I know a few people (mostly European) who insist that the mayonnaise that we find on our grocery store shelves is an impostor. A disgusting twist on a lovely, delicate, creamy concoction that highlights any dish with which it is served.
Knowing that my favorite mayo was made using (GMO containing) soybean oil, I decided I would follow my European brethren and make my own. I succeeded after a try or two but I have a confession to make. I loathe raw egg yolks. It's not my fault, it's my cousin's. I'm sure it was she who insisted that the homemade facial masks using raw egg yolks was a good idea. Thirty years later neither of us can stand the smell of raw egg yolk and we both blame each other!
My homemade mayonnaise was light, gorgeous and the perfect consistency, however, I just could not get it down the 'ol gullet, it was the raw egg yolks. Yes, I am a great disappointment to my European and Weston A. Price friends. Luckily, I have found a solution!
Coconut Milk Mayonnaise is made by *emulsifying oil, milk, garlic and a few drops of lemon juice together. No eggs! It's creamy, velvety and is the perfect springboard to let your culinary imagination run wild! Did I mention there are no RAW eggs?
What if you're like many Americans and milk is not your friend right now? Never fear, coconut milk works just as well, **if not better, in this recipe!
Combine the milk, lemon juice, garlic and pepper in either the container that came with your immersion blender or a pint sized mason jar. Alternately you can user a small food processor container (this will NOT work in a regular sized food processor container as it is too large). Blend on high until mixture is frothy.
If using an Immersion Blender: Add 1/4 cup of the oil of your choice and blend in one minute intervals until the ingredients seem to have emulsified (the oil is no longer separate from the other ingredients). Add another 1/4 cup of oil, and repeat until the mixture is the consistency that you prefer. Feel free to add more oil if the consistency is too runny.
If using a food processor: With the motor running on high, slowly drip the oil into the container, a few drops at a time. This should take a good 10 minutes. If the oil goes in too quickly it will not emulsify and your mayo will NOT turn out to be the proper consistency. BE PATIENT!
When the mayonnaise is the consistency that you would like, add the salt to taste. Refrigeration will allow the mayo to set up a bit although you can use it right away. Generally this lasts in the fridge for at least 5 days. If you add a teaspoon of whey or a probiotic capsule to the mixture at the end, it will keep for weeks in the fridge.
Immersion blenders are not meant to be used for 10 minutes consecutively. Do not run your immersion blender for longer than a minute or you will risk burning out the motor. I usually stop for a few minutes here and there to let my immersion blender cool down a bit. Taking breaks doesn't hurt the final product.
You may need more or less oil. I often only use a half cup of oil as I'm generally happy with the consistency at that point.
Coconut milk does not affect the taste of the final product. Just make sure to use plain and not a vanilla flavored coconut milk.
As I said before this is the basic recipe. Feel free to use your imagination. I blended in jalapeno peppers and cilantro at the very end for a mayonnaise that took my husbands Roast Beef and Havarti Panini, aptly named The Beefy Mexican to a whole new level! A similar combination made with avocado and cilantro made for an amazing dressing for my simple salad (link to Creamy Cilantro Avocado Dressing video) that absolutely rocked my world (I'm salivating just thinking about it!).
For more variations go to the original blog post The Secrets and Science Behind Milk Mayonnaise. It's a very interesting post and you'll learn more about why the various ingredients come together to make this awesome concoction!
Put that GMO soybean oil laden mayo back on the shelf and get to work making your own dips, dressings, and sandwich spread tonight!
*The term emulsify basically means to break down the liquid molecules (in this case milk) into smaller and smaller droplets until it loosens up and allows the oil to bind to it and thicken.
**I found that the coconut milk mayonnaise lasted longer and stood up better in the fridge when compared to the milk mayonnaise (which tended to separate more quickly than the coconut milk). This is quite possibly because of the carrageenan which is added to almost all boxed coconut milk products.
The emulsification applies to the oil, not the milk. It's is the oils droplets that need to be made smaller and smaller in order to mix with the milk, not the other way around as you stated.
I think you could use canned coconut milk, I just haven't tried it. Please let me know if you do and how it turns out.
Why not "canned" coconut milk?
What do you do with the mayonnaise after its been made? / How do you use it? I don't want make avocado dressing and I don't want to use it with bread.
Hello, I'm so happy you enjoy my recipe for milk mayonnaise, but I would greatly appreciate it if you would credit it in this post, stating that it's from my cookbook, "The New Portuguese Table," as well as link off to my site: Leite's Culinaria http://leitesculinaria.com. Much obliged!
Look forward to trying this! Featuring this this week on AFW!!
I just saw today that you were looking for egg free mayo and hoped you'd try this! Thanks for featuring it!


The world is coming to New Wilmington!
Over 30 mission workers and their families from around the world will be sharing stories of what God is doing throughout the world. Our church memberships are declining but the rest of the world is seeing exciting explosions of believers!
Hundreds of high school, junior high and young adults will be on campus attending sessions, participating in service projects, worshiping and making new friends. Hundreds of adults and kids also.
YOU are welcome to come too. All of the programs are free and open to the public. Come Saturday evening, July 23 at 7:45 pm and hear what's happening in China. Join us for worship Sunday at 11:00 am to hearHunter Farrell the director of World Missions of the PC(USA). Come early, at 8:45 am, and hear the beginning of Dr Bailey's week-long Bible study. Sunday evening bring your youth to hear York Moore the Inter Varsity speaker whose specialty is motivating young people. Check out the schedule for the whole week to see locations, times and other great speakers.
www.nwmcmission.org/News-NWMC-2011/2011-Speakers. Or, if you want to register, eat in the dining halls, and spend the whole day, contact the office at 724-946-9770 for info.
On July 24th at 6 PM in the Covenant Presbyterian Church sanctuary. Youth with musical talents are still needed, so if you know someone who might be interested in participating, contact Jon Dennis at 724-981-3535.
On July 26, 2011 from 7-9 PM Cana's Corner Coffeehouse is welcome back Terry Leonard, local gospel folk artist. There is no cover charge and coffee and ice cream sundaes are free. We are located at the corner of the Wengler baseball field and Carnegie Street in Bethlehem Presbyterian Church. We are open the 2nd and 4th Tuesdays of the month. A free will offering will be taken.


2019 Honda CR-V EX 4D Sport Utility 1.5L I4 DOHC 16V CVT AWD Dark Olive Metallic Sunroof / Moonroof, Bluetooth HandsFree Link, Backup Camera, AWD, 6 Speakers, Alloy wheels, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Auto High-beam Headlights, Blind spot sensor: Blind Spot Information (BSI) System warning, Distance pacing cruise control: Adaptive Cruise Control with Low-Speed Follow, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Heated door mirrors, Heated Front Bucket Seats, Heated front seats, Illuminated entry, Outside temperature display, Panic alarm, Power moonroof, Radio: AM/FM Audio System w/6 Speakers, Security system, Turn signal indicator mirrors. Please Note this price does not include any dealer added accessories. Additional savings may be available on this vehicle. Please contact our Internet Department at 503-667-7077 for details.


There is one thing about getting older that cannot be argued: As we age, our driving abilities change. They may be compromised due to factors including slowing motor functions, hearing impairment, vision issues, and/or medications that can influence driving capabilities….
Let's face it: as an active older adult, it isn't as easy as it once was to make friends. After all, there were the friends you had at work or at church or at the gym and friends who were….
The Visiting Nurses Association has been a boon to seniors who wish to remain living in their own home as long as possible while addressing the healthcare issues which impact their physical or cognitive abilities. Most people would rather receive….


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Q: Why do firefox and chrome allow users to view saved passwords? It seems like a very big security leak, as anyone can quickly go to the settings and with one click show the passwords of the original user.
I also don't see the benefit of it to the original user to show his saved passwords.
There isn't even an option to disable showing the passwords.
In firefox there is an option to use a master password, but still no option not to use a master password and still disable the feature to show the passwords.
I think it should have been saved encrypted with no simple way to decrypt it.

A:
I think it should have been saved encrypted with no simple way to decrypt it.

Clearly you must always be able to decode it, otherwise the browser wouldn't be able to do so and the feature wouldn't work.
What you are advocating is obfuscation. But obfuscation is ineffective.

how many people out of 100 will be able to see the passwords within a minute

100.
It doesn't matter how complicated the decoding scheme is; if just one person can work out how to decode it (and there will always be one, even for obscure non-open-source software) they can provide a one-click tool to do the job.
If your attacker is a non-authorised user with fleeting access to the machine, they could download and run a tool to decrypt the password base in a few seconds - certainly barely any longer than it would take to look up the passwords in the UI.
So deploying obfuscation would make life less convenient for the genuine user, but not really any less convenient for the attacker. That's not a win.

