text:
'Mental capital', neuroscience and early intervention
2016, Articles, Issue 34
Hilary Rose and Steven Rose
In 2008, on the very cusp of the banking crash, the Labour government published a Foresight Report entitled Mental Capital and wellbeing: making the most of ourselves in the 21st century. The Report's headline assertion is unequivocal: 'Countries must learn how to capitalise on their citizens' cognitive resources if they are to prosper, both economically and socially. Early intervention will be the key.' Unsurprisingly, its central concept of Mental Capital is close kin to the Human Capital theory of the Chicago school of economics and emphasises the non-material dimensions for economic growth. The theory has long influenced education policies in the OECD countries; the innovation in Foresight and for UK policy is the turn to neuroscience as providing the scientific basis for early intervention.
Mental Capital is both a property of the individual and of the nation. For Foresight, 'the idea of capital naturally (sic) sparks association with ideas of financial capital and it is both challenging and natural (sic) to think of the mind in this way'. Who, its rhetoric more than hints, can go against 'nature'? Look after the accumulation of mental capital from babyhood onwards of disadvantaged children and they and the national mental capital and economic growth will flourish.
In 2008, the same year as Foresight, Labour MP Graham Allen and Tory MP Iain Duncan Smith published a joint report advocating neuroscience based early intervention for disadvantaged children. Two years later, David Cameron, the incoming Prime Minister, set out the case for a counter-revolution in social policy. Enhancing the quality of parenting, he claimed, was key to lifting children out of poverty, though it wasn't until 2015 that the new Conservative government was free to develop their programme of replacing welfare by the moral policing of the poor so as to control their 'entrenched worklessness, family breakdown, problem debt, and drug and alcohol dependency.' The Charity Organisation Society couldn't have said it better. Reneging on their own Child Poverty Act and redefining the concept of poverty were essential next steps. No longer was poverty to be measured by relative income, but by relative lack of mental capital such as low educational achievement.
The Allen Reports
By 2011, with Duncan Smith Coalition Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Allen had produced two more reports (here and here). Both front covers feature MRI images of two brains, the one described as that of a normal three year old, the other, much smaller, labelled 'extreme neglect.'
Both are brilliant propaganda, exploiting the power of brain images to convince. The reports claim that the first three years of life permanently shape a child's cognitive, social and emotional future, and that proper parenting over these years is crucial. Get things wrong, and the child's brain will not grow properly, and negative consequences will follow: get them right, and huge benefits flow. To secure these potential gains the State should intervene in the interests of the child's mental capital and hence the growth of the economy. The cover of the second report highlights these claims by placing alongside the MRI images a pile of gold bars variously labelled 'low attainment, benefits, failed relationships, poor parenting, drink and drug abuse, teen pregnancy, violent crime and shorter life' – the heavy costs to the tax-payer of failure to intervene.
Early Intervention, implemented by social workers and health visitors trained in neuroscience methods that will enhance cognitive and emotional development, fits neatly within this changed concept of poverty. By his second report, Allen waxes euphoric; there will be massive savings to the public sector finances, fewer prisons will be needed, and the structural deficit could even be eliminated. But the programmes will need resources. And here, in a move guaranteed to appeal to a government committed to privatisation and the small state, Allen proposes that his programmes be funded either through the voluntary sector, or through specific outcome-based contracts to private providers. Small wonder that his reports were commended by organisations ranging from accountants PriceWaterhouseCoopers through Portland Capital and Goldman Sachs to the Metropolitan Police.
Allen's reports each ended with the proposal to establish an Early Intervention Foundation, and indeed, by 2013 the Foundation had been recognised as an independent charity with him as its Chair. A quick look at a few of its most recent publications suggests that the public sector, ESRC, Home Office, DES and the Cabinet Office, along with one charity, is funding the research stage. So it looks as if the self-financing early intervention programme has yet to start.
The appeal to neuroscience
For Allen, the first three years are 'far and away the greatest period of growth in the human brain…synapses in a baby's brain grow 20-fold from having some10 trillion at birth to 200 trillion at age 3.' It is the period over which a baby attaches to its mother, and the secure environment that this provides, is the substrate for full cognitive and emotional development. His reports were soon followed by others, notably The 1001 Critical Days, sponsored by the Wave Trust and the NSPCC and endorsed by a cross-party group of MPs. 1001s research base improves on Allen's time frame, recognising that the nutritional status of the woman at conception has powerful predictive value for the health and wellbeing of the child. It then draws on attachment theory to emphasise that a baby's social and emotional development depends on the quality of their attachment to their primary care givers. Further, a foetus or baby exposed to toxic stress can, it asserts, have their responses to stress distorted in later life. Such stress arises if the mother is suffering from 'depression or anxiety…a bad relationship… bereavement.' The implications are clear; 'Ensuring that the brain achieves its optimum development and nurturing during this peak period of growth is therefore vitally important, and enables babies to achieve the best start in life.' If the mother/caregiver cannot/does not give such support during this critical period, the damage will be virtually irreversible.
All the elements of the appeal to neuroscience are thus in place – critical periods, brain growth, synapse number, stress, cortisol levels – plus attachment theory with its focus on the relationship between the child and the primary care-giver. The appeal is certainly there; the question is whether the neuroscience supports it.
Neuroscience, Development and Early Intervention
What of the neuroscience behind Allen's and the 1001 Days reports? As they emphasise, a baby is born with a lot of brain growth still to do, and much of this post-natal increase reflects the growth of connections (synapses) as the brain wires itself up in an unrolling developmental sequence, with different regions growing at different rates as they 'come on line'. The Early Intervention assumptions are that: (1) the more synapses the better; (2) poor environments in these critical years permanently reduce synapse number and the brain doesn't wire up properly; (3) there are critical (or sensitive) periods in brain development, especially, (4), for proper attachment bonds to be formed between care-giver (mother) and infant; (5) 'Toxic stress' at this early period has lasting consequences for later development. Neither of the first two is supported by the neuroscientific evidence; the third, fourth and fifth oversimplify very complex relationships between the child's developing brain and their social and environmental context.
We cannot here discuss this evidence in detail – it can be found in our book, Can Neuroscience Change our Minds (2016) – but will focus on just two, the MRI pictures and toxic stress.
The origins of those MRI images of normality and neglect
Returning to those dramatic MRI images on the covers of the Allen reports and extensively replicated, comparing a 'normal' three year old versus one suffering from 'extreme neglect.' Their source turns out to be an unrefereed poster presentation by Bruce Perry, of the Child Trauma Academy in Houston, Texas at the 1997 meeting of the American Society for Neuroscience.(1) The images Allen uses are the only ones in the Perry paper, and they show such an extreme difference – far more dramatic for example, than those of children rescued from Romanian orphanages in the 1990s (2) – as to make further questions as to their origin imperative. So we asked Dr Perry. He replied in an email to us in April 2014 that they had not published this 'initial set of observations' and that it had 'become clear that due to a variety of factors, we were really unable to conclude much more than 'severe neglect impacts brain development.' The tremendous variability in the 'nature, timing, pattern of abuse/neglect … led to such a heterogeneous sample' that they needed to develop methods to 'better interpret any biomarker or neuroimaging data.'
Nonetheless the Report with its MRI brain images has been widely distributed to public health officers as if they were "good science." Perry's influence and his brains have entered UK private sector training programmes such as the Solihull Approach, which offers early intervention courses for social workers, health visitors, nurses and parents. Kid's Company also used them in its advertising.
Stress and cortisol
Stress is notoriously difficult to define. A little is necessary to respond effectively to the daily challenges of life, too much over too long a period can leave some unable to act at all. And there are huge differences in individual responses. What is a good and helpful level of stress for one person may be debilitating for another. It's been known since the 1950s from experiments in rodents and monkeys that acute stress in infancy, including what was described as deprivation of maternal care, can have lasting physiological and biochemical consequences, affecting resilience and susceptibility to disease in later life. How far the effects of these extreme experiments can be extended to humans, with our extraordinary capacity for plasticity, of transcending such seeming determinism, is uncertain.
Key to Allen, 1001 days and related programmes is the link between stress and a hormone, cortisol, secreted by the adrenal glands. Cortisol has multiple effects across the body, from regulating blood sugar, salt and water balance to learning and memory. Blood levels of cortisol vary through the day, being highest in the morning, lowest at night, and also across the life cycle from infancy to old age. Furthermore, the levels are quite labile; stress, from the need to meet a sudden challenge, to chronic anxiety and life hazards, all increase cortisol levels at least briefly. Any single measurement is not very informative because of the daily variation, but it's been found that cortisol accumulates in hair. Hair grows at a centimetre a month, so the cortisol content of that centimetre could be seen as an index of the level of a person's stress over that month. So some of the Early Intervention protocols propose routine sampling of a baby's hair to provide an index of chronic stress, thus providing a biomarker for 'toxic stress.' However because there are large individual differences in cortisol levels between individuals – 'baseline levels' measured mid-morning, may vary fivefold between one person and another, and across different populations –a direct correlation between cortisol in hair and stress levels is hard to make. Exposure to the blue light emitted by electronic devices from smart phones and computers, especially late at night affect cortisol levels and intellectual functioning the following day. Very high levels are associated with endocrine diseases such as Cushing's syndrome, very low levels with other diseases.
The Early Interventionists tend to ignore such complexities; setting aside individual differences, they assert that high cortisol levels are indicative that an infant has been subject to 'toxic' stress as a result of an unsupportive environment. One popular book on the reading list for such programmes, Sue Gerhardt's Why Love Matters (2004) goes so far as to refer to it as 'corrosive cortisol.' Measuring cortisol levels as an index of 'toxic' stress, is not dissimilar to looking for a lost key under the street light because nothing can be seen in the darkness.
The doom-laden language of the Early Interventionists continues to imply that a child's destiny is fixed within these first three years of brain growth and synaptic proliferation, and that poor parenting results in the child's failure to form secure attachment, with dire consequences both for the child and economic growth. The alarmist claims about rates of brain growth, synapse numbers, sensitive periods and cortisol levels are at best a bridge too far, at worst reliant on ideologically-driven, bad or over-interpreted science.
Inequality, mental capital and neuroscience
Above all they ignore the consequences for brain development and mental capital of the growing inequalities of a society of the 1% obscenely rich and the 99% of the rest. Missing is any recognition of the structural links between a globalised capitalism and intensifying inequality. Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett's 2009 book, The Spirit Level, demonstrates the socially destructive impact of such inequality on health and wellbeing. The impact is not confined to the poor and the poorest, where parents have no certainty whether they can put a meal on the table for their children, or older people to heat their homes, but to the very fabric of society. Inequality, as Wilkinson and Pickett insist, carries severe and widespread social costs, which can only be met by structural change, about which neuroscience has nothing to say.
Rutter, M. et al (1999) Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 4, 537-549.
Gerhardt, S. (2004) Why Love Matters, Routledge, 2004
Hilary Rose is a sociologist and emerita professor at Bradford University, Steven Rose is emeritus professor of neuroscience at the Open University. Their new book, Can Neuroscience Change our Minds? (Polity), is just published.


