The report's main focus is on the theme of migration and displacement. It presents evidence on the implications of different types of migration and displacement for education systems but also the impact that reforming education curricula and approaches to pedagogy and teacher preparation can have on addressing the challenges and opportunities posed by migration and displacement. The Report gives voice to experiences in host and home communities. With the help of case studies, it illustrates approaches which work and could be scaled up. In this way, the GEM Report aims to be a tool for practitioners. It will make the case for investing in education of good quality in rural areas suffering from depopulation and in slum areas suffering from large population inflows; in countries with high rates of emigration and those with high rates of immigration; in short-term refugee emergencies and in protracted crises. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations in this report advance the aims of SDG 4 and the call to leave no one behind.


text:
The Art and Inventions of Max Fleischer
- American Animation Pioneer
Ray Pointer
Bog Mangler, normalt 2-6 uger kr. 499,95
Leveringstid Mangler, normalt 2-6 uger
Bog, paperback
The history of animated cartoons has for decades been dominated by the accomplishments of Walt Disney, giving the impression that he invented the medium. In reality, it was the work of several pioneers. Max Fleischer--inventor of the Rotoscope technique of tracing animation frame by frame over live-action footage--was one of the most prominent. By the 1930s, Fleischer and Disney were the leading producers of animated films but took opposite approaches. Where Disney reflected a Midwestern sentimentality, Fleischer presented a sophisticated urban attitude with elements of German Expressionism and organic progression. In contrast to Disney's naturalistic animation, Fleischer's violated physical laws, supporting his maxim: "If it can be done in real life, it isn't animation." As a result, Fleischer's cartoons were rough rather than refined, commercial rather than consciously artistic--yet attained a distinctive artistry through Fleischer's innovations. This book covers his life and work and the history of the studio that bore his name, with previously unpublished artwork and photographs.
Dybde:
McFarland & Company
From age 18
Se andre bøger, der handler om
Animated films, Biography: arts & entertainment, Biography: general, Biography: historical, political & military, Film history, theory & criticism, Individual film directors, film-makers
Biography: arts & entertainment
Biography: historical, political & military
Film history, theory & criticism
Individual film directors, film-makers
Interest age: from c 14 years

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package sun.applet;

import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * An applet IO exception.
 *
 * @author      Koji Uno
 */
public
class AppletIOException extends IOException {
    private String key = null;
    private Object msgobj = null;

    public AppletIOException(String key) {
        super(key);
        this.key = key;

    }
    public AppletIOException(String key, Object arg) {
        this(key);
        msgobj = arg;
    }

    public String getLocalizedMessage() {
        if( msgobj != null)
            return amh.getMessage(key, msgobj);
        else
            return amh.getMessage(key);
    }

    private static AppletMessageHandler amh = new AppletMessageHandler("appletioexception");

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to map complex class with automapper I have to namespaces VM and GM.
Both having classes Employee.
Employee contain Department.
I want to map VM.Employee to GM.Employee.
Mapper is not allowing me to map Department.
class VM.Employee
{
    int Id {get;set;}
    int Name {get;set;}
    VM.Department dept{get;set;}
}

class VM.Department
{
    int Id {get;set;}
    int Name {get;set;}
}

class GM.Employee
{
    int Id {get;set;}
    int Name {get;set;}
    GM.Department dept{get;set;}
}

class GM.Department
{
    int Id {get;set;}
    int Name {get;set;}
}

A: Actually, it's not that difficult. You can manually map field by field, something along the lines of this:
       Mapper.CreateMap<VM.Employee, GM.Employee>()
              .ForMember(vm => vm.Department,
                         mapping => mapping.MapFrom(gm => gm.Department))

       Mapper.CreateMap<VM.Department, GM.Department>()
              .ForMember(vm => vm.SomeFieldOfVmDepartment,
                         mapping => mapping.MapFrom(gm => gm.SomeFieldOfGmDepartment))
              .ForMember(vm => vm.AnotherField,
                         mapping => mapping.MapFrom(gm => gm.AnotherField))

Automapper is convention based and will automatically match fields that are named identically, when you map two classes. However, when the classes that you want to map have different fields (names or number of fields differ), Automapper cannot possibly know which of the fields you want to map to, so you have to explicitly tell it so.
You should of course, read AutoMapper docs for more info:
Automapper Documentation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
ARPANSA sits on the fence regarding Napandee choice for nuclear waste dump
ARPANSA to Senate Committee on National Radioactive Waste Management Amendment (Site Specification, Community Fund and Other Measures) Bill 2020 [Provisions] Submission 86 (Extracts)
(……."ARPANSA does not have specific comments on the Amendment Bill per se, as the Bill does not relate to thehealth and safety criteria that are core to any review and assessment under the ARPANS Act and Regulations. It is also premature for ARPANSA to comment on the suitability of the specified site at Napandee, near Kimba in South Australia. The site, the design of the facility and the plans and arrangements for managing safety will be considered in ARPANSA's review and assessment of an application for a licence to prepare a site for the facility"… )
…. the IWS was designed and constructed as a contingency solution. The bulk of the activity in the repatriated waste is immobilised in a glass matrix and contained in a dual-purpose (transport and storage) TN-81 cask; and the remainder technological waste is made up of less active material in cemented form.
Additional ILW remains in the UK from reprocessing of HIFAR spent fuel, and is planned to be returned to Australia in 2022. Should the shipment take place at that time, the NRWMF will (again) not be available, which in all likelihood leaves Lucas Heights as the preferred (by ANSTO) option, and possibly the only feasible destination. ARPANSA is aware that the waste in this second shipment is likely to be immobilised and contained in a TN-81 cask with considerably less activity content than the first cask. ARPANSA expects an application from ANSTO for approval to make a change with significant implications for safety under section 63 of the Regulations10, supported by a revised safety analysis report and an updated safety case well in advance of the time the second shipment is intended to be loaded on a vessel for shipment to Australia.
8 A chemical process by which fissile material (uranium and plutonium) is separated from fission products for which no further use is foreseen and therefore considered waste; this waste is repatriated.
9 The CEO's Statement of Reasons is at
https://www.arpansa.gov.au/sites/default/files/legacy/pubs/regulatory/ansto/SOR operationIWS.pdf
10 Section 63 states a licence holder must obtain approval from the CEO before changing anything described in the application for the licence or modifying the controlled apparatus, controlled material or controlled facility described in the licence
Production of molybdenum-99 in the ANSTO Nuclear Medicine Facility (ANM). ANSTO received a licence to operate the ANM Facility on 12 April 2018. In the facility, molybdenum-99 (Mo-99; a fission product) is extracted from uranium plates that have been irradiated in the OPAL reactor. The immediate decay product of Mo-99 is technetium-99m (Tc-99m), used in the majority of nuclear medicine procedures.
in Australia and overseas. ANSTO was authorised to commence routine production for the domestic and international nuclear medicine markets on 24 May 2019.
The liquid residue from the Mo-99 extraction and purification process is classified as ILW. The storage tanks at the ANM can accommodate six years of Mo-99 production. ANSTO's intention is to immobilise the radioactive substances in the liquid waste in an inert ceramic matrix in a planned facility at Lucas Heights known as the SyMo Facility. ANSTO received ARPANSA's authorisation to prepare a site and construct the facility in 201411. Construction is under way and an application for a licence to operate the facility is preliminarily expected by mid-2021.
Implications of ILW generation and storage at Lucas Heights for the NRWMF. The licence decisions regarding the IWS were predicated on the fact that the intended storage facility (the NRWMF) was not available; that no alternative interim solution other than the IWS was feasible; and that there was some urgency as Australia was under obligations to enable repatriation from France before the end of 2015.
Furthermore, there was at the time of the decision no consideration given to disposal of ILW in the national plans, only to storage. The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Act 198712 prevents disposal of waste at the ANSTO premises at Lucas Heights; this is supported by ARPANSA.
The CEO of ARPANSA, therefore, imposed a condition on the licence to operate the IWS which requires ANSTO to provide plans for the final management of the waste held in the IWS: "the licence holder must submit to the CEO, no later than 30 June 2020 and in a form acceptable to the CEO, plans for the removal of waste stored in the facility."
Likewise, the CEO included a condition in the licence to operate the ANM Facility that requires ANSTO to report by 30 June 2020 on, inter alia: plans for storage and disposal of the ILW, and contingency plans should one or several components of the ILW management system not eventuate or fail. This condition complements the condition issued with the IWS licence.
ARPANSA is aware that some stakeholders have interpreted ARPANSA's decisions regarding the IWS as a requirement for relocation of the waste stored in the IWS, even suggesting that there is an urgent need for relocation. This is not correct. ARPANSA has not raised safety concerns regarding storage of waste at the IWS. ANSTO seems to share this view. ANSTO has indicated to ARPANSA that the mandatory recertification of the TN-81 casks every 10 years can be carried out at the IWS; and in response to a request for identification of contingency measures in the short to medium term, ANSTO Identified the following:
Retention of the returned residues at ANSTO until the availability of a final disposal optionRetention of the returned residues at ANSTO until the availability of the NRWMF for storage
……..Regarding the ILW planned to be processed in the SyMo facility, ARPANSA anticipates that information on storage, including whether this would involve the NRWMF, is included in the forthcoming report developed by ANSTO, in compliance with the condition issued with the operating licence for the ANM facility.
Radioactive Waste at Woomera
CSIRO holds just under 10,000 drums of waste at the Woomera Prohibited Area. CSIRO currently estimates that less than 200 of these barrels would require management at a future NRWMF. These 200 barrels are estimated to be LLW, with no ILW currently detected. These drums are undergoing characterisation work to improve the inventory of waste held. ARPANSA has been monitoring CSIRO's characterisation work since 2016. This includes environmental monitoring of radiation levels. CSIRO is developing a pilot program to test new methods to manage their waste, however, this will require ARPANSA's approval prior to implementation.
Radioactive Waste at ARPANSA
ARPANSA has custody of approximately 68 m3of radioactive waste, being legacy waste from activities carried out by the ARL and its predecessors at a time these organisations were involved in production of radiopharmaceuticals. The waste will be kept in safe storage until such time it can be safely disposed of in a suitable facility.
About half of the waste is stored at ARPANSA's premises in Melbourne, comprising 137 x 220 litre steel drums (i.e. approximately 30 m3). Most of these drums are filled with building material contaminated with radium. This material was recovered from the decontamination and subsequent demolition of the former Commonwealth Radiation Laboratory (one of ARL's predecessors) in Melbourne. About 27 m3 could be considered LLW, with the remaining three m3 considered ILW due to its radium content.
The waste at the Defence site comprises 76 x 220 litre steel drums (i.e. approximately 15 m3) and 42 x 540 litre High Integrity Containers (i.e. approximately 23 m3). Much of this waste is a mixture of disused
medium-lived radioactive material (cobalt-60, cesium-137 and strontium-90) and long-lived laboratory waste from the operations of the ARL and the Materials Research Laboratory. There are also a number of drums and containers enclosing consumer materials recovered from the public, such as watches and compasses with radium dials and luminous paints containing radium. About 27 m3 could be considered LLW, whereas about 11 m3 could be considered ILW.
ARPANSA's requirements for a licence application for the NRWMF
The requirements ARPANSA places on an applicant for a licence for a radioactive waste storage or disposal facility are in accordance with the ARPANS Act and Regulations, regulatory guides and ensures that international best practice is considered.
The licence requirements are extensive and can be found in the ARPANSA Regulatory Guide: Applying for a Licence for a Radioactive Waste Storage or Disposal Facility, REG-LA-SUP-240L v3.1 January 2019. In addition, any disposal facility for solid radioactive waste should meet the requirements set out in nationally agreed Radiation Protection Series (RPS) C-3 Code for Disposal Facilities for Solid Radioactive Waste 2018……
June 19, 2020 - Posted by Christina Macpherson | AUSTRALIA - NATIONAL, Federal nuclear waste dump


