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Links between Resource Extraction, Governance and Development: African Experience (ARI)
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Richard Auty
// Posted on 13 Dec 2010
Theme: This ARI addresses the analytical and empirical links between resource extraction, governance and development, with a focus on the resource-curse thesis. The rent curse is rooted in policy failure, which the theory of rent cycling attributes to the impact of rent on elite incentives and also on development trajectory. The paper provides some examples of conditions that have facilitated this process in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Summary: The so-called resource curse is part of a broader rent curse that can be triggered by regulatory rent and foreign aid (geopolitical rent) as well as by natural resource rent. Although resource-driven growth challenges macro management due in part to commodity price volatility, the policies required to limit adverse impacts such as the Dutch disease effects are well known. Consequently, the rent curse is rooted in policy failure, which the theory of rent cycling attributes to the impact of rent on elite incentives and also the development trajectory. The theory argues that high rent incentivises the elite to deploy rent through patronage channels for immediate personal enrichment, but this represses markets and distorts the economy, which lowers investment efficiency and triggers a growth collapse that is protracted because rent recipients resist economic reform. The risk of the economy falling into this 'staple trap' development trajectory increases in the presence of point source resources (notably minerals), statist policies, ethnic tension and democracy that is youthful. This implies that initial conditions were unpropitious for most African countries (especially the mineral economies) at independence because they were typically ethnically-mixed, resource-rich, new democracies with a predilection for fashionable state control. Most African economies did experience protracted growth collapses from the 1970s but some, like the Ivory Coast and Kenya collapsed later than most. Just two economies, Botswana and Mauritius, evaded the curse. Botswana's conditions appear unique but Mauritius's pursuit of a dual-track growth strategy offers a useful model for other African governments.
This paper draws upon the literature to analyse, first, why most resource-rich African economies have under-performed since independence and, secondly, how to improve their development outcomes. Early explanations for the resource curse stressed the Dutch disease effects arising from the over-rapid domestic absorption of commodity rents, which leaves economies vulnerable to negative trade shocks because it shrinks the share of non-mining tradeables in GDP (Sachs & Warner, 1995). However, the policies required to manage commodity-rent soundly are well known, and they centre on establishing funds to sterilise the rent in order to smooth the revenue flow so that the rate of absorption matches domestic absorptive capacity (Gelb et al., 1988). Consequently, the explanation for the resource curse lies in policy failure and its causes.
This paper draws upon the emerging theory of rent cycling, which synthesises the resource-curse literature, to argue that high rent can adversely impact both the incentives of the elite and the development trajectory. First, high rent incentivises the elite to cycle rent through patronage channels for immediate personal gain rather than through markets to promote long-term economic growth. Secondly, the resulting misallocation of resources lowers investment efficiency and triggers a growth collapse. Growth collapses are protracted because once rent recipients are established they resist economic reform because it shrinks their scope for rent extraction. This implies that for it to be successful, economic reform requires an explicit political component to align the interests of the elite with those of the majority in providing public goods and efficiency incentives to make the economy grow through the long term. This paper analyses the development since independence of Kenya, the Ivory Coast, Botswana and Mauritius in search of a blueprint for reform.
The structure of the paper is as follows: it first explains African under-performance with reference to rent cycling theory, then it analyses the four case-study economies in order to identify policies to limit the adverse effects of high rent and, finally, it summarises the conclusions.
Rent Cycling Theory and Growth Collapses
The emerging theory of rent cycling suggests that the scale of rent relative to GDP impacts both the incentives of the elite and the development trajectory (Auty, 2007). Critically, low rent incentivises elites to grow the economy because that increases the level of taxation, which in the absence of sizeable rents is the principal source of discretionary expenditure, and one that the elite frequently benefit from disproportionately. In contrast, high rent deflects elite incentives towards cycling rent in order to boost elite patronage from which the elite derive more immediate (and assured) personal rewards than from the long haul of wealth creation. As a source of revenue that can be separated from the activity that generates it, rent is up for grabs and therefore triggers political contests for its capture.
The low-rent economy pursues a development trajectory of competitive industrialisation that provides a useful counterfactual with which to understand the staple track trajectory of the high-rent economy that has been typical of sub-Saharan Africa. Low rent aligns the incentives of the elite with those of the majority in growing the economy by providing public goods and efficiency incentives for the reasons noted earlier. This strategy relies on markets rather than patronage channels so that the economy adheres to its comparative advantage, which in low-rent economies initially lies in early competitive labour-intensive manufactured exports, a development trajectory that launches three mutually reinforcing economic, social and political virtuous circles. The economic circle sees export production rapidly absorb surplus rural labour, which raises wages[1] and automatically drives diversification into skill-intensive and capital-intensive sectors. The social circle reflects the early urbanisation caused by early industrialisation that accelerates the demographic cycle to reduce the dependent/worker ratio and thereby raise the share of investment in GDP, which accelerates per capita GDP growth (Bloom & Williamson, 1998). Finally, the associated rapid structural change drives a political circle as social groups proliferate, which constrains policy capture by any one group. It also strengthens three sanctions against anti-social governance as: (1) firms protect their investment by lobbying for property rights and the rule of law (Li et al., 2001); (2) unsubsidised urbanisation strengthens civic voice (Isham et al., 2005); and (3) the government relies for revenue on taxing income, profits and expenditure in the absence of commodity rent, which spurs demand for accountable public finances (Ross, 2001). Overall, incomes rise rapidly and equitably, and democratisation occurs incrementally.
In contrast, high rent incentivises the elite to pursue immediate self-enrichment by channelling rent through patronage networks at the expense of markets, which distorts the economy. Commodity exports drive the economy and over-rapid domestic rent absorption sustains an exchange rate that impedes competitive industrialisation so surplus labour persists and governments deploy rent to create employment that markets would not support in protected industry and an over-expanded bureaucracy. The accelerating demand of the subsidised sector for transfers eventually outstrips the rent (due to structural change or falling commodity prices) and absorbs returns to capital as well as rent so the economy becomes locked into a staple trap of reliance on a weakening primary sector. Declining investment efficiency slows the GDP growth rate, triggering a growth collapse that is protracted because rent recipients resist reform. The growth collapse arrests the demographic transition and exacerbates unemployment, which boosts income inequality and social tension. Finally, the three main sanctions against anti-social governance languish as: (1) businesses find it more profitable to lobby for political favours than for the rule of law; (2) urban dwellers are heavily dependent on government expenditure; and (3) government reliance on rent for revenue dampens pressure for fiscal accountability.
Rent cycling theory recognises that the adverse impacts of high rent are exacerbated (and therefore more intractable) in the presence of: statist policies, high ethnicity, concentrated commodity linkages and young parliamentary democracies. This implies that conditions for effective rent deployment were unpropitious in most African economies at independence since most were statist-leaning, ethnically-mixed resource-rich (and sometimes mineral-dependent) democracies. First, statist ideology amplifies the adverse effects of high rent by boosting the scope for governments to override markets and extract rent (Van der Walle, 1999). Secondly, ethnic tension encourages the use of rent to win political support so that ethnicity is negatively associated with the rate of investment, the rate of economic growth and the quality of government (Montalvo & Reynal-Querol, 2005, p. 294). Third, when domestic commodity linkages concentrate rent on governments and elites, as with mining especially, rent is deployed less effectively than when it is dispersed across many economic agents, as with peasant cash cropping (Baldwin, 1956; Bevan et al., 1999).
Finally, with respect to the political state, Collier & Hoeffler (2009) find that in the presence of high rent democracies underperform autocracies in terms of economic growth whereas the reverse is true in the presence of low rent. They suggest that high rent makes it politically more profitable for democracies to channel public revenue through patronage networks to secure the support of swing votes, rather than into public goods, which confer no electoral edge since they benefit supporters and opponents alike. In addition, Keefer (2007) identifies the age of a democracy as significant: young democracies cannot make credible pre-election promises to voters so they are less trusted than both autocracies and established democracies. Political parties in young democracies therefore under-provide non-targeted goods (like universal education, property rights or access to information), which benefit all while they over-provide targeted goods (like employment and public work projects) that clearly deliver favours to key voting blocs. They are also more corrupt than mature polities. None of the other explanations that Keefer evaluates (political institutions, ethnicity, voter information and civil conflict) cause under-provision of non-targeted public goods. Many, if not all five, of the conditions that are unpropitious for effective rent deployment characterised the sub-Saharan African economies at independence so it is unsurprising that most experienced growth collapses. The next section examines two initially successfully economies, Kenya and the Ivory Coast, and two that avoided sustained growth collapses in order to explain their relative success.
Policies to Improve Resource-Driven Outcomes
Almost all the economies of sub-Saharan African traced a staple trap trajectory and experienced growth collapses through the 1970s and early 1980s. Maladroit resource-rent deployment played a central role, but the resource curse is part of a broader rent curse that can be triggered by regulatory rent in resource-poor economies (as in the Sahel) and by foreign aid (geopolitical rent) in economies seeking to recover from growth collapses. One implication of this is that case studies may provide more reliable insights than multi-country regressions, which have failed to take account of non-resource rent. A second implication is that resource-constrained African economies such as those of the Sahel could experience growth collapses due to misallocation of regulatory rent and aid.
