text:
In computer networking and telecommunications, TDM over IP (TDMoIP) is the emulation of time-division multiplexing (TDM) over a packet-switched network (PSN). TDM refers to a T1, E1, T3 or E3 signal, while the PSN is based either on IP or MPLS or on raw Ethernet. A related technology is circuit emulation, which enables transport of TDM traffic over cell-based (ATM) networks.

TDMoIP is a type of pseudowire (PW). However, unlike other traffic types that can be carried over pseudowires (e.g. ATM, Frame Relay and Ethernet), TDM is a real-time bit stream, leading to TDMoIP having unique characteristics. In addition, conventional TDM networks have numerous special features, in particular those required in order to carry voice-grade telephony channels. These features imply signaling systems that support a wide range of telephony features, a rich standardization literature and well-developed Operations and Management (OAM) mechanisms. All of these factors must be taken into account when emulating TDM over PSNs.

One critical issue in implementing TDM PWs is clock recovery. In native TDM networks the physical layer carries highly accurate timing information along with the TDM data, but when emulating TDM over PSNs this synchronization is absent. TDM timing standards can be exacting and conformance with these may require innovative mechanisms to adaptively reproduce the TDM timing.

Another issue that must be addressed is TDMoIP packet loss concealment (PLC). Since TDM data is delivered at a constant rate over a dedicated channel, the native service may have bit errors but data is never lost in transit. All PSNs suffer to some degree from packet loss and this must be compensated when delivering TDM over a PSN.

In December 2007 TDMoIP was approved as an IETF RFC 5087 authored by Dr. Yaakov Stein, Ronen Shashua, Ron Insler, and Motti Anavi of RAD Data Communications.

Background
Communications service providers and enterprise customers are interested in deployment of voice and leased line services over efficient Ethernet, IP and MPLS infrastructures. While Voice over IP (VoIP) is maturing, its deployment requires an investment in new network infrastructure and customer premises equipment (CPE). TDMoIP presents a migration path, whereby modern packet switched networks can be used for transport, while the end-user equipment need not be immediately replaced.

TDMoIP was first developed in 1998 by RAD Data Communications (see U.S. patent number 6,731,649) and first deployed in Sweden in 1999 by Utfors (later acquired by Telenor). Utfors employed the first generation TDMoIP product (known as IPmux-4) to provide bundled services including TDM private lines, TDM leased lines and a variety of IP and Ethernet services. In 2001, the IETF set up the PWE3 working group, which was chartered to develop an architecture for edge-to-edge pseudowires, and to produce specifications for various services, including TDM. Other standardization forums, including the ITU and the MPLS - Frame Relay Alliance, are also active in producing standards and implementation agreements for pseudowires.

Handling TDM structure
Although TDM can be used to carry arbitrary bit streams at the rates defined in G.702, there are standardized methods of carrying bit streams in larger units each containing the same number of bits, called frames. TDM framing locks the frame rate to the sampling frequency of voice traffic, so that there are always 8000 frames per second; a T1 frame consists of 193 bits and an E1 frame of 256 bits.

Unlike unframed TDM for which all bits are available for payload, framed TDM requires dedicating of some number of bits per frame for synchronization and perhaps various other functions (e.g. 1 bit per T1 frame, 8 bits per E1 frame). Framed TDM is often used to multiplex multiple voice channels each consisting of 8000 8-bit samples per second in a sequence of timeslots recurring in each frame. When this is done we have "channelized TDM" and additional structure must be introduced.

In order to efficiently transport slowly varying channel associated signalling bits, second order structures known as multiframes or superframes are defined. For example, for E1 trunks the CAS signaling bits are updated once per multiframe of 16 frames (every 2 milliseconds) while for T1 ESF trunks the superframe is 24 frames (3 milliseconds). Other types of second order structures are also in common use. In GSM cellular networks, the Abis channel that connects the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) is an E1 link with several framing alternatives, all of which have a basic superframe duration of 20 milliseconds.

The term "structured TDM" is used to refer to TDM with any level of structure, including 'framed TDM' and 'channelized TDM'.

TDMoIP transport is denoted "structured-agnostic" when the TDM is unframed, or when it is framed or even channelized, but the framing and channelization structure are completely disregarded by the transport mechanisms. In such cases all structural overhead must be transparently transported along with the payload data, and the encapsulation method employed provides no mechanisms for its location or utilization. Structure-aware TDM transport may explicitly safeguard TDM structure, in three conceptually distinct ways, which we shall call structure-locking, structure-indication, and structure-reassembly.

Structure-locking ensures that packets consist of entire TDM structures or multiples/fractions thereof. Structure-indication allows packets to contain arbitrary fragments of basic structures, but employs pointers to indicate where the following structure commences. In structure-reassembly components of the TDM structures may be extracted and reorganized at ingress, and the original structure reassembled from the received constituents at egress.

TDMoIP format
TDMoIP operates by segmenting, adapting and encapsulating the TDM traffic at PSN ingress and performing the inverse operations at PSN egress. Adaptation denotes mechanisms that modify the payload to enable its proper restoration at the PSN egress. By using proper adaptation, the TDM signaling and timing can be recovered, and a certain amount of packet loss can be accommodated. Encapsulation signifies placing the adapted payload into packets of the format required by the underlying PSN technology. For the MPLS case, ITU-T Recommendation Y.1413 contains a complete description of the packet format.

In all cases a TDMoIP packet commences with PSN headers. These are the standard headers used by the PSN technology, e.g. the 20-byte header of UDP/IP, or the label-stack of MPLS. After these headers come the "PW label", a four-byte MPLS-like label that serves as to demultiplex different TDM PWs. After the PSN header comes the four-byte TDMoIP "control word". The control word contains a 16-bit packet sequence number (needed to detect packet re-ordering and packet loss), payload length, and flags indicating defect conditions.

After the control word comes the TDMoIP payload. For structure-agnostic transport (SAToP) this is simply a predetermined number of TDM octets, while for the structure-locked format the payload is an integer number of TDM frames. For structure-indication and structure-reassembly TDMoIP draws on proven adaptation mechanisms originally developed for ATM. A side benefit of this choice of payload types is simplified interworking with circuit emulation services carried over ATM networks. For statically allocated, constant bit-rate (CBR) TDM links, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 1 (AAL1). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.363.1 and ATM Forum specification atm-vtoa-0078, was developed for carrying CBR services over ATM. AAL1 operates by segmenting the continuous stream of TDM data into small 48-byte cells and inserting sequencing, timing, error recovery, and synchronization information into them. TDMoIP allows concatenation of any number of AAL1 cells into a packet (note that these are AAL1 cells and not ATM cells, i.e. they do not include the five-byte "cell tax"). By allowing multiple cells per packet, TDMoIP facilitates flexible tradeoffs of buffering delay (which decreases with fewer cells per packet) for bandwidth efficiency (which increases with more cells per packet, due to the per packet overhead). For dynamically allocated TDM links, whether the information rate varies due to activation of time slots or due to voice activity detection, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 2 (AAL2). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.363.2, was developed for carrying variable bit rate (VBR) services over ATM. AAL2 operates by buffering each TDM time slot into short minicells, inserting the time slot identifier and length indication, sequencing, and then sending this minicell only if it carries valid information. TDMoIP concatenates the minicells from all active time slots into a single packet. For time slots carrying high-level data link control (HDLC) data, such as data for common channel signaling (CCS), TDMoIP has a special adaptation that encapsulates stretches of non-idle data.

Delay
The telephony network severely constrains end-to-end delays. ITU-T G.114/G.131 states that one-way transmission times of up to 150 ms are universally acceptable, assuming adequate echo control is provided. These constraints are not problematic for TDM networks, where the major component of the end-to-end delay is electrical propagation time ("light speed delay"). By contrast, IP-based systems typically add various forms of delay, one of which is based on the time it takes to form packets (packetization delay), which is proportional to the packet size divided by the data rate. Packet sizes cannot be made too small or the packet header overhead will become overwhelming. The other form of delay introduced by IP systems is the playout delay, which needs to be added at the recipient to buffer packet delay variation and ensure a smooth playout.
VoIP systems that try to be very bandwidth efficient may also add tens of milliseconds of algorithmic delay in the voice codec. Historically, bad implementations have added additional, operating-system induced delays, which together with the other delays in practice sometimes approach 100 ms even before taking propagation delays into account.