But if they forget it they can still log in with the already saved password. And if they want they can reset it from the site

So can an attacker (fleeting physical access or trojan). What's the threat model you're protecting against here?

A: There are many users who generally keep difficult password and forgot it. By showing them their saved password, it helps them to recover the access to their account easily. While saving the password, it first asks for it. So, user should be intelligent enough to act accordingly if he is using his personal system or using third party system.

A: You basic assumption is wrong, "saved encrypted with no simple way to decrypt it" is impossible. because they are open-source, the way to decrypt is made public, so anyone can easily decrypt it.
Instead fooling the users with easily crackable encrypt, you are warned, the password can be easily retrieved, save it as your own risk, or not save it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Free Library > General Interest/Informational > Zoology and wildlife conservation > Fishery Bulletin > October 1, 2017
The Free Library > Date > 2017 > October > 1 > Fishery Bulletin
Recovery of visual function in Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) after exposure to bright light.
<a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Recovery+of+visual+function+in+Pacific+halibut+(Hippoglossus...-a0532251271
MLA style: "Recovery of visual function in Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) after exposure to bright light.." The Free Library. 2017 National Marine Fisheries Service 17 Jan. 2021 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Recovery+of+visual+function+in+Pacific+halibut+(Hippoglossus...-a0532251271
Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. Recovery of visual function in Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) after exposure to bright light.." Retrieved Jan 17 2021 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Recovery+of+visual+function+in+Pacific+halibut+(Hippoglossus...-a0532251271
APA style: Recovery of visual function in Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) after exposure to bright light.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 17 2021 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Recovery+of+visual+function+in+Pacific+halibut+(Hippoglossus...-a0532251271
Abstract--Commercial fishing exposes Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) to a myriad of stressors during capture, processing, and discarding, including exposure to direct sunlight that causes diminished retinal sensitivity. It is unknown, however, whether recovery occurs. We therefore employed both electroretinography and a behavioral assay to measure recovery of retinal sensitivity and visual function in halibut exposed to 15 min of simulated sunlight. We used electroretinography to measure changes in retinal light sensitivity after recovery periods of 2, 4, 6 and 10 weeks and a behavioral assay to measure responsiveness to simulated prey (i.e., in behavioral trials) to measure visual function after recovery periods of 2 to 6 d. Exposure to simulated sunlight significantly reduced retinal sensitivity to light with no apparent recovery after 10 weeks. Although retinal sensitivity was reduced, fish exposed to direct sunlight displayed no demonstrable deficits in visual function during behavioral trials.
One-quarter of the catch of worldwide fisheries comprises nontarget species (i.e., as bycatch or incidental catch) that are often discarded (Alverson et al., 1994). Fish may be dead when discarded, or may subsequently expire as a consequence of physical injury and stress incurred during capture and release. Mortality rates for discarded fish are, however, rarely known and represent a large source of uncertainty in fisheries models (Davis, 2002). In some instances, compromised fish succumb to predation hours or days after being discarded (Davis, 2002). For example, juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) subjected to stressors simulating escape through trawl codend meshes have been shown to be more vulnerable than control fish to predation in staged predator encounters (Ryer, 2002, 2004). In other instances, fish may recover but experience lower fitness as a consequence of injuries or stress. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stressed through simulated trawl avoidance produced poor quality eggs and larvae (Morgan et al., 1999); and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that escaped gill nets incurred physical injuries and physiological impairments that reduced spawning success by 50% (Baker and Schindler, 2009). Reduced growth and body size may also impact reproduction. Using a bioenergetics model, Meka and Margraf (2007) estimated that catch-and-release can reduce growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) up to 15% when there is no physical injury, and up to 164% where debilitating hook injuries are incurred. Although these studies have documented outcomes of bycatch stress, they rarely address the mechanisms that cause the stress. In particular, scant information exists on how capture and release may impair sensory systems such as vision, which fish rely on to locate food and avoid predation.
Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) are captured in trawl and longline fisheries targeting groundfishes along the contiguous United States and Canada (Davis and Olla, 2001). Trawl fisheries are, however, required to discard all Pacific halibut, thus subjecting a significant portion of the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska population to capture stress (Williams and Wilderbuer (1)). Methods to determine health and condition of Pacific halibut destined for discard are based on the physical condition of the fish and variables related to the actual fishing process (Kaimmer and Trumble, 1998). Information on fish condition, stress, and variables related to the fishing process are collected by fisheries observers, but these data can vary greatly owing to subjective differences in assessment of fish condition and trawl tow characteristics (e.g., catch weight, depth of tow, tow speed) (Pikitch et al. (2)). Therefore, the amount of time on deck may be a better indicator of condition at release than the means of capture (i.e., trawl or longline) (Davis and Schreck, 2005).
Recent studies indicate that Pacific halibut biomass remains relatively stable, although recruitment remains weak (Stewart and Hicks (3)), and bycatch mortality is approximately 20% within directed groundfish fisheries (Benaka et al., 2014). Also, bycatch has been slowly decreasing, although rates fluctuate depending on the location of the fishery itself (Dykstra (4)). Continued reductions in bycatch mortality could be facilitated by a better understanding of both the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that are compromised at the time of release of bycatch and affect survival.
Pacific halibut are visual predators (Hurst et al., 2007) and frequently live in turbid coastal waters at depths ranging from 90 to 900 m (i.e., on the continental shelf) (IPHC (5)) and therefore under low ambient light levels. After capture in trawl fisheries, individual fish are often left on deck for tens of minutes before they are discarded (Trumble et al., 1995; Davis and Olla, 2001). During this time, they can be exposed to direct sunlight (i.e., at light levels orders of magnitude above ambient levels on the seafloor) that potentially causes impaired visual function (Loew, 1976; Meyer-Rochow, 1994; Wu et al., 2006). Previous research has documented a reduction in retinal sensitivity to light in Pacific halibut after 15 min of exposure to simulated sunlight (Brill et al, 2008). This reduction in sight could have consequences for foraging success after release by diminishing the ability of a fish to perceive and capture prey. It is unknown, however, whether this deficit is permanent or whether it reduces the ability of Pacific halibut to detect and capture prey. Our objective was to extend previous research (Brill et ah, 2008) and to assess specifically whether retinal sensitivity and overall visual function can recover after exposure to simulated sunlight.
We addressed these objectives by using both electroretinography (ERG) and behavioral methods. ERG measures the summed potential of electrical signals within the retina, providing a technique for rapidly and quantitatively assessing retinal function (Brown, 1968). An evaluation of the behavior of Pacific halibut subjected to bright light, namely an evaluation of their ability to accomplish essential tasks, such as perceiving and capturing prey, will help determine the effects of bycatch on somatic growth, fecundity, and survival.
All fish capture, maintenance, handling, and experimental procedures followed accepted protocols and were in compliance with all relevant laws and regulation. Age-0 Pacific halibut (40-70 mm in total length [TL]) were acquired by trawl net in Chiniak Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska (57[degrees]40'N, 152[degrees]30'W) and delivered to the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon. Pacific halibut were kept in 3.1-m diameter fiberglass tanks (at a 1-m depth) with flowing seawater at 8-10[degrees]C degrees for 2 or 3 years before use in the experiments. The tanks were maintained under low-illumination fluorescent lighting (photon flux density of 0.01 [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]) and day time and night time were set on a 12-h photoperiod. Fish were fed 3 times per week during the first year and twice per week during the second year with a gel food consisting of gelatin, vitamins, amino acid supplements, krill (Euphausia superba), pelleted food, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), and squid.
Exposure to bright light
Individual 2-year-old Pacific halibut (13-17 cm TL) fish were lifted by dip net from their holding tank, lightly anesthetized with a tricaine methanosufonate (Tricaine-S 6 [MS-222], Western Chemical, Inc., Ferndale, WA) solution of ~5 mg/L to reduce movement and stress, and held in a shallow seawater bath (12[degrees]C). They were then exposed to simulated sunlight for 15 min by using a light source and a fiber optic guide aimed at the right eye of a fish. The left eye was covered with a light-blocking cloth. The 15-min simulated sunlight exposure was chosen to correspond with the time fish are left on deck during commercial trawl sorting operations (Davis and Olla, 2001; Davis and Schreck, 2005). Control fish were treated in kind, except that the light source was not turned on. Fish were subsequently returned to their holding tanks and separated with a barrier to allow both control and light exposed fish to be held under identical conditions.
Sunlight was simulated by using a high-intensity xenon lamp (Spectral Products, Putnam, CT) and its spectral range was -320-700 nm, which approximates the visible (400-700 nm) and the UV range of sunlight directly overhead at sea level (Lalli and Parsons, 1997). Light intensity exiting the fiber optic light guide was ~2000 [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1] (measured over 400-700 nm of spectral range) and simulated sunlight (2010 [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]) and measured at Newport, Oregon, under ideal clear conditions at 1200 noon PST on 5 October 2007 and by using a IL 1700 Research Radiometer (International Light Technologies, Inc., Peabody, MA) equipped with a photosynthetically active radiation-filtered waterproof sensor.
Evaluation of visual function with the use of an ERG
To evaluate visual function by using ERG, fish were moved into a dark room in a light-proof container. Individuals were then lightly anesthetized with a buffered MS-222 solution (~5-mg/L) and the neuromuscular blocking drug gallamine triethiodide (Flaxedil, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, dose ~20 mg/kg) injected into the caudal vein to reduce movement. Fish were then placed on a sling and enclosed in a light-blocking container placed in an acrylic box. The body of the fish was submerged in a manner such that only a small portion of the head and the eye would remain above water to receive the light stimulus. The container was supplied with flow-through seawater (12[degrees]C) and the gills of the fish remained aerated by means of a small submersible pump for water circulation. Fish were adapted to darkness for a minimum of 1 h before physiological measurements were taken.
Teflon-coated silver wire electrodes with a silver chloride electroplated coating, were used to record the ERG responses The recording electrode was placed lightly on the corneal surface and the reference electrode was placed on the skin over the head of the fish. The recording chamber was illuminated with a dim red light (peak wavelength 660 nm) produced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs); these remained on while the electrodes were positioned. The recording system was grounded by using a stainless-steel plate within the experimental apparatus. ERG signals were amplified (10,000x gain) with 1-Hz high pass and 1-kHz low-pass filter settings on a DAM50 amplifier (World Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, FL). The signal was also filtered with a HumBug active electronic noise eliminator (Quest Scientific Instruments, Inc., North Vancouver, Canada) that removed 60-Hz noise and was digitized at a 1-kHz sampling frequency with a multifunction data acquisition card (DAQCard-6024E, National Instruments Corp., Austin, TX). Light stimuli and all data were controlled by a custom program developed by Eric Warrant (University of Lund, Lund, Sweden) for use in the Lab VIEW graphical programming system for measurement and automation (National Instruments Corp.).
A circular (3.8-cm diameter) light source (SL2420 spot light, Advanced Illumination, Inc., Rochester, VT) was used to produce a white LED light stimulus, and a thin diffuser and collimating lens were used to produce an even field of illumination ([+ or -] 10%). An intensity controller (CS410, Advanced Illumination, Inc.) was used to control light output. The intensity controller was connected and controlled by the analog output of the data acquisition card. To extend the range of available light levels, a series of neutral density filters (Kodak Optical Products, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY) were used to dim the light stimulus.
As in previous studies (e.g., Brill et al., 2008), we examined changes in retinal sensitivity to light resulting from exposure to simulated sunlight by recording the summed potential of electrical signal in response (in volts [V]) to a range of light intensities (I) and subsequently used the data to construct voltage in relation to log light intensity response curves (V-log I). Light intensities were increased by 0.2 log-unit steps from a level with no measurable response, to a level that produced a max response. A light stimulus consisted of a train of five 200-ms light flashes delivered 200 ms apart. This stimulus was presented every 5 s and repeated 5 times at each light intensity. The ERG responses to the final flash of each train were recorded and averaged. At the conclusion of an experiment, fish were euthanized with either a massive overdose (>300 mg/kg) of sodium pentobarbital (Beuthanasia-D, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) injected into the caudal vein, or by immersion in a bath of clove oil where the clove oil solution was circulated over the gills by a small submersible pump.