Kenya and the Ivory Coast initially averaged useful rates of per capita GDP growth until the late 1970s when they were destabilised by mismanaged commodity booms. The elite in both countries was initially drawn from wealthy peasant farmers and their post-independence governments espoused open trade policies, cautious macro policy and limited direct state involvement in production. In 1968, however, Kenya enacted legislation that encouraged elite investment in urban activity, which triggered a shift to an inward trade policy that eroded Kenya's erstwhile impressive export manufacturing competitiveness (Sharpley & Lewis, 1990). A coffee boom conferred a rent windfall of 8% of GDP annually in 1975-79 on Kenya (Cuddington, 1989) and a cocoa boom of 16% of GDP annually in 1976-80 on the Ivory Coast (Ghanem, 1999). The governments of both countries absorbed the windfall revenue too rapidly: the Ivory Coast by expanding state industry to compensate for the absence of industrialists who were nationals and Kenya by stimulating public consumption. In doing so they created entitlements that proved difficult to trim when the booms ended and so they accumulated debt they could not service. Each experienced a growth collapse that destabilised the polity and proved protracted, with evidence from Kenya that an increase in foreign aid intended to ameliorate the growth collapse merely intensified corruption and reduced pressure for reform.
Botswana and Mauritius avoided growth collapses and their experience reinforces the early post-independence lessons from Kenya and the Ivory Coast regarding the benefits of pursuing cautious macro management and open trade policy to facilitate private-sector wealth creation. Botswana inherited from the UK at independence in 1966 a market economy and parliamentary democracy that was strengthened by a tradition of consensual politics. The elite initially relied on cattle exports, which disposed them towards open trade policies. However, somewhat uniquely, the associated elite bias towards caution was reinforced when the economy grew to rely on diamonds and little else. The diamond rent depended upon the survival of a controversial monopoly and the government reacted to the risk of an abrupt collapse in diamond prices as if it managed a low-rent economy. The government targeted long-term wealth creation, counting on prudent rent management to sustain its authority. It established funds in 1972 to stabilise the mineral rent (Maipose & Matsheka, 2008, p. 523), which increased four-fold from 1973-93 and offset falling aid to yield a net total rent flow of one-fifth to one-quarter of GDP. The government typically allocated two-fifths of the revenue to offshore investments and financial reserves reached 125% of GDP by 1998 (IMF, 1999).
Although mining revenue lifted public expenditure to two-thirds of GDP (Harvey & Jefferis, 1996) the Botswana government resisted fashionable policies to create unsustainable entitlements by protecting 'infant' activity, expanding state enterprises or subsidising prices. Instead it consciously converted diamond rent into human capital and economic infrastructure, eliminating the backlog from colonial neglect. The government also deployed rent to nurture the private sector by sub-contracting goods and service purchases and encouraging foreign investment. It stimulated the rural economy, which until the late-1990s employed the majority of Tswanans, by supporting not only cattle-rearing but also until the 1990s small-holder agriculture through a cautious policy of food self-sufficiency.
Diamond expansion drove rapid economic growth in 1970-90 with an efficient ICOR of 2.3. Sustained PCGDP growth raised all boats and, although income distribution was skewed, the gini coefficient remained stable at around 0.51 (Sarraf & Jiwanji, 2003, p. 15). High PCGDP growth helped the ruling party to retain a parliamentary majority whereas its largest opponent, a left-leaning urban party, typically held one-sixth of the seats. The ruling party offset the slow contraction of its bedrock rural constituency by accommodating social pressure rather than buying it off with opaque rent cycling.
But Botswana enjoyed unique advantages not only for its ethnic homogeneity, consensual tradition and suspicion of state enterprises, but also from quirks of its rent. Diamond rent not only engendered caution because it was precarious, but it also proved unusually stable, so Botswana's institutional resilience remains untested. The absence of rent surges has avoided the sudden ignition of political pressure for government spending, while also evading the need for abrupt and draconian rent rationing as was required in Kenya and the Ivory Coast in the early-1980s. Moreover, Botswana's economy has struggled when mine expansion has slowed because it remains mineral-driven.
Although Mauritius was already land-scarce by the 1960s, rent was still 7% or more of GDP annually and was derived from foreign aid and privileged market access for sugar and textiles. Mauritius's rent deployment provides a policy blueprint for injecting the required political component into African economic reform. In the 1960s Mauritius was a mono-crop economy that depended on sugar plantations for 98% of exports, 35% of GNP (compared with 10% for other agriculture) and 35% of employment when its land frontier closed. Per capita cropland was a mere 0.13 hectares, similar to land-scarce north-east Asia and double that of Bangladesh at the time. A 1961 Commission of Enquiry recommended economic diversification through import substitution industry but the 'infant' industry failed to mature and merely expanded rent seeking: even in 1980 sugar rent subsidised rates of effective protection averaging 185% (Findlay & Wellisz, 1993). The protected industry also tended to be capital-intensive, which led the government to expand public sector employment to one-sixth of the workforce by 1967.
Nevertheless, amid the threat of ethnic conflict at independence in 1968 the elite brokered a coalition government that prioritised wealth creation and cycled a high fraction of the rent via markets. It did so by deploying rent as part of a dual-track strategy that expanded a dynamic market sector but weakened opposition to economic reform by shrinking the rent-seeking sector only slowly. In contrast to Kenya, foreign aid was steadily phased out after an initially modest flow. But Mauritius still drew rent from favoured access to markets: the Commonwealth Sugar Agreement conferred rent averaging 4.5% of GDP annually during 1977-2000 and the Mutli-Fibre Agreement yielded 0.5% of GDP in 1984, rising to 2.9% of GDP in 1996 as clothing exports grew (Subramanian & Rodrik, 2003, p. 223). But unlike its counterparts in most African countries, including Kenya and the Ivory Coast, Mauritius's government responded to an unexpected windfall (in sugar revenue) equivalent to an extra 7.4% of GDP annually during 1972-75 (Greenaway & Lamusse, 1999, p. 214) by limiting windfall taxation to 5%-12% so that most of the 1970s' sugar windfall flowed to private producers.
The planters responded prudently: gross saving jumped from 15.2% by 1970-72 to 34.2% of GDP during 1974-75 (Findlay & Wellisz, 1993) and although investment lagged, it increased by one-half to average 23% of GDP on a rising trend. The planters invested some windfall revenue in an export processing zone (EPZ) that the government established in 1970 as Track 1 of its dual-track strategy to promote a dynamic market sector of labour-intensive export manufacturing and tourism. Track 2 was the rent-supported state-dominated sector, where social spending increased during the sugar boom from 6% of GDP to 10% in order to undercut the political opposition. Social tension eased through the 1970s as the dual-track rent deployment drove per capita GDP at 6% annually. However, spending outstripped revenue in the late 1970s, forcing the government to turn to the IMF, which advised curbing social expenditure and dismantling all trade controls.
Thereafter, as part of its dual-track strategy the government still channelled one-third of its geopolitical rent (some 2.5%-3% of GDP annually) into a social safety-net, while private producers cycled much of the rest (5%-6.5% of GDP) into wealth-generating activity. As population growth fell to 1% EPZ expansion drove per capita GDP at 5.7% annually through the 1980s. Consistent with the competitive industrialisation model, manufactured exports increased from one-quarter of the total in 1980 to two-thirds in 1990, ending sugar's dominance. EPZ employment trebled and unemployment fell from 21% to 4%, creating labour shortages by 1990. By the mid-1990s, Mauritius textile wages had reached four times those of China and Vietnam, prompting diversification into IT in the EPZ to sustain productivity growth (Chernoff & Warner, 2002). Services became the main driver of the economy in the 1990s, mainly by tourism and financial services.
Mauritius's dual-track rent deployment successfully diversified its economy from an unsustainable resource-dependence into competitive industrialisation, despite initial conditions that also included acute ethnic tension and a young parliamentary democracy. Its achievements confirm the benefits of cautious macro management and cycling rent through markets and the private sector. The threat of a growth collapse initially motivated the Mauritius elite and its Tswanan counterpart to promote growth over rent seeking. Such a threat holds lessons for the elite of African economies struggling to re-establish growth: policies to sustain growth promise greater security for all, elite and majority alike.
Conclusion: The resource curse is part of a broader rent curse that can be triggered by foreign aid (geopolitical rent) and regulatory rent as well as by natural resource rent. Since the policies to avoid the problems of commodity-driven growth such as the Dutch disease effects are well established, the challenge created by rent is to neutralise the incentive it gives to the elite to circumvent markets and deploy rent through patronage channels for immediate and personal gain at the expense of sustained long-term economic growth. The literature shows that this incentive is especially strong in the presence of point source resources (notably mining), ethnic tension, statist policies and new democracies. This implies that initial conditions were unpropitious for African countries because most embarked on independence as ethnically-mixed resource-rich democracies with a predilection for state control.
Almost all African economies did experience protracted growth collapses, but a handful delayed the curse and two avoided it by espousing cautious macro policies and cycling much rent through competitive private firms. After promising starts, Kenya and the Ivory Coast slipped into unsustainable public expenditure in deploying their rent windfalls in the late 1970s but Botswana and Mauritius escaped the resource curse. Mauritius's experience is especially instructive, whereas Botswana singularly benefited from the diamond rent's manifest precariousness, which incentivised the elite to promote growth and in the event delivered a uniquely stable rent stream. Mauritius deployed its more modest rent through a dual-track strategy in which Track 1 grew a dynamic market economy by facilitating diversification of the private sector into first competitive manufacturing and then services. Track 2 maintained social programmes in the rent-dependent sector to undercut political opposition until the scale of the dynamic sector and its pro-growth political coalition reduced rent recipients to a minority.
Scope to pursue the dual-track strategy increased in sub-Saharan Africa when the growth collapses heightened dependence on the IFIs through the 1980s and 1990s. However, IFI influence has since weakened because incentives for elite rent seeking expanded due to the 2003-08 commodity boom and also increased Asian investment in African resources. Nevertheless, the consequences of previous growth collapses should prompt elites in Kenya, the Ivory Coast and elsewhere to reflect that they can prosper more securely by adapting the dual-track strategy of Mauritius (as well as Botswana, Chile, China, Indonesia and Malaysia) than by prioritising rent-seeking activity.
Richard M. Auty
Professor Emeritus of Economic Geography at Lancaster University
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[1] It also constrains income inequality by putting a floor under the wages of the poor even as rapid skill diffusion caps the skill premium.