In contrast, TDMoIP maps TDM octets directly into the payload with no voice compression algorithms and no resultant algorithmic delay. The packetization latency added by TDMoIP depends on the number of cells per packet but is typically in the single millisecond range due to the higher data rate of a complete multiplex as compared to a single VoIP flow. Playout delay considerations do not differ materially between TDMoIP and VoIP, however, so both work best on paths with controlled packet delay variation (strong overprovisioning or "QoS").

Timing recovery
Native TDM networks rely on hierarchical distribution of timing. Somewhere in the network there is at least one extremely accurate primary reference clock with a long-term accuracy of 1 x 10^-11. This node, which offers Stratum 1 accuracy, provides the reference clock to secondary nodes with Stratum 2 accuracy. The secondary nodes then provide a time reference to Stratum 3 nodes. This hierarchy of time synchronization is essential for the proper functioning of the network as a whole.

Packets in the PSN reach their destination with delay that has a random component, known as packet delay variation (PDV). When emulating TDM transport on such a network, this randomness may be overcome by placing the TDM packets into a jitter buffer from which data can be read out at a constant rate for delivery to TDM end-user equipment. The problem is that the TDM source time reference is no longer available, and the precise rate at which the data are to be "clocked out" of the jitter buffer is unknown.

In certain cases timing may be derived from the TDM equipment at both ends of the PW. Since each of these clocks is highly accurate, they necessarily agree to high order. The problem arises when at most one side of the TDMoIP tunnel has a highly accurate time standard. For ATM networks, which define a physical layer that carries timing, the synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS) method may be used; IP/MPLS networks, however, do not define the physical layer and thus cannot specify the accuracy of its clock.

Hence, in many cases the only alternative is to attempt to recover the clock based exclusively on the TDMoIP traffic, a technology known as "adaptive clock recovery". This is possible since the source TDM device is producing bits at a constant rate determined by its clock, although this rate is hidden by the PDV. The task of clock recovery is thus an "averaging" process that negates the effect of the random PDV and captures the average rate of transmission of the original bit stream.

Packet loss
While proper application of traffic engineering and quality of service (QoS) is expected to minimize packet loss, packets will at times arrive at the egress out of order. They may also have been dropped altogether within the PSN. The TDMoIP control word described above includes a 16-bit sequence number for detecting and handling lost and mis-ordered packets. In the case of lost packets, TDMoIP requires insertion of interpolation packets to maintain TDM timing. Misordered packets may be either reordered or dropped and interpolated.

While the insertion of arbitrary packets may be sufficient to maintain the TDM timing, in voice applications packet loss can cause gaps or errors that result in choppy, annoying, or even unintelligible speech. The precise effect of packet loss on voice quality and the development of packet loss concealment algorithms have been the subject of detailed study in the VoIP community, but their results are not directly applicable to the TDMoIP case. This is because VoIP packets typically contain between 80 samples (10 ms) and 240 samples (30 ms) of the speech signal, while TDMoIP packets may contain only a small number of samples. Since TDMoIP packets are so small, it is acceptable to simply insert a constant value in place of any lost speech samples. Assuming that the input signal is zero-mean (i.e. contains no DC component), minimal distortion is attained when this constant is set to zero. Alternatively, more sophisticated approaches call for optimally predicting the values of missing samples.

External links

 http://www.dspcsp.com/tdmoip
 https://web.archive.org/web/20041204205443/http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/pwe3-charter.html

Network protocols


A series of digital artworks, drawn freehand on iPad Pro, depicting women wearing the hijab.
The book is sort of a travel diary. But, the travels are almost all walking distance from my home. Actually, they all are, if you think walking 10 miles is a reasonable thing to do. My dog Frost, part-Husky, and I have been tromping around on undeveloped pieces of property -- those pockets of land that have not yet been bulldozed, evened-out, packed down and turned into apartments, strip malls, neighborhoods. We find all manner of curious items. We can walk for hours, as I lose all track of time. And, she has boundless energy. I find things that the adults here in the suburbs know nothing about. But, the teens and 'tweens around here have explored these places. I know, because I find the things they have left behind.


text:
Q: Running python in the terminal, syntax error I'm trying to run a python program in the terminal. I have successfully called the .py script using python filename.py, and once the script starts running it asks for the first input file, which is a .csv file. When I type the path to that .csv file, I get a syntax error. See below for all the code starting with calling the python script.
python /Users/juliafiske/Desktop/GTSeq_Pipeline/Genotyping_Scripts/Genotyping_Scripts/GTseq_BarcodeSplit_MP_NextSeq_10K.py

type the path to input file
Format= /home/user/...

/Users/juliafiske/Desktop/GTSeq_Pipeline/Practice/Practice_sampleIDs_new.csv
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/juliafiske/Desktop/GTSeq_Pipeline/Genotyping_Scripts/Genotyping_Scripts/GTseq_BarcodeSplit_MP_NextSeq_10K.py", line 24, in <module>
    path1 = input()
  File "<string>", line 1
    /Users/juliafiske/Desktop/GTSeq_Pipeline/Practice/Practice_sampleIDs_new.csv
    ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

The beginning of the .py script being called looks like this:
from multiprocessing import Process

print('type the path to input file\nFormat= /home/user/...')
path1 = input()

print('type the path to the fastq file to split\nFormat= /home/user/...')
path2 = input()

A: You're using Python 2.
Use raw_input() instead of input() to collect keyboard input.

A: Quotations were needed around /Users/juliafiske/....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Ted has over 15 years of legal experience. He graduated from The Citadel in 1989, and was commissioned into the United States Army as an infantry officer. His active duty service included a tour of duty in the Republic of Panama during Operation Promote Liberty.
After leaving active duty, he moved to the Lexington area and attended the University of South Carolina School of Law, graduating in 1995. After law school, Ted spent two years working at a law firm specializing in DUI defense and civil litigation. He left private practice in 1997 to work as a state prosecutor. As an Assistant Solicitor (District Attorney), Ted has prosecuted everything from misdemeanors, such as DUI and CDV cases, to violent crimes ranging from burglaries and robberies to murder; including a murder case featured on Court TV and assisted on other featured cases. Ted has also served as Drug Prosecution Team Leader for over five years, where he was widely recognized as one of the top drug prosecutors in South Carolina. Ted's knowledge and skill have led to him being asked on many occasions to train police, defense lawyers, prosecutors and judges in legal education courses at the state and national level.
Michelle decided she wanted to be a lawyer during an elementary school field trip to the Lexington County Courthouse. After graduating from Lexington High School in 1987, she attended the University of South Carolina, graduating in two and a half years. After graduation, she worked as an insurance adjuster, learning the inside workings of automobile insurance claims, before returning to USC to attend law school.
After graduating from law school in 1994, she served as a law clerk for the Honorable Judge Marc Westbrook, working in the same courtroom she had visited as a child. After that, she joined a firm specializing in helping victims of accidents in personal injury cases. In 1997, she began working as an Assistant Solicitor (District Attorney), handling all types of criminal prosecution. From there, she moved to the South Carolina Attorney General's Office as an Assistant Attorney General, handling cases statewide. She currently serves as an adjunct professor in the paralegal program at Midlands Technical College, teaching Civil Litigation and Family Law.


