The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13047-017-0211-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
In the last two decades, although there have been accumulative evidence supporting that multi-segmental foot models (MFMs) can be applicable to evaluate inter-segmental foot motions in various pathologic conditions such as hallux valgus [ 1 , 2 ], hallux rigidus [ 3 – 5 ], flatfoot [ 6 , 7 ], cavovarus deformity [ 8 ], and ankle osteoarthritis [ 9 , 10 ], gender and age-controlled data obtained from healthy participants would be essential for comparison for evaluation of the effect of specific pathology on gait.
Unfortunately, previous reports on inter-segmental foot motions have been composed of a limited number of participants with diverse ages [ 1 – 5 ]. Canseco et al. used a population of 25 healthy ambulators (13 males, 12 females, average age of 41 years old, range 27 to 73) [ 2 , 3 ]. Kuni et al. [ 4 ] showed the effect of hallux rigidus on walking on a level surface and on stairs using 11 healthy participants (7 males, 4 females, average age of 50.2 years old) as a control group. Furthermore, although there has been a discrepancy in age distribution between the study populations and control groups, some researchers thought that this age difference would not matter [ 2 ]. This may provoke an issue of selection and interpretation biases. There are several cross-sectional comparisons which describe change of gait with age [ 11 – 13 ]. Most studies indicate that gait speed and stride length decrease with age. Himann et al. reported that gait speed decreases 12–16% per decade after the age of 70 [ 13 ].
However, to our best knowledge, difference in inter-segmental motions of the foot between healthy young adults and healthy older adults without functional deficit and/or joint disorder has not been clearly defined. Arnold et al. recently reported that older adults showed significant differences in foot kinematics compared to younger adults [ 14 ]. However, both men and women were included in that study and number of participants was small (n = 20 per group) considering interpersonal variability of the intersegmental foot motion even in a normal population. Furthermore, in that study, the mean age of older group was 73.2 years and radiographic evaluation was not performed, which cannot exclude the existence of low grade osteoarthritis which may underlie the difference among groups.
In our previous study, we confirmed that a MFM with a 15 marker set, which was proposed by Henley et al. [ 15 ], showed a comparable intra-session and inter-session repeatability with other MFMs [ 16 ]. Also we showed that intersegmental angular measurements using this model was correlated with static radiographic measurements [ 17 ].
This study was approved by the institutional review board, and all participants submitted informed consent prior to participation. The sample size was estimated as follows. We considered 2 degrees of difference in ISA between the older group and young control group would be significant, and estimated the expected standard deviation to be 3.5 degrees (α-error 0.05, β-error 0.2). The sample size was calculated to be 48 participants in each gender group [ 18 ]. Our previous study population for young healthy participants was composed of 50 participants in each gender group [ 18 ].
Volunteers were recruited from the local area. Participants were divided into an older group (60–69 years old) and younger group (20–35 years old). Inclusion criteria were (i) no history of fracture or surgery on the lower extremities; (ii) no subjective symptom such as pain or discomfort during gait; (iii) no observed radiographic features of progressed osteoarthritis (grade 2, 3, 4 osteoarthritis by Kellgren-Lawrence scale) in simple radiographs of the hip, knee and, ankle and foot (whole leg radiograph [ 19 ], foot anteroposterior and lateral radiograph); (iv) no history of cardiac or respiratory disease or uncorrected visual impairment; and (v) normal function of the foot and ankle (100 points of American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot questionnaire score).
For evaluation of inter-segmental foot motion, we used a foot model (Foot3D model) proposed by Henley et al. [ 15 ] with confirmed repeatability by Seo et al. [ 16 ], in which they added six additional markers (diameter: 3 mm) per foot to the conventional Cleveland Clinic low extremity marker set. The placement of the markers, definition of the coordinate systems based on these markers and the method calculating the joint rotation and arch parameters have been described previously [ 15 , 16 , 18 ]. In brief, placement of the markers was as follows: two markers were placed on the knee (medial [Knee medial] and lateral [Knee lateral] joint line of femoral condyle), three markers on the tibial shank (upper apex [Shank upper], lower front [Shank front] and lower rear [Shank rear] of the shank triangle at the lateral aspect of middle lower leg), two markers on the ankle (apex of the medial malleolus [Ankle medial] and lateral malleolus [Ankle lateral]), two markers on the calcaneus (on the line bisecting posterior aspect of the heel at the height of the toe marker [Heel] and just above the fat pad [Heel distal]), two markers on midfoot (navicular tuberosity [Navicular] and just proximal and superior to the base of the 5th metatarsal bone [Cuboid]) and four markers on the forefoot (dorsal metatarsal head just proximal to the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint [MTH1], dorsal web space just proximal between the 2nd and 3rd metatarsophalangeal joint [Toe], dorsal metatarsal head just proximal to the 5th metatarsophalangeal joint [MTH5], in the middle of the hallux nail bed [Hallux]) (Fig. 1).
Experimental procedures were the same as our previous studies [ 16 , 18 ]. In brief, data of each subject was collected during a single visit to the laboratory. After explaining the procedures, we measured each participant's demographic data including height, body weight, leg length, foot length and width. Range of joint motion (hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsal phalangeal joint) was measured.
The spatiotemporal gait parameters such as cadence, speed, stride length, step width, step time, and proportion of stance phase were calculated. Data of gait speed, stride length and width, foot length and width, arch height, and arch length were normalized with height of the subject to reflect the effect of body size [ 20 ].
To evaluate age-related differences in the inter-segmental motion of the foot, the inter-segmental angles (position) at the middle of eight phases of gait (initial contact [0–2%], load response [6–8%], mid-stance [21–23%], terminal stance [40–42%], pre-swing [55–57%], initial swing [67–69%], mid-swing [80–82%], and terminal-swing [93–95%]) were measured and the change of inter-segmental angle (motion) between phases were calculated [ 3 , 21 ]. Range of inter-segmental angles during the whole cycle of the gait was evaluated by the minimum value, maximum value, and gap between minimum and maximum values of the inter-segmental angle.
The coefficients of multiple correlations (CMC) were evaluated in order to assess the similarity of kinematic curve patterns between groups [ 22 , 23 ]. We interpreted that 0.65 ≤ CMC (R) < 0.75 suggests moderate similarity, 0.75 ≤ CMC (R) < 0.85 suggests good similarity, 0.85 ≤ CMC (R) < 0.95 suggests very good similarity, and CMC (R) ≥ 0.95 suggests excellent similarity [ 18 , 24 ].
After ruling out 13 participants according to exclusion criteria (grade of Kellgren-Lawerence was more than grade 2 or AOFAS score was not 100), a hundred symptom-free females who were tested at the Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis in Seoul National University Hospital were included in this study. They were divided into young (n = 50, 20–35 years old) [ 18 ] and older (n = 50, 60–69 years old) group and analyzed.
Participant characteristics are presented in Table 1. The older group had shorter height, higher body mass index, shorter foot length, and wider foot width than the young group, which is consistent with anthropometric data of Korean population in nation-wide governmental survey (http://sizekorea.kats.go.kr/).
The overall pattern and characteristics (inflection points) of kinematic curves of inter-segmental foot motions during whole gait cycle were not significantly different between young and older females (Fig. 2). However, range of motion of the hallux segment (sagittal and transverse plane) relative to the forefoot, the forefoot segment (sagittal plane) relative to the hindfoot, and the hindfoot segment (sagittal plane in female) relative to the tibia was significantly decreased in older females (Table 3), even though there was no radiographic evidence of arthritis in their joints. It is noteworthy that without evidence of hallux rigidus or functional impairment, dorsiflexion motion of the hallux was decreased in older participants, suggesting a need for age-matched comparisons in MFM studies [ 3 , 5 ].
In basic temporal gait parameters (Table 2), speed, stride length, and step width were significantly lower in older females, which is consistent with previous reports [ 11 – 13 ]. Reduced stride length results in reduced speed in older people, although the cadence (steps/min) was similar between young and older females. In previous reports, decrease in stride length in older people was associated with lower self-selected walking speed and reductions in lower limb muscle strength [ 25 – 27 ]. However, it is also possible that decreased range of motion of the hindfoot, forefoot, and hallux in the sagittal plane in older females may also lead to reduced stride length.
Gait speed is thought to be one of the most influential factors that determine the segmental motion of the joint during gait in healthy populations [ 28 ]. Although Arnold et al. [ 14 ] demonstrated that some changes in foot kinematics between young and older adults can be explained by altered walking speed, in our study, by using a subgroup analysis according to gait speed, we showed differences in the inter-segmental motion of the foot between young and older group was not related to differences in gait speed. The inter-segmental motion of the foot was not different between the faster and slower group in both young and older participants, and differences between the young and older groups remained the same when young and older females with the same gait speed were compared (Additional files 1, 2 and 3: Figs. S1, S2 and S3).