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The executive doctoral program is open to applicants who possess a master's degree and are currently working or have worked at a healthcare institution, or in private practice. Physicians, dentists and nurse educators who work in the Texas Medical Center make up a majority of students in this program, however it may also be beneficial for researchers, program coordinators, residents, fellows and others interested in careers in academic medicine.
Each applicant must have earned a baccalaureate degree with an overall Grade Point Average (GPA) of at least 2.6 for undergraduate coursework (A = 4.00) for conditional admission (Certificate and Master's programs only; no conditional admission for doctoral program). Conditionally admitted students must earn a grade point average of at least 3.0 in the first 12 semester hours of graduate work attempted at UH subsequent to admission to remain in the graduate program. Students with an overall GPA of less than 2.6 cannot be admitted.
Admission to graduate programs in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction require the following:
Admissions applications must be submitted online through the UH Graduate School menu, at:
Scanned copies of official transcripts can be uploaded as PDF files and may be used by programs to make admission decisions. Please follow these instructions to properly scan and upload your transcript. If admitted, however, you will not be able to enroll without the official transcript(s) showing undergraduate degree conferral on file.
Official transcript(s) should be sent to:
Express Mail:
Electronic or "Speede" Transcript:
4302 University Dr, Rm 102
Within the U.S., the fastest way to send your transcript is electronically. Please inquire at your previous institution about this option. Electronic transcripts can be delivered via email to gradschool@uh.edu.
Applicants should request that official results of the Graduate Record Examination test scores (for doctoral applicants only) be sent to the University of Houston Main Campus.
Admissions fees for master's and doctoral applicants: $80 fee for a domestic application and $75 for an international application must be submitted. There are no domestic or international fees for applying to the certificate program.
Graduate Record Exam (GRE)
GRE Information for Master's Degree Applicants
Applicants to the master's program may be required to take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) within the last five years in order to be admitted. However, the GRE requirement may be waived for applicants to the Master's in Curriculum and Instruction degree program who have earned an overall undergraduate grade point average of 3.00 or higher (on a 4-point scale). More information about the GRE waiver may be found here:
http://www.uh.edu/education/admissions/graduate/admission-app-instructions/cuin-gre-waiver.php
GRE Information for Executive Doctoral Degree Applicants
Applicants for doctoral programs must take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) within five years of the application date.
Note: Applicants to a graduate program who hold a terminal doctoral degree, including MD, JD, or PhD, from this or any other regionally-accredited domestic institution are not required to submit GRE/GMAT results as a part of an application packet to the University of Houston, though individual programs may still choose to require them.
Applicants holding a terminal doctoral degree earned outside of the United States are subject to review by the University of Houston Graduate School before a waiver of the GRE/GMAT will be granted. The Graduate School must certify whether a doctoral degree earned outside the United States meets them same academic standards as a domestic MD, JD, or PhD.
More Information About GRE Testing
The GRE is offered as a computer-based exam throughout the year at the University of Houston Testing Center on the main campus of the University of Houston.
Call (713) 743-5386 Monday through Friday to register for the exam at the University of Houston.
More information about registering for the GRE may be found online at:
GRE-Computer Based
The exam is scored by the Educational Testing Service. Scores are forwarded to the University of Houston from ETS approximately ten days after the examination. More information on on the GRE can be found at the ETS website at: www.ets.org
Free GRE General Test Preparation Materials are available online from ETS:
http://www.ets.org/gre/general/prepare
Online Guide to Taking the GRE:
http://www.onlinecolleges.net/for-students/gre-test-guide/
All applicants who did not graduate from schools in native English-speaking countries are required to provide adequate proof of their English proficiency before receiving admission to the University of Houston. A satisfactory score of 550 on the TOEFL paper based exam or 213 for the computer-based exam or 79 on the Internet-based TOEFL (iBT) is generally acceptable proof of English proficiency.
The minimum required IELTS score for admissions is 6.5 on a scale from 1 to 9. Applicants are expected to complete the Test of Written English portion of the TOEFL whenever it is included as part of the exam. Scores must not be more than two years old. Scores should be sent directly to the university from the testing center and photocopies or other duplication of scores are not acceptable. When sending scores, be sure to include the University of Houston's ETS School Code, which is 6870.
You are exempt from the TOEFL/IELTS requirement if you:
Have earned a high school diploma or bachelor's degree or higher from an accredited U.S. high school, college or university.
Speak English as your native language. This exemption refers to students from Australia, the Bahamas, and Belize, the British Isles, and English-speaking Canadian provinces, the Fiji Islands, Guyana, Jamaica, Liberia, New Zealand, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Trinidad, the United States, the Virgin Islands, the West Indies and Zimbabwe.
More information about International Admissions may be found online at:
http://www.uh.edu/graduate-school/admissions/international-students/
©2018 The University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004 Get Driving Directions 713.743.2255
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text:
We're sorry, but this listing (Studio at Park Avenue) is no longer available. Below are some similar listings.
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Between 32nd and 42 street one the east side of Manhattan lies Murray Hill, the affluent neighborhood that's never lost its classy image. A long time favorite neighborhood for NYC's elite, Murray Hill is full of high end establishments and homes.
More About Murray Hill
Photo by Beyond My Ken (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Between 32nd and 42 street one the east side of Manhattan lies Murray Hill, the affluent neighborhood that's never lost its classy image. A long time favorite neighborhood for NYC's elite, Murray Hill is full of high end establishments and homes.
Fun Facts and History of Murray Hill
In 1762, successful merchant Robert Murray decided to build a Mansion and farm on a desolate portion of Manhattan. His farm started from modern day 32nd street and extended north to about modern day 38th. The Murray estate would go on to play a major role in the Revolutionary War when another member of the Murray family, Mary Murray, invited the British to tea, giving the defeated American army enough time to escape Manhattan.
The land would remain in the hand of the various Murray's until 1835 when a fire swept the land that the Murray's had been renting to various people and government bodies. Around the 1850's row houses began being built in the area, and they soon became very popular with the wealthy members of New York Society, even housing former president Franklin Roosevelt.
Murray Hill was able to avoid much of the unpleasantness that came with the financial crises of the 1900's, but became more popular with younger crowds who were now making enough money to afford it. Today, Murray Hill is still a popular neighborhood for just about anyone who has the means to buy in Manhattan.
Murray Hill Buildings
Murray Hill has mostly flat row houses and mid rise apartment complexes. However, in recent years, high rise luxury dwellings like the American Copper Buildings have been constructed, giving the neighborhood a bit of a skyline.
Atmosphere of Murray Hill
Murray Hill is a peaceful, welcoming neighborhood that isn't shy about welcoming new neighbors and guests. While the area is affluent, it's not pretentious, sporting plenty of bars and restaurants for folks to enjoy.
This area is popular with young professionals due to the chill restaurants and fun bars. That said, it's never too raucous or noising. The neighborhood is clean and calm, just like the residents prefer.
Family Score for Murray Hill
Murray Hill is extremely safe and has access to great schools and activities. The bar scene here is pretty overt, but it's never too much of an issue for the residents that live here. The noise levels never get too bad, meaning this is a good neighborhood for families.
Notable Schools in Murray Hill
The Goddard School of Manhattan (Murray Hill)
Henry George School of Social Science
Notable Residents in Murray Hill
Elenor Roosevelt
Transportation Options in Murray Hill
The New York City subway system provides access to Murray Hill via the 4, 5, 6, and 7 trains.
Biking is very popular in Murray Hill. There's a large number of Citi Bike docking stations as well as miles of bike lanes for easy navigation.
Driving in this area is popular. Traffic can get heavy during rush hour, but other than that, it is easy to navigate.
Landmarks and Neighborhood Treasures of Murray Hill
Scandinavia House
The Morgan Library & Museum
Act Like a Local in Murray Hill
Check out some of the best bites in the city like Kajitsu or Dock's Oyster Bar!
Hangout in Robert Moses Playground on a nice day! They have a dog run and sports facilities for your enjoyment.
Visit the AKC Museum of the Dog for a fun time with man's best friend!
Read About Murray Hill
The 5 Best Iranian Restaurants in NYC
Learn More About Murray Hill
For those interested, Murray Hill currently has 508 residential listings advertised on the market for rent. From data that we've compiled, listings range from $3,300 in the lower quartile to $5,197 in the upper quartile. Generally speaking, the median rental price is $4,079 or $72 / ft². For those interested in renting a listing in this search area, there are currently 93 studio, 222 one-bedroom, 105 two-bedroom, 82 three-bedroom, and 6 four+ bedroom properties available for rent.
Murray Hill is located within 10016. This area currently has 50,444 residents in 28,359 households. Out of the total population, 40.12% of the residents speak another language at home instead of English. The majority of the inhabitants in this zipcode are currently unmarried and have a median age of 33.3.
When looking at residents older than 25, 6.93% have graduated from high school, 44.36% have a bachelor's degree, and 32.93% have obtained their master's degree or above. Employment rate is typically around 71.2% and the median income in this zipcode is $102,703.
At least 72.30% of those living in this zipcode rents their homes. Most residents will commute to work by walking with an average commute time of 25.6 minutes.
Geographically, 10016 is a part of New York County, New York. This county is currently home to 1,634,989 residents, or 753,385 households with a median income of $75,513. New York County, New York residents have a median age of 36.7 and 76.86% are currently renting their homes in the area.
Finally, New York County, New York is a part of the greater New York - Newark, NY - NJ - CT Urban Area. For those unfamiliar with the area, The New York - Newark, NY - NJ - CT Urban Area is currently home to a population 18,812,161 across 6,707,347 households. Those living in this urban area have a median income of $68,319 and median age of 37.8. In general, at least 50.07% of the residents are currently renting their homes in this area.
Murray Hill 1-Bedroom Apartments
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Q: Google Sheets, cell counter that counts every time a cells values change I'm trying to get a counter going in google sheets that will count how many times a cell has changed or updated.
I want cell "K1" to count how many times cell "Client!A2" values have changed.
This is my first time using Apps-Script so I feel like I must be missing something here.  This is what has been input into the code.gs section.
function onEdit(e) {
   if(e.range.getA2Notation() == "Client!A2") {
    var sCounter = e.source.getRange("K1");
    var counter = sCounter.getValue();

