text:
Men prefer dimorphism in female faces more than women do, wom prefer dimorph in male faces more than men; both men&wom prefer symmetric faces equally in same- & opposite-sex targets; no indication pathogen cues activate either preference
Re-evaluating the relationship between pathogen avoidance and preferences for facial symmetry and sexual dimorphism: A registered report. Joshua M. Tybur et al. Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 43, Issue 3, May 2022, Pages 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.01.003
Abstract: Over the past decade, a small literature has tested how trait-level pathogen-avoidance motives (e.g., disgust sensitivity) and exposure to pathogen cues relate to preferences for facial symmetry and sexual dimorphism. Results have largely been interpreted as suggesting that the behavioral immune system influences preferences for these features in potential mates. However, findings are limited by small sample sizes among studies reporting supportive evidence, the use of small stimulus sets to assess preferences for symmetry and dimorphism, and design features that render implications for theory ambiguous (namely, largely only investigating women's preferences for male faces). Using a sample of 954 White young adult UK participants and a pool of 100 White young adult stimuli, the current registered report applied a standard two-alternative forced-choice approach to evaluate both men's and women's preferences for both facial symmetry and dimorphism in both same- and opposite-sex targets. Participants were randomly assigned to either a pathogen prime or a control prime, and they completed instruments assessing individual differences in pathogen avoidance (disgust sensitivity and contamination sensitivity). Results revealed overall preferences for both facial symmetry and dimorphism. However, they did not reveal a relation between these preferences and disgust sensitivity or contamination sensitivity, nor did they reveal differences in these preferences across control and pathogen prime conditions. Null results of pathogen-avoidance variables were consistent across participant sex, target sex, and interactions between participant sex and target sex. Overall, findings cast doubt on the hypothesis that pathogen-avoidance motives influence preferences for facial symmetry or dimorphism.
Keywords: DisgustHealthMasculinitySymmetryMate preferencesBehavioral immune system
The current registered report evaluated the relation between pathogen-avoidance motives and preferences for facial symmetry and dimorphism. It sought to test whether any such relation applied to preferences for both same- and opposite-sex targets – a phenomenon that might result from these features being interpreted as cues to infectiousness – or only in opposite sex targets – a phenomenon that might result from these features being treated as information regarding indirect benefits (i.e., genes that increase offspring fitness). Using a set of 100 target faces and a sample of 954 participants, we did not detect evidence consistent with either perspective. That is, we did not detect a relation between individual differences measures (pathogen disgust sensitivity and germ aversion) and general preferences for facial symmetry or dimorphism, nor did we detect a difference in this relation across same- and opposite-sex faces. Similarly, we did not detect an effect of a pathogen prime (relative to a control prime) on preferences for symmetry or dimorphism, nor did we detect differences in such preferences across same- versus opposite-sex targets. We discuss the implications of these findings for both the behavioral immune system literature and the face preferences literature below.
4.1. Implications for the behavioral immune system and face preferences
The null results observed here have some implications for how we view the functional specificity of the behavioral immune system. Current thinking conceptualizes the behavioral immune system as a suite of psychological mechanisms that monitor the environment for features that correlate with pathogen presence (i.e., cues to pathogens) and, when those features are detected, motivates behaviors that reduce the likelihood of infection (Ackerman et al., 2018; Schaller & Duncan, 2007; Lieberman & Patrick, 2014; Tybur & Lieberman, 2016). Byproducts of infection in conspecifics are some of the best candidates for such cues. And, indeed, people can distinguish between individuals experiencing an immune response from those who are not (Arshamian et al., 2021), and they avoid (and are sometimes disgusted by) individuals with rashes, ulcers, and pustules on their faces – some of the key symptoms of communicable diseases (Curtis et al., 2004; Kurzban & Leary, 2001; Oaten et al., 2011).
Following the logic presented in previous work investigating the relation between pathogen avoidance and preferences for facial symmetry and/or dimorphism, the hypotheses tested here were based on the idea that facial symmetry and dimorphism provide information regarding health, and that the behavioral immune system should motivate preferences for healthy targets (and, perhaps especially, healthy mates). However, features perceived as "healthy" need not be treated as information regarding infection threat. Health can refer to absence of infectious disease, but it can also refer to a number of other aspects of condition, including the absence of non-contagious parasites, the absence of non-contagious metabolic diseases, the absence of injury, the absence of psychopathology, etc. Just as the behavioral immune system should not be expected to influence fear of tigers or heights, both of which can be thought of as preserving some aspect of "health", it should not be expected to influence preferences for facial symmetry or dimorphism unless those features act as cues to infectiousness. Given that the structural features that give rise to variation in facial symmetry and dimorphism are fairly stable across the lifespan – and given recent findings suggesting that dimorphism and symmetry (along with multiple other aspects of facial appearance) have poor validity as cues to multiple dimensions of health that might relate to infection proneness (Foo, Simmons, & Rhodes, 2017, Cai et al., 2019; see Jones, Holzleitner, & Shiramizu, 2021) – they are unlikely candidates as infection cues. These considerations (and, naturally, the results of the current study) raise questions regarding interpretations of earlier findings that pathogen avoidance relates to preferences for facial symmetry and dimorphism.
4.2. Implications regarding preferences for facial symmetry and dimorphism
Although this investigation was designed to evaluate the relation between pathogen avoidance and preferences for facial symmetry and dimorphism, its sample size and other design features (e.g., assessment of both same- and opposite-sex preferences for both facial symmetry and dimorphism) can contribute to the field's understanding of preferences for symmetry and dimorphism, at least in the population sampled from here. Consider, for example, comparing the current results with those reported by Little, Jones, DeBruine, and Feinberg (2008), who inferred that symmetry and dimorphism provide common information based on the observation that preferences for facial dimorphism correlate with preferences for facial symmetry. The current study similarly detected a positive relation between preferences for facial symmetry and preferences for facial dimorphism (see Table S1). It also replicates other findings reported by Little et al.: that men prefer dimorphism in female faces more than women do, and that women prefer dimorphism in male faces more than men do. However, it did not replicate a third finding from the same paper: that symmetry preferences are contingent on the sex of the rater and the target. Instead, we found that symmetric faces were preferred equally in same-sex and opposite-sex targets, for both men and women. The current data might prove useful for evaluating the robustness of other findings in the face preferences literature.
4.3. Limitations and future directions
4.3.1. Statistical power and potential false negatives
Non-significant results can emerge for multiple reasons, including experimenter error or participant inattention. Multiple aspects of our findings suggest that neither of these factors explains the critical null findings observed here. The fact that we detected global preferences for facial symmetry and facial dimorphism – with the latter preference moderated by participant sex and target sex – suggests that participants were (1) able to detect these features and (2) preferred them in a manner consistent with past studies sampling from the same population. Other incidental findings discount the null results reflecting systematic errors in data collection. For example, the sex difference in pathogen disgust sensitivity observed here (d = .41) was virtually identical to the meta-analyzed sex difference observed in a study of 11,501 participants across 30 nations (d = .41) (Tybur et al., 2016).
Even without experimenter error or participant inattention, null results can still reflect Type II errors. In random effects designs such as the one employed here, the probability of making such errors is influenced by myriad factors, including (1) the magnitude of the fixed effect(s), (2) the number of participants, (3) the number of stimuli, (4) variance accounted for by participants, (5) variance accounted for by stimuli, (6) variance in the relation between participant-level individual differences (e.g., pathogen disgust sensitivity) and preferences across different stimuli, etc. We aimed to minimize the probability of making such Type II errors, even if effect sizes were small, by (1) having a large sample size (N = 954), (2) having a large pool of stimuli (N = 100), and (3) manipulating multiple factors within-participants. However, because we were unable to model all random effect components in our power analyses, results from these power analyses might be imprecise, and we cannot state with confidence the effect sizes that we had adequate power (>80%) to detect. Nevertheless, inspection of the 95% confidence intervals around effect size estimates can provide an idea of the uncertainty in our parameter estimates and the plausible upper bounds of population-level effect sizes (see Table 2). These confidence intervals are narrow and largely centered around zero. Inspection of the confidence intervals collapsing across stimuli can also be informative (see Tables S1–S3), since most prior studies in this literature have not used random effects analyses. Using this approach, the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the main effect of pathogen disgust sensitivity on facial dimorphism preferences was r = .12, and the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the relation between pathogen disgust sensitivity and facial symmetry preferences was r = .08. Given the nature of the indirect benefits hypothesis, confidence intervals around simple effects within participant sex by target sex interactions (for both symmetry and dimorphism preferences, and for both pathogen disgust and germ aversion as predictors) can also be informative, especially concerning cross-sex preferences. For men, none of the upper limits of these confidence intervals exceeded r = .15; for women, none exceeded r = .07. In total, these results suggest that any relations we failed to detect are likely to be small in magnitude. Future studies on this topic should be designed to detect effect sizes no larger than the upper limits of these confidence intervals.
4.3.2. Validity of the dependent measure and stimuli
In line with previous studies in this literature, we investigated the degree to which pathogen-avoidance motives relate to attraction to facial symmetry and sexual dimorphism. Perceptions of attractiveness need not fully regulate the physical proximity, direct contact, or indirect contact that influences pathogen transmission, though. Recent studies in the pathogen-avoidance literature have asked participants how comfortable they would be with physical contact with a target (e.g., Van Leeuwen & Petersen, 2018), and one of these studies found only a modest relationship between target facial attractiveness and contact comfort (Tybur, Lieberman, Fan, Kupfer, & de Vries, 2020). Although the current study did not detect a relation between pathogen avoidance and attraction to facial symmetry or dimorphism, future research could better test whether people are more averse to infection-risky acts with individuals with low dimorphism or low symmetry faces (cf. Kupfer, 2018; Ryan et al., 2012).
As is standard in this literature, we used a two-alternative forced-choice response format. Recent work has suggested that this method partially assess face matching ability rather than variation in preferences (Lewis, 2020), and that it can produce results that differ from those obtained with paradigms in which individual faces are rated for attractiveness (Jones & Jaeger, 2019; Lee, De La Mare, Moore, & Umeh, 2021). Also following standard procedures in this literature, we manipulated base faces to be 50% more similar to male or female prototypes (for the dimorphism manipulation) or 50% more or less similar to a perfectly symmetric version of the base face. We cannot rule out the possibility that pathogen avoidance would relate to preferences for facial dimorphism or symmetry if transformations were more or less extreme.
4.3.3. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
We collected data in May 2021, after approximately 4,500,000 COVID-19 cases and 125,000 deaths had been confirmed in the UK in the 14 months since the pandemic began (Roser, 2021). Some recent work has argued that the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has increased pathogen disgust sensitivity (Boggs, Ruisch, & Fazio, 2022; Stevenson, Saluja, & Case, 2021). Such increases, if sufficiently strong, could attenuate the relation between pathogen disgust sensitivity and preferences for facial symmetry or dimorphism. Our data give no reason to suspect that pathogen disgust sensitivity was unusually high in the population we sampled from, though. The mean observed here was virtually indistinct (and, if anything, slightly lower) from that in the sample of U.S. college students (N = 507) used to validate the Three-Domain Disgust Scale (Tybur et al., 2009) and that in a large (N = 7166) online English-speaking sample recruited shortly before the pandemic (O'Shea, DeBruine, & Jones, 2019) (see the online supplement for more details). There are also reasons to question whether, how, and why the presence of SARS-CoV-2 would affect how the behavioral immune system detects or processes cues to pathogens. Like many other respiratory pathogens, SARS-CoV-2 is largely spread via invisible respiratory droplets and aerosols expelled when (often asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic) individuals breath, talk, or sing (Greenhalgh et al., 2021). Those infected with SARS-CoV-2 typically exhibit symptoms similar to those caused by the myriad endemic respiratory pathogens that circulated widely before the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., coughing, sneezing, headache, fatigue, fever) (Tostmann et al., 2020). And, while SARS-CoV-2 causes serious illness in some people, its appearance coincided with the virtual elimination of many other respiratory viruses from circulation (Yeoh et al., 2021). These reasons raise doubts that the pandemic conditions that began in early 2020 would affect the behavioral immune system, at least via increases in the presence of detectable transmission risks, changes in observable illness symptoms in others, or increases in encounters with pathogens oneself (Ackerman, Tybur, & Blackwell, 2021). Future work can clarify whether, how, and why the pandemic affects the behavioral immune system in other manners.
4.3.4. Generalizability to other populations
The current study sampled from a population of young adult (<35) heterosexual White individuals from the UK, and it assessed attraction toward young adult White targets. Some findings indicate that preferences for facial dimorphism – perhaps especially in male targets – varies across ecologies (DeBruine, Jones, Crawford, Welling, & Little, 2010; Marcinkowska et al., 2019; Scott et al., 2014), as do preferences for at least some other dimensions of facial appearance (e.g., coloration; Han et al., 2018). Hence, our findings might not generalize to other populations. However, most studies that have reported relations between pathogen avoidance and preferences for facial symmetry or dimorphism have sampled from similar populations and assessed attraction toward similar targets (though see Saribay et al., 2021 and Zheng et al., 2016). Future work could certainly test whether pathogen avoidance relates to such preferences in other populations, even if such a relationship does not exist in the population sampled from here.
4.3.5. Validity of priming method and concluding thoughts