Initially, we compared ERG data for the left and right eyes of control fish (n=4) that had not been exposed to simulated sunlight. Preliminary analysis indicated that right eyes produced a consistently stronger voltage signal than left eyes. Our original intention had been to use unexposed left eyes as 'within-fish' controls for the exposed right eyes in the exposure recovery experiment. However, because of the difference in signal strength between left and right eyes, we abandoned this strategy and relied instead upon a comparison of right eyes between control fish and sunlight exposed fish after various periods of recovery. Fish exposed to simulated sunlight were divided in groups with recovery times of 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks. Each group consisted of 8-10 individuals.
In addition to voltage response data we also calculated voltage percent maximum (p-max) data; for each fish, namely the percentage of maximal response at each tested light intensity. Finally, the data from each individual ERG curve was fitted by using a second-order polynomial equation with SYSTAT software, vers. 13 (Systat Software, Inc., San Jose, CA) or Microsoft Office 2013 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA), because the ERG response curves generally were of a sigmoid shape. To provide a summary measure of visual impairment, we calculated log-scale illumination required to produce a 50% p-max response from each fish. In the left and right eye, and exposure recovery experiments, ERG responses presented as voltages and pmax responses were examined with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969). For examination of the light level required to produce a 50% p-max response, we compared treatment groups, using one-way ANOVA (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969). Where appropriate, we employed a Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969) to examine differences in treatment means. Tests were considered significant at the P<0.05 level.
Behavioral evaluation of fish in relation to visual function
Individual 3-year-old Pacific halibut (21-27 cm TL) were anesthetized with MS-222 as described above, but in this case both eyes were subjected to a 15-min exposure to simulated sunlight before behavioral experiments. After light exposure, pairs of fish were moved into 1.9-m diameter x 80-cm deep circular tanks to recover. The tanks were located within a light-controlled laboratory and supplied with constantly flowing seawater at ~9[degrees]C.
Experiments were conducted with 8-10 pairs of fish at six light intensities simulating environmental conditions typical for Pacific halibut (~90-900 m): 1x[10.sup.-3], 1x[10.sup.-4], 1x[10.sup.-5], and 1x[10.sup.-6], 1x[10.sup.-7] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1], and complete darkness (<0.01x[10.sup.-7]). Light levels were measured on the bottom of the experimental tank with a IL1700 Research Radiometer equipped with a photo-synthetically active radiation-filtered waterproof sensor. To reduce shadows, all lighting was attached to an overhead ring suspended 1.8 m above the tank bottom and approximately 0.7 m outside the tank circumference. Four cone lamps with green LED (~555-nm) clusters were mounted on the ring. The LED clusters were linked to a rheostat that was used to vary light intensity. The lights were placed directed perpendicular to the tanks to avoid glare and hot spots.
We recorded fish movements with an overhead video camera (Ikegami Electronics, Inc., Mahwah, NJ) and under infrared illumination. Infrared illumination ranged from 760-880 nm, which is a range undetectable by Pacific halibut (John, 1964; Higgs and Fuiman, 1996; Brill et al., 2008). Infrared lights were placed below the bottom of the tank and provided a silhouette of the fish; these lights were left on for all experimental trials, regardless of the light treatment being used. Each experimental tank had a clear Plexiglas tube placed in the middle that held a white fishing jig that was attached to the ceiling with a counter-weighted line and to the bottom of the tank with an elastic band. The bottom 20 cm of the Plexiglas tubes were covered with black tape, such that the jig would not be visible to the fish when not in use.
Fish were allowed to recover for at least 48 h after exposure to simulated sunlight before use in further trials. Each pair of fish was tested at all 6 levels of illumination: 2 illumination levels on each of the first 2 days, and a single illumination level on the last day. The illumination level was set with the rheostat and fish were allowed to acclimate for 2 h before the trial began, 2 h were allowed between trials, and the order of testing with respect to illumination level was randomized. A trial at each illumination level consisted of two 5-min periods before and after presentation of the visual stimulus (white jig). After the first 5-min period, the jig was moved up and down rapidly (within the Plexiglas tube) for 60 s and then allowed to sink back below the masked bottom of the Plexiglas tubes, where it was out of sight. Each minute was split into 10-s intervals and scored as to whether the pair of fish reacted to the visual stimuli. A reaction was considered positive if the fish either 1) moved one body length, 2) made oral contact with the column while attempting to bite at the jig, or 3) re-oriented itself such that the long axis of the fish was pointing toward the jig (~10[degrees]).
Scoring behavior of fish
Scores were recorded as either 0 (no reaction by either fish), 1 (reaction by one fish), or 2 (reaction by both fish). For each 1-min trial, the 10-s scores were summed to arrive at an activity index. We compared activity indexes of fish exposed to simulated sunlight and control fish over time at each light level by using repeated measures ANOVA (n=6-9). Where ANOVA results indicated significant differences, a Tukey's HSD was used to determine differences between group means. During the scoring process and in preliminary analysis it became apparent there was no difference between the lowest light levels (1x[10.sup.-5], 1x[10.sup.-6], and 1x[10.sup.-7] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1] and complete darkness). Hence, we decided to show only the highest 4 light intensities (1x[10.sup.-3], 1x[10.sup.-4], 1x[10.sup.-5], and 1x[10.sup.-6] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]).
Electroretinography experiment
At the same light intensities, voltages measured on the corneal surface of the right eyes of control fish were significantly higher than those measured on the corneal surface of left eyes. This finding was manifest by a significant interaction between eye (left vs. right) and light intensity in our ANOVA ([F.sub.[16 32]] = 4.18, P<0.0001). The difference in the responses of right and left eyes increased with increasing light intensities (Fig. 1). When voltage data for each fish were converted to p-max, a significant difference was no longer present between left and right eyes ([F.sub.1, 2] = 0.00, P=0.963), nor was there a significant interaction between eye and light intensity ([F.sub.[16, 32]] = 0.90, P=0.575). P-max continued to increase with increasing test light level ([F.sub.16,32]] =17.68, P<0.001).
Exposure to simulated sunlight for 15 min resulted in a visual deficit that did not improve during the 10 weeks of recovery. Voltages measured from the right eyes of control fish (i.e., no exposure to simulated sunlight) were generally greater than those of the right eyes of fish that were exposed to simulated sunlight and allowed to recover for 2-10 weeks. This was particularly evident at lower test light levels, as evidenced by a significant interaction between treatment and light intensity (Fig. 2A; [F.sub.[64,272]]=1.55, P=0.009). Conversion of voltages to p-max did not appreciably change this relationship (Fig. 2B). Again, there was a significant interaction between treatment and light intensity ([F.sub.164,272]]=2.04, P<0.001).
There were significant differences in light intensities required to produce a response 50% of maximum ([F.sub.[4,17]]=11.4, P<0.001) between treatments (control, and 2, 4, 6 and 10-weeks recovery) (Fig. 3). The light intensity required to produce a response 50% of maximum was significantly lower for control fish, than for fish in any of the recovery treatments (Tukey's HSD: P<0.05). Among the recovery treatments, the light intensity required to produce a response 50% of maximum increased over the 10-week recovery period and was lower at week 2 than at week 10 (Tukey's HSD: P<0.05). The light intensity required to produce a response 50% of maximum at week 2 did not differ from those at either weeks 4 or 6, and similarly, the response at week 10 did not differ from responses at weeks 4 or 6 (Tukey's HSD: P<0.05). In context, it took approximately 17 times the photons to produce a response of 50% of maximum in fish exposed to simulated sunlight after 10 weeks than it did for control fish.
Behavioral experiment
There was no effect of exposure to simulated sunlight on the behavioral response of Pacific halibut to the visual cues associated with a simulated prey ([F.sub.[27,324]] =0.40, P=0.539). This lack of difference between control and treated fish was consistent throughout the trials, as well as across ambient light levels, because ANOVA showed no significant interactions between treatment (control vs fish exposed to simulated sunlight) and any of the other factors (e.g., time, ambient light level). Pacific halibut were generally active and responded strongly to the appearance of prey (presented at the beginning of minute 6) at the highest ambient illumination (3x[10.sup.-3] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]), but responsiveness progressively declined at lower ambient light levels (Fig. 4). This finding is supported by a significant interaction between time and ambient light level in our ANOVA for Pacific halibut activity ([F.sub.[27,324]]=4.16, P<0.001). At the 2 highest ambient light levels, fish would orient themselves toward the simulated prey when it appeared, swim toward it, and repeatedly strike at the sides of the Plexiglas tube containing the simulated prey. This behavior was characterized by a sharp increase in activity from minute 5 to 6 (Tukey's HSD:, P<0.05, for 3x[10.sup.-3] and 3x[10.sup.-4] pmol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]) (Fig 4, A and B). This response diminished as ambient light levels decreased, and no significant increase in activity was observed from minute 5 to 6 at the 2 lowest ambient light levels (Tukey's HSD: P>0.05, for 3x[10.sup.-5] and 3 x [10.sup.-6] pmol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]) (Fig 4, C and D).
Prior research (Brill et al., 2008) has shown that exposure to simulated sunlight (i.e., imitating the situation experienced on the deck of a vessel) impairs the retinal function of Pacific halibut. The authors speculated that exposure to simulated sunlight resulted in damage and apoptosis of photoreceptor cells containing the longer wavelength (520-540-nm) absorbing visual pigments. A predominance of receptors with maximal sensitivity in the green wavelengths is characteristic of coastal and continental shelf species (Levine and MacNichol, 1979; Bowmaker, 1990). If permanent, a deficit in these retinal receptors could have negative consequences for post release foraging success, somatic growth, reproductive success, and ultimately survival.
Using both ERG and a behavioral assay, we tested the hypothesis that Pacific halibut recover from retinal damage and visual function resulting from exposure to direct sunlight. Our ERG data indicated damage to the Pacific halibut visual system and no significant recovery during the 10 weeks after exposure. Even after 10 weeks, it took approximately 17 times the light intensity to elicit a response 50% of maximum than with control fish. This result equates to an approximate 94% reduction in retinal sensitivity. In contrast, our behavior assay (which occurred 2-6 d after exposure to simulated sunlight) could not reveal impairment of the ability of Pacific halibut to detect visual cues associated with simulated prey across a broad range of ambient light levels.
Electroretinography is a procedure in which the summed electrical responses from the retinal photoreceptors are recorded by placing electrodes on the corneal surface and skin adjacent to the eye. In our study, we exposed fish to 15 min of simulated sunlight, an intensity equivalent to ambient sunlight under clear skies at noon (Newport, Oregon, 5 October 2007; the same exposure used by Brill et al., 2008). Light-exposed fish required approximately 5 times the amount of light to generate an ERG response equal to control fish. This was manifest as a depression in both voltage and p-max voltage plotted against log illumination. These curves remained depressed over a 10-week post exposure period, compared with controls that indicated no recovery of retinal sensitivity. Brill et al. (2008) speculated that the mechanism of damage was disruption of photoreceptor cells and predicted that the process would be progressive and permanent. Our ERG data support this contention. The illumination required to stimulate a 50% maximum response, shows that vision deteriorated from 2 weeks to 10 weeks after exposure, indicating a progressive worsening of Pacific halibut retinal sensitivity over time. In an environmental context, a sunlight exposed Pacific halibut would have to move to water that is 18 m shallower to have the same visual acuity as that of an unexposed fish, assuming a light extinction coefficient of 0.15 (e.g., simulating typical conditions in the Gulf of Alaska). This level of illumination would potentially result in a shoaling effect among fish discarded as bycatch. Our data further indicate that the visual deficit associated with sunlight exposure was most pronounced at the low end of the Pacific halibut visual range. As a consequence, fish captured in and subsequently returned to relatively shallow well-lit waters may be less affected than fish captured from and then returned to deeper water, where impaired fish may be at the limit of their range of visual sensitivity. Whether or not discarded Pacific halibut move to shallower water to mitigate visual impairments could be tested in future research with mark-recapture techniques. It should be noted that Pacific halibut size generally increases with depth. The fish used in our ERG were 2 year olds and therefore were smaller than most fish encountered in commercial fisheries. Although we have no reason to believe that the visual systems of our fish differed from those of larger Pacific halibut, future work in this area would benefit from an examination of a wider range of fish sizes.