    if(counter === 0) {
      counter = 1;
    } else {
      counter ++;
    }
    sCounter.setValue(counter);
  }
}

It doesn't seem to be working,
Am I supposed to be putting anything else in the brackets? Or am I just doing it wrong altogether?

A: function onEdit(e) {
  const sh = e.range.getSheet();
  const shts = ['Sheet1','Sheet2'];//included sheets
  const idx = shts.indexOf(sh.getName());
  if(~idx && e.value != e.oldValue) {
    let n = Number( PropertiesService.getScriptProperties().getProperty('editcounter'));//counter
    PropertiesService.getScriptProperties().setProperty('editcounter',++n);
    sh.getRange('K1').setValue(n);
    e.source.toast(n);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I'm an Evolutionary Biologist, Anthropologist, and Biomimicry Professional, with almost 30 years experience studying nature's strategies. Today I bring these solutions to a Fortune 500 clientele, helping leaders and companies unlock greater innovation, agility, engagement, and resilience as a result. Every organism is a survivor, honed over billions of years to survive and thrive in a complex world.
Biomimicry is exciting, and the engineers, designers, and leaders are invariably on fire with new ideas and potential. But as their ideas get slow-tracked, or sidelined, or watered down, and their individual diversity and initiative is silenced, these passionate and creative individuals get frustrated and disengage. The fact of the matter is that our organizations aren't designed to adapt change.
We desperately need a better way to work. And the answer is all around us: ants and honeybees have managed their vast organizations for millions of years, surviving and thriving on change. Their strategies are simple and profound, and we can do it too.
You can get these kinds of gains too.
How can nature's strategies support YOUR vision?