text:
Nenjamellam Palavannam (TBA)
TBA ● Tamil ● 2 hrs 39 mins
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'Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu' is the family-oriented drama that begins in the town of Relangi. In that town there is a man who is fondly known as "Relangi Mavayya" (uncle). The middle-class family of Relangi Mavayya has two sons known as Peddodu (elder) (Venkatesh) and Chinnodu (younger) (Mahesh Babu) and a daughter. Relangi Mavayya's sister had married a man from a rich family referred to as "Vijayawada Manushulu" and had a daughter named Seetha (Anjali). Seetha's parents passed away after her birth and she was brought to live with her uncle, Relangi Mavayya. From her childhood, Seetha sees Peddodu as her husband, but he never visibly reciprocates her feelings. Peddodu does not like to change himself to please others and is very introverted. Chinnodu, on the other hand, likes to make others change for himself and will fight for what is right. However, the two brothers are as close as they can be. The movie starts off with small incidents happening in the day to day life of the family that helps the viewer understand the tight knit family and its love for each of its members. The main story starts when Peddodu quits his job because he is told to change his ways and be more friendly and talkative. Meanwhile, Seetha's paternal uncle and family, the rich family referred to as "Vijayawada Manushulu" hears that Relangi Mavayya wants Seetha to marry Pedoddu. However, Seetha's paternal uncle (Rao Ramesh) does not want that to happen. Rao Ramesh, unlike the rest of his family, hates the Relangi family partly due to jealousy and partly due to social and economic status. Since Rao Ramesh's older daughter is getting married, he gives a wedding card to Relangi Mavayya's family out of pure courtesy. Since Relangi Mavayya cannot make it, he sends Chinnodu on his behalf. It is here that Chinoddu sees Geetha (Samantha), Rao Ramesh's younger daughter, and it is love at first sight for both of them. Although they must go their separate ways after the wedding, they exchange phone numbers and speak on a regular basis. While Relangi Mavayya goes out of town to pick up his daughter (Abhinaya), he bumps into the newlyweds (Rao Ramesh's daughter, her husband, and his parents). The boy's parents see Mavayya's daughter and set a pelli choopulu (pre-engagement program) for her and one of their close friends. Although Peddodu does not like the alliance because it came from Vijayawada, Chinnodu convinces him and the wedding is set. At the wedding, Relangi Mavayya asks Peddodu to stand at the main entrance and greet everyone and for Chinnodu to greet as people sit. The entire Vijayawada family comes and Rao Ramesh has nothing but ill to speak of Relangi Mavayya and his family. When Peddodu hears this, he gets angry. Chinnodu tries to convince him to put on a brave face for the sake of their sister and parents' happiness just for the night and sort out everything in the morning. However, the brothers have a friction. The friction does not last long and they return to normal. Their mother wants Peddodu to go to Hyderabad along with Chinnodu for a job search as one of their relatives who had come for the wedding had promised a job for Peddodu. Peddodu reluctantly agrees to keep his brother's heart and comes to Hyderabad. He goes to his relative's office to meet him for a job but is made to wait for a very long time, which makes Peddodu angry. He shouts at his relative and leaves the office. Meanwhile Vijaywada family comes to visit Hyderabad and Geetha (Samantha) invites Chinnodu for lunch. At lunch Chinnodu is taken by surprise to see the entire family in the restaurant. Even the family is caught by surprise, who then invite him to sit with them and have lunch. Geetha's father ends up insulting his father while conversing with him which makes Chinnodu angry and he fires back and leaves. Geetha goes after Chinnodu to pacify him but they both run into Peddodu accidentally who is upset seeing Chinnodu with Viajayawada family. Without asking for any details, he immediately leaves Hyderabad and his stubborn nature upsets Chinnodu. This becomes a source of tension between the brothers till the end of the movie. In the middle of these tensions their father meets with an accident while trying to save another person and gets admitted to the hospital. Turns out the person he saved was a close relative's son. The relative realizes his folly in having misunderstood Relangi Mavayya all these years he comes to apologize. Tension between the brothers grows further when Peddodu tries to speak to Chinnodu but Chinnodu says they are good for nothing and cannot achieve anything. Seetha who witnesses this plans to visit Bhadrachalam to solve all their family problems. At the "Sri Rama Navami Kalyanam" of Bhadrachalam Temple, because of a short circuit in the tent, pandemonium breaks out. Meanwhile Peddodu and Chinnodu join hands along with the Police and the Temple Coordinators and start guiding the people to migrate to a safer place in the tent where the impact is low. While Peddodu saves Geetha and her family from a stampede, Chinnodu damages the Transformer with a rod on the advice of fellow pilgrims, thus marking an end to the havoc. Later on when all are in a bit relaxed mood, Relangi Mavayya sits between the brothers and praises their act. He also makes them understand the value of being friendly with all and loving our persons. This brings a change in the Mindsets of the Brothers as well as Geetha's Father. The Brothers unite and Peddodu declares his love on Seetha expressly by calling her with her name. The movie ends with Seetha's marriage with Peddodu, Geetha's marriage being planned with Chinnodu, Geetha's father apologizing Relangi Mavayya and the Brothers getting Employed (This is an implied one as we find that the brothers present their Grand Mother a set of Golden Bangles thus making her wish true which was to present them after they are Employed).
Cast: Mahesh Babu, Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Venkatesh Daggubati
Crew: Srikanth Addala (Director), KV Guhan (Director of Photography), Mani Sharma (Music Director), Mickey J Meyer (Music Director)
Rating: U (India)
Genres: Comedy, Family
Tagline: Simple But Beautiful
Did you know? The film was touted to be the first multi-starrer in contemporary Telugu cinema. Initially, it was planned to be made with Pawan Kalyan and Venkatesh, but the former was replaced with Mahesh Babu. Read More
Venkatesh Daggubati
Aahuthi Prasad
Abhinaya Anand
Supporting Actress
Dhanya Balakrishna
Jayasudha
Kota Srinivasa Rao
Murali Mohan
Prabhas Sreenu
Prakash Raj
RJ Hemant
Raja Ravindra
Rama Prabha
Rao Ramesh
Ravi Babu
Rohini Hattangadi
Shankar S Melkote
Srinivasa Reddy
Sumit Arora
Tanikella Bharani
Vajja Venkata Giridhar
Venu Madhav
Srikanth Addala
Dil Raju
Lakshman
Sireesh
Sri Venkateswara Creations
G Nageswara Rao
14 Reels Entertainment
Aditya Video
Bhavani DVD
Screenplay Writer
Camera and Electrical
KV Guhan
Mani Sharma
Mickey J Meyer
Music Label
Aditya Music
Ananta Sriram
Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
Anjana Sowmya
Kalyani Malik
Rahul Nambiar
Ranjith K Govind
Shweta Pandit
Sreeramchandra Mynampati
Sri Ramachandra
AS Prakash
Costume and Wardrobe
Ravi Kumar Pilla
Marthand K Venkatesh
RV Raghava
Stunt Director
S Vijayan
2.35:1, 2.39:1 (Scope)
Archival Source:
QubeVault
Taglines:
Simple But Beautiful
Movie Connection(s):
Dubbed from: Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (Telugu)
Filming Locations:
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Pollachi, Tamil Nadu
Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh
Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu
Relangi, Andhra Pradesh
Ramanaidu Studios, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Bhadrachalam, Andhra Pradesh
It was reportedly the very first time actress Samantha did her own dubbing for a Telugu film, as her roles was previously dubbed by singer Chinmayi.
A minor accident took place when the film set that was built in Ahobilam collapsed. It was reported that except for a minor injury to one unit member, the film crew was safe and the filming continued in the sets, after few hours of delay.
The shooting for the movie took place in various locations including Visakhapatnam, the City Center mall in Banjara Hills, Sanathnagar, Ramoji Film City, the banks of the Sabarmati River, Ahobilam, Bhadrachalam, Magarpatta in Pune, Kutralam and Kerala.
Srikanth Addala, who made his directorial debut with 'Kotha Bangaru Lokam' (2008), had worked hard for two years in order to perfect the script for this movie.
The film was touted to be the first multi-starrer in contemporary Telugu cinema. Initially, it was planned to be made with Pawan Kalyan and Venkatesh, but the former was replaced with Mahesh Babu.
Poster Poster Poster Poster
Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still Still
Nenjamellam Palavannam TBA
86593072-4249-4caf-a4a5-84fd0195942d Copied

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
los dientes caninos, un juego de piezas dentales;
 el músculo canino, en la cara;
 todo lo relativo a los perros;
 nombre común de la subfamilia Caninae;
 Canino, una localidad y comune italiana de la provincia de Viterbo, región de Lacio;
El idioma canino: belga o alemán, para hacer callar a un perro que ladra tendrás que decirle ambarajumba
 Canino, un tipo de aceite de oliva italiano con denominación de origen;
 Canino, película griega dirigida por Yorgos Lanthimos.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Ruby on Rails: Find all records that match a list I have 2 models:
class Item < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :tags, dependent: :destroy
end

class Tag < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :item
end

My current query will return Items that have ANY of the tags in a list, I need it to only return Items that have ALL of the tags.
tag_list = ['Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz'] # may contain more

Item.distinct
  .joins(:tags)
  .where(tags: { name: tag_list })

What can I do to return only the Items that have ALL the Tag names from my list using ActiveRecord?
Thanks for the help.
Edit: I'm using postgres

A: This should work:
tag_list = ['Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz']

