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Q: Circuit breaker pattern in Envoy proxy I have two services A and B, launching requests to a third service C this way: A-->C and B-->C
C is configured with Istio with a destination-rule that has the circuit breaker pattern (outlier detection) configured. When C responds with a consecutive series of 5xx errors the circuit breaker is opened, and from this moment a 503 Service unavailable is received.
In the calls to C I am using a query param to indicate if I want to simulate an error 500 or not.
I thought that once the circuit is open, it opens for all calls regardless of the origin, however when B calls C with the flag to simulate error 500, it starts receiving a 503 while A keeps receiving a 200 OK !!! If I now configure that A calls C with the flag to simulate error 500, it starts receiving a 503. It seems that opening the circuit depends on who makes the call, is this the expected behavior?

A: Yes.
Take a look at my other answer on Stack that has related information. I checked in logs where exactly the circuit breaker is tripped.

In the log entries, you can inspect them to figure out both end of the connection that was stopped by the circuit breaker. IP addresses of both sides of the connection are present in the log message from the istio-proxy container.

The message is coming from istio-proxy container which runs Envoy that was affected by CircuitBreaker policy that request was sent to. Also there is the IP address of both the source and destination of the connection that was interrupted.

According to this article istio circuit breaker has three states:

A circuit breaker can have three states: closed, open and half open, and by default exists in a closed state. In the closed state, requests succeed or fail until the number of failures reach a predetermined threshold, with no interference from the breaker. When the threshold is reached, the circuit breaker opens. When calling a service in an open state, the circuit breaker trips the requests, which means that it returns an error without attempting to execute the call. In this way, by tripping the request downstream at the client, cascading failures can be prevented in a production system. After a configurable timeout, the circuit breaker enters a half open state, in which the failing service is given time to recover from its broken behavior. If requests continue to fail in this state, then the circuit breaker is opened again and keeps tripping requests. Otherwise, if the requests succeed in the half open state, then the circuit breaker will close and the service will be allowed to handle requests again.

Taking this into consideration testing circuit breaker can be difficult as you may accidentally trip it when in half open state and depending on ejection time which increases each time the service fails to recover.
I suggest reading the whole article i mentioned as it has the most detailed explanation of circuit breaker i could find on internet.

A: I had the same question, and I have got the answer from here.

The circuit breaker ejects hosts based on consecutive 5xx on the client proxy (Ingress or mesh sidecar)