ATLANTA - Zoe Renee on Good Day Atlanta: She grew up in Fayetteville, Georgia and daughter of Arrested Development's frontman Todd "Speech" Thomas. She decided follow her passion for acting and started auditioning eventually landing a role on BET's "The Quad." She is now scheduled to appear in her firt movie "JINN." Zoe Renee stops by Good Day Atlanta to talk to Sharon Lawson about her latest achievements and to give a preview of "JINN," which is released digitally November 16, 2018.
Miss Georgia Katerina Rozmajzl is getting prepared for the Miss USA pageant.
She stopped by Good Day Atlanta before heading off to Reno, Nevada for the big event that will air on FOX 5 Atlanta.
For more information on the Miss USA Pageant click here.
She's a local radio personality on Majic 07.5/97.5 and a fitness guru providing midday motivation for listeners across Atlanta. Maria More talks to Good Day Atlanta's Sharon Lawson about ways to track your fitness beyond the scale.
For more on Maria More click here.
For more information on Majic 107.5/97.5 click here.
Easter is just around the corner and getting prepared for the holiday is essential. Event stylist Jennifer Shields, from Simple Details Design stops by Good Day Atlanta with several ideas to celebrate Easter with an Egg Hunt Brunch.
She includes tips for an egg hunt for kids and then offers ideas for a brunch drink stations, including a coffee bar and mimosa bar. When it comes to food she says to make it easy and fun and set up a bagel bar with sweet and savory options.
As for the Easter egg hunt, she reccomends to count your eggs before you hide them, fill the eggs with alternatives to candy and she also encurages to make sure your pets are inside or the eggs may broken and eaten before the actual hunt.


(4) pieces This outstanding slide bolts crafted of hand-forged wrought iron is popular on cabinets, doors, armoires and gates. It's protected by our proprietary rust-fighting RSF finish (in a sleek matte black) that keeps you lock strong and your stuff safe. Slide bolts are a great low-tech security method that can't be picked, hacked or tricked. Mounting hardware included.


text:
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Xml.Serialization;

namespace DtronixModeler.Generator.Ddl
{
    public partial class Table
    {

        public void Rename(Database database, string new_name)
        {
            string old_name = nameField;
            // Update associations
            foreach (var association in database.Association)
            {
                var assoc_ref = association.ReferencesTable(this);
                if (assoc_ref != Association.Reference.None)
                {
                    if (assoc_ref == Association.Reference.R1)
                    {
                        association.Table1 = new_name;
                        if (association.Table1Name == old_name)
                        {
                            association.Table1Name = new_name;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        association.Table2 = new_name;
                        if (association.Table2Name == old_name)
                        {
                            association.Table2Name = new_name;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            Name = new_name;

        }

    }

    public partial class Database
    {
        [XmlIgnore] public bool _Modified;

        [XmlIgnore] public string _FileLocation;

        //[XmlIgnore] public TreeViewItem _TreeRoot;

        private bool initialized = false;

        public T GetConfiguration<T>(string property)
        {
            Initialize();

            property = property.ToLower();
            foreach (var config in configurationField)
            {
                if (config.Name == property)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        return (T) Convert.ChangeType(config.Value, typeof(T));
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        return default(T);
                    }
                }
            }

            throw new Exception("Configuration not set for the property " + property);
        }

        public T GetConfiguration<T>(string property, T default_value)
        {
            Initialize();

            property = property.ToLower();
            foreach (var config in configurationField)
            {
                if (config.Name == property)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        return (T) Convert.ChangeType(config.Value, typeof(T));
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        return default_value;
                    }
                }
            }

            SetConfiguration(property, default_value);

            return default_value;
        }

        public void SetConfiguration(string property, object value)
        {
            SetConfiguration(property, value, true);
        }

        public void SetConfiguration(string property, object value, bool override_value)
        {
            SetConfiguration(property, value, override_value, null);
        }

        public void SetConfiguration(string property, object value, bool override_value, string description)
        {
            Initialize();
            Configuration existing_config = Enumerable.FirstOrDefault<Configuration>(configurationField, config => config.Name == property);

            if (existing_config == null)
            {
                configurationField.Add(new Configuration()
                {
                    Name = property,
                    Value = value.ToString(),
                    Description = description
                });

            }
            else if (override_value)
            {
                existing_config.Value = value.ToString();
                existing_config.Description = description;
            }
        }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            if (initialized == false)
            {
                initialized = true;

                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ContextClass))
                {
                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Name))
                    {
                        ContextClass = "DatabaseContext";
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ContextClass = Name + "Context";
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        public Association[] GetAssociations(string table)
        {
            return GetAssociations(Enumerable.FirstOrDefault<Table>(tableField, t => t.Name == table));
        }

        public Association[] GetAssociations(Table table)
        {
            if (table == null)
            {
                return null;
            }
            var table_associations =
                Enumerable.Where<Association>(associationField, association => association.Table1 == table.Name ||
                                                                     association.Table2 == table.Name);

            if (table_associations == null || table_associations.Count() == 0)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return table_associations.ToArray();
        }
    }

    public partial class Association
    {

        public enum Reference
        {
            R1,
            R2,
            None
        }

        [XmlIgnore]
        public string DisplayName
        {
            get
            {
                string card1 = (Table1Cardinality == Cardinality.Many) ? "[*]" : "[1]";
                string card2 = (Table2Cardinality == Cardinality.Many) ? "[*]" : "[1]";
                return Table1Name + " (" + Table1 + "." + Table1Column + ") " + card1 + " <-> " + card2 + " " +
                       Table2Name + " (" + Table2 + "." + Table2Column + ")";
            }
        }

        public Column GetReferenceColumn(Database database, Reference reference)
        {
            string table_name = (reference == Reference.R1) ? table1Field : table2Field;
            string column_name = (reference == Reference.R1) ? table1ColumnField : table2ColumnField;

            var table = Enumerable.FirstOrDefault<Table>(database.Table, t => t.Name == table_name);
            if (table == null)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return Enumerable.FirstOrDefault<Column>(table.Column, c => c.Name == column_name);
        }

        public Reference ReferencesTable(Table table)
        {
            if (table1Field == table.Name)
            {
                return Reference.R1;

            }
            else if (table2Field == table.Name)
            {
                return Reference.R2;

            }
            else
            {
                return Reference.None;
            }
        }

        public Reference ReferencesTableColumn(Table table, string column_name)
        {
            var ref_table = ReferencesTable(table);
            if (ref_table == Reference.None)
            {
                return Reference.None;

            }
            else if (ref_table == Reference.R1 && Table1Column == column_name)
            {
                return Reference.R1;

            }
            else if (ref_table == Reference.R2 && Table2Column == column_name)
            {
                return Reference.R2;

            }
            else
            {
                return Reference.None;
            }
        }

    }

    public partial class Column
    {

        public void Rename(Database database, string new_name)
        {

            Table table = Enumerable.FirstOrDefault<Table>(database.Table, t => t.Column.Contains(this));
            if (table == null)
            {
                return;
            }

            // Rename associations.
            foreach (var association in database.Association)
            {
                var assoc_ref = association.ReferencesTableColumn(table, nameField);
                if (assoc_ref != Association.Reference.None)
                {
                    if (assoc_ref == Association.Reference.R1)
                    {
                        association.Table1Column = new_name;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        association.Table2Column = new_name;
                    }
                }
            }

            Name = new_name;
        }

        public void PostRename(Database database, string old_name)
        {
            // Undo the change and don't notify the property listeners.
            var new_name = nameField;
            nameField = old_name;
            Rename(database, new_name);
        }
    }

    public partial class Index
    {

        /// <remarks/>
        [XmlIgnore] public Table Table;
    }
    /*
    public partial class Configuration
    {
        [XmlIgnore] private Visibility visibilityField;