text:
Home Columns Agriculture FAO Trains Extension Agriculture Workers to Fight "Fall Armyworms"
FAO Trains Extension Agriculture Workers to Fight "Fall Armyworms"
Marcus Malayea
The FAO workshop aimed to build the capacity of personnel at the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) on how to fight the Fall Armyworms that are devastating most of the crops in Liberia.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations on Wednesday, May 15, 2019, concluded a three-day hands-on training for district agriculture officers (DAOs) on the management and prevention of the invasion of 'pests' or 'Fall Army worms' (FAW) at the Central Agriculture Research Institute (CARI), near Gbarnga in Bong County.
Speaking to the Daily Observer on Monday, May 13, 2019 at the official opening of the training workshop at the Central Agriculture Research Institute (CARI) in Suakoko District in Bong County, the FAO National Agronomist and focal person for the 'Fall Armyworm', Jobson Momo, said the three-day event intends to train the DAOs on how to identify eggs of the Fall Armyworms, and know the damages they cause for farmers; and how to prevent them from spreading further to other farmers across the county.
Mr. Momo said that the training aimed to build the capacity of personnel at the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) on how to fight the pests or Fall Armyworms that are devastating most of the crops in Liberia, particularly maize (corn) and the vegetables.
"This training is just to refresh the DAOs about the danger of the Fall Armyworm, since we noticed in 2017 that the pests (Armyworms) in the country have been devastating our farmers' crops, we have come to build the capacities of the DAOs, and equip them in the fight against the Fall Armyworms from destroying farmers' crops," Mr. Momo said.
"At that time, people did not know what type of pests were there in the county, but called the eggs by different names until FAO conducted a study; and it was established that the pests were 'Fall Armyworms' that destroyed crops indiscriminately," he said.
The 22 participants were selected from 17 districts across the country that have reportedly been highly affected by the invasion of Fall Armyworms.
According to Momo, some of the participants were drawn from districts Montserrado, Margibi, Nimba, Bong Bomi, Grand Cape Mount and Lofa counties, for the training based on the prevalence of the pests in those areas. He said the training was for the DAOs to manage and control the pests; identify the routes, and how the DAOs can use the equipment that will be planted on the farms to attract the pests to minimize their level of spreading.
At the FAO workshop, District Agriculture Officers selected from 17 districts across the country that have reportedly been highly affected by the invasion of Fall Armyworms.
Some of the control mechanisms included traps for the Fall Armyworms that will entice them to the dead end.
"We are going to mount those traps in all the districts across the country, demonstrating the FAO's commitment in fighting the devastating Fall Armyworms from destroying our farmers' crops," Mr. Momo said.
To meet that challenge, each participant will be given a smartphone that will be used to collect data from the field on the level of destruction by the Fall Armyworms. The data will be sent to the FAO Headquarters to allow the specialized agency to intensify its fight against the pests.
The phone will be used to scout the Fall Armyworms egg masses and larvae, use FAO FAMEWS application to collect field data, and transmit to a global platform at FAO Headquarters and communicate through telegram platform.
Participants lauded FAO for organizing the training workshop and promised to make maximum use of all necessary equipment given the DAOs to fight the Fall Armyworms.
The training was facilitated by Ebenezer Aboagye from the Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Department of the Ghanaian Ministry of Agriculture, who presented on topics including the biology of Fall Armyworms and How the Eggs are Spread.
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text:
Q: Redis taking RDB dump even if save is disabled I have configured my redis cluster with the following config:
appendonly no
save ""

But I found out that my redis is taking a back up and has taken a backup recently. My use case doesn't require any rdb save to be done. Am I missing some thing?

A: For disable all backups in redis go to redis.conf file do the following:

*

*Comment all save directives, by default there are three of them.

save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

*

*Disable appendonly (set appendonly to no)


As the children's blog grows, and they begin researching this year's theme, a part of the Inventors4Change team has moved temporarily to India to conduct teacher training activities and workshops with children in the participating schools.
Teacher training is mainly focused on Scratch and collaborative digital storytelling. Workshops with children have also addressed these same topics, but also include low-cost robotics, computational tinkering, unplugged computer science and other activities.
The videoconferences between Catalonia, India and Colombia will start very soon, and then the children will carry out the online collaborative work to co-create digital stories on the theme "learning with and from old people".
I guess that if the children have some activities. It is nice to have such classes.
Oh, I've never been fond of Indian culture, I've only heard some stories from my Indian friends, but reading such an article makes me happy. Because I'm a big fan of changes and new technologies. Even though I'm a good worker, I change work like every 6 months, because I haven't found a place which could make me stay longer. But recently I found ResumesPlanet review and now want to order a resume from them and try my luck with the company over never risked to apply to. I hope, all these students will get the best education and find the best (beloved) job they want to spend whole life with.
This is the best way to introduce coding for kids.
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text:
Florence + The Machine reveal video for new track "Hunger"
Posted by Fred Bambridge on May 03, 2018
Florence + the Machine has today revealed a new song "Hunger", it comes along-side the news that the band's fourth studio album "High As Hope" will be released on the 29th of June.
Speaking about the new track Florence says - "This song is about the ways we look for love in things that are perhaps not love, and how attempts to feel less alone can sometimes isolate us more. I guess I made myself more vulnerable in this song to encourage connection, because perhaps a lot more of us feel this way than we are able to admit. Sometimes when you can't say it, you can sing it."
Alt-Pop Female Vocals Florence + The Machine Fresh Videos News


Christian motif in a traditional slide puzzle. Completes spiritual images or messages when puzzles are solved. Assorted. Poly bagged and sold by dozen.
Perfect for Vacation Bible School or Sunday School prizes.
$1.80 per dozen for 80 dozen or more.
$1.55 per dozen for 160 dozen or more.


Pro Team was established in 1987 by professionals in the cleaning industry with a focus on sustainability. ProTeam vacuums provides proffessional, industrial strength machines with their line of Wet and Dry vacuums. Whether it is in the garage, basement, or workshop in both commercial and residential settings, the name ProTeam prevails above all others. Their wet and dry vacuum line is perfect for work area messes along with restoration from floods and inclement weather.
ProTeam offers a selection of new Wet and Dry vacuums that range to fit your needs. Whether the debris is large or small, ProTeam has an appropriate machine for the job. With vacuums like the ProGuard 20, with a 20 gallon capacity, 95 inch static lift and wide front sweeper, even the substantial messes are a breeze to pick up. Suggested for a variety of environments, from education to food serivce, mid-range machines like the ProGuard 10 and the ProGuard 15 are both powerful and affordable. For minor pickups, they offer both cordless and portable vacs with the ProGuard 4 Portable and ProGuard LI 3, which are perfect for residential predicaments. Both vacuums are powerful, yet lightweight and simple to operate.


I've gotta a lot of good feedback on this from the Reddit group, so let's add more.
How about occasionally looking some of the Mayfair Games supplements that came out?
Perhaps a "review" of Unearthed Arcana, I know there are some pro- and anti- groups around, so a lively discussion is expected.
Some chat on the AD&D 1e clones around, how they differ from vanilla.
We never had time, and people kept asking us for the mods, so we just released them for people.
Obviously, Greyhawk is the main game world, but you've also covered other campaign worlds too (like Dragonlance and Ravenloft).
How about covering the Lankhmar source books for AD&D on one of the episodes?
It's a pretty good campaign setting.
You've never done a full episode covering T1-4, the Temple of Elemental Evil.
I know you've talked a bit about the moat house before and briefly other parts. But you've never covered the entire work as a whole, with the monsters, magic items, etc.
That would be a great one too.
I think the module reviews are the best!! Nick does such a great job summarizing and describing each modules. My favorite reviews were the Giant series and the Cthulhu module.
Can I recommend reviewing some classics like Expedition to the Barrier Peaks?
I think, this late in the game, it's time to 'review' Arcana. Dive deep, compare some rules changes from PHB and DMG, review a class or two and maybe the idea of cantrips.
Arcana review has my vote!
Yep, Arcana would be fun.
we did this, but if yall want it again, I can do it again.
Do T1-4 and the Lankhmar setting for 1e. That's my vote!


Moog's Sway bar bushings are a great way to restore or enhance your vehicle's handling. Moog crafts each of their sway bar bushings to meet or exceed OE specifications, ensuring that you once again have complete control over your ride. Moog also covers their sway bar bushings with a lifetime warranty. Should you ever need to use it, everything can be handled in-house here at DST. Take corners safer, and easier, with Moog's sway bar bushings.
After years of use your OE sway bar bushings will warp. This loosens the bushing's grip on your sway bar, reducing your control over your vehicle. As the OE bushings continue to deteriorate your ride will lean farther around corners and you could hear banging underneath the chassis. This banging is the sound of your sway bar impacting other suspension parts, potentially causing additional damage. Protect yourself and your vehicle with Moog's sway bar bushings.
Moog makes their sway bar bushings with two materials; rubber and thermoplastic. Moog's rubber bushings are designed to restore your smooth OE ride, getting you back to your original performance. The thermoplastic is stiffer and more durable. With thermoplastic bushings installed your NVH might increase slightly, but your performance will not only be restored, but it will also be improved. So if you're looking to fix up your daily driver, or reduce your lap time, Moog has you covered.