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Tag Archives: john burroughs
The Art of Prairie Attention
Posted on October 1, 2019 | 14 comments
"Paying attention: This is our endless and proper work." — Mary Oliver
The sun rises through the fog on the Schulenberg Prairie and Savanna.
Everywhere, spiders hang misted veils. The spiders are present every day on the prairie—no doubt—but usually, spider webs are invisible. Until, as the writer Richard Powers writes in The Overstory —they are "dew-betrayed."
The spiders' silk draperies, paired with the prairie's autumn seed heads and dying leaves, coerced my attention for far longer on Monday morning than planned. My hike–which was supposed to be a doctor-mandated 30 minutes—was extended as I lingered. (Just five more minutes!) But how can you tear yourself away from a morning full of magic? One crystal web chandelier led to another….then another… .
After the hike, as I enjoyed my morning cup of Joe, I stumbled on a wonderful article from BrainPickings about the art of paying attention. It's framed around Marla Popova's review of "On Looking: Eleven Walks with Expert Eyes" by Alexandra Horowitz. The gist of the book's message is this: we can re-frame the ordinary by using different lenses to see what we usually miss. In the review, Popova recounts how Horowitz accomplishes "seeing" with new eyes by strolling through her city neighborhood with a visually impaired person, a geologist, and her dog (to name just three lenses). Intrigued? Me too. Papova calls the book "breathlessly wonderful." (It's now on hold for me at the library.)
I've been thinking more these days about the art of paying attention, and what it means to see with new eyes. One lens I use is books. Others writers prod me to understand and view my familiar places through different lenses. I learn from their words. Then, I "see" more completely.
After surgery seven weeks ago, the simple act of walking my favorite prairie paths is no longer something I take for granted. What follows are a few images from a morning walk in the fog this week. They are paired with favorite quotes I think about often, and a few new quotes I gleaned from Popova's review.
Read the quotes slowly. Reflect on what they say. Then, tuck these thoughts into your days ahead. I hope they speak to you as they have to me.
"Attention without feeling is only a report."–Mary Oliver
"Choice of attention—to pay attention to this and ignore that—is to the inner life what choice of action is to the outer." –W.H. Auden
"These days cry out, as never before, for us to pay attention." — Anne Lamott
"How we spend our days, is of course, how we spend our lives." — Annie Dillard
"…we humans generally do not bother paying attention to much other than the visual." –Alexandra Horowitz
"For observing nature, the best pace is a snail's pace." — Edwin Way Teale
"To learn something new, take the path that you took yesterday." — John Burroughs
"The art of seeing has to be learned." — Marguerite Duras
"Half of tracking is knowing where to look; the other half is looking." — Susan Morse
"Joys come from simple and natural things; mist over meadows, sunlight on leaves, the path of the moon over water. Even rain and wind and stormy clouds bring joy." — Sigurd F. Olson
"As we work to heal the land, the land heals us."–Robin Wall Kimmerer
"The art of seeing might have to be learned, but it can never be unlearned, just as the seen itself can never be unseen—a realization at once immensely demanding in its immutability and endlessly liberating in the possibilities it invites."– Maria Popova
"Beauty and grace are performed whether or not we will or sense them. The least we can do is try to be there." — Annie Dillard
"Absolutely unmixed attention is prayer." –Simone Weil
"Only those items I notice shape my mind." — William James
"The thing you are doing now affects the thing you do next." — Alexandra Horowitz
"For the mind disturbed, the still beauty of dawn is nature's greatest balm." — Edwin Way Teale
It's an imperfect world.
Life can be complicated.
But often, when I hike the prairie, I feel the magic happening. A sense of wonder. The world feels like a beautiful place again. A place where hope is—perhaps—not out of the question. A place where life is always in process.
Worth paying attention to.
Mary Oliver (1939-2019) was, as the poet Maxine Kumin wrote, "an indefatigable guide to the natural world." Among her numerous awards were the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award. Thanks to my wonderful husband Jeff, I was fortunate to hear her read and speak at Sanibel Island, Florida, for the Rachel Carson Lecture in 2014. Oliver died early this year at the age of 83.
All photos copyright Cindy Crosby, taken at the Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL unless noted otherwise: (Top to bottom) fog over Willoway Brook; spiderwebs on asters (Symphyotrichum spp.), West Side prairie planting, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; tall coreopsis (Coreopsis tripteris) with spiderwebs, West Side prairie planting, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans); tall coreopsis (Coreopsis tripteris) with spiderwebs, West Side prairie planting, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) with spiderwebs; Willoway Brook in the fog; bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix), Schulenberg Prairie Savanna, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii); big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii); New England asters (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae); switchgrass (Panicum virgatum); unknown spider's web; braided ladies tresses (Spiranthes cerneua); unknown spider building its web over Willoway Brook; cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum); big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii); spiderwebs on tall coreopsis (Coreopsis tripteris); Hidden Lake Forest Preserve as fog is lifting, Forest Preserve District of DuPage County; Downer's Grove, IL; unknown spider's web; big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii); Schulenberg Prairie covered with dew; dawn over West Side prairie planting, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; broken spiderweb; spiderwebs on bur marigolds (Biden spp.), West Side prairie planting, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; unknown spider's webs.
Cindy's forthcoming book is Chasing Dragonflies: A Natural, Cultural, and Personal History with Northwestern University Press (Summer, 2020), illustrated by Peggy Macnamara, artist-in-residence at The Field Museum in Chicago.
Join Cindy for "Nature Writing", a blended online and in-person class, beginning online Wednesday, October 15! Details here.
Visit www.cindycrosby.com for more information on Cindy's upcoming speaking and classes.
Posted in fog, native plants, Prairie, spiderwebs, Uncategorized
Tagged Alexandra Horowitz, anne lamott, Annie Dillard, big bluestem, bottlebrush, bottlebrush grass, braided ladies' tresses, Brain Pickings, bur marigold, Chasing Dragonflies, cup plant, dew, downer's grove, Edwin Way Teale, fog, forest preserve district of dupage county, hidden lake forest preserve, Illinois, indian grass, john burroughs, lisle, Marguerite Duras, Marla Popova, mary oliver, nature writing, new england aster, Peggy Macnamara, Richard Powers, robin wall kimmerer, savanna, schulenberg prairie, Schulenberg Prairie Savanna, Sigurd Olson, Simone Weil, spider, spiderwebs, Susan Morse, switchgrass, tall coreopsis, The Morton Arboretum, The Overstory, W.H.Auden, West Side Prairie Planting, William James, willoway brook
October's Prairie Astronomy
"To find the universal elements enough; to find the air and the water exhilarating; to be refreshed by a morning walk or an evening saunter… to be thrilled by the stars at night; to be elated over a bird's nest or a wildflower in spring – these are some of the rewards of the simple life."– John Burroughs
October has arrived on the prairie, bringing drizzly skies, a metallic palette of color, and a last flush of flying insects.
When the gray sky clears over the prairie, it often turns to impossible blue. Contrails and cumulus clouds sketch their weather thoughts.
October has come to my backyard as well, touching the tomatoes with rot. Fungi unfold their umbrellas against the damp in unexpected places, and the garden and prairie patch are crisped with brittleness. Colored with a brown crayon. When I walk out to the prairie patch in the morning, cup of coffee in hand, the mush of mud under my feet contrasts with the crunch of decaying leaves.
Goldfinches and cardinals, sifting the bird feeders for the choicest fare, must have let a few sunflower seeds drop, leaving bright spots in the yard. Such welcome color! Makes me happy I let the weeding chores go this fall. The bees are pleased.
In my backyard prairie patch and on the prairie, the Silphiums—prairie dock, cup plant, compass plant, and rosin weed—are perhaps most intriguing in October. Without the competition of so much summer wildflower jazz, I can focus on the plant leaf patterns and textures. Rosin weed on the prairie shows its variable-ness of leaf arrangement by going for a whorl.
Close to my backyard prairie patch, the moonflower vine finally decides October is show-time. The seed packet description warned me—120 days until bloom–but what is four months when you're standing in the plant nursery back in the raw month of March and thinking about the delights of the garden to come? Anything seemed possible then. But my moonflower vine has been unhappy in Illinois. It longs for the tropics of the south, like so many Chicago folks, and it doesn't much care for the hot, long days of July or August, either. Suddenly, in October's cool nights and shorter days, it flourishes. It's an equinox aficionado, setting bud and bloom best when days are close to equal length. As they are right now.
I walk out on the back patio early one morning this week and BAM! Eight moonflowers had twirled open overnight, each one bigger than my hand.
Moonflower, a night-blooming morning glory (ironically named, isn't it?) would be perennial in Mexico or Florida. But here in the Chicago region, I'm lucky to get it to bloom as an annual. The first touch of frost will be the end of the vine. I count the buds, imagine what could be, and keep my fingers crossed.
As the sun disperses the mist and gray and touches the flowers with light, the vanilla-scented blooms will slowly crumple. Taking with them their delicious fragrance. By the time I go outside again at 11 a.m., they're a memory.
My backyard prairie patch and the prairies I visit don't have any moonflowers, of course. But the prairie does have the "stars."
"Astronomy" comes from the Greek word astronomia, meaning "star regulating." The word "aster" is also from the Greek, and means "star." Constellations of asters cover the prairies and also, my backyard; a little starry universe in this suburban sprawl. The green bottle flies use the asters as launching pads for their adventures in corruption.
The bumble bees work the asters, seeing their future in these stars.
My goldenrods have now gone to seed, closing up nectar shop. But the blurry blizzards of asters spend themselves profligately, as if there is no tomorrow.
The butterflies, like this cabbage white below, gorge themselves on "starshine" before the last blooms disappear in the cold. Where will these butterflies go in the winter? Check out this fascinating blog post by Dr. Doug Taron, Chief Curator of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, here to find out. Meanwhile, I enjoy the butterflies of October, counting down the days until the prairies will be emptier for their absence of color and motion.
I also soak up as much of this "starshine"—this blizzard of asters—as I can. Temperatures threaten to drop into the low thirties by the end of the week. Fall flowers won't linger much longer. As the evenings turn colder, night skies come into focus. The new moon will sliver its way to full on the 24th. Orion stalks the night sky, staking his claim for a new season. Soon, it will be time to trade some of my prairie and backyard "astronomy"—with its own versions of sun, stars and moon—for the winter constellations overhead.
Bittersweet.
John Burroughs (1837-1921) was a writer, naturalist, and activist in the conservation movement. His close friend was Walt Whitman, and Burroughs was a contemporary of John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt. The book, Tip of the Iceberg by Mark Adams is a fascinating account of Burroughs' expedition to Alaska with railroad magnate Edward Harriman, George Bird Grinnell, Muir, and other naturalists of the time. A few favorite Burroughs' quotes: "I go to books and to nature as a bee goes to the flower, for a nectar that I can make into my own honey;" "To learn something new, take the path you took yesterday;" and "A man can fail many times, but he isn't a failure until he begins to blame somebody else." The John Burroughs Medal is given each April to a distinguished Natural History book. Check out the winners here; it's a thoughtful reading list for curling up with a good read during the colder months ahead.
All photos copyright Cindy Crosby (top to bottom): 250-plus year old bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), Taltree/Gabis Arboretum-Purdue Northwest, Valparasio, IN; trail through the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, The Nature Conservancy and the National Park Service, Strong City, Kansas; common sunflower (Helianthus sp.) with unknown bee, author's backyard prairie, Glen Ellyn, IL; rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium), Taltree/Gabis Arboretum-Purdue Northwest, Valparaiso, IN; moonflowers (Ipomoea alba) with garden roses and salvia, author's backyard, Glen Ellyn, IL; moonflower (Ipomoea alba), author's backyard, Glen Ellyn, IL; New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae), Taltree/Gabis Arboretum-Purdue Northwest, Valparaiso, IN; unknown aster, possibly Short's (Symphyotrichum shortii) with green bottle fly/blow fly (Calliphoridae, Lucilia sp.), author's backyard prairie, Glen Ellyn, IL; New England aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) with male bumblebee, either the common eastern (Bombus impatiens) or the two-spotted bumblebee (Bombus bimaculatus); blurred heath asters (Aster ericoides), Taltree/Gabis Arboretum-Purdue Northwest, Valparaiso, IN; New England aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) with cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae), author's backyard prairie, Glen Ellyn, IL.
Thanks to Kristian Williams of FaceBook Group "Insect ID" for the help on the bumblebee identification and Kristian, Benjamin Coulter, and the other good folks of "Insects and Spiders of Illinois FB Group" for the green bottle fly/blow fly ID. Grateful.
Posted in aster, october, Prairie, Uncategorized
Tagged backyard, bumblebee, cabbage white butterfly, common eastern bumblebee, Gabis Arboretum, glen ellyn, green blow fly, green bottle fly, heath asters, IL, indiana, john burroughs, John Burroughs Medal, Kansas, Mark Adams, moonflower, new england aster, old bur oak, Purdue Northwest, roses, rosinweed, salvia, Short's aster, strong city, sunflower, Taltree Arboretum, the nature conservancy, The Nature Conservancy Kansas, Tip of the Iceberg, two-spotted bumblebee, Valparaiso
Once in a Blue (Prairie) Moon
Posted on February 6, 2018 | 14 comments
"In winter, the stars seem to have rekindled their fires, the moon achieves a fuller triumph, and the heavens wear a look of a more exalted simplicity."–John Burroughs
Lately, I've been waking up much earlier than I'd like. For no good reason. Usually, when this happens, I'm frustrated.
But last Wednesday, I was glad I woke early.
The first customers were lined up for their java fix at the coffee shop when I arrived around 7 a.m. "Did you see the lunar eclipse?" I asked the barista. "Wasn't it beautiful?" He looked puzzled. "Eclipse?" He had no idea what I was talking about.
It's difficult to untangle ourselves from the web of responsibilities we have in order to pay attention to the natural world.