        [XmlIgnore]
        public Visibility Visibility
        {
            get { return visibilityField; }
            set
            {
                if ((visibilityField.Equals(value) != true))
                {
                    visibilityField = value;
                    OnPropertyChanged("Visibility");
                }
            }
        }
    }*/
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
English or Dutch in origin. Middle English for "glad."
Joseph Root and Hannah Benton
Joseph Root was born in 1693 in Farmington, Connecticut. In 1711-1716 he married Hannah Benton. They had the following children: Lydia, Samuel, Thankful, Hannah, Joseph, Mary, Benjamin, and Temperance.
In his last will and testament, Joseph identifies himself as "being rifted with a distemper of body which may prove mortal."1 He lists in his will the following children: oldest son, Samuel Root, Thankful North, Marah Smith, Lydia Root, Temperance Root, and Joseph Root. It is Joseph, his son, that Joseph the elder makes his executor. To his "dearly and well beloved wife" Hannah, Joseph leaves her one third of his personal estate and one third of his real estate.2 To Samuel Root, his oldest son, he leaves five pounds and what he has already received.3 To his oldest daughter, Thankful, he left her one hundred and fifty pounds in "old tenor" which he wanted paid to her one year after his death.4 The reference to "old tenor" throughout the will is a reference to the currency of the colony; specifically, old tenor was a currency used in the Massachusetts Bay colony, but it is not unlikely that a currency slang was used in other colonies (i.e. Connecticut).5 Joseph Root also left his daughter Marah Smith ten shillings and what she had already been given, to his daughter Lydia root he gave her one hundred and fifty pounds, to his youngest daughter Temperance Root he gave her one hundred and fifty pounds to be paid when she turned eighteen years old.6 To Joseph Root he left him the remainder of his personal and real estate.7
The oldest son of Joseph and Hannah Root, Samuel, died at the age of 31 in 1747, the same year his father died. In his will he describes himself as having a "distemper of the body which hath proved mortal to many."8 Both Joseph Root and Samuel Root made their wills the same day - October 12, 1747.9 Samuel mentions no wife in his will, but he did leave to his "loving sister" Hannah fifty pounds to be given one year after his death. 10 To his sister Lydia he left her fifty pounds.11 To his sister Temperance he left her fifty pounds which she would receive after she turned eighteen years old.12 Samuel's remaining property was left to Joseph, his brother, whom he made the executor of his estate.13
Joseph's daughter, Thankful, married Nathaniel North. Thankful died in 1747, in November, at the age of 30.
Hannah married Gideon Griswold, a witness of Joseph's will, and they had five children: Elijah, Samuel, Ashbel, Hannah, and Lydia.14
Samuel Hutchison and Lydia Root
Lydia married Samuel Hutchison. Samuel had been born about 1666. They had four children: John, Rebecca, Samuel, and Mary. After Samuel's death, around 1747, Lydia married Moses Andrews who had been born in 1722. Moses Andrews had been appointed the guardian of the Hutchison children before Samuel's death.14 Lydia and Moses had one son, Joseph in 1751.
1. Probate records, 1649-1932; Connecticut Probate Court (Hartford District); Probate Place: Hartford, Connecticut. Connecticut, Wills and Probates, 1609-1999. Ancestry.com, Ancestry.com Operations Inc. 2015 Provo, UT, USA.
2. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. "The 'Old Tenor' Affair."Nationalhumanitiescenter.org. 2009.
6. Probate records.
9. Ibid. Samuel's will - one page over from Joseph's will.
13. Ibid.
14. Root, James Piere. Root Genealogical Records: 1600-1870 Comprising the General History of the Root and Roots Families in America. New York: R.C. Root, Anthony, & Co. 1870
14. Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Volume XXIV, Genealogical Gleanings from Orphans Court Records of Lancaster County, Page 34.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
SportsFormula 1: Mattia Binotto leaves Ferrari team, possible successor...
Formula 1: Mattia Binotto leaves Ferrari team, possible successor to Frederic Wasser
Ferrari and Mattia Binotto, it's over. The director of the Italian F1 team, who has been in office since 2019, resigned on Tuesday, as many expected in the paddock after another disappointing season at the Scuderia. "Ferrari announces that it has accepted the resignation of Mattia Binotto, who will retire on December 31st. Team leader the composition of the team, "the Italian team explained in a press release, without naming their replacement yet.
BREAKING: Mattia Binotto will step down as Ferrari team principal at the end of 2022.#F1 pic.twitter.com/wVzdS12IcG
— Formula 1 (@F1) November 29, 2022
The 53-year-old Italian, often criticized this season, is paying the price for his inability to regain the world title despite a clearly improved single-seater in 2022. At the head of sports management, Binotto has certainly achieved his best result this season. 2nd place in the driver's championship with the Monegasque Charles Leclerc and 2nd place among the constructors. But he again failed to bring Ferrari back to the top against Red Bull and Max Verstappen, crowned world champions. First of all, after an excellent start to the season, the changes made were not effective enough, and many decisions on the track caused a lot of controversy.
In September, John Elkann, president of Ferrari, confirmed that Binotto had been shipped in mid-November to the Gazzetta dello Sport. On Friday, other editions of the Italian press announced this before the formalization on Tuesday.
"We want to thank Mattia for his significant contribution during his 28 years at Ferrari, in particular for what he is doing to ensure that the team can be competitive again in the season that has just ended," said Benedetto Vigna, Managing Director of Ferrari. group," the statement said.
"I am leaving a tight-knit team that has grown, a team that is strong and ready, I am sure, to achieve the best possible success. I believe that this decision (to leave) is the right one, even if it was difficult to take," Binotto said. The famous prancing horse brand has not won the driver's title since 2007 with Finland's Kimi Räikkönen, and the constructor's title since 2008 against McLaren.
Joining Ferrari in 1995 as an engine engineer, Binotto rose through the ranks at Scuderia until he became technical director in 2016. defeated by Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes). Binotto, by contrast, hasn't done much better: Still 2nd among manufacturers in 2019, behind Mercedes and ahead of Red Bull, Ferrari had its worst year in 2020 since 1980, finishing only 6th in the championship.
The most successful stable in history with 16 coronations and 242 victories, Ferrari will need to quickly restore stability ahead of the start of the season on March 5 in Bahrain. The name of Binotto's successor is still unknown. "The process of identifying a new core team started and should be completed early next year," Ferrari said simply.
One name is often mentioned – the Frenchman Frederic Vasser, director of the Alfa Romeo team working for Ferrari. And very close to Jean Todt, the French boss of the Scuderia, when she often won, with Michael Schumacher at the wheel.
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Samsung S23 Ultra: Ridley Scott and Na Hong Jin test making a movie with the new smartphone
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Journalist from El Chiringuito: "Mbappé is crazy about coming to Real Madrid"
Since the interest of the real Madrid for hiring kylian mbappevarious media outlets and journalists released various versions, some...
PSG: Ruiz, Soler and Danilo lined up at the start of Montpellier
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James L. Flexner, 'Historical Archaeology, Contact, and Colonialism in Oceania', Journal of Archaeological Research (August 2013).
The archaeology of colonialism can destabilize orthodox historical narratives because of its critical engagement with multiple lines of evidence, revealing ways that different perspectives can complement or contradict what was assumed to be known about the past. In Oceania, archaeology that blends evidence from landscapes, sites, and artifacts with written documents as well as oral traditions reveals the role of indigenous people in shaping colonial encounters across the region over the last five centuries. The challenge lies with how to interpret this material in terms of ongoing struggles over land, resources, and identity in the region today, encapsulated by the tension between global and local.


text:
Photographic prints (x) ›
From the Bristol gazette of October 10, 1782.
Online version of copy 1
In Congress, Wednesday. April 3, 1776.
In Congress, February 3, 1778.
Online version of recto
Online version of verso
Manifesto and proclamation.
At a General Assembly of the governor and Company of the state of Connecticut.
Know all men by these presents, that we [blank] are held and firmly bound to [blank] president of the Congress of the United Colonies of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, the counties of Newca
At a General Assembly of the governor and Company of the state of Connecticut, holden at Hartford, on the second Thursday of May, 1781.
In Congress, May 14, 1777.
Online version of p. [1]
Scale of depreciation.
In committee, July 14, 1779.
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Developer Adam Bell has updated his popular MessageBox jailbreak tweak for iOS 7, making it possible for jailbreakers to liberate Facebook's "Chat Heads" from the confines of the social network's iOS applications. You can download MessageBox (iOS 7) free of charge on the Cydia Store, and it's optimized for Apple's ARM64-devices.
As a reminder, MessageBox first launched for iOS 6 last year, and we highlighted the package as a useful means for jailbreakers to gain a Facebook Home-style experience under iOS. "The implementation is perfect and you'll soon forget that a tweak made all of this possible," my colleague Dom Esposito said.
The new MessageBox (iOS 7) package offers similar functionality for Apple's iOS 7 mobile OS. However, this time around, the jailbreak tweak requires Facebook's more recent Paper app to be installed on a jailbroken iOS device in order for MessageBox to run.
Though the iOS app can be downloaded on the App Store free of charge, the problem with this requirement is that Paper is presently a U.S.-only app, thereby locking out international users from running MessageBox on their iOS 7-powered device.
However, if you can get around this problem MessageBox is a solid package that works well. You can enable or disable the jailbreak tweak from inside of the iOS Settings app, and as with the iOS 6 version of the package, active conversations can be cleared by dragging Chat Heads over to the bottom of the screen. When enabled, Chat Heads can usefully be accessed throughout Apple's entire iOS.
As mentioned, you can download MessageBox (iOS 7) free of charge on the Cydia Store now.
Check out the new jailbreak tweak, or see: Comedy Central's New Apple iOS App Includes Content From Every Show, Today's Apps Gone Free: The Island: Castaway, Briefcase Pro, Beautiful Mosaic And More, and The Microsoft Office Mobile App For iPhone Is Now Free For Home Users.


text:
Mont Blanc-tunnelen er en vejtunnel under Mont Blanc, som går mellem byen Chamonix i Arve-dalen i Frankrig og byen Courmayeur i Valle d'Aosta i Italien. Tunnelen blev påbegyndt i 1957 og blev indviet 16. juli 1965. Den 19. juli begyndte offentlig biltrafik i tunnelen.