The hallux valgus angle was larger in older females throughout the whole gait cycle. Canseco et al. [ 2 ] postulated that patients with increased hallux valgus angle walked slower and had shorter strides. They explained this alteration might be due in part to displacement of the flexor complex which diminished the greater toe's ability to push off at terminal stance. We agree that increased hallux valgus might play a role in gait alteration in older females. Although not included in this manuscript, the hallux valgus angle on the standing foot AP radiograph of the participants was significantly higher in the older group (mean 17.0 degrees, SD 8.3 degrees) than in the young group (mean 13.6 degrees, SD 5.7 degrees) (p = 0.02). A large hallux valgus angle may affect the vector of the flexor complex and may be related to the relatively small sagittal motion of the hallux. Further evaluation would be required to distinguish the independent effect of aging from the effect of increased hallux valgus on the inter-segmental motions in older females.
Several parameters in older females suggest flattening of the longitudinal arch. In the sagittal plane, the forefoot was in a dorsiflexed position relative to the hindfoot. The position of the hindfoot was more pronated in the coronal plane, and therefore the forefoot was more supinated. This finding agrees with the association of aging with pes planus in the literature [ 29 , 30 ].
Henley J RJ, Hudson D, Church C, Coleman S, Kerstetter L, Miller F. Reliability of a clinically practical multisegment foot marker set/model. In: Harris GF SP, Marks RM, editor. Foot and ankle motion analysis: clinical treatment and technology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008. p. 445–463.
Cho SH, Park JM, Kwon OY. Gender differences in three dimensional gait analysis data from 98 healthy Korean adults. Clinical Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2004;19(2):145–52.


CGS built this Ford F150 for Ford Motor Co for display in their booth at the 2011 SEMA show in Las Vegas Nv. This F150 also won the Gan Turismo Award from Sony Playstation Best Truck.
This is a 2011 Ford Explorer. CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with Ford Motor Co. to display in the Ford Motor Co. Booth at the 2010 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
This is a 2009 Ford Flex named "ReFlex". CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with Ford Motor Co. to display in the CGS booth at the 2008 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
This vehicle is a 2007 Ford Explorer Sport Trac named "Coppertone". CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with Ford Motor Co. to display in the CGS booth at the 2007 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
This is a 2007 Dodge Nitro. CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with Dodge Motor Co. to display in the CGS booth at the 2006 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
This is a 2007 Ford Expedition EL. CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with Ford Motor Co. to display in the CGS booth at the 2006 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
This is a 2006 Ford Expedition named "Candy Expo". CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with Ford Motor Co. to display in the CGS booth at the 2005 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
This is a 2004 Ford F-150 named "Trademark". CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with Ford Motor Co. to display in the CGS booth at the 2003 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
This is a 2003 Chevy Tahoe. CGS built this vehicle in cooperation with General Motors to display in the CGS booth at the 2002 SEMA show in Las Vegas.


text:
Duchy Hospital and Royal Cornwall Hospitals work together to support patients
As part of a major deal with NHS England, Ramsay Health Care UK will provide additional emergency capacity to the NHS from all our hospitals. This will include the provision of urgent acute, trauma, medical and cancer cases.
Duchy Hospital is working closely with Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust (RCHT) and has made its entire hospital capacity and all staff available to help in the fight against COVID-19.
It has been agreed that there will be a complete relocation of Lowen ward to Duchy Hospital. Lowen Ward is an 18-bed ward that specialises in looking after haematology, oncology and palliative care patients.
In addition, the RCHT medical day unit and staff will also relocate to Duchy Hospital. This specialist unit can assess and treat patients within the same day for a wide range of medical conditions. The move of both of these departments takes place on the 2nd and 3rd April.
Duchy Hospital has also immediately deployed an anaesthetist, an orthopaedic theatre team as well as physiotherapists and occupational therapists to assist the trauma team at St Michael's, Hayle. In order to support the Trust's critical care plan for the later phases of COVID-19, any Duchy Hospital clinical staff with relevant skills will be trained to work in ITU in the coming weeks in order to ensure they are available when needed.
Duchy Hospital and Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust have a long-standing partnership and this partnership is even more important as we stand together as one team to face the challenges ahead.
Louise Rowbotham, Hospital Director at Duchy Hospital said: "Duchy Hospital will do everything it takes to support Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust and the people of Cornwall at this time of crisis. Our staff are ready to stand shoulder to shoulder with the NHS at the frontline to fight against COVID-19."
Kate Shields, Chief Executive at RCHT added: "It's fantastic to see how our local community is rallying round to make sure Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly get through this together. The support from Ramsay and the team at Duchy will be really important to our combined efforts and will help us to save lives and do the absolute best we can for our people."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Campus Safety K-12 Director of the Year Alan Walters has helped Georgetown County Public School District stay resilient through floods, ice storms and hurricanes.
Congratulations to Campus Safety 2017 Higher Education Director of the Year Alan Walters.
Alan Walters has a total of 17 years working as a law enforcement officer, where he earned awards in South Carolina like Deputy Sheriff of the Year (1992) and Law Enforcement Officer of the Year (1996). He has also taught as a professor, worked as a SWAT operator and served as a magistrate judge.
But its Walters' accomplishments in his most recent career as the director of safety and risk management at Georgetown County School District (S.C.) that have earned him the distinction of Campus Safety's K-12 Director of the Year.
Since joining Georgetown County School District in 2014, Walters has racked up an impressive list of accomplishments, particularly in the emergency management field. He has also worked to foster a culture of safety and preparedness throughout the district and county.
Those changes have proved invaluable for a community that has faced several disasters in recent years that have tested the capabilities—and the will— of everyone involved.
Walters joined Georgetown County School District in March of 2014 as the newly-created director of safety and risk management. Although Walters had served briefly as a school resource officer during his time in law enforcement, he admits transitioning to working for a school district was a bit of an adjustment.
A few things helped Walters cut through the bureaucracy early on. One of the biggest factors was that he answered directly to the superintendent, an example Walters urged other school district executives to follow.
Although Walters knew he had a lot of work to do, he worked with district officials to establish clearly defined objectives to pursue, mainly in the fields of physical security and emergency operations. The fact that plans for major design renovations throughout the district were already underway, and were a big reason the district hired Walters in the first place, also helped him prioritize.
Indeed, Walters' perspective has helped the district enhance several security-related initiatives since he was hired.
With the ambitious access control project, district officials sought to harden the front entrances of all 20 of their schools. Over the course of 18 months, Walters supervised the $1.5 million project, which also included the installation of bullet-resistant glass and exterior surveillance cameras. Many of the entrances, built in the 1990s, also favored an open design, with large atriums right behind the front doors and unsecured cafeterias.
Now visitors at schools in the district must be buzzed in to many buildings and walk past the front office, which is behind glass, before gaining access to the school.
Another thing Walters noticed early on in his time at the district was that each school had its own radios, which varied in type and quality. This made radio communications between schools impossible.
Walters worked with a vendor to implement a new interoperable network, purchasing more than 200 radios that feature emergency buttons to broadcast over every district channel. The school district's system is now the official backup system for the county in the event that the state radio system fails.
Walters has also worked to improve communications with students, parents and staff members. Before Walters joined the district, it used a traditional phone number to collect tips from students, using "See Something, Say Something" posters to raise awareness.
"I showed them to my sons and asked if they'd ever call, and they said, 'Nobody uses phones to talk anymore dad,'" Walters remembers.
So he got the district to purchase a SchoolMessenger app that's also featured on the district's website. Through the app, people can report incidents as well as upload documents and pictures when making a report. Reports can be anonymous or include contact information.
The new security systems were just the beginning of Walters making his mark on the district.
One of the most important and consequential things Walters did was identify several weaknesses in the district's existing Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs).
Walters said district officials continue to revise plans and are always looking to improve aspects like communication, family reunification and customization for each campus in the district.
Another aspect of emergency preparedness Georgetown School District adopted was using safety checklists. The seven-page checklists provide school officials with a system to ensure things like signage, locks and lighting are working properly.
The district also created a standard response protocol for emergency communication, adopting the I Love You Guys foundation's protocol after reviewing the systems that were available.
Perhaps the most important thing Walters did, however, was strengthen the district's relationship with local emergency response agencies including the three nearby police departments, the sheriff's department, fire and emergency medical service officials. Having worked for the local police agencies, Walters knew firsthand that there hadn't been a lot of coordinated emergency planning between district officials and local law enforcement.
In addition to familiarizing emergency responders with his schools, Walters made a point to introduce the county EOPs to district officials.
The importance of an improved relationship between the district and county was demonstrated right away, as Georgetown County found itself forced to overcome major weather incidents.
Walters has worked with area first responders to coordinate Georgetown County School District's response to multiple severe weather events.
Even before the front entrance renovations project, Georgetown County Public Schools faced its first test with Walters in his new role. On one of his first days on the job, the coastal South Carolina area suffered from a major ice storm that caused significant damage to community and district buildings.