There's a lot going on in the night sky that we miss because we're asleep.; for that matter, there is plenty we don't see in the bright light of day because we're not intentional about it. Sometimes, we see interesting things because we show up at the same place again and again.
Or we were lucky: we were at the right place, at the right time. Woke up early. Which is how I experienced the "Super Blue Blood Moon Eclipse."
The moon—such a mysterious part of the night sky! It pulls tides. Casts shadows. The Ojibwe gave each full moon a specific name appropriate to the season. Wolf Moon. Snow Moon. Hunter's Moon. Cold Moon.
Made of green cheese, right? Or hum along: Shine on Harvest Moon. Try to find the "man in the moon." Or shiver as you hear, "Cold hearted orb, that rules the night, removes the colours from our sight… ."
So…what's all the hype behind last week's event? After the fact, I wanted to deconstruct "Super Blue Blood Moon Eclipse" to understand what I saw. I discovered super refers to the the moon's proximity to earth. Its size on the horizon this past week was gasp-worthy. There's a term for this phenomenon—perigee—which simply means it's the point in time when the moon is the closest to the Earth in its orbit.
Blue moons are just a name for full moons that occur twice in a calendar month. This happens more than you might think. We'll have two blue moons this year; the one last Wednesday, January 31, and another March 31. It's common to have one blue moon in a year; two blue moons in a year occur about every 19 years. I found these facts and more on www.earthsky.org; there's a list with all the forthcoming blue moons.
Back to "Super Blue Blood Moon Eclipse."
Blood refers to the coloration of the moon as the moon passes through the Earth's shadow. For a few hours last week, the moon appeared reddish orange, rather than pale blue or gold. And eclipse refers to the darkening of a celestial object by another in the eyes of the viewer; in this case, the moon was darkened by the Earth's shadow, cast by the sun.
One more quick bit: The term for three celestial objects that line up for an eclipse is syzygy. Great word.
For a blue moon and a lunar eclipse to occur together as they did is a rarity. The website www.space.com tells us that before last week's eclipse, the last occurrence happened 150 years ago.
Did you miss it? Catch another "blood moon eclipse" January 21, 2019. Not a super blue one, but still. Check it out here.
The prairie sky is always full of wonders, some dramatic like an eclipse, others less so. But of course, we have to make time to look.
"…Beauty and grace are performed whether or not we will or sense them. The least we can do is try to be there," writes Annie Dillard.
Why not mark some of these eclipse dates on your calendar right now so you don't miss them? Better yet, whatever time of day or night you are reading this, go outside and take a look at the sky. See what's happening. Marvel.
Show up. Be there.
The opening quote is from John Burroughs (1837-1921), a "literary naturalist" who was born in New York state. He briefly taught school in Buffalo Grove, IL, and later worked in finance in New York. Burroughs was a contemporary of Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Edison, and John Muir. The "John Burroughs Medal" is awarded to an outstanding book of natural history each year by an Association bearing his name. Take a look at some of the winners here.
The Moody Blues, whose poem/lyrics from "Morning Glory–Late Lament" appear in this post, will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April, 2018. Annie Dillard's quote about "being there" is from Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. It won the 1975 Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction.
All photos copyright Cindy Crosby: (top to bottom): super blue blood moon eclipse, Forest Preserve District of DuPage County headquarters prairie, Naperville, IL; orb weaver spider (Neoscona spp.), Asheville, North Carolina; big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) and the moon, Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; super blue blood moon eclipse, author's backyard prairie patch, Glen Ellyn, IL; road to Thelma Carpenter Prairie, Nachusa Grasslands, The Nature Conservancy, Franklin Grove, IL; moon in daylight, Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; super blue blood moon eclipse, Forest Preserve District of DuPage county headquarters prairie, Naperville, IL; full moon, author's backyard prairie patch, Glen Ellyn, IL; ball gall, Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove Park District, Illinois DNR, The Nature Conservancy, Downer's Grove, IL; rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium) leaf, Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove Park District, Illinois DNR, The Nature Conservancy, Downer's Grove, IL; prairie skies, Schulenberg prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; grasses and clouds, Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL.
Note: If you want to keep up on eclipses and other fun sky happenings, I like these websites. Much of the eclipse information today came from them: Sky and Telescope (skyandtelescope.com), EarthSky (earthsky.org), and Space (space.com). Check them out!
Posted in pr, super blue blood moon eclipse, Uncategorized
Tagged Annie Dillard, Asheville, ball gall, big bluestem, blue moon, clouds, downer's grove, downers grove park district, eclipse, forest preserve district of dupage county, full moon, glen ellyn, grasses, IL, Illinois DNR, insomnia, john burroughs, John Burroughs Medal, lisle, moon, naperville, North Carolina, orb weaver, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, prairie, prairie skies, rattlesnake master, schulenberg prairie, spider, super blue blood moon eclipse, The Moody Blues, The Morton Arboretum, web
Winter Prairie Wonders
"It is easy to underestimate the power of a long-term association with the land, not just with a specific spot but with the span of it in memory and imagination, how it fills, for example, one's dreams…"–Barry Lopez
"There's nothing much happening on the prairie now…right?" a long-time nature lover asked me recently. Here is what I want him to know.
To develop a relationship with a prairie, you will want to experience the spring burn.
Learn the names of the summer wildflowers.
Marvel at the fall colors.
But don't forget hiking the winter prairie, no matter how cold and gray the days may be. Because part of any good relationship is simply showing up.
The joys of a winter hike include the thimbleweed's soft cloud-drifts of seeds. Like Q-tips.
Or, the way prairie dock's dotted Swiss leaves, brittle with cold and age, become a vessel for snow and a window into something more.
Don't miss the deep grooves, sharp spikes, and elegant curves of rattlesnake master leaves, swirling in and out of focus in the grasses. How can a plant be so forbidding–yet so graceful?
In winter, you're aware of the contrasts of dark and light; of beaded pods and slender stems.
The goldenrod rosette galls are as pretty as any blooms the summer offers.
The colors of the end-of-January prairie, which splatter across the landscape like a Jackson Pollock painting, are more subtle than the vivid hues of July. But no less striking, in their own way. The winter prairie whispers color, instead of shouting it.
On your hike, you may bump up against signs of life, like this praying mantis egg case.
Or be dazzled by the diminutive drifts of snow crystals, each bit of ice a work of art.
All of the flowers –and most of the seedheads–are gone. Many of the birds have flown south. Hibernating mammals sleep away the cold. But as life on the stripped-down prairie slows…
…there is still much to see and to learn. And, isn't slowing down and waiting an important part of any relationship?
Yes, there is a lot happening on the winter prairie right now. But only for those who take time to look.
Why not go for a hike and see?
Barry Lopez (1945-), whose quote begins this essay, won the National Book Award for his nonfiction book, Arctic Dreams. His "Of Wolves and Men" won the John Burroughs Nature Writing Medal (1978). Lopez graduated from Notre Dame University, and is currently Visiting Distinguished Scholar at Texas Tech University. He has been called "the nation's premier nature writer" by the San Francisco Chronicle, and writes compellingly about the relationship of people and cultures to landscape. Another memorable line from Arctic Dreams: "The land is like poetry: it is inexplicably coherent, it is transcendent in its meaning, and it has the power to elevate a consideration of human life." Well said. Lopez lives in Oregon.
All photos copyright Cindy Crosby (top to bottom): spring burn, Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; blue vervain (Verbena hastata) and pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida), Nachusa Grasslands, The Nature Conservancy, Franklin Grove, IL; autumn on the prairie, Kankakee Sands, The Nature Conservancy and Indiana DNR, Newton County, IN; thimbleweed (Anemone cylindrica), Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove, IL; prairie dock (Silphium terabinthinaceum), Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove, IL; rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium), Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove, IL; wild senna (Senna hebecarpa), St. Stephen's Prairie, Carol Stream, IL; goldenrod (probably Solidago canadensis) gall rosette (sometimes called "bunch gall"), St. Stephen's Prairie, Carol Stream, IL; tallgrass, Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove, IL (Thanks to Charles Larry for the Jackson Pollock reference); praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) egg case, St. Stephen's Prairie, Carol Stream, IL; snow crystals, Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove, IL; empty seedhead, Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove, IL; tallgrass, Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downer's Grove, IL.
Posted in belmont prairie, Prairie, Uncategorized
Tagged Arctic Dreams, autumn, Barry Lopez, belmont prairie nature preserve, blue vervain, bunch gall, carol stream, crystals, downer's grove, dreams, franklin grove, gall, goldenrod, ice, IL, imagination, IN, Indiana DNR, john burroughs, Kankakee Sands, lisle, memory, Nachusa Grasslands, newton county, Of Wolves and Men, pale purple coneflower, prescribed burn, rattlesnake master, restoration, rosette, schulenberg prairie, seedhead, snow, spring, st. stephen's cemetery prairie, tallgrass, The Morton Arboretum, the nature conservancy, the nature conservancy illinois, the nature conservancy indiana, thimbleweed, transcendence, Wild senna
The January Prairie Blues
"The blues tells a story. Every line of the blues has a meaning."
— John Lee Hooker
"It is the life of the crystal, the architect of the flake, the fire of the frost, the soul of the sunbeam. This crisp winter air is full of it. "
–John Burroughs
It's about that time of a new year when social media and newspapers take up stories about the blues. No, not the music. Rather, seasonal affective disorder; the general malaise of cold, gray days that dampens mood and motivation.
Got the blues? Forget that trip to Florida to soak up sunshine.
Instead, consider the prairie.
In January it offers its own particular brand of blues; a little antidote to blues of a more melancholy kind.
Tune up with these "blues" for a moment or two; see if they chase the other blues away. Follow me to the tallgrass.
See how the mice stitch their tracks across the blue tint of the snow?
Consider the pale blue glints of ice crystals that briefly frost the grasses; vanishing in the hot breath of the morning sun.
Marvel at the blue shadows in the snow, which form a background for the legato ripple of big bluestem leaves.
Look up. Blue-gray clouds patch the prairie sky, filter sunlight. Trees and grasses change focus as blue sky appears, then disappears: Fade, then sharp. Fade, then sharp.
A turkey flashes its iridescent feathers, shot through with silky blues. If you've got it, flaunt it.
Notice a jet contrail or two faintly striped in misty white overhead. Moments ago, there were people suspended in space here, headed for who knows where—and who knows why. Their story is traced across the wide blue sky. It only calls for your imagination to spin it.
There is even a home for the littlest "blues" –those feathered harbingers of happiness.
The tallgrass rolls out the carpet, all blue and white sparkles.
Embossed with blue shadows that pool in tracks across the snow; a promise of adventure and new beginnings…
…and, a reminder that the "blues" can be beautiful. Who knows? You may even come to love them.
The prairie blues, anyhow. The best kind.
John Lee Hooker (1912-2001), whose quote opens this post, was a Grammy-award winning blues musician from Mississippi. The youngest of eleven children, he ran away from home at age 14 and eventually made his way to Detroit, where he found success as a guitarist, vocalist, and lyricist (although he was unable to read). He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1991) and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (2000). Listen to clips of his music on YouTube, including this rendition of "Blue Monday": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNl2wXE90vk&index=318&list=PLu_npSo2nvWSIjcaewEUE9O-gk3W1xnfS
John Burroughs (1837-1921), whose quote from his book, "Winter Sunshine," also opens this post, is honored as the father of the modern nature essay. The seventh of 10 children, he grew up in the Catskill Mountains of New York where he learned to love the outdoors. Burroughs later taught school in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, until he returned east to marry and work in banking. He continued writing, and eventually authored more than 30 books. He was a contemporary of the poet Walt Whitman, and kept company with John Muir and Teddy Roosevelt as well as other notables of that time period. Since 1926, the John Burroughs Association, founded in his honor, has awarded the John Burroughs Medal to the author of a book of natural history almost every year. Some of my favorite award winners include: Gathering Moss (Robin Wall Kimmerer, 2005); The Sound of a Wild Snail Eating (Elizabeth Tova Bailey, 2011); Wind (Jan DeBlieu, 1999); The Control of Nature (John McPhee, 1990); and the classic, A Sand County Almanac (Aldo Leopold, 1977).
For a complete list of winners, see: research.amnh.org/burroughs/medal_award_list.html
All photos copyright Cindy Crosby (top to bottom): on the way to Nachusa Grasslands, The Nature Conservancy, Franklin Grove, IL; beach umbrellas on Sanibel Island, FL; blue sky with big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Belmont Prairie Nature Preserve, Downers Grove, IL; ice crystals, interpretive trail, Fermilab, Batavia, IL; big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; sky over the Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Curtis Prairie at The University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum, Madison, WI; interpretive trail, Fermilab, Batavia, IL: eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) nesting box, Nachusa Grasslands, The Nature Conservancy, Franklin Grove, IL; sparkly snow with bee balm (Monarda fistulosa), Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; people (Homo sapiens) tracks, Schulenberg Prairie savanna, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL; heart-shaped deer (Odocoileus virginianus) track, Schulenberg Prairie, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL.
Posted in aldo leopold, blues, Prairie, seasonal affective disorder, Uncategorized
Tagged A Sand County Almanac, aldo leopold, beach, bee balm, belmont prairie nature preserve, big bluestem, blue sky, blues, curtis prairie, deer, eastern bluebird, Elizabeth Tova Bailey, fermilab, florida, franklin grove, gathering moss, ice, IL, Illinois, Jan DeBlieu, john burroughs, John Lee Hooker, John McPhee, madison, Monarda fistulosa, Nachusa Grasslands, robin wall kimmerer, sanibel island, schulenberg prairie, snow, The Control of Nature, The Morton Arboretum, the nature conservancy, The sound of a wild Snail Eating, tracks, university of wisconsin arboretum, wild turkey, Wind, wisconsin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