Den er 11,6 km lang og 8,6 m bred. Der er et tunnelrør med en vejbane i hver retning, hvor Europavej E25 er ført igennem. På tunnelens midterste sted er der næsten 3 kilometer klippe over det borede tunnelrør. Landegrænsen er 7,6 kilometer inde i tunnelrøret, når man kører i retning mod Italien.

Tunnelen var den længste vejtunnel i verden ved åbningen i 1965. I 2018 benyttede mere end 1,9 mio. køretøjer tunnelen. Sammen med vejtunnelen ved Frejustunnelen udgør Mont Blanc-tunnelen en meget vigtig alpin passage for vejtrafik mellem Frankrig og Italien.

Infrastruktur
På den franske side er indkørslen til tunnelen et stykke over niveauet for dalen. Det skyldes, at Arve-dalen er lavere liggende end det sted i Valle d'Aosta, hvor tunnelen har adgangsvej. Indkørslen på den franske side ligger i 1.274 m.o.h. og indkørslen på den italienske side ligger i 1.381 m.o.h. Chamonix på den franske side ligger ca. 1.037 m.o.h. På den italienske side ligger byen Courmayeur i ca. 1.226 m.o.h.

Tunnelen var verdens længste vejtunnel fra juli 1965 til december 1978, hvor Arlbergtunnelen under Arlbergpasset i Østrig åbnede med en længde på 13,97 kilometer.

Mont Blanc-ulykken
Den 24. marts 1999 brød en belgisk lastbil i brand i tunnelen, hvorved 39 mennesker omkom. Efter branden var tunnelen lukket for reparation og ombygning i tre år, inden den igen kunne åbnes for trafik. I tunnelen var sket omfattende skader efter branden, der varede mere end to døgn.

Galleri

Andre store vejtunneler i Alperne
 Skt. Gotthardtunnelen (vej)
 Frejustunnelen
 Arlbergtunnelen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Hjemmeside om tunnelen

Vejtunneler
Tunneler i Frankrig
Tunneler i Italien
Chamonix
Valle d'Aosta
Mont Blanc
Etableret i 1965

