text:
\section{Introduction \& Related Work}

The recent emergence of successful large-scale language representation models (c.f.,~\citet{Devlin2018BERTPO,radford2019language,yang2019xlnet,liu2019roberta,shoeybi2019megatron,keskar2019ctrl}) has led to an explosion of \emph{self-supervised} language representation models trained on massive corpora of internet text. Even though these large models are trained on self-supervision\footnote{There is a larger debate, which we do not intend to participate in, as to whether or not such tasks are ``self-supervised'', ``unsupervised'', ``supervised'', or something in-between.} tasks such as Next-Sentence Prediction~\citep{Devlin2018BERTPO}, Masked-Language Modeling~\citep{Devlin2018BERTPO}, and vanilla next-token-prediction language models, such models perform well on tasks such as entailment or question answering for which they were not trained, whether in a zero-shot fashion (\citet{radford2019language,wang2019cross}, among others) or in a finetuned setting~\citep{Devlin2018BERTPO,radford2019language,yang2019xlnet,liu2019roberta}.

Although such models perform well, relatively little is known about why they work~\citep{hao2019visualizing}. Recent work has shown that properly tuning such models with nearly identical configuration and simply training on more data~\citep{liu2019roberta} leads to large gains in performance. Such models have also been shown to be highly compressible either through distillation~\citep{sanh2019distilbert,jiao2019tinybert} or quantization~\citep{zafrir2019q8bert,shen2019q}.

An open question remains as to whether or not such models \emph{have} to be over-parametrized~\citep{zhang2019identity} in order to perform well.~\citet{kovaleva2019revealing} and~\citet{hao2019visualizing}, among others, have speculated that models such as BERT~\citep{Devlin2018BERTPO} are \emph{vastly} over-parametrized for the downstream tasks on which they are finetuned. In this work, we provide empirical evidence in favor of this view, specifically for text classification.

\section{Experimental Setup}
\label{sec:experimental-setup}
We conduct all experiments on the task of fine-tuning our model for text classification -- in particular, we evaluate on three standard datasets for the aforementioned task; IMDB~\citep{maas2011learning}, AG-news~\citep{zhang2015character} and DBpedia~\citep{zhang2015character}. These datasets have very different numbers of examples, and final target space cardinality (see Table~\ref{dataset_sizes}). Running our analyses on these datasets provides an initial control as to whether the conclusions we draw are generalizable.

For simplicity, we fine-tune BERT with an identical experimental setup for each dataset. Each model is finetuned from the pretrained \emph{BERT-base}~\citep{Devlin2018BERTPO} model configuration
which uses a hidden size of 768 with 12 transformer blocks and 12 attention heads. To adapt it for classification, we follow~\citet{Devlin2018BERTPO} and add a simple linear layer on top of the {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} token embedding.

We follow~\citet{finetune_bert} for the selection of hyperparameters. We utilize a batch-size of 32 via gradient accumulation. We use the AdamW optimizer \`{a} la~\citet{loshchilov2017fixing} with $\beta_1=0.9$ and $\beta_2=0.999$, and combine this with slanted triangular learning rate decay~\citep{ulmfit}, with a cycle of 4 epochs, warm-up proportion of 0.1 and minimum learning rate of 0. Moreover, we adapt the maximum learning rate to each layer. The last layer is initialized with a maximum learning rate of $2 \times 10^{-5}$, and a decay of 0.95 is applied for each layer below (i.e. $LR_{n} = 0.95 \times LR_{n+1}$, where $n$ is the layer number). Anecdotally, we observed that using slanted triangular learning rates and decaying learning rates slightly improved results for all datasets. In addition, we use a dropout~\citep{srivastava2014dropout} value of $0.1$ post-{{\textbf{[CLS]}}}-token.

We respectively retained 10\%, 5\%, and 5\% of the training set of IMDB, AG-news, and DBpedia for early-stopping, and observed a convergence in under four epochs for all experiments. Our base-level fine-tuning results on the test sets are given in Table~\ref{Bert_results}.

We sanity-checked our initial results through~\url{https://paperswithcode.com/}. At the time this paper was written, our results place us in 9\textsuperscript{th} place for IMDB, 4\textsuperscript{th} place for AG-news and 2\textsuperscript{nd} place for DBpedia. Although ancillary from the primary argument of this work, this epitomizes how powerful these pretrained systems are: with only a few hours and for close to no cost, it is now possible to train models which get close to state-of-the-art results on most datasets.

\begin{table}[t!]
\small
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lllc}
\hline \bf Dataset & \bf Training Set & \bf Test Set & \bf Output Classes \\ \hline
IMDB & 25,000 & 25,000 & 2\\
AG-news & 120,000 & 7600 & 4\\
DBpedia & 560,000 & 70,000 & 14\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{dataset_sizes} Example and output cardinality of datasets used in experiments as elaborated upon in Section~\ref{sec:experimental-setup}.}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[t!]
\small
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\hline \bf Dataset & \bf Pretrained & \bf Finetuned & \bf SOTA\\ \hline
IMDB & 88.0\% & 93.7\% & 97.4\%\\
AG-news & 90.4\% & 94.7\% & 95.5\%\\
DBpedia & 99.02\% & 99.33\% & 99.38\%\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{Bert_results} Test-set performance of finetuned BERT over each experimental setup.}
\end{table}

\section{Results and Analyses}

In the following exposition, \emph{``pretrained models''} refers to models that have not been fully finetuned, where a linear classifier is trained on top of the pretrained embedding from the {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} token, but the BERT model itself is frozen. We refer to a \emph{``finetuned model''} as having been fully end-to-end finetuned on the relevant dataset and task.

Several experiments were conducted to inspect and understand the outputs of BERT-based models, in both pretrained-only and finetuned states. Most results and observations are consistent through all three datasets, which points towards the generalizability of the emergent properties derived from our studies toward other domains.

\subsection{Dimension Reduction via Principal Component Analysis}

To begin to understand how information is stored and represented in BERT vectors, we begin by analyzing model outputs through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), in which we seek to decompose a set of such vectors into an orthogonal basis set such that we may begin to understand dimensions of maximal variance in BERT vectors.

\subsubsection{Patterns in the output of pretrained BERT}

Do dimensions with maximal variance generalize across domains for text classification? An answer to this question points to a question of "how multi-task" components of BERT representations are. To investigate, we probe BERT using a general-domain PCA model, and attempt to understand how compress-able BERT representations are when carried cross-domain.

{{\textbf{[CLS]}}} token embeddings on a random sample of 1M sentences from a cleaned, English-language Wikipedia dump were computed, with a PCA model subsequently trained atop these embeddings. Post-training, this BERT + PCA combination was trained with a linear classifier on each of the datasets in our experimental setup.

We compare the performance under of this process with two alternatives -- the case where the PCA model is trained on the dataset of interest (removing the out-of-domain component), and the case where a random number of BERT dimensions is selected. We show the behavior under these three scenarios for IMDB in Figure~\ref{acc_BERT_pretrained_IMDB_with_PCA}, for AG-News in Figure~\ref{acc_BERT_pretrained_AG-news_with_PCA}, and for DBPedia in Figure~\ref{acc_BERT_pretrained_DBpedia_with_PCA}.

The behavior in Figures~\ref{acc_BERT_pretrained_IMDB_with_PCA},~\ref{acc_BERT_pretrained_AG-news_with_PCA}, and~\ref{acc_BERT_pretrained_DBpedia_with_PCA} clearly demonstrate that there indeed is generalizable structure and information in BERT outputs which makes a large portion of output features redundant. Although performance clearly degrades when the PCA model is trained out-of-domain versus in-domain, the gap between results is smaller than the gap when compared to randomly selected dimensions.