The subsequent recovery efforts gave Walters an opportunity to thoroughly evaluate the district's emergency response capabilities and gave him the basis for ideas that led him to make the emergency management changes detailed above.
The next year, in October of 2015, came an even bigger test in the form of a major storm that meteorologists termed the "Thousand Year Flood." For weeks, unprecedented water levels created hazards around most of the county and left some areas isolated for weeks.
Fortunately, in the year since the ice storm, the district and county response agencies had made huge strides in their relationship and emergency management capabilities. Walters began preparing for the storm by working with district officials to pre-position assets in order to quicken the response.
By that time Walters also had a seat at the table as personnel from various county response agencies mapped out their responses.
As everyone was about to find out, the district could provide quite a lot of support. As the extent of the flooding became apparent, Walters was able to help direct district resources to response efforts throughout the county.
The district was able to provide buildings for the Red Cross, the National Guard and county response agencies, where they distributed thousands of essential relief items like food and water. It also provided shelter and transportation for the members of the community.
The disruption was inevitable, but district officials did everything in their power to minimize it. In one small community that was devastated when it lost use of the only bridge that accessed the area, teachers were sent in by boat to conduct classes in church.
"I'll always remember riding in a Jon boat down a highway because the highway was eight feet under water," Walters says.
Then last year, damage from Hurricane Matthew caused the district to close school for eight days. But by that time Georgetown County Public Schools had completed the transformation from a user of emergency services to a provider of emergency services.
Walters worked for ten straight days in a leadership position with the county emergency management director and other local officials arranging evacuations and shelters, setting up recovery sites at schools and providing food and water to county residents.
Despite the school district's proven record of effective emergency response procedures, Walters has not stopped trying to strengthen its capabilities. In fact, Walters says winning awards like Campus Safety's Director of the Year is a good opportunity for self-reflection and to assess his programs.
A recent story epitomizes Walters' determined attitude toward improvement. After securing some grant money, he recently purchased a sand bagging machine for the district. He reasoned the machines could fill up to 400 bags an hour and could prove indispensable in certain storm or flooding circumstances. He also says some people in the area snickered at the purchase.
"It's not something you need often, but when you need it, you really need it," Walters said of the machine.
Sure enough, when the remnants of this year's hurricanes struck Georgetown County, city and county officials were fighting over who could borrow the machine first. It was just the latest example of Walters' emergency planning paying off.
It's unfortunate that Georgetown County has dealt with so many incidents. But at least with officials like Walters, the community can rest easy knowing it's in good hands.


The original New York and Las Vegas hit Menopause The Musical™ returns to Australia in 2019!
Inspired by a hot flush and a bottle of wine, Menopause The Musical™ is a celebration for women who are on the brink of, in the middle of, or have survived The Change.
Menopause The Musical™ is recommended for those 15 years and older and is not suitable for babies. It includes menopausal themes and sexual references. Ladies, get ready to laugh!


We have used the term Sulmona trail to refer to all the events that take place in the area of the town of Sulmona, in the Abruzzi region of Italy. The trail takes place annually at the end of April and is now organised by the Liceo Scientifico. If you would like to participate then please contact ELMS and we will put you in touch with the organisers.
When 627 walkers, led by the President of Italy, Carlo Campini, marched out of the main square in Sulmona at 11am on the 17 May 2001, the first San Martino Freedom Trail had begun. It was the culmination of two years of inspirational and meticulous planning by Roger Stanton, the British event co-ordinator, also to a lesser degree by Keith Killby and Steve Sims of the Monte San Martino Trust (MSMT). Enormous efforts had also been made on the Italian side, initially through Professor Pelino and the Liceo in Sulmona, and more recently masterminded by Major General Nino Fontecchio and his wife Anne. The Freedom Trail was named after San Martino (St Martin) who was clearly the most appropriate patron for the trail, and is also the Patron Saint of the MSMT. St Martins day falls on Remembrance day on the 11th November, and it was he who divided his cloak to clothe a shivering beggar, thereby symbolising the help given by the Italian people to POWs on the run.
The purpose of the trail was to commemorate a noble chapter of Italian history which is too often forgotten. On the 03 September 1943, the Italian Government led by Badoglio (who had replaced Mussolini in July), signed an armistice agreement with the Allies. The armistice was made public on 8th September 43, at a time when many thousands of Allied POWs were still detained in POW camps throughout Italy. Despite the Allied order that all POWs should remain in their camps, thousands either escaped or marched out of the camps into the surrounding Italian countryside. Italy had lost many of its young men in its war against the Allies at that point and the Allied bombing of Italian towns and cities up until September had become increasingly intense. There was no reason for the many young serviceman who walked out of the camps to expect anything other than hostility and resentment from the civilian population. What they received was in almost every case the exact opposite. They were housed, fed, nursed and often led to safety by the Italian people of the countryside, usually the contadini. The motivation behind the help that they received was simple humanity. The price that the contadini paid was horrendous. Many were shot, either because of their involvement in helping POWs, or simply as a reprisal or deterrent, many had their houses burnt to the ground and what little possessions they owned were confiscated or stolen. In some cases, as in the hospital in Sulmona, not only were the POWs helped once they had escaped but also in the escape.
The purpose of the Trail, was to establish an annual event which would commemorate and pay tribute to the help given and sacrifices made by the Italian people in the Sulmona Valley and Maiella area where so many POWs tried to cross the lines. The route was symbolic, and led from Sulmona, the site of the prison camp PG78, through the mountains and villages to the River Sangro at Castel de Sangro which at one time was the front line between German and Allied armies.
The meeting place for most of the civilians attending was the Europa Hotel on the outskirts of Sulmona while the military teams were billeted at the Liceo Scientifico. Others were accommodated in Sulmona. Everyone involved on the event rallied at the Europa and the hotel became the focal point for the week's event. All 200 beds had been booked for the Trail. The peaceful town of Sulmona and the Europa hotel had never experienced anything like our visit before. Not only had the Brits taken over but also representatives from many other nationalities also attended. Most people usually only used the hotel rooms and ate in the town. It was now full English breakfasts and evening meals. The fact that the receptionist also manned the bar indicated that they had never anticipated the amount of trade they would have over the next six days. Many of us had driven from the UK with veterans in Vauxhall Fronteras borrowed from Vauxhall together with the support team headed by Steve Sims who was convoy leader, and we arrived in the early hours of Tuesday morning. The main body of walkers arrived by air to Pescara on Wednesday. The early arrivals visited the old PG 78 at Sulmona where many of the original huts remained. Some of the ex residents of the camp had arrived early, Bernard Collier, Eric Holmes MM, Joe Drew MBE, Ray Sherk and Don McClarty (who had spent his 21st birthday there). Old huts were visited which still bore the drawings of the prisoners kept there. Many were regimental badges and crests, The camp was now used as a base for Italian soldiers on mountain training. An honour guard of Italian soldiers was present when we arrived and a wreath and crosses were placed on the camp memorial. Bernard Collier then gave a talk on wartime life in the camp.
Later in the early evening there was a trail briefing for all the walkers, veterans and guests. Local dignitaries were also now arriving in reception. After the briefing Eric Holmes presented the Mayor of Sulmona with the official visitors book for the trail. The book was to be signed at the finish point by all who had completed the trail. It was leather bound with a brass plate dedicating the book to the people of Sulmona and the surrounding areas. Keith Killby also gave an excellent talk in the hotels conference room about the experiences of escaped POWs in Italy.
The official walk began on the morning of the 17th May. Everyone made their way to the start point, Garibaldi Square in the centre of Sulmona. The route chosen today was Sulmona (450m above sea level) to Cansano (835m) and finish for the night at Campo di Giove (1064m). Most of us got to the start point at about 0900hrs to await the arrival of the President of Italy, President Ciampi. The President arrived a little after ten o'clock and the ceremony lasted about half an hour. Keith Killby spoke on behalf of the Trust and Major Ian English MC and 2 bars, read a message from HRH The Prince of Wales. Speeches were also made by Professore Pelino of the Liceo Scientifico and by Domenico Silvestri, whose grandfather had led escapers to the Allied lines. President Ciampi replied, and did us the honour of leading off the walkers from the main square to cut the tape at the start line.
We had started late and the morning's walk was now in the very hot midday sun, nearly all up hill and for many walkers lasted until about 1530 in the afternoon . The route was rough pathways, white roads, rough ground and rocky in places. Very dusty, mainly open ground, and very hot. On arrival in Cansano there were hundreds of people packing the square to meet the walkers. Because of the late arrival in Cansano we only stopped for a short time, replenished water bottles, and headed for Campo di Giove. Starting by road, the route again went uphill on rough track and lasted about an hour. On the edge of the town we were met by the town band and we all marched into the town square behind it. Many touching reunions took place in the town. An Italian lady appeared with a very old photograph of Allied servicemen whom she and her family had helped. She was looking for the men in the photograph. To her delight she found Don McClarty and they were reunited.
At the camp site the Alpini provided an excellent supper for all. During that first night on the trail many new friends were made and old friends reunited. The dining room conversations were fascinating. One lady now in her nineties, who, as a young wife was collecting fire wood in the mountains when she came across a crashed Allied plane; two of the crew were dead and the third badly injured. She took the injured airman from the aircraft and carried him down the mountain on her shoulders! At her home she nursed him back to health and later saw him on his way. She and her family never saw him again. They only knew him as Julian.
The weather was again very hot. The walkers were all ready to go by 0900hrs. The route had a gradual climb from the village (1064m) and then climbed straight up to the Guado di Coccia (Coccia ridge 1652m). Most of the steep route was a very acute slope of the ski run which was perched on top of the mountain. It now turned out to be a real slog in the heat with many stops along the way. We reached the top and had a much needed rest. The Alpini kindly provided a picnic lunch. After lunch there was a memorial service to Tenante Ettore de Corti. De Corte was a young army officer from Udine who was caught with others in the pass at the top of the mountain where we were having our lunch break. He was escaping with his companions and trying to reach the Allied lines in October 43. Surrounded by Nazi troops his unarmed companions surrendered. De Corti had a revolver and refused to surrender. He fought and was shot and grievously wounded. He was left for dead. He survived for two days until the Germans returned and shot him in the head. He was later posthumously awarded the Italian Gold Medal for Valour. Crosses were laid at his memorial.
After the ceremony it was all down-hill with difficult walking through rocks and a large boulder field which eventually lead to Palena (767m) for our night time stay. During the late afternoon a "POW Forum" was organised with the veterans answering questions on life in Italy during the period after the Armistice. Wreaths were later laid and supper was served on the camp site. Earlier in the day a tornado had hit the camp and wrecked many of the tents. Thanks to our ground crew under Steve Sims and the local scout organisation, all under the co-ordination of Major General Fontecchio, supper was served on time and all the tentage was back in place.
The weather had now changed dramatically. The hot sun had been replaced by rain, cloud and mist. The walkers now needed to be closed up and keep together. To add to the weather we were now passing through the wild bear reserve which is a feature of the Maiella National Park. The scenery was believed to be beautiful but we could see little but mist. We stopped high in the mountains for our lunch at the Fonte Del Pulcini picnic area and then continued on to the small town of Gamberale (1319m). The going was undulating, wooded and rocky at times, although on most occasions we were on tracks. We heard bears but saw none.
At Gamberale there followed another ceremony where wreaths were laid. Another forum took place in the evening during which the son of the man who had smuggled clothes to Eric Holmes in hospital at Sulmona made himself known. An emotional reunion took place. Later more TV interviews with the veterans took place on Italian television. Walkers were now getting nearer to the Sangro River crossing point which had to be crossed to finish the route as a symbolic gesture to mark the end of the trail – the Allied Lines.
Still overcast, but a little bit brighter than yesterday. We left Gamberale and climbed high and viewed the Sangro valley from a mountain ridge on our way to the village of Pietransieri for lunch. The journey took nearly five hours during which we had a very interesting talk from Tony Woods pointing out the dangers the escapers had faced trying to get to the Sangro River. In 1943 all the downhill slopes were all covered by mine fields and heavy machine guns from both sides. There was always the danger of being killed by the Allies as well as the Germans. On arrival at Pietraniseri at about 1400 we were met by the town band who led us into the village. The walkers could be seen winding down from the mountain by people in the village. A very long line of walkers as far as the eye could see.
It was a very emotional moment for the villager's. The village had been raided by German troops because of the assistance the people had given to Allied escapers. They had gathered the villagers together and had machined gunned every man, woman and child who were in the village at that time. Only one child survived covered by her mother's body. Many of the villagers were obviously moved and many of the veterans stood with them, arms around them as the walkers approached. Elizabeth Harrison consoled one elderly lady who was in tears, overcome by the fact that that so many had come to commemorate the atrocity in her village. The village gave us an enormous welcome and also provided a feast to supplement our lunchtime rations. Wreaths were again laid and speeches made. We were now well behind schedule and having said our goodbye's we headed for our next village.
After another hours walk over track and grass, we reached Roccacinquemiglia. More moving ceremony and wreath laying took place. Another splendid feast but we were now very late in our timings and regrettably, after a short time we had to move on. We took the old mule trail route from the village and started to descend from the high ground. Rain had now started to fall and our descent became very slippery, muddy and hard work. The front walkers were not too bad but towards the end of the line they were walking in deep mud created by the walkers in front of them. Everyone was however in good spirits and the Italian walkers could be heard singing. To many of the veterans this was reminiscent of the marches during the war when the partisans would burst into song after a successful operation. After another hour of walking we were nearing the Sangro River. On a previous recce the organisers had identified a suitable crossing point where the water was shallow and where it was thought the escapers had crossed. In 43/44 it was thought the depth was usually above four feet. Today however, we were lucky, as a dam had now been built up stream which controlled the water level further down. For us on this occasion, thanks to the dam, the level was no more than eighteen inches. The river was symbolically crossed.
For many walkers with badly blistered feet their morale was exceedingly high as it must have been with escapers in the winter of 43/44. Remarkably, two of our veterans, Dominic Graham and Ray Sherk had walked all the way. Ray in the boots he used last time. Everyone now formed up and marched to the centre of Castel de Sangro, where at the finish point as the trail organiser I was asked to cut the finishing tape. Now following the band in to the centre of the town where again wreaths were laid and speeches made. There was an exchange of flags and berets by service units with our Italian friends. Addresses were swapped and walkers agreed to meet again next year. Following an evening of celebration, good food and good conversation we returned to Sulmona and the Europa Hotel, with many of our Italian friends, and the post trail celebrations continued until breakfast time the next morning. The hotel staff were kept very busy.
The morning started quietly. Many drifting from the bar to breakfast. Others recovering from the rigours of the trail and the night before. A few free runners left in their cars to return home to England. Many went for a leisurely stroll around the very old town of Sulmona.
At 1600hrs many of us gathered once again with local people for another ceremony at the war cemetery on the outskirts of Sulmona which had also been the starting point for the trail. Wreaths were laid on the memorial to four Italians who had been executed by German troops in October 43. They had been with the Resistance and helped escapers. It was a simple service and reflected the true purpose of the trail – to remember.
In the evening a reception had been organised at the Europa Park Hotel in Sulmona to say thank you to the many Italians who had assisted in making the trail possible and for the helpers and their families who had assisted escapers on the run. Another excellent buffet was organised by Antonella, the hotel manager. Many of our Italian friends attended and Don McClarty who had spent his 21st birthday in PG78, at Sulmona, now spent his 79th birthday in the biggest hotel in Sulmona. He no doubt said 58 years ago that he would never return to Sulmona, but he was experiencing a reunion with friends and a number of helpers who had assisted in his escape. Bernard started playing his mandolin, the singing started, thus in a spirit of friendship and camaraderie did the first San Martino Trail come to an end.
Thanks must go to our many Italian friends in Sulmona and the surrounding areas who, by their support, made the event possible. As they had done in 1943 and 1944, the local Italian people supported us, fed us, housed us and guided us on our way. We hope that the event served not only to commemorate the enormous sacrifices made by the Italian people in WW2, particulary the contadini, but also highlighted the little known contribution given to the Allied cause by the Italian people. The walk also endorsed the enduring friendships between Italians and the old Allied countries today. We all look forward to next year's event.
For me and no doubt , many others, this evening is not without an element of emotion. However it is a pleasure and honour for me to be here today. On the 12th September 1943, with other colleagues, I broke out of Sulmona Camp to avoid being handed over to advancing German troops. Two or three days later I sustained a broken arm – the outcome is still visible today – and other injuries following a serious accident in the mountains. I had no option to surrender to a German patrol who took me to Sulmona hospital where I was admitted to receive treatment. To avoid going to Germany, I was there until escaping on 09th October 43. After several hair raising experiences, with assistance from a number of local people – to whom I shall be forever grateful – I arrived in Allied lines on 04th February 1944.
Many individuals for many reasons cannot be with us during the next few days, but they will be in our thoughts. The San Martino Trail is an important part in commemorating and thanking in some small way, those individuals involved in assisting evaders and escaping POWs nearly sixty years ago.
The route on this occasion – Sulmona to Castel de Sangro – has been designed for people to take part and finish in a comparatively easy organised event. It is not a challenge, but a commemorative event intended to be held annually and in future years,possibly on other appropriate routes – Sulmona being the focal point. These occasions should be looked upon as a walking memorial tribute to the people of the Italian countryside who assisted escapers and evaders so many years ago.
If, during this, or future 'Freedom Trails' you start to swear and curse along the route, it may be helpful if you remember it was done under far worse conditions in the winter of 1943/44, by men not only hunted day and night by the enemy, but in unknown areas of dense forest, mountains, very adverse weather conditions, maybe with little or no food, and only melted snow to drink. There were no support teams, cooking facilities or vehicles – except vehicles with enemy troops, who were always ready to assist in your re-capture. Circumstances could change very rapidly, often requiring for immediate and very risky decisions having to be made.