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Sam Smith, One Direction and Disclosure are among the most influential new artists aged under 25, according to Spotify.
British singer songwriter Sam Smith has scored the fastest selling debut LP of 2014 with his debut album, In The Lonely Hour.
Welcome to our exclusive live blog, brought to you directly from the floor of the 59th Ivor Novello Awards.
This year's Ivor Novello Award nominees include newcomers Sam Smith, Disclosure and London Grammar alongside established industry heavyweights Nick Cave, Arctic Monkeys and Benjamin Wallfisch.


text:
Cody's List
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Just another creative joke: Mirrored photo of famous Kalte Rinne Viaduct at the Semmering Line in Austria. A freight train with two 1044s crosses the two story high stone brigde on its way southward. You also can see Rax-Mountain in the background and Polleros rock looks like a face.
BB class 1042/1142 passes Simmering Power Plant with a short northbound freight on a bright January morning.
Austrian class 1063 brings her train from Wien-Stadlau to Vienna Central Switching Yard (Wien-Zentralverschiebebahnhof)seen here while crossing River Danube at Wien-Praterkai.
The famous Semmeringbahn passes Payerbach in front of Rax-Mountain, here on cloudy June 11th 2006, with southbound freight-train with BB class 1042 at the lead at Schwarzaviaduct at Payerbach/Lower Austria.
To prevent the wineyards of Neusiedl at the similar named lake by being destroyed by birds you can find many scarcrows. Modern EMU BB class 4124 passes by the fall scene at its journey to Pamhagen.
An empty sugarbeet-train rushes through the plains east of Vienna near Gramatneusiedl during a heavy snow shower.
Quick, the train is coming!
Old class 1042 with a local on the Franz-Josef-Railway.
The sunrays haven't touched the moist meadows at the valley floor yet as a freight train rerouted from the Tauern line rolls by.
An InterCity is climbing the old Semmering mountain railroad and leaving the fall fog behind.


This year's musikmesse / prolight+sound exhibition closed recording a slight reduction in the overall number of exhibitors and visitors. A total of 2,340 companies from 128 countries exhibited their products and services at what is arguably the largest annual rendezvous for the music, sound and lighting sectors. With fifty companies fewer than last year and 110,000 visitors, the exhibition can nonetheless be seen as a through success considering the difficult economic times.
König & Meyer was likewise very satisfied with the exhibition. This year the company had 5 exhibition stands in 5 different halls at the musikmesse and prolight+sound exhibition. "This was our bid to promote the image of our brand and the König & Meyer product", says managing director Gabriela König. The new location at the prolight+sound exhibition in hall 6.1 was particularly well received.
All the major national and international dealers and end users interested in our products visited the König & Meyer exhibition stand for information about our tried-and-tested classics and this year's new developments, such as the new LED music stand lights, the compact stool, the practical guitar holder for microphone stands and the multimedia and pro audio table stand. You will find all our 2010 innovations here. Click here to view a detailed presentation video of the new products by our product manager.
The exhibition stand also celebrated the premiere of videos produced by König & Meyer featuring six highlight products. Other videos for further products are planned. The videos are available for viewing on the product page (here for example, the »Omega« keyboard stand) and on the König & Meyer YouTube channel with a range of other interesting films to watch.
On the exhibition Friday, König & Meyer presented the rock band "The Jerks" who gave a great performance on the Agora Stage. A particular highlight at the König & Meyer stand on the Saturday of the exhibition was the autograph session given by the band "DONOTS", whose new CD the "The Long Way Home" had been launched in the shops one day previously. Hundreds of fans and exhibition visitors waited patiently for an autograph or for the opportunity to be photographed with the musicians. Lots of photos of the Agora Stage, the autograph signing session and indeed the whole exhibition can be viewed on König & Meyer's Facebook page.
Although recovery from the financial crisis is no doubt going to take some time, the industry is looking with cautious optimism to the future. The relatively stable job market and low inflation are factors which continue to maintain consumer confidence. According to a GFK survey, the market in Germany is going to stagnate in 2010. The consumer will buy less, prompted by fear of unemployment, but, when purchasing then it is going to be the quality products that are bought. Infuriated by the banks' morals the consumer will be looking for traditional brands which can be trusted and are true to sustainable values.
There was a general sense of optimism and confidence with fresh ideas in the air at the musikmesse / prolight+sound exhibition in Frankfurt, a mood which over the next few months can only grow. The next rendezvous is on 6th – 9th April 2011 in Frankfurt.