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{acc_BERT_pretrained_IMDB_with_PCA.png}
  \caption{Accuracy of pretrained BERT on IMDB using PCA}
  \label{acc_BERT_pretrained_IMDB_with_PCA}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{acc_BERT_pretrained_AG-news_with_PCA.png}
  \caption{Accuracy of pretrained BERT on AG-news using PCA}
  \label{acc_BERT_pretrained_AG-news_with_PCA}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{acc_BERT_pretraind_DBpedia_with_PCA.png}
  \caption{Accuracy of pretrained BERT on DBpedia using PCA}
  \label{acc_BERT_pretrained_DBpedia_with_PCA}
\end{figure}

An interesting anecdotal result is that PCA does not require a large sample to reach full capacity, as evaluated by downstream performance as a feature set on a given task. We initially trained PCA on around 1M embeddings, but after manual analysis, it was determined that around 32,000 embeddings are sufficient to obtain performance on par with the full set of 1M.

\subsubsection{Patterns in the output of finetuned BERT}

We empirically observe that when BERT is finetuned, the information is \emph{extremely} compressed into a small number of dimensions in the {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} token embedding -- surprisingly good performance is obtained with only a handful of dimensions. With 5 principal components obtained from the general PCA, scores are only 0.004\% (IMDB) / 0.35\% (AG-news) / 1.05\% (DBpedia) percentage points away from models trained atop of all principal components. With 25 principal components, it is the percentage point gap for accuracy drops to 0.02\% for DBpedia, and significantly less for others. Hence, output information can be drastically compressed.

\subsubsection{Explained variance}

Principal Component Analysis admits the useful property of maximizing the variance of the projected data across each component, subject to maintaining orthogonality to existing components. We utilize this fact, as is commonly done, to examine the percentage of observed variance encoded in each projected axis. In training PCA on the general Wikipedia dataset, we observed shared phenomena across all three datasets.

We observe that the first principal axes become more important when the model is finetuned, i.e they explain significantly more variance than their counter-parts in the pretrained models. However, the number of such principal axes is low. Surprisingly, the point at which we encounter the first principal component that explains less variance in the finetuned model than the pretrained model roughly corresponds to the number of classes contained in the task at hand.

Define the \textit{i\textsuperscript{th} variance ratio} to be the percentage of explained variance of $i$\textsuperscript{th} principal component of the finetuned model divided by $i$\textsuperscript{th} principal component in the pretrained model. We display the variance ratios for the first 20 principal components across the three datasets under consideration in Figure~\ref{variance_ratios}.

For AG-news, we note that the first four axes are significantly more important in the finetuned model than in the pretrained-only model, with variance ratios between 1.3 and 3.7, before dropping to a variance ratio of 0.76 in the fifth principal component. For DBpedia, the first 13 variance ratios are greater or equal to 1, and for IMDB, the first variance ratio is 1.25, and drops to below 1 for the second dimension.\footnote{As a reminder, AG-news has 4 output categories, DBPedia has 14 output categories, and IMDB has 2 output categories (See Table~\ref{dataset_sizes}).}

\begin{figure}
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{variance_ratios.png}
    \caption{Variance ratios. The vertical lines correspond to the last index for which the first variance ratios are greater than 1. We define a variance ratio to be the ratio of the variance explained for the $i$\textsuperscript{th} component in the finetuned model relative to the pretrained model.}
    \label{variance_ratios}
\end{figure}

We hypothesize, without substantive testing, that the BERT embeddings corresponding to {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} tokens develop a natural dimensionality close to the number of natural categories of each dataset (c.f. Table~\ref{dataset_sizes}). This is consistent with the intuition that BERT is vastly overparameterized for many of the tasks at hand\footnote{We suspect this is because the standard text classification chosen here tend to require little-to-no reasoning.}.

This hypothesis agrees with the ``Natural'' column of Table~\ref{sentiment_neuron_score}, in which we look for subsets of embedding dimensions that provide similar results to our full system, without doing any PCA. We elaborate upon this in Sections~\ref{sentimental-neuron-pretrained} and~\ref{sentimental-neuron-finetuned}.

\subsection{Does BERT have salient neurons?}

\begin{table*}[t!]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{@{}lrlllllll@{}}
\cmidrule(l){3-9}
        &              & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Pretrained}        & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Finetuned}       \\ \cmidrule(l{10pt}r{10pt}){2-5} \cmidrule(l{10pt}r{10pt}){6-9}
Dataset & Random       & All     & 1       & 5       & All     & 1      & 5      & Natural \\ \midrule
IMDB    & 50 \% (2)    & 88.0\%  & 67.0\%  & 77.4\%  & 93.7\%  & 93.7\% & 93.8\% & 93.7\%    \\
AG-news & 25 \% (4)    & 90.4\%  & 43.5\%  & 70.3\%  & 94.7\%  & 83.6\% & 94.3\% & 94.3\%    \\
DBpedia & 7.14 \% (14) & 99.02\% & 17.67\% & 53.67\% & 99.33\% & 60.9\% & 99.0\% & 99.2\%    \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{sentiment_neuron_score} Accuracy of a simple softmax classifier on top of the {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} BERT embedding while: keeping all dimensions, keeping only the best dimension, and keeping the five best dimensions. Leftmost column corresponds to the accuracy of random guesses.}
\end{table*}

We now investigate how individual dimensions of BERT {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} embeddings learn to store information, removing the explicit cumulative variance-maximizing projections of PCA in the previous section. To do this, we explicitly select output dimensions that are most useful for each specific task. We refer to these dimensions as \emph{salient neurons}, a slight nod towards sentiment neurons referenced in~\citet{sentiment_neuron}.

\subsubsection{Salient neurons in pretrained BERT}
\label{sentimental-neuron-pretrained}

We first begin by investigating, in a similar spirit to~\citet{sentiment_neuron}, which dimensions or neurons from the pretrained BERT model directly exhibit useful information for our three datasets. To select the best neuron for a given classification task, we perform 5-fold cross-validation on the train set and select the individual dimension with the best mean accuracy score over the folds.

As the original number of dimensions to search over is high (768 for the BERT-base model), selecting the subset of size $n$ which maximizes our cross-validated accuracy score suffers from combinatorial explosion -- therefore, we proceed in a greedy fashion, choosing new dimensions to be added to existing ones by cross-validation\footnote{An interesting extension for future work is to understand whether a more optimal search for hidden unit combinations leads to better performance than the results shown in Table~\ref{sentiment_neuron_score}}.

Results for the pretrained-only model are presented in the left part of Table~\ref{sentiment_neuron_score}. As is evident, certain neurons encode information \emph{with no finetuning} that are useful for the classification tasks outlined in Section~\ref{sec:experimental-setup}, even though the model has not received explicit signal for these tasks before. This hints towards validation that for the auxiliary tasks that comprise BERT (i.e. masked words and sentence prediction), the model has learned to embed information which encapsulates sentiment and other topical categorizations. As is clear in Table~\ref{sentiment_neuron_score}, however, results on selected pretrained subsets of embedding dimensions are still quite far from those obtained from finetuned models, exhibiting the value of domain alignment via finetuning.

\subsubsection{Salient neurons in finetuned BERT}
\label{sentimental-neuron-finetuned}

With finetuned models, one would expect that salient neurons would manifest themselves more clearly. As shown in Table~\ref{sentiment_neuron_score}, this is confirmed in our experiments. These salient neurons are \emph{surprisingly effective}, in many cases removing the need for the fully finetuned classification layer. For the IMDB dataset, using a linear classification on even a single neuron from the {{\textbf{[CLS]}}}-token embedding provides equal performance to scores from models which utilize the full embedding. For AG-news and DBpedia this is less pronounced, primarily due to the number of classes contained in the given datasets. However, the best neuron manages to provide very strong separation between classes, and does much more than only separating one class from all the others, as shown in Figure~\ref{hist_neuron_value_wrt_label_bert_finetuned_agnews}, which clearly illustrates the power of a single dimensional representation from this neuron. An interesting anecdotal observation from our experiments is that the performance when selecting a number of neurons equal to the number of classes is approximately equal to the case where we utilize the entire embedding. This leads us to hypothesize that the over-parametrization of the finetuned BERT model for the tasks at hand results in embedding vectors lying on a significantly lower dimensional manifold than the full 768 dimensions, with this natural manifold tending towards the number of classes\footnote{A byproduct of the finetuning being explicitly for class separation.}.