Be productive and be part of our community!
Lillesville Subdivision Phase 2 gate is across Caloocan North City Hall (beside Top 8 Diner). Turn right at Clarion Lily st, then go straight until you see the #32 light green gate.


text:
Utopia Avenue, by David Mitchell
A fair chunk of the readers I met as a bookseller seemed to associate David Mitchell with a very limited selection of his work.
I recall recommending his books to people and being surprised when they'd never heard of them. Quoting any of his other titles likewise earned me blank stares or a mystified shake of the head, so I learnt early on to lead with Cloud Atlas and hope for the best, even if it was one of his works I hadn't read. Selling a book on the merits of a previous bestseller isn't something I'm fond of (I'm sure we're all familiar with the fly in that particular sweet jar), but Mitchell is one of those cases where I'm happy to make an exception. I have yet to come across a novel I didn't enjoy.
You have to take into account that I first fell in love with these stories in a town that isn't nicknamed Sleepy Hollow for its association with Ichabod Crane or the village in New York. While our store had a science fiction and fantasy section, it was just that; a single, small section which combined both genres into an amalgam that saw about as much traffic as Chernobyl. Book clubs and schools were our bread and butter, but while the latter might take the occasional strange tale the former tended to avoid them like a plague (if that idiom still has any meaning).
David Mitchell is by no means a small name. In a community ruled by the likes of Jojo Moyes, Lucinda Riley and Lee Child, though, expecting everyone to know him was probably wishful thinking on my part.
I was so excited to catch wind of another project, and more excited when I read the page count. I love a good story of any shape or size, but there's something about a hefty volume of fiction that makes me especially happy, particularly when it's by an author I adore. Coming after books like The Bone Clocks and Slade House, which both had such dazzling covers, I found the choice of imagery in this case a little underwhelming, especially considering the era in which the story takes place, but then I didn't come for the cover. I came for the magic inside.
Dean's luck hasn't ever given him much to celebrate. Recently ejected from his band and his boarding house, he's on the verge of packing it in when he meets Levon Frankland, a novice manager with his eye on putting together something big. When Dean agrees to accompany him to the 2i's coffee bar in exchange for a place to stay, he doesn't realize he's been offered a reprieve, or that he's already being woven into something that will change the rest of his life.
Jasper's not always socially adept, but he handles his guitar like a demigod. With his demons packed safely away in the Netherlands he's managed to make something of a life in London, but when his band implodes during a performance at the 2i's coffee bar circumstances force him to improvise with their drummer Griff and a bassist from the crowd, or face a roomful of disgruntled patrons.
When the three accompany Levon to watch a recently solo Elf Holloway – doyenne of the folk scene and Hammond organ ninja – perform at Cousins, the deal is practically in the bag.
This is no quick ride to fame, though. Put a jazz drummer, a blues bassist, a folk singer and a guitar god together in a room, and it's going to take some shifting to make the pieces fit. But Levon has a plan, and in an era where just about anything goes a band with a bit of a difference might just be what everyone's waiting for.
Mitchell has this wonderful talent for crafting characters who don't behave like you expect them to. I suppose any writer worth his salt has to be able to forge personalities that seem reasonably believable, but these are characters that manage to surprise just when you think you have them figured out, something that keeps them fresh and intimately relatable. The celebrity cameos scattered throughout the book make for a glittering cross-section of the era, and anyone who's watched an interview with Bowie or Lennon can attest that the author manages to impersonate each of the luminaries who make an appearance to believable effect (a chance meeting with John Lennon makes me grin each time I think of it).
Another thing I love about Mitchell's writing is how he manipulates your mind's eye in a manner that feels almost cinematic at times, as if your imagination is a camera being directed by a very skilled, very exact cameraman. The story shifts from character to character constantly in a manner that isn't always strictly linear, so that at times you might start at a situation's outcome before being given a backstory which took place elsewhere, while little character anecdotes and side stories make for a ride that's anything but dull. The ability of the author to steer the reader so deftly through such a wide, complex, densely populated landscape is frankly enviable, and the ease with which the story flows made for many a late night spent happily engrossed in this world.
There's so much to like about this novel. There's the grungy clubs where you can almost smell the cigarette smoke and spilled beer. There's the love stories – some of which feel unfairly short, while others become a bigger part of the enjoyment that keeps you reading. There's the dark little detours that seem to slip between your ribs and stop your lungs, followed by moments that you can't help but smile at (bone spurs – that's all I'm saying). Jasper's trouble reading expressions and social cues, Griff's glorious accent; all of it folded into the flamboyant, contentious, excessive, psychedelic, rocking, revolutionary tumult of the 1960s.
David Mitchell has created one of the most fascinating and, at times, chilling metaphysical universes throughout the course of his fiction, and I was thrilled to find characters and connections from previous visits popping up when I least expected them. In the end, though, if I was tied up and forced to pick the single most endearing aspect of this book, it would have to be Utopia Avenue themselves. I loved these characters; loved watching them laugh, bicker, labour and fight for what they want. After a couple of hundred pages spent in their company you almost feel as if you're part of the family, which only makes the ending so much more achingly bittersweet.
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With 'Road of Bones', Christopher Golden Weaves Freakish Nightmare Fuel
'Young Mungo' Is A Tale Full Of Heart And Soul
The Exiles, by Christina Baker Kline
"Fairy Tale" Is Stephen King At His Inventive Best
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Site and Lodging
A Word from Our President and CEO
Media Accreditations
WORLD LEADERS TO DISCUSS NAVITAGING BUSINESS IN A WORLD IN DISRUPTION DURING UPCOMING TORONTO GLOBAL FORUM
Annual Event Also Brings Together More than 40 Notable Canadian Expat Business Leaders to Showcase Canadian Leadership Abroad
TORONTO – Business leaders, decision makers, government representativ...
NEW CONFIRMATIONS - WORLD LEADERS TO DISCUSS NAVITAGING BUSINESS IN A WORLD IN DISRUPTION DURING UPCOMING TORONTO GLOBAL FORUM
WORLD LEADERS SHARE IDEAS ON LEADING THE NEW ECONOMY AT TORONTO GLOBAL FORUM
Annual Event Brings Together More than 150 Speakers, including former White House Press Secretary, Anthony Scaramucci
TORONTO – Heads of state, elected officials, global economic decision-makers,...
TORONTO – Business leaders, decision makers, government representatives and heads of state will gather in Toronto from December 10-12, 2018 to discuss how organizations can thrive in a new era of immense economic and social transformation. The 12th edition of the International Economic Forum of the Americas' (IEFA) Toronto Global Forum focuses on the theme of "Navigating a World in Disruption."
The Forum aims to generate practical solutions for how local and international economies can succeed while much of the world grapples with political upheaval and reactive populism and protectionism.
The Toronto Global Forum, presented by Cogeco Peer 1, will bring together more than 170 speakers and 3,000 delegates representing more than 65 countries, to discuss some of the biggest issues facing economies around the world, including fintech, blockchain and banking, anticipating cyber risk, digital transformation, artificial intelligence, transport options for the future, nuclear energy innovation, and the new cannabis economy.