Most studies in the behavioral immune system literature assess individual differences in pathogen-avoidance motives using either the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale or the Three-Domain Disgust Scale (Oosterhoff, Shook, & Iyer, 2018; Tybur et al., 2014). Multiple studies have clarified the validity of these instruments (e.g., Duncan et al., 2009; Tybur et al., 2009). There is less consistency in approaches used to experimentally manipulate pathogen-avoidance motives and, relatedly, less evidence supporting the validity of these procedures. For example, studies have reported that each of the following experimental manipulations produces effects consistent with behavioral immune system hypotheses: (1) asking participants to consciously reflect upon past experiences with infection (e.g., Moran et al., 2021; Murray, Kerry, & Gervais, 2019); (2) exposing participants to olfactory cues to pathogens (e.g., Tybur, Bryan, Magnan, & Hooper, 2011); (3) having participants read essays describing pathogen-risky situations (e.g., White, Kenrick, & Neuberg, 2013); (4) having participants complete a disgust sensitivity instrument immediately before the dependent measure (e.g., Lee & Zietsch, 2011; Navarrete & Fessler, 2006; Watkins et al., 2012); and (5) exposing participants to disgust-eliciting images or slideshows showcasing pathogen risks (e.g., Faulkner, Schaller, Park, & Duncan, 2004; Hill, Prokosch, & DelPriore, 2015; Mortensen, Becker, Ackerman, Neuberg, & Kenrick, 2010; Park, Schaller, & Crandall, 2007). Using a combination of those last two approaches – methods used in studies that have reported effects of pathogen primes on preferences for facial symmetry or dimorphism (Ainsworth & Maner, 2019; Little et al., 2010; Watkins et al., 2012; Young et al., 2011) – we did not detect an effect of the priming manipulation. Other recent studies have similarly reported not detecting effects of pathogen primes on, among other things, conformity (Van Leeuwen & Petersen, 2021), political attitudes (Shook & Oosterhoff, 2020), moral sentiments (Makhanova, Plant, Monroe, & Maner, 2019), and attitudes toward immigrants (Ji, Tybur, & van Vugt, 2019). Following these null findings, the behavioral immune system literature would benefit from large-scale, registered, collaborative work using multiple priming approaches to test the same hypothesis. Such an endeavor would be valuable for multiple reasons. Like the current study, it could be used to replicate studies that used methods that, in retrospect, might not be as robust as originally assumed. It could also give an unbiased assessment of the effect sizes that researchers should expect from priming methods; such an assessment would prove valuable for future study designs. And it could indicate which of the multiple manipulations used in the literature – from images to essays to odors – give rise to the largest of such effect sizes. In sum, taking a look at the methods and results used in past behavioral immune system work can improve future developments in this area.
Contrary to previous assumptions, statistics reveal lifelong increases in religiosity - with a potential drop among the oldest old
Secularization Trends Obscure Developmental Changes in Religiosity. Wiebke Bleidorn et al. Social Psychological and Personality Science, April 29, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221076684
Abstract: How do people's religious beliefs and behaviors change over the course of adulthood? Previous research found rapid decreases in religiosity during young adulthood and rebounds in middle and late adulthood. However, secularization trends—if not accounted for—can bias or obscure age-graded changes in religiosity. Using longitudinal data from over 14,000 Dutch participants aged 16 to 101 years, we disentangled secularization trends from developmental changes in religiosity. Controlling for secularization, we found no evidence for age-graded declines in religiosity among young adults but lifelong increases in religiosity. These increases were most pronounced during middle to late adulthood, consistent with theories that emphasize the self-transcendent focus of this life stage. College-educated individuals were generally less religious and experienced less pronounced age-graded increases in their religious beliefs. These findings must be understood in the context of secularization trends as indicated by significant decreases in religiosity among people of all demographic groups.
Keywords: religiosity, lifespan, longitudinal, secularization, adult development, religious beliefs
How do people's religious beliefs and behaviors change over the course of adulthood? In this 11-wave longitudinal study, we separated developmental changes in three measures of religiosity—belief in God, religious service attendance, and praying—from secularization trends to draw a more precise picture of the lifespan trajectory of religiosity in a large, nationally representative sample from the Netherlands.
Results indicated that the average trajectory of all three religiosity measures was best captured by a quadratic curve, with increases over the course of adulthood and peak levels at about age 80 years. Consistent with national and international polling data (https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx), we also found evidence for a significant secularization trend. That is, the average Dutch person in our sample experienced significant decreases in religiosity between 2008 and 2019.
As expected, not all individuals followed these average trends. Consistent with previous research (Arnett & Jensen, 2002; McCullough et al., 2005), men and college-educated individuals were generally less religious. Moreover, age-graded increases in belief in God were less pronounced in college-educated individuals compared to individuals without college education. In contrast to our predictions, religious background and health were unrelated to overall levels or changes in religiosity.
Implications of Findings
The present findings provide important insights into the effects of age and time on religious beliefs and behaviors in a secular culture like the Netherlands. By taking into account secularization trends, we identified a different trajectory of lifespan changes in religiosity than previous studies have. Four findings stand out.
First, in contrast to studies that emphasized the loss of religion among adolescents and young adults (e.g., Desmond et al., 2010; Hayward & Krause, 2013), we found no evidence for age-graded decreases in religiosity during emerging adulthood. When taking secularization effects into account, emerging adults were relatively stable or even increased in their religious beliefs and behaviors over the course of young adulthood (Twenge et al., 2015). In other words, observed decreases in religiosity were completely explained by secularization trends in the present sample.
Second, the quadratic trajectories indicate that most of the age-graded changes in religiosity occur during middle and late adulthood. The enhanced focus on religious beliefs and behavior in middle adulthood is consistent with lifespan developmental theories that emphasize the self-transcending and reflective focus of this life stage (Freund & Baltes, 2002; McAdams, 2001). These findings also correspond with findings on personality development in middle adulthood. Changes that typically occur during this life stage tend to reflect growth toward social maturity and adjustment (Schwaba et al., 2022), as indicated by increases in conscientiousness and agreeableness—traits that have been found to be consistently related to religiosity (Entringer et al., 2021; Gebauer et al., 2014; Saroglou, 2010).
Third, the present results shed more light on religiosity development in late adulthood. Consistent with Pascal's wager and psychological theories that consider religious beliefs and behaviors as important strategies to cope with late-life challenges (Idler, 2006), we found significant increases in religiosity up until old age. A closer inspection of change among the oldest old suggests potential declines as people approach the end of their life. However, the relatively small sample of adults older than 85 and limited information about sample mortality precluded a more precise estimation of end-of-life changes in religiosity.
Fourth, with one exception, there was little evidence for moderators of lifespan changes in religiosity. Supporting previous research that found negative links between higher education and religiosity (Desmond et al., 2010), we found college-educated individuals to be less religious and experience less pronounced age-graded increases in their religious beliefs.
We note some important limitations to this study. We focused on three core aspects of the religious experience; however, there may be other components of religiosity that were not covered in the present study. The generalizability of the present findings is further constrained by the moderate time period of the study (2008–2019) and the culture in which it was conducted. The Netherlands is among the most secularized Western countries and has seen accelerated secularization trends over the past decades. More longitudinal research on religiosity on samples from diverse countries and cultures is needed to gauge the generalizability of the present findings. More research is also needed to address these fundamental questions about the causes of the age-graded changes in religiosity.
Disaggregated Keynesian Economies with an Application to the COVID-19 Crisis: Reduced effectiveness of aggregate demand stimulus
Supply and Demand in Disaggregated Keynesian Economies with an Application to the COVID-19 Crisis. David Baqaee and Emmanuel Farhi. American Economic Review, 2022, vol. 112, issue 5, 1397-1436. https://doi.org/10.3886/E152801V1
Abstract: We study supply and demand shocks in a disaggregated model with multiple sectors, multiple factors, input-output linkages, downward nominal wage rigidities, credit-constraints, and a zero lower bound. We use the model to understand how the COVID-19 crisis, an omnibus supply and demand shock, affects output, unemployment, and inflation, and leads to the coexistence of tight and slack labor markets. We show that negative sectoral supply shocks are stagflationary, whereas negative demand shocks are deflationary, even though both can cause Keynesian unemployment. Furthermore, complementarities in production amplify Keynesian spillovers from supply shocks but mitigate them for demand shocks. This means that complementarities reduce the effectiveness of aggregate demand stimulus. In a stylized quantitative model of the United States, we find supply and demand shocks each explain about one-half of the reduction in real GDP from February to May 2020. Although there was as much as 6 percent Keynesian unemployment, this was concentrated in certain markets. Hence, aggregate demand stimulus is one quarter as effective as in a typical recession where all labor markets are slack.
E12 General Aggregative Models: Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E23 Macroeconomics: Production
E24 Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
E31 Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E32 Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E62 Fiscal Policy
I12 Health Behavior
Abusers' emotional disconnection and predatory nature facilitate their ability to maintain an intimate relationship while engaging in a wide range of abuse resulting in widespread harm to others' mental health
Psychopathic traits predict the severity of post-traumatic stress in survivors of intimate partner abuse. Courtney Humeny, Adelle Forth, John Logan. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 193, July 2022, 111611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111611
Abstract: Limited research exists exploring survivors' experiences in a relationship with a psychopathic abuser and their mental health following relationship dissolution. The present study examines the specific traits and patterns of abuse that have the most profound impact on survivors' mental health. Self-identified survivors of an intimate relationship with a psychopathic abuser (N = 454; Mage = 45.5) were recruited from intimate partner abuse support websites. They were assessed for abuse experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology, and the extent to which their abuser exhibited psychopathic traits via self-report questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis revealed that abusers' psychopathic traits were predictive of survivors' PTSD symptomology. Specifically, when controlling for the duration since last contact with the abuser and relationship length, interpersonal and affective traits, and experiences of versatile forms of abuse contributed to more severe PTSD symptoms. The present findings are consistent with an emerging body of research showing that abusers' emotional disconnection and predatory nature facilitate their ability to maintain an intimate relationship while engaging in a wide range of abuse resulting in widespread harm to survivors' mental health.
Keywords: PsychopathyPsychopath survivorIntimate partner abusePost-traumatic stress disorder
"Overall, we found no evidence that people can accurately identify who is authentic"
Are You for Real? Perceptions of Authenticity Are Systematically Biased and Not Accurate. Erica R. Bailey, Aharon Levy. Psychological Science, April 28, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211056623
Abstract: Can people accurately perceive who is authentic? Laypeople believe they can tell who is authentic, and they report that authenticity is an important attribute in others (Studies 1a and 1b; N = 369). However, when we directly tested the accuracy of perceived authenticity, we found no significant correlation between self- and other-rated authenticity in two cohorts of adult students in randomly assigned teams (Studies 2 and 3; 4,040 self-other observations). In addition, we found that perceived authenticity was biased in two ways: (a) Other-rated authenticity showed a positivity bias compared with self-ratings, and (b) other-rated authenticity was biased by the rater's own authenticity. In Study 3, we also investigated authenticity meta-perceptions; although people expect their authenticity to be accurately perceived by others, their meta-perceptions did not correlate with other-rated authenticity. That is, beliefs about the visibility of one's authenticity are similarly not accurate. Overall, we found no evidence that people can accurately identify who is authentic.
Keywords: perception, individual differences, social cognition, authenticity, open data, open materials
Why hunt? Why gather? Why share? Hadza women were more likely than men to rank family-provisioning highly whereas men were more likely than women to rank skill-signaling highly
Why hunt? Why gather? Why share? Hadza assessments of foraging and food-sharing motive. Duncan N.E. Stibbard-Hawkes, Kristopher Smith, Coren L. Apicella. Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 43, Issue 3, May 2022, Pages 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.03.001
Abstract: Over the last half century, anthropologists have vigorously debated the adaptive motivations underlying food acquisition choices and food-sharing among hunter-gatherer groups. Numerous explanations have been proposed to account for high-levels of generosity in food-sharing, including self- and family-provisioning, reciprocity, tolerated theft and pro-social- or skill-signaling. However, few studies have asked foragers directly and systematically about the motivations underlying their foraging and sharing decisions. We recruited 110 Hadza participants and employed a combination of free-response, yes/no, ranking and forced-choice questions to do just this. In free-response answers, respondents typically gave outcome-oriented accounts of foraging motive (e.g., to get food) and moralistic accounts of sharing motive (e.g., I have a good heart). In ranking tasks, participants gave precedence to reciprocity as a motive for sharing food beyond the household. We found small but clear gender differences in foraging motive, in line with previous predictions: women were more likely than men to rank family-provisioning highly whereas men were more likely than women to rank skill-signaling highly. However, despite these gender differences, the relative importance of different motivations was similar across genders and skill-signaling, sharing and family-provisioning were the most important motivators of foraging activity for both men and women. Contrary to the expectations of tolerated theft, peer complaints and requests for food ranked very low. There are several compelling reasons that evolutionary thinkers, typically interested in ultimate-level adaptive processes, have traditionally eschewed direct and explicit investigations of motive. However, these data may yet provide important insights.
Keywords: Hunter-gatherersFood-sharingCostly signalingReciprocityCooperationHadza
Men prefer dimorphism in female faces more than wo...
Contrary to previous assumptions, statistics revea...
Disaggregated Keynesian Economies with an Applicat...
Abusers' emotional disconnection and predatory nat...
"Overall, we found no evidence that people can acc...
Why hunt? Why gather? Why share? Hadza women were ...