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{hist_neuron_value_wrt_label_bert_finetuned_agnews.png}
  \caption{Best neuron activation for BERT finetuned on AG-news}
  \label{hist_neuron_value_wrt_label_bert_finetuned_agnews}
\end{figure}

A natural follow-up question to the previous analysis is whether or not salient neurons are unique -- put differently, are there many redundant salient neurons?

To investigate, we consider the empirical accuracy distribution of individual classifiers trained on single elements of the {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} token embedding. In Figure~\ref{figure:acc-histograms}, we display these empirical distributions for IMDB (Fig.~\ref{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_IMDB}), AG-News (Fig.~\ref{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_AG-news}), and DBPedia (Fig.~\ref{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_DBPedia}). As is evident, the distribution of accuracy scores is quite dense, i.e., there are no gaps in how individual neurons perform. Interestingly, the number of salient neurons that are \emph{highly performant} is quite low, though there does seem to be some redundant information. For example, on the IMDB dataset, around 7\% of neurons result in an accuracy greater than 0.93, but only a single neuron gives an accuracy score greater than 0.936\footnote{As a reminder, neurons are evaluated on the test set here, but when selecting neurons for inclusion in Table~\ref{sentiment_neuron_score}, selection occurs via cross-validation.}.

\begin{figure*}[t!]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
        \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.99\textwidth]{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_IMDB.png}
        \caption{Histogram of IMDB accuracy}
        \label{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_IMDB}
    \end{subfigure}%
    ~
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
        \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.99\textwidth]{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_AG-news.png}
        \caption{Histogram of AG-news accuracy}
        \label{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_AG-news}
    \end{subfigure}
    ~
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
        \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.99\textwidth]{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_DBpedia.png}
        \caption{Histogram of DBPedia accuracy}
        \label{hist_weight_repartition_logreg_BERT_finetuned_DBPedia}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Histograms of accuracy scores when selecting individual neurons from the 768-dimensional {{\textbf{[CLS]}}} embeddings from finetuned models on individual datasets.}
    \label{figure:acc-histograms}
\end{figure*}

\section{Discussion and Future Work}

In this work, we show empirical evidence that both the pretrained and finetuned representations in a BERT {{\textbf{[CLS]}}}-token embedding contain significant amounts of redundancy, and, in the case of finetuning, exhibit low dimensional manifold structure intimately related to the problem at hand. We conclude, through experimental investigation, that BERT is vastly over-parametrized for standard text classification tasks, echoing~\citet{sanh2019distilbert}.

One major consequence is that it is possible to reduce the dimension of BERT {{\textbf{[CLS]}}}-token output to a very small number of dimensions and lose almost no accuracy. This can be useful in settings where one needs to store a many such embeddings, such as text retrieval, or if a downstream task requires sending the embeddings through a network. In addition, we suspect that designing connective patterns between the multi-head attention components and the final {{\textbf{[CLS]}}}-token vectors that can take advantage of sparsity in the vector output may be useful for pruning-aware training.

As a field, natural language processing is currently under a deluge of transformer-based language representation models, where each one seems to be slightly better than all that came before. A key dimension of future work would be to run the same experiments on these new systems. We speculate that since their architectures are very similar, results are likely to be close.

Finally, our study exclusively concerned standard classification tasks. We intend to adapt this study to a wider range of tasks to determine if such strong evidence of over-parametrization exists across language understanding benchmarks.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

The authors would like to acknowledge useful conversations with Ian Lane, Jungsuk Kim, Osman Ba\c{s}kaya, Richie Feng, Alfredo L\'{a}inez, Warren Green, Umair Akeel, and the entire Twilio AI team.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


LOS ANGELES � �The Office� star John Krasinski and �The Devil Wears Prada� star Emily Blunt are engaged.
WASHINGTON � Tim McGraw isn�t looking for trouble at his concerts, but there are certain things he just won�t ignore.
At one concert, McGraw stops in the middle of singing �Indian Outlaw,� calls for security and pulls a guy on stage by his shirt so that guards can haul him away.
NEW ORLEANS � Just two days shy of the fourth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, entertainer Jamie Foxx brought some music and laughter to New Orleans with his �Blame It� tour.
Foxx joked with the enthusiastic crowd of thousands at the New Orleans Arena on Thursday night. At one point he pulled women from the mostly female audience on stage to dance with him.
He performed songs from his latest album, �Intuition,� and tributes to Ray Charles and Michael Jackson, singing some of their biggest hits.
At the end, Foxx said a portion of his concert proceeds would be donated to Make It Right, the organization launched by actor-activist Brad Pitt to rebuild homes in the city�s devastated Lower 9th Ward.
NEW YORK � A rare, 19th century hand-carved goose decoy that once plied Pennsylvania�s Susquehanna River before being sold in Argentina, and considered by some to be a floating sculpture, is going on the auction block. It could bring in as much as $400,000.
The decoy was originally purchased by an American expatriate living in Argentina and then sold to a native of that country who was unaware of its origins.
The current owner, Maximo Kirton, e-mailed a photo of the Canada goose decoy to Christie�s several weeks ago wondering what it might be worth. It sat on a shelf at the family�s sheep ranch in Patagonia, Argentina, for 10 years, and then on the mantel of his parent�s Buenos Aires home for another two decades.
To Kirton�s surprise, Christie�s told him the goose was a very unusual example of a working decoy from the late 19th century that could conservatively fetch between $200,000 and $400,000. Not only that, it was part of an extremely rare decoy rig that usually included at least six birds.
The decoy will be sold on Sept. 30.


text:
Q: MYSQL one to many relationship query returning a single row from 'many' table I have 2 mysql tables namely 'properties' and 'images'.
          Properties
  +------------+---------------+
  | propertyId | propertyTitle |
  +------------+---------------+
  |          1 | 1 acre land   |
  |          2 | 2 acre land   |
  |          3 | 3 acre land   |
  +------------+---------------+

                Images
  +---------+---------------+---------------+
  | imageId |     image     |  propertyId   |
  +---------+---------------+---------------+
  |       1 | land.jpeg     |        1      |
  |       2 | landview.jpg  |        1      |
  |       3 | viewland.jpeg |        2      |
  +---------+---------------+---------------+

They have a one-many relationship and the images table has a foreign key of the properties table. I would like to perform a query that selects a property and then selects a single image of the property.
The query i'm trying to work with is
   SELECT * FROM properties p
    JOIN (SELECT * FROM images im LIMIT 1)
    ON im.propertyId = p.propertyId;

Its not working though. Neither does it return an error.

A: If you want returns all rows, your query will become:
SELECT * FROM properties p
JOIN images im
ON im.propertyId = p.propertyId;

Using LIMIT 1 you return only one row from your images table so you have a limitation about your rows
EDIT
After comments:
In this way you'll get the first image linked to your property.
SELECT p.*,
    (SELECT im.mage
    FROM images im
    WHERE im.propertyId = p.propertyId
    AND NOT EXISTS (
        SELECT 'NEXT'
        FROM images im2
        WHERE im.propertyId = im2.propertyId
        AND im2.imageId > im.imageId)
    )
FROM properties p;

A: Try below query,
SELECT * FROM properties p
JOIN images im
ON im.propertyId = p.propertyId
where p.propertyTitle = '1 acre land'
LIMIT 1