This year's Toronto Global Forum also welcomes back the 2nd edition of the Canadian Expat Summit. The program brings together more than 50 Canadian expat leaders from 4 different continents to share their expertise with attendees included invited post-secondary students. Through moderated roundtables, expat leaders will discuss their personal experiences and share best practices for pursuing careers beyond Canada's borders.
Date: December 10 - 12, 2018
Place: Fairmont Royal York Hotel
100 Front Street West, Toronto, Ontario
Themes: Monday, December 10 – Global Economy | Finance | Innovation
Tuesday, December 11 – Energy | Infrastructure| Sustainable Development
Wednesday, December 12 – Advanced Manufacturing | Agribusiness | International Trade
Featured Speakers: MONDAY DECEMBER 10
 David McKay, President & CEO, RBC
 John Chen, Executive Chairman & CEO, BlackBerry
 Scott Brison, President of the Treasury Board and Minister of Digital Government of Canada
 Chrystia Freeland, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada
 Navdeep Bains, Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development
David Hunt, Chief Executive Officer, PGIM
Rebeca Grynspan, Secretary General, Secretaría General Iberoamericana
 Jean Raby, CEO, Natixis Investment Managers
 Chiara Corazza, Managing Director, Women's Forum for the Economy & Society
 Guy Cormier, President and CEO, Desjardins Group
 Craig D'Souza, Head of Global Investigations & Intelligence, Facebook
 Dominic Barton, Global Managing Partner Emeritus, McKinsey and Company
TUESDAY DECEMBER 11
 John McFarlane, Chairman, Barclays
 Luis Alberto Moreno, President, Inter-American Development Bank
 Hennadiy Zubko, Deputy Prime Minister, and Minister for Regional Development, Construction and Housing of Ukraine
 Ibrahima Kassory Fofana, Prime Minister of Guinea
 Lee McIntire, Board Member and Senior Advisor, TerraPower
 Christoph Frei, Secretary General and CEO, World Energy Council
 Josu Jon Imaz, CEO, Repsol
 Laurence Battle, CEO, RATP Dev
WEDNESDAY DECEMBER 12
 Mark Thompson, President & CEO, The New York Times Company
 Afsaneh Beschloss, CEO, RockCreek
 James Gordon Carr, Minister of International Trade Diversification, Canada
 William Francis Morneau, Minister of Finance of Canada
 Behgjet Pacolli, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo
 Marie Haga, Executive Director, Global Crop Diversity Trust
 Luc Robitaille, President, LA Kings
 Soren Schroder, CEO, Bunge
 Shinichi Yoshioka, Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Automotive Solutions, Renesas Electronics Corporation
For more information about the Toronto Global Forum, to apply for media accreditation, or to arrange an interview with a conference speaker, please contact Andrea Chrysanthou (forumamericas-media@globalpublic.com or 416-797-8194). For the program and list of confirmed speakers, please see the conference website: http://forum-americas.org/toronto.
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About the Toronto Global Forum
Organized by the International Economic Forum of the Americas, the Toronto Global Forum is a major international event which hosts leaders from politics and academia, the public and private sectors, and civil society to discuss the major issues surrounding economic globalization; with a particular emphasis on relations between the Americas and the other continents.
Toronto Global Forum Statistics
3000+ Participants
170+ Speakers
65+ Foreign delegations
120+ Bilateral meetings
100+ International organizations 105+ Media
Among the speakers at this year's event are Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland, Prime Minister of Haiti, Jean-Henry Céant, Ontario Premier Doug Ford, Barclays Chairman John McFarlane, and Facebook's Head of Global Investigations & Intelligence, Craig D'Souza, among others.
 Doug Ford, Premier of Ontario
 Jean-Henry Céant, Prime Minister of Haiti
TORONTO – Heads of state, elected officials, global economic decision-makers, and business leaders will gather in Toronto September 4-6, 2019 for the 13th Edition of the Toronto Global Forum to discuss the complex challenges facing the international business community. Topics of discussion will include economic nationalism, trade disputes, and rapid technological advances – all of which threaten the international economic order.
The Toronto Global Forum is organized by the International Economic Forum of the Americas' (IEFA). This year's program focuses on the theme of "Leading the New Economy" and will help organizations interpret the recent global financial slowdown, ready themselves for the possibility of a new economic slump, and discuss ways to foster a more inclusive and sustainable economy.
A preliminary list of speakers includes Executive Editor of The Washington Post, Martin Baron, and Founder and Co-Managing Partner of Skybridge Capital and former White House Press Secretary, Anthony Scaramucci; Vice President of the Philippines, Leni Robredo; BMO Financial Group's CEO Darryl White Minister of Commerce for Bangladesh, Tipu Munshi, Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), Luis Almagro Lemes, President and Chief Executive Officer of Manulife, Roy Gori; Chief Operating Officer of the National Football League (NFL), Maryann Turcke; European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs, Pierre Moscovici, among others. Additional speakers are expected to be announced in the coming weeks, including several provincial and federal ministers.
Presented by Cogeco, The Toronto Global Forum, will again bring together more than 150 speakers and 3,000 delegates representing more than 65 countries to discuss major issues facing economies around the world including the state of the global economy, finance, innovation & technology, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity strategies, the next generation of infrastructure, smart cities, health, cannabis, global consumer trends, the rise of social entrepreneurship, the global energy transition, and sustainable development.
Date: September 4-6, 2019
Themes: Wednesday, September 4 – Global Economy | Finance | Innovation
Thursday, September 5 – Energy | Infrastructure| Sustainable Development
Friday, September 6 – Media, Health and Consumer Trends
Preliminary List of Featured Speakers: WEDNESDAY SEPTEMBER 4
- Ming-Po Cai, Founder and President, Cathay Capital
- Lady Lynn Forester de Rothschild, Chief Executive Officer, E.L. Rothschild; and Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Coalition for Inclusive Capitalism
- Roy Gori, President and Chief Executive Officer, Manulife
- Dan Goldin, Founder, Cold Canyon AI; and 9th Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- Raj Kapoor, Chief Strategy Officer, Lyft
- Linda Hasenfratz, Chief Executive Officer, Linamar
- Denise C. Johnson, Group President, Resource Industries, Caterpillar
- Robert S. Kaplan, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
- Jose Luis Manzano, President, Integra Capital
- Pierre Moscovici, Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs, European Commission
- Darryl White, Chief Executive Officer, BMO Financial Group
- Yoshua Bengio, Scientific Director, Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA); and Professor, University of Montreal and 2018 Turing Award Co-Laureate
- Selim Bora, Chief Executive Officer, SUMMA
- Steve Cannon, President and Chief Executive Officer, AMB Group
- Michael Friisdahl, President and Chief Executive Officer, Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment (MLSE)
- Geoffrey Hinton, Chief Scientific Advisor, Vector Institute; Vice President and Engineering Fellow, Google; and Emeritus Professor, University of Toronto and 2018 Turing Award Co-Laureate
- Werner Hoyer, President, European Investment Bank (EIB)
- Tipu Munshi, Minister of Commerce, Bangladesh
- Kimberly A. Reed, President and Chairman, Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM)
- Heather Reisman, Chair and Chief Executive Officer, Indigo
- Leni Robredo, Vice President of the Philippines
FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 6
- Luis Almagro Lemes, Secretary General, Organization of American States (OAS)
- Martin Baron, Executive Editor, The Washington Post
- Wendy Clark, Chief Executive Officer, DDB Worldwide
- James L. Dinkins, President, Coca-Cola North America
- Liz O'Neill, President, Product, Innovation and Supply Chain, Levi Strauss & Co
- Anthony Scaramucci, Founder and Co-Managing Partner, Skybridge Capital
- Maryann Turcke, Chief Operating Officer, National Football League
- Maribel Perez Wadsworth, President, USA TODAY Network, and Publisher, USA TODAY
125+ Official bilateral meetings
info@forum-americas.org
Toronto Global Forum
110 Eglinton Ave. West, Suite 201
M4R 1A3 Canada
toronto@forum-americas.org