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
America's Fresh Water Submarines
Revision as of 03:05, 31 January 2020 by Pickens (talk | contribs) (→We Remember)
On the western shore of Lake Michigan, about 80 miles north of Milwaukee, lies Manitowoc, Wisconsin. During World War II, the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company built 28 submarines for the United States Navy. More than 7,000 men and women worked around the clock, 365 days a year to build some of the best submarines in the Navy. Of the 28 submarines, 25 were built in time to see action during the war. Together they sank 132 Japanese ships.
In this 1943 photo, the Robalo is ready to be moved to the river's edge in preparation for launching. The staff at the Manitowoc shipyard had determined that the submarines would be built in sections, indoors, out of the severe Wisconsin winter with each submarine divided into sixteen sections plus the coning tower. They determined the weight of each section and constructed a mobile, self-propelled section carrier, capable of transporting a 60-ton section to transport each section from the Erection Shop to the building ways.[1]
The USS Robalo is launched at Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co, in Manitowoc, Wisconsin about 80 miles north of Milwaukee on May 9, 1943. The US Navy had a big concern with the side-launching method necessary at Manitowoc because the river was too narrow to allow ships to be launched by sliding them down stern first, the more traditional method employed elsewhere. However this had been the method used for as long as ships were constructed at Manitowoc and company officials had few doubts about this type of launch. To ease the Navy's doubts, a special scale model and launch tank was built to duplicate the exact launch. Some of the Navy's early concerns were that the submarine would roll over. The concluded test results removed any doubt.
The USS Robalo undergoes six months of sea trials in Lake Michigan.
After six months of sea trials in Lake Michigan, commissioning ceremonies take place on board USS Robalo on September 28, 1943. There was no St. Lawrence seaway until the 1960's so the fresh water submarines had to be transported down the Mississippi River. Gato class submarines had a minimum draft of 12 feet but could be transported through Chicago and the 9-foot-deep Chain of Rocks Channel near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers by carrying the submarines in a floating dry dock.
A Gato-class submarine (USS Peto) at the start of her long journey by drydock from Lake Michigan down the Illinois Waterway to the Mississippi River. There was no St. Lawrence seaway until the 1960's so the fresh water submarines had to be transported down the Mississippi River. Gato class submarines had a minimum draft of 12 feet but could be transported through Chicago and the 9-foot-deep Chain of Rocks Channel near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers by carrying the submarines in a floating dry dock. Robalo made her way to the Gulf of Mexico down the Illinois River to the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico then on to Gulfport, Mississippi where she was refitted with reinstalled periscope shears, periscopes, and RADAR masts which had been removed to clear bridges over the Illinois River when it was transported through Chicago.
The Submarine base at Fremantle, Australia showing the Sub Tender Pelias surrounded by her sub charges. The Robalo left Fremantle, Australia on June 22, 1944 leaving on her third and last war patrol. On July 2 a contact report from the Robalo stated that she had sighted a Fuso-class battleship with air cover and two destroyers for escort just east of Borneo. No other messages were received from Robalo and when she did not return from patrol, she was reported as presumed lost.
The memorial to the USS Robalo in Fargo, North Dakota. "USS Robalo SS – 273. In early January 1944, the new fleet submarine Robalo set out to join forces with the ships raging war in the Pacific. Hunting for Japanese shipping west of the Philippines, she damaged a large freighter. Her second patrol was in the South China Sea near Indo-China, where she sank a 7,500 ton tanker, the cargo of which was badly needed to fuel and drive the far flung Japanese war machine. With two battle stars to her credit, Robalo set out on her third war patrol. As she was transiting the hazardous Balabac Strait off Palawan Island on 26 July 1944, Robalo strayed into an enemy minefield. A violent explosion suddenly jolted the ship and she sank almost immediately. Four of her crewmen managed to swim to Palawan Island where they were captured by Japanese military police and imprisoned. A note dropped by one of the men in his cell window was picked up by a US soldier who was on a work detail in the same prison camp. The note recounted the events leading up to Robalo's tragic loss. On 15 August, the four surviving Robalo crewmen were taken aboard a Japanese destroyer. The destination and ultimate fate of the destroyer are still unknown. The four survivors on board never returned. The circumstances surrounding their deaths remain a mystery, but they joined their 77 shipmates in bravely giving their lives for their country."[2]
My Uncle Donald Cress born in Bath Township, Minnesota, a Radioman, Third Class who served on the Gato Class Submarine USS Robalo in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. "We will never forget you."
by Hugh Pickens, May 27, 2012
On Memorial Day[3] Americans remember the men and women who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. In our family we remember my Uncle Donald Cress born in 1922 in Bath Township, Minnesota who served in the US Navy as a Radioman, Third Class on the USS Robalo (SS 273) under Commander M.M. Kimmel in the Pacific theatre during World War Two.[4][5]
1 We Remember My Uncle Donald
2 The Search for a Second Submarine Shipbuilder
3 Building America's Freshwater Submarines
3.1 Building a Full Size Mock-up
3.2 Building the Submarine in Sections
3.3 Ensuring the Quality of Welding
3.4 The Side-Launching Method
3.5 Results of the Construction Effort
4 The Robalo is Built at Manitowoc and Undergoes Sea Trials in Lake Michigan
5 The Robalo Travels Down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico
6 Life on a Gato-Class Submarine
7 The Robalo Goes to War in the Pacific Theatre
8 The Robalo's Last Patrol
9 A Message from the Puerto Princesa Prison Camp, Palawan in the Philippine Islands
10 We Remember
13 About the Author
13.1 Personal Statement
13.2 Pickens' Publishing
13.3 History and Biography
13.4 Science and Technology
13.5 Business and Investing
13.6 Ponca City, Oklahoma
13.7 Pickens Museum
13.8 Art
13.9 Peace Corps Writing
13.10 Personal
13.11 Phillips 66
We Remember My Uncle Donald
Donald Cress was the older brother of my mother Deloris Pickens. Donald graduated from high school in Geneva, Minnesota in June, 1941 and after Pearl Harbor he volunteered to join the US Navy. Donald was born and raised on a farm and when he came back from the war he intended to farm again. When Donald volunteered, he asked to join the submarine service. "I want to come back from the war whole or not at all," Don told his family.
I first learned about Uncle Donald when I was visiting my grandparents in Minnesota in the 1950's and saw Uncle Donald's purple heart in my grandparents' bedroom. I asked who the medal belonged to and my mother and grandparents told me about my Uncle and what had happened to him.
After Uncle Don volunteered, he was sent to New London, Connecticut to train as a radio operator and upon completing his training was sent to Manitowoc, Wisconsin where the USS Robalo was being constructed. Don served as a radio operator on the Robalo (SS 273) under Commander M.M. Kimmel in the Pacific theatre during World War Two.
The Search for a Second Submarine Shipbuilder
On the western shore of Lake Michigan, about 80 miles north of Milwaukee, lies Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Shipbuilding in the Lake Michigan city goes back a hundred years. The Burger Boat Company built wooden yachts and the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company built steel car ferries and ore boats. In 1939 war broke out in Europe and President Roosevelt declared a limited National Emergency. The Navy shipbuilders were concerned that submarine building capacity was not sufficient to support a long war and that submarine building capacity would be strained to the limit. Manitowoc company had an excellent reputation with the government and among shipbuilders, but it had never before built anything even resembling a submarine. The Electric Boat Co. was the only commercial source of submarine construction, and the Navy felt private competition would be beneficial. The navy approached Electric Boat Co. president, Mr. Spear about this possibility. Spear, knowing there would be more submarine construction than he could handle, called Charles West and asked if he was interested in building submarines. West answered that he knew nothing about building submarines, therefore was not interested.
Then on June 14, 1940, President Roosevelt signed the Naval Expansion Bill greatly increasing Navy development funds and West was asked to come to Washington again to meet with the Bureau of Construction and Repair. The Bureau asked West to build submarines, and assured him the Electric Boat Co. would provide plans and whatever assistance he would need. Lacking knowledge of this type of construction, West said he would study the plans and reply in a week. In conclusion, and after studying the plan and consulting with Electric Boat Co., the Navy and his staff, he was convinced and headed back to Washington to accept the contract for 10 Gato Class Submarines at a cost of $2,850,000 each. They were exact duplicates of USS Growler, SS 215. Completion of the first submarine, USS Peto, would be due in 34 months, followed by another submarine at 2 to 3 month intervals. The contract was officially approved December 26,1940.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
Building America's Freshwater Submarines
Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut would supply the plans and technical training in submarine construction. West accepted the challenging job. The labor force in Manitowoc and nearby Two Rivers was not large enough to supply the demand for submarine workers and soon buses bringing in workers from the surrounding countryside were working three shifts. West's company grew from 500 employees to 8,000 at the peak. Women, trained as machinists and welders, totaled 600.
Building a Full Size Mock-up
First a full size mock-up of the first submarine was built with all the details in place so that workers who had never seen a submarine before could tour and acquaint themselves with pipes, machinery, valves, and gauges. The mock-up was built with meticulous accuracy by the skilled carpenters at the yard and was complete to an astonishing degree with wooden piping, machinery, equipment, gauges, and valves. When the mock-up was complete, workers at the shipyard were taken through on tours. As construction progressed, the mock-up became even more important because pipefitters would check the bending of pipe to ensure it would fit properly before installation. Building a submarine has been compared to fitting together a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, so electricians, pipefitters, and equipment installers could visit the mock-up to determine the exact sequence in which material had to be installed to fit in many tight places.
Building the Submarine in Sections
The staff at the Manitowoc shipyard had determined that the submarines would be built in sections, indoors, out of the severe Wisconsin winter with each submarine divided into sixteen sections plus the coning tower. They determined the weight of each section and constructed a mobile, self-propelled section carrier, capable of transporting a 60-ton section to transport each section from the Erection Shop to the building ways. Building sections indoors and transporting them was not unique. Portsmouth Navy Yard utilized this method in building submarines but due to Portsmouth's crane capacity limitations the sections were not nearly as complete as those proposed at Manitowoc. As none of the cranes at Manitowoc was suitable for this job, engineers designed a new 60-ton crane and two were built for the job.
Ensuring the Quality of Welding
To ensure the necessary strength in the submarine hull, the quality of the welding was of prime importance. Engineers at Manitowoc designed a huge jig in which an entire section could be clamped that was capable of rotating in many planes. Using this jig a welder could sit at his welding station and have the section and seam under weld rotate beneath him so that all welding was done under-hand assuring the best possible weld.
The Side-Launching Method
The Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company had five separate launching ways set up for submarine construction, so it could work on five submarines simultaneously. However one concern the US Navy had was with Manitowoc side-launching method necessary at Manitowoc because the river was too narrow to allow ships to be launched by sliding them down stern first, the more traditional method employed elsewhere. This had been the method used for as long as ships were constructed at Manitowoc, and company officials had few doubts about this type of launch. To ease the Navy's doubts, a special scale model and launch tank was built to duplicate the exact launch. Some of the Navy's early concerns were that the submarine would roll over. The concluded test results removed any doubt.
Results of the Construction Effort
Of the 28 submarines, 25 were built in time to see action during the war. Together they sank 132 Japanese ships. "It appears from the results obtained at Manitowoc that given a set of good plans, competent engineers, and skilled workman can follow them and build what is called for even though it might be very much more sophisticated than anything they have built before," writes Rear Admiral William T. Nelson. "There was one thing more that the Manitowoc Company had going for them that had great bearing on their performance. Obtaining a contract to build submarines stirred up the town of Manitowoc like nothing else could have. After years of building such rather prosaic ships as car ferries, and ore boats, the news that they were to build something as exotic as a submarine stirred the imaginations of the citizens tremendously" adding that "after Pearl Harbor, the interest naturally increased along with the tempo. The city was now engaged in vital and important war work and the citizens avidly read everything about submarines they could lay their hands on. When the first boat was completed, the interest and joy of all people was almost as though a community project had been completed. [It] was their boat, it belonged to the whole town and the surrounding countryside, and its progress through trials and during training was followed with great interest. With the entire community following the construction with such interest and spirit, success was inevitable."[12][13][14][15][16][17]
The Robalo is Built at Manitowoc and Undergoes Sea Trials in Lake Michigan
When Robalo was launched on May 9, 1943 to undergo sea trials in Lake Michigan my Uncle Donald was 20 years old. Donald had come with the crew from New London, Connecticut. The crew's numbers were augmented by trial crew men already at Manitocow and by some of the local yard personnel. Finally all was in readiness for going out to sea and starting the trials. Workmen lined the waterfront as the Robalo eased out from the dock and they cheered as Robalo slowly turned and headed down the river. Along the banks of the river, townspeople lined the shores and the streets and huge crowds gathered at the bridges through which the submarine passed on its way to Lake Michigan. Slowly the boat passed through the two bridges and picked up speed as it approached the outer harbor. As the sub passed the breakwater and entered the Lake, speed was increased to 15 knots and course was set for the area where trials would be conducted.
Once the submarine arrived at the location for sea trials and the sub was nearly dead in the water, the personnel on the tower went below and the bridge hatch was closed and secured. As the ballast tanks started to flood, the boat slowly began to submerge. After running submerged a short while at various speeds and testing the action of the boat at various angles of rudder, the Captain ordered the surface alarm sounded and the boat and brought to the surface. All hands were satisfied with the performance on the first day and agreed that the trials should continue. Sea trails were completed and Robalo was commissioned on September 28, 1943 under the command of Lt. Cdr. Stephen Henry Ambruster.[18]
The Robalo Travels Down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico
Manitowoc's problem now was how to get the boats to sea but West's fertile and creative mind found a solution. There were three possible avenues to the ocean from Lake Michigan: the St. Lawrence River via the Welland Ship Canal and a network of six smaller canals with twenty-one locks leading to the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the Erie Canal, which connected Lake Erie with the Hudson River at Troy, New York; and the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers flowing to the Gulf of Mexico at New Orleans, It was not feasible to use the first two routes because the locks were too short to accommodate a 300-foot-long submarine. The third route had drawbacks too, particularly the shallow water and the multitude of fixed bridges over the rivers and canals. West's solution was to run the submarines' into a shallow-draft floating dry dock of his own design and deliver them by towboat to New Orleans. The Army Corps of Engineers would work with local authorities to adapt the bridges to the Navy's needs.[19]
Gato class submarines had a minimum draft of 12 feet but could be transported through Chicago and the 9-foot-deep Chain of Rocks Channel near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers by carrying the submarines in a floating dry dock. Robalo made her way to the Gulf of Mexico down the Illinois River to the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico then on to Gulfport, Mississippi where she was refitted with reinstalled periscope shears, periscopes, and RADAR masts which had been removed to clear bridges over the Illinois River when it was transported through Chicago.
Life on a Gato-Class Submarine
I spoke to Jim Brenan in Fargo, North Dakota about the Gato-class submarines on November 9, 2009.[20] Brenan served as a mechanic on the USS Chopper, a submarine identical to the one Don served on, and he told me that life on a Gato-class submarine was hard. The crew spent months in a very hot, confined space and there was almost no fresh water for the men. Showers were allowed once a month. To maximize the operating range of the submarine to 11,000 miles the ship carried 116,000 gallons of diesel and just 3,000 gallons of water for the crew's consumption. The crew worked three shifts around the clock with each seaman spending four hours on, then eight hours off.
The Robalo Goes to War in the Pacific Theatre
Radioman Third Class Donald Cress was eleven days short of his 21st birthday when Robalo crossed the Panama Canal into the Pacific Ocean on November 19, 1943. With a cruising range of 11,000 miles, Robalo began her journey to her new home port in Fremantle, Australia where she would take up her battle station in the South China Sea. Robalo first traveled to Pearl Harbor where she received orders for her first wartime mission to travel down the western coast of the Philippines on her way to Fremantle. En route to her new station in Fremantle, she damaged a large freighter, firing four torpedoes at 3,100 yards (2,800 m). She spent 36 of her 57-day mission submerged. On March 6, 1944 the Robalo arrived in Fremantle. Her crew was looking forward to the standard two-week R&R that was due them as soon as they could be relieved by the Tender's relief crew.
When the Robalo arrived, her commanding officer, Stephen Henry Ambruster, was summarily relieved by Admiral Christie. The executive officer, Charles Fell, remained. During this first patrol the Robalo sank no ships and is known to have remained submerged through most of the war patrol leading to the dismissal of her first commanding officer. Carl Weber, a submariner aboard the USS Bergall, says that it was not uncommon for an older submarine captain to be relieved after a first patrol as they were often too cautious and not aggressive enough in pursuing the enemy.[21][22][23][24][25]
Captain Ambruster was replaced with Manning Kimmel (Class of 1935). Commander Kimmel was the son of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel who had been Commander-in-chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Kimmel was forced to retire after Pearl Harbor but many historians now think that Kimmel was blamed for the failures of his superiors prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor and that his career and reputation were unfairly ruined.
Assigned to intercept Japanese traffic between Vietnam and the Philippines and to interdict Japanese tanker traffic from French Indochina to the fleet anchorage at Tawi Tawi, the Robalo's second patrol proved more aggressive. On a patrol lasting 51 days, Robalo fired twenty torpedoes in four attacks and was credited at the time with sinking a 7,500-ton tanker. The Robalo came under heavy air attack on the way home and had damage to both periscopes. Captain Kimmell, using the skills he had picked up on his previous boats and relying on the coolheadedness of his crew, managed to nurse her safely back to Australia for extensive repairs. Robalo had been bombed by a Japanese antisubmarine aircraft, suffering shattered and flooded periscopes and loss of radar, while taking a harrowing plunge to after her main induction was improperly closed in diving to escape.[26][27][28][29]
Bombs from the plane had severely damaged the submarine's periscopes and conning tower, and wrecked her radar. When diving to escape the aircraft, the main induction flooded and the boat plunged towards the bottom until Kimmel stopped her descent at 350 feet. Despite the damage, Kimmel insisted the Robalo remain on patrol. Robalo arrived back in her home port of Fremantle for extensive repairs on May 30, 1944.