R.I.P. Claire Wineland — CF Activist Who Inspired Millions | Brut.
She was born with cystic fibrosis and lived a life that inspired millions to change their views on death. R.I.P. Claire Wineland.
May her departed soul bless us to fight against such diseases.
I salute the audacity. She is truly an inspiration,so strong and brave.Knowing that death is around the corner but still chose to live every single day then to rather grieve and teach people to live life with no fear,because certainly death is inevitable.


text:
Kafr al-Labad —en àrab كفراللبد, Kafr al-Labad— és un municipi palestí de la governació de Tulkarem, a Cisjordània, 9 kilòmetres a l'est de Tulkarem i 2 kilòmetres al sud d'Anabta. Segons l'Oficina Central Palestina d'Estadístiques tenia una població de 4.074 habitants el 2007. Té una àrea total de 11,917 dúnams, dels quals el 25% s'usen amb finalitat agrícola. Els principals products són olivers, fruita i blat.

Història
S'hi ha trobat ceràmica de l'era romana d'Orient.

Època otomana
El poble va ser incorporat a l'Imperi Otomà amb la resta de Palestina en 1517. En 1596, en els registres d'impostos otomans van aparèixer com a part de la nàhiya o subdistricte de Jabal Sami, dins del sanjak de Nablus. Tenia una població de 57 llars i 6 solters, tots musulmans. Els habitants pagaven un impost fix del 33.3% en productes agrícoles, incloent blat, ordi, cultius d'estiu, oliveres, cabres i ruscs, a més d'ingressos ocasionals; un total de 6.500 akçe. En 1863 Victor Guérin visità la vila i va trobar:

En 1882 el Survey of Western Palestine de la Palestine Exploration Fund descriu Kefr el Lebad com «un petit poble de pedra a l'altura del terreny, amb unes poques oliveres. La vall al nord, prop d'Anebta, flueix amb aigua a la primavera.»

Època del Mandat Britànic
Segons el cens organitzat en 1922 per les autoritats del Mandat Britànic, Kufr Labad tenia una població de 540 musulmans, incrementats en el cens de Palestina de 1931 a 663 persones, tots musulmans llevat un cristià, vivint en 167 cases.

EIn 1945 la població de Kafr el Labad era de 940 musulmans, amb 14,757 dúnams de terra segons un cens oficial de terra i població. 5,587 dúnams eren plantacions i terra de rec, 2,257 usats per a cereals, mentre que 18 dúnams eren sòl urbanitzat.

Després de 1948
Després de la de la Guerra araboisraeliana de 1948, i després dels acords d'Armistici de 1949, Kafr al-Labad va restar en mans de Jordània. Després de la Guerra dels Sis Dies el 1967, ha estat sota ocupació israeliana.

En 1995 l'exèrcit israelià va confiscar uns 200 dúnams de terra de Kafr al-Labad per aixamplar l'assentament israelià d'Avnei Hefetz. En total, uns 355 dúnams de terra de Kafr al-Labad han estat afegits a Avnei Hefetz, mentre que uns altres 20 addicionals han estat confiscats per l'assentament d'Einav.

Referències

Bibliografia

Enllaços externs
 Welcome To Kafr al-Labad
 Kofr al-Labad, Welcome to Palestine
 Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons

Municipis de Cisjordània

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Islamabad, August 31, 2012 (PPI-OT): The Minister of External Affairs of India will be visiting Pakistan on 7-9 September 2012, for holding review meeting with the Foreign Minister at her invitation. The bilateral talks will take place on 8 September 2012.
These talks will be preceded by a meeting of the Foreign Secretaries of Pakistan and India on 7 September 2012. The two Ministers will also co-chair the Plenary of the India-Pakistan Joint Commission to be held in Islamabad on 8 September 2012.


The future of Highway 29 North was made clear to the Anderson County Council Tuesday night, as several SCDOT representatives provided an update on various aspects of the plans for the highway.
Chris Jordan explained that there are four sites of interest along the highway, which skirts the Williamston area. The most recent in a continuing series of collisions with the SC Highway 20 overpass made that site ground zero for emergency repairs that have also provided some temporary relief for the low overpass which led to so many accidents.
For the bargain price of $67,000, as well as the inconvenience of the bridge being closed for twenty two days, the bridge was narrowed and a low beam removed. This actually resulted in an eight inch increase in clearance.
The bridge re-opened last Thursday. The additional damage is also likely to move the bridge onto the list of sites to be repaired. Prior to the latest accident, that was not the case.
The Cherokee Road (state road 75) bridge is scheduled to be replaced as part of a project to improve the interchanges onto and off of Hwy. 29 at Joe Black Road and Lufkin Drive.
That project is currently in the design stage.
In 2018, SCDOT will be involved in acquiring the necessary rights of way. Construction on the $15.1 million project is slated to begin in 2019.The federal government will provide eighty per cent of the funding, or $12,080,000, while the state will match that with $3.2 million.
Another major project will involve cleaning up the awkward and dangerous intersection of Hwy. 29 and Old Williamston Road (S-331) at the Jockey Lot. A realignment of roads and an improvement in traffic control will be undertaken, at a cost of $2.15 million. Of that amount, $1.72 million will come through the Appalachian Council of Government via the Federal Guideshare program. The project is in the preliminary stages. Bids will be sought in 2019.
The final site of interest is the Beaverdam Road (S 1178) bridge over Hwy. 29. Actually, a site of no interest would be more accurate, as there are no current plans for replacement or repair.
In other business, the Council, following an update by Councilwoman Cindy Wilson and Councilman Ray Graham on the Kinder Morgan efforts to clean up a fuel spill that occurred in 2014, entered into executive session to discuss legal matters related to the spill. The Council subsequently voted unanimously to file a friend of the court brief, associating the county with legal actions being taken by the Southern Environmental Law Center in the case.
Councilwoman Wilson said that hundreds of thousands of gallons of fuel remain, causing serious contamination of the tributaries and streams in the area. She and Graham have spearheaded the county's efforts to return those waters to the condition they were in prior to the spill.
The council also recognized the recent opening of the county's second ADA compliant kayak launch on the Saluda River. The site is in Pelzer.
County Recreation Director Matt Schell lauded the Council for its commitment to the Saluda River blueway, which covers forty eight miles of the river's course, including the entire run of the river through Anderson County.


Want to tone up and burn fat in just 15 minutes? Let a highly qualified trainer take you through a simple but highly effective workout which you can do without the need for equipment!
Burn fat, tone up and get fit with a highly qualified trainer from the UK!
I will take you through a short but high intensity 15 minute workout designed to work towards your health and fitness goals.
With over 8 years in the training industry working privately with people and athletes from all walks of life, I can take you through a simple workout which will leave you feeling thoroughly worked, and yet only taking up 15 minutes of your time!
These workouts can be performed with or without equipment.
I told him that I have back pain, he let me know some stretchings that I can easily follow. Also workout itself was pretty good. Recommended!


text:
On the 13th Day is the 17th studio album from the rock group Magnum (including Keeping the Nite Light Burning and ignoring Evolution), which was released in September 2012, under the label of Steamhammer Records/SPV. The cover artwork was painted by Rodney Matthews.

The album entered the charts at number 3 in the UK Rock & Metal Charts, number 5 in the UK Indie Charts, number 28 in the German Album Charts, #36 Swedish Album Charts, #43 UK Album Charts during its first week, making it their most successful album since their reformation in 2002 at the time of its release. The song "Let It Rain" was released as the first single from the album.

Bob Catley has stated that he considers On the 13th Day to be Magnum's rockiest album to date, with the track Dance of the Black Tattoo possibly classifying as a heavy metal song.

Track listing

Bonus disc 2

Personnel
Magnum
Tony Clarkin — guitar
Bob Catley — vocals
Al Barrow — bass guitar
Mark Stanway — keyboards
Harry James — drums

Additional musicians
Sue Parkes, Dan Clark, Susanna Westwood, Tony Nicholl, Mark Carlton, Stacey Green, Kay Savannah, Debby Alexander, Mark Tonks, Katy Jane G. — Choir on "From Within"
Dan Clark — brass on "See How They Fall"

References

2012 albums
Magnum (band) albums
SPV GmbH albums
Albums with cover art by Rodney Matthews


After getting his degree in Entrepreneurship and International Business at WHU, Robert started as a Business Developer for Rocket Internet. The next big step - prior to founding his own company - was his position as COO and Head of Mobile at preis24.de. In 2014 he successfully founded his company and today's market leader in its field DeinHandy.de.