The impairment of retinal sensitivity revealed by ERG contrasts with the results from our behavioral assay that produced no statistical evidence of significant visual impairment associated with exposure to simulated sunlight. The simulated prey bobbed up and down within a clear Plexiglass tube that minimized cues associated with water movements and the possibility that Pacific halibut would respond to nonvisual cues. The fact that the responsiveness of fish, as measured by activity, decreased with decreasing ambient light levels clearly indicates that Pacific halibut use vision to detect prey. Yet, across the range of ambient light levels there were no consistent statistical differences between control fish and those exposed to simulated sunlight, with the possible exception of a slight reduction of behavioral activity (i.e. movement, bait strike, etc) among the latter at an ambient light level of 1x[10.sup.-4] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1] (Fig. 4B). Pacific halibut are visual predators and at light levels of 1x[10.sup.-4] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1] primarily use visual cues to locate and attack prey, shifting to tactile and olfactory cues as light levels fall below 1x[10.sup.-5] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1] (Hurst et al., 2007). For immobile baits, Pacific halibut feeding performance is likewise facilitated by vision (Stoner, 2003). We initially reasoned that the threshold ambient light level for visual foraging would be that at which a deficit would be most pronounced. It is possible that we performed tests over too wide a range of ambient light levels. For example, we might have seen a difference between sunlight-exposed and control fish by testing over finer gradations of ambient light levels between 1x[10.sup.-5] to 1x[10.sup.-4] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]). Additionally, conditions in this behavioral assay were designed to maximize the probability of prey detection. The Pacific halibut were in close proximity to the simulated prey in clear water. Had the distance between Pacific halibut and simulated prey been greater, or the water more turbid, the demands upon the visual system may have been magnified in such a way that more clearly showed impairment.
An ancillary discovery from our work was the difference between left and right eye function in Pacific halibut. Left eyes had consistently depressed V-log I curves than right eyes (i.e., the former are less light sensitive than the latter). Pacific halibut are right-eyed flounders; the left eye migrates to the right side of the head during larval development and metamorphosis. This "tortured ontogeny" in flatfish may add constraints to optic nerve function. To our knowledge, however, little research exists on retinal anatomy or physiology in larval flatfish, beyond documentation of eye development of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and other flatfish at settlement (Kvenseth et al., 1996; Friedman, 2008). Although V-log I curves differed between left and right eyes, there were no apparent differences when responses were transformed to p-max response curves. Therefore, although voltage responses to brief light flashes from the left eyes are lower, both left and right eyes appear to otherwise function comparably. In brief, both eyes show comparable light sensitivities, although the smaller ERG response from the left eye (compared with that of the right eye) at the same light intensities implies anatomical and perhaps functional differences at the central nervous system level. Additionally, because of their unique dextral morphological features as adults, Pacific halibut may be more susceptible to injuries to their right eyes owing to hooking injuries in long-line commercial fisheries because the right eye is closer than the left eye to the jaw. This conclusion would warrant future research in hook-induced eye damage and handling practices specific to hook-and-line fisheries.
Hook-and-line fisheries, whether recreational or commercial, generally result in the rapid return of discarded fish to the water so that there is a concomitant minimal exposure to direct sunlight. In contrast, in trawl fisheries Pacific halibut may remain on deck for up 30 min and experience significant mortality (Trumble et al., 1995), although new deck sorting methods have decreased that time. For those fish that survive aerial exposure, it was postulated that sublethal effects on visual sensitivity arising from sunlight exposure could further reduce growth and survival (Brill et al., 2008). Because flicker fusion frequency (i.e., the speed of vision or the ability to detect moving objects) and light sensitivity of the Pacific halibut visual system are adapted to low-light environments (Warrant, 1999), Pacific halibut, in particular, are susceptible to retinal damage from exposure to direct sunlight than are shallow-water fish species. Our ERG data support these conclusions and are consistent with the data from Brill et al. (2008) in that we found that exposure to simulated sunlight exposure reduces retinal light sensitivity in Pacific halibut across a broad range of illuminations, and the -94% reduction in light sensitivity does not recover for during 10 weeks. Visual sensitivity appeared to be most affected at low ambient light levels. If this impairment is permanent, we speculate that fish may either make the best of a bad situation if they are released into deep waters, or attempt to move to shallower water to compensate for their visual deficit. However, these conclusions from our ERG data conflict with our behavioral data and observations, where no clear impairment in simulated prey detection was observed. We suspect that our behavioral assay may not have been ideally designed to show differences in visual sensitivity. We are not aware of any other studies that have attempted to link visual function, as measured by methods such as ERG, with behavioral performance, which ultimately determines the fitness of a species with visual deficits. This is an area of research that will be needed to assess the consequences of damage to the visual system resulting from conditions onboard vessels before discard of bycatch (Pacific halibut and other fish species), and to assess the implications of such damage for fisheries management.
Manuscript submitted 24 January 2017.
Manuscript accepted 7 September 2017.
Online publication date: 20 September 2017.
doi: 10.7755/FB.115.4.12
We thank P. Iseri, M. Ottmar, and S. Haines for assistance with the collection, care, and husbandry of fish. We also wish to acknowledge 3 anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and editorial assistance on an early version of the manuscript.
Alverson, D. L., M. H. Freeberg, S. A. Murawski, and J. G. Pope. 1994. A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap.339, 233 p. FAO, Rome.
Baker, M. R., and D. E. Schindler. 2009. Unaccounted mortality in salmon fisheries: nonretention in gillnets and effects on estimates of spawners. J. Appl. Ecol. 46:752-761. Article
Benaka, L. R., L. Sharpe, L. Anderson, K. Brennan, J. E. Budrick, C. Lunsford, E. Meredith, M. S. Mohr, and C. Villafana. 2014. Fisheries release mortality: identifying, prioritizing, and resolving data gaps. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/ SPO-142, 55 p.
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Brill, R., C. Magel, M. Davis, R. Hannah, P. Rankin. 2008. Effects of rapid decompression and exposure to bright light on visual function in black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepsis). Fish. Bull. 106:427-437.
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Friedman, M. 2008. The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry. Nature 454:209-212. Article
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Stoner, A. W. 2003. Hunger and light level alter response to bait by Pacific halibut: laboratory analysis of detection, location, and attack. J. Fish Biol. 62:1176-1193. Article
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Wu, J., S. Seregard, and P. V. Algvere. 2006. Photochemical damage of the retina. Surv. Ophthalmol. 51:461-481. Article
(1) Williams, G. H., and T. Wilderbuer. 1992. Revised estimates of Pacific halibut discard mortality rates in the 1990 groundfish fisheries off Alaska. In Int. Pac. Halibut Comm, report of assessment and research activities 1991, p. 191-209. Int. Pac. Halibut Comm., Seattle, WA. [Available from website.]
(2) Pikitch, E. K., D. L. Erickson, C. K. Mitchell, and J. R. Wallace. 1997. Practical applications of fishing and handling techniques in estimating the mortality of discarded trawl-caught Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). ICES C.M. 1997/FF:05, 18 p. [Available from website.]
(3) Stewart, I. J., and A. C. Hicks. 2017. Assessment of the Pacific halibut stock at the end of 2016. In Int. Pac. Halibut Comm, report of assessment and research activities 2006. IPHC-2016-RARA-26-R, p. 365-394. Int. Pac. Halibut Comm., Seattle, WA. [Available from website.]
(4) Dykstra, C. L. 2017. Incidental catch and mortality of Pa cific halibut, 1990-2016. In Int. Pac. Halibut Comm, report of assessment and research activities 2006. IPHC-2016 RARA-26-R, p. 71-89. Int. Pac. Halibut Comm., Seattle, WA. [Available from website.]
(5) IPHC (International Pacific Halibut Commission). 1998. The Pacific halibut: biology, fishery, and management. Tech. Rep. 40, 64 p. Inti. Pac. Halibut Comm., Seattle, WA. [Available from website.]
(6) Mention of trade names or commercial companies is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA.
Christopher Magel (contact author) [1]
Clifford Ryer [1]
Richard Brill [2]
Email address for contact author: chris.magel@noaa.gov
[1] Alaska Fisheries Science Center
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA
2030 S. Marine Science Drive, Building RSF951
Newport, Oregon 97365-5296
[2] Northeast Fisheries Science Center
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346
Caption: Figure 1
Comparison of responses to increasing illumination or light intensities (I, measured in log candela/[m.sup.2] by using electroretinography) between right and left eyes of previously unexposed Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) (n=4). To construct voltage in relation to log light intensity (V-log I) response curves, light intensities were increased in 0.2 log units from levels that produced no measurable responses to those that produced maximal responses. The data are reported either as voltage or as log-normalized by expressing the average response to an intensity step as a percentage of the maximum observed average response (p-max). V-log I response curves were created with both (A) voltage data and (B) log-normalized data expressed by the average response to an intensity step as a percentage of the maximum observed average response. Data points represent mean values, and error bars indicate standard errors of the means.
Comparison of responses to increasing illumination or light intensities (I, measured in log candela/[m.sup.2] by using electroretinography) between a control group of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and another group of Pacific halibut 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks after light exposure (n=8-10). To construct voltage in relation to log light intensity (V-log I) response curves, light intensities were increased in 0.2 log-unit steps from levels that produced no measurable responses to those that produced maximal responses (p-max). The data are reported both as voltage and log-normalized by expressing the average response to an intensity step as a percentage of the maximum observed average response. V-log I response curves were created by using voltage data and log-normalized data expressed by the average response to an intensity step as a fraction of the maximum observed average response. All data points are those recorded from the right eye. Data points represent means [+ or -] standard error.
Comparison of responses to increasing illumination or light intensities (I, measured in log candela/[m.sup.2]) by using electroretinography [ERG] between a control group of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and another group of Pacific halibut after 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks of recovery from light exposure (n=8-10). To construct voltage in relation to log light intensity (V-log I) response curves, light intensities were increased in 0.2 log-unit steps from levels that produced no measurable responses to those that produced maximal responses. The data were log normalized by expressing the average response to an intensity step as a fraction of the maximum observed average response. Each curve was then fitted with a second-order polynomial equation because the ERG response curves generally indicated a sigmoid response to light intensities. Light intensities required to produce a response 50% of the maximum response were taken from the predicted values produced from the quadratic equation for each model. All data points were those recorded from the right eye. Data points represent means, and error bars indicate standard errors of the means.
Results of the behavioral experiment quantifying responses of pairs of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) to a visual stimulus (i.e., a white jig that simulated prey) at 4 ambient light levels (photon flux density): (A) 1x[10.sup.-3], (B) 1x[10.sup.-4], (C) 1x[10.sup.-5], and (D) 1x[10.sup.-6] [micro]mol x [m.sup.-2] x [s.sup.-1]. For each experiment, ambient light level was set with a rheostat and fish were allowed to acclimate for 2 h before the next trial began. Each trial consisted of a 5-min period before and a 5-min period after presentation of the visual stimulus. After the initial 5-min period, the jig was rapidly moved up and down within a Plexiglas column for 60 s and then allowed to sink back to the level at which it was out of sight of the fish (i.e., to the masked bottom of the column). A reaction was considered positive if the fish 1) moved one body length, 2) made oral contact with the column as it attempted to bite at the jig, or 3) reoriented itself such that its long axis was directly pointing toward the jig. Scores were recorded at 10-s intervals as either 0 (no reaction by either fish in the pair), 1 (reaction by one fish), and 2 (reaction by both fish). For each minute, the scores were summed to arrive at an activity index.
COPYRIGHT 2017 National Marine Fisheries Service
Magel, Christopher; Ryer, Clifford; Brill, Richard
Fishery Bulletin
Geographic Code:
Diel differences in abundance and diversity of fish species and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in the sandy beach shore zone of lower Delaware Bay.
Estimation of growth parameters for the exploited sea cucumber Holothuria arguinensis from South Portugal.
Longlining (Fisheries)
Pacific halibut