Admiral Christie was concerned that Kimmel was being overly aggressive, and submarine commander Herber "Tex" McLean commented on Robalo's patrol, "Anybody else would have come home long before. I worried that Kimmel was a little too anxious to put the name of Kimmel high in Navy annals." But not only was Kimmel the son of the former commander of the Pacific Fleet, he was also the nephew of Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, so Christie took no action.
The Robalo's Last Patrol
My Uncle Donald was 21 years old when Robalo left Fremantle, Australia on June 22, 1944 leaving on her third and last war patrol. It was her last patrol not by choice but by the fortunes of war. It was like the beginning of every other patrol. Every man and officer in the crew knew it might be their last, but did not think about it. Their thoughts were concerned with happenings at the moment, turning valves, watching dials, navigating the ship. Thoughts at not coming back were kept deep down within each man and became only a part of the tension a submariner knows during war patrols. Little publicized, the submariners go about their dangerous missions with sealed lips and at great personal risks, inflicting tremendous devastation to the enemy. They are men of the "Silent Service." Silently and unsung, they prey upon enemy waters and when they are lost they go dawn silently and unseen by the world. In this manner Robalo met her end.[30]
The Operation Order for the Robalo's final patrol directed her to top off her fuel at Operation Potshot in Exmouth Gulf, and then proceed via Lombok Strait, Makassar Strait, Sibutu Passage, Balabac Strait, and south of Dangerous Ground to her assigned patrol station in the South China Sea. Kimmel's orders contained specific information on how to transit the Balabac Strait and what to avoid, so as to steer clear of any known minefields. What Kimmel did not know was that the IJN minelayer Tsugaru had left Palau on March 24, 1944 with a mission to replenish the mines in the Balabac Strait. When the minelayer completed its work in the Balabac Strait, it headed south for Balikpapan, on Borneo's Makassar Strait coast.
The Robalo was to conduct her third war patrol in the South China Sea in the vicinity of the Natuna Islands. After traversing Makassar and Balabac Straits, the Robalo was to arrive on station about July 6 and stay there until dark on August 2, 1944. On July 2 a contact report from the Robalo stated that she had sighted a Fuso-class battleship with air cover and two destroyers for escort just east of Borneo. No other messages were received from Robalo and when she did not return from patrol, she was reported as presumed lost.[31][32]
A Message from the Puerto Princesa Prison Camp, Palawan in the Philippine Islands
On August 2 1944, a note dropped from the window of a prison cell at Puerto Princesa Prison Camp, Palawan in the Philippine Islands. The note said that it was from survivors from Robalo who were being held by the Japanese. The note was picked up by an American soldier in a work detail and given to another prisoner who contacted Mrs. Trinidad Mendosa, wife of guerrilla leader Dr. Mendosa. From this note and from other sources, the US Navy was able to put together what happened to the Robalo.
"Robalo was sunk 26 July 1944, two miles off the western coast of Palawan Island as a result of an explosion of her after battery. Four men swam ashore, an officer and three enlisted men: Samuel L. Tucker, Ensign; Floyd G. Laughlin, QMlc; Wallace K. Martin, SM3c, and Mason C. Poston, EM2c. They made their way through the jungles to a small barrio northwest of the Puerto Princesa camp. They were captured there by Japanese Military Police, and confined in the jail. They were held for guerrilla activities rather than as prisoners of war, it is said. On 15 August 1944, they were evacuated by a Japanese destroyer, and nothing further is known of their destination or whereabouts. They may have been executed by the Japanese or the destroyer may have been sunk. At any rate, they were never recovered and their note stated that there were no other survivors."
Even though Admiral Christie knew better it was reported for morale reasons that all hands went down with the boat. However, other prisoners on Palawan reported that the boat's skipper, Lieutenant Commander Manning Kimmel, son of Admiral Husband Kimmel, was one of the survivors. After an air strike on Palawan, the Japanese were so angered that they pushed Kimmel and the other prisoners into a ditch, poured in gasoline, and burned them alive. This incident was reported by Clay Blair Jr., a submarine veteran of the war and author of the definitive work Silent Victory: The US Submarine War Against Japan (see Volume 2, pp660–662 for details).
Robalo was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 16 September 1944.
The US Navy lost 3,615 men on 52 submarines in World War Two and had a casualty rate of 22%, the highest for any branch of the U.S. military in WWII. According to the United States Strategic Bombing survey "the war against [Japanese] shipping was perhaps the most decisive single factor in the collapse of the Japanese economy and logistic support of the Japanese military and naval power. Our submarines accounted for the majority of the vessel sinkings and the greater part of the reduction in tonnage." Submariners made up less than 2% of the USN but accounted for 55% of Japan's maritime losses.
Jim Brenan told me that when a ship was lost, all the parents would receive was a telegram - there was no body recovered, no grave, no tombstone. So several years ago, the US Submarine Veterans of World War II decided to honor the memory of those who lost their lives in submarine warfare with permanent memorials to each submarine lost and a plaque with the name of each crew member lost. Each state was asked to "adopt" one lost submarine to memorialize and North Dakota's was the USS Robalo. A 3,700-pound granite slab was placed in Lindenwood Park in south Fargo with the names of the Robalo's crewmembers engraved on one side and a brief history of the Robalo on the other side. On July 23, 2005 the permanent Memorial to the Robalo was dedicated in Fargo, the city that had adopted the submarine and its crewmembers lost 61 years before.
"Those that made this commitment and on their eternal patrol, may now rest in peace…"
"Well done Shipmates, Well Done!"
We will never forget you.
A Discussion of "America's Fresh Water Submarines" at Slashdot
The Memorial to USS Robalo at Lindenwood Park in Fargo, North Dakota
Fresh Water Submarines: The Manitowoc Story by Rear Admiral William T. Nelson, USN (Ret.)
The Wisconsin Maritime Museum in Manitowoc
A History of the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company
↑ "Maritime Manitowoc, 1847-1947" by Wisconsin Maritime Museum
↑ Lost at Sea Memorials. "USS Robalo"
↑ Wikipedia. "Memorial Day" retrieved May 27, 2007.
↑ On Eternal Patrol - Lost Submariners of World War II. "Donald Clifford Cress"
↑ Ponca City, We Love You. "We Remember" by Hugh Pickens. November 10, 2009.
↑ The Wisconsin Almanac by Jerry Minnich
↑ "The History of Wisconsin" by William Fletcher Thompson, Alice E. Smith, Paul W. Glad. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Dec 15, 1973
↑ Fresh Water Submarines: The Manitowoc Story by Rear Admiral William T. Nelson, USN (Ret.) 1986.
↑ Wisconsin Maratime Museum. "28 Freshwater Submarines"
↑ USS-245 Cobia - World War II Submarine
↑ Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company History by Gerald Pilger>
↑ Uboat.net "Stephen Henry Armbruster, USN"
↑ "Red Scorpion: The War Patrols Of The USS Rasher" by Peter T. Sasgen
↑ Interview with Jim Brenan of Fargo, North Dakota on November 9, 2009 about the Gato-class submarines
↑ "Nashua Area Men and Women in World War II" by Ron Dube
↑ "Silent Victory" by Clay Blair Jr. (Bantam, 1976), pp.581 & 942.
↑ The USS Flier Project. "Redfin and Robalo: Sub Sisters" by Rebekah. March 6, 2010.
↑ "USS Robalo SS-273 (1943-1944)"
↑ "Silent victory: the U.S. submarine war against Japan" by Clay Blair.
↑ "Final Patrol: True Stories of World War II Submarines" by Don Keith
↑ Prairie Public Radio. "USS Robalo" by Jayme L. Job. October 24, 2011.
↑ World News. USS Robalo (SS-273
↑ Subsowespac. "USS Robalo"
↑ Manitowoc County Historical Society/Manitowoc submarines. "USS Robalo" 1988.
↑ On Eternal Patrol - USS Robalo (SS-273)
↑ "United States Submarine Losses in World War II" by United States Navy
Hugh and Dr. S. J. Pickens
Dr. Pickens and Hugh Pickens celebrated 33 years of marriage before Dr. Pickens passed away in 2017.
Pickens Museum opens on NOC Tonkawa Campus. Pictured (L-R): Dr. Cheryl Evans, NOC President, Hugh Pickens, Executive Director of Pickens Museum, and Sheri Snyder, NOC Vice President for Development and Community Relations. (photo by John Pickard/Northern Oklahoma College)
Hugh Pickens (Po-Hi '67) is a physicist who has explored for oil in the Amazon jungle, commissioned microwave communications systems across the empty quarter of Saudi Arabia, and built satellite control stations for Goddard Space Flight Center in Australia, Antarctica, Guam, and other locations around the world. Retired in 1999, Pickens and his wife of 33 years moved from Baltimore back to his hometown of Ponca City, Oklahoma in 2005 where he cultivates his square foot garden, mows seven acres of lawn, writes about local history, photographs events at the Poncan Theatre, produces the annual Oklahoma Pride series with his wife at Ponca Playhouse, and recently sponsored the first formal dinner in the Marland Mansion in 75 years. Pickens is founder and Executive Director of Pickens Art Museum with locations at Northern Oklahoma College in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, City Central in Ponca City, and Pickens Gallery at Woolaroc. Pickens can be contacted at hughpickens@gmail.com. Pickens is a covid survivor and a stroke survivor.
Most days you will find me sitting in my easy chair with an HP laptop or a book in front of me. I enjoy intellectual pursuits: studying, writing, reading, researching, analyzing, and predicting. During my off time I like riding the backroads of Oklahoma in my hot rod, working out, watching old movies on TCM, playing games like chess or dominoes, participating in community theatre, and, my secret pleasure, reading trashy detective novels by John D. MacDonald. I enjoy theater and concerts and I go to NYC several times a year to see Broadway shows and visit galleries and museums.
Pickens' Publishing
In 1996, Pickens edited and published ''My Life In Review: Have I Been Lucky of What?'', the memoirs of Jack Crandall, professor of history at SUNY Brockport. Since 2001 Pickens has edited and published "Peace Corps Online," serving over one million monthly pageviews. Pickens' other writing includes contributing over 2,000 stories to "Slashdot: News for Nerds," and articles for Wikipedia, and "Ponca City, We Love You". Pickens has written the following articles available on his wiki at Research and Ideas.
''My Life In Review: Have I Been Lucky of What?''
"Peace Corps Online,"
2000 stories to "Slashdot: News for Nerds,"
History and Biography
I enjoy doing in-depth research on one person and writing a detailed biography of lesser known events or figures. I like to find someone, an artist, a politician, a former Peace Corps Director, or an Oklahoman, that I like and am interested in learning more about them and writing their biography from scratch. I started and filled out dozens of biographies when I wrote for Wikipedia back in the stone age in the early 2000's when they were getting started. But Wikipedia became too bureaucratic and political for me so now I research and write biographies on my own mediawiki platform. (I only make anonymous edits to Wikipedia now usually on the discussion pages.)
My Biography of Jon Carson -The Man Who Won the Presidential Nomination for Barack Obama (>888,000 pageviews)
My Discovery that Barack Obama's Mother Grew Up in Ponca City February 6, 2009 (>389,000 pageviews)
Academy Award Winning Screenwriter Chris Terrio (>400,000 pageviews)
Biography of Ninja of Go! Team (Nkechi Ka Egenamba)
History of the 100-Year Old Oil Refinery in Ponca City, Oklahoma (>535,000 pageviews)
My Uncle Donald and America's Fresh Water Submarines in World War II (>171,000 pageviews)
What Happened to Okies after "The Grapes of Wrath" (30,000 pageviews)
The Pioneer Woman Models Come Home to Ponca City February 26, 2010
President Barack Obama's Mother Grew Up in Ponca City February 6, 2009
I have a degree in physics from SUNY in 1970 and have worked in science and technology my entire career. I have held such jobs as Geophysical Observer on a geological survey crew in the amazon jungle, running a portable hydrocarbon detection laboratory on an oil rig, systems engineer for the microwave communications system and supervisory control system on the 800-mile long Trans-Andean Pipeline, independent contractor to Collins Radio in 1979 installing, commissioning, and testing microwave repeater stations all over Saudi Arabia, military advisor to the Royal Saudi Navy on naval communications, navigation, and fire control systems (1980 - 84), project engineer, then project manager for Bendix Fields Engineering (later becoming AlliedSignal Technical Services, then Honeywell Technical Services) from 1984 until my retirement in 1999.
Building NASA's GRO Remote Terminal System (GRTS) in Australia
Slashdot Posted a Story about me and an article I wrote about my recovery from covid in 2020 277 comments
2,400 Stories I have published on Slashdot over the years
Why I enjoy Writing for Slashdot
Contributions to Wikipedia]
Why I enjoy Writing for Wikipedia
Stories on Soylent News
Business and Investing
I am a speculator and enjoy designing and executing trading strategies that exploit market inefficiencies through my assessment and evaluation of information asymmetries, market psychology, and human emotion. Over the years I have put together several open-source histories of companies I am interested in including micro-caps that I have invested in.
An Independent Evaluation of Phillips 66, its Business Strategy, and Execution (over 1,000,000 pageviews)
Latest News from Phillips 66 (>450,000 pageviews)
A History of the Ponca Refinery in Ponca City (>268,000 pageviews)
A Financial Model for Tucows and Ting (over 1,000,000 pageviews)
The Story of "Keep Burlington Local" and the Schurz/ZRF Conract Award
Ponca City, Oklahoma
I was born and grew up in Ponca City, Oklahoma, a town of about 25,000 somewhat isolated in North Central Oklahoma (a two hour drive to the nearest metropolitan areas in Tulsa, OKC, and Wichita.). After I left Ponca City to go to college, I worked overseas and on the East Coast for 30 years. But my wife and I came back to Ponca after our retirement in 1999.
Ponca City is an interesting amalgam of historical developments including being being founded and created from scratch during and after the Cherokee Strip Land Run in 1893, becoming an oil boom town in the 1920's, home of the "Palace on the Prairie" built by oil magnate E.W. Marland, home to Conoco's R&D facility employing hundreds of Phd.'s in the 1950's, 60's and 70's giving Ponca a character of a university town, and finally the continual influence of Native American tribes on our history especially the Ponca tribe and Osage Nation. Some interesting articles I have researched and written about Ponca City include:
Hugh and Dr. S. J. Pickens Sponsor First Dinner Served in E. W, Marland Formal Dining Room in 75 Years December 18, 2016
"Lydie Marland in the Afterlife" Reinterprets the Life of Ponca City's Controversial First Lady June 30, 2017
The Pioneer Woman Models Should Return to Ponca City July 13, 2007
Standing Bear Looks to the Future
Ponca City, We Love You
What to See in Ponca City
Railroads and Ponca City
Ponca Playhouse to Present "The Broken Statue" January 17, 2012
What Ponca City Owes EW Marland June 20, 2012
How Much Money Does the Marland Refinery in Ponca City Earn for Phillips 66? July 23, 2012
EW Marland and the Movie "The Ends of the Earth" (320,000 pageviews) May 23, 2013
Sculptor Bryant Baker's Lost Masterpiece November 3, 2015
Ponca Playhouse Production of "Lydie Maryland in the Afterlife" Ends in Triumph
Pickens Museum
Pickens Museum is a distributed museum that is active in three location: Northern Oklahoma College in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, City Central in Ponca City, Oklahoma, and at Woolaroc Museum near Bartlesville, Oklahoma. The museum has plans to build a 15,000 ft2 art museum on highway 60 West of Ponca City, Oklahoma. in the next few years.
Doctor Pickens Museum Facebook Page
Meet the Team that is Going to Design Doctor Pickens Museum May 21, 2018
World's Largest Naja on Display Outside Ponca City by Stephen Schwark August 29, 2018
A 1949 Hudson Limousine August 2018
Jo Davidson Sculpture from 1929
Native American Artist Tonya Rafael Visits Ponca City February 2018
Pickens Museum Opens New Exhibition "Winter in New York" by Roger Disney January 22, 2020
The Three Faces of the Pioneer Woman by Daniel Pickens February 2020
Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Faith Ringgold February 21, 2020
The Turquoise Guitar by Jolene Bird November 26, 2018
Doctor Pickens Museum of Turquoise Jewelry and Art
My Biography of Academy Award Winning Screenwriter Chris Terrio (>400,000 pageviews)
EW Marland and the Movie "The Ends of the Earth" May 23, 2013
A Ponca City Mystery - Who is this man? April 5, 2018
Ponca Playhouse Presents: August Osage County"
I Refuse to Be Lonely Phyllis Hyman's Final Album
Peace Corps Writing
I served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Peru from 1970 - 73 working with the Peruvian Ministry of Education teaching high school science teachers how to build lab equipment out of simple, cheap materials. In 2000 I started "Peace Corps Online" to document the work volunteers are doing around the world both during and after the Peace Corps Service. I ran the web site for ten years and posted about 10,000 stories. Even though the site is no longer active, I still get over 50,000 monthly pageviews.
Peace Corps Online
Peace Corps Library
The Peace Corps "Sharp Incident" in Kazakhstan
My Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on the Nomination of Gaddi Vasquez as Peace Corps Director
An Interview with Peace Corps Director Ron Tschetter
An Interview with Peace Corps Director Gaddi Vasquez
A Profile of Peace Corps Director Aaron Williams
Dr. S. J. Pickens October 21, 2017 (53,000 pageviews)
Pickens Museum Opens New Exhibit Honoring Dr. S. J. Pickens
I Am a Covid Survivor December 27,2020 (27,000 pageviews)
The Anger and the Guilt I can Handle - It's the 'Missing Her' I Can't Stand June 1, 2018
Death Be Not Proud - a Remembrance of my friend Peter Militch (58,000 pageviews)
My Favorite Christmas
A Victorian Mansion in Baltimore's Reservoir Hill (41,000 pageviews)
Remembering John D MacDonald and His House on Siesta Key (75,000 pageviews)
Remembrances of My Life as a Geophysical Observer with Petty Geophysical Working in the Amazon Jungle in Peru in the early 1970's (14,000 pageviews)
My blog on Facebook
The Time Somebody Tried to Light a Fire in Front of Our House on Good Friday April 7, 2015
Pickens Answers on Quora on Investing, Day Trading, Becoming a Millionaire, Human Loss, and Faking Your Own Death
Conoco and Phillips 66 announced on November 18, 2001 that their boards of directors had unanimously approved a definitive agreement for a "merger of equals". The merged company, ConocoPhillips, became the third-largest integrated U.S. energy company based on market capitalization and oil and gas reserves and production. On November 11, 2011 ConocoPhillips announced that Phillips 66 would be the name of a new independent oil and gasoline refining and marketing firm, created as ConocoPhillips split into two companies. ConocoPhillips kept the current name of the company and concentrated on oil exploration and production side while Phillips 66 included refining, marketing, midstream, and chemical portions of the company. Photo: Hugh Pickens all rights reserved.
For nearly 100 years oil refining has provided the bedrock of Ponca City's local economy and shaped the character of our community. Today the Ponca City Refinery is the best run and most profitable of Phillips 66's fifteen worldwide refineries. The purpose of this collection of reports is to provide a comprehensive overview of Phillips 66's business that documents and explains the company's business strategy and execution of that strategy.
Safety, Environment, Legal
Safety and Environment - Deaths and Injuries
Litigation and Legal Issues with Phillips 66
Labor Relations and Human Resources
Media Relations and Public Relations
Philanthropic and Community Benefits
Creation of Phillips 66
Governance of Phillips 66
CEO Greg Garland - Jim Mulva
Phillips 66 Board of Directors
Management Effectiveness
Strategic and Financial
Strategic Vision for Phillips 66
Phillips 66 Capital Programs
Phillips' Divestiture of Non-Core Assets
Construction, Acquisitions, and Purchases
Refining Business Segment
Marketing and Special Products - Latest News
Chemical Business Segment - Latest News
Midstream Business Segment - Latest News
The Stock Market and Investor Relations
Phillips 66 Stock Performance
Phillips 66 Dividends and Stock Repurchases
Stockholder's Meetings
Phillips 66 Earnings Conferences
Phillips 66 Investor Conferences
What Financial Analysts Say About Phillips 66
Master Index of Phillips 66 Articles
Phillips 66 Worldwide Refineries
Increasing Profitability in Refining Business Segment
Process More Advantaged Crudes
Expand Export Capability
Increase Clean Product Yields
Optimize Portfolio
Detailed Look at Ponca City Refinery
Ponca City and its Century-Old Oil Legacy and History
How Much Money Does Ponca City Earn for Phillips?
Ponca City and the "Merger of Equals" in 2001
Ponca City and the Spinoff of Phillips 66 in 2012
Latest News from the Refinery in Ponca City
Phillips' Plans for the North and South Towers
Other Phillips Refineries
Alliance Refinery (AL)
Bayway Refinery (BW)
Billings Refinery (BI)
Borger Refinery (BG)
Ferndale Refinery (FN)
Humber Refinery (HU)
Lake Charles Refinery (Westlake) (LC)
Los Angeles (Wilmington) Refinery (LA)
Melaka Refinery in Malaysia (ME)
Ponca City Refinery (PC)
San Francisco Refinery (SF) Rodeo Santa Maria (Nipomo)
Sweeny Refinery (SW)
Whitegate Refinery in Ireland (WG)
Wood River Refinery (WR)
New Houston Headquarters
Houston Chemical Complex
Bartlesville Technology Hub
Port Arthur Chemical Plant
Cedar Bayou Chemical Plant (Baytown)
Sweeny Petrochemical Complex
Trainer Refinery (sold in 2012)
Phillips Refinery (Closed in 1986)
Retrieved from "http://researchandideas.com/index.php?title=America%27s_Fresh_Water_Submarines&oldid=16407"