The little log house was almost buried in snow. Great drifts were banked against the walls and windows, and in the morning when Pa opened the door, there was a wall of snow as high as Laura's head. Pa took the shovel and shoveled it away, and then he shoveled a path to the barn, where the horses and the cows were snug and warm in their stalls.
The days were clear and bright. Laura and Mary stood on chairs by the window and looked out across the glittering snow at the glittering trees. Snow was piled all along their bare, dark branches, and it sparkled in the sunshine. Icicles hung from the eaves of the house to the snowbanks, great icicles as large at the top as Laura's arm. They were like glass and full of sharp lights.
Pa's breath hung in the air like smoke, when he came along the path from the barn. He breathed it out in clouds and it froze in white frost on his mustache and beard.
When he came in, stamping the snow from his boots, and caught Laura up in a bear's hug against his cold, big coat, his mustache was beaded with little drops of melting frost.
Every night he was busy, working on a large piece of board and two small pieces. He whittled them with his knife, he rubbed them with sand-paper and with the palm of his hand, until when Laura touched them they felt soft and smooth as silk.
Then with his sharp jack-knife he worked at them, cutting the edges of the large one into little peaks and towers, with a large star carved on the very tallest point. He cut little holes through the wood. He cut the holes in shapes of windows, and little stars, and crescent moons, and circles. All around them he carved tiny leaves, and flowers, and birds.
One of the little boards he shaped in a lovely curve, and around its edges he carved leaves and flowers and stars, and through it he cut crescent moons and curlicues.
Around the edges of the smallest board he carved a tiny flowering vine.
He made the tiniest shavings, cutting very slowly and carefully, making whatever he thought would be pretty.
At last he had the pieces finished and one night he fitted them together. When this was done, the large piece was a beautifully carved back for a smooth little shelf across its middle. The large star was at the very top of it. The curved piece supported the shelf underneath, and it was carved beautifully, too. And the little vine ran around the edge of the shelf.
Pa had made this bracket for a Christmas present for Ma. He hung it carefully against the log wall between the windows, and Ma stood her little china woman on the shelf.
The little china woman had a china bonnet on her head, and china curls hung against her china neck. Her china dress was laced across in front, and she wore a pale pink china apron and little gilt china shoes. She was beautiful, standing on the shelf with flowers and leaves and birds and moons carved all around her, and the large star at the very top.
Ma was busy all day long, cooking good things for Christmas. She baked salt-rising bread and rye 'n Injun bread, and Swedish crackers, and a huge pan of baked beans, with salt pork and molasses. She baked vinegar pies and dried-apple pies, and filled a big jar with cookies, and she let Laura and Mary lick the cake spoon.
One morning she boiled molasses and sugar together until they made a thick syrup, and Pa brought in two pans of clean, white snow from outdoors. Laura and Mary each had a pan, and Pa and Ma showed them how to pour the dark syrup in little streams on to the snow.
They made circles, and curlicues, and squiggledy things, and these hardened at once and were candy. Laura and Mary might eat one piece each, but the rest was saved for Christmas Day.
All this was done because Aunt Eliza and Uncle Peter and the cousins, Peter and Alice and Ella, were coming to spend Christmas.
The day before Christmas they came. Laura and Mary heard the gay ringing of sleigh bells, growing louder every moment, and then the big bobsled came out of the woods and drove up to the gate. Aunt Eliza and Uncle Peter and the cousins were in it, all covered up, under blankets and robes and buffalo skins.
They were wrapped up in so many coats and mufflers and veils and shawls that they looked like big, shapeless bundles.
When they all came in, the little house was full and running over. Black Susan ran out and hid in the barn, but Jack leaped in circles through the snow, barking as though he would never stop. Now there were cousins to play with!
Alice said they must go outdoors to do it, and Ma thought it was too cold for Laura to play outdoors. But when she saw how disappointed Laura was, she said she might go, after all, for a little while. She put on Laura's coat and mittens and the warm cape with the hood, and wrapped a muffler around her neck, and let her go.
Laura had never had so much fun. All morning she played outdoors in the snow with Alice and Ella and Peter and Mary, making pictures. The way they did it was this: Each one by herself climbed up on a stump, and then all at once, holding their arms out wide, they fell off the stumps into the soft, deep snow. They fell flat on their faces. Then they tried to get up without spoiling the marks they made when they fell. If they did it well, there in the snow were five holes, shaped almost exactly like four little girls and a boy, arms and legs and all. They called these their pictures.
They played so hard all day that when night came they were too excited to sleep. But they must sleep, or Santa Claus would not come. So they hung their stockings by the fireplace, and said their prayers, and went to bed—Alice and Ella and Mary and Laura all in one big bed on the floor.
Peter had the trundle bed. Aunt Eliza and Uncle Peter were going to sleep in the big bed, and another bed was made on the attic floor for Pa and Ma. The buffalo robes and all the blankets had been brought in from Uncle Peter's sled, so there were enough covers for everybody.
Laura was wide awake at once. She always liked to hear about dogs. She lay still as a mouse, and looked at the firelight flickering on the log walls, and listened to Uncle Peter.
"Well," Uncle Peter said, "early in the morning Eliza started to the spring to get a pail of water, and Prince was following her. She got to the edge of the ravine, where the path goes down to the spring, and all of a sudden Prince set his teeth in the back of her skirt and pulled.
"It was my blue print," Aunt Ella said to Ma.
"Prince growled at you?" Pa said.
"I should think it would!" Ma said.
"I turned right around and ran into the house where the children were, and slammed the door," Aunt Eliza answered.
"Of course Prince was savage with strangers," said Uncle Peter. "But he was always so kind to Eliza and the children I felt perfectly safe to leave them with him. Eliza couldn't understand it at all.
"Had he gone mad?" said Ma.
"How long did this go on?" Pa asked.
"Along late in the afternoon," Uncle Peter said, "he got quiet, and lay down in front of the door. Eliza thought he was asleep, and she made up her mind to try to slip past him and get to the spring for some water.
"The tracks were as big as my hand," said Aunt Eliza.
"Yes," Uncle Peter said, "he was a big fellow. His tracks were the biggest I ever saw. He would have got Eliza sure, if Prince had let her go to the spring in the morning. I saw the tracks. He had been lying up in that big oak over the spring, waiting for some animal to come there for water. Undoubtedly he would have dropped down on her.
"Did you get him?" Pa asked Uncle Peter.
Alice whispered back that she was scared, but Ella was scareder. And Ella whispered that she wasn't, either, any such thing.
"Well, anyway, you made more fuss about being thirsty," Alice whispered.
They lay there whispering about it till Ma said: "Charles, those children never will get to sleep unless you play for them." So Pa got his fiddle.
The room was still and warm and full of firelight. Ma's shadow, and Aunt Eliza's and Uncle Peter's were big and quivering on the walls in the flickering firelight, and Pa's fiddle sang merrily to itself.
In the morning they all woke up almost at the same moment. They looked at their stockings, and something was in them. Santa Claus had been there. Alice and Ella and Laura in their red flannel nightgowns and Peter in his red flannel nightshirt, all ran shouting to see what he had brought.
In each stocking there was a pair of bright red mittens, and there was a long, flat stick of red-and-white-striped peppermint candy, all beautifully notched along each side.
They were all so happy they could hardly speak at first. They just looked with shining eyes at those lovely Christmas presents. But Laura was happiest of all. Laura had a rag doll.
She was a beautiful doll. She had a face of white cloth with black button eyes. A black pencil had made her eyebrows, and her cheeks and her mouth were red with the ink made from pokeberries. Her hair was black yarn that had been knit and raveled, so that it was curly.
The other girls were not jealous because Laura had mittens, and candy, and a doll, because Laura was the littlest girl, except Baby Carrie and Aunt Eliza's little baby, Dolly Varden. The babies were too small for dolls. They were so small they did not even know about Santa Claus. They just put their fingers in their mouths and wriggled because of all the excitement.
Laura sat down on the edge of the bed and held her doll. She loved her red mittens and she loved the candy, but she loved her doll best of all. She named her Charlotte.
Then they all looked at each other's mittens, and tried on their own, and Peter bit a large piece out of his stick of candy, but Alice and Ella and Mary and Laura licked theirs, to make it last longer.
But they didn't believe that Santa Claus could, really, have given any of them nothing but a switch. That happened to some children, but it couldn't happen to them. It was so hard to be good all the time, every day, for a whole year.
"You mustn't tease the children, Peter," Aunt Eliza said.
So Laura let Mary take the beautiful doll, and then Alice held her a minute, and then Ella. They smoothed the pretty dress and admired the red flannel stockings and the gaiters, and the curly woolen hair. But Laura was glad when at last Charlotte was safe in her arms again.
Pa and Uncle Peter had each a pair of new, warm mittens, knit in little squares of red and white. Ma and Aunt Eliza had made them.
Aunt Eliza had brought Ma a large red apple stuck full of cloves. How good it smelled! And it would not spoil, for so many cloves would keep it sound and sweet.
Ma gave Aunt Eliza a little needle-book she had made, with bits of silk for covers and soft white flannel leaves into which to stick the needles. The flannel would keep the needles from rusting.
They all admired Ma's beautiful bracket, and Aunt Eliza said that Uncle Peter had made one for her—of course, with different carving.
Santa Claus had not given them anything at all. Santa Claus did not give grown people presents, but that was not because they had not been good. Pa and Ma were good. It was because they were grown up, and grown people must give each other presents.
Then all the presents must be laid away for a little while. Peter went out with Pa and Uncle Peter to do the chores, and Alice and Ella helped Aunt Eliza make the beds, and Laura and Mary set the table, while Ma got breakfast.
For breakfast there were pancakes, and Ma made a pancake man for each one of the children. Ma called each one in turn to bring her plate, and each could stand by the stove and watch, while with the spoonful of batter Ma put on the arms and the legs and the head. It was exciting to watch her turn the whole little man over, quickly and carefully, on a hot griddle. When it was done, she put it smoking hot on the plate.
Peter ate the head off his man, right away. But Alice and Ella and Mary and Laura ate theirs slowly in little bits, first the arms and legs and then the middle, saving the head for the last.
Today the weather was so cold that they could not play outdoors, but there were the new mittens to admire, and the candy to lick. And they all sat on the floor together and looked at the pictures in the Bible, and the pictures of all kinds of animals and birds in Pa's big green book. Laura kept Charlotte in her arms the whole time.
Then there was the Christmas dinner. Alice and Ella and Peter and Mary and Laura did not say a word at table, for they knew that children should be seen and not heard. But they did not need to ask for second helpings. Ma and Aunt Eliza kept their plates full and let them eat all the good things they could hold.
"Christmas comes but once a year," said Aunt Eliza.
Dinner was early, because Aunt Eliza, Uncle Peter and the cousins had such a long way to go.
So as soon as they had eaten dinner, Uncle Peter and Pa went to put the horses to the sled, while Ma and Aunt Eliza wrapped up the cousins.
They pulled heavy woolen stockings over the woolen stockings and the shoes they were already wearing. They put on mittens and coats and warm hoods and shawls, and wrapped mufflers around their necks and thick woolen veils over their faces. Ma slipped piping hot baked potatoes into their pockets to keep their fingers warm, and Aunt Ella's flatirons were hot on the stove, ready to put at their feet in the sled. The blankets and the quilts and the buffalo robes were warmed, too.
So they all got into the big bobsled, cosy and warm, and Pa tucked the last robe well in around them.
"Good-by! Good-by!" they called, and off they went, the horses trotting gaily and the sleigh bells ringing.
In just a little while the merry sound of the bells was gone, and Christmas was over. But what a happy Christmas it had been!