HEXR (Hardware Enablement Cross Referencer) allows an engineer to readily identify components within a given system, identify other systems containing the same component(s), and determine the support for a given component within Ubuntu.
This is a project to convert the proof-of-concept by Jeremy Kerr into a stable prototype for use by the Hardware Enablement team. The end result will help us to decide whether to map the functionality into the Hardware Certification site (certify-web), or abstract the functionality into a standalone hardware database.
HEXR does not have any download files registered with Launchpad.


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Quick Answer: How Much Does It Cost To Buy The Boston Celtics?
Who is the highest paid player on Boston Celtics?
Does TD Garden accept mobile tickets?
Who is the woman who sits next to the Celtics bench?
Where can I buy Celtics tickets?
Where can I buy NBA tickets?
What is there to do in Boston in March 2020?
How much are tickets for Boston Celtics?
Do Celtics sell out?
How much are floor seats Celtics?
What is going on in Boston April 2020?
Can you tour TD Garden?
Who is the leader of the Boston Celtics?
Can you buy Celtics tickets at the box office?
How much does Lebron make a year?
Which NBA team has the cheapest tickets?
Can you bring food to NBA game?
Is April a good time to visit Boston?
Can you buy Disney on Ice tickets at the box office?
How much does it cost to sit courtside at an NBA game?
What is going on in Boston March 2020?
What is Gordon Hayward salary?
10/21/20 — Daniel Theis' $5 million guarantees for 2020-21.
Before the first day of 2020-21 season — Extension deadline for Jayson Tatum.
10/31/20 — Team option on Robert Williams, Romeo Langford and Grant Williams (revised date TBD).
1/10/21 — Javonte Green's $1,517,981 guarantees for 2019-20..
You can now scan your mobile tickets at TD Garden for every event at every entrance! Whether you are using Ticketmaster.com or Account Manager, you can follow the below instructions to view/download your tickets, resell your tickets, or transfer your tickets.
The Boston Celtics became the latest team to hire a female assistant coach, bringing Kara Lawson to their bench, according to ESPN.
TicketmasterTicketmaster is the only Official Ticketing Partner of the Celtics. Don't get boxed out by fake tickets.
Ticketmaster is your source for NBA tickets to all must-see games. Verified Tickets are your go-to source for safe, secure entry, and with NBA resale tickets in the mix, you have more options than ever before. All tickets are 100% verified, so the seat you buy is the seat you get, guaranteed.
TOP 10 EVENTS AND THINGS TO DO IN BOSTON IN MARCHHop-on Hop-off Bus Tour.The USS Constitution.Little Italy Food Tour.Boston Bike Tours.Bunker Hill Monument.Faneuil Hall Marketplace.
Typically, Celtics tickets can be found for as low as $29.00, with an average price of $141.00.
Celtics tickets have always been tough to come by, and season tickets are sold out once again, though fans can join a waiting list. Single-game tickets are sold out for many of the biggest games, including the October 16 home opener against the Philadelphia 76ers.
The best Boston Celtics courtside tickets cost $500 each for normal weekday games and up to $5000 for popular weekend games.
Things to Do in Boston in April 2020Social Distancing Activities (March/April 2020) … The Boston Marathon. … Patriot's Day. … Enjoy the Outdoors. … The Boston Marathon. … Patriot's Day Battle Reenactment on the Lexington Green. … Patriot's Day Battle at Old North Bridge, Concord, MA. … April School Vacation Week.More items…
Public Tours are our daily tours for The Sports Museum that begin on Level 1 of TD Garden at the ProShop. When open, The Sports Museum Tours leave on the hour every hour. On Monday-Saturday, The Sports Museum Tours begin at 10:00am and the last tour leaves at 3:00pm.
Danny AingeBoston Celtics/Presidents
Tickets for all TD Garden events may be purchased in a variety of ways: The Box Office is located between the Boston Garden Society lobby and the entrance to the new MBTA passageway. … The parking garage elevators nearest to the Box Office are the East Garage elevators and/or The Hub elevators.
37.44 million USD (2020)LeBron James/Salary
Cleveland CavaliersThe cheapest tickets in the entire league are the Cleveland Cavaliers. The Cavs are till kind of getting their game in order after the departure of arguably the greatest basketball star playing today: Lebron James.
You will not be allowed to bring any food or beverages into the arena. Concessions stands are located throughout the arena with a variety of food and beverage choices.
The best time to visit Boston is from June to October. Mild fall weather makes touring around on foot a joy. If winter is too cold for you but summer and autumn's hotel rates fall outside your budget, try visiting at the start of the spring season. …
Buy Tickets at the Box Office If you don't want to transact business online, you can buy tickets for Disney on Ice directly at the box office where the show will take place.
You can score courtside tickets for less than $500 to see the Dallas Mavericks, Detroit Pistons, or Atlanta Hawks. Some of the most expensive NBA courtside tickets are for the Los Angeles Lakers, Golden State Warriors, and New York Knicks. These can range from just over $1,000 to $3,600 or more.
The Boston Events Calendar for March 2020 is packed with exciting events: the huge St Patrick's Day Parade, Boston Flower and Garden Show, Dine Out Boston, and fantastic shows in the Theatre District including Fiddler on the Roof, Jersey Boys, and Riverdance and much, much more!
32.7 million USD (2020)Gordon Hayward/SalaryCurrent Contract Gordon Hayward signed a 4 year / $127,829,970 contract with the Boston Celtics, including $127,829,970 guaranteed, and an annual average salary of $31,957,493. In 2020-1, Hayward will earn a base salary of $34,187,085, while carrying a cap hit of $34,187,085 and a dead cap value of $34,187,085.
Question: Is Working Out 3 Times A Week Enough To Build Muscle?
How many days a week should I workout to build muscle?
Can You Get Annual Fee Waived?
Which is the best lifetime free credit card?
Question: What Are Student Centered Activities?
What are student led activities? Student-led learning
What Age Group Is Abercrombie & Fitch Made For?
What age does Hollister hire at? 16You have to be at
Should You Sauna Before Or After Workout?
Do saunas help you lose weight? The most immediate
Quick Answer: How Do You Unblock A Green Dot?
Why can't I use my GreenDot card online?
Question: How Long Does It Take To Recharge Car Battery?
What is the best way to charge a car battery?
Question: What Does Snow Mean In A Car?
What is snow mode in a car? A snow mode typically adjusts
Question: How Important Is A Goal?
Is it okay to not have goals? If you start setting
Question: What Size Shoe Is 22cm?
What size shoe is 23cm? Women's Shoe Size ChartUSEUFOOT
Question: How Do You Achieve Construct Validity?
What are the 4 types of validity? The four types of
Quick Answer: Why Did Crunch Charge Me $50?
Is Planet Fitness really $10? Well, the $10 monthly


Starting with a full-day Kindergarten, our Lower Village (K- 5) learners experience a well-rounded curriculum that focuses on the whole child.
We approach learning in a meaningful, contextual, and hands-on way, according to the tenets of Project Based Learning.
Reading: Differentated reading groups so learners can work on fluency and reading comprehension at their own level.
Writing: Based on the Lucy Calkins "Writer's Workshop" model, facilitators guide learners through the writing process according to distinct phases. This approach supports the progress of those who struggle with writing, as well as those with an innate talent for it.
Math: Based on the principles of Marilyn Burns, learners experience differentiated standards-based curriculum through an appropriate balance of centers, small groups, and direct instruction. The goal is to facilitate learners through a process of thinking, reasoning and applying understandings in a real-life context.
Science: Learners use the scientific method to conduct standards-based science experiments and hone in on their research skills to learn more about different species, environmental challenges, and more! Many of our study units are based on problem-solving real world issues requiring unique and innovative solutions.
Social Studies: Starting in Kindergarten, our learners directly experience what it means to be a member of a democratic society through our emphasis on community and their role in it. Our learners delve into local, state and national history through role plays, field trips, photographs, documents, and other real-life experiences.
PE: All 1st - 5th learners have 2 hours of PE per week with our Coach, while Kindergarteners have Motor Fitness with parent volunteers twice a week. All activities are developmentally appropriate and standards-based, to ensure the health and wellness of our learners. Activties focus on good sportsmanship, teamwork, and nutrition, appropriate to each age group.
Art: All learners experience 1 hour of art instruction with our Art Facilitator per week. This is in addition to the art-based activities that typically comprise learners' project-based and classroom work across our curriculum, and the many art-based electives that are offered.
Music: All learners experience 1 hour of Music with our Music Facilitator a week, in addition to the music-based electives that are offered.
Puzzles: All learners experience 1 period of Puzzles a week. In this seminar, learners are stimulated with logic problems, puzzles, mazes, brainteasers, matrices, and other mind-challenging activities.
Choice: All learners experience 1 period of Choice a week. In this seminar, learners choose an activity that relates to their personal interests. Learners may create an art project, research a topic of their choice, build with Kinex and Legos, or engage in other intrapersonal or interpersonal activities.
Electives: All learners have the opportunity to sign up for two electives per trimester. Past and current offerings include: Dance, Puppet Theater, Green Team (Promoting Green Living), Origami, Presidential Election, Chess, Art History, Drawing, Yoga, Art, Aerodynamics (paper airplane making), Kickboxing, Lego Robotics, Judicial Committee, Computer Building, Creative Music, Digital Music, Songwriting, Dance, Improv, and more!