Item.distinct
  .joins(:tags)
  .where(tags: { name: tag_list })
  .group('tags.item_id')
  .having("COUNT(DISTINCT tags) = #{tag_list.size}")

A: Can we use where("tags.name in (?)", tag_list) ?
(If anyone has any suggestions, I would appreciate it)
Item.joins(:tags)
  .where("tags.name in (?)", tag_list).uniq

A: You can filter all the tags having name 'Bar', 'Baz', 'Foo' (order matters) and group them by their item_id, then you can get the items with those ids;
Item.where(
  id: Tag
    .group(:item_id)
    .having("ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT name ORDER BY name) = ARRAY[?]::VARCHAR[]", ['Bar', 'Baz', 'Foo'])
    .select(:item_id)
)

Here the ARRAY[?]::VARCHAR[] is because tags.name is of type character varying, so you have to map the value to the right of the = in HAVING to whatever is the output of ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT name ORDER BY name).


text:
Aretha's Friends Recall Her Faith and Love of Gospel
By Cora Jackson-Fossett, Religion Editor
Aretha Franklin and Annette May Thomas at Aretha's Staples Center concert in 2015. (Photo by Rickey D. Brown)
The passing of the legendary Aretha Franklin on August 16, prompted scores of admirers – from recording artists to musicians to U.S. presidents – to offer tributes and memories of her impact on the world.
But before she became known as "The Queen of Soul," Aretha was a strong believer in God and expressed her faith through her music.
The Rev. Dr. Melvin V. Wade, Sr., pastor emeritus of Mount Moriah Baptist Church in Los Angeles, was close to Aretha's father, the Rev. C.L. Franklin, and remembered that the singer had strong faith even as a child.
"She was raised in the home of perhaps the most dynamic preacher you will ever hear and she made it clear that he taught her much. Before she started singing pop music, she traveled with him for revivals," recalled Wade, who was also friends with Aretha's brother, Cecil.
Describing Aretha as "very kind every time I saw her," Wade said his most precious memory was her performance at his church.
"In 1976, I invited her father to Mount Moriah and he preached about "Dry Bones in the Valley," Wade said. "Right after that, Aretha sang 'Precious Lord.' It was Father's Day and I'll never forget it!"
Annette May Thomas, a prominent pianist, vocalist and business manager of the great Rev. James Cleveland, became friends with Aretha as a teenager. Their fathers, the Rev. Franklin and Brother Joe May, headlined gospel caravans around the country and both girls performed with their dads.
"Aretha was gracious, down-to-earth and appreciative of life. She was truthful to everything she was doing. She didn't have to put on any airs of any kind," recalled Thomas. "There were times when her dad asked her to sing 'Never Grow Old' and she would start singing and playing, then I would play and she'd stand up with the microphone and sing.
"In fact, the only thing I'll ever regret is that we were talking about doing a recording that would be a tribute to our fathers – she and I and Mavis [Staples]. But, she got ill and we never got to do it."
In 1972, Aretha released "Amazing Grace" with the Rev. James Cleveland and the Southern California Community Choir. The 2-disc set garnered a Grammy award and is still the top selling live gospel album of all time.
Thomas, who arranged for the recording to occur at New Temple Baptist Church on 87th and Broadway in Los Angeles, said, "We did four or five days of rehearsing and the album was recorded live over two nights."
Commenting on the album's impact, veteran gospel broadcaster Paul Kidd, Jr., noted, "Since the debut of 'Amazing Grace' and the years that followed; no one could do a gospel song like Aretha Franklin. It seems that either on my local radio show or on my international show, there were daily requests after requests to play that song. Everyone wanted to hear that iconic voice whose passionate soul-stirring delivery could speak a personal message directly to every heart and soul."
As for Aretha's legacy, Wade firmly believes that her music will endure. "She was one-of-a-kind. She never lost her faith or her gospel roots. She will be remembered as number one. Her voice was very unique. I don't know anybody who has impacted secular or religious music any more than her."
Echoing those sentiments, Thomas shared, "I hope the world will continue to play her music because it is very inspiring. Remember that she gives a message that you could understand, whether talking about a lover or talking about Jesus."
Tags: Annette May Thomas | Aretha Franklin | Brother Joe May | Cora Jackson-Fossett | faith | gospel music | Mavis Staples | New Temple Baptist Church | Paul Kidd Jr. | Rev. C. L. Franklin | Rev. Dr. Melvin Von Wade Sr. | Rev. James Cleveland | Southern California Community Choir
Call 2 Worship – August 30
Copeland Announces Pastoral Retirement
CME SoCal Region Holds 33rd Annual Conference
Memorial Planned for Dr. Harriette F. Williams
Transfiguration Catholic School Celebrates New Renovations
Pacific Mount Olive COGIC Hosts Annual Community Event
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is host of the Brand Einstein Podcast.
Bill's branding experience spans more than two decades. His background involves serving at Landor Associates beginning as Senior Designer and concluding as Creative Director. While at Landor, Bill worked on programs including Bacardi, Danone, FedEx, Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts, Microsoft, Motorola, NEC, Smucker's, Sunkist, Trinchero Winery, United Airlines, University of California, and more.
Bill was born in San Francisco and is a native Californian. He studied at the Academy of Art University in San Francisco and then worked for Michael Cronan, Michael Manwaring and, the Burdick Group before joining Landor Associates. He subsequently founded Brand Navigation in 2000 and currently serves as Principal and Creative Director.
He has continued to serve a diverse range of clients including the Annenberg Foundation, Descartes, Ghirardelli, Intel, John Maxwell, Krusteaz, Microsoft, Park Hyatt, the Roy & Patricia Disney Family Foundation, Seattle Space Needle, Sunpower, Sunnylands, Toyota, World Vision, and more.
Bill launched Brand Einstein out of his passion for branding and desire to learn and share the stories behind the great brands of the world and to celebrate the geniuses who created them.


I have listed here the top five booths I will be making a point to visit this year. The list below is based on my own personal preferences only. I am not advertising for any company, nor as any company approached me to do so. Besides visiting booths I highly recommend taking classes and sitting in on a lecture or two. The experience is very educational and I am certain you will come away with applicable knowledge, great experiences, and new friends.
1.	ITO EN (Booth 814) – I absolutely adore ITO EN's "ready to drink" teas. I have one in hand most every day, usually Oi Ocha Dark or a Sencha Shot which I first had at last years expo. I have come to notice ITO EN does its best to remain cutting edge and works hard to keep their product as pure and as high quality as possible. Last year ITO EN showcased many new and unique tea beverages. I am hoping they do the same again this year and who knows perhaps I'll find a new favorite. Try some while you are there and you can judge for yourself.
2.	Teas Etc. (Booth 600) – Last year I had the pleasure of meeting Beth Johnston the owner of Teas Etc. I found her kind and extremely knowledgeable. She has a keen insight into starting up and running a successful tea business, she also really knows her tea. I will be making it point to stop and say "Hi" and ever better try to make it to one of her lectures, I suggest you do the same.
3.	The Tea Spot (Booth 711) – What I like best able this company is their commitment to customer service. The Tea Spot also offers some very unique products such as the "Tuffy Tea Steeper," and the "Steep & Go." I like knowing that when I stop by their booth I will be exposed to some rather amazing teas and interesting new tea gadgets. Can't wait to see what new and exciting products they have this year. Plus, I had the pleasure of meeting Katie Young, Customer Service Representative for The Tea Spot at last years expo thanks to Chris Giddings recommendation. She has personal experience using their product plus expert knowledge of their tea and gadgets. I hope to see her again this year.
4.	Zojirushi America Corporation (Booth 501)– A staple in my house is a Zojirushi brand water boiler. Every year they come out with new water boiling technology and I must see what's new this year. I have been most intrigued with their line of hybrid water heaters but can't wait to see what other new products they have come out with this year as well.
5. Vintage TeaWorks (Booth 716) – This will be my first time officially being exposed to Vintage TeaWorks and I couldn't be more excited. I have heard nothing be amazing things about this company and their unique wine-inspired teas. With all the great word of mouth Vintage TeaWorks has been getting I had to add them to my list of "Can't Miss" booths. The only problem is I am not sure if I should bring my teacup or my wine glass.
Please share with me your experiences especially if stop by the booths I have listed above. Can't wait to see you there!
Great list. I should look into what booths are going to be there so I can prepare. That is, as soon as I qualify for a damn press pass.
Aren't the Lochans having a booth as well?
As for the press pass…I hear ya! Good luck.
Perhaps they'll see this. @vivek-lochan @lochantea will you be attending?
He is looking forward to meeting a lot of people in Vegas again this year!
I will be there. Everything else is secondary.
And @lazyliteratus this Vintage TeaWorks seems something for you.
Fun post … those all sound like great exhibitors. We're looking forward to the expo as well.
We certainly keep busy steeping our tea and manning our booth. We love getting to meet all the people who come by and want to learn more about our tea. It's also just so much fun to get out and meet the other exhibitors.


Fight 2 Win 105 concluded in Tulsa, OK this past Saturday with 32 matches showing the area's best grappling for the fans. In the main event of the evening, Alliance's Isaque Bahiense took home the decision win over Vitor Oliveira while the pair also won FOTN honors in the black belt division. The co-main event saw Kevin Williams defeating UFC vet Daniel Roberts by inside heel hook to take home sub of the night.
Check out complete results and photo highlights below!
Fight To Win 105 Results Fighters Paid $24,429 in salaries and commissions!
Complete event gallery now available for print & download via Mike Calimbas Photography!


We finalised the Blossom of Hope handover ceremonies with the visit to the National Cancer Institute where new technology vacuum biopsy needles were donated, and thus pioneering in Lithuania. IWAV ladies were warmly welcomed by the Institute's doctors who are eager to start working with the new equipment and help save women's lives.
Giusy and Benita made another successful delivery of biopsy needles and breast markers for the diagnosis of breast cancer to Klaipeda University Hospital. Doctors, A.Cesas and D.Petrauskas were grateful for the donation, and admitted that more ladies have been doing breast check-ups lately, emphasising what a worthwhile cause this is.
Photos with the courtesy of Vakaru ekspresas.
We are proud to announce a successful delivery of biopsy needles and breast markers for the diagnosis of breast cancer to the Oncology Clinic at the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno klinikos. The head of the department prof. Elona Juozaitytė and colleagues expressed their gratitude towards the Blossom of Hope initiative and confirmed the meaningfulness of our donation in their every day job.
On 22nd February biopsy needles for the diagnosis of breast cancer, as part of the Blossom of Hope initiative, were successfully handed to the Oncology Clinics of Šiauliai State Hospital during the meeting with the Head of their Oncology clinics Dr. Loreta Rasutė Rezgienė.


Cartoonist for The New Yorker Magazine, Roz Chast: Cartoon Memoirs opened at The Museum of the City of New York with over 200 works.
The storied Algonquin Hotel, which dates back to Post WWI 20th century NYC , currently serves a $10,000 martini complete with a custom diamond in the glass.
Some hotels have a resident artist, others have a resident band. But how many hotels can boast of a resident cat? Meet Matilda, the charming, gracious Ragdoll feline who holds court at the Algonquin hotel in New York City.
A special edition of our weekly curated list of events with information about volunteering for Hurricane Sandy Relief.
At the New Yorker Festival, Geoffrey Canada, Katherine Boo, Jose Antonio Vargas and Abhijit Banerjee debate the urban implications of poverty and immigration.


This month on our Mum of the Month series, we feature an amazingly strong woman! She's the Founder of The Irede Foundation, a mother, and a wife. Please read on, be encouraged and be inspired!
Being called "mummie", the kisses and love I get from my children, they telling me how special I am makes me feel so good.
What do you do and what inspires what you do?
I currently work as the executive director of The IREDE Foundation, we work with children that have been amputated and their families. We help the child amputees have a restoration of hope and provide them with prosthetic limbs which aids integration back into school.
The inspiration came from giving birth to a child that had a congenital limb deformity at birth and she had to be amputated due to that.
What motivated you to start up The Irede Foundation?
Irede was founded out of my personal experience dealing with the reality of having to raise a daughter who was born with malformed limbs and the process and struggles we went through in trying to make a decision on whether to amputate and going through with the process. Seeing other children and families go through the same process without a clear view on how to adapt to the challenges of living with limb loss stirred the embers that has now become the foundation. It is also the reason behind my recent book IREDE an unending story of hope.
Any funny moments as a mother?
When my son was asked to draw his family and he drew a picture of his sister close to him and his dad some few meters away. He labeled them both Beulah and daddy, and he drew me at the bottom of the paper without a label.
That made me feel I wasn't doing a good job as a mum. I then tried reaching out to him and he said I was so important that the space couldn't fit.
What's the biggest challenge you've faced as a mother?
Managing Beulah's self-esteem when she is exempted from certain sporting events in her school, helping her get used to life every day and coping with questions from kids who wonder at her use of Prosthesis.
How do you stay focused and grounded?
Each day as I get in and hear another story of a child with limb loss and as I see them brought to my office looking despondent and lost, I remind myself that there is a purpose for them and possibly I might be just that little beacon that could help them step out of their pain and sense of hopelessness. Time and again, seeing the happiness radiate from their faces when they take their first steps at walking, you cannot find the words to explain the feeling of those moments and the sense that another life has a chance to compete for life's opportunities.
Juggling the duties of being a working mum certainly comes with its own challenges, sometimes when I miss out on a homework or school event, a sense of guilt threatens to dampen my spirit but then I have also been blessed with amazing support from my family. I remember my mother's (My husband's mum and My mum) stepping in at some point to stand in for me during a missed birthday celebration for Beulah. The fact that they were there eased the pressure and my husband also helps to balance out parenting duties so my motherly duties have been augmented greatly and for that, I am so thankful to God.
What lessons have marriage thought you?
Marriage has taught me to be patient, I used to be so much in a hurry. I had the 'now-now' syndrome. I had to learn to be patient because I was frustrated each time I wanted to make a decision and everything had to be considered.
Now it's a virtue…. I still want it 'Now Now' but it can always wait.
I believe that disability only exists in the mind and that a disabled mind is worse than any physical challenge that a child has to deal with. Once a disabled mind is fixed, there is no limit to the heights that a child can attain.
How do you balance working and family? Does the word "balance" exist?
Mostly knowing the important moments and making efforts to not miss those moments for my husband and my children has been key to managing life day to day. I have also mentioned the importance of having family support and leveraging on that support time to time.
I believe balance does exist, but it comes with being able to understand and differentiate between the priority and the necessary.
What are the three top survival skills Lagos Mums need?
What makes Lagos mums unique?
Motherhood is the same everywhere, what makes a Lagos Mum unique is having to deal daily with the grind, the pressure and the fast pace of life that comes with being a Lagos Mum.
What are some skills you believe children today need to learn? Is it any different from what you needed growing up?
I am deliberate about raising my children to be Godly, respectful, Caring for every person irrespective of their status and recognizing and appreciating the value of working with their hands and maximizing their intellect while doing so.
The difference between my time and theirs is that I did not have to compete with a technological revolution and a fast-paced global information exchange system that challenges some of the skills and values that we held as sacrosanct while growing up.