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I love simple recipes and better yet, I love when there are just a few simple ingredients like this 3 Ingredient Orange Chicken Sauce we just made. If you have orange marmalade, soy sauce and some barbecue sauce on hand then you can make a super simple sauce that will give that chicken a lovely flavor!
Basically you can cook the chicken any way you desire. One you finish cooking your chicken you will heat this sauce up and pour it over your dish to complete the meal.
I've done this recipe in the crockpot and it's fabulous. Cooking it in the crockpot is easy. I add about 4 chicken breasts with a cup of chicken stock and cook it for about 3 hours on high or about 5 to 6 hours on low. Once the chicken is done, I drain all the juices and add the sauce ingredients to the hot pan. It only takes about another 20 minutes for the sauce to come together.
I like to serve orange chicken over rice. Rice is really easy to do in the Instant Pot Electric Pressure Cooker too. It only takes 3 minutes! 1 cup of rice to every 1 1/2 cup of chicken stock. Cook it on high for 3 full minutes and then let it do a natural release of the steam for another 10 minutes. This gives you perfect rice every single time. You can double this recipe without adjusting the cooking time on the Instant Pot Electric Pressure Cooker too.
Now let me tell you the way I like to make my Orange Chicken Recipe. I prefer to have a light crispy coating on my chicken so that it will keep more of the sauce on the chicken. I do this by using a egg mixture and dusting the chicken with a little flour before I fry it up.
Cook the chicken any way you want.
Combine the 3 ingredients above and simmer for about 15 to 20 minutes until the sauce has heated. Mix these ingredients until it is well combined.
Pour over cooked chicken and serve warm.
For this recipe I prefer to cut up the chicken breast tenders into chunks. I prefer this method fore this 3 Ingredient Orange Chicken Sauce Recipe because when the pieces of chicken are smaller it holds more orange sauce per bite.
I made an egg mixture by whipping up two eggs and adding 1 cup of milk. I put a handful of chicken breast chunks into the egg wash mixture.
Then I toss the chicken chunks from the egg wash to a separate bowl that has the flour and Season All seasoning in it. Make sure each piece of chicken is completely covered in flour.
Once I have all of the chicken breast chunks covered in the egg wash mixture and lightly dusted with flour, I add them to a medium sized frying pan with oil that has already been heated up on medium heat. I make sure the oil completely covers the bottom of the pan. I didn't measure the oil but I imagine it was about a full cup of oil.
Gosh, I love using my 12 inch cast iron skillet. It makes the crust on just about anything taste 10 times better than a normal frying pan.
I cook the chicken just enough to brown it on both sides. This is about 3 to 4 minutes on each side. I cut a larger piece open to make sure it is white in the middle. If it's still pink in the middle, it's not done.
After I fully cook all the chunks of chicken, I place them on a plate that has a napkin on it to capture the extra oil as it cools off.
I wipe the same frying pan clean while it's still hot and then I add the 3 Ingredients for Orange Chicken Sauce and cook it on medium heat for about 15 minutes. I stir it until all the ingredients have been completely combined and the sauce is hot.
Lastly, I toss in the cooked fried chicken breast pieces into the sauce and serve it up over a plate of white rice! YUMMY!
Man, doesn't that look good? My mouth is watering just thinking about it!
Now serve it up with some white rice and you have one heck of a meal!
Feel free to pin it on Pinterest for later!
By Jennifer on September 13, 2016 Chicken recipes, Main Dishes, Recipes.


