh, let me just fold those (NA-update) mirrors for you. Genuinely killer detail..
To get a better idea of what this thing looked like new, I jumped onto good ol' ebay in the search for an original un-played-with example.. or one that hadn't sat perched on a garage shelf for the last bloody decade!
Incognito-mode activated (wisely, as I don't particularly want ads/suggestions/emails on sweet Sindy accessories deals..) and away I went:
18pounds Buy It Now out of the UK, here; yet if you're keen to spend an extra 20 for whatever reason...
..there's this one - also not surprisingly in the UK.
The second listing (kindly!) gives us a good look at the original box art too..
Yeah, I had no idea that's how the side decals worked. Here's me thinking it was just faded to all hell..
..but no(!), you wipe it with a frosty sponge for it to appear, then with that love-heart-shaped number to activate subtle-Sindy mode. It's logical.
Be sure to look out for Surprise Jeans Sindy and Paul and the Surprise Scooter too! "Ask your parents for their credit-card details!"
And we're done.
Learn something new every day..
Posted by RdS at 13:34 No comments:
Lakeside LandCruiser.
As promised in the previous post; here's the first of those "closer looks" at one of the daily finds from a two-week run around Japan earlier this month.
The Lake Biwa '60series.
Sitting in a nondescript carpark not far from Otsu's clearly-freshwater Lake Biwa, and brutally conspicuous amongst the plastic; it was worth the detour.
Not as though it's a minter or anything, but a 30-year-old LandCruiser is far from the norm.. and hell, awesome's awesome.
This particular example actually scored a bucket-load of bonus points (redeemable nowhere) just for being the first 60series I'd seen in Japan that actually looked used. In a country where spotless classic 4WD's are a currently-very-trendy 'thing', even among its fellow '60s (so often sporting a backdated utilitarian look) it manages to be different.
SO, as usual, "what is it?"
Well what you're looking at is a late, top-tier, HJ61 Toyota Landcruiser VX. Possibly an '88 or '89 build (yeah, 'late', as-in the 1989/90 '80series was nipping at its heels) and powered by Toyota's four-litre 12H-T turbo-diesel straight six.
And how 'top' is this 'tier'?
In VX trim (VX > GX > STD) the HJ61 (diesel) and FJ62 (petrol) LandCruisers were right up there price-wise with Toyota's 7MGTE-powered Soarer and Supra!
Continuing on...
There's a mild lift (these are solid-axle leaf-sprung F/R), and beefy alloys wrapped in Yokohama Geolander M/T's replacing the original styled steel wheels..
..and plenty of stickers in those rear windows, making up for the patina-riffic wear-and-tear on those tremendous factory side-stripes.
'turbo' VX 4WD.
I have to mention again at this point just how rarely I see tow-bars in Japan. Coming from a country where even the most worryingly-small cars are set up with a hook on their bum; their absence in Japan is noticeable.
..around to the left side to prove that yep, there is one; and we're done.
Want one of these for your very own? Well curious about just how much something similar would currently set you back in Japan, I went browsing...
Ooh.
Stock-as-a-rock from tape-deck to steelies, and seemingly tidy; this 303,000km (188,000mi) '89 HJ61 is currently at a dealer in Fukuoka for a whisker under 1million yen.
If it's genuinely as rust-free as it looks, I could absolutely go for that.
..not mint enough though? Well going a little further...
2.5million yen at FLEX (a dealer network that specializes in older LandCruisers) in Okayama, will get you an '89 HJ61 with 163,000km (101,000mi)...
...while at another dealer in Hokaido; the same 2.5million yen will get you a '89 HJ61 with only 128,000km (80,000mi) on the clock..
...and in Miyagi? Amazingly, again, 128,000km (80,000mi) on this HJ61 (an '88 this time) for the same 2.5million.
Decisions, decisions...
Now to wind this post up with some period promotional shots, just to make your wallet really sweat..
Lower-spec barn-door FJ62.. (I actually did a post on a now-seemingly-rare FJ62 in the high-spec VX trim in the past, here)
..and boom(!) 'photoshop' magic from a time when the process probably involved a little more arts&crafts. Never trust a brochure image!
I really should do a post on that one day....
..but for now?
Nope, we're done. Enjoy.
Older Posts..
Japan, early June 2017: the daily car-finds round-...


On Saturday June 13th, 2015, the UW Dept of Earth and Space Sciences held its annual Graduation Ceremony, hosted by Chair Robert Winglee. Receiving diplomas were 51 undergraduate students, out of a graduating class of 78. Receiving hoods were 9 out of a class of 19 Masters students, and 4 out of a class of 6 PhD students. This is one of our biggest graduating classes, and we had to hold the ceremony in the HUB Lyceum auditorium with seating for 400, as our previous locations were not adequate. A reception was held in the HUB Lobby outside the Lyceum following the ceremony.
The 2015 Graduation Ceremony was hosted by Chair Robert Winglee, with College of the Environment Dean Lisa Graumlich, and special guest speaker Dr Aaron Wech (PhD UW-ESS 2010), currently a Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellow with the USGS, plus the student speakers grad-student Kelly Hillbun and undergrad Nikolas Midttun.
The video recording of the ESS 2015 Graduation Ceremony can be viewed as a live stream (1.5+ hours), or you can choose to download and save the almost 1.3GB mp4 video.