text:
New Hampshire primary analysis
Air Date: February 10, 2016
Guests: Dante Scala, Maggie Haberman, Laura Meckler
Donald Trump and Senator Bernie Sanders had big wins in yesterday's New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the nation. Both candidates won handily over their challengers. Ohio governor John Kasich finished second among in the Republican primary. So what do these victories tell us about the candidates, their campaigns and the electorate? Is New Hampshire unique or will these results shift the presidential race? Marty talks about results, what they mean and the primaries ahead in South Carolina and Nevada with guests DANTE SCALA, associate professor of political science at the University of New Hampshire, MAGGIE HABERMAN, presidential campaign correspondent for The New York Times, and LAURA MECKLER, national politics reporter for The Wall Street Journal.
Working-class Americans on a "Tightrope"
New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof discusses his new book, "Tightrope: Americans Reaching for Hope," about why working-class families are losing ground.
The new boss at PIDC wants to robot-proof the city's economy
The economic development agency's incoming chief has her eye on creating "family-sustaining" jobs in sectors less likely to fall prey to automation.
The governors of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut still want to make recreational pot legal, and they and Gov. Tom Wolf have been comparing notes on how to do it.


text:
MacSplicer
Fighting games, podcast, and everything else in between.
Fighting Game Reviews
Fighting Game Content
Supporting MacSplicer
FGC Hollywood: A Fighting Game Podcast
Tag: P4U2
Persona 4 Arena Ultimax | Review
Initial NA Release Date: September 30, 2014
Review Date: June 6, 2020
Reviewed on: Xbox 360
Platforms: Xbox 360, PS3
After a successful debut to the fighting game genre with Persona 4 Arena (P4A), the beloved universes of Persona 3 and Persona 4 collide once more, however, this time, in much more of a comprehensive fighting game experience—Persona 4 Arena Ultimax (P4U2).
With a solid blueprint to follow, a sequel to Persona 4 Arena seemed to be destined for success, however, with a seasoned developer in Arc System Works at the helm, P4U2 not only emphasizes on the aspects that made its predecessor great, but also innovates on its mechanics, both with additions, and improvements. Continue reading "Persona 4 Arena Ultimax | Review" →
Why I Love Persona 4 Arena's Elizabeth
Date Published: 25 December, 2019
Soft spoken, calm, yet, always finds the humor in either the most benign or tense situations. The lethal elevator attendant—Elizabeth, is arguably one of the most likable characters in the Persona universe.
In a complex nature of being both so inquisitive of the things transpiring around her, yet still maintaining an air of mystery with regards to her own personal narrative, the always captivating Elizabeth is anything but ordinary. Continue reading "Why I Love Persona 4 Arena's Elizabeth" →
Why I love Persona 4 Arena's Sho Minazuki
Date Published: 5 November, 2018
Although he somewhat operated behind the scenes in the Persona universe for quite some time, the reveal of Sho Minazuki was one that finally put all of the pieces of the narrative puzzle together.
The violence seeking, pun master isn't the most recognizable character in the series, but his impact as a villain both in arrival and exit was one great enough that actually triggered cooperation of both members of S.E.E.S. (Persona 3) and the Investigation Team (Persona 4). Continue reading "Why I love Persona 4 Arena's Sho Minazuki" →
Why I Love Persona 4 Arena's Labrys
Date Published: 17 September, 2018
Despite not technically being a legacy character in the Persona universe, Labrys' debut to the series is quite the memorable one. On the surface, Labrys is perhaps looked at as "Just another android in a school uniform". However, as the main focus of the original Persona 4 Arena, Labrys proved she is no ordinary robot-girl.
Although she makes it clear she abides by many rules that include decency, respect, and of-course, righteousness. Two things are for certain when it comes to Labrys, she does not tolerate anyone who hurts her friends, and her strong character stacks up to just about anyone's. Continue reading "Why I Love Persona 4 Arena's Labrys" →
The Future of the Persona 4 Arena Series
Date Published: 15 November, 2017
It has been over three years since the western release of Persona 4 Arena Ultimax (P4U2)—the second title in the Persona 4 Arena series, and one which has seen little developer support post launch, aside from an update that only reached Japanese arcades in January of 2015.
That same update, while it reinvigorated the game within the Japanese arcade community, was a major factor in the demise of not only the game's western community; who never received the update, but also played a hand in the rapid decline of high level Japanese players the game was once full of. Continue reading "The Future of the Persona 4 Arena Series" →
Why I Love Persona 4 Arena's Yu Narukami
There isn't anything fancy about him, relatively speaking, everything about Yu Narukami points to him being a fairly generic character. He's not a physical specimen, nor a speed demon, nor does he hold an unorthodox fighting style.
Frankly, he's not much for even opening up his personality if not bothered to. However, what makes Narukami such an icon within the Persona universe, as well as fighting games, is his calm and collected demeanor, combined with a traditional yet effective katana based fighting style. Continue reading "Why I Love Persona 4 Arena's Yu Narukami" →
The State of the FGC in 2017
The Fighting Game Community (FGC) has experienced quite the change as of recent years, with 2015 perhaps having some of the most memorable moments in the competitive landscape, and 2016 elevating the exposure of fighting games primarily due to increased marketing and financial support from Sony and Capcom in regards to the release of Street Fighter V.
While we're only at the midpoint of the year, how things play out in the second half of 2017, could very well be a tell on what the future holds for the FGC. Therefore, it would be a good time to take a closer look at the fighting games that headline the FGC in 2017, and how they impact the landscape, be it for better or for worse. Continue reading "The State of the FGC in 2017" →
Will Persona 5 Arena Happen?
Date Published: October 19, 2016
It was unexpected, but not out of the realm of possibility that another fighting game spin-off would happen with the Persona franchise. However, if Persona 5 Arena is in the works, there's questions about how the fighting game would turn out compared the series' preceding spin-offs; Persona 4 Arena and Persona 4 Arena Ultimax. Continue reading "Will Persona 5 Arena Happen?" →
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Node Electric Outlet eliminates the power strip (coming soon).
Oh my gosh. It's a wave rider! How awesome would that be?!
Robot Parking. Automated mechanical parking garage at the "Autostadt" in Wolfsburg, Germany.