A: We can handle this problem using two joins.  First, join the properties table to the images table as you suspected in your question.  Then, do an additional to join to a subquery which finds the first image for each property.
SELECT
    p.propertyId,
    p.propertyTitle,
    i1.image
FROM properties p
INNER JOIN images i1
    ON p.propertyId = i1.propertyId
INNER JOIN
(
    SELECT propertyId, MIN(imageId) AS min_imageId
    FROM images
    GROUP BY propertyId
) i2
    ON i1.propertyId = i2.propertyId AND
       i1.imageId = t2.min_imageId;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
HomeFarming NewsMayo Green Party call for halt to 'savage' hedge and tree-cutting
Catherina Cunnanehttps://www.thatsfarming.com/
Catherina Cunnane hails from a sixth-generation drystock and specialised pedigree suckler enterprise in Co. Mayo. She currently holds the positions of editor and general manager at That's Farming, having joined the firm during its start-up phase in 2015.
Mayo Green Party call for halt to 'savage' hedge and tree-cutting
The Mayo Green Party is calling for an immediate halt to what it describes as the "savage and unnecessary hedge and tree cutting" currently being undertaken by Mayo County Council along many of Mayo's roads.
Liam Heffron, Chairman of the Mayo Green Party, said that members had expressed shock at its latest meeting about the "butchery" that they have seen along a number of roads over recent weeks.
He made particular reference to the Mulranny vicinity and on the Leenane Road, outside of Westport, where entire trees and mature hedging have been "completely slashed and left in large piles along the roadside".
He said that this type of "aggressive and outdated hedge cutting made a mockery" of the ouncil's sentiments to protect the natural environment and biodiversity within its new County Development Plan.
'Slash and burn approach'
"There is simply no accounting for the slash and burn approach that the county council is taking towards hedge cutting along many of our roads at the moment," he said.
"Entire trees and mature hedges have been reduced to stumps, devastating vital natural habitats for many birds and other essential fauna and wreaking havoc with our bio-diversity."
"It makes no sense at all. It is an old-fashioned, and frankly, frowned upon and regressive municipal practice at this stage. Mature hedgerows like we have in Mayo should be protected and celebrated, not destroyed."
He said the council has just published its Development Plan for 2021 to 2026 with many "welcome" commitments to protect Mayo's natural landscape and unique bio-diversity.
"However, this latest show of reckless and senseless decimation goes totally against the aspirations within the Plan and raises serious questions about the true sentiments of our council when it comes to our environmental heritage."
Council responds
A spokesperson for Mayo County Council has responded to the statement.
"The hedge cutting season is currently open and ends on the last day of Februar. "Local authorities and private landowners are permitted to cut up to this date.
"Mayo County Council is carrying out hedge-cutting where it is needed in the interest of road safety."
"Provisions for hedge and tree cutting fall under Section 40 of the Wildlife Act. Due to restrictions under Covid-19, there is minimal operations currently taking place."
"It is an offence to 'cut, grub, burn or otherwise destroy hedgerows on uncultivated land during the nesting season from 1 March to 31 August, subject to certain exceptions'. Mayo County Council is committed to protect Mayo's natural landscape and unique bio-diversity throughout all of our activities." the spokesperson concluded.
hedge cutting
Mayo Green Party
'The female farmer still has to fight harder for everything they do'
A guide to finishing spring-born bulls
Carnew: Trade 'on fire' at fatstock sale with tops of €3,620...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dubbed for her "exceptional contribution to the advancement of human rights", detained Senator Leila De Lima receives this year's prestigious 'Prize for Freedom' award by the London – based political international federation, Liberal International.
Various groups including the cause – oriented Tindig Pilipinas, on Saturday, congratulated De Lima saying that she "embodies what is the best of us" as her achievement is "more than an individual award, it is a victory for the Filipino people," the group said.
Members of the Democratic Warriors and its affiliated organizations, in a statement, said that the Senator deserves the award for defending human rights even if it meant "losing her own freedom".
"Even now, and despite your current circumstances, you continue to be the voiced of the oppressed and downtrodden," the group said. "We all continue to pray for your safety and wellbeing and hope for the day that we can soon all be together in the celebration of the just society and bright future of our beloved country," the group added.
De Lima came next to the then President Corazon Aquino to have received the said award when the latter became the heroine behind 1986 People Power Revolution that overturned the dictatorship of the Marcos regime.
The former justice secretary who turned lawmaker was accused of obtaining 'drug money' from high – profile prisoners between 2010 – 2015. De Lima is not entitled to bail and could spend the rest of her life in prison, if found GUILTY.
De Lima remains to be one of the most vocal critics of the President, on his bloody War on Drugs leaving thousands dead which she believes is a result of 'unlawful killings'.


Auckland property prices have continued their rise according to the city's largest real estate company.
Figures from Barfoot and Thompson show that the average June sales price was up 3.9 percent to $908,343. The median prices was up 3.7 percent to $839,500.
This follows little change in average prices for April and May.
Managing Director Peter Thompson says: "The moderate increases in the average sales and median prices are a measure of a very tight supply situation."
The number of new listings and volume of sales were slightly up on last year's record June figures, but followed the usual seasonal pattern compared to May with listings down 7 percent and sales down 10 percent.
Barfoot and Thompson says it sells around one in every three Auckland residential homes.
Statistics from Quotable Value for the last three months of nationwide residential sales are due out at midday today.


text:
Chapter 987 - 987: Problem
Lu Wang also thought that he was revived so that he could be used against Long Chen.
'Sigh, even if that's true, what can I do? That man is also too strong. The only reason he doesn't kill Long Chen is because he can't involve himself. I can only listen to him. Moreover, that thing is inside my body.'
"And after that, they reached here."
The Emperor finally finished telling Mingyu's story to Long Chen.
"So, what do you say? Is she telling the truth? Or are you telling the truth?" He asked his son.
Lu Wang took two steps forward before he dropped to one knee.
Lu Junwei squinted his eyes as he saw the response of his son. What was he doing?
"I apologize, father. I had lied to you. Mingyu is right. It was Pei Zen who tried to kill me," Lu Junwei told the truth to his father while keeping his head down.
"Mingyu might have seen that. Anyway, they thought I was dead and threw me in a pit. Fortunately, an old man helped me. I was in a coma for a long time and only recently woke up. After that, I came back right here," he added
The Emperor smacked the armrest of his throne as he stood up, enraged.
"Those Bastards of Tricion! They act as our friends in front of us while they try to stab us in the back? How dare they try to kill my son! I'll destroy them!" he roared in anger.
Fortunately, no one was there to see him scream except his son.
"Why did you lie to me?" He gazed at his son and asked.
"Exactly for that reason. I didn't want you to get upset and wage another war. When I came back, our Empire's condition was already bad enough after fighting for so long. We can't afford to fight another war. So I lied and hid the truth," the Young prince answered, keeping his head down.
The Emperor looked at his son strangely. This kid, even after all that, instead of desiring revenge and getting angry, he was still thinking about his Empire? How could he be angry at a son like that?
He couldn't help but sigh as he looked down.
"It's fine. You don't have to apologize. But still, you should have told me the return. I thought Mingyu was lying to me when she was right. How embarrassing to be suspicious of my daughter," the Emperor shook his head. "I need to apologize to her now."
"Stand up. You had the best intentions in your heart. Don't look down for that. Even though you made a mistake lying to me, I forgive you," the Emperor told his son as he walked towards him.
"You're still young. Of course, you'll worry. I'm sorry for being harsh."
"Mmm."
Long Chen was kissing Mingyu as his hand roamed all over her body.
"Wait!"
Mingyu freed her lips as she told Long Chen.
"What?" Long Chen asked her as he looked into her deep beautiful eyes.
"We can't do it now," She said with an embarrassed look on her face.
"Why not?" Long Chen let out, his hand still resting on her breasts.
"Because I need to leave. Mother is sick; I need to accompany her today. Can you wait till the night?" she asked with a cute look in her eyes.
Long Chen didn't know why, but he felt like Mingyu was cuter now that she was back home. She was previously a bit strong-willed, but now that she was home, she seemed like a child in how she was asking him permission instead of telling him directly.
Long Chen had her lips a light peck before he rolled over to the side, freeing her.
"Alright. That's important too," he muttered as he gazed at the roof.
Mingyu sat up and placed her hand on his chest as she asked, "Are you angry? I'm sorry."
"Nah, don't worry. I'm not angry. I'm just wondering how much I'll miss you when you're not here, even if it's just for a few hours," Long Chen smiled wryly.
"I'll be back in a bit. You won't even miss me that much," Mingyu said as she kissed Long Chen's lips as if thanking him.
The kiss this time lasted for longer, as if she didn't want to free his lips either.
After an almost five minutes long kiss, she finally freed his lips. Her breathing still seemed a bit heavy, and her eyes remained misty as they looked in Long Chen's golden eyes.
"I love you so much," she told him before she got off the bed.
"I can't wait for the night," she added before she ran out the door, leaving Long Chen behind.
Stranded in the room, Long Chen closed his eyes and covered them with his arms.
"I miss Zhiqing and others too. It's been so long since I last saw them. Should I bring them out here? But Mingyu's father doesn't know about my other wives. If he knows, he might literally kill me. All the impressions I've made in him will be destroyed instantly," he muttered as he wondered how he could meet his other ladies.
He didn't know if the Emperor would find out. That man was able to know of Long Chen's absence from his room. It was also possible that if Long Chen brought his other ladies out, that man might know. And that was a problem.
A father knowing that her daughter's husband that he had only recently appreciated, had more than five wives.
He knew that wasn't going to go well.
"Heck, even if I was in his place, I might get angry too. If my daughter's husband had more wives, I would probably break his legs. And this is when it's normal in this world. I guess fathers are the same no matter which world it is," Long Chen muttered as he smiled wryly.
"I need to go out of the palace soon and bring them out there to tell them about the situation. I can't leave the Empire since I need to comprehend the Law of Destiny here. So I might be out of months. I can't leave them in the dark. Father and mother will be worried too," he sat up as he shook his head.
"I'll go out with the excuse of seeing the city tomorrow. They wouldn't stop me. Then I can do it. The only problem will be if they tried to send a guard with me."
"I'll need to get rid of him or lose him somewhere," he decided.