Cute Locker Ideas On Back to School Locker Ideas Diy Locker Decorations Youtube is one of pictures that are related with the picture before in the collection gallery. The exactly dimension of Cute Locker Ideas On Back to School Locker Ideas Diy Locker Decorations Youtube was 2133x1600 pixels. You can also look for some pictures that related to Home Interior by scroll down to collection on below this picture. If you want to find the other picture or article about Best attractive Cute Locker Ideas Home Prepare just push the gallery or if you are interested in similar pictures of Cute Locker Ideas On Back to School Locker Ideas Diy Locker Decorations Youtube, you are free to browse through search feature that located on top this page or random post section at below of this post. We hope it can help you to get information of this picture.


The Havasu Waterfalls at Night.
By day, the water of Arizona's Havasu Falls is a remarkable, bright blue-green.
In this image submitted by Jes Stockhausen, it's a milky ribbon, illuminated at night by the light of a camper's headlamps.
"While camping in the Havasupai [Indian Reservation], you hear the roar of the falls every minute of the day.
My friend and I went to see if we could see the stars and were blown away by the sheer darkness of the canyon.
This shot was [made] with two headlamps, one at the subject's feet and one on his head.
← A New Muralism in Jersey City.


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Home / Record Companies / Universal / Ben Howard – Collections From The Whiteout (Vinyl)
Ben Howard – Collections From The Whiteout (Vinyl)
SKU: 0602507468323 Categories: Alternative/Indie, H, New Releases, Rock / Pop, Universal
Title : Ben Howard – Collections From The Whiteout. Format : Vinyl Record. Label : UMC. Cat Num : 0746832. Barcode : 0602507468323
Release Date : March 26th 2021
Collections From The Whiteout is the fourth studio album release from Indie Folk Musician Ben Howard. Produced alongside Aaron Dessner (The National, Sharon Van Etten, Taylor Swift), Collections From The Whiteout heralds the first time Ben has opened the door to production outside of he and his bands closer confines.
The foreboding darkness that coated Ben's second record I Forget Where We Were and thinly veiled its follow up Noonday Dream, isn't so evident on Collections.. These are songs written from headlines scanned, or news stories scrolled past. Ben has taken those snippets and let his curiosity take control, creating an aural scrapbook that reverberates with tape loops and guitar FXs.
There are sounds akin to Brian Eno, Durutti Column and Steve Reich in there, but also Neil Young and Townes Van Zandt. It's a million miles away from Ben's multi-platinum selling debut, but a path plotted from Ben's then to his now isn't so far removed.
The door was also left open to some new players too. Yussef Dayes, one of the UK's most innovative young drummer/producer' especially in the field of jazz features, as does Kate Stables from This Is The Kit, James Krivchenia from Big Thief, Kyle Keegan from Hiss Golden Messenger, and the aforementioned Aaron Dessner lent his hand too where needed. Long-term guitarist to Ben's band, Mickey Smith, remains a reassuring presence. Rob Moose, a long-standing arranger of strings for Bon Iver and a collaborator to Laura Marling, Blake Mills, and Phoebe Bridgers is also present, peppering the mix.
Heaven 17 – Penthouse And Pavement
The Heavy – The House That Dirt Built
Julia Holter-Have You In My Wilderness
Engelbert Humperdinck – Release Me: Best Of (CD)
GBP: £7.01


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Algemeen
 beha (bh, bustehouder), een kledingstuk
 /bh/, een bilabiale klank
 Ludwig van Beethoven, in musicografieën wel aangeduid als Bh
 bohrium (Bh), een chemisch element
 hysteresis-lus of BH-curve, ook wel B-H-karakteristiek of magnetisatiecurve

Geografie
 Bahrein, een land met ISO 3166-1-landcode BH
 .bh, het achtervoegsel van domeinnamen in Bahrein
 Belize (land), een land met BH als landcode voor voertuigen
 Bosnië en Herzegovina, een land, soms afgekort als BH
 District Bihor (Transsylvanië), een Roemeens district met BH als gangbare afkorting
 Brouwershaven of een vissersschip uit Brouwershaven, met BH als lettercode van de thuishaven

Bedrijven, organisaties en merken
 BH (motorfiets), een Spaans historisch motorfietsmerk
 BH Air, een Bulgaarse luchtvaartmaatschappij
 B&H Airlines, een Bosnische luchtvaartmaatschappij, ook wel BH Airlines
 Berkshire Hathaway, een Amerikaanse holding
 Blood & Honour, een internationale neonazistische groepering

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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UK & World
'We're coming Colombia': Footballers' haunting footage from inside doomed jet
In footage taken inside the plane, players from Brazilian side Chapecoense can be seen smiling and laughing.
Anthony Bond
Footballers posted a video onboard the doomed jet that crashed in Colombia, killing dozens.
In the footage, players from Brazilian side Chapecoense can be seen smiling and laughing.
Defender Alan Ruschel and goalkeeper Danilo Padilha look happy and relaxed as Ruschel says: "In not long, we'll be arriving in Colombia. We're coming Colombia."
Other passengers can be seen behind the pair.
But, just moments after this footage was taken, the plane , which was travelling to Medellin airport, fell from the sky after suffering electrical problems.
Authorities now fear at least 75 people have been killed.
Both Ruschel and Padilha who appeared in this video are thought to have survived and have been taken to hospital.
Brazil plane crash: Chapecoense football team laugh and joke while waiting to board doomed flight at airport
The jet split in two when it crashed in mountains shortly at around 10pm local time (3am UK time), shortly before it was due to land.
The hero pilot is reported to have opened a fuel door to release fuel and prevent a huge explosion in the seconds after the crash.
There were 72 passengers and 9 crew on board the charter plane, which was taking the 22-man squad to their match against Atletico Nacional.
Mayor of Medellin Federico Gutierrez said earlier: "Right now firefighters say 25 people have died.
"This is a tragedy. we have pictures of the plane, which broke in two .
"There has been talk of more than 10 survivors, that's the important thing first is save the lives of those who are coming.
"We thank God the plane did not fall in an urban area because it could have been an even greater tragedy."
A video shared on Twitter claimed to show the moment the plane disappeared from view on flight radar, at around 10.15pm local time.
The pilot declared an emergency around 10pm local time citing electrical failure.
The team are believed to have had to change their flight and boarded the plane that crashed after Brazilian aviation authorities prevented them from taking a charter flight to Medellin.
The jet came down in Cerro Gordo in the municipality of La Union, according to Mi Oriente.
Colombia has been hit by heavy storms, which are hampering rescue efforts.
"The site of the accident is only accessible by land due to climatic conditions and low visibility," a statement from the airport said.
"The Colombian Air Force deployed a search and rescue helicopter, which had to cancel the mission due to the adverse conditions.
(Image: Facebook/Aviación Comercial en Colombia)
"According to the authorities the police are mobilising all possible help since they are reporting six survivors."
Colombian news website Noticias Caracol tweeted what is purported to be the first pictures of the wreckage.
Chapecoense had reached the finals of the Copa Sudamericana by beating Argentina's San Lorenzo over two legs in the semi-finals, which concluded last week.
Earlier in the day, the Chapocoense football team's official Facebook page posted a video of the players waiting to board the flight at Viru Viru International Airport in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Plane carrying Brazilian football team crashes in Colombia with 75 of 81 on board dead
A picture of the team on board a plane has been tweeted but it is unclear whether it was taken before the doomed flight.
The team, from the city of Chapeco, were promoted to Brazil's first division in 2014 and reached the final of South America's second most important club competition last week after a victory against Argentina's San Lorenzo.
2014 was the first time the club had competed in Brazil's top division since the 1970s.
In a statement on its website the club said it was still unsure how many of its players and staff had survived.
(Image: Alan Ruschel/Instagram)
A spokesman said: "Given the conflicting reports emerging from different journalistic sources concerning the crash of the plane carrying the Chapecoense players, the Chapecoense football association through it vice-president, Ivan Tozzo, is refraining from comment and awaiting official announcements from the Colombian air authorities.
"May God be with our athletes, leaders, journalists and the other guests who are with the delegation."
Clubs from across the world tweeted their condolences to Chapecoense.
Spanish side Sevilla said: Sevilla FC shows is shows its condolences for the plane crash involving Chapecoense. Hard times for football."


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Painting > Paper
Gustave Doré - part 5
4 monthes ago | By Poul Webb
Gustave Doré albumen print
Royal Academy of Arts, London Our visual image of Victorian London is largely fixated on its sordidness-cramped streets, dark alleys, desolate slums, overcrowding, and illicit dens. Two people are responsible for creating in our heads such pictures of destitution and filth-one is Charles Dickens, whose works largely revolved around grinding poverty, and the other is French illustrator Gustave Doré. Doré (1832 - 1883) was a prolific engraver, artist, illustrator, and sculptor, who became very popular both in France and England by being an extremely successful...
1870s Gustave Doré woodburytype
© National Portrait Gallery, London Our visual image of Victorian London is largely fixated on its sordidness-cramped streets, dark alleys, desolate slums, overcrowding, and illicit dens. Two people are responsible for creating in our heads such pictures of destitution and filth-one is Charles Dickens, whose works largely revolved around grinding poverty, and the other is French illustrator Gustave Doré. Doré (1832 - 1883) was a prolific engraver, artist, illustrator, and sculptor, who became very popular both in France and England by being an extremely...
C1877 Gustave Doré woodburytype carte-de-visite
© National Portrait Gallery, London Our visual image of Victorian London is largely fixated on its sordidness-cramped streets, dark alleys, desolate slums, overcrowding, and illicit dens. Two people are responsible for creating in our heads such pictures of destitution and filth-one is Charles Dickens, whose works largely revolved around grinding poverty, and the other is French illustrator Gustave Doré. Doré (1832 - 1883) was a prolific engraver, artist, illustrator, and sculptor, who became very popular both in France and England by being...
Gustave Doré albumen print 18.3 x 12.4 cm
Royal Collection Trust, UK Our visual image of Victorian London is largely fixated on its sordidness-cramped streets, dark alleys, desolate slums, overcrowding, and illicit dens. Two people are responsible for creating in our heads such pictures of destitution and filth-one is Charles Dickens, whose works largely revolved around grinding poverty, and the other is French illustrator Gustave Doré. Doré (1832 - 1883) was a prolific engraver, artist, illustrator, and sculptor, who became very popular both in France and England by being an extremely...
Gustave Doré by Carolus-Duran oil on canvas 55.5 x 46.5 cm
Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Our visual image of Victorian London is largely fixated on its sordidness-cramped streets, dark alleys, desolate slums, overcrowding, and illicit dens. Two people are responsible for creating in our heads such pictures of destitution and filth-one is Charles Dickens, whose works largely revolved around grinding poverty, and the other is French illustrator Gustave Doré. Doré (1832 - 1883) was a prolific engraver, artist, illustrator, and sculptor, who became very popular both in...
Paper Artist Sculptor Street Magazine Print Illustration Works Art Gallery Contemporary Museum Oil Canvas
"Along the Shoreline" by Contemporary Impressionist Niki Gulley
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Still life, acrylic, 6" x 6" $100 Read more ...
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"40's Jive" - original ink and watercolor figurative drawing
Rockwell Kent Paintings
Rockwell Kent (1882-1971) was a well-known painter and illustrator. I wrote about his illustraton work here. This lengthy Wikipedia entry provides backgound information. It... Read more ...
Yellow-Orange Tulip, ACEO, oil painting, Barbara Haviland
YELLOW-ORANGE TULIP ACEO OIL PAINTING, BARBARA HAVILAND By Barbara Haviland on 1/30/2023 7:40:46 AM - Comment on this Yellow-Orange Tulip ACEO, oil painting... Read more ...
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Cold Brew Events | Race To The End: 2018 Chiller
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November 25, 2020 In MTB By Barry Kemp
Race To The End: 2018 Chiller
Today we wind it back to the Chiller 24 race of 2018. This was a year infamous for its horrific weather which consisted of 12 hours of torrential rain that seeped into every corner possible. The quote inside the marque that came above the loud noise battering against the roof came out just as snow fell was as follows: "There is no way this snow can settle on such wet ground." Joanne Richardson was on timing duties and looked reassured at this weather forecasting knowledge. Little did I know I was talking complete nonsense. The temperature plummeted and froze the ground which was followed by a whiteout and several inches of the good stuff building up. In amongst this drastic change in weather fronts the first aid 4×4 managed to slide off the road backwards near the entrance to the car park. Let's just say it was an eventful night.
Now keep that maelstrom of weather in your mind as I tell a story of a particular battle that took place amongst it. The prize was top spot in the male solo category, won the year before by Richard Rothwell. Contesting this spot was hot favourite Martin Graham. Martin is a highly talented racer with exceptional speed that can be maintained over a long distance. His feats on rollers have led many to believe he could be the solution to find an alternative energy source. The other person in the frame was Richard Hay who was a the definitive underdog in this contest. Richard had arrived with his son Anthony and would turn out to be incredibly consistent and put the cat amongst the pigeons.
After a safety brief the race started on the big red road just above the car park. It was no surprise that Keith Forsyth set off like a cruise missile and took his usual stance of getting to the front and trying to stay there. Not far behind was Martin who wanted to establish early on that he was quick and put the other racers under pressure. The times say it all: Martin clocked a stunning 44 minutes and Richard second fastest solo at 55. It's a hard course to get round with some steep hills and rock features which really do push the fitness levels. I don't think it's as harsh as the 3 killer steep hills at the puffer but there are some individual sections which compare.
The first half of the race was dominated by Martin and he took a commanding lead. By this point Chris Darroch had retired and took on the role of being Martin's pit man, tacking along to the timing tent to work out what was doing what and coming up with a strategy. Richard Hay on the other hand had managed to get a spot right next to the marquee so people wintin could see the drama unfolding and how hard they were trying. His wife was there and she did an amazing job of encouraging her husband and son to keep going. After 10 laps Chris had determined there was a big enough lead to take a rest, a thing almost unheard of at the sharp end of a solo race. Naomi Frierich being the only other person I know who's done it at the Chiller and went on to win.
Could this have been because Richard had been spotted sitting down taking a rest or just because the lead was so commanding? Either way this was the point at which the snow came down hard and it was stick or twist time for riders to really see what they were made of. Some opted for the warmth and comfort of sleeping bags and heated campervans – the extremely talented riders from Bike Radar (great vid here) cracked in the dead of night for example. Richard only stopped for a little while and got back down to the business of riding his bike. Quietly and consistently he chipped away at the gap and whilst Martin and Chris got 40 winks he managed to take the lead in the early hours of the morning. This was about the time his son Anthony was looking in a bad way as he felt the effects of the cold. Shivering uncontrollably his mother and I managed to get him to stop and at least take 5 to try and warm up.
Around 4 in the morning Chris came back into the timing tent to see what was going on. To his horror Martin was no longer in a comfortable position at the top and had in fact been overtaken. I have visions of Martin being dragged out of bed, a coffee thrown in his face and plonked on his bike to get out. He rode like an angered dragon and quickly took back chunks of time. It took 2 or 3 laps to nudge back in the lead by which time the clock was running down towards the finish. Any punctures or problems and the door would have been open for Richard to walk right through it. In the end it all went smoothly and Martin held off the valiant effort of Richard to take the top spot.
Apart from being massively tired from staying up all night, it was a privilege to watch such good racing unfold. This sat alongside the battle that Lisa Scott had to get out and take the solo female title on a single speed whilst being pretty much dead to the world. Or the fact that Andrea Pogson couldn't stay on her feet when the ice came, Keith Fawcett knocked himself out and had everyone worried or marshal Mick Barker nearly froze to death out on the hills. This is the joy of 24 hour racing, whilst the clock is ticking the event is filled with many stories and dramas all playing out and all interconnected. We are looking forward to getting back to this awesome race on 8th/9th May and there is a sliver of light on the horizon that it could just well happen. Here's hoping.