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representative agent
What would a new macroeconomics look like?
2018-12-09 2018-12-02 pnrj critique of neoclassical economics, heuristics and biases, inequality, macroeconomics	behavior, Campbell's Law, dynamic consistency, dynamic optimization, epicycles, Goodhart's Law, greedy reductionism, HANK, inequality, Lucas Critique, macroeconomics, microfoundations, New Keynesian, representative agent, risk aversion
Dec 9 JDN 2458462
In previous posts I have extensively criticized the current paradigm of macroeconomics. But it's always easier to tear the old edifice down than to build a better one in its place. So in this post I thought I'd try to be more constructive: What sort of new directions could macroeconomics take?
The most important change we need to make is to abandon the assumption of dynamic optimization. This will be a very hard sell, as most macroeconomists have become convinced that the Lucas Critique means we need to always base everything on the dynamic optimization of a single representative agent. I don't think this was actually what Lucas meant (though maybe we should ask him; he's still at Chicago), and I certainly don't think it is what he should have meant. He had a legitimate point about the way macroeconomics was operating at that time: It was ignoring the feedback loops that occur when we start trying to change policies.
Goodhart's Law is probably a better formulation: Once you make an indicator into a target, you make it less effective as an indicator. So while inflation does seem to be negatively correlated with unemployment, that doesn't mean we should try to increase inflation to extreme levels in order to get rid of unemployment; sooner or later the economy is going to adapt and we'll just have both inflation and unemployment at the same time. (Campbell's Law provides a specific example that I wish more people in the US understood: Test scores would be a good measure of education if we didn't use them to target educational resources.)
The reason we must get rid of dynamic optimization is quite simple: No one behaves that way.
It's often computationally intractable even in our wildly oversimplified models that experts spend years working on—now you're imagining that everyone does this constantly?
The most fundamental part of almost every DSGE model is the Euler equation; this equation comes directly from the dynamic optimization. It's supposed to predict how people will choose to spend and save based upon their plans for an infinite sequence of future income and spending—and if this sounds utterly impossible, that's because it is. Euler equations don't fit the data at all, and even extreme attempts to save them by adding a proliferation of additional terms have failed. (It reminds me very much of the epicycles that astronomers used to add to the geocentric model of the universe to try to squeeze in weird results like Mars, before they had the heliocentric model.)
We should instead start over: How do people actually choose their spending? Well, first of all, it's not completely rational. But it's also not totally random. People spend on necessities before luxuries; they try to live within their means; they shop for bargains. There is a great deal of data from behavioral economics that could be brought to bear on understanding the actual heuristics people use in deciding how to spend and save. There have already been successful policy interventions using this knowledge, like Save More Tomorrow.
The best thing about this is that it should make our models simpler. We're no longer asking each agent in the model to solve an impossible problem. However people actually make these decisions, we know it can be done, because it is being done. Most people don't really think that hard, even when they probably should; so the heuristics really can't be that complicated. My guess is that you can get a good fit—certainly better than an Euler equation—just by assuming that people set a target for how much they're going to save (which is also probably pretty small for most people), and then spend the rest.
The second most important thing we need to add is inequality. Some people are much richer than others; this is a very important fact about economics that we need to understand. Yet it has taken the economics profession decades to figure this out, and even now I'm only aware of one class of macroeconomic models that seriously involves inequality, the Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian (HANK) models which didn't emerge until the last few years (the earliest publication I can find is 2016!). And these models are monsters; they are almost always computationally intractable and have a huge number of parameters to estimate.
Understanding inequality will require more parameters, that much is true. But if we abandon dynamic optimization, we won't need as many as the HANK models have, and most of the new parameters are actually things we can observe, like the distribution of wages and years of schooling.
Observability of parameters is a big deal. Another problem with the way the Lucas Critique has been used is that we've been told we need to be using "deep structural parameters" like the temporal elasticity of substitution and the coefficient of relative risk aversion—but we have no idea what those actually are. We can't observe them, and all of our attempts to measure them indirectly have yielded inconclusive or even inconsistent results. This is probably because these parameters are based on assumptions about human rationality that are simply not realistic. Most people probably don't have a well-defined temporal elasticity of substitution, because their day-to-day decisions simply aren't consistent enough over time for that to make sense. Sometimes they eat salad and exercise; sometimes they loaf on the couch and drink milkshakes. Likewise with risk aversion: many moons ago I wrote about how people will buy both insurance and lottery tickets, which no one with a consistent coefficient of relative risk aversion would ever do.
So if we are interested in deep structural parameters, we need to base those parameters on behavioral experiments so that we can understand actual human behavior. And frankly I don't think we need deep structural parameters; I think this is a form of greedy reductionism, where we assume that the way to understand something is always to look at smaller pieces. Sometimes the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Economists obviously feel a lot of envy for physics; but they don't seem to understand that aerodynamics would never have (ahem) gotten off the ground if we had first waited for an exact quantum mechanical solution of the oxygen atom (which we still don't have, by the way). Macroeconomics may not actually need "microfoundations" in the strong sense that most economists intend; it needs to be consistent with small-scale behavior, but it doesn't need to be derived from small-scale behavior.
This means that the new paradigm in macroeconomics does not need to be computationally intractable. Using heuristics instead of dynamic optimization and worrying less about microfoundations will make the models simpler; adding inequality need not make them so much more complicated.
What we lose by aggregating
2017-06-25 2017-10-08 pnrj core principles, critique of neoclassical economics, inequality, macroeconomics	agent-based model, aggregation, business cycle, constant relative risk aversion, development, economic growth, econophysics, Gorman Aggregation Theorem, growth, heterogeneity, inequality, microfoundation, Pareto distribution, poverty, representative agent, Robert Lucas
Jun 25, JDN 2457930
One of the central premises of current neoclassical macroeconomics is the representative agent: Rather than trying to keep track of all the thousands of firms, millions of people, and billions of goods and in a national economy, we aggregate everything up into a single worker/consumer and a single firm producing and consuming a single commodity.
This sometimes goes under the baffling misnomer of microfoundations, which would seem to suggest that it carries detailed information about the microeconomic behavior underlying it; in fact what this means is that the large-scale behavior is determined by some sort of (perfectly) rational optimization process as if there were just one person running the entire economy optimally.
First of all, let me say that some degree of aggregation is obviously necessary. Literally keeping track of every single transaction by every single person in an entire economy would require absurd amounts of data and calculation. We might have enough computing power to theoretically try this nowadays, but then again we might not—and in any case such a model would very rapidly lose sight of the forest for the trees.
But it is also clearly possible to aggregate too much, and most economists don't seem to appreciate this. They cite a couple of famous theorems (like the Gorman Aggregation Theorem) involving perfectly-competitive firms and perfectly-rational identical consumers that offer a thin veneer of justification for aggregating everything into one, and then go on with their work as if this meant everything were fine.
What's wrong with such an approach?
Well, first of all, a representative agent model can't talk about inequality at all. It's not even that a representative agent model says inequality is good, or not a problem; it lacks the capacity to even formulate the concept. Trying to talk about income or wealth inequality in a representative agent model would be like trying to decide whether your left hand is richer than your right hand.
It's also nearly impossible to talk about poverty in a representative agent model; the best you can do is talk about a country's overall level of development, and assume (not without reason) that a country with a per-capita GDP of $1,000 probably has a lot more poverty than a country with a per-capita GDP of $50,000. But two countries with the same per-capita GDP can have very different poverty rates—and indeed, the cynic in me wonders if the reason we're reluctant to use inequality-adjusted measures of development is precisely that many American economists fear where this might put the US in the rankings. The Human Development Index was a step in the right direction because it includes things other than money (and as a result Saudi Arabia looks much worse and Cuba much better), but it still aggregates and averages everything, so as long as your rich people are doing well enough they can compensate for how badly your poor people are doing.
Nor can you talk about oligopoly in a representative agent model, as there is always only one firm, which for some reason chooses to act as if it were facing competition instead of rationally behaving as a monopoly. (This is not quite as nonsensical as it sounds, as the aggregation actually does kind of work if there truly are so many firms that they are all forced down to zero profit by fierce competition—but then again, what market is actually like that?) There is no market share, no market power; all are at the mercy of the One True Price.
You can still talk about externalities, sort of; but in order to do so you have to set up this weird doublethink phenomenon where the representative consumer keeps polluting their backyard and then can't figure out why their backyard is so darn polluted. (I suppose humans do seem to behave like that sometimes; but wait, I thought you believed people were rational?) I think this probably confuses many an undergrad, in fact; the models we teach them about externalities generally use this baffling assumption that people consider one set of costs when making their decisions and then bear a different set of costs from the outcome. If you can conceptualize the idea that we're aggregating across people and thinking "as if" there were a representative agent, you can ultimately make sense of this; but I think a lot of students get really confused by it.
Indeed, what can you talk about with a representative agent model? Economic growth and business cycles. That's… about it. These are not minor issues, of course; indeed, as Robert Lucas famously said:
The consequences for human welfare involved in questions like these [on economic growth] are simply staggering: once one starts to think about them, it is hard to think about anything else.
I certainly do think that studying economic growth and business cycles should be among the top priorities of macroeconomics. But then, I also think that poverty and inequality should be among the top priorities, and they haven't been—perhaps because the obsession with representative agent models make that basically impossible.
I want to be constructive here; I appreciate that aggregating makes things much easier. So what could we do to include some heterogeneity without too much cost in complexity?
Here's one: How about we have p firms, making q types of goods, sold to n consumers? If you want you can start by setting all these numbers equal to 2; simply going from 1 to 2 has an enormous effect, as it allows you to at least say something about inequality. Getting them as high as 100 or even 1000 still shouldn't be a problem for computing the model on an ordinary laptop. (There are "econophysicists" who like to use these sorts of agent-based models, but so far very few economists take them seriously. Partly that is justified by their lack of foundational knowledge in economics—the arrogance of physicists taking on a new field is legendary—but partly it is also interdepartmental turf war, as economists don't like the idea of physicists treading on their sacred ground.) One thing that really baffles me about this is that economists routinely use computers to solve models that can't be calculated by hand, but it never seems to occur to them that they could have started at the beginning planning to make the model solvable only by computer, and that would spare them from making the sort of heroic assumptions they are accustomed to making—assumptions that only made sense when they were used to make a model solvable that otherwise wouldn't be.
You could also assign a probability distribution over incomes; that can get messy quickly, but we actually are fortunate that the constant relative risk aversion utility function and the Pareto distribution over incomes seem to fit the data quite well—as the product of those two things is integrable by hand. As long as you can model how your policy affects this distribution without making that integral impossible (which is surprisingly tricky), you can aggregate over utility instead of over income, which is a lot more reasonable as a measure of welfare.
And really I'm only scratching the surface here. There are a vast array of possible new approaches that would allow us to extend macroeconomic models to cover heterogeneity; the real problem is an apparent lack of will in the community to make such an attempt. Most economists still seem very happy with representative agent models, and reluctant to consider anything else—often arguing, in fact, that anything else would make the model less microfounded when plainly the opposite is the case.
Who are you? What is this new blog? Why "Infinite Identical Psychopaths"?
2014-08-02 2015-04-04 pnrj core principles, critique of neoclassical economics	cognitive, economic rationality, economics, N. Gregory Mankiw, neoclassical, perfect competition, perfect information, Peter Schiff, psychology, psychopath, rational expectations, representative agent, Stephen Moore
My name is Patrick Julius. I am about halfway through a master's degree in economics, specializing in the new subfield of cognitive economics (closely related to the also quite new fields of cognitive science and behavioral economics). This makes me in one sense heterodox; I disagree adamantly with most things that typical neoclassical economists say. But in another sense, I am actually quite orthodox. All I'm doing is bringing the insights of psychology, sociology, history, and political science—not to mention ethics—to the study of economics. The problem is simply that economists have divorced themselves so far from the rest of social science.