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Being a client, what information should I provide to help improve my LSP's translation quality?
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It really grates on us!
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Q: How to fix material icons displaying as text I need help with Material icons that are displaying as text.
I have linked to material-icons font library in the  section my HTML file, but issue still exists.
I intend to use the sharp icons and I have included that in my material icons link.
Regardless, I can't get the icons to display. All that is shown is text in place of the icons
How do I fix this? Or where I'm I going wrong?

<!DOCTYPE html>

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  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" , initial-scale="1.0">
  <title>Sales Dashboard</title>

  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons+Sharp" rel="stylesheet">

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A: You have to use the correct URLs for both the outlined and sharp variants as provided by the documentation.
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@48,400,0,0" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Sharp:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@48,400,0,0" />

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@48,400,0,0" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Sharp:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@48,400,0,0" />

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Electrical performance of RTV silicone rubber coatings for H.V. outdoor insulators.
Hui. Deng, University of Windsor
Hackam, R.
Engineering, Electronics and Electrical.
The effects of the size of the particles of ATH filler on the life of room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber coating was studied in a salt-fog chamber. The median particle sizes examined were 1.0, 4.5, 13, 17 and 75 $\mu$m. The optimum size giving the lowest leakage current and the longest time to failure of the coating was determined. The particle size affected the roughness of the coating. The roughness was enhanced after a prolonged test in salt-fog. The leakage current affected the amount of silicone fluid on the surface. The amount of silicone fluid present on the surface after exposure to dry-band arcing in salt-fog was a function of the particle size. Measurements of surface roughness, the amount of silicone fluid on the surface, and the leakage current combined with theoretical analysis of the heat of conduction, lead to identification of the mechanisms by which the size of the ATH particle impart resistance to tracking and erosion. The influences of the coating thickness, different substrates, addition of silicone fluid to the coating system and different carrier solvents on the leakage current, pulse current count rates and the life of the RTV coatings were investigated. It was found that all these parameters affected the electrical performance in salt-fog. The content of low molecular weight (LMW) silicone fluid and the diffusion of LMW from the bulk to the surface were determined. ATH filled RTV coatings having thicknesses from 0.17 to 0.99mm, ATH particle sizes from 1.0 to 75 $\mu$m and different carrier solvents were used. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1995 .D46. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 34-06, page: 2437. Advisers: R. Hackam; E. A. Cherney. Thesis (M.A.Sc.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1996.
Deng, Hui., "Electrical performance of RTV silicone rubber coatings for H.V. outdoor insulators." (1996). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1894.


Diana Markosian is a documentary photographer whose reporting has taken her from Russia's North Caucasus mountains, to the ancient Silk Road in Tajikistan, and overland to the remote Wakhan Corridor in northeastern Afghanistan, where she has worked on both personal and editorial assignments.
Markosian's images have appeared in Boston Globe, Foreign Policy, Foto8, Marie Claire, the New York Times, the Sunday Times, Time.com, and World Policy Journal. Her work has also been exhibited by international organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and UNICEF.
Her work has been recognized with awards including Columbia University's photographer of the year (2010), the National Press Photography Association second place in multimedia (2011), Reuters' best 100 photos of the year (2011), Marie Claire International Photography Award (2012), Reportage by Getty Images' Emerging Talent roster (2012), New Generation Grant (2013) and Burn Magazine's Emerging Photographer Fund (2013). In 2013, Markosian was selected to participate in the World Press Photo Joop Swart Masterclass in Amsterdam.
Markosian is represented by Reportage by Getty Images.


On Wednesday May 14, 2012, staff from the ILF country programs will be participating in a panel discussion hosted by the Open Society Institute in Washington, DC. The ILF's advocacy director, Jennifer Smith, will be moderating.
For more information and to RSVP, go to this link.


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Paul's Second Missionary Journey – Acts 16
Read the Passage: Acts 16
Galatia (16:1–10)
In Acts 13–14 we studied Paul's first missionary journey, which occurred in AD 46–48. Paul's second missionary journey, which occurred in AD 50–52, is recorded in Acts 16–18. In Acts 15:36–41, after delivering the news from the Jerusalem council, Paul and Barnabas planned to embark upon a second missionary journey, in order to strengthen the churches they had planted earlier. However, Paul and Barnabas disagreed about the participation of John Mark on the missions journey, for he had deserted them on their first missions trip, shortly after its commencement (cf. Acts 13:13). This dispute resulted in Barnabas and John Mark sailing for Cyprus, and Paul and Silas heading to Syria and Cilicia. We do not know the details of Barnabas and John Mark's journey; however, we do know the parties later reconciled (cf. 1 Cor. 9:6; Col. 4:10; 2 Tim. 4:11).
Since it was Paul's intent to re-visit the churches he had earlier birthed, he and Silas first went to Derbe and Lysra in the province of Galatia. In Lystra Paul added Timothy, whom he had likely met on his first missionary journey (cf. Acts 14:8–18), to the mission team. Interestingly, Paul had Timothy, who had a Gentile father, circumcised, something that he had earlier refused to do to Titus (cf. Gal. 2:3). This is interesting, for the Jerusalem Council had just ruled that Christians did not need to keep the ceremonial law. Clearly, Paul was willing to adapt his practices, but not his doctrine, in order to reach people with the gospel (cf. 1 Cor. 9:22). Although he intended to minister in the region of Bithynia, near the Black Sea, while in Troas Paul received a vision from God calling him to Macedonia. Thus, the mission team sailed for Macedonia and eventually arrived in Neapolis and Philippi.
Macedonia (16:11–15)
Once in Macedonia Paul and Silas came to Philippi, which was "the foremost city of that part of Macedonia" (16:12). This arrival is significant, for it is the first time that the gospel formally came from Asia to Europe. Note that Acts 16:10–17 is one of the three so-called "we" sections of the book of Acts (cf. Acts 20:5–21:18; 27:1–28:16), which signifies Luke's presence on the mission team. Once in Philippi, on the Sabbath, Paul went to share with some Jews who were gathered to pray on the banks of the river. Evidently, there was no synagogue in Philippi. Luke notes a woman named Lydia, who was a seller of purple cloth, came to faith in Christ, for "the Lord opened her heart to heed the things spoken by Paul" (Acts 16:14). Apparently, Lydia was wealthy, for she had a home large enough to house the mission team. Later the church would meet at Lydia's home (cf. Acts 16:40).
Prison (16:16–40)
Following the conversion of Lydia, Paul cast a demon out of a slave girl who had been following the mission team, announcing their presence to the people of the city, saying, "These men are servants of the Most High God, who proclaim to us the way of salvation" (Acts 16:17). While at face value this message may have seemed like a benefit to the mission team, it was actually a distraction, for it would have attracted superficial crowds and/or engendered persecution. This exorcism, however, angered the owners of the girl, for their hope of profit, via the girl's divination, was gone. This resulted in Paul and Silas—however, not Timothy and Luke, for they were Gentiles—being falsely accused and imprisoned. The arrest of Paul and Silas was carried out, in part, by the authorities, for the emperor had recently cast Jews out of Rome (cf. Acts 18:2).
While many believers would likely lament unjust imprisonment, Luke writes that "at midnight Paul and Silas were singing hymns to God, and the prisoners were listening to them" (Acts 16:25). Suddenly, an earthquake freed the prisoners from their chains; yet, they did not flee (cf. Acts 16:26). Given this earthquake was surely a divine event (cf. Acts 4:31), it is remarkable the prisoners did not flee. The reason Paul and Silas did not flee is that they knew their escape would lead to the warden's death (cf. Acts 16:27–28). This decision to stay, resulted in the warden's conversion, along with the salvation of his entire family (cf. Acts 16:29–34). The next day, the authorities freed Paul and Silas, who made their release a spectacle (cf. Acts 16:35–40). After encouraging the believers in Philippi, the mission team would travel to Thessalonica and to Berea (cf. Acts 17:1–15).
Application Questions:
Why did God give the institution of missions to mankind? Why not just send angels, or use some other supernatural means, to spread the gospel?
Who do you think was correct in the dispute over the participation of John Mark in the mission work? How can we best resolve dissension in the church?
What can we learn from Luke's teaching that, in response to Paul's preaching, "the Lord opened Lydia's heart" (Acts 16:14)?
What would you do if you were falsely accused and imprisoned on account of your beliefs and ministerial service?
What was so attractive about Paul and Silas' example that the other prisoners listened to them and the warden came to faith in Christ?
Posted in ActsTagged Dissension, PersecutionBy David W. Jones
← Conflict in the Church – Acts 15
Macedonian Journeys – Acts 17 →
David and Abigail - 1 Samuel 25