NAVER Academic > Detection of tritiated compounds in paper chromatography.
Detection of tritiated compounds in paper chromatography.
(1950) M. Calvin et al.
Plant phospholipids I. Identification of the phosphatidyl glycerols (1958) Benson A.A et al.
Appearance of glycolate and related products of photosynthesis outside of chloroplasts (1962) Kearney P.C et al.
Dynamics of the photosynthesis of carbon compounds I. Carboxylation reactions (1960) Bassham J.A et al.
A versatile solvent to replace phenol for the paper chromatography of radioactive intermediary metabolites (1963) Crowley G.J et al.
Lipids of photosynthetic tissue I. Silicic acid chromatography of the lipids from whole leaves and chloroplasts (1962) Zile Leonard P et al.
Arsenic metabolism in Homarus americanus (1980) Cooney R.V et al.
Photosynthetic pathways of some aquatic plants (1977) Anton Hough R et al.
Characterization of rhizosphere products especially 2-ketogluconic acid (1978) Moghimi A et al.
A biochemical basis for resistance of L1210 mouse leukemia to 6-thioguanine (1963) Stutts Patricia et al.
Quantitative chromatographic analysis of organic acids in plant tissue extracts (1953) Bryant F et al.
Chloroplast proteolipid (1961) Zill L.P et al.
Carbon dioxide fixation and phosphorylation by nitrobacter agilis (1960) Malavolta E et al.
A manganese dependent photosynthetic process (1960) Tanner Howard A et al.
Response of Chlorella to a deuterium environment (1958) Moses V et al.


text:
Wrongful Death: Chevron
Could negligence have caused the death of a 54-year-old grandfather on the first day of summer 2011? A three-year-old wrongful death lawsuit alleges Chevron was negligent when it employed a well-stimulation technique known as cyclic steaming, or "huff and puff" that resulted in a massive sinkhole that swallowed Robert David "Dave" Taylor on the morning of June 21, 2011. The lawsuit also claims Chevron failed to properly plug a nearby broken well it owns, contributing even further to the hole's formation.
According to Cal-OSHA investigators, Taylor, a Chevron construction supervisor, was retrieving pieces of culvert with two co-workers when they noticed discoloration in the soil near the site of a problem well. The agency went on to say in a August 2011 report, that without warning, Taylor fell into the previously unknown sinkhole that was filled with steam, water, and oil as hot as 190 degrees. One of Taylor's co-workers put his arm into the hole to try to reach Taylor, but was unable to. By the time one of the co-workers had retrieved a pipe to pull Taylor out, he was gone from view. Emergency rescuers needed 17 hours to recover Taylor's body. The county coroner's office was not able to identify what specifically killed him. Chevron was fined $350 by Cal-OSHA for failure to put in writing certain safety procedures necessary for the protection of its employees from the hazards of "excessive subsidence movement in the ground."
Nearby Construction Work
During the months prior to Taylor's death, Chevron had paid for underground construction work to be done near the sinkhole site. The drain the company installed was designed to address concerns about "surface expressions" in the nearby areas.
Broken Well
State oil regulators focused on a nearby Chevron well that was broken and might have caused nearby cyclic steaming to migrate underground and cause surface expressions. Chevron has acknowledged the broken well, and also that it had already spent close to $2 million to plug it before finally declaring the effort unsuccessful. Chevron also said, that when it was deemed unsuccessful it quit injecting steam within 300 feet of the well. This was in 2008.
Daniel Rodriguez, the lawyer representing Taylor's wife, son, and daughter's wrongful death suit, says, the formation wasn't a sinkhole, but an eruption.He claims a geyser-like eruption had taken place earlier the same morning on a nearby property. And also that there had been 16 similar events prior to Taylor's death. The lawsuit initially targeted several Chevron contracted companies because California law generally shields employers like Chevron from wrongful death suits filed by their workers' families.
Recently, Superior Court Judge Sidney P. Chapin rejected Rodriguez's request to consolidate two lawsuits. The wrongful death trial has been scheduled to start Sept. 21, 2015.


text:
Search Countries Titles Subjects
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An Analysis of Primary Teacher Education in Trinidad and Tobago: The MUSTER Project (CIE, 2002, 156 p.)
Analysis of the Curriculum as Documented at the National Teacher Training College in Lesotho (CIE, 2001, 40 p.)
Becoming a Primary School Teacher in Trinidad & Tobago, Part 1: The Curriculum in the Teachers' Colleges (CIE, 2000, 49 p.)
Becoming a Primary School Teacher in Trinidad & Tobago, Part 2: Teaching Practice - Experience of Trainees (CIE, 2000, 54 p.)
Careers and Perspectives of Tutors in Teacher Training Colleges: Case Studies of Lesotho and Malawi (CIE, 2000, 61 p.)
Costs and Financing of Teacher Education in Ghana (CIE, 2000, 50 p.)
Costs and Financing of Teacher Education in Lesotho (CIE, 2000, 62 p.)
The Costs and Financing of Teacher Education in Malawi (CIE, 2000, 57 p.)
Counting the Cost of Teacher Education: Cost and Quality Issues (CIE, 1999, 37 p.)
The Experience of Training: A Study of Students at the National Teacher Training College in Lesotho (CIE, 2000, 39 p.)
Face-to-face Initial Teacher Education Degree Programme at the University of Durban-Westville, South Africa (CIE, 2002, 57 p.)
Face-to-Face Training in a Conventional Preservice Programme: A Case Study at Edgewood College of Education in South Africa (CIE, 2002, 36 p.)
Further Diploma in Education (Educational Management) by Distance Education at the University of Pretoria, South Africa (CIE, 2002, 55 p.)
Gender Gaps in Schools and Colleges: Can Teacher Education Policy Improve Gender Equity in Malawi? (CIE, 2000, 53 p.)
Ghana: A Baseline Study of the Teacher Education System (CIE, 2000, 67 p.)
The Importance of Posting in Becoming a Teacher in Ghana (CIE, 2000, 46 p.)
Initial Primary Teacher Education in Lesotho (CIE, 2002, 142 p.)
Learning to Teach in Ghana: An Evaluation of Curriculum Delivery (CIE, 2000, 51 p.)
Lesotho: A Baseline Study of the Teacher Education System (CIE, 2000, 83 p.)
Malawi: A Baseline Study of the Teacher Education System (CIE, 1999, 47 p.)
The Malawi Integrated In-Service Teacher Education Programme and its School-based Components (CIE, 2000, 50 p.)
The Malawi Integrated In-Service Teacher Education Project: An Analysis of the Curriculum and Its Delivery in the Colleges (CIE, 2000, 75 p.)
The MUSTER Synthesis Report - Researching Teacher Education: New Perspectives on Practice, Performance and Policy (CIE, 2003, 237 p.)
New Qualified Teachers: Impact On/Interaction with the System (Trinidad & Tobago) (CIE, 2000, 29 p.)
New Teachers on the Job: The Impact of Teacher Education in Lesotho (CIE, 2001, 36 p.)
''On the Threshold'': The Identity of Student Teachers in Ghana (CIE, 2000, 41 p.)
On-the-Job Training: Pre-Service Teacher Training in Trinidad & Tobago (CIE, 2000, 35 p.)
Primary Teacher Education Curricula as Documented: A Comparative Analysis (CIE, 1999, 38 p.)
Primary Teacher Education in Action: A Peep into the TTC Classrooms at the National Teacher Training College, Lesotho (CIE, 2002, 42 p.)
Primary Teacher Education in Malawi: Insights into Practice and Policy (CIE, 2002, 144 p.)
Primary Teacher Trainees in Trinidad & Tobago: Characteristics, Images, Experiences and Expectations (CIE, 2001, 55 p.)
Roles and Responsibilities, Institutional Landscapes and Curriculum Mindscapes: A Partial View of Teacher Education Policy in South Africa, 1990 - 2000 (CIE, 2002, 40 p.)
South African College for Open Learning: A Model of an Inservice Distance Education Programme for Initial Teacher Education (CIE, 2002, 37 p.)
Teacher Education for Transformation: The Case of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa (CIE, 2002, 73 p.)
Teacher Education in Trinidad & Tobago: Costs, Financing and Future Policy (CIE, 2002, 40 p.)
Teacher Training in Ghana - Does it Count? (CIE, 2001, 119 p.)
Teaching Practice at the National Teacher Training College in Lesotho (CIE, 2001, 49 p.)
Trinidad & Tobago: A Baseline Study of the Teacher Education System (CIE, 1999, 61 p.)
Turbulence or Orderly Change? Teacher Supply and Demand in South Africa - Current Status, Future Needs and the Impact of HIV/AIDS (CIE, 2000, 36 p.)
Who Becomes a Primary School Teacher in Lesotho: Characteristics and Experiences of the DEP Student Teachers upon Entry into NTTC (CIE, 2002, 49 p.)


Thanks to Facebook all I want to do is go apple picking. One of these weekends soon I will. And then I'll make chili and pie...but I always pick too many apples (it's just too much fun), and when I'm not picking by myself but with the company, and they pick too many, and they forget to take the apples with them when they go home...well...then I have to make applesauce and apple donuts and apple cider and curried apple and stone soup.
In a small sauce pan, saute the onion in butter. Add the stone, curry, cinnamon, cayenne, ginger and clove; cook and stir for about a minute. Add apples and broth and bring to a boil. Reduce heat, cover and continue to cook until the apples are tender.
Either with a stick blender or by transferring the soup to a blender, puree until smooth. Return to heat, add lemon juice and warm. Garnish with extra cinnamon and toasted pumpkin seeds (if you've gone apple picking you'll probably have pumpkin seeds too).


text:
Q: Pandas MultiIndex in which one factor is an Enum I'm having trouble working with a dataframe whose columns are a multiindex in which one of the iterables is an Enum. Consider the code:
MyEnum = Enum("MyEnum", "A B")
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=pd.MultiIndex.from_product(iterables=[MyEnum, [1, 2]]))

This raises
TypeError: 'values' is not ordered, please explicitly specify the categories order by passing in a categories argument.