Our biggest assets are web developers. We want you to keep coming back to Ultimate Locator for your store locator needs. We also want you to earn money for the time, effort and experience you provide to your clients by implementing our Ultimate Locator solution.
We do have minimums on the number of plans needed in order to qualify as a developer. Please contact us to find out more about our Developer Discounts.
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* Discounts will be applied to all active locators in your account moving forward, once you meet the benchmark for a discount level. Discounts are good towards subscription fees only.
* Developer Discounts are not automatic. You must speak to a representative to qualify for the Developer Discounts Program and to have the discount applied to your billing profiles as you build your portfolio of locators in our system.
* To be considered for the Developer Discount Program, your current email address must be from a valid website design firm that operates and maintaines an active public facing website that offers web design services.


In class on Monday, I suggested that I would likely ask essay questions on the following topics. I will want you to both explain the issues involved in these topics (identify the main arguments/distinctions presented by the authors we've read) and have a thoughtful response to these debates from your own point of view. In addition, I am now considering a short answer section, where in two or three sentences you explain a distinction or argument or issue.
b. Intrinsic value: Be able to distinguish 3 different senses of intrinsic value (and their opposites) and discuss whether nature has intrinsic value in any of these senses (and whether it matters).
c. Aesthetics of nature: Be able to identify the 6 or so different theories about what is involved in appropriate aesthetic appreciation of nature. Carefully evaluate the issues involved with aesthetic preservationism (including how some of those theories impact its prospects).
e. Wilderness preservation and its critique. How important is it to environmentalism?
f. Convergence hypothesis: What is it, is it true, does it matter?
g. Moral standing: Anthropocentrism (including arguments for and against speciesism), sentiocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism.
1. What are Lynn White's claims about "the historical roots of our ecologic crisis" in his famous paper of the same name? Do you agree with his assessment? Why or why not?
2. Describe the debate over how to evaluate predation in nature and what our obligations are regarding it. What is your own view on this issue?
3. What are the main ideas of Aldo Leopold's land ethic? Evaluate the land ethic from your own perspective: Is it a strong environmental philosophy/ethic?
4. Distinguish between at least three different senses of intrinsic value and explore how they are and are not related. Do you think the notion of intrinsic value in any of theses senses applies to nonhumans?
6. What is the "convergence hypothesis?" Is it plausible? Why or why not?
7. How should we understand and evaluate exotic species (taking into account some of the ideas of Woods, Moriarty, Jamieson and Hettinger)?
8. Explain the contemporary critique of wilderness (by Cronon and others) and evaluate it from your own perspective.
9. Explain Holmes Rolston's arguments in favor of saving nature rather than feeding people and then assess his reasons from your own point of view.
10. Jamieson in his last chapter ("Nature's Future") uses the I=PAT formula and makes some claims about who the best and worst environmental citizens are. What is IPAT and what are his claims and what is your own view about each? Do you think Jamieson is right in his assessment of the three possible environmental futures (and what are they?)?
11. Explain the critique of consumption as provided by Peter Wenz and others. From your own perspective, how important is it to change our pattern of consumption and why?
12. Do we have obligations to future generation? What is their basis and what do they involve? What do such obligations not involved? What are Brian Barry's answers to these questions? Do you agree with him?
15. What obligations concerning global warming does Sinnott-Armstrong deny we have and what are some of his reasons for this claim? What obligations concerning global warming does he think we do have? Evaluate his position from your own perspective.
16. *I might simply ask, in light of the ideas of Caney, Singer, and Sinnott-Armstong explain your own position on climate ethics (addressing how you agree and disagree with these thinkers and how you would respond to their objections).
17. Why does Parsons believe aesthetic pleasure must be disinterested and disembodied and what do those concepts mean? Do you agree with him? Why or why not. Is it better to have a multisensory aesthetic appreciation of nature than a more limited appreciation?
19. Identify, explain, and evaluate--both from Parson's perspective and your own--the 6 different approaches to the aesthetics of nature that Parsons describes.
20. What is aesthetic preservationism? Evaluate it form your own and from Parson's perspective.
21. What is positive aesthetics? How is it related to aesthetic preservationism, if at all? Do you accept positive aesthetics? Why or why not?
22. Explain why Parsons approves or disapproves of environmental art. Do you agree with him?


karvy is located at karvy, madhapur, K.v. Rangareddy, Serilingampally, Madhapur, Telangana - 500081 and is managed by N Anusha in the state of Telangana. This Aadhar card enrolment center is a Permanent center. The contact number of karvy Aadhar Center is 8374501191. Ask for N Anusha after calling and ask him your queries. Please call the aadhar center before leaving.


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