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Ask yourself this: Would you know if you're exhausted? Do you have an accurate internal gauge or barometer to honestly track your level of burnout or exhaustion? Do you find yourself getting to the point just after exhaustion when you end up doing something about it – reactively rather than proactively?
When we get caught up in the day-to-day flow of life, it's hard to see that those things in our life, and stress, have a gradual effect on our well-being, be it emotional, psychological or mental. We're usually forced to attend to what's right in front of us, and often neglect or overlook what's happening inside of ourselves while we're attending to everything in our lives, until we find ourselves in an exhausted state of being. So many of us are so out of touch with our bodies, that we don't know how stressed we are until some stress reaction happens, or our body starts to push back in the form of pain or other chronic issues.
Sometimes, exhaustion is there, lurking under the surface, and gets neglected in the day-to-day hubbub. To admit to yourself that you're tired or exhausted means to actually stop in your tracks and connect with yourself and your experience, which is hard for a lot of people.
It's not weak to be or feel exhausted. For a lot of guys, they feel the eternal need to push through stress and exhaustion to get things done, or to be productive. Dealing with exhaustion is actually generative, meaning that if you fully attend to it, it can restore you back to your previous levels of energy and health. Sometimes we have to let ourselves fully rest and renew before we're back to functional levels in our lives, and allowing ourselves to just be exhausted and really rest is one way. It's no different than getting the sleep you need, or keeping your body fed.
To overlook it and to "man up" through it, there will be negative effects – maybe not today, or tomorrow, but at some point down the line. Maybe your marriage starts to erode over time, or maybe the relationships with your kids suffer because you're working too much or not available physically or emotionally. Maybe your health starts to worsen over time, or creates chronic stress-induced problems. To nip those things in the bud before hand, and be proactive about your stress and exhaustion, is a way to prevent those things (or their severity) from hitting you later on.
Turning work off when you're not working (e.g. not worrying about work when you don't have to) is something that's important in terms of being present and managing stress. If you're trying to be present and fully enjoy yourself with those you're around, it helps to not have other things, like work and what you need to be doing, on your mind. When you're in your head worrying about work, you're just adding more stress to the mix, and you're not being available to the things and people you need to be there for.
Do you know how you really – and truly – find relaxation and rest? Do you know how to identify and find the things that help you feel revitalized and filled up? Some guys don't know this about themselves, and don't know how to find the things, activities and people that can help them deal with exhaustion and stress. It's critical to create an arsenal of those things so that you have them to fall back on when you need them – when you're needing to deal with your stress and exhaustion. Some examples of these things are: yoga, meditation, nature walks, friends, confidants, exercise, eating well, simply not doing or planning anything, talking through your stress and exhaustion, doing deep breathing exercises, planning a chunk of time out of your schedule to do nothing, or do something fun, etc.
The opposite idea of that is also to try to minimize the things, situations and people that drain your time, spirit, energy and life. I think being able to say 'no' or negate these energy drainers is important, even if you can't get away completely from those things, events or people. And, it's also about stepping up and changing those things if you can't avoid them altogether, like setting healthy boundaries with others, changing your relationship or thinking to the stressful event/person/situation, or finding some better way to communicate your needs and feelings so that those things can possibly change for you.
It seems as if our culture is making it more and more acceptable to work 50 and 60-hour weeks, and making that a cultural badge of honor. We work so much and are neglecting other areas of our lives that are equally – if not more – important, and I think that needs to change, and something's gotta give. If we can help it, it's not healthy, productive or responsible to contribute to that cultural expectation, and if you are, ask yourself why you're contributing to it in the first place. We're sacrificing ourselves, our health and our relationships to more stress and exhaustion, so how good are we for the extra time we've got? Considering the role of stress and exhaustion in your life, you might be motivated to take some action and make some changes in your life to mitigate those things as best as you can.