Another way I differ from most critics of mainstream economics (I'm looking at you, Peter Schiff) is that, for lack of a better phrase, I'm good at math. (As Bill Clinton said, "It's arithmetic!") I understand things like partial differential equations and subgame perfect equilibria, and therefore I am equipped to criticize them on their own terms. In this blog I will do my best to explain the esoteric mathematical concepts in terms most readers can understand, but it's not always easy. The important thing to keep in mind is that fancy math can't make a lie true; no matter how sophisticated its equations, a model that doesn't fit the real world can't be correct.
This blog, which I plan to update every Saturday, is about the current state of economics, both as it is and how economists imagine it to be. One of my central points is that these two are quite far apart, which has exacerbated if not caused the majority of economic problems in the world today. (Economists didn't invent world hunger, but for over a decade now we've had the power to end it and haven't done so. You'd be amazed how cheap it would be; we're talking about 1% of First World GDP at most.)
The reason I call it "infinite identical psychopaths" is that this is what neoclassical economists appear to believe human beings are, at least if we judge by the models they use. These are the typical assumptions of a neoclassical economic model:
Perfect information: All individuals know everything they need to know about the state of the world and the actions of other individuals.
Rational expectations: Predictions about the future can only be wrong within a normal distribution, and in the long run are on average correct.
Representative agents: All individuals are identical and interchangeable; a single type represents them all.
Perfect competition: There are infinitely many agents in the market, and none of them ever collude with one another.
"Economic rationality": Individuals act according to a monotonic increasing utility function that is only dependent upon their own present and future consumption of goods.
I put the last one in scare quotes because it is the worst of the bunch. What economists call "rationality" has only a distant relation to actual rationality, either as understood by common usage or by formal philosophical terminology.
Don't be scared by the terminology; a "utility function" is just a formal model of the things you care about when you make decisions. Things you want have positive utility; things you don't want have negative utility. Larger numbers reflect stronger feelings: a bar of chocolate has much less positive utility than a decade of happy marriage; a pinched finger has much less negative utility than a year of continual torture. Utility maximization just means that you try to get the things you want and avoid the things you don't. By talking about expected utility, we make some allowance for an uncertain future—but not much, because we have so-called "rational expectations".
Since any action taken by an "economically rational" agent maximizes expected utility, it is impossible for such an agent to ever make a mistake in the usual sense. Whatever they do is always the best idea at the time. This is already an extremely strong assumption that doesn't make a whole lot of sense applied to human beings; who among us can honestly say they've never done anything they later regretted?
The worst part, however, is the assumption that an individual's utility function depends only upon their own consumption. What this means is that the only thing anyone cares about is how much stuff they have; considerations like family, loyalty, justice, honesty, and fairness cannot factor into their decisions. The "monotonic increasing" part means that more stuff is always better; if they already have twelve private jets, they'd still want a thirteenth; and even if children had to starve for it, they'd be just fine with that. They are, in other words, psychopaths. So that's one word of my title.
I think "identical" is rather self-explanatory; by using representative agent models, neoclassicists effectively assume that there is no variation between human beings whatsoever. They all have the same desires, the same goals, the same capabilities, the same resources. Implicit in this assumption is the notion that there is no such thing as poverty or wealth inequality, not to mention diversity, disability, or even differences in taste. (One wonders why you'd even bother with economics if that were the case.)
As for "infinite", that comes from the assumptions of perfect information and perfect competition. In order to really have perfect information, one would need a brain with enough storage capacity to contain the state of every particle in the visible universe. Maybe not quite infinite, but pretty darn close. Likewise, in order to have true perfect competition, there must be infinitely many individuals in the economy, all of whom are poised to instantly take any opportunity offered that allows them to make even the tiniest profit.
Now, you might be thinking this is a strawman; surely neoclassicists don't actually believe that people are infinite identical psychopaths. They just model that way to simplify the mathematics, which is of course necessary because the world is far too vast and interconnected to analyze in its full complexity.
This is certainly true: Suppose it took you one microsecond to consider each possible position on a Go board; how long would it take you to go through them all? More time than we have left before the universe fades into heat death. A Go board has two colors (plus empty) and 361 spaces. Now imagine trying to understand a global economy of 7 billion people by brute-force analysis. Simplifying heuristics are unavoidable.
And some neoclassical economists—for example Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz—generally use these heuristics correctly; they understand the limitations of their models and don't apply them in cases where they don't belong. In that sort of case, there's nothing particularly bad about these simplifying assumptions; they are like when a physicist models the trajectory of a spacecraft by assuming frictionless vacuum. Since outer space actually is close to a frictionless vacuum, this works pretty well; and if you need to make minor corrections (like the Pioneer Anomaly) you can.
However, this explanation already seems weird for the "economically rational" assumption (the psychopath part), because that doesn't really make things much simpler. Why would we exclude the fact that people care about each other, they like to cooperate, they have feelings of loyalty and trust? And don't tell me it's because that's impossible to quantify; behavioral geneticists already have a simple equation (C < r B) designed precisely to quantify altruism. (C is cost, B is benefit, r is relatedness.) I'd make only one slight modification; instead of r for relatedness, use p for psychological closeness, or as I like to call it, solidarity. For humans, solidarity is usually much higher than relatedness, though the two are correlated. C < p B.
Worse, there are other neoclassical economists—those of the most fanatically "free-market" bent—who really don't seem to do this. I don't know if they honestly believe that people are infinite identical psychopaths, but they make policy as if they did.
We have people like Stephen Moore saying that unemployment is "like a paid vacation" because obviously anyone who truly wants a job can immediately find one, or people like N. Gregory Mankiw arguing—in a published paper no less!—that the reason Steve Jobs was a billionaire was that he was actually a million times as productive as the rest of us, and therefore it would be inefficient (and, he implies but does not say outright, immoral) to take the fruits of those labors from him. (Honestly, I think I could concede the point and still argue for redistribution, on the grounds that people do not deserve to starve to death simply because they aren't productive; but that's the sort of thing never even considered by most neoclassicists, and anyway it's a topic for another time.)
These kinds of statements would only make sense if markets were really as efficient and competitive as neoclassical models—that is, if people were infinite identical psychopaths. Allow even a single monopoly or just a few bits of imperfect information, and that whole edifice collapses.
And indeed if you've ever been unemployed or known someone who was, you know that our labor markets just ain't that efficient. If you want to cut unemployment payments, you need a better argument than that. Similarly, it's obvious to anyone who isn't wearing the blinders of economic ideology that many large corporations exert monopoly power to increase their profits at our expense (How can you not see that Apple is a monopoly!?).
This sort of reasoning is more like plotting the trajectory of an aircraft on the assumption of frictionless vacuum; you'd be baffled as to where the oxidizer comes from, or how the craft manages to lift itself off the ground when the exhaust vents are pointed sideways instead of downward. And then you'd be telling the aerospace engineers to cut off the wings because they're useless mass.
Worst of all, if we continue this analogy, the engineers would listen to you—they'd actually be convinced by your differential equations and cut off the wings just as you requested. Then the plane would never fly, and they'd ask if they could put the wings back on—but you'd adamantly insist that it was just coincidence, you just happened to be hit by a random problem at the very same moment as you cut off the wings, and putting them back on will do nothing and only make things worse.
No, seriously; so-called "Real Business Cycle" theory, while thoroughly obfuscated in esoteric mathematics, ultimately boils down to the assertion that financial crises have nothing to do with recessions, which are actually caused by random shocks to the real economy—the actual production of goods and services. The fact that a financial crisis always seems to happen just beforehand is, apparently, sheer coincidence, or at best some kind of forward-thinking response investors make as they see the storm coming. I want to you think for a minute about the idea that the kind of people who make computer programs that accidentally collapse the Dow, who made Bitcoin the first example in history of hyperdeflation, and who bought up Tweeter thinking it was Twitter are forward-thinking predictors of future events in real production.
And yet, it is on this sort of basis that our policy is made.
Can otherwise intelligent people really believe that these insane models are true? I'm not sure.
Sadly I think they may really believe that all people are psychopaths—because they themselves may be psychopaths. Economics students score higher on various psychopathic traits than other students. Part of this is self-selection—psychopaths are more likely to study economics—but the terrifying part is that part of it isn't—studying economics may actually make you more like a sociopath. As I study for my master's degree, I actually am somewhat afraid of being corrupted by this; I make sure to periodically disengage from their ideology and interact with normal people with normal human beliefs to recalibrate my moral compass.
Of course, it's still pretty hard to imagine that anyone could honestly believe that the world economy is in a state of perfect information. But if they can't really believe this insane assumption, why do they keep using models based on it?
The more charitable possibility is that they don't appreciate just how sensitive the models are to the assumptions. They may think, for instance, that the General Welfare Theorems still basically apply if you relax the assumption of perfect information; maybe it's not always Pareto-efficient, but it's probably most of the time, right? Or at least close? Actually, no. The Myerson-Satterthwaithe Theorem says that once you give up perfect information, the whole theorem collapses; even a small amount of asymmetric information is enough to make it so that a Pareto-efficient outcome is impossible. And as you might expect, the more asymmetric the information is, the further the result deviates from Pareto-efficiency. And since we always have some asymmetric information, it looks like the General Welfare Theorems really aren't doing much for us. They apply only in a magical fantasy world. (In case you didn't know, Pareto-efficiency is a state in which it's impossible to make any person better off without making someone else worse off. The real world is in a not Pareto-efficient state, which means that by smarter policy we could improve some people's lives without hurting anyone else.)
The more sinister possibility is that they know full well that the models are wrong, they just don't care. The models are really just excuses for an underlying ideology, the unshakeable belief that rich people are inherently better than poor people and private corporations are inherently better than governments. Hence, it must be bad for the economy to raise the minimum wage and good to cut income taxes, even though the empirical evidence runs exactly the opposite way; it must be good to subsidize big oil companies and bad to subsidize solar power research, even though that makes absolutely no sense.
One should normally be hesitant to attribute to malice what can be explained by stupidity, but the "I trust the models" explanation just doesn't work for some of the really extreme privatizations that the US has undergone since Reagan.
No neoclassical model says that you should privatize prisons; prisons are a classic example of a public good, which would be underfunded in a competitive market and basically has to be operated or funded by the government.
No neoclassical model would support the idea that the EPA is a terrorist organization (yes, a member of the US Congress said this). In fact, the economic case for environmental regulations is unassailable. (What else are we supposed to do, privatize the air?) The question is not whether to regulate and tax pollution, but how and how much.
No neoclassical model says that you should deregulate finance; in fact, most neoclassical models don't even include a financial sector (as bizarre and terrifying as that is), and those that do generally assume it is in a state of perfect equilibrium with zero arbitrage. If the financial sector were actually in a state of zero arbitrage, no banks would make a profit at all.
In case you weren't aware, arbitrage is the practice of making money off of money without actually making any goods or doing any services. Unlike manufacturing (which, oddly enough, almost all neoclassical models are based on—despite the fact that it is now a minority sector in First World GDP), there's no value added. Under zero arbitrage, the interest rate a bank charges should be almost exactly the same as the interest rate it receives, with just enough gap between to barely cover their operating expenses—which should in turn be minimal, especially in a modern electronic system. If financial markets were at zero arbitrage equilibrium, it would be sensible to speak of a single "real interest rate" in the economy, the one that everyone pays and everyone receives. Of course, those of us who live in the real world know that not only do different people pay radically different rates, most people have multiple outstanding lines of credit, each with a different rate. My savings account is 0.5%, my car loan is 5.5%, and my biggest credit card is 19%. These basically span the entire range of sensible interest rates (frankly 19% may even exceed that; that's a doubling time of 3.6 years), and I know I'm not the exception but the rule.
So that's the mess we're in. Stay tuned; in future weeks I'll talk about what we can do about it.