This can be worked around by instead putting:
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=pd.MultiIndex.from_product(iterables=[
    pd.Series(MyEnum, dtype="category"),
    [1, 2]
]))

but then appending a row with
df.append({(MyEnum.A, 1): "abc", (MyEnum.B, 2): "xyz"}, ignore_index=True)

raises the same TypeError as before.
I've tried various variations on this theme, with no success. (No problems occur if the columns is not a multiindex, but is an enum.)
(Note that I can dodge this by using an IntEnum instead of an Enum. But then, my columns, simply appear as numbers---this is why I wanted to use an Enum in the first place, as opposed to ints.)
Many thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rosedale staff are trained to help our residents in a medical emergency, seven days a week, 24 hours a day. Every suite is equipped with an Emergency Response System. If the Emergency Call Button is pressed in the case of an emergency, the nursing staff will be able to identify the resident and their location and respond immediately.
Rosedale also works in conjunction with Alberta Health Homecare Services to provide on-site care as assessed by the specific needs of our residents. Additional nursing and companion services are available for a fee.
Rosedale facilities are all equipped with the most current smoke detectors, an alarm system, emergency lights in the hallways and automatic sprinklers. The apartments are equipped with fire-resistant suite doors and there are fire doors in the corridors that automatically close when the fire alarm system is activated to slow down the spreading of smoke and fire.
Rosedale is a non-smoking building.


text:
Q: Find the area bounded by the curves $x^3$ and $x^4$ on $(0,1)$ 5.5
Can somebody verify this solution for me? Thanks!
Find the area bounded by the curves $x^3$ and $x^4$ on $(0,1)$.
First we have to solve $x^3=x^4$ to find the bounds of integration.
$x^3=x^4$
$ \rightarrow 0 = x^4-x^3$
$\rightarrow 0 = x^3(x-1)$
and so $x=0$ and $x=1$ are solutions.
Furthermore, on the interval $(0,1)$ we have that $x^4<x^3$. The area between the graphs is thus:
$\int_0^1 x^3-x^4 dx$
$= \frac{x^4}{4}-\frac{x^5}{5}|_0^1$
$= \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{5} - 0 - 0$
$= \frac{1}{20}$


text:
Q: Segmentation Fault(core dumped) Queue Operation using linked list I have written a code in c to implement queue operations using linked list, like insertion, deletion, peek and display.
I use vscode to run and compile my codes.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
typedef struct Node{
    int data;
    struct Node *next;
}node;
typedef struct Queue{
    node *front;
    node *rear;
}queue;
queue *q=NULL;
int isempty(queue *);
void create(queue *);
queue *insert(queue *);
queue *delete(queue *);
void display(queue *);
void peek(queue *);
int main(){
    int o;
    create(q);
    do{
        printf("\nQueue Operations");
        printf("\n1. Insert");
        printf("\n2. Delete");
        printf("\n3. Peek");
        printf("\n4. Display");
        printf("\n5. Exit");
        printf("\nEnter Option : ");
        scanf("%d",&o);
        switch(o){
            case 1:
                insert(q);
                break;
            case 2:
                delete(q);
                break;
            case 3:
                peek(q);
                break;
            case 4:
                display(q);
                break;
            case 5:
                break;
            default:
                printf("Invalid Option");
                break;
        }
    }
    while(o!=5);
}
void create(queue *q)
{
    q->front=NULL;
    q->rear=NULL;
}
queue *insert(queue *q){
    node *p;
    p=(node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
    printf("Enter Data : ");
    scanf("%d",&p->data);
    if(q->front=NULL){
        q->front=p;
        q->rear=p;
        q->front->next=q->rear->next=NULL;
    }
    else{
        q->rear->next=p;
        q->rear=p;
        q->rear->next=NULL;
    }
    return q;
}
int isempty(queue *q){
    if(q->front==NULL)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}
queue *delete(queue *q){
    node *p;
    int t;
    p=q->front;
    t=isempty(q);
    if(t==1)
        printf("Queue Empty");
    else{
        q->front=q->front->next;
        printf("Value Deleted : %d",p->data);
        free(p);
    }
    return q;
}
void peek(queue *q){
    int t;
    t=isempty(q);
    if(t==1)
        printf("Queue Empty");
    else
        printf("Peek:%d",q->front->data);
}
void display(queue *q){
    node *p;
    p=q->front;
    if(p==NULL)
        printf("Queue is Empty");
    else{
        while(p!=q->rear){
            printf("%d\t",p->data);
            p=p->next;
        }
        printf("%d\t",p->data);
    }
}

I am not understanding why i am getting a segmentation fault in this question.
This code was in my book i Just blindly copied this one but still i am getting the error.
I tested the code in online compilers as well to be sure that my machine is not having any fault but still getting the same issue.
If anyone can help me out.

A: For starters it is a bad idea when functions depend on a file scope variable as in your program where functions depend on the variable q.
queue *q=NULL;

Secondly, you are using a null pointer in the function create.
void create(queue *q)
{
    q->front=NULL;
    q->rear=NULL;
}

that invokes undefined behavior.
There is no great sense to declare a pointer of the type queue instead of declaring an object of the type queue.
So instead of this definition in the file scope
queue *q=NULL;

it is much better to write in main
queue q = { .front = NULL, .rear = NULL };

or
queue q;
create( &q );

The function isempty can be written simpler
int isempty( const queue *q )
{
    return q->front == NULL;
}

The function insert should not ask any question. The value that is added to the queue should be passed to the function as an argument.
It is the caller of the function that should provide the value.
Pay attention to that allocation of memory can fail, You should process such a situation in the function. Otherwise again the function can invoke undefined behavior.
Also instead of using comparison you are using assignment in this if statement
if(q->front=NULL){

The function can be written the following way
int insert( queue *q, int data )
{
    node *p = malloc( sizeof( *p ) );
    int success = p != NULL;

    if ( success )
    {
        p->data = data;

        if ( q->front == NULL )
        {
            q->front = p;
        }
        else
        {
            q->rear->next = p;
        }

        q->rear = p;
    }

    return success;
}

In the function delete you are not updating q->rear if the queue contains only one node.
Again the function should not issue any message. It is the caller of the function that decides whether to output a message.
The function should be defined the following way
int delete( queue *q )
{
    int success = !isempty( q );

    if ( success )
    {
        node *p = q->front;
        q->front = q->front->next;

        if ( q->front == NULL ) q->rear = NULL;

        free( p );
    }

    return success;
}

The function peek should return by reference its data member data because the user of the function can want to process the value.
The function can look the following way
int peek( queue *q, int *data )
{
    int success = !isempty( q );

    if ( success )
    {
        *data = q->front->data;
    }

    return success;
}

The parameter of the function display should have the qualifier const because the queue is not changed within the function.
The function can be defined the following way
void display( const queue *q )
{
    if ( isempty( q ) )
    {
        puts( "Queue is Empty" );
    }
    else
    {
        for ( const node *p = q->front; p != NULL; p = p->next )
        {
            printf( "%d", p->data );
            if ( p != q->rear ) putchar( '\t' );
        }
        putchar( '\n' );
    }
}

Here is your updated program.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct Node
{
    int data;
    struct Node *next;
} node;

typedef struct Queue
{
    node *front;
    node *rear;
} queue;

int isempty( const queue *q )
{
    return q->front == NULL;
}

void create(queue *q)
{
    q->front=NULL;
    q->rear=NULL;
}

int insert( queue *q, int data )
{
    node *p = malloc( sizeof( *p ) );
    int success = p != NULL;

    if ( success )
    {
        p->data = data;

        if ( q->front == NULL )
        {
            q->front = p;
        }
        else
        {
            q->rear->next = p;
        }

        q->rear = p;
    }

    return success;
}

int delete( queue *q )
{
    int success = !isempty( q );

    if ( success )
    {
        node *p = q->front;
        q->front = q->front->next;

        if ( q->front == NULL ) q->rear = NULL;

        free( p );
    }

    return success;
}

int peek( queue *q, int *data )
{
    int success = !isempty( q );

    if ( success )
    {
        *data = q->front->data;
    }

    return success;
}

void display( const queue *q )
{
    if ( isempty( q ) )
    {
        puts( "Queue is Empty" );
    }
    else
    {
        for ( const node *p = q->front; p != NULL; p = p->next )
        {
            printf( "%d", p->data );
            if ( p != q->rear ) putchar( '\t' );
        }
        putchar( '\n' );
    }
}

int main( void )
{
    queue q;
    create( &q );

    int option = 5;

    do
    {
        printf("\nQueue Operations");
        printf("\n1. Insert");
        printf("\n2. Delete");
        printf("\n3. Peek");
        printf("\n4. Display");
        printf("\n5. Exit");

        printf("\nEnter Option : ");

        scanf( "%d", &option );

        switch( option )
        {
        case 1:
        {
            printf( "Enter Data : " );
            int data;

            if ( scanf( "%d", &data ) == 1 )
            {
                if ( !insert( &q, data ) )
                {
                    puts( "Error: not enough memory." );
                }
            }
            else
            {
                puts( "Invalid input." );
            }

            break;
        }

        case 2:
        {
            if ( !delete( &q ) )
            {
                puts( " Error: queue is empty." );
            }
            else
            {
                puts( "First element of the queue has been deleted." );
            }

            break;
        }

        case 3:
        {
            int data;
            if ( peek( &q, &data ) )
            {
                printf( "The value is %d\n", data );
            }
            else
            {
                puts( "Error: the queue is empty." );
            }

            break;
        }

        case 4:
        {
            display( &q );
            break;
        }

        case 5:
        {
            break;
        }

        default:
        {
            puts( "Invalid Option" );
            break;
        }
        }
    } while( option != 5 );

    return 0;
}

The program output might look like
Queue Operations
1. Insert
2. Delete
3. Peek
4. Display
5. Exit
Enter Option : 1
Enter Data : 1

Queue Operations
1. Insert
2. Delete
3. Peek
4. Display
5. Exit
Enter Option : 1
Enter Data : 2

Queue Operations
1. Insert
2. Delete
3. Peek
4. Display
5. Exit
Enter Option : q
Enter Data : 3

Queue Operations
1. Insert
2. Delete
3. Peek
4. Display
5. Exit
Enter Option : 4
1   2   3

Queue Operations
1. Insert
2. Delete
3. Peek
4. Display
5. Exit
Enter Option : 5

Pay attention to that you need also to write a function that will clear the queue that is that will free all the allocated memory in the queue.

A: q is not pointing to anything.  When you deference it in create() you are writing to random memory which will usually cause a crash.
You should define q as type queue (no pointer) and pass the address of it to the sub functions.

A: Whenever pointer is dereferenced, it should be allocated fair amount of memory through malloc before its usage. Hence, while creation of linked list, queue pointer should be allocated and passed back to main for using it. Attached modified queue creation code below for reference,
queue* create(queue *q)
{
q= (queue*)malloc(sizeof(queue));
q->front=NULL;
q->rear=NULL;
return q;
}

Update calling function in main as well.