Having made these brief observations, I would like to once again emphasise that it is an honour, and gives me great pleasure to present this engraved visitor's book to the Mayor of Sulmona. The intention is that that it be carried along the route – on this occasion from Sulmona to Castel de Sangro – where it will be signed by all walkers of all nationalities who start and then complete the route. The book will then be handed over to the Mayor of Sulmona for safe-keeping until the next event in 2002.
On the evening of the 10th of September 1943, the word finally got through to the occupants of PG 59 Servigliano in the Marche area of Italy. After various discussions a group made a hole in the perimeter brick wall and so the walk to freedom began. On the evening of the 10th of September 2003, in the comfort of a nearby restaurant, the participants of the San Martino Freedom Trail – veterans, families of veterans, walkers and an Italian film crew gathered with local residents and a convivial evening of recollections began. Personal stories were related to the audience and the film crew, working with Denys Symmonds, a former Chieti camp resident, quietly recorded interviews with the veterans present. Keith Killby, Bernard Collier, Jim Bourn, Mick Wagner and Lawrence Bains, all made significant contributions for an Italian documentary. On the 11th a bright sunny and warm morning everyone gathered at the entrance to the 'Parco della Pace' in Servigliano – a sports complex and public park set within the walls of the former POW camp, and now also home to the Cassa della Memoria Project. Keith Killby, attired in his original sand coloured beret, began to relate how the exodus from the camp was achieved to an enthralled audience. The Mayor made a speech and a poppy wreath was laid at the gates to the park near two memorial tablets. The assembled company, including the British Consul from Florence, Moira McFarlane, local dignitaries and members of the veterans association, processed into the main square of Servigliano, where a formal wreath laying took place followed by a blessing by a priest and the walk began. It was led out via the main road, to a railway bridge that afforded access to the 'white road' that led west towards the Sibillini Mountains. The veterans, non-walkers, had an hour or two to stroll around the medieval heart of Servigliano and the back-up team moved on, collecting meals. Then everyone met at the house of the Barchetta family where Keith Killby first received assistance. After a 'sack lunch' – the local name for a pre-packed meal – and some home grown 'vino cotta' (cooked wine) everyone gathered at the old farmhouse and Keith continued with his narrative. The walkers then got under way and, after a morning of relatively level ground, the first steep incline was on them. They all made it up to Monte San Martino (from where the Trust derives it name) where a private viewing of the Crivelli altar pieces had been arranged. This was followed by a fabulous tea organised by the Nuns of the convent and a talk on the history of the Order. We then all paraded in the main square of the town for the formal speeches of the Mayor, Provincial Representative and others. Next, everyone headed for dinner at the Lago san Ruffino, which with the aquatic display accompanied by thunder & lightening was quite spectacular – al fresco dining with running water across the patio. Then it was back to the Hotel Montanaria (4 star) for a well-earned rest. Friday morning saw the walkers on an early start and a return to Monte San Martino, for a route that would take them back down the hill to the Lago San Ruffino, a rest stop with the rest of the travelling party, and around the lake via more white roads (good Landrover driving) to Amandola and a short ceremony at the local War Memorial and lunch. Under the watchful eye of local guide, and one of the planning group, Guiseppe Millozzi and walk leader Brian Lett, the happy wanderers headed for Sarnano. They arrived to a well organised civic memorial celebration and refreshments stacked in the back of the Landrover. The walkers and all were shipped back to the hotel, for another marathon of good food and other regional produce. Saturday morning started overcast with rain about, but with the assistance of a local Club Alpino Italia guide they all decided that it was walking weather, so the intrepid group were conveyed up to a higher start point and left in the care of the guide for the day. The veterans began a tour of local places of interest with personal recollections from those who had travelled these hills 60 years before. Saturday evening saw the whole party gathering for a formal dinner. We were privileged to be addressed by Carlo Orlandini – a past President of the British chamber of Commerce for Italy – on his own experiences in the locality during the War, as a guide to the SAS. Many personal discussions took place in the relaxed atmosphere. Not a very early night! Sunday dawned and saw a walking group set off again for another challenging day, with a rendezvous with the rest of the group just after midday, at a memorial to 13 partisans at Cessapalombo. The support team then travelled on to Sulmona. There we met up with James Williams and his sons Ed and Henry who were following up leads on James' father, Brig. Stephen Williams RA, who had been a resident of Villa Orsini in Sulmona. Bernard Collier was able to provide a lot of history of the area for the family. Assistance was also at hand from Ann and Nino Fontecchio who had helped in the tracing of Williams' 'helper' family. A reunion was planned for the Monday afternoon, as the rest of us departed. Tony and Louise Woods were also in the area, having travelled down from the celebration at Fontanellato. We returned north and had a very enjoyable dinner with the remaining veterans, who had managed to re-establish contact with their helper families and visit various places of significance to their own stories. The event marked the date of the 60th Anniversary of the Italian Armistice, the start of a huge humanitarian episode where so many were helped by a lot of very ordinary people who themselves had very little – nationality, creed or colour was no bar – pure Christian charity was given to those who needed it. This help allowed many to return to Allied lines and then their families. In my case it allowed my father to return to New Zealand and eventually meet my mother. The whole event was the culmination of an idea expressed several years previously and the plan was put in place with the assistance of the Millozzi family and Luigi Pighetti who acted as local co-ordinator (and demonstrated to all that wished to see at first hand, Italian driving techniques!) and proved yet again that friendships forged in times of adversity prevail.


text:
Brother of tragic Reuben Lavric, 3, will take on charity challenge in his memory
Isaac Lavric, seven, will walk from Tetney to Cherry Garth campsite with his pals in the 1st Cleethorpes Sea Scouts
Alex Thorp
Young Beavers, from left, Jakob Jones, 7, Isaac Lavric, 7, and Isaac Robertson, 7, will be joined by other Beavers, Cubs and Scouts from 1st Clee Sea Scouts in a charity event. Inset: Reuben Lavric. (Image: Jon Corken)
The brother of a tragic three-year-old boy from Cleethorpes is preparing to embark on an epic challenge in his sibling's memory.
Isaac Lavric, seven, will walk from Tetney to Cherry Garth campsite with his pals in the 1st Cleethorpes Sea Scouts this Sunday to raise money for the group and the Sheffield Children's Hospital.
Last year, his little brother Reuben died after developing a rare illness.
Described by his family as "cheeky" and "charming," Reuben was just days away from celebrating his fourth birthday when he succumbed to the devastating effects of an immuno-deficiency disease.
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He died at Sheffield Children's Hospital on August 3, 2016.
Reuben Lavric, of Cleethorpes, who died aged 3, after a battle with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) .
Since then, both Isaac and his parents have been raising money for the hospital and other good causes in Reuben's memory.
His mum, Annis Lavric, said being a part of the scout group had helped Isaac to deal with the trauma of losing his brother at such a young age.
"I think it's a really nice idea. It means a lot that they wanted to do something for Reuben. They were inspired to do something after Isaac did the Wanderlust Walk last year," she said.
"Isaac helped to raise over £4,000 with the walk and we've done other sponsored events."
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On Sunday, the Beavers in the 1st Cleethorpes Sea Scouts Group will walk from Tetney to Cherry Garth campsite, while the Cubs will go from the campsite to Tetney and back again.
Meanwhile the Scouts will take part in a triathlon-style event, involving walking, cycling and kayaking.
The event will present another opportunity for Reuben's family to raise vital funds for the hospital which cared for him.
As reported, Reuben's parents Peter and Annis suffered the horror of seeing the rapidly progressing disease quickly leave their son fighting for his life – a battle he sadly lost just weeks after the first symptoms emerged.
Peter Lavric, also took part in the Great North Run in memory of his son Reuben who tragically died aged three following a battle with a very rare illness. (Image: Jon Corken)
And Annis said the socialising and camaraderie of the 1st Cleethorpes Sea Scouts Group has helped Isaac.
"It's really nice for them all because from a social point of view it allows them to take part in different activities which they might not normally do," she added.
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Isaac's father, Peter, recently took part in the Great North Run and has so far managed to raise more than £800 for multiple charities in memory of Reuben. You can help him reach his target of £1,000 by pledging financial support here: https://mydonate.bt.com/fundraisers/teamreuben
If you'd like to donate money towards the challenge Isaac and his friends are taking part in, contact Paul Garnett on 07739716801 or email: firstcleeseascouts@hotmail.com.
Tetney


text:
Valve Guy Says British Gamers Need to Speak Up
By Andy Chalk Legacy Author November 5, 2009
Valve's Chet Faliszek says British gamers are "notorious non-talkers" while gaming online, but warns that such stiff-upper-lip silence won't cut it when it comes to the new "Realism mode" in Left 4 Dead.