FPV = first person viewer. These guys put on a headset and fly their UAV's or drive their cars whilst looking from the vantage of the vehicle. This page tells you about the planes and aircraft and other equipment it recommends.


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Selling because I have bought a new watch and I have no need for this one anymore. Classic Petite Melrose watch features a black dial (28mm) and a stainless steel rose gold mesh strap. Comes with the brown St Mawes leather strap. The watch has been used but is in very good condition. The leather strap is brand new.


Kudos to the Hartford Courant, which ran the following editorial observing the value of Bike Friendly Communities. If you are looking for ways to make your community, business, or university more bike friendly, please contact us at bikewalkct@bikewalkct.org.
The Hartford Courant editorial, November 23, 2012 - On a recent Saturday, bicyclists from Simsbury, the state's first Bicycle Friendly Community, rode over to South Windsor to pass a symbolic torch to the second town to win the designation. Good for South Windsor — and why aren't more communities trying for this distinction?
The bicycle-friendly designation is awarded by the Washington, D.C.-based League of American Bicyclists to communities — as well as businesses, colleges and entire states — that create a safe environment for cycling and encourage people to bike for transportation and recreation.
It's crazy that many people have to drive to find a decent place to bike or walk. Let's make the whole state bike-friendly.
Communities must apply for the designation and show effort in such areas as bicycling infrastructure, education, enforcement and planning. The awards are given at four tiers: platinum, gold, silver and bronze. Both Simsbury and South Windsor broke in at the bronze level (as did Yale University), and officials say they want to move up.
Good, and other towns should follow their lead. Is there another activity that saves energy, cuts pollution, eases traffic congestion, fights obesity and is also fun? Also, active people want to live in bike-friendly communities, which is good for property values and economic development.
It's crazy that many people have to drive to find a decent place to bike or walk. Let's make the whole state bike-friendly. Read the full editorial here.


The online donations platform has teamed up with the Postcode Community Trust to hand out money to sports and exercise initiatives being run by small charities and community groups.
Localgiving has announced details of its latest Magic Little Grants Fund, where it hands out £500 grants to small charities and community groups that promote sports and exercise.
The online donations platform will distribute the money to groups and charities with an annual income of less than £250,000 who inspire people to take part in sports and fitness.
The Magic Little Grants Fund 2019 is paid for through a £550,000 award from the Postcode Community Trust. Successful organisations will also receive a free annual membership with Localgiving.
This is the largest amount distributed through the Fund, which launched in 2017 and handed out £215,000 to 430 small charities and groups last year.
"We're extremely grateful to the players of People's Postcode Lottery who have continued their support of our Magic Little Grants Fund," said Localgiving Managing Director Chris Dormer.
"Since launching in 2017, we've supported 635 community projects and invested over £315,000 into local communities to help people to get more active. This year we will more than double this figure with our largest programme to date.
Laura Chow, Head of Charities at People's Postcode Lottery, added: "Thanks to feedback from groups previously supported, we know first-hand the positive impact that increasing participation to sport and physical activity has on mental wellbeing, as well as on improving physical health.
The Magic Little Grants 2019 deadline is 30 November, 2019.


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The jewel of the WÜSTHOF collection, IKON has beautifully designed handles made of Grenadill wood. Grenadill wood, or African Blackwood, is one of the hardest and heaviest woods in the world. IKON full-tang knives are precision-forged from a single piece of an exclusive high-carbon stainless steel and feature a distinctive, double bolster. The IKON 7" Hollow Edge Santoku Knife is designed with a thinner blade than the traditional chef's knife, at a 10 cutting edge, and gradually curves up at the very end providing a straighter edge. The hollow edge is crafted with evenly spaced vertical indentations, which create small air pockets between the blade and the food. These small air pockets gently push food off the blade and reduce friction and drag. This knife allows cooks to effortlessly prep a wide array of fresh produce, including starchy vegetables like potatoes, which tend to stick to a knife's blade.
The IKON 7" Hollow Edge Santoku Knife is designed with a thinner blade than the traditional chef's knife, at a 10 cutting edge, and gradually curves up at the very end providing a straighter edge. The hollow edge is crafted with evenly spaced vertical indentations, which create small air pockets between the blade and the food. These small air pockets gently push food off the blade and reduce friction and drag. This knife allows cooks to effortlessly prep a wide array of fresh produce, including starchy vegetables like potatoes, which tend to stick to a knife's blade.