On September 24, 2012, the Fulton County Board of Registration and Elections learned that the director of registration and elections, Samuel Westmoreland, was in more trouble with the law than he had previously revealed. Marcus K. Garner and Johnny Edwards, of the Atlanta Journal Constitution, stated in their article "Fulton elections chief jailed" that Westmoreland was arrested on September 14, 2012, on suspicion of DUI. The arrest was a violation of his 2009 DUI probation. The judge sentenced Westmoreland to 10-days in jail and he was scheduled for release on September 24, 2012. However, Westmoreland's release was postponed. According to Tom Jones', of WSBTV Action News 2, article, "Election board: Director hid probation violation on DUI," Westmoreland's release was postponed because it was later learned that he violated his probation terms associated with a 2008 DUI case. It was also later learned that a Laurens County judge issued a bench warrant, associated with the 2008 case, for Westmoreland's arrest on the same day, September 14, 2012, that he was arrested on suspicion of DUI . Jones stated that the bench warrant was issued because Westmoreland failed to complete drug court. The board stated that Westmoreland did not mention the probation violation associated with the 2008 or the 2009 DUI cases. The chair of the board, Rod Edmond, told Jones that the board was aware of the arrest but not the probation violations in Alpharetta or Laurens County. Jones quoted Edmond as saying, "We had no idea that he was slated to go and be incarcerated on September 14. There was some communications about him being with his mom and taking care of an ailing mom." Due to the information concerning the probation violations, the board made it clear that Westmoreland had no other choice but to leave his position as Fulton County's director of registration and elections.
Westmoreland had the option of leaving the easy way, resigning, or the hard way, being fired. He decided on the easy way and gave his resignation to the board on September 24, 2012. And according to Jones, the board made the decision that if Westmoreland had decided to rescind his resignation, then the board would have a special meeting and fire him. According to the Fulton County press release, "Board of Commissioners Approves Samuel Westmoreland as Director of Registration and Elections," Westmoreland is a civil rights attorney who has won several notable anti-discrimination cases in Georgia and Mississippi. Westmoreland also helped to start the Mississippi Housing Law Clinic. He has won the American Jurisprudence Award and the New York Southern Society's Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award. However, Westmoreland's accomplishments as an attorney aren't enough to overshadow the fact that the board's decision to hire him, back in March 2012, was not in the county's best interest.
Fulton County Commissioner Robb Pitts has expressed his non-support for Westmoreland's hiring. According to Jones, Fulton County Commissioner Robb Pitts stated that he was not aware of Westmoreland's prior criminal history. Pitts wondered what went wrong during the process. Jones quoted Pitts as saying, "And how this could happen is of some concern and needs to be addressed going forward." From Pitts' perspective, the writing was on the wall that hiring Westmoreland was not in the best interest of the county. Westmoreland's prior convictions proved enough to at least make the board take a second look. The decisions Westmoreland made were not sound. He showed himself to be a person who does not think about his actions and the effect on others. This was evident in his 2008 and 2009 arrest and his mismanagement of the elections department that resulted in a fine by Georgia's election board.
The first sign that Westmoreland may be a problem occurred three years before he became the interim director of registration and elections. According to the Fulton County press release, Westmoreland was made the interim director, July 2011, of registration and elections. Jones stated that in 2008 Westmoreland caused a car crash in Laurens County, Georgia. According to Jones, Westmoreland pleaded guilty to DUI and having prescription drugs in his system. Garner and Edwards stated that on December 23, 2009, Westmoreland was pulled over in Alpharetta, Georgia. He was charged with DUI, not staying in his lane, and driving with an out of date tag. Yet, despite this information, the Fulton County Board of Commissioners did not look somewhere else for a director of registration and elections. According to Fulton County's press release, on March 7, 2012, the board approved of Westmoreland becoming the permanent director of elections and registration. And it would only take approximately three months, from his March 2012 hiring, for Westmoreland to receive negative attention because of his mismanagement of the election department.
Garner and Edwards noted that the Georgia Secretary of State office has five open investigations associated with Westmoreland's tenure as the director of registrationa nd elections in Fulton County. According to Garner and Edwards, Democratic State Senator Vincent Fort "strongly" expressed his disappointment to Westmoreland about his untimely decision to mail out 2400 letters, in June 2012, to registered voters, informing them that their names would be removed from the voters' roll. The voters had not updated their addresses and their residence continued to show up as a torn down public housing building. State Senator Fort took issue with the time in which Westmoreland notified the voters. Garner and Edwards noted that the federal election, U.S. Senate race, was 90 days away. So federal law prohibited Westmoreland from removing the voters' names within the 90-day period. Westmoreland stated that he wasn't to blame. He pointed his finger at Georgia's secretary of state, Brian P. Kemp. According to Garner and Edwards, Westmoreland stated that Secretary of State Brian Kemp threaten to hold the county accountable for the misinformation on the voters rolls. Hence, the secretary of state was holding Westmoreland accountable for failing to update the voters' information in a timely manner. However, Westmoreland's problems did not stop there and he continued to have problems with deadlines. Garner and Edwards noted that the election department, which Westmoreland was over, faced fines by the state election board. The election department missed the deadline to certify the election results for the July primary. During the July primary, Fulton County elections department wrongly assigned 690 voters to the U.S. Senate and Georgia House races. As a result, the election department had to correct its mistake. Thus, the time it took for the department to correct its mistake resulted in the department missing the certification deadline, by an hour and a half, and being fined by the state election board.
Commissioner Bill Edwards had had enough of Samuel Westmoreland. The national elections are less than two months away and the state and county doesn't want a national embarrassment on their hands. Westmoreland has already received unwanted attention for his arrests and his slip-ups in the U.S. Senate and Georgia House races during the July primary. Garner and Edwards quoted Bill Edwards as saying, "He needs to be gone. It just goes to your character." Edmond told Garner and Edwards that Westmoreland's duties would be taken over by Registration Chief Sharon Mitchell. Edmond also stated that the board is seeking outside consultants to help with the November Presidential election. On September 28, 2012, Johnny Edwards, of the Atlanta Journal Constitution, wrote in his article "Former elections director gets two years on probation" that a Superior Court judge sentenced Westmoreland to two years probation for violating his probation terms associated with the 2008 case. Edwards further noted that Westmoreland was released from the Laurens County jail on Saturday, September 29, 2012.


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Thursday 19th May 2016 - 1.15pm - Ebchester W.I.
Monday 20th June - 7pm - Whickham W.I.
Wednesday 12th October 2016 - 7pm - Bardon Mill W.I.
Monday 3rd April 2017 - 7pm - Heddon-on-the-Wall W.I.
Monday 15th May 2017 - 2pm - Leadgate W.I.
Wednesday 7th June 2017 - 7.30pm - Shincliffe W.I.
Wednesday 21st June 2017 - 7.30pm - Blackhall W.I.
Thursday 6th July 2017 - 7pm - Whorlton & Westerhope W.I.
Tuesday 12th September 2017 - 7.30pm - Chapel House W.I.
Thursday 1st February 2018 - 7pm - Clousden Hill W.I.
Monday 19th March 2018 - 6.30pm - Great Lumley W.I.
Wednesday 4th April 2018 - 7.30pm - Kirkley W.I.
Thursday 5th April 2018 - 7pm - Haltwhistle W.I.
Wednesday 2nd May - 7.15pm - Chapel House Women's Group, Church of the Holy Nativity.
Tuesday 12th June 2018 - 7.15pm - Jarrow W.I.
Thursday 21st June - 7pm - Humshaugh W.I.
Thursday 5th July 2018 - 7.30pm - Riding Mill W.I.
Tuesday 24th July - 7pm - Blyth Spirit W.I.
Wednesday 23rd January - 10am - South Shields Probus Club - Sea Hotel.
Friday 10th May - 10.30am - History Group of the WearTees U3A at Bishop Auckland Town Hall.
Monday 10th June 2019 - 7pm - Shotley W.I.
Tuesday 18th June 2019 - 7pm - Shadforth W.I.
Wednesday 8th January 2020 - Cramlington W.I.
Wednesday 15th January 2020 - Staindrop W.I.


text:
Boucardicus mahermanae е вид охлюв от семейство Cyclophoridae. Видът е застрашен от изчезване.

Разпространение и местообитание
Разпространен е в Мадагаскар.

Обитава гористи местности, планини, възвишения, крайбрежия и плажове в райони с тропически и субтропичен климат.

Източници

Външни препратки
 Boucardicus mahermanae в Global Biodiversity Information Facility

Boucardicus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Between us friends, you miiiiight not get your baby scrapbooks finished. And since we're being honest, you probably won't get around to doing anything with those precious scraps of paper used to record all the firsts and funnies. You're not EVEN going to get one of those photo albums to just stick the pictures in.
You're going to put it all in a shoebox.
I've got a thinker, everybody. She took Stephen Hawking's "A Brief History of Time" with her on the bus – kind of thinker. Let me be clear, she is a normal, messy-room, won't brush her hair, music/Harry Potter loving, pre-teen in every other way.