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11-й смешанный авиационный корпус (11-й сак) — соединение Военно-Воздушных сил (ВВС) Вооружённых Сил РККА, принимавшее участие в боевых действиях Великой Отечественной войны.

Наименования корпуса

 11-й смешанный авиационный корпус
 14-й истребительный авиационный корпус
 14-й Рижский истребительный авиационный корпус
 58-й Рижский истребительный авиационный корпус

Создание корпуса
11-й смешанный авиационный корпус сформирован 24 июля 1943 года по решению Государственного комитета обороны на базе 287-й истребительной авиационной дивизии
Корпус сформирован по новому принципу управления, который сводился к тому, что все авиационные полки подчинялись непосредственно командованию корпуса, минуя дивизионную инстанцию. Это был единственный корпус с таким принципом управления. Дальнейшего применения данный принцип управления не получил.
В состав корпуса вошли три истребительных авиационных полка из состава 287-й истребительной авиационной дивизии:
 4-й истребительный авиационный полк
 148-й истребительный авиационный полк
 293-й истребительный авиационный полк,
а также три штурмовых полка:
 658-й штурмовой авиационный полк
 724-й штурмовой авиационный полк
 594-й штурмовой авиационный полк

Преобразование корпуса
28 сентября 1944 года 11-й смешанный авиационный корпус был преобразован в 14-й истребительный авиационный корпус

В действующей армии
Корпус в составе действующей армии с 27 июля 1943 года по 28 сентября 1944 года, всего 428 дней.

Командир корпуса
 Герой Советского Союза генерал-майор авиации Данилов Степан Павлович. Период нахождения в должности: с 24 июля 1943 года по 28 сентября 1943 года.

В составе объединений

Соединения, части и отдельные подразделения корпуса

Боевой состав на 24 июля 1943 года
 4-й истребительный авиационный полк (Як-1, Як-7)
 148-й истребительный авиационный полк (Як-9)
 293-й истребительный авиационный полк (Як-1)
 594-й штурмовой авиационный полк (Ил-2)
 658-й штурмовой авиационный полк (Ил-2)
 724-й штурмовой авиационный полк (Ил-2)
 594-я отдельная авиационная эскадрилья связи
 236-я отдельная рота связи
 2166-я военно-почтовая станция

Боевой состав на 01 июля 1944 года
 4-й истребительный Краснознамённый авиационный полк
 148-й истребительный Рижский авиационный полк
 293-й истребительный авиационный полк
 594-я отдельная авиационная эскадрилья связи
 236-я отдельная рота связи
 2166-я военно-почтовая станция

Примечание: штурмовые полки корпуса выведены из состава корпуса на доукомплектование, после которого вошли в состав других соединений.

Участие в операциях и битвах
 Курская битва — с 5 июля 1943 года по 23 июля 1943 года
 Орловская операция «Кутузов» — с 27 июля 1943 года по 18 августа 1943 года
 Брянская операция — с 17 августа 1943 года по 3 октября 1943 года
 Ленинградско-Новгородская операция — с 14 января 1944 года по 1 марта 1944 года
 Режицко-Двинская операция — с июля 1944 года по август 1944 года

Почётные наименования
 148-му истребительному авиационному полку присвоено почётное наименование «Режицкий»

Награды
 4-й истребительный авиационный полк 2 августа 1944 года за образцовое выполнение заданий командования на фронте борьбы с немецкими захватчиками и проявленные при этом доблесть и мужество Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР награждён орденом Красного Знамени.

Герои Советского Союза
  Степаненко Иван Никифорович, старший лейтенант, заместитель командира эскадрильи 4-го истребительного авиационного полка 11-го смешанного авиационного корпуса 15-й воздушной армии Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР 13 апреля 1944 года удостоен звания Герой Советского Союза. Золотая звезда № 1109.

Литература

Ссылки
 Список операций вооружённых сил СССР во Второй мировой войне
 Советская авиация в Отечественной войне
 Герои Второй Мировой
 Боевой состав ВВС
 The Luftwaffe, 1933- 45
 Авиаторы Второй мировой войны
 «Освобождение городов: Справочник по освобождению городов в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945» / М. Л. Дударенко, Ю. Г. Перечнев, В. Т. Елисеев и др. — М.: Воениздат, 1985. — 598 с. Электронная версия

Примечания

Смешанные авиационные корпуса СССР во время Великой Отечественной войны


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Airport carbon programme continues to grow as industry sees climate as an increasing concern
Following its tenth year since launch, the airport industry's four-level carbon accreditation programme now has participation by 288 airports worldwide, with 61 airports at the highest carbon neutral level. The reporting year to May 2019 ended with 274 airports accredited, an increase of 16% over the previous year, which collectively reduced carbon emissions by 322,297 tonnes or 4.9% on the previous year.
The 50 carbon neutral airports in the reporting year offset over 700,000 tonnes of CO2 to balance out their residual emissions. Following ACI Europe's commitment earlier this year for all European airports to reach net-zero emission operations by 2050, the UK's Birmingham Airport has revealed its goal of reaching the target by 2033. Meanwhile, climate change and its impacts has been identified by the industry as a foremost and increasing concern.
"Airports have been hard at work to deliver tangible CO2 reductions through the programme," commented Angela Gittens, Director General of ACI World. "It has been a decade since its launch and it keeps on growing – both in the number of airports coming on board and in the level of ambition for carbon management."
Source: https://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=2649
Half of UK universities have committed to divest from fossil fuel
Chile cancels COP a month before the event
Canada is the country that suffers most from global warming
Formula 1 launches a plan to become carbon neutral by 2030


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