I like to make images of things that people see almost every day. I create an image that transform the subject form the mundane to something unique. My "Old Post Office – Toowoomba" photograph is just one example.
Walk down Toowoomba's Margaret St in the CBD area and you'll see just one example of a historic building that's been repurposed.
I'd walked past this old building so many times and I always saw a black and white image being made.
I knew I wanted something other than clear skies to give some contrast to the straight lines.
With some cloud I picked my spot that gave some interest and some drama. I chose my spot close to the central tower. Some changes were made to my position as I started capturing images. I was looking for the right angles and the right amount of space under the arch.
While I'd like to have a longer exposure (to give the impression of movement in the clouds) a lack of filters meant that wasn't going to happen.
"Old Post Office - Toowoomba"
I love a good black and white photo. Taking away the colour can let the viewer concentrate on the form of the subject without having colour as a distraction.
The angle and the straight lines gives part of this seemingly uninteresting building some sense of power.
If you're in Toowoomba, have a quick look at the original and tell me if you agree.
This print looks great as a fine art print on Canson's Baryta paper. For something different, we can print it on brushed aluminium.
This is a dark photo. I chose a double mat using Artique's white core Night. The white beveled edge creates additional framing and interest. A similar coloured frame that isn't distracting and draws the eye to the image.
You can order your copy from my online store today.