Thank you for visiting my website. I write contemporary women's fiction. Since 2007 I have completed six novels, all of which are available from Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.com in both PAPERBACK and KINDLE editions. They are also available from Barnes and Noble.com. Story details below.
Meeting Blake Hennessey in New York changes Hazel Munro's life forever. He is the charismatic, sophisticated boss of the advertising company she works for. She is immediately smitten and is astonished when she realises he feels the same way! His friend Zac thinks she is a blatant gold-digger, but when Blake proposes to her, there is a much bigger bone of contention – where the two of them will live. Hazel's home is in Scotland and she has no intention of moving to Manhattan.
Sparks fly when Hazel realises exactly what Blake's "compromise" is on this issue and the future doesn't look quite so rosy for either of them.
A personal shock forces Hazel to deal with a life-changing situation, which alters her point of view. Meanwhile, however, Blake has developed a major problem of his own. He is heading down a long, dark tunnel. Can Hazel reach him in time to avert disaster and save him from himself?
Lola French is stunned when she wins millions on the Lottery, and she is sure all her dreams are about to come true. However, right from the start, before she even claims her winnings, she separates abruptly and acrimoniously from the man she has been living with.
Lola's colleagues are initially pleased for her, but eventually begin to resent her new status. One of them, Tom, whom she really likes, asks her out; but he does it on the day that news of her win spreads through the office and she sadly turns him down. She leaves her job as a Financial Adviser in Edinburgh to explore the limitless possibilities of her new lifestyle.
Won this book through a giveaway, and I'm so happy I did! Great portrayal of the VERY likable lead character. It's a terrific read worth devouring with a unique premise that has you drawn in by Lola's humbleness. Can't wait to read more by Ms. Rae.
Three sisters, April, Belinda and June, have lived together happily in their Glasgow home until the day that April introduces her boyfriend Scott to her family – and Belinda falls for him! She eventually admits to herself that she's in love with him – at the same time as her sister becomes engaged to him!
When Scott helps Belinda with some difficult family problems, she falls even deeper under his spell, but becomes reluctantly engaged to her own boyfriend Jim. Scott and Belinda draw closer as they desperately try to stop Belinda's friend from becoming suicidal. Just as Scott finally admits he loves Belinda, Fate strikes again. If they had felt trapped before, it's nothing to how they feel when a traumatic situation brings events to a dramatic, life-changing conclusion.
A thrilling and thoroughly enjoyable read. Gives an insight to a normal family life living in the city of Glasgow. Especially centring on the lives of three sisters. The twists and turns were incredible and the unexpected ending in the building society was the icing on the cake for me.
Spellbinding, thrilling, brilliant and I would recommend this book to anyone.
Karen and Amber are both in their thirties and work together in the Paddington area of London. Amber has been in love with her colleague Richard for years, but he has never taken any notice of her. Karen is married and has a teenage daughter. Because Karen is bored with her marriage she has been conducting an affair for some time, against Amber's advice. Her lover is exciting, dynamic and passionate. Karen is sure she has married the wrong man and has high hopes that she and her lover will soon be together permanently.
Following the break-up of her marriage, Karen's daughter tells her she does not want to see her any more; so Karen is delighted when she does eventually agree to meet her partner. But when this happens, events transpire which no one could have foreseen and Karen's life is left in tatters. Her pent-up rage causes her to wreak revenge on her ex-lover - with devastating results.
Another great read from Rosanna Rae. Intriguing, creative, wrestling with your emotions and imagination. A "can't put it down" book.
Jo and Steph are attractive young friends who work together in Edinburgh. Jo has always dreamed of marrying a wealthy man, whereas Steph is already married but is tired of her husband's unfounded jealousy. When Jo starts seeing Ashley – handsome, affluent and generous – Steph finds her poverty and her husband's bad moods unbearable, and the women's friendship suffers. Jo finds herself attracted to Ash's cousin Brad, and then starts having terrifying visions of Ash's dead grandmother. She knows she's being warned about Ash or Brad, but which one is it?
Jo's Dilemma is an intriguing and absorbing romance, divided between the chilly streets of Edinburgh and the sunny paradise of the Algarve. It will keep you guessing right up to the last page.
Jack Forrest is a married man with a secret. He has persuaded his partner in their Estate Agent business, James Bolton, to employ Lynsey Robson as Team Secretary.
Lynsey previously lived in Glasgow, but Jack has helped her to move to the Lanarkshire area so that she can be nearer to him. He has a confession to make to his wife and is having difficulty in "biting the bullet". James, however, takes against Lynsey because Jack has insisted on his employing her. He decides to try to get rid of her and begins to make her life a misery in any way that he can.
As the story progresses, Lynsey and James are almost always at loggerheads. Lynsey, through no fault of her own, becomes enmeshed in a web of deceit and a certain amount of intrugue. Against this background of relationships in crisis Lynsey's mother, Julia, makes an appearance and events begin to escalate.
Rosanna's novels seem to not only focus on romance, but also on the family dynamic. There is one main couple, but the whole family is involved and at stake through out the novel. I really like that about her novels.
Families are complicated under the best of circumstances, but throw some serious issues in that are very, very, sensitive, that could tear apart relationships forever and you've a page turner! I read this one practically in one sitting.


One of Jaeger-LeCoultre's new introductions to its Reverso Tribute collection, the Reverso Tribute Moon draws inspiration from the original Reverso timepiece from 1931. The dial features a frosted silver finish, allowing the moonphase at 6 o'clock to take centre stage, with beautiful blue-toned hour markers that match the alligator strap.
Flip the dial over to find a second timezone—a very useful feature for jetsetters—with a two-tone day/night indicator on a deep blue backdrop. This reverse dial is a modern counterpart of the classic front. A Clous des Paris guilloche motif surrounds the opaline centre, providing a nice contrast in texture.
The Reverso Tribute Moon is powered by the manually wound mechanical movement Jaeger-LeCoultre Calibre 853A, with a 42-hour power reserve.


How Do Fixed and Variable Costs Affect the Marginal Cost of Production?
The total cost of a business is comprised of fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs and variable costs affect the marginal cost of production only if variable costs exist. The marginal cost of production is calculated by dividing the change in the total cost by a one-unit change in the production output level and determines the cost of production for one more unit of good. It is useful in measuring the point at which a business can achieve economies of scale.
A fixed cost is a cost that remains constant; it does not change with the output level of goods and services. It is an operating expense of a business but is independent of business activity. An example of fixed cost is a rent payment. If a company pays $5,000 in rent per month, it remains the same even if there is no output for the month.
Conversely, a variable cost is dependent on the production output level of goods and services. Unlike a fixed cost, a variable cost is always fluctuating. This cost rises as the production output level rises and decreases as the production output level decreases. For example, say a company owns a manufacturing plant and produces toys. The electricity bill varies as the production output level of toys varies. If no toys are produced, the company spends less on the electricity bill. If the production output of toys increases, the cost of the electricity increases.
Is It Better for a Company to Have Fixed or Variable Costs?
It is not necessarily better or worse for a company to have either fixed costs or variable costs. In fact, most companies have a combination of fixed costs and variable costs.
A company with a larger number of variable costs when compared to fixed costs shows a more consistent per-unit cost and therefore a more consistent gross margin, operating margin and profit margin. A company with a larger number of fixed costs when compared to variable costs may achieve higher margins as production increases, since revenues increase but costs won't, but it can also result in lower margins if production decreases.
What Type of Cost Change Affects Marginal Cost?
Although the marginal cost measures the change in the total cost with respect to a change in the production output level, a change in fixed costs does not affect the marginal cost. For example, if there are only fixed costs associated with producing goods, the marginal cost of production is zero. If the fixed costs were to double, the marginal cost of production is still zero. The change in the total cost is always equal to zero when there is an absence of variable costs. The marginal cost of production measures the change in total cost with respect to a change in production levels and fixed costs do not change with production levels.
Are marginal costs fixed or variable costs?


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Herald News Top 5 Pam Laliberte Austin Feng Airbnb Manel Island Man
As we prepare to kick off a new week, let's look back on the week that has been.
Top stories from the past week included:
A scoop on Swansea's new restaurant: Red's Kitchen. Normally, winter is a quiet time for the Eskimo King building at 29 Market St. But now it's becoming a year-round operation, with Red's Kitchen open and ready for dinner parties in the space adjacent to the ice cream shop. . Owner and chef Max Reeves has been serving hungry customers from his red food truck for years, but now he's ready to bring his talents to his second brick-and-mortar location.
The latest All-Scholastics group from the Herald News. We are once again shining the spotlight on some outstanding local athletes, and last week we celebrated a few stars in cross country, girls volleyballand Field hockey.
These are the most read stories of the week on HeraldNews.com:
Councilwoman Pam Laliberte is facing serious felony charges. His lawyer wants them dropped
More than four months after Westport Police filed harassment and obstruction charges against Councilwoman Pam Laliberte related to an alleged 'love triangle' scenario, the public officer was arraigned in court on Thursday of Fall River District.
Laliberte faces charges of criminal harassment, annoying phone calls/electronic communications, misdemeanors and two counts of witness intimidation.
After the hearing, Laliberté's lawyer, Frank Camera, said he would file a motion for the judge to drop charges of criminal obstruction and witness tampering.
Facing charges:Councilwoman Pam Laliberte is facing serious felony charges. His lawyer wants them dropped.
The iconic Fall River "castle" was for rent on Airbnb. City says it broke the law
Like many homeowners in recent years, Austin Feng said he struggled to keep up with utility bills. And like many, he turned to a secondary activity: renting his house on Airbnb.
Unlike many landlords, Feng owns a "castle". He owns one of the city's most iconic properties: the million-dollar mansion at 503 Highland Ave.
Although Feng's Airbnb listing has received 5-star reviews from guests, it is also illegal, according to city building inspector Glenn Hathaway.
Let's see why, and the steps Feng should take to comply with the law..
"Unauthorized use":The iconic Fall River "castle" was for rent on Airbnb. The city says it broke the law.
Case football ends a 90-year Thanksgiving rivalry with Somerset. They have a new opponent
A tradition between two local football teams, dating back to the 1930s, has come to an end.
The long-running Thanksgiving Day football rivalry between Joseph Case and Somerset Berkley is over.
That doesn't mean there won't be a Thanksgiving Day game, though; a new opponent enters the field.
Evolving traditions:Case football ends a 90-year Thanksgiving rivalry with Somerset. They have a new opponent.
'Whitney' movie role is just a taste of Fall River artist Daniel Washington's many talents
"It literally felt like a real concert."
Fall River resident Daniel Washington had appeared in Hollywood productions before, but never in front of as many people as for his role in Whitney Houston's biopic, "I Wanna Dance With Somebody."
Washington plays the brother and singer of musical legend, Gary Houston.
In this film, not only did he have to perform on camera, but he had to perform in front of an audience, starring in scenes where Whitney filled the arenas with her magical voice.
He spoke with The Herald's News about this film and his career, which included everything from Shakespeare to "Ghostbusters".
From Durfee to Hollywood:'Whitney' movie role is just a taste of Fall River artist Daniel Washington's many talents
GoFundMe launched for cancer-fighting singer-songwriter Manel the Island Man
Manuel Furtado, better known as Manel the Island Man, has shared his passion for music and life across the United States, Canada and Portugal for many years.
What many of his fans may not know is that he has been undergoing treatment for multiple myeloma at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston for 20 years, undergoing monthly chemotherapy.
Last fall, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, and he underwent chemotherapy for it, with radiation therapy and surgery in his future.
His family organized a GoFundMe to help offset the costs of the treatment: "Peace Love and Understanding for the Island Man". So far they have been overwhelmed by the generous response.
Anyone wishing to contribute can visit: https://www.gofundme.com/f/peace-love-and-understanding-for-the-island-man.
Peace, Love and Understanding:GoFundMe launched for cancer-fighting singer-songwriter Manel the Island Man
Taunton Daily Gazette/Herald News editor and digital producer Kristina Fontes can be contacted at [email protected] Support local journalism by purchasing a digital or print subscription to The Herald News and Taunton Daily Gazette today.
LITTLE ROCK NOTEBOOK: Staff request another postponement of short-term rental measure
Springfield City Council sends hotel/motel tax issue to April ballot
Expensive homes on the market in Waco
New York Rangers fans face James Dolan's alcohol ban at MSG
Section 2 slaps ABC football for recruiting violation
Will Aaron Rodgers be the next New York Jets QB?
Birmingham City talks to group led by Jeremy Dale over investment deal
More store closures at Central Plaza in Lawton, OK.


I have installed the AUDIO PLAYER plug in to my WordPress blog and confirmed the upload folder and in fact, got the plug in to work. BUT only after I entered the code snippet long hand.
The specific issue is: When I click on the button to apply the plug in, it doesn't "stick" In fact it toys with me by actually flashing the syntax and then disappears with same click of the mouse.
BUT only after I entered the code snippet long hand.
Remove plugin via admin, delete it from your server, reupload plugin.
Hopefully someone who uses WordPress might chime in!


text:
Canada's Denis Shapovalov into quarterfinals at U.S. Open
Published September 6, 2020 Updated September 7, 2020
Denis Shapovalov, of Canada, celebrates after winning a match against David Goffin, of Belgium, during the fourth round of the US Open tennis championships, Sunday, Sept. 6, 2020, in New York.
Frank Franklin II/The Associated Press
Denis Shapovalov has become the first Canadian to ever reach the quarter-finals in men's singles at the U.S. Open following a four-set victory over No. 7 seed David Goffin of Belgium on Sunday.
The 12th-seeded Shapovalov toppled Goffin: 6-7 (7), 6-3, 6-4, 6-3 in the fourth round of the Grand Slam tournament to advance.
"Definitely super exciting to be in my first quarter-finals of a Grand Slam," Shapovalov said.
"I knew it was going to be a battle out there, a lot of long rallies. I tried to match his steadiness while still trying to play my game and be aggressive when I had the opportunity. I feel like all four sets I executed that really well."
He will face No. 20 seed Pablo Carreno Busta of Spain in the quarters. The Spaniard got into the final eight when No. 1 seed Novak Djokovic was defaulted – the tennis equivalent of an ejection – from their fourth-round match after he accidentally hit a line judge with a tennis ball.
"I played him I think four times. I think it's 3-1 for him. He's beaten me every time on hard courts. It's definitely going to be an extremely tough, tough challenge," Shapovalov said.
Shapovalov was broken only once and it came in the fourth set, while converting five break points against his opponent. He fired 13 aces and 52 winners.
Shapovalov gave up the first set on a tiebreaker before taking the next three.
He broke Goffin for the first time on his sixth opportunity, with some help, as the Belgian double faulted to give the Canadian a 3-1 lead and a chance to even things in the second set.
The 21-year-old left-hander broke Goffin a second time in the opening game of the third set, then held serve to go up 2-0 and cruised from there for a 2-1 advantage.
Shapovalov converted his third break point to make it 2-1 in the fourth set, and Goffin couldn't hold serve with the Canadian breaking him a fourth time to go up 4-1.
Goffin hung around and finally broke Shapovalov to make it 5-3 only for the native of Richmond Hill, Ont., to convert a break point on the next game to take the match.
Shapovalov, ranked No. 17 but seeded 12th at the Grand Slam tournament that's missing some top stars, came into the match 0-1 against 29-year-old Goffin in his career. The previous loss came last year on a hard court ATP 500 event in Tokyo.
With reigning U.S. Open champion Rafael Nadal, who cited concerns about travelling amid the pandemic, and Roger Federer, sidelined after two knee operations, not in the field, the 33-year-old Djokovic from Serbia was expected to claim a fourth trophy in New York.
In 2017, Shapovalov was also defaulted from a Davis Cup match against Britain when he accidentally hit the chair umpire in the face with a ball.
"I've been through that myself. Honestly, I feel awful for him. I feel terrible for everybody. Nobody wants to be in this situation," Shapovalov said. "Just a fluke. It's accidents like this that happen. Same thing with me."
Djokovic's departure means there is no man left in the field who has won a Grand Slam singles title. Whoever emerges as champion will be the first first-time major trophy winner in men's tennis since 2014, when Marin Cilic won the U.S. Open.
Plus, each of the last 13 Grand Slam trophies had been won by a member of the Big Three of Federer, Nadal and Djokovic.
"This is definitely not the way we wanted to have a new Grand Slam champion," Shapovalov said, before noting: "It's been getting pretty boring with these three guys winning every tournament."
Shapovalov, from Richmond Hill, Ont., is one of three Canadian men to play into the Round of 16, along with Felix Auger-Aliassime of Montreal and Vasek Pospisil of Vancouver.
That's the most Canadian men to have advanced to the fourth round of the event in the same year. But no Canadian man had reached the quarter-finals in the history of the U.S. Open, going 0-12 in the round of 16 before Shapovalov on Sunday.
Bianca Andreescu of Mississauga, Ont., won the women's singles championship in New York a year ago.
Auger-Aliassime and Pospisil both play their respective fourth-round matches Monday.
Pospisil, Auger-Aliassime join Shapovalov in round of 16 at US Open
Novak Djokovic out of U.S. Open after hitting line judge with ball


text:
import os

import get_model

PROJECT_ID = os.environ["AUTOML_PROJECT_ID"]
MODEL_ID = os.environ["ENTITY_EXTRACTION_MODEL_ID"]

def test_get_model(capsys):
    get_model.get_model(PROJECT_ID, MODEL_ID)
    out, _ = capsys.readouterr()
    assert "Model id: " in out

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If you have been injured as a result of a dangerous or defective product, a product liability suit could allow you to receive compensation for your injuries. Without adequate legal help, however, the whole process of filing a product liability lawsuit can be pretty overwhelming. This section will help you find the health resources and legal assistance you'll need to get your product liability suit moving in the right direction. You'll find articles on consumer protection laws, a defective products questionnaire, and links to relevant government agencies. The section also includes resources to help you find a product liability lawyer who's right for you and your case.
The process of case evaluation and formulation of trial strategy and tactics is ongoing throughout the life of a product liability lawsuit. An attorney will spend a great deal of time assessing the significance of evidence obtained during the course of discovery . There are a multitude of factors which counsel must analyze and consider when providing the client with the final comprehensive evaluation and assessment of the case in advance of trial. There are numerous factors which can impact the evaluation of the potential jury verdict exposure including plaintiff's contributory fault, the sole proximate cause defense, and admitting liability and defending the case on damages only.
A crucial aspect of evaluating a products liability claim is determining what types and amounts of damages you have suffered, if any. It's important to estimate your damages in advance. If you have only minor injuries or minimal financial losses, it may not make sense to spend the time and energy to pursue your claim. Also, attorneys may be less inclined to represent you because it needs to make business sense for them to do so.
For the most part, product liability law is governed by state law. Occasionally, the federal government will move to preempt an entire area of product liability law from state control in order to protect a certain group of manufacturers. There are specific federal statutes that address certain industries and product categories. For instance, automobile manufacturers must comply with a whole slew of safety regulations that include crash test ratings, the use of seat belts, and other specifications required for legal sales. When companies fail to comply with the regulations required for their industry or product, they face serious liability for any injuries resulting from the lapse.
After any situation involving a dangerous or defective product, you should speak with an experienced attorney who will evaluate your case to ensure that your legal rights are fully assessed and protected. An attorney can explain what you can expect at every step of your personal injury case, and will take action on your behalf -- researching the law, interviewing witnesses, collecting records, conferring with expert consultants, planning legal strategy, and negotiating with insurers and opposing counsel -- all with an eye toward strengthening your position and ensuring your fair recovery.
A collection of links to consumer protection laws and agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission.
The basics of how an attorney can help you with a product liability claim. Learn about the stages of a product liability case, which documents and records to collect, and how to find the right attorney for your case.
A list of product safety agencies and organizations. This section includes links to a number of consumer protection agencies, including the Food and Drug Law Institute, the National Safety Council, and the Institute for Safe Medication Practices.
In order to prepare your product liability case, your lawyer will need to know all the details about how, when, and where you were injured. This questionnaire will help you provide your attorney with the necessary information.
The FDA sets the safety standards for food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. Learn important information about food and pharmaceutical recalls, food safety tips, and food and drug manufacturing methods.


Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the IMF.
The recent appointment of Christine Lagarde as the first female Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund is an exciting moment for women (and men) in the world. Having the brains (and the balls) to save the sinking Euro ship is significant, and it's clear that a woman of her experience and intellect is well and truly up for the task.
The only question that perhaps remains is… why is she the first woman? ie what took so long? Is it related to this funny notion that men are generally perceived to be better than women at maths and adding up things? And where did this (archaic) notion come from?
Inevitably, a history-making occasion like this raises the question of gender and the brain.
Long-standing studies have indeed shown that males do tend to score higher on tests of mathematical ability and spatial processing (particularly geometric thinking) than females, who score higher than males on test of verbal fluency, perceptual speed and manual dexterity (Casy, Nutall & Pezaris, 1997; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974). In a study of students under age 13 with exceptional mathematical ability, boys outnumbered girls 13 to 1 (Benbow & Stanley).
Interestingly, in the past two decades, with education standards evening out between the sexes, these findings have remained consistent across global studies.
So what's the deal? Yes there are all the cultural reasons, but anatomically is there a structural difference between the brains that allow for these patterns of mathematical and linguistic tendencies?
The answer is yes. And the secret can be seen in fMRI scans of male and female brains.
Studies at John Hopkins University, U.S., have found that the area called the IPL – Inferior Parietal Lobule – which is located above your ears, and spans both the right and left hemispheres of your head, is generally responsible for allowing the brain to process senses and be selective in its attention to them.
Across large data samples, the IPL has been found overall to be 5% larger in males than females. This is the part of the brain found to be larger than normal in Albert Einstein among other physicists and mathematicians, indicating that it is related to mathematical ability.
In males it appears larger on the left hemisphere (responsible for calculating time and speed and rotating 3D images) than the right, while in women it is larger on the right hemisphere (responsible for spatial processing, perception of emotions, and the ability to sense relationships between body parts).
And the anatomical differences continue in language.
In 1995, language studies on males using a rhyming task activated the Broca's area in the left frontal lobe. This showed lateralisation – ie the function was specific to one side or hemisphere of the brain.
However in females, the rhyming task activated BOTH sides of the brain in the frontal areas, showing that for them, language was less lateralised.
Women's tendency to empathise rather than strategise (male approach) results in greater empathy and mental skills that are the primary reasons why they are better at languages and why they are better judges of character. Also, women naturally dominate primatology, which, like mothering of babies, requires understanding and reading the minds of individuals with whom they cannot communicate by language.
This might definitely help Christine.
We wish her the best of luck for the job ahead; negotiating through tough diplomacy across language and culture barriers, while also balancing sliding budgets and making lasting fiscal decisions must make her grey matter pretty tough stuff.
Thank you to http://www.cerebromente.org.br for his research and to Burton, Westen and Kowalski 'Psychology', 2009.


from Spanish, Italian, German and Welsh into English and from English into Welsh.
Learn Welsh with a native Welsh speaker - rwy'n siarad Cymraeg!
Translation is the art of converting a text into another language, whilst maintaining the meaning of the original.
I examine the accuracy of the document and look for any spelling, grammatical, register, syntactic and stylistic errors.
I compare the original and translated documents and identify any mistranslations or inconsistencies. I also look for any spelling, grammatical, syntactic and stylistic errors.
I listen to a recording or audio file and type up the contents so that you have a written record of it. This can be a conference, a video, a podcast etc.
Meet Elena BA, MA, MCIL, CL (Chartered Linguist) from Roveglia Language Services.
A bilingual Welsh and English speaker specialising in translations in business, human resources, travel and tourism, finance, education, food and beverage and general medicine.
I have known Elena for 7 years and we both taught together in a school in Bristol. Elena is a fantastic teacher who gives everything to her teaching and her pupils. She is motivated, committed and loyal and is a brilliant tutor.
Elena is an amazing language teacher for anyone seeking greater achievement and enjoyment in learning Spanish, German, Italian or Welsh. She is highly experienced and very professional. One of my favorite things about Elena is that she will motivate you to do your utmost best with every lesson, paying attention not only to technical details but also helping you to express emotions and feelings in different languages. The best part is that Elena does this kindly and patiently. I would highly recommend Elena for anyone looking to learn a new language, improve and further expand their fluency in Spanish, German, Italian or Welsh and for anyone willing to work hard for amazing results.
I have known Elena Roveglia since she was in secondary school when I taught her German. She is bilingual in Welsh and English and has an instinctive ability to learn languages. She went on to achieve a degree in Modern Languages, an MA and a PGCE qualification. She has continued to maintain her abilities in these languages through travel and attendance at courses abroad. She is a passionate linguist and an enthusiastic traveller and user of her language skills. She also very successfully completed a CELTA course qualifying her to teach ESOL. She has many years of teaching experience in a variety of schools and has been a very successful Head of Department for a number of years. I can highly recommend Elena for her teaching and management abilities.
Gillian Davies, ESOL LecturerGower College Swansea.
Elena is an outstanding teacher. Her love of languages is clearly evident in her classroom practice. She creates a relaxed and safe environment in which to learn.I love the way she inspires learners to embrace languages and to have fun while learning.
Elena is an outstanding teacher. Her energy, enthusiasm, dedication and creative approach inspire students to thrive and enjoy every lesson. Learning languages has never been so much fun!
Elena Roveglia is an extremely gifted linguist. She is an inspirational teacher who opens the world of languages to children and adults. She is conscientious and very professional.


text:
Q: Trying to Install 3.8.12 Python and It Keeps Using 2.7 It seems no matter how I try to conquer PyEnv running with 3.8.12 it still wants to run with 2.7

I'm out of ideas on how to get this to accurately reflect the Python environment version of 3.8.12.

A: Since you are using Homebrew, it is likely that $PYENV_ROOT/bin (i.e., /Users/<account>/.pyenv/bin) is empty