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text:
package com.att.cadi;

import java.security.Principal;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

import com.att.cadi.lur.LocalPermission;

/**
 * Class to hold info from the User Perspective.
 *
 *
 */
public final class User<PERM extends Permission> {
	private static Map<String,Permission> NULL_MAP = new HashMap<String,Permission>();
	public Principal principal;
	Map<String, Permission> perms ;
	long permExpires;
	private final long interval;
	int count;

	// Note: This should only be used for Local RBAC (in memory)
	public User(Principal principal) {
		this.principal = principal;
		perms = NULL_MAP;
		permExpires = Long.MAX_VALUE; // Never.  Well, until 64 bits of millis since 1970 expires...
		interval = 0L;
		count = 0;
	}

	public User(Principal principal, long expireInterval) {
		this.principal = principal;
		perms = NULL_MAP;
		expireInterval = Math.max(expireInterval, 0); // avoid < 1
		interval = Math.max(AbsUserCache.MIN_INTERVAL,Math.min(expireInterval,AbsUserCache.MAX_INTERVAL));
		permExpires = 0;
		count = 0;
	}

	public void renewPerm() {
		permExpires = System.currentTimeMillis()+interval;
	}

	public long permExpires() {
		return permExpires;
	}

	public boolean permExpired() {
		return System.currentTimeMillis() > permExpires;
	}

	public boolean noPerms() {
		return perms==null || perms.values().size()==0;
	}

	public void setNoPerms() {
		perms=NULL_MAP;
		permExpires = System.currentTimeMillis() + interval;
	}

	public boolean permsUnloaded() {
		return perms==null;
	}

	public synchronized void incCount() {
		++count;
	}

	public synchronized void resetCount() {
		count=0;
	}

	public Map<String,Permission> newMap() {
		return new ConcurrentHashMap<String,Permission>();
	}

	public void add(LocalPermission permission) {
		if(perms==NULL_MAP)perms=newMap();
		perms.put(permission.getKey(),permission);
	}

	public void add(Map<String, Permission> newMap, PERM permission) {
		newMap.put(permission.getKey(),permission);
	}

	public void setMap(Map<String, Permission> newMap) {
		perms = newMap;
	}

	public boolean contains(Permission perm) {
		for (Permission p : perms.values()) {
			if (p.match(perm)) return true;
		}
		return false;
	}

	public void copyPermsTo(List<Permission> sink) {
		sink.addAll(perms.values());
	}

	public String toString() {
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		sb.append(principal.getName());
		sb.append('|');
		boolean first = true;
		synchronized(perms) {
			for(Permission gp : perms.values()) {
				if(first) {
					first = false;
					sb.append(':');
				} else {
					sb.append(',');
				}
				sb.append(gp.getKey());
			}
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


FinLink is a network of quality based on the cooptation of new members.
The finlink.net application allows members to develop and manage efficiently their own network in a secure environment.
FinLink mission statement is to propose to its members a trustworthy environment to develop their business.