With all the publicity and hype, it's easy to forget that there are some cons of podcasting that you might want to keep in mind before you invest in that microphone.
Podcasters Will Rule the World!
That was the promise in 2005, when Wired Magazine published an issue with Adam Curry (former MTV VJ, later dubbed the "Podfather") on the cover. In it there were promises of untold riches and unheard stories finding audiences, sponsors, a wealth of free content and unlimited potential with almost no barrier to entry.
Five years later things looked a little different. The big powerhouse podcast startups like Podango had come and gone. Adam Curry's own muliti-million dollar company had undergone several restructuring and rebranding efforts, and a new word was coined: "podfading," to describe the thousands of podcasts that were started with great hope but disappeared into the ether.
Here are some of the cons of podcasting that podcasters didn't see coming, sometimes until it was too late.
Podcasting can be done for free - sort of. That depends on whether you already have the equipment needed - namely, a computer, an Internet connection and the knowledge of sound editing, web design, and RSS feeds needed to actually produce and upload a podcast.
If you don't have those things, though, they can add up to high startup costs. Even people with all the equipment and their own server to host their podcast have had the experience of having their "show" suddenly become popular - which leads to bandwidth costs skyrocketing as millions of GB of content are downloaded from their site.
It's true. It's a sad fact that the user-supported or corporate-sponsored podcast - the ones where the podcaster got to quit her day job and just spend her time creating passionate content - were in reality almost non-existent. One early "success story" was the Dawn and Drew Show, but it was a rarity; sponsors quickly found that their return on investment was not as easily quantifiable as traditional advertising.
That's not to say you can't make some money on your podcast - perhaps even enough to cover the costs in #1. There are other non-monetary benefits as well, but the million-dollar podcast success story is still a myth.
There is, unfortunately, more to podcasting than simply talking into a microphone. Depending on your production methods, there can be script writing, talent wrangling, sound editing, mixing, web design, publicity - usually all done by the same person or small crew of people. In addition, there is a tradition of two-way communication between podcasters and listeners that means you're expected to answer emails and maintain a social media presence on Twitter, Facebook, and more.Don't forget that the difference between a sound file and a podcast is that a podcast is updated regularly. It needs to be a daily, weekly, biweekly, or monthly show - and that means a commitment to that kind of production schedule on a regular basis. Underestimating the amount of time and work involved in a podcast is one of the biggest causes of "podfading."
Even after all your hard work, there is no guarantee that anyone will want to listen to your show. If you are trying to create a podcast because you want zillions of fans, you are likely to be disappointed. You are far more likely to attract a small but dedicated group of individuals with similar interests - many of whom might be podcasters themselves. Worse are the people who listen and then critique your content, your sound quality, even the tone of your voice. Beware the critics, because their job is to weed out the attention-seeking weak from the truly passionate podcasters.
Even after all these things happen, there is a feeling you get when your voice is suddenly available around the globe, to anyone with an Internet connection. A feeling of pride and accomplishment when that final iTunes tag is in place, when that last music short from GarageBand plays, when you see the fiftieth download - or the five thousandth - on your LibSyn Stats. All it takes is one bit of fanmail from Germany, or Japan, or Oak Park Illinois, and you are scribbling notes and reaching for that microphone (or going out to buy a better one). Podcasting is a digital tool of self-expression, and like any art form, you get out of it not only what you put into it - sometimes you get far, far more (or less).


The Dynafit Men's Beast Free Touring boot is the dream of all freeriders who prefer to earn their fun in the powder. The Precision Lock System guarantees precise power transmission and maximum rigidity in how it allows all boot components to work together as one unit. At the same time, the ergonomic shape and the boot's lightness makes for singular performance on the ascent. The "snow-dynamic" concept with its streamlined buckles and elimination of lateral protrusions ensures little speed loss as well as minimal points of resistance. In addition, the Master Step Insert enables easier entry by 50% as well as maximum mechanical loads with freeride bindings set to a release value of 16.


text:
Home > Hockeyology > For the Love of John Scott
For the Love of John Scott
by Jonathan West - January 30, 2016 October 19, 2016 0
It's a blessing and a curse for the NHL…an all star fan voting quandary equivalent to an election year movie hoax such as Welcome to Mooseport, Dave, or Swing Vote. Much less lovable of an antihero than Ray Romano or Kevin Costner, physical journeyman winger John Scott with his perseverance to participate in Sunday's NHL All Star Game should be a wake up call for many pretentious minds across our great game.
Friday at All Star Media Day inside Bridgestone Arena, Buffalo Sabres Forward Ryan O'Reilly said it best:
"It's a little frustrating, seeing him being treated like that and going through all that with the league. It's not easy for anyone in this game."
If you haven't read John Scott's article he posted to The Players' Tribune on Thursday, you should. His story as a big goofy engineer student athlete who worked hard to be in "The Show" might be too feel good for some, but to me it's a familiar, point blank example example of real life. And that's what truly matters compared to sports writers and suits who think someone doesn't belong.
Back in 2001, I had just moved to Colorado and was struggling in the early days of my radio career. Growing up learning how to skate in California, I had always wanted to play hockey but for many years lived in the Deep South with hardly any public ice available. But after taking a job at a 3 sheet rink in northwest Denver, this was my chance…to finally assemble my gear and transition my college basketball skills to the world of hockey.
I never thought I could ever make it far, but the competitive fire inside of me at 22 years of age kept burning because I never had the chance to play serious hockey as a kid. The laughing and staring and joking commenced, and even though some of it was in good fun… other attitudes were delivered with an air of pretension that still rears its ugly head today towards guys like John Scott. The discrimination back then towards me was so obtuse that my rink's Zamboni manager, a kid who grew up playing hockey in Minnesota, refused to teach me how to drive because he told coworkers that I simply didn't belong.
Scott's former teammate and NHL points leader Patrick Kane from the Chicago Blackhawks posed a great rhetorical question yesterday:
"He did a great job of presenting himself to the league, being able to play the game. He's a fun-loving guy. He will represent the game well, and he'll try do the best he can while he's here. So why not have him here?"
The hows and whys of the "who is better than who" attitudes surrounding this game has much more length than this article allows, but maybe- just maybe this is the weekend where one man's foundation of truth cuts through a few false ivory towers.
Whether or not he wins the hardest shot competition in the skills events tonight, it's still the John Scott Show in Smashville. And he took a photo of his media crowd to prove it.
I just hope people watching around the world read between the lines of cynicism and see the guy & game underneath.
-J.West
More from Tennessee as Jonathan takes over the @Sportsology Twitter account tomorrow from Music City.
2016 Nashville All Star Events:
Saturday, Jan. 30:
2016 Honda NHL All-Star Skills Competition
7:00 p.m. ET / 6:00 p.m. CT
(TV: NBCSN, CBC, SN, TVAS)
Sunday, Jan. 31:
2016 Honda NHL All-Star Game
(TV: NBCSN, CBC, TVAS)
Tagged 2016 NHL All Star Game John Scott Nashville
Jonathan West
2016 NHL All Star Game: The Best Week of John Scott's Life


What is the length of time for each physical therapy session? LENGTH OF TIME FOR EACH SESSION?
Initial physical therapy evaluations are typically last about an hour. Follow up visits are 45 minutes. Some sessions, however, may be shorter or longer depending upon a patient's particular needs. This is something that the physical therapist will discuss with the patient or parent. We will accommodate our patients if for any reason a treatment needs to be shortened.
What should I wear for each physical therapy appointment?
This will depend upon the problem being evaluated. Patients with a shoulder impairment should wear or bring a tank top or sleeveless shirt. Hip, knee, and/or ankle patients should wear or bring shorts. Back patients should also bring or wear shorts. In order to thoroughly evaluate our back and shoulder patients, male patients, if comfortable, may be asked to remove their shirts. We will provide gowns with an opening in the back for our female patients. Wearing the appropriate clothing will help our physical therapists thoroughly evaluate each patient. In many cases we will not only evaluate the immediate area of your symptoms, but we will also examine the areas surrounding this region in order to assess the root of the problem.
Why do you evaluate other parts of the body if the symptoms are limited to one location of the body?
YOU EVALUATE THE OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY IF THE SYMPTOMS ARE LIMITED TO ONE LOCATION? It is essential for us to evaluate the entire body because a problem in one area may cause dysfunction in another. The body is an interconnected system and pain and/or imbalances in one area can cause compensation in another.
Why are you so thorough with your criteria for your patients to return to sports or activities?
All of our physical therapists are current or former athletes who possess a wealth of sports experience and an impressive scientific and biomechanical background. We understand that if athletes return to their sports too soon, they may increase their risk of re-injury. Moreover, athletes may overcompensate and place undue stress on another area of the body. JumpStart is a unique facility and we offer the techniques and expertise to evaluate each patient's readiness to return to his or her particular sport. We want to be sure that each athlete is fully ready before resuming competitive athletics. We do not always follow a particular timeline because we recognize the rate of healing and individual goals can vary. Our physical therapists provide reliable and objective measurements to determine whether our athletes have regained the flexibility, strength, symmetry, balance, and movement skills needed to return to sports.
How many visits will I need to attend before I am discharged from physical therapy?
The number of visits is dependent upon the initial diagnosis. The therapist will discuss the appropriate frequency and approximate duration at the time of the initial evaluation. The therapist will complete reassessments during the course of your therapy to help track individual progress. This information will help the therapist make informed decisions regarding the course of your therapy as well as an appropriate discharge date.
We accept cash, check, and/or credit cards for payments of your treatment, co-pay, sports training, or insurance deductible.
You only need a referral/prescription if your insurance company requires it; otherwise we can treat without a physician's referral. Please contact us if you have any questions regarding your individual needs.