As online multiplayer games have become increasingly sophisticated, the need for clear and immediate communication between players has grown accordingly. A handful of macros tied to keypresses is no longer adequate to handle the needs of large-scale battles, complex strategies and ever-changing situations in game types that are no longer about simply capturing a flag. But according to Faliszek, British gamers are still a bit shy when confronted with a microphone.
"You guys are notorious non-talkers on both 360 and PC. Americans are just chattering away, working together as a team. If you want to work together as a team you've got to talk!" he said in an interview with CVG.
"You can go into a random 360 game on US servers and it's crazy talk. It's fun," he continued. "I think a lot of people knock that community but again and again I'm surprised by how fun that is. I've played expert campaigns where by the end of it we're best buddies."
It's a hangup British gamers are going to have to get over if they want to have any success with the new Realism mode in Left 4 Dead, Faliszek said. The mode disables on-screen assistance, essentially forcing players to communicate vocally in order to survive.
"Realism mode will prod you – you have to talk. If you don't talk you're not going to make it," he said. "The first time you see people play somebody will go in a house to get some stuff, turn around a be like, 'shit, I can't see anybody.' It's a scary feeling. We'll see if that maybe stimulates the British sternness."
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text:
Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets
A. L. Litvinenko, A. E. Moskalensky, N. A. Karmadonova, V. M. Nekrasov, D. I. Strokotov, A. I. Konokhova, M. A. Yurkin, E. A. Pokushalov, A. V. Chernyshev, V. P. Maltsev
Лаборатория оптики и динамики биологических систем ФФ
Кафедра биомедицинской физики ФФ
Лаборатория структуры и функциональных свойств молекулярных систем ФФ
12 Цитирования (Scopus)
Whereas commercially available hematological analyzers measure volume of individual platelets, angle-resolved light-scattering provides unique ability to additionally measure their shape index. We utilized the scanning flow cytometer to measure light-scattering profiles (LSPs) of individual platelets taken from 16 healthy donors and the solution of the inverse light-scattering problem to retrieve the volume and shape index of each platelet. In normal conditions, the platelet shape index distribution (PSID) demonstrates three peaks, which relate to resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. We developed an algorithm, based on fitting PSID by a sum of three peak functions, to determine the percentage, mean platelet shape index, and distribution width of each platelet fraction. In total, this method gives eight additional parameters of platelet morphology and function to be used in clinical hematological analysis. We also stimulated the platelets with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and measured the dependence of equilibrium PSID, including the total percentage of activated platelets, on ADP concentration.
Страницы (с-по)
Cytometry Part A
https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.23003
Опубликовано - 1 ноя 2016
10.1002/cyto.a.23003
Fingerprint Подробные сведения о темах исследования «Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets». Вместе они формируют уникальный семантический отпечаток (fingerprint).
Flow Cytometry Биологические науки и медицина
Blood Platelets Биологические науки и медицина
Fluorescence Биологические науки и медицина
Light Биологические науки и медицина
Adenosine Diphosphate Биологические науки и медицина
Litvinenko, A. L., Moskalensky, A. E., Karmadonova, N. A., Nekrasov, V. M., Strokotov, D. I., Konokhova, A. I., Yurkin, M. A., Pokushalov, E. A., Chernyshev, A. V., & Maltsev, V. P. (2016). Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. Cytometry Part A, 89(11), 1010-1016. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.23003
Litvinenko, A. L. ; Moskalensky, A. E. ; Karmadonova, N. A. ; Nekrasov, V. M. ; Strokotov, D. I. ; Konokhova, A. I. ; Yurkin, M. A. ; Pokushalov, E. A. ; Chernyshev, A. V. ; Maltsev, V. P. / Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. В: Cytometry Part A. 2016 ; Том 89, № 11. стр. 1010-1016.
@article{2fb42c8689b34a809f482f65b42035f8,
title = "Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets",
abstract = "Whereas commercially available hematological analyzers measure volume of individual platelets, angle-resolved light-scattering provides unique ability to additionally measure their shape index. We utilized the scanning flow cytometer to measure light-scattering profiles (LSPs) of individual platelets taken from 16 healthy donors and the solution of the inverse light-scattering problem to retrieve the volume and shape index of each platelet. In normal conditions, the platelet shape index distribution (PSID) demonstrates three peaks, which relate to resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. We developed an algorithm, based on fitting PSID by a sum of three peak functions, to determine the percentage, mean platelet shape index, and distribution width of each platelet fraction. In total, this method gives eight additional parameters of platelet morphology and function to be used in clinical hematological analysis. We also stimulated the platelets with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and measured the dependence of equilibrium PSID, including the total percentage of activated platelets, on ADP concentration.",
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journal = "Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology",
Litvinenko, AL, Moskalensky, AE, Karmadonova, NA, Nekrasov, VM, Strokotov, DI, Konokhova, AI, Yurkin, MA, Pokushalov, EA, Chernyshev, AV & Maltsev, VP 2016, 'Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets', Cytometry Part A, том. 89, № 11, стр. 1010-1016. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.23003
Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. / Litvinenko, A. L.; Moskalensky, A. E.; Karmadonova, N. A.; Nekrasov, V. M.; Strokotov, D. I.; Konokhova, A. I.; Yurkin, M. A.; Pokushalov, E. A.; Chernyshev, A. V.; Maltsev, V. P.
В: Cytometry Part A, Том 89, № 11, 01.11.2016, стр. 1010-1016.
T1 - Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets
AU - Litvinenko, A. L.
AU - Moskalensky, A. E.
AU - Karmadonova, N. A.
AU - Nekrasov, V. M.
AU - Strokotov, D. I.
AU - Konokhova, A. I.
AU - Yurkin, M. A.
AU - Pokushalov, E. A.
AU - Chernyshev, A. V.
AU - Maltsev, V. P.
N2 - Whereas commercially available hematological analyzers measure volume of individual platelets, angle-resolved light-scattering provides unique ability to additionally measure their shape index. We utilized the scanning flow cytometer to measure light-scattering profiles (LSPs) of individual platelets taken from 16 healthy donors and the solution of the inverse light-scattering problem to retrieve the volume and shape index of each platelet. In normal conditions, the platelet shape index distribution (PSID) demonstrates three peaks, which relate to resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. We developed an algorithm, based on fitting PSID by a sum of three peak functions, to determine the percentage, mean platelet shape index, and distribution width of each platelet fraction. In total, this method gives eight additional parameters of platelet morphology and function to be used in clinical hematological analysis. We also stimulated the platelets with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and measured the dependence of equilibrium PSID, including the total percentage of activated platelets, on ADP concentration.
AB - Whereas commercially available hematological analyzers measure volume of individual platelets, angle-resolved light-scattering provides unique ability to additionally measure their shape index. We utilized the scanning flow cytometer to measure light-scattering profiles (LSPs) of individual platelets taken from 16 healthy donors and the solution of the inverse light-scattering problem to retrieve the volume and shape index of each platelet. In normal conditions, the platelet shape index distribution (PSID) demonstrates three peaks, which relate to resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. We developed an algorithm, based on fitting PSID by a sum of three peak functions, to determine the percentage, mean platelet shape index, and distribution width of each platelet fraction. In total, this method gives eight additional parameters of platelet morphology and function to be used in clinical hematological analysis. We also stimulated the platelets with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and measured the dependence of equilibrium PSID, including the total percentage of activated platelets, on ADP concentration.
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KW - platelet activation
KW - platelet shape
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JO - Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology
JF - Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology
Litvinenko AL, Moskalensky AE, Karmadonova NA, Nekrasov VM, Strokotov DI, Konokhova AI и соавт. Fluorescence-free flow cytometry for measurement of shape index distribution of resting, partially activated, and fully activated platelets. Cytometry Part A. 2016 Нояб. 1;89(11):1010-1016. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.23003


Promote safety in and around our facility on Sunday mornings by serving as part of our Security Team.
Our Security Team serves in the Shed and in our facility's hallways on Sunday mornings. Volunteers commit 2 hours on the weeks that they serve, and some additional meetings and trainings apply. A pre-serving interview is required.
Active-duty and retired police and military service men and women, as well as those who have security background, are invited to apply.


text:
Salar people
Title: Salar people
Subject: Islam in China, Hui people, Qinghai, Uyghurs, Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
Collection: Ethnic Groups Officially Recognized by China, History of the Turkic Peoples, Islam in China, Muslim Communities of China, Oghuz Turks, Salar People, Turkic Peoples, Turkic Peoples of Asia, Turkic Tribes
Salar people in Xi'an celebrating Sabantuy
104,503 (2000 census)
China: provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang
Salar, Chinese
Turkmen people, Hui people, Tibetans, Han Chinese
Islam in China
History of Islam in China
By dynasty
Rebellions and revolts
Panthay Rebellion (1856–73)
First Dungan revolt (1862–77)
Second Dungan revolt (1895–96)
Post-dynastic China
Major figures
Chang Yuchun
Haji Noor
Hu Dahai
Hui Liangyu
Hu Songshan
Liu Zhi
Ma Anliang
Ma Bufang
Ma Buqing
Ma Fuxiang
Ma Gui
Ma Hualong
Ma Laichi
Ma Mingxin
Ma Qixi
Ma Yize
Mu Ying
Yeheidie'erding
Yusuf Ma Dexin
Wang Daiyu
Zheng He
Islamic Association of China
Xunhua
Uyhgurs
Kazakhs
Dongxiangs
Tajiks
Uzbeks
Tatars
Utsul
Islam in China portal
The Salar people (Salar: Salır; Chinese: 撒拉族; pinyin: Sālāzú) are an ethnic minority of China who largely speak Salar, in the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages.
The Salar people numbered 104,503 people in the last census of 2000. They live mostly in the Qinghai-Gansu border region, on both sides of the Yellow River, namely in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County and Hualong Hui Autonomous County of Qinghai and the adjacent Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County of Gansu. There are also Salars in Xinjiang (in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture).
They are a patriarchal agricultural society and are predominantly Muslim.
Origin stories 1.1
Ming dynasty 1.2
Qing dynasty 1.3
Republican China 1.4
Modern era 1.5
According to Salar tradition, they are the descendants of the Salur tribe, belonging to the Oghuz Turks[1][2] tribe of the Western Turkic Khaganate. The word Salur meant "those who wave swords, spears and hammers everywhere." During the Tang dynasty, the Salur tribe dwelt within China's borders — later moving west towards Central Asia.
The two brothers Haraman and Ahman, forefathers of the present day Salar tribe once lived in the Samarkand area. They were highly ranked at local Islamic mosques, thus led to prosecution from local king and rulers. The two brothers fled along with eighteen members of the tribe on a white camel with water, soil, and a Koran before heading east.[3] The group trekked through the northern route of the Tian Shan mountain ranges into the Jiayuguan pass and passing through the present day Suzhou District, Ganzhou district, Ningxia, Qinzhou District, Gangu County, and eventually stopping at the present Xiahe County
Later, another forty people from Samarkand joined the group. The group passed through the southern route of the Tian Shan mountain ranges and entered Qinghai. They arrived at the present Guide County, and twelve of them settled there.
The remaining 28 travellers met up with the Haraman group at Ganjiatan, and travelled to the present Xunhua region. The group later found that the soil at the area was fertile and settled there since then. As time progressed, these Samarkand people intermarried with the local Tibetan, Hui, Han Chinese and Mongols, eventually forming the Salar group.[4]
The Koran the Salars brought on their journey to China is to this day still preserved in Xunhua at Jiezi Mosque.[5] The Nanjing Museum has repaired the Koran to protect it from decay.[6]
The Salar clan leaders voluntarily capitulated to the Ming dynasty around 1370. The chief of the four upper clans around this time was Han Baoyuan and the Ming government granted him office of centurion, it was at this time the people of his four clans took Han as their surname.[7] The other chief Han Shanba of the four lower Salar clans got the same office from the Ming government, and his clans were the ones who took Ma as their surname.[8] The ethnogenesis of the Salar started from when they pledged alleigance to the Ming dynasty under their leader Han Bao.[9] Han Bao's father was Omar, and Omar's father was Garaman, who led the Salars on their journey from Central Asia to China.[10]
The Kargan Tibetans, who live next to the Salar, have mostly become Muslim due to the Salars. The Salar oral tradition recalls that it was around 1370 in which they came from Samarkand to China.[11][12]
The Salars were permitted an enormous amount of autonomy and self-rule by the Ming dynasty, which gave them command of taxes, military, and the courts.[13]
The Ming and Qing dynasties often mobilized Salars into their militaries as soldiers, with the Ming government recruiting them at 17 different times for service and the Qing government at five different times.[14]
In the 1670s, the Kashgarian Sufi master Āfāq Khoja (and, possibly, his father Muhammad Yūsuf even earlier) preached among the Salars, introducing Sufism into their community.[15] In the mid-18th century, one of Āfāq Khoja's spiritual descendants, Ma Laichi, spread his teaching, known as Khufiyya among the Salars, just as he did among their Chinese-speaking and Tibetan-speaking neighbors.[16]
Throughout the 1760s and 1770s, another Chinese Sufi master, Ma Mingxin, was spreading his version of Sufi teaching, known as Jahriyya throughout the Gansu province (which then included Salar's homeland in today's Qinghai). Many Salars became adherents of Jahriyya, or the "New Teaching", as the Qing government officials dubbed it (in opposition to the "Old Teaching", i.e. both the Khufiyya Sufi order and the non-Sufi Gedimu Islam). While the external differences between the Khufiyya and the Jahriyya would look comparatively trivial to an outsider (the two orders were most known for, respectively, the silent or vocal dhikr, i.e. invocation of the name of God), the conflict between their adherents often became violent.[17]
Sectarian violence between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya broke out repeatedly until the major episode of violence in 1781.[18] In 1781, the authorities, concerned with the spread of the "subversive" "New Teaching" among the Salars, whom they (perhaps unfairly) viewed as a fierce and troublesome lot, arrested Ma Mingxin and sent an expedition to the Salar community of Xunhua County to round up his supporters there.[19] This started the 1781 Jahriyya Rebellion.
The Jahriyya Salars of Xunhua, led by their ahong (imam) nicknamed Su Sishisan ("Su Forty-three", 苏四十三), responded by killing the government officials and destroying their task force at the place called Baizhuangzi, and then rushed across the Hezhou region to the walls of Lanzhou, where Ma Mingxin was imprisoned.[19]
When the besieged officials brought Ma Mingxin, wearing chains, to the Lanzhou city wall, to show him to the rebels, Su's Salars at once showed respect and devotion to their imprisoned leaders. Scared officials took Ma down from the wall, and beheaded him right away. Su's Salars tried attacking the Lanzhou city walls, but, not having any siege equipment, failed to penetrate into the walled city. The Salar fighters (whose strength at the time is estimated by historians to be in 1,000-2,000 range) then set up a fortified camp on a hill south of Lanzhou.[19] Some Han Chinese, Hui, and Dongxiang (Santa) joined the Salar in the rebellion against the Qing.[20]
To deal with the rebels, Imperial Commissioners Agui and Heshen were sent to Lanzhou. Unable to dislodge the Salars from their fortified camp with his regular troops, Agui sent the "incompetent" Heshen back to Beijing, and recruited Alashan Mongols and Southern Gansu Tibetans to aid the Lanzhou garrison. After a three months' siege of the rebel camp and cutting off the Salars' water supply, Agui's joint forces destroyed the Jahriya rebels; Su and all his fighters were all killed in the final battle.[19] Overall, it is said that as much as 40% of their entire population was killed in the revolt.
As late as 1937, a folk ballad was still told by the Salars about the rebellion of 1781, and Su Sishisan suicidal decision to go to war against the Qing Empire.[21]
The Qing government deported some of the Salar Jahriyya rebels to the Ili valley which is in modern day Xinjiang. Today, a community of a few thousand Salars speaking a distinct dialect of Salar still live there. Salar migrants from Amdo (Qinghai) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants, and as soldiers enlisted in the Qing army to fight rebels in Ili, often following the Hui.[22] The distinctive dialect of the Ili Salar differs from the other Salar dialects because the neighboring Kazakh and Uyghur languages in Ili influenced it.[23] The Ili Salar population numbers around 4,000 people.[24] There have been instances of misunderstanding between speakers of Ili Salar and Qinghai Salar due to the divergence of the dialects.[25] The differences between the two dialect result in a "clear isogloss".[26]
In the 1880s-1890s, sectarian strife was rife in the Salar community of Xunhua again. This time, the conflict was among two factions of the Hua Si menhuan (order) of the Khufiyya, and in 1895 the local Qing officials ended up siding with the reformist faction within the order. Although the factional conflict was evident not only in Salar Xunhua but in Hui Hezhou as well, the troops were first sent to Xunhua - which again precipitated a Salar rebellion, which spread to many Hui and Dongxiang communities of Gansu too.[27][28] It turned into the Dungan Revolt (1895), which was crushed by a loyalist Hui army.
The Hui people were also known as the "White capped" HuiHui used incense during worship, while the Salar, also known as "black capped" HuiHui considered this to be a heathen ritual and denounced it.[29]
Republican China
Like other Muslims in China, the Salars served extensively in the Chinese military. It was said that they and the Dongxiang were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service.[30]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Salar troops and officers served in the Qinghai army of the Muslim general Ma Biao, and they battled extensively in bloody battles against the Imperial Japanese Army in Henan province. In 1937, the Muslim warlord Ma Bufang notified the Chinese government that he was prepared to lead his army into battle against the Japanese during the Battle of Beiping–Tianjin.[31] Immediately after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under Ma Biao to be sent east to battle the Japanese.[32] Salars made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang.[33] The Qinghai Chinese, Salar, Chinese Muslim, Dongxiang, and Tibetan troops Ma Biao led fought to the death against the Japanese, or committed suicide refusing to be taken prisoner, instead, they committed suicide when cornered by the enemy. When they defeated the Japanese, the Muslim troops slaughtered all of them except for a few prisoners to send back to Qinghai proved that they were victorious. In September 1940, when the Japanese made an offensive against the Muslim Qinghai troops, the Muslims ambushed them and killed so many of them they were forced to retreat. The Japanese could not even pick up their dead, they instead cut an arm from their corpses limbs for cremation to send back to Japan. The Japanese did not dare make an offensive like that again.[34]
Han Youwen, a Salar general in the National Revolutionary Army and member of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), defected to the Communist People's Liberation Army, serving in numerous military positions and as vice chairman of Xinjiang. He had led Chinese Muslim forces against Soviet and Mongol forces in the Pei-ta-shan Incident.
Most Salars live in Qinghai province
Quran of the Salar people
The Salar had their own unique kinship clanships. They are patrilineal, and exogamous, encouraging clan members to marry out, with marriage amongst clan members being banned.[35]
The Salar are an entrepreneurial people, going into multiple businesses and industries.[36] They practice agriculture and horticulture.[37] They cultivate chili and pepper in their gardens.[38] Buckwheat, millet, wheat, and barley are among the crops they grow.[2]
The typical clothing of the Salar very similar to other Muslim peoples in the region. The men are commonly bearded and dress in white shirts and white or black skullcaps. The traditional clothing for men men is jackets and gowns.[37]
The young single women are accustomed to dressing in Chinese dress of bright colors. The married women utilize the traditional veil in white or black colors.
Originally girls were not allowed to be educated according to Salar tradition.[39] Muslim Salars and Muslim Hui people are against coeducation (grouping male and female students together) due to Islam, Uyghurs are the only Muslims in China who do not mind coeducation and practice it. Secular education was given to girls.[40]
They have a musical instrument called the Kouxuan. It is a string instrument manufactured in silver or in copper and only played by the women.
The Salars have been in Qinghai, China since the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. For centuries they've maintained their Oghuz language remarkably similar to the Turkmen language spoken in the Qaraqum.
However, culturally they have strictly conformed to the Naqshbandi ways of their Hui coreligionists. Therefore, many nomadic Turkmen traditions have been lost, and Turkmen music was forbidden. More secular minded Salars have resorted to appropriating Tibetan or Moghol (a Qinghai Mongolic Muslim group) music as their own.
The ethnic Salars of Qinghai celebrated on March 21, 2010 their first "Nowruz" in modern times, as a revived Turkmen holiday.
Hui general Ma Fuxiang recruited Salars into his army, and said they moved to China since the Tang dynasty. His classification of them is in two groups, five inner clans, eight outer clans. Ma said the outer group speaks Tibetan, no longer knowing their native language. Salars only married other Salars. Uighurs have said that they were unable to understand the Salar language.[41]
Ma and Han are the two most widespread names among the Salar. Ma is a Salar surname for the same reason it is a common Hui surname, Ma substitutes for Muhammad.[42][43] The upper four clans of the Salar assumed the surname Han and lived west of Xunhua.[44] One of these Salar surnamed Han was Han Yimu, a Salar officer who served under General Ma Bufang. He fought in the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958), leading Salars in a revolt in 1952 and 1958.[45][46] Ma Bufang, enlisted Salars as officers in his army by exclusively targeting Xunhua and Hualong as areas to draw officers from.[47]
Westerners who encountered Salars said that they were racially mixed, of Turkic, Mongol, Tibetan, Han Chinese, and Hui descent, and had features from these different races.[48]
During the Qing dynasty, according to the Encyclopædia of religion and ethics the akhunds of the Salar spoke Persian, and the Salar commonly consumed alcohol in addition to knowing the Arabic script. They wore Chinese attire.[49]
Singing is part of Salar culture.[50][51] A style of singing called Hua'er is shared among the Han, Hui, Salar, and Tibetans in Qinghai province.
Matchmakers and parents arrange marriages among the Salar.[52]
In Amdo, Salar language has heavy Chinese and Tibetan influence. It was originally Turkic, but major linguistic structures have been absorbed from Chinese. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin, and 10% is also of Tibetan origin. Yet the official Communist Chinese government policy deliberately covers up these influences in academic and linguistics studies, trying to emphasize the Turkic element and completely ignoring the Chinese in the Salar language.[53] The Salar use the Chinese writing system since they do not have their own.[54]
The Turkic origins of the Salars have been stressed by Chinese writings while non-Turkic influences like Chinese Muslim, Tibetan, and Mongol elements in Salar have been almost completely disregarded.[14]
Salar Flag
The people of China and Salar themselves regard the Salar language as a Tujue (突厥語言) language.[55] The Salar language has two large dialect groups. The divergence is due to the fact that one branch in Xunhua county of Qinghai province and Gansu province was influenced by the Tibetan languages and Chinese, and the other branch in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture by the Uyghur and Kazakh languages.[56]
In the late 1990s, it was estimated that out of the some 89,000 Salars, around 60,000 spoke the Salar language.[57]
The Salar do not use any written script for the Salar language,[38] instead using Chinese characters for practical purposes.[51][58][59][60] Salar serves as their spoken language, while Chinese serves them as a both spoken and written language.[61] China offered the Salar an official writing system but it was rejected. The Salars favor the continued use of Chinese characters which shows their "strong attachment to being citizens of the Chinese state".[62] Many of the current generation of Salars are fluent in Chinese.[63]
In Amdo (Qinghai), Salar language has heavy Chinese and Tibetan influence. Although of Turkic origin, major linguistic structures have been absorbed from Chinese. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin, and 10% is also of Tibetan origin. Yet, according author and French politics expert William Safran, the official Communist Chinese government policy deliberately covers up these influences in academic and linguistics studies, trying to emphasize the Turkic element and completely ignoring the Chinese in the Salar language.[64] The Salar use the Chinese writing system since they do not have their own.[65] Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboring Chinese varieties.[66] It is neighboring variants of Chinese which have loaned words to the Salar language.[67] In Qinghai, many Salar men speak both the Qinghai dialect of Chinese and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar fluently while urban Salars often assimilate into the Chinese speaking Hui population.[68]
In addition to Chinese, many Salar also speak Tibetan. Salar is a written language, as Ma et al. (2001) demonstrate, but the written language is rarely used. There are reported similarities with Turkmen.
In Ili Salar, the i and y high front vowels, when placed after an initial glides are spirantized with j transforming into ʝ.[69] Qinghai and Ili Salar have mostly the same consonantal development.[70]
Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1996. 'Stone Camels and Clear Springs': The Salar's Samarkand Origins. Asian Folklore Studies 55(2):287-298.
Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong, and Kevin Stuart, editors. 2001. Folklore of China's Islamic Salar Nationality. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen.
Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong, and Kevin Stuart. 1999. The Xunhua Salar Wedding. Asian Folklore Studies 58:31-76.
Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Hong Kong University Press.
Tenišev, E.R: Stroj salarskogo âzyka (The structure of the Salar language). Moscow, Nauka 1976).
Lin Lianyun (林莲云): 汉撒拉、撒拉汉词汇 (Chinese-Salar Salar-Chinese lexicon. Chengdu, People's Press of Sichuan. 1992.
This article incorporates text from The Geographical journal, Volume 3, by Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), a publication from 1894 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from The Geographical journal, Volume 3., a publication from 1894 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church, Volume 3, by Knights of Columbus. Catholic Truth Committee, a publication from 1913 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from The Moslem World, Volume 10, by Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation, a publication from 1920 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916 now in the public domain in the United States.
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The Salar ethnic minority (Chinese government site)
Arienne M. Dwyer: Salar Grammatical Sketch (PDF)
Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong, and Kevin Stuart, editors. 2001. Folklore of China's Islamic ` Nationality. Lewiston, Edwin Mellen.
Ma Quanlin, Ma Wanxiang, and Ma Zhicheng (Kevin Stuart, editor). 1993. Salar Language Materials. Sino-Platonic Papers. Number 43.
Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1996. 'Stone Camels and Clear Springs': The Salar's Samarkand Origins. Asian Folklore Studies. 55:2, 287-298.
Han Deyan (translated by Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart). 1999. The Salar Khazui System. Central Asiatic Journal 43 (2): 204-214.
Feng Lide and Kevin Stuart. 1991. Ma Xueyi and Ma Chengjun. Salazu Fengsuzhi [Records of Salar Customs]; Han Fude, general editor. Salazu Minjian Gushi [Salar Folktales]; Han Fude, general editor. Minjian Geyao [Folk Songs]; and Han Fude, general editor. Minjian Yanyu [Folk Proverbs]. Asian Folklore Studies. 50:2, 371-373.
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