Imagine going through your whole life constantly fearing others opinions of you, saying things just seek the approval of your peers and being scared to go out in public for fear people are scrutinising your every move.
"I thought that was life. It was for me for years, but luckily now I know better," says Sarah who suffers from social phobia.
Do you worry about making a fool of yourself in front of other people, feel anxious before going into any social situation and avoid parties like the plague? If so then you may well be suffering from social anxiety disorder.
The World Psychiatric Association estimates as little as three but possibly up to 15% of the population suffers from what's known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder. Of those who suffer only 25% seek help.
Social phobia is the inability to face social situations due to extreme fear of being watched, scrutinised or judged by others. Both men and women are as equally susceptible and the disorder is not discriminated by culture. The disorder is believed to develop during adolescence with approximately 40% of social phobias occurring before the age of ten and 95% before the age of 20.
Social phobias can be inherited or learned. Clinical psychologist and social phobia specialist, Catherine Madigan says, "Hereditary or genetic influenced can account for 30% of the chance of developing social phobia with environmental factors accounting for the remaining 70%". Environmental factors can include "traumatic experiences of humiliation, upbringing by parents, observing and learning from the social behaviour of parents, class mates, etc", says Catherine.
People who suffer from social anxiety disorder encounter difficulties when speaking in public, eating and drinking in public, writing in front of others, meeting new people, being the centre of attention, being watched doing something, using the telephone or even when having to speak to authority figures.
Many of you at this moment can probably empathise with several of these scenarios, however be careful not to confuse social anxiety disorder with shyness. To differentiate the two, Catherine says, "People with social phobia experience impairment in their social or occupational functioning. Shyness tends to be generalised whereas social phobia tends to be fears of specific activities such as far of public speaking, talking on the phone or dating".
Many sufferers are afraid to admit they have social anxiety disorder. For fear they've failed. If you can identify with any of the above mentioned scenarios then you may well be suffering from social phobia. Further if you are a family member of friend who knows someone with social phobia then you must attempt to help this person.
To identify if someone close to you have a social phobia, Catherine says, " Firstly you need to ask them questions- the person may be depressed and/or have panic disorder rather than social anxiety. You would ask someone whether they feared e.g.: being introduced, dealing with authority figures, speaking on the phone, being watched doing something, eating in front of people, writing in front of others or public speaking.
You would then ask the person if they experienced physical symptoms of anxiety such as blushing, sweating, tense muscles or headaches when exposed to feared social situations." However, note that not al individuals report the above symptoms but might simply feel very self conscious, fearful and apprehensive.
Another alternative Catherine suggests is to steer the conversation around to someone famous who has divulged they have social anxiety using celebrities such as Susie O'Neill (swimmer) or Gary Mc Donald( actor) as starting points. The person says to the suspected sufferer have you ever felt like Gary or Susie?" Again this helps the person to identify with someone else and not feel so isolated in their feelings.
Social anxiety disorder is treatable and there are various methods by which social phobia can be managed. Once the disorder is under control, if the learned practices are not continually implemented the problem can resurface with just as much vengeance.
The most common and readily accepted method of treating social phobia is via psychological treatment (One of )the methods psychologists use is called cognitive behaviour therapy(CBT). This therapy is not solely use for people suffering from social phobia but can also be used to treat many other conditions. Administration of CBT encompasses both relaxation training and exposure therapy.
"In CBT the psychologist asks the sufferer questions to determine which social situations are feared and how the sufferer acts and thinks in these social situations. The psychologist helps the sufferer identify the problematic behaviours and thoughts and helps them develop more effective coping strategies," says Catherine. CBT can be performed in a group or individual setting. It has been shown with effective implementation of CBT people have been able to remarkably improve the severity of the condition in as little as 12 sessions.
Using natural products and methods such as those used by naturopaths is an alternative method to controlling social phobia. Natural methods include administering mixtures of aromatic herbs and flower essences to help calm down the body's nervous system. The most popular remedy at present is called Bach Flower Rescue Remedy. This particular remedy involves combining cherry, plum, clematis, impatiens, rock rose and Star of Bethlehem. This remedy has been used to alleviate the physiological symptoms of social phobia, by alleviating the anxiety experienced by sufferers. The Bach flower rescue remedy, can help deal with any emergency or stressful event, such as taking a driving test, exam nerves or speaking in public.
Medication can also be prescribed by doctors and psychiatrists to deal with the disorder, but again tend to deal only with alleviating the physiological aspects of the problem rather than eliminating the cause. Medications such as beta blockers which aim to lower the heart rate may be administered. Anti-depressants can help to stop the anxiety and panics, although they take a few weeks to kick in and can have some undesirable side effects. Tranquillisers such as Valium were used in the past to treat all sorts of anxiety but are addictive and not as effective in the long run3.
If social phobia is left untreated Catherine says," The sufferer may end up single, less educated, financially dependent or less well off. They may also go on to develop additional psychiatric disorders such as alcoholism, drug abuse and be socially isolated. The very worst case scenario is they may commit suicide".
The good news though is help is readily available. If you suspect you re suffering or someone close to you is suffering from social phobia, do yourself and/or them a favour and seek help. There are a number of psychologists, psychiatrists ,general practitioners, support groups, workshops, courses and community groups who are available to help so there is no need to feel segregated and alone.
Catherine Madigan is a psychologist who specialises in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. She offers both individual and group therapy.
1. Social Phobias involve more than shyness.