The Savannah Branch NAACP will hold its first Mass Meeting of 2019 on January 27, 4:00 PM at St. Paul CME Church, located at 1601 Barnard Street, Rev. Da'Henri Thurmond, Pastor.
Treasurer Lynette Hymes Members of the Executive Committee are Dr. Lester G. Jackson, Rev. Thurmond Tillman, Laura Hegstrom, Monifa Johnson, Antwan Lang, Betty Ellington, Josey Sheppard, Roy L. Jackson, Dr. Marie Miller, Bishop Willie Ferrell and Van Johnson.


text:
Ébréon is een gemeente in het Franse departement Charente (regio Nouvelle-Aquitaine) en telt 176 inwoners (1999). De plaats maakt deel uit van het arrondissement Confolens.

Geografie
De oppervlakte van Ébréon bedraagt 10,2 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 17,3 inwoners per km².

Demografie
Onderstaande figuur toont het verloop van het inwonertal (bron: INSEE-tellingen).

Externe links

Ebre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
layout: page
title: Wind Music Conference
date: 2016-05-24
author: Jordan Cowan
tags: weekly links, java
status: published
summary: Vivamus posuere nec sem sit amet porttitor. Aliquam.
banner: images/banner/office-01.jpg
booking:
  startDate: 08/11/2018
  endDate: 08/14/2018
  ctyhocn: FDRMDHX
  groupCode: WMC
published: true
---
Curabitur metus tellus, posuere nec elit ut, convallis interdum lorem. Nulla blandit interdum neque, a placerat felis faucibus eu. Suspendisse porttitor, nunc ac rhoncus viverra, diam ex vehicula ligula, ut mollis magna eros eu nisi. Praesent vel neque id eros tempor efficitur. Ut non erat neque. Vivamus sodales enim a quam pellentesque, vel dapibus enim euismod. Proin sit amet nulla erat. Vestibulum blandit nunc euismod ante accumsan lobortis. Proin hendrerit cursus semper. Donec ipsum metus, sagittis ut mattis at, tempor aliquam nulla. Sed at posuere metus. Cras in pellentesque erat, fringilla euismod est.

* Fusce fermentum nisi in pharetra interdum
* Vestibulum id dui a sem maximus hendrerit nec nec quam
* Sed nec arcu sed dui volutpat hendrerit
* Praesent eu nulla eget lectus molestie lobortis
* Cras accumsan metus vel felis sollicitudin, ut tincidunt magna fermentum
* Sed ac nibh imperdiet, commodo nunc eu, hendrerit augue.

Phasellus at leo at ipsum consectetur iaculis ut et metus. Quisque et libero sit amet est finibus tristique et vel magna. Fusce sed mattis justo. Sed velit nibh, consequat a aliquet vitae, dapibus nec dui. Integer est arcu, congue tempor purus ac, ullamcorper elementum odio. Quisque laoreet dapibus orci et dignissim. Aenean et ornare arcu. Sed ornare eros eget est pulvinar ultrices. Donec non ipsum augue. Aliquam non nunc non nunc posuere fermentum. Maecenas condimentum leo nisl, id bibendum augue porttitor vel. Donec quis condimentum metus. Nullam eget posuere eros, id pretium nibh. Nullam maximus fringilla est a euismod. Ut porta risus vitae rhoncus faucibus.


text:
Q: Using the back button from a fragment in Android I'm aiming for the following behavior.
When I am on my main activity,
If I navigate into fragment 1,
and from there, navigate into fragment 2,
then when I hit the phone's back button,
because I am on fragment 2 I am returned to the home screen, and not fragment 1.
If I had a separate button on the page, this behavior would be very easy, as I could just do:
Button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener()
{
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v)
    {
        FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
        fm.popBackStack(null, FragmentManager.POP_BACK_STACK_INCLUSIVE);
    }
});

I'm running into difficulties because I need to use the phone's own back button. I've read that the OnButtonPressed() event is only usable by an activity, not a fragment, and moving this kind of logic into the activity is proving difficult!
How can I achieve the behavior I'm after?

A: When you are adding the fragment you need to add the transaction to back stack. That means you want this transaction to be reversed when back button is pressed.
Please use the below code :
getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()
                           .add(detailFragment, "detail")
                           // Add this transaction to the back stack
                           .addToBackStack()
                           .commit();

You can find more details in :
https://developer.android.com/training/implementing-navigation/temporal.html

A: Just track the backstackcount and you can do whatever you want on the basis of count :
    @Override
    public void onBackPressed() {
        manageBackStack();
    }

    private void manageBackStack() {
        switch (getSupportFragmentManager().getBackStackEntryCount()) {
            case 1:
                //Do when count is 1
                break;
            case 2:
                //Do when count is 2
                break;
            default:
                finish();
        }
    }

Hope it will help :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


NOTE: How many fish recipes have you come across that are dedicated solely to the fly fishers palate? Probably not many, if any at all. That's why this series of recipes was developed with the help of a former first-class chef at the helm. We call it our Fly Fishing Fish Recipes series and hope you enjoy it fully. Please read on.
Generally, I have included both a quick recipe for the sportsman on the rush and one more elaborate recipe for preparation at home when time allows and a bottle of wine is nearby.
Check back frequently for new recipes and updates.
Let us know what you think by contacting us anytime, If you have a favorite recipe you'd like to add please fill out the "I've got a great fish recipe I'd like to share with the world" form below and we will be happy to publish it on our site.
Click on any fish and you will find our favorite recipes.
RAINBOW TROUT, CUTTHROAT TROUT, APACHE TROUT, ARCTIC GRAYLING, DOLLY VARDEN (Arctic Char, Bull Trout), CUTBOW TROUT, GOLDEN TROUT, BROWN TROUT, BROOK TROUT, LAKE TROUT, STEELHEAD, KING SALMON, CHUM SALMON, COHO SALMON, PINK SALMON, SOCKEYE SALMON, LARGEMOUTH BASS, SMALLMOUTH BASS, PERCH (freshwater), PEACOCK BASS, CRAPPIE, NORTHERN PIKE, WALLEYE, and MONGOLIAN TAIMEN (exotic).
SNOOK, PERMIT, SPOTTED SEA TROUT, RED DRUM (Redfish), and SAILFISH.


CORRIGAN Park, Glenavy, the middle of the Falls Park – it wouldn't matter where the latest act in the Cargin-St Gall's saga was played out tomorrow afternoon, a battle royale awaits every time these most familiar of foes go toe to toe.
Beating the Milltown men in last year's quarter-final set the wheels in motion for Cargin as they ended their nine-year wait for an Antrim SFC title, the Toome men putting to bed the memory of consecutive final defeats in the two years previous.
But coming up trumps on the big day, the championship decider rather than a dark Saturday night in Ahoghill at the start of September, represents a different challenge altogether.
As reigning county champions, the burden of expectation now rests firmly on the shoulders of the Toome side. Starting as favourites – however slight - against the highly-decorated Milltown men is unfamiliar territory for the Cargin players.
They will also know that St Gall's have been smarting for the best part of 13 months, waiting patiently for the opportunity to consign the Toome men to the role of also-rans once again, and reassert their own dominance in Antrim by landing a ninth county title in the last decade.
However, getting over the line last year has given Cargin the belief, the confidence that they can get the better of St Gall's when it matters.
Going into Ulster and putting it up to a Crossmaglen side who came so close to reaching an All-Ireland Club final was further evidence of the huge strides being made under the stewardship of former Derry boss John Brennan.
Both of tomorrow's combatants boast a serious amount of past and present inter-county talent, and could make changes from the teams that safely navigated the semi-final stage.
An ankle knock forced versatile defender Kevin O'Boyle out of Cargin's victory over St John's, while veteran Tony Scullion also played no part after undergoing knee surgery.
O'Boyle is expected to return to the starting 15 tomorrow, while Scullion has resumed training and - although unlikely to start - could feature from the bench.
Kieran Close is one of many threats in a potent Cargin forward line, the former Antrim captain in sparkling form so far as he notched 1-5 in both the drawn quarter-final and replay against Creggan before bagging another five points in seeing off the Johnnies.
Michael Magill is the focal point of the attack and St Gall's will be keen to cut out his supply line. As ever, the searing pace of Tomas McCann, allied to the attacking prowess of brothers Michael and Paul, ensures Cargin are not short of options when on the front foot.
For St Gall's, it remains to be seen whether CJ McGourty's cameo performance against Lamh Dhearg will be enough to earn him a starting berth tomorrow afternoon.
McGourty, who has recently returned from Australia, came off the bench to land four frees as the Milltown men edged past the Red Hands.
Another former Saffron star who could play a part is Aodhan Gallagher. The midfielder is currently teaching in Cardiff and played in the quarter-final win over Portglenone, although he didn't feature against Lamh Dhearg.
Like Cargin, St Gall's boast plenty of experience in the forward division in the likes of Karl Stewart, Mickey Pollock, Kieran McGourty and last year's Antrim skipper Kevin Niblock.
Indeed, right throughout their team St Gall's boss Paddy McShane can call upon men who know better than most how to win Antrim championships. Jackson McGreevy, Brendan Bradley and Conor Burke are among those who provide the impetus of youth.
Any time these two heavyweights have met in recent times, there has been little to separate them. Expect no different tomorrow.
Erin's Own boss Brennan will be hoping to maintain his undefeated record in the Antrim championship over two spells in charge of the Toome men (1999-2000 and 2015 to the present day).
Those campaigns have garnered three county titles so far and, with Cargin's superior firepower looking like giving them the edge, a fourth could be on the cards.


"Pulled into Nazareth, feeling about half past dead/ Just lookin for a place where I can lay my head"—this song, The Weight, by Robbie Robertson as performed by the Band, is an epic ballad of weariness of the road.
The road—the long winding road—has been a source of inspiration for many great folk singers, country balladeers, and classic and southern rock troubadours in American music. The Band is perhaps the greatest example of fusion of jazz, country, blues, and rock and roll, and they have had a lifetime of experience on the road to draw upon as a source of inspiration. Robertson explains in The Last Waltz, the documentary by Martin Scorsese about the Band's final concert, that the road is, and I quote, "a goddammned impossible way of life". Robertson like Woody Guthrie, Howlin' Wolf, Hank Williams, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and the Allman Brothers Band have made a life of music and the road by playing in their early days in pool halls, juke joints, gin mills, in the seemingly endless stretch of the American landscape and imagination. The road is the ultimate palette for the American songwriter.
DEAD ZONE BY CAROLINE DE LACVIVIER, IMAGINARY CITY BY ROBERT BOUCHERON, I HATE YOU BY BRONWYN DUKE, PULLED INTO NAZARETH BY WILLIAM BLICK, SICK BY AMBER CIMORELLI, THE GIRL WITH NO NAME BY LAWRENCE F FARRAR, A FIRE OF MEMORIES BY AURORA LÓPEZ CANCINO, WHAT'S HE SAYING? BY STEPHEN MANNION, LOST AND FOUND BY ARMEL DAGORN, TWISTER'S STEW BY EDWARD ALEXANDER.
I was born in Valparaíso, Chile, and started writing and singing in my head very early in my life to escape the tribulations and an internal sadness that exploded the day of the military coup on September 11, 1973. That day I was 13 and terrified. We survived 15 months of dictatorship and left the country. We lived in Japan for four years, and since then I have lived also in Europe, North America, Oceania, and Antarctica, weaving into my cultural tissue the nuances and contradictions of other landscapes and people. My ultimate dream is to grow old in a warm kitchen, a good drink in everyone's hands, sharing memories, stories, songs, and dances. Nobody alone, everyone real and connected."
A poet, photographer, some-time band manager, lives outside of Austin, Texas, where as well as writing he designs and makes furniture from rare exotic woods. He has had stories published in The Toucan Magazine, Black Lantern, Pulp Modern, and Lady Ink. "I'm over twenty thousand words into my first novel, what I would call Texas gothic."
"I have always been fascinated with empty highways. So much freedom. My imagination is stoked by gas stations, rest stops, and roadside diners. The real Americana and the best stories have been written there." Blick has stories published in Horror Bound,Twisted Dreams, Twist of Noir, Powder Burn Flash, Beat to a Pulp, Pulp Metal, Everyday Weirdness, Mysterical-e, Ascent Aspirations, Inscribed: A Magazine for Writers, Clockwise Cat, Pulp Pusher, Underground Voices, Revisions: A Queens College Zine on Writing, Scribal Tales, Alien Skin, Thrillers, Chillers N' Killers, Soul Fountain, Seven Seas Magazine, Straitjackets Magazine, and Bewildering Stories. He also writes film criticism and has published work in Senses of Cinema.
is an architect and freelance writer in Charlottesville, VA. He writes about housing, gardens, communities, and the people who build them. His academic degrees are Harvard, BA 1974 and Yale, M Arch 1978. At Harvard, he studied poetry composition with Elizabeth Bishop, and won the Sargent Prize for translation from Latin. His articles, fiction and poems have appeared in the Advocate, Albemarle, Baffler, Classical Outlook, C-Ville Weekly, Echo, Hellas, Inform, New England Review, New York Native, Northern Virginia, Piedmont Virginian, Prime Number, and Real Estate Weekly.
Born and grew up in France, and has been living in Cork, Ireland for the past few years. "I write in English, a language I enjoy much more than French." Dagorn's stories have been published in Wordlegs, The Legendary, and the Molotov Cocktail.
Has a Masters in Asian studies, and writes in Tokyo. "Everybody talks about how much they enjoy writing, how necessary it is for their lives. For me, I have stuff I want to say. Need to say."
Farrar spent 17 years in Japan as a naval officer, graduate student, and diplomat. In his final Tokyo assignment he was Ambassador Mondale's Minister for Political Affairs. A Dartmouth graduate with a Stanford degree in Japanese studies, he taught Japanese history. He lives in Minnesota with his wife, Keiko. Farrar's stories have been published in The MacGuffin, Green Hills Literary Lantern, Worcester Review, GW Review, Red Cedar Review, Straylight, Red Wheelbarrow, Evening Street Review, and New Plains Review. "I am drawn to stories of people who find themselves running up against the cultural norms of a foreign society."
went to Skidmore College where she graduated with a degree in English. She lives in Boston and edits documentaries for a media company.


You have enough windows work to get by, but there's always room for more. When you're looking for your next windows job, MyBuilder will be there with leads in Swindon that fit into your schedule.
The job was done quickly and efficiently and I am very pleased with my new door which has been very well fitted and the area left clean and clear afterwards.
Replacement of one PVC double glazed in white window (790 x 750 mm) in bedroom.
2 of my uPVC windows have locked shut (not by use of the key) and another window has a broken hinge which makes it difficult to operate.
Front door replaced to new composite front door including frame replace and viewing side window. 2 window repair/replace on existing second floor windows. Replacement of glass above internal bathroom door.
I will need 2 quotes for 2 properties and 1 door lock repair.
Thank you for your help in sorting out some of our tenants. Looking forward for more work to be done for us in Wiltshire. A++++++ all the way.
Also very reasonable. Thanks again Mike.
Hi, just bought a house and a number of sash windows are missing the cords. Some of them we can't quite open.
Excellent work. Very tidy and great quality.
Double glazed unit has condensation inside the unit so needs replacing.
The job was carried out as discussed and it was a pleasure to deal with MPB Windows, I will use them for any future work I may have.
Moisture inside window, so need a replacement positioned on first floor.
Very prompt response, attended measured and priced. Fitted a week later, as promised. Very happy with the end result.
We would need a UPVC door fitted at the rear entrance of our home. The existing wooden door needs removal.
Mike and his team did a brilliant job. Will use them again in future.
Mike was helpful reliable and flexible. Would highly recommend. Finished job on time and budget.
When a windows job is posted in Swindon, you'll get the windows lead if you are relevant for the job. You then have the choice to express interest, which is free. If the homeowner likes your profile and decides to shortlist you, contact details will be exchanged and you will get charged a small fee. The size of the fee depends on the estimated size of the windows job, which is determined by our in house team. You'll know what the fee is before you express interest.


text:
ANCA "Cans for The Cause" Collects Over 10,000 Food Items for Obama Day of Service
Mesrobian Armenian School Students from San Gabriel Valley with instructor Berj Parseghian (right) preparing their Cans for the Cause donations.
WASHINGTON–Local Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) chapters teamed up with Armenian American groups and local activists to collect over 10,000 food items for community food banks across the U.S. during National Day of Service activities spearheaded by President Barack Obama.
The ANCA's "Cans for the Cause" initiative was organized in honor of U.S. humanitarian assistance efforts for survivors of the Armenian Genocide from 1915-1923. American humanitarian assistance efforts to Armenian populations devastated in Turkey during the Hamidian massacres of 1895 and subsequently the Armenian Genocide of 1915 represented the first American Red Cross foreign humanitarian assistance campaign and was instrumental in saving countless lives.
"During the Armenian Genocide and in the aftermath of this terrible crime, Americans participated in an unprecedented humanitarian relief effort for the survivors of Ottoman Turkey's brutal campaign of race extermination," said ANCA Executive Director Aram Hamparian. "As a community we owe a tremendous debt to the generosity of the American people and strive to honor this proud chapter in U.S. history by doing our part to feed the hungry and bring hope to those facing hardship both abroad and here on our own shores."
The ANCA campaign was spread out across 20 individual food drives in 12 states, including Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Washington, DC. These efforts were part of the wider Day of Service activities, which coincided with Martin Luther King Memorial Day (January 19) and the Presidential Inauguration (January 20th). Local food drives inspired contributions from people of all ethnicities and walks of life 's committed to ending hunger. The Burbank, California drive was supported by contributions from State Assemblyman Paul Krekorian and Burbank City Council candidate Garen Yegparian.
The National Day of Service, first initiated by Congress in 1994, honors the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King by transforming the federal holiday honoring Dr. King into a national day of community service grounded in his teachings of nonviolence and social justice. Highlighting and expanding that initiative, President Obama announced the "Renew America Together" initiative, which culminated in over 13,000 community service events around the country. Community efforts, including the ANCA Cans for the Cause initiative, were highlighted on the Renew America Together website.
Local food banks have highlighted the important role that community groups play in ending hunger in our neighborhoods. Capital Area Food Bank President and CEO Lynn Brantley noted that "The food bank is seeing record numbers of people seeking food assistance and we expect to see more with the collapsing economy. Food drives play a critical role in food bank operations and during these challenging times, support from groups like the Armenian National Committee of America helps us nourish those in need and shines a light on the issue of domestic hunger."
In the week leading up to the national Day of service, ANCA "Cans for the Cause" national coordinator Garo Manjikian provided local activists with an organizing "tool kit" for local community activists and groups, which outlined the steps for program success.
"Armenian American community response to the ANCA 'Cans for the Cause' campaign was amazing, with local ANC, Armenian Youth Federation and Armenian Relief Society chapters, groups like the Heros Foundation, and activists leading the charge in their cities across the U.S.," said Manjikian. "We have been encouraged by the daily updates, photos and supportive emails from Armenia's and non-Armenia's alike and look forward to building on this initiative in the future."
Visit the ANCA Facebook page and ANCA Website for updates and photos from local "Cans for the Cause" efforts. For commen's, or to further highlight the "Cans for Cause" initiative in your area, contact national program coordinator Garo Manjikian at garo@anca.org or (202) 775-1918.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Memory News
Fatty food weighs down muscles and memory
Pumping Neurons: Exercise to maintain a healthy brain
The evidence is growing that moderate regular exercise boosts memory and other brain functions and may help prevent age-related declines.
How Parkinson's disease affects the mind
Creative healing: art therapy for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
As medical science races to cure dementia, storytelling and other creative activities promise a better quality of life for the millions already diagnosed.
Memory Tip
Medicate Your Memory
The newsletter of the Memory Disorders Project at Rutgers University
Get your FREE subscription today
Winter 2000 Summer 2000 Winter 2001 Summer 2001 Spring 2002 Summer 2002 Summer 2003 Summer 2004 Winter 2005 Autumn 2005 Winter 2007 Winter 2008 Winter 2010
Memory Tips
Current Issues Past Issues Who We Are Resources Get Involved Glossary Memory Tips
Web Sites:
www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/gwells/
The home page of eyewitness psychology researcher Gary Wells. It contains links to full text of his recent scientific publications as well as recent media coverage of eyewitness research.
eyewitnessconsortium.utep.edu
The home-page for the Eyewitness Consortium, a group of eyewitness researchers banded together to support education, training and research in eyewitness identification.
Published Articles:
"Eyewitness Testimony, " by Gary L. Wells and Elizabeth A. Olson. (Annual Review of Psychology, 2003, Volume 54, pp. 277-295).
"Distorted retrospective eyewitness reports as functions of feedback and delay," by Gary L. Wells, Elizabeth A. Olson, and Steve D. Charman. (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2003, Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 42-52).
"Under Suspicion," by Atul Gawande. (The New Yorker, January 8, 2001).


We are a group of Republican women (and men) with like-minded beliefs joined together to make a difference in our community. The JCRW work to accomplish three objectives: 1.Elect Conservative Republicans. 2. Educate and Communicate with the Electorate. 3. Increase Membership in the JCRW group and the Republican Party.
Our group meets the third Thursday of the month. Be sure to complete the online Membership Form so we can alert you via newsletter and/or post card about when and where we're meeting!
Our guest speakers talk about very important issues every month!
Third Thursday of each month at various venues tba from 6 - 8 p.m.
The WI Federation of Republican Women is pleased to host our 38th Biennial Convention in conjunction with our 2015 Fall meeting. Our convention committee has worked hard to bring you exciting speakers, new interactive training modules, tools and fresh new ideas to excite and motive your existing members and attract new members. Most important we have put together an agenda that includes time to network, have some fun and rejuvenate as we go into our 2016 elections.
Unlike in the past, we are offering a variety of participation levels in order to accommodate everyone's individual schedules. You may purchase the all-inclusive package which includes our Fall meeting with lunch and speaker and training modules; Friday evening banquet with dinner and speakers and Saturday convention including lunch and guest speakers.
Or you may purchase our Friday evening banquet and Saturday convention which dinner on Friday evening and lunch on Saturday and speakers.
And we are offering an option to purchase additional banquet tickets for your guests and spouses.
We have a few surprises - so don't miss it. We guarantee you will have a wonderful time, enjoy the programs, and most important renew and form new friendships.
Social Hour 5:15 – 6:15 p.m.
Please fill out the online Membership form below and send in payment as soon as we email you the mailing address.
Pay to the order of JCRW. Fill out form below to receive mailing address.


Charcoal grey are dominant on this Patio Extension 24 Lovely How To Pave A Garden Layout due to table below. Then warm grey & cementcolor scheme is make it perfect. Combination beetween silver, light blue grey are wraping around the room.
Below is the table contains color information of Patio Extension 24 Lovely How To Pave A Garden Layout.


This chapter focuses on the role of user models and user modelling for enhanced, personalised user support within knowledge management systems (KMSs). Personalisation can bring a utility function as well as a conviviality function with "high touch" impact for the users. From this utility and conviviality perspective, various personalised services enable KMSs to adapt their functionality, structure, and content to match the needs and preferences of users based on a user model that is stored and updated dynamically. The chapter presents a set of examples, different types of adaptations and personalised services specific to KMSs.


Haskins Garden Centre has partnered with Mansbridge Primary School to donate houseplants to the school in Swaythling.
The school business manager of Mansbridge Primary School, Elaine Brewerton, and the family inclusion support officer, Marie Moody, visited Haskins in West End on Tuesday January 22 to meet with James Varney, assistant general manager of the West End garden centre, and to collect a variety of houseplants for the school.
Mansbridge Primary School opted to position their chosen houseplants in each of the school's classrooms, offices and school reception.


text:
Content, Media and Entertainment
Patent Litigation and Counseling
Copyright and Entertainment Litigation
The National Law Journal Names Firm to 2016 "Intellectual Property Hot List"
The National Law Journal has named Jenner & Block to its 2016 "Intellectual Property Hot List," one of only 15 firms in the United States receiving this honor. This is the second consecutive year that the firm has been so recognized. The list celebrates firms that scored "big wins for clients" in key copyright, trademark and patent cases.
In its profile of the firm, The NLJ highlights the firm's successful representation of rapper Jay Z in a copyright infringement lawsuit. Plaintiff Osama Ahmed Fahmy claimed that Jay Z's hit song "Big Pimpin" infringed on a song called "Khosara, Khosara," which was composed by Fahmy's deceased uncle Baligh Hamdy in the late 1950s. The profile quotes Partner Andrew Bart, co-chair of the Content, Media & Entertainment Practice, who successfully argued that the judge should exclude references to the song's lyrics because they were irrelevant to the copyright case and could prejudice his client. The case was a "fun one to work on," Mr. Bart says.
The profile also notes the firm's patent victories over the past year for clients including Hospira Inc. and Nissan North America. "Firm attorneys are involved in litigation over cutting-edge technology now making its way into court, such as gene editing," the profile says. Partner Bradford Lyerla, co-chair of the Patent Litigation and Counseling Practice, argued for Hospira in May before an en banc US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Mr. Lyerla is quoted saying that the firm brings a high level of trial experience to the table. "Experience means not wasting time arguing over issues that won't see the light of day," he says.


text:
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Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi [Revised]
中华人民共和国人民币管理条例 [已被修订]
【法宝引证码】
Issuing authority: State Council
Document Number: Order No. 280 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Date issued: 02-03-2000
Level of Authority: Administrative Regulations
Area of Law:Banking & Finance
Revised by:Decision of the State Council on Amending Some Administrative Regulations (2014)(Issued on 07-29-2014 Effective on 07-29-2014);
Pkulaw Comments:For its changes, please refer to: Decision of the State Council on Cancellation of the Second Batch of Administrative Approval Items and Alteration the Management Mode of A Batch of Administrative Approval Items(Issued on 02-27-2003 Effective on 02-27-2003); Decision of the State Council on Matters concerning a Group of Administrative Approval Items to Be Cancelled or Delegated to Lower Levels (2014)(Issued on 01-28-2014 Effective on 01-28-2014); Decision of the State Council on a Group of Administrative Approval Items Cancelled or Adjusted and Other Matters(Issued on 10-23-2014 Effective on 10-23-2014); Decision of the State Council on Canceling 13 Administrative Licensing Items of the Departments of the State Council(Issued on
Order of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
(No. 280)
The Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi was adopted at the 24th executive meeting of the State Council on December 28, 1999. It is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of May 1, 2000.
Premier Zhu Rongji
Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 For the purpose of strengthening the administration of Renminbi (RMB), maintaining the credit standing of RMB and stabilizing the financial order, this Regulation is formulated in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China.
Article 2 The term "Renminbi" as mentioned in this Regulation refers to the currency issued by the People's Bank of China, including paper notes and coins.
Those engaged in designing, printing, issuing, circulating and retrieving RMB notes shall abide by this Regulation.
Article 3 The legal money of the People's Republic of China shall be RMB. No entity or individual may reject the RMB payment for any public or private debt within the territory of the People's Republic of China.
Article 4 The unit of RMB shall be Yuan, the units of fractional currency of RMB shall be Jiao and Fen. 1 Yuan is equal to 10 Jiao and 1 Jiao to 10 Fen.
RMB notes shall be paid according to its par value.
Article 5 The People's Bank of China shall be the competent authority of the state for the administration of RMB, which shall be responsible for organizing the implementation of this Regulation.
Article 6 All entities and individuals shall treasure RMB notes. It is forbidden to damage RMB notes or to hamper its circulation.
Chapter II Designing and Printing
Article 7 The design of a new edition of RMB notes shall be organized by the People's Bank of China, which shall be subject to approval of the State Council.
Article 8 The RMB notes shall be printed by a special enterprise designated by the People's Bank of China.
Article 9 The RMB printing enterprise shall print RMB notes according to the quality standards on RMB notes and the printing plan as formulated by the People's Bank of China.
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text:
package de.sambalmueslie.herold.model.parse;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;

public class Element {

	public Element() {
		// intentionally left empty
	}

	public Element(long id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public boolean contains(String name) {
		return values.containsKey(name);
	}

	public Optional<String> get(String name) {
		return Optional.ofNullable(values.get(name));
	}

	public long getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public Map<String, String> getValues() {
		return Collections.unmodifiableMap(values);
	}

	public void set(String name, String value) {
		values.put(name, value);
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(this, ToStringStyle.SHORT_PREFIX_STYLE);
	}

	private long id;
	/** the values by key. */
	private final Map<String, String> values = new LinkedHashMap<>();
}


text:
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How Kaine Sheppard's Foundation Helped Him Through Injury
Posted On February 20, 2020 By athossirianos
Not only has the KS Foundation assisted people with autism enjoy football, but also helped the Newcastle Jets forward escape a "frustrating" start to the season.
Sheppard sustained a rare rupture in his foot during a pre-season friendly against Sydney FC – two weeks before the launch of the A-League season which saw the 26-year-old sidelined for four months.
The injury coincided with the launch of the KS Foundation – a charity set up by Sheppard which enables people with autism to experience football in safe environments – inspired by his brother Jake's passion for the game.
In working towards building the foundation and alongside clubs around Australia to install sensory areas in stadiums for people with autism, Sheppard was able to cast his mind away from the discomfort of being sidelined with injury.
"It's always frustrating you never want to get injured especially so close to the start of the season I came back to pre-season really strong and really fit and to get such a freak injury is never ideal. But the foundation was one of the things that kept me on track and kept my mind away from football when I wasn't here," he told FNR.
"As I started [the foundation] I had just got injured so I had a lot of time to work on it, but essentially it's a safe and friendly environment in a box in a stadium where families and children with autism can come and enjoy and watch A-League games.
"My brother has autism; he used to come and watch me play every week and sometimes the lights and the noise can bring out some emotions that would set him off and sometimes he would get angry and things like that. He didn't have a place where he could go and retreat and chill out for a bit and that's what we're trying to create with these sensory rooms."
The sensory room was installed for Newcastle's home match against Adelaide United in October 2019 and has been available for use at McDonald Jones Stadium for every Jets match.
The KS Foundation has also partnered with Melbourne City for its upcoming home match against Brisbane Roar, with club set to use one of the vacant AAMI Park boxes as a sensory room.
Now fully fit, Sheppard is hoping to break back into to the Jets starting line-up – with his six appearances this season all coming off the bench.
The Jets host a Melbourne Victory outfit returning from Korea, after its defeat midweek to FC Seoul in the Asian Champions League.
It was a four-nil win to the Victory at AAMI Park the last time the two sides met – in what was ultimately Ernie Merrick's final game in charge – which new boss Carl Robinson will be determined to avoid in his second game in charge.
"I watched a little bit of their game and it would've been a tough game for them. We went to Japan last year as well so we know that it's a long trip and they've got to come straight to Newcastle," Sheppard said.
"We have to focus on what the new manager has been focusing on that in training and one of the biggest things has been defensive duties and everyone working hard and giving that extra two per cent."
Donate to the KS Foundation here: https://www.gofundme.com/f/ksfoundationau
#FNR articles #News
athossirianos
athos.sirianos@gmail.com
First year Journalism student at RMIT University. Looking to get the truth out while having a bit of fun.
W-League Crowds In Six Figures Once Again
Eugene Galekovic Caps Off Remarkable Class Of 2019
Posted On : May 9, 2019
Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha: The man who united Leicester
Posted On : October 26, 2018
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text:
The Thermal Energy Storage Solution
By ZHIWEN MA, GREG C. GLATZMAIER and CHUCK KUTSCHER	May 12, 2012
As renewable energy generation continues its rapid ramp-up — increasing more than 14 percent last year over 2010 in the United States according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration — overcoming the variability of this energy source will be critical. After all, the wind does not always blow, and the sun is not always shining.
Based on efficiency improvements of the past century, prospects are good for achieving efficiency levels that help thermal energy storage realize its promise as a reliable, site-flexible, relatively low-cost option.
Several approaches may be applicable to overcome renewable power variability: balancing production and demand through forecasting [1]; aggregating generation from different locations and renewable sources, e.g., solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower [2]; and, ultimately, storing electric energy and using it on demand. This article examines electricity storage methods that can overcome resource variation and permit baseload power generation from renewable energy. Thermal energy storage (TES), coupled to a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant, is introduced as an option not only for energy storage in CSP, but also as a means for grid storage. In such a setting, off-peak electricity is stored as thermal energy and dispatched later to produce high-value, peak-demand electricity.
Weighing the Storage Options
Figure 1. Scale of renewable energy sources relative to global energy consumption. Solar and wind energy are the largest resources, but their variability has hindered large-scale grid penetration.
Among the deployed renewable power sources, hydropower is the most direct in supplying electricity and providing dispatchable power. However, as shown in figure 1,the hydro energy resource is an order of magnitude lower than that of wind and solar. Wind technology has developed rapidly over the past decade with its competitive electricity cost, but wind's variability does not allow it to provide baseload power. Although solar heat is the most abundant renewable source, the cost of capturing it is still high, and, as with wind, generation variability has hindered large-scale penetration.
The challenge for energy developers is to reduce the capital cost of renewable technologies and improve the energy conversion processes. Renewable energy's generation variability and low energy density make it challenging to collect and match to demand. Energy storage can bridge this gap by providing energy continuously and on demand.
Electricity from the grid is usually produced on demand or as needed, without storage ability. However, energy storage is already used in transportation, mobile power and distributed generation (DG). DG can be connected to a grid, or just provide power to a stand-alone load. This article presents energy storage technologies in utility-scale power backup and for renewable grid integration.
As renewable electricity generation technologies are deployed on an increasingly large scale, storage will be required to abate variability. Several electricity storage methods are available, and many others are under development [3]. Of these methods, thermal energy can drive mechanical, chemical and electric processes for power generation, and is also easy to store and retrieve.
For variable generation like wind and solar power, electric storage provides a reliable and uninterruptible power supply, reduces the need for spinning reserve (online reserve capacity synchronized with the grid and available within a few minutes) and helps meet peak power demands from the grid. In short-term electric storage, discharging electricity from storage can smooth grid fluctuations and improve power quality.
Table 1 lists three types of energy storage applications — power quality, distributed generation and bulk energy storage — and specifies their power and storage capacity ranges. Utility-scale power is of the same scale as bulk energy storage [3], defined by a power rating of 10 to 1,000 megawatts (MW) and a storage capacity of 10 to 8,000 megawatt-hours (MWh). Bulk energy storage has several benefits:
Addresses variability and defers transmission congestion
Firms up and enhances the value of renewable energy generation
Reduces the amount of central power generation capacity needed for peak and baseload demand, and
Reduces time-of-use energy costs
Table 2 compares different storage methods with their applicable scales: batteries (lead-acid, lithium-ion and sodium sulfur), reversible fuel cells, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), flywheels, compressed-air energy storage (CAES) and pumped hydro storage (PHS). Energy storage typically converts electricity to another form of energy that is easily stored for later generation. The most direct methods of electricity storage store chemical or electrical potential in a battery or capacitor, or, in the case of SMES, transform electricity into an electromagnetic field. Other energy storage methods convert electric energy into forms of mechanical energy, as in flywheels, PHS and CAES. Although the major electric storage technologies focus on the above methods, this article adds thermal energy storage as a means to provide electric energy storage [4].
The storage capacity for each method depends on the amount of the storage medium and its cost. Batteries, flywheels and SMES need chemicals and/or metals as storage carriers, which add expense, especially when exotic materials are used. Their value for small-capacity power quality and distributed generation is high, and is not measured by the storage cost, but rather by the ability to deliver electricity in seconds or minutes and to prevent power glitches. For this reason, the need for power quality may justify high-cost storage methods at lower power capacities. On the other hand, utility-scale storage may directly compete with the cost of conventional spinning-reserve power generation and is cost-sensitive. The storage media for CAES and PHS are air and water, respectively, which are essentially free. Therefore, CAES and PHS are suitable for storing large amounts of electricity, and their capacity may be limited only by the size of the storage space (cavern or reservoir) that is geographically available.
Thermal energy is stored as a form of internal energy that includes both sensible (associated with a change of temperature) and latent (associated with a change of phase) heat. It is generally easy and inexpensive to store, but it does not convert directly to electricity as with the electrochemical or electromagnetic methods. Instead, TES relies on thermal electric generation to convert the thermal energy back to electricity. Unlike other electric storage devices, the downstream conversion of electricity to thermal energy can be 100 percent by Joule heating (whereby passage of current through an electrical resistance releases heat). However, the conversion of thermal energy back to electricity is limited by the thermal energy quality (which depends on temperature) and the associated power conversion efficiency. Therefore, one key to enabling thermal energy for electricity generation is to improve the thermal cycle efficiency. Based on efficiency improvements over the past century, there are several prospects for achieving high-efficiency TES that promise reliable and relatively low-cost electricity.
Comparison of the Storage Technologies and TES as a Means for Electric Energy Storage
In selecting storage technologies one must consider each storage capability at its power rating, storage capacity, performance in terms of total roundtrip efficiency, lifetime, reliability, ease of installation and cost. Power rating and storage capacity determine the scale of the storage application. The other factors affect economic benefits.
Figure 2. Storage power rating and energy capacity comparison for various storage types.
Figure 2 illustrates storage technologies on power rating and capacity scales. The technologies in the lower-left quadrant — batteries, electrochemical capacitors, flywheels and SMES — serve short-term electricity storage needs for power quality and distributed generation.
For long-term bulk energy storage and stationary generation, CAES and PHS are broadly accepted. TES can achieve the same power rating and storage capacity as CAES and PHS by expanding the plant size as needed. The power rating of existing and planned CSP plants ranges from 50 to 300 MWe. Similar to CAES and PHS, CSP plants with TES have an expected life of 30 to 40 years, which is more than three times longer than the lifetime of electrochemical methods, resulting in long-term benefits and lower life-cycle cost.
Figure 3. Comparison of roundtrip efficiency for energy storage methods.
Figure 3 shows storage performance in terms of roundtrip efficiency for typical storage technologies. Energy storage efficiency is a metric that accounts for the net electricity delivered from the storage system relative to the amount of electricity put into the storage system. Electric storage efficiency often excludes electricity generation and transmission efficiencies from the original power sources. From the metrics of power rating and storage capacity in figure 2, utility-scale energy storage favors PHS, CAES and TES. This article will focus on comparing the performance of those three storage methods in renewable applications. PHS is a well-known, highly efficient, long-term and large-scale energy storage method. PHS stores potential energy in the form of water, pumped from a lower-elevation reservoir to a higher-elevation reservoir, and released through power-generating turbines during high-demand periods. However, PHS development requires suitable geological conditions, large investment and extensive environmental assessment.
The efficiency of CAES and PHS storage methods can be affected by the geological configuration and method of operation. In a conventional CAES arrangement, the air in a cavern or container is heated during compression and cools in a storage container. The compressed air cools further as it expands to drive a turbine, and fuel (typically natural gas) is burned to heat the air back to the turbine inlet temperature. If there is no compression heat recovery or heat recuperation from the turbine exhaust, the net energy efficiency of CAES can be 40 to 50 percent [5]. To save fuel and improve efficiency, TES may be incorporated in an adiabatic CAES system. In an adiabatic CAES configuration (that is, one in which no heat is gained or lost by the system), heat from the compressed air is transferred to a thermal storage device and then reused to preheat the turbine inlet air, thereby minimizing or even eliminating the need for natural gas heating. In this configuration, adiabatic CAES may achieve an energy-usage efficiency of 50 to 70 percent.
As shown in figure 3, TES can have a thermal-to-thermal conversion efficiency of 95 to 99 percent in a well-insulated container. The roundtrip efficiency of TES for electricity storage is limited by the thermal-power conversion efficiency, which usually ranges from 30 to 60 percent, depending on the power cycle. From the perspective of energy usage, TES for electricity storage can have an efficiency comparable to that of conventional CAES [4]. A further step to boost the electricity generation efficiency is to apply "exergy uphold" — a unique method that may be possible for CSP plants with TES. This entails charging thermal storage at a high temperature level, for instance above 400°C (752°F), and keeping the low-grade heat of below 400°C in CSP generation to cushion the low-end thermal energy. In this operating mode, TES for CSP keeps discharging the temperature higher than the cold storage temperature. By superposing electric heat on top of the CSP TES level, the stored energy from electricity maintains its high exergy level (i.e., its capacity to produce electric power). High-grade energy has the ability to convert back into electricity more effectively, and achieves high electricity-to-electricity efficiency through augmenting the prior low-end thermal energy residing in the CSP TES system.
Selecting an appropriate energy storage technology is a multifaceted process, involving economics, power requirements, storage capacity, reliability, lifetime and efficiency. A proper choice will add value to the electric grid operation and enable renewable energy to provide baseload power. Low-cost, high-performance TES is currently being developed under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CSP Program. Last year, DOE launched the SunShot Initiative, which aims at lowering solar power generation cost to be on par with conventional power plants (approximately 6 cents per kilowatt-hour by 2020). The realization of the DOE SunShot goal can enable broad deployment of CSP power generation via high electric conversion efficiency and high-performance TES that can provide additional use for bulk energy storage. Unlike the geological requirements of CAES and PHS, TES is not restricted by site, making it possible to co-locate with photovoltaic (PV) or wind farms to alleviate transmission load with firming renewable power. Under this scenario, TES as a part of a CSP plant can serve broader renewable energy storage at virtually no additional cost, as the TES cost is paid for upfront by the CSP plant. TES can also be integrated into the grid for electricity storage. Figure 4 shows a scenario for mixed renewable and conventional power production with TES electricity storage. Under this grid structure, off-peak wind, PV and conventional electric generation can be stored in the CSP TES facility by electric heating, and the stored thermal energy then converts back to electricity to serve the peak demand.
Figure 4. A scenario of renewable energy integrated with storage as baseload power.
Advances in CSP technology under the SunShot Initiative may drive up thermal power conversion efficiency to possibly more than 50 percent, making the electric energy storage efficiency potentially competitive with conventional CAES. Meanwhile, the SunShot Initiative should bring down TES costs significantly. By incorporating essentially free electric storage inherent in a CSP plant's TES into the renewable power generation system, TES will increase the wind and PV penetration into the grid, and make renewable baseload power possible. In conclusion, TES can be one of several electricity storage methods that can address the variability of renewable energy generation, thus allowing renewables to achieve large-scale grid penetration.
Zhiwen Ma, Ph.D. (zhiwen.ma@nrel.gov), is a senior engineer in the Concentrating Solar Power Group at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and previously worked on aircraft engines for GE Aviation. He now works on CSP system analysis, advanced power cycles and thermal energy storage.
Greg Glatzmaier, Ph.D. (greg.glatzmaier@nrel.gov), joined NRE L's Solar Thermal Program in 1987, where he demonstrated a new concentrating solar technology and, with Coors Ceramics, developed a high-temperature materials synthesis process. In 1997 he launched a private R&D company to develop spacecraft fluid compressor designs and feedback controls for NASA and the U.S. Air Force. Back at NREL since 2007, Glatzmaier
now manages advanced heat-transfer and thermal-storage work.
Chuck Kutscher, Ph.D. (chuck.kutscher@nrel.gov), joined NREL in 1978 and is a principal engineer and group manager of the Thermal Systems Group, leading R&D for parabolic troughs. He is chair of the World Renewable Energy Forum 2012, served as chair of the American Solar Energy Society for 2000–2001 and was general chair of its SOLAR 2006 conference. Kutscher edited the ASES report, Tackling Climate Change in the U.S., and writes a column on climate change for SOLAR TODAY.
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The authors thank Allison Gray for her input, Devonie McCamey and Raymond David at NREL for publication and graphic support.
[1] Melinda Marquis, Steve Albers and Betsy Weatherhead, "For Better Integration, Improve the Forecast," SOLAR TODAY, September/October 2011.
[2] Chuck Kutscher, "Does Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Require Massive Electric Storage?" SOLAR TODAY, March 2010.
[3] U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability, "Energy Storage Program Planning Document," energy.gov/oe/technology-development/energy-storage, February 2011.
[4] Zhiwen Ma, Greg Glatzmaier and Chuck Kutscher, Thermal Energy Storage and its Potential Applications in Solar Thermal Power Plants and Electricity Storage," ASME ES2011, Washington, D.C., August 2011.
[5] Bent Sorensen, "Renewable Energy Conversion, Transmission, and Storage," Academic Press, November 2007.


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Q: python can declare global variable in local scope? python can declare global variable in local scope?
It works:
def main():
    # do some... for files varible
    for file in files:
       result = func(file)
    print result

I can't understand.
Somebody tell me why result can be seen outside the for loop.
Thanks you.

A: for statements do not start a new scope. Only modules, class declarations, and function definitions start a new scope.

A: I don't see a global variable declaration. result is a local variable, as is file. Are you talking about files? That looks like a global variable, but I don't see it declared locally.
Update based on @DSM's helpful comment:
If you are talking about result as being declared locally inside the for-loop, it doesn't work that way in Python, the for-loop doesn't create a local scope.

A: If you a function uses assignment = or augemnted assignemnt (i.e. +=) then the variable is considered local by default. However, if you want to make the assignments global use the global keyword.
foo = 2
def bar():
    foo = 3 # foo is locally defined here

def car():
    global foo
    foo = 4 # foo is globally reassigned here

bar() # foo is still 2
car() # foo is now 4