text:
Q: How to encode special chars in html content In Java, Is there a third party source available or quick command to convert html special chars in a string to html encoded content?
For example:
Original code:     <>&abcdef ©
After encoding:    <>&abcdef©

A: This is old, but it doesn't have an accepted answer yet. This is my version with pure java:
public String toHTML(String str) {
    String out = "";
    for (char c: str.toCharArray()) {
        if(!Character.isLetterOrDigit(c))
            out += String.format("&#x%x;", (int)c);
        else
            out += String.format("%s", c);

    }
    return out;
}

Works great with html5 and utf-8.

A: Convert
< → <
> → >
' → '
" → "
& → &
Source of knowledge: https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.htmlspecialchars.php

A: Javascript Solution:
Find working fiddle here:
http://jsfiddle.net/ezmilhouse/Zb5C9/1/
===
Sample uses 2 functions borrowed from php.js:
get_html_translation_table()
https://github.com/kvz/phpjs/raw/master/functions/strings/get_html_translation_table.js
htmlentities()
https://github.com/kvz/phpjs/raw/master/functions/strings/htmlentities.js

A: If you want to convert a string to HTML entities to test something quickly, you can use webservices like this one:
http://www.primitivetype.com/resources/htmlentities.php
[EDIT]
For Java you can use the StringEscapeUtils from Apache Commons Lang. See this thread:
Recommended method for escaping HTML in Java
import static org.apache.commons.lang.StringEscapeUtils.escapeHtml;
// ...
String source = "The less than sign (<) and ampersand (&) must be escaped before using them in HTML";
String escaped = escapeHtml(source);

I borrowed the example from the thread mentioned above.

A: Here is some java code to replicate PHP's default htmlspecialchars(str) as closely as possible:
First lets look at how PHP's htmlspecialchars(str) works:
php> echo htmlspecialchars("abc\ndef");
abc
def
php> echo htmlspecialchars("abc&def");
abc&def
php> echo htmlspecialchars("abc<>\"&def");
abc<>"&def
php> echo htmlspecialchars("abc<>\"&d'ef");
abc<>"&d'ef
php> echo htmlspecialchars("abc<   >\"&d'ef");
abc<   >"&d'ef
php> echo htmlspecialchars("abc def");
abc def
php>

Notes:

*

*Spaces and newlines are kept as-is.

*The defined entities are replaced once per instance.

*Extra wingdings like copyright © and euro symbol € are kept as-is.

The code:
public class Main{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("'" + stringToHtmlString("&") + "'");
        System.out.println("'" + stringToHtmlString("<") + "'");
        System.out.println("'" + stringToHtmlString(">") + "'");
        System.out.println("'" + stringToHtmlString(" ") + "'");
        System.out.println("'" + stringToHtmlString("     ") + "'");
        System.out.println("'" + stringToHtmlString("&<>abc") + "'");
        System.out.println("'" + stringToHtmlString("abc&<>") + "'");
    }
    public static final String stringToHtmlString(String s){
       StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
       int n = s.length();
       for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
          char c = s.charAt(i);
          switch (c) {
             case '<': sb.append("<"); break;
             case '>': sb.append(">"); break;
             case '&': sb.append("&"); break;
             case '"': sb.append("""); break;
             default:  sb.append(c); break;
          }
       }
       return sb.toString();
    }
}

Which prints:
eric@dev ~ $ java Main
'&'
'<'
'>'
' '
'     '
'&<>abc'
'abc&<>'

It's not a perfect clone of PHP's htmlspecialchars(str) function, but it's close enough for me.
Here's another which does html entity conversions for obfuscated character sets: http://www.rgagnon.com/javadetails/java-0306.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The maps were extracted without tileset information, so winter maps will appear with grass rather than snow. We will correct this as soon as possible.
NOTE: Some of the mission names and descriptions do not match the map files. We will correct this soon.