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Jon Tester, Organic Farmer, Friend of Natural Health Care Leads Montana US Senate Race
Jon Tester, Organic Farmer & Friend of Natural Health Leads Montana US Senate Race
Summary: When political corruption touched Montana's long-time US Senator Conrad Burns (R), a door opened for his challengers. Organic farmer and state senator Jon Tester (D) is presently running 8 points ahead of Burns. The potentially good news for the CAM-IM community is not only Tester's role in advancing organic farming. Through that community he connected with the value of diet, herbs, vitamins and natural health care. His wife's health improvement with a naturopathic physician deepened his belief in the value of including services of new provider types to give people choice as the Nation takes on healthcare reform. The CAM-IM community may have a helpful friend in Congress should Tester succeed.
Organic armer and US Senate candidate Jon Tester (D)
A long-time friend and colleague, Nancy Aagenes, ND, LAc, distinguishes herself among CAM-IM providers in that her first career, in Montana state politics, included a stint as the first female secretary of the Montana State Senate.
So when she e-mailed to let me know that the candidate for US Senate from her state who was running in the lead, Jon Tester, is an organic farmer who had a positive family experience with naturopathic medicine, I thought -- good story! Probably a lot of Integrator readers would be interested in such a person becoming one of the 100 souls who run the Senate.
I caught up with Tester three weeks later. I asked him to first give me the gist of his stump speech on health care. Then I told him I'd like to focus in on some federal natural health care topics I'd sent him in advance. I focused on a CAM-IM wish-list identified in an Integrator article on The DeFacto CAM Federal Agenda for CAM and Integrative Medicine.
Experience in Organic Farming, and Family Experience of Naturopathic Medicine
Tester is a third generation farmer. He's got the family's whole 1800 acres in organic cultivation now. "I began the organic conversion back in '87," he said. He ticked off his crop this year: hard red wheat, hard white wheat, kamut, lentiles, and purple barley. "If I hadn't been running for Senate, we'd have had oil seeds (for fuel) in this year." He clarified: "My Grandpa used to set aside fields for crops to feed the horses. We may be doing it soon to feed our mechanical horses."
Tester served in the leadership of the organic movement through the mid-1990s. He was on the board and executive committee of one of the rapidly growing international certifying agencies, Organic Crop Improvement Association. It was there he came across natural health products and practices. He mentions a Canadian organic herb grower friend who "grew the crops on his land and converted a shed so he could make tinctures right there." Added Tester: "He opened my eyes to the value of herbs and supplements." He added that there are always a lot of natural health practices among those in the organic movement.
This background came to his wife's assistance. She'd developed persistent allergy problems "after we moved back to the farm." Tester recalls her "years in the care of (conventional) doctors who were conscientious and doing what they were trained to but she wasn't getting any better." Tester's spouse then saw a Great Falls naturopathic physician, Mona Morstein, ND (now a faculty member at Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine). Said Tester: "The naturopath used food as medicine with her over a period of a couple years and my wife got over her allergies."
Tester's Stump Speech on Health Care
Tester's basic position on health care begins with noting that 20% of Montana resident have no health insurance and "a lot of others have high deductibles" and may not be accessing the care they need. With problems as significant as they are, "everything needs to be on the table." He says he is not advocating single payer, nor is he saying it should be disregarded.
He ticks off his key principles, which influence his views on non-conventional care. Access is top of the list. He adds that there's "got to be choice." Prevention is another key focus: "Prevention has got to be a bigger part of what we offer. This country doesn't spend enough time on the prevention angle." He's not antagonistic to conventional medicine. He just sees the importance of choice. Tester plans to support healthcare policies which includes these principles.
Federal Policy Related to CAM-IM - AOM/Medicare, Chiropractic/Veterans, NDs/IHS
I then asked Tester about some specific issues which are important to parts of the complementary, alternative and integrative medicine community. Clearly, his focus on directing more resources toward preventive care is well aligned with multi-stakeholder groups like the Integrated Healthcare Policy Consortium. But where does he stand on some of the specific federal issues which might come before him in the US Senate?
As with most federal politicians, CAM-IM issues, typically only poorly-lobbied and marketed yet, are not high on Tester's radar. Like most federal officials, Tester is still green to many specifics. So we conversed about some of the CAM-IM issues, to gain his sense of where he would stand on them - knowing that he was neither looking at, as he put it, "any specific legislative language." He knew that ultimately taking a stance would require a better sense of where "all the pros and cons" might be.
Tester, working the family farm
Tester is disposed to including acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM) practitioners in federal Medicare and federal employee benefits programs. The same holds for efforts of chiropractors to have a chance to play a larger role in Veteran's health. These are top federal issues as identified by the American Association of Oriental Medicine and American Chiropractic Association, respectively.
"I don't think we
should discriminate.
"I think it is important
that people have
options, whether
they be chiropractors,
acupuncturists or
naturopaths. These
(providers) are part
of the pie."
Why? Tester comes back to one of his principles. "What the heck - what we are talking about is choice." He says he'd have to take a look at the specific bills, but his interest leaves him open. "
His familial experience with naturopathic medicine makes it easier for him to speak directly in favor of the core agenda issue articulated to the Integrator by the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP). The AANP is working to gain participation in delivering care through the Indian Health Services (IHS). "I would support it," says Tester, noting that "my guess is that the Indians would embrace this." Then, seasoned legislator that he is, in a state where Native American politics can be influential: "My only caveat is if the Native Americans said they don't want anything to do with it." Tester then added, considering the idea of having more non-conventional care in Veterans' programs: "From the VA standpoint, there's a lot of joint and back pain where I think naturopathic doctors could be helpful."
He summarized his views: "I don't think we should discriminate. I think it is important that people have options, whether they be chiropractors, acupuncturists or naturopaths. These (providers) are part of the pie." Then he adds: "I believe strongly in prevention, which revolves around diet, vitamins and herbs. Those in alternative medicine know about them. They would seem to be part of pushing a more preventive approach."
Getting Elected
So, I said, what are your chances? He ticked off how his gut feeling in a few past campaigns had played out against the results. Typically his gut called a closer race for him than did the electorate. He said that while he wasn't sure in the Democratic primary, he won by 26 points.
Now, looking at things - and taking on an incumbent is rarely a winning venture in US Senate politics - he says: "We've got a damn good chance. You never know. I could make a mistake. We could end up in a wider war (in the Middle East - which typically supports incumbency). Right now I'd say that if we can raise enough money and get our message out, we'll win it."
Those wanting to know more about Tester, see his views on other issues, or are interested in helping him get his message out, can visit his website at testerforsenate.com.


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Kašperk Castle
Kašperk Castle Photo - Huhulenik - Own work - Wikipedia - lic. under CC BY 3.0
Location: Kašperské Hory, Czech Republic.
Notes: Kašperk Castle (German: Karlsberg) is a medieval castle placed in southwestern Bohemia (modern Czech Republic, former Crown of Bohemia). It is said to be the most highly located royal castle in Bohemia. Its elevation is 886 metres (2,907 ft) above sea level). The castle is in property of the Town of Kašperské Hory since 1616.Kašperk Castle was founded in 1356 by Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV to protect Czech borders. Historians and scholars believe the castle was built, primarily, for three reasons. The first was about security. Bohemia needed to bolster their border defense against Bavaria. Secondly, the castle's location was chosen so as to allow for absolute control over the gold-rich region near Kašperské Hory. The third reason for building Kašperk Castle was because Kašperk lay in the path of the "Golden Route," a trade route that connected Bohemia and Bavaria to the affluent areas of western Europe.The central part of the castle consists of two residential towers and an oblong palace which was built between them.
Kašperk Castle Links:
Kašperk Castle On Wikipedia


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Bang Rak may refer to:

Bang Rak District, a district (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand
Bang Rak Subdistrict, a subdistrict (khwaeng) and historic neighbourhood in Bang Rak District
Bang Rak, Trang, a subdistrict (tambon) in Mueang Trang District, Trang Province
Bang Rak Beach on the island of Ko Samui, Surat Thani

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Hackers Threaten NVIDIA With 1TB Data Leak Including A Full GeForce Low Hash Rate Bypass
by Zak Killian — Monday, February 28, 2022, 02:11 PM EDT
This story continues to get stranger. On the 25th, The Telegraph ran a story claiming to have insider knowledge of a hack at NVIDIA HQ. At that time, it wasn't known who was responsible or what their motives were; The outlet speculated that it may have been related to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
The very next day, however, it came out that the ransomware gang Lapsus was claiming responsibility for the attacks. The group said that it had stolen 1TB of data from NVIDIA's servers and was attempting to ransom it back to NVIDIA for an unspecified (but probably quite large) sum.
Amusingly, Lapsus claims that NVIDIA hacked them back, installing ransomware on the thieves' machines. If true, then it was likely an attempt to destroy the stolen data. Said attempt was supposedly fruitless, as even though the ransomware hit was successful, Lapsus claims it had already backed-up the stolen bits.
The first half of Lapsus' announcement this morning.
Well, after the story got some traction this weekend, Lapsus made a public announcement on Telegram essentially saying, 'NVIDIA, contact us or we'll release all of your private data'. As part of the data it stole, Lapsus claims to have "the most important stuff, schematics, driver, firmware, etc..." Such a data packet is a tantalizing prize, because things like GPU firmware and driver source code are tightly-controlled trade secrets that likely only a few even inside NVIDIA are allowed to access.
The group says is is also selling a "full LHR V2 (GA102-GA104)." Presumably what Lapsus means is an unlocker tool for the Lite Hash Rate limitation on some of the GeForce GPUs, not unlike the malware infested one that we saw going around last week. Lapsus says that if NVIDIA pushes a firmware update for "all 30 series" cards that removes the LHR limitation, it will "forget about the hw folder (it's a big folder)". Curiously, Lapsus insists that the LHR modifications "impact mining and gaming," a claim we have not seen elsewhere.
The back half. Image: CyberKnow on Twitter
Lapsus insists that it is not state-sponsored and that it is in fact "not in politics AT ALL." That could be a front, of course, but rumors going around Twitter place Lapsus as working either from South America or from the UK region, neither of which would have any particular political reason to hack NVIDIA. So saying, this attack does seem financially-motivated as we originally suspected.
It's not part of the group's announcement today, but previously Lapsus said that it expected to hear from NVIDIA by "Friday," presumably meaning March 4th considering it made that statement on Saturday. It will be interesting to see how or if NVIDIA responds. Obviously, we'll keep you posted as this story develops, so keep an eye here on Hot Hardware.
Tags: Nvidia, security, (nasdaq:nvda), lapsus


Gross lower secondary graduation ratio. All programmes. Total is the number of graduates regardless of age in all lower secondary education programmes expressed as a percentage of the population at the theoretical graduation age for lower secondary education.