A: The create function needs allocating memory you can't create without allocating memory whenever you allocate it inside create function or pass queue with already allocated memory (you can't do both solutions at same time just one of them) and the first one is preferred for making organized code.
queue* create(queue *q)
{
q= (queue*)malloc(sizeof(queue));
q->front=NULL;
q->rear=NULL;
return q;
}

Another bug in insert function     if(q->front=NULL){ that will make q->front actually assigned to null and it will lead to segmentation fault  , you should  need checking == not assigning =
    if(q->front==NULL){ will make it works more correctly


text:
PODCAST: Episode #026: An Economy for All: Exploring Indigenous Economic Participation in Canada
It is estimated that Indigenous businesses are growing at 9x the rate of non-Indigenous businesses. Moreover, research has shown that equitable access to education, training, and skill development for Indigenous & non-Indigenous could result in an annual boost to the Canadian economy of nearly $28 billion.
What is fueling this incredible growth and potential? What's getting in the way of expanding the Indigenous economy? And how we companies and governments break down the gaps and enable opportunities?
BCA President, Adam Legge, is joined by Tabatha Bull, President & CEO of the Canadian Council of Aboriginal Business to explore these questions and why the growth of Indigenous economic participation is vital not only to our shared prosperity but to advance the principles of reconciliation.
Learn more about the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Businesses, their work and research, and how you can get involved here: https://www.ccab.com/
State of Indigenous economy and the importance of broader economic participation
Importance of the Indigenous economy to developing shared prosperity for all
About CCAB programs and services—Supply Change, Progressive Aboriginal Relations, Tools & Financing Aboriginal Businesses
Barriers for Indigenous Peoples when creating businesses or entering the workforce
Actions companies can take to advance economic reconciliation
Economic participation and business creation for those who live in urban centres and on-reserve
Actions governments can take to enable growth for the Indigenous economy
Business Reconciliation in Canada: Actions for Large Businesses
CCAB Programs
21 Things You May Not Know About the Indian Act
Truth and Reconciliation Calls to Action (#92)
Explore the drivers behind the major recent growth of the #IndigenousEconomy and how we create opportunities to advance economic participation with @ccab_national President & CEO Tabatha Bull on this episode of #AlbertaBETTER.… Share this episode


text:
<?php
namespace flat\core\collection;
trait controller {
   private $member;
   private $index; //assoc array of 'key's with integer value of array $member[$index[$key]]
   private $count=0;

   /**
    * part of \Iterator interface
    * @final
    */
   final public function rewind()
   {
      if ($this->member) {
         reset($this->member);
      }
   }

   /**
    * part of \Iterator interface
    * @final
    */
   final public function current()
   {
      // $var = current($this->member);
      // return $var;
      if ($this->member) {

         return current($this->member)->get_data();

      }
   }

   /**
    * part of \Iterator interface
    * @final
    */
   final public function key()
   {
      // $var = key($this->member);
      // return $var;
      if (!is_array($this->index)) return;
      if ($this->member) {
         return array_search(current($this->member),$this->index,true);
      }
   }

   /**
    * part of \Iterator interface
    * @final
    */
   final public function next()
   {
      // $var = next($this->member);
      // return $var;
      if ($this->member) {
         return next($this->member);
      }
   }

   /**
    * part of \Iterator interface
    * @final
    */
   final public function valid()
   {
      if (!$this->member) return false;
      $key = key($this->member);
      $var = ($key !== NULL && $key !== FALSE);
      return $var;
   }

   /**
    * part of \Iterator interface
    * @final
    */
   final public function count() {
      return $this->count;
   }

   /**
    * get a range of members
    *    returns array containing range of collection members.
    *    void if callback is given.
    *
    * @param int $limit (optional) default 0. amount of members for range. less than
    * @param int $start (optional) default 0. position starting at 0 within collection to begin range
    * @param callable $callback (optional) callback invoked for each member
    *    within range. callback function pattern:
    *    my_callback($member,$position,$member_key)
    *
    * @return \flat\core\collection\member[]|void
    * @throws \flat\core\collection\exception\out_of_range on bad $start position
    * @final
    */
   final public function range($limit=0,$start=0,callable $callback=NULL) {
      /**
       * sanitize arguments
       * @var int $limit should be no more than member count
       *    and if 0 defaults to member count.
       * @var int $start should be 0 or no more than member count minus one
       */
      $limit = (int) sprintf("%d",$limit);
      if ($limit<1) $limit = $this->count();
      if ($limit>$this->count) $limit = $this->count;
      $start = (int) sprintf("%d",$start);
      if ($start > ($this->count-1)) {
         throw new collection\exception\out_of_range(
               "start",
               "position:$start is out of range"
               );
      }
      if ($start < 0) $start = 0;

      /**
       * as appropriate...
       * return array of members indicated by range params
       *    --OR--
       * invoke callback with member data
       *
       * @var array $arr array of members to return
       */
      if (!$callback) {
         $arr = array();
         for($i=$start;$i<$limit;$i++) {
            $arr[] = $this->member[$i];
         }
         return $arr;

      } else {
         for($i=$start;$i<$limit;$i++) {
            $member = $this->member[$i];
            call_user_func_array(
                  $callback,
                  array(
                     $member,
                     $i,
                     array_search($i,$this->index,true)
                  )
                  );

         }
      }
   }

   /**
    * bool true if member exists associated by given key. false otherwise.
    * @param string $key
    *
    * @return bool
    * @final
    */
   final public function is_exist($key) {
      if (isset($this->member[$this->index[$key]])) return true;
      return false;
   }

   /**
    * provides \flat\core\collection\member instance if one exists as
    *    associated by given key. otherwise returns null.
    *
    * @param string $key
    *
    * @return \flat\core\collection\member()|null
    * @final
    */
   final public function get($key) {
      if (isset($this->member[$this->index[$key]])) return $this->member[$this->index[$key]];
      //if (is_int($key)) if (isset($this->member[$key])) return $this->member[$key];
      return NULL;
   }

   /**
    * @var \flat\core\collection\constrainer\controller $_constrainer
    * @uses _validate_data()
    */
   private $_constrainer = NULL;

   /**
    * @var \flat\core\collection\constrainer\controller $_validator
    * @uses _validate_data()
    */
   private $_validator = NULL;

   /**
    * @var callable $_filter_call
    * @uses _validate_data()
    * @uses set_data_filter()
    */
   private $_filter_call = NULL;

   /**
    * @var callable $_validator_call
    * @uses _validate_data()
    * @uses set_data_validator()
    */
   private $_validator_call = NULL;

   /**
    * set validation callback function.
    *    if returns false, member with given data will not be added.
    *
    * @param callable $callable
    * @see \flat\core\collection::_validate_data()
    */
   public function set_data_validator(callable $callable) {
      $this->_validator_call = $callable;
   }

   /**
    * set filter callaback function.
    *    whatever is returned is set as added member's data.
    * @param callable $callable
    * @see \flat\core\collection::_validate_data()
    */
   public function set_data_filter(callable $callable) {
      $this->_filter_call = $callable;
   }

   /**
    * validation logic when adding member to collection.
    *    whatever this function returns is the data used for added member.
    *    if it returns \flat\core\collection\member\ignore, no member will be added.
    *
    * child class can overload this function.
    *
    * @param mixed $data data of member proposed to be added to collection
    * @see \flat\core\collection\member\constrainer\class_constraint
    * @see \flat\core\collection\member\constrainer\interface_constraint
    * @see \flat\core\collection\member\validator
    * @see \flat\core\collection::set_data_validator()
    * @see \flat\core\collection::set_data_filter()
    * @see \flat\core\collection\member\ignore
    * @throws \flat\core\collection\exception best practice for
    *    child classes overloading _validate_data() is to use a child of this
    *    exception class when throwing validation failures.
    * @throws \Exception other exception types possible depending on
    *    behavior of child class interfaces and validation callbacks
    * @throws \flat\core\collection\member\constrainer\exception
    *    class or interface constraint failure
    * @throws \flat\core\collection\member\validator\exception
    *    validation failure
    */
   protected function _validate_data($data) {
      /**
       * data validation logic:
       *
       * @var \flat\core\collection\member\constrainer\controller $this->_constrainer
       *
       *    1. check and apply any class/interface constraints for $data
       *
       * @var \flat\core\collection\member\validator\controller $this->_validator
       *    2. check for validator interface, and apply $data against it
       *
       * @var callable $this->_validator_call
       *
       *    3. check and invoke validator_call callback if exists
       *
       * @var callable $this->_filter_call
       *    4. check and invoke filter_call callback if exists
       */
      /*
       * only need to create constrainer controller first time
       */
      if ($this->_constrainer === NULL) {

         $this->_constrainer = new \flat\core\collection\member\constrainer\controller($this);

         if (!$this->_constrainer->has_active_checks()) $this->_constrainer = false;

      }

      /*
       * if constrainer interface applies, check and transform data
       */
      if ($this->_constrainer) $data = $this->_constrainer->check_member($data);

      /*
       * only need to create validator constrainer controller first time
       */
      if ($this->_validator === NULL) {
         $this->_validator = new \flat\core\collection\member\validator\controller($this);
         if (!$this->_validator->has_active_checks()) $this->_validator = false;
      }

      /*
       * if validator interface applies, check and transform data
       */
      if ($this->_validator) $data = $this->_validator->check_member($data);

      /*
       * invoke validator callback if set
       */
      if ($this->_validator_call) {
         $call = $this->_validator_call;
         $call($data);
      }

      /*
       * invoke filter callback if set
       */
      if ($this->_filter_call) {
         $call = $this->_filter_call;
         $data = $call($data);
      }
      return $data;
   }
   /**
    * add member to collection with given data.
    *    optionally associate a key for added member.
    *    returns true if successfully added. null if not.
    *
    * @return true|void
    * @throws \flat\core\collection\member\constrainer\exception
    *    class or interface constraint failure
    * @throws \flat\core\collection\member\validator\exception
    *    validation failure
    *
    * @param mixed $add data of member. data is validated and potentially
    *    transformed with collection::_validate_data().
    * @param int|string $key key to associate with member
    *
    * @see \flat\core\collection::_validate_data()
    */
   final public function add($data,$key=NULL) {

      $data = $this->_validate_data($data);

      if (is_a($data,"\\flat\\core\\collection\\member\\ignore")) return null;

      if (is_callable($this->_validator_call)) {
         $validator = $this->_validator_call;
         $validator($data);
      }

      if (is_callable($this->_filter_call)) {
         $validator = $this->_filter_call;
         $data = $validator($data);
      }

      if (is_a($data,"\\flat\\core\\collection\\member\\ignore")) return null;

      /*
       * add element to $this->index if $key argument given
       */
      if ((is_scalar($key)) && (!empty($key))) $this->index[$key] = $this->count;

      /*
       * add member object that contains data and perhaps some metadata
       * increment count
       */
      $this->member[$this->count] = new \flat\core\collection\member($data);
      $this->count++;

      /*
       * if validator applies, invoke success method
       */
      if ($this->_validator) $this->member_success($data);

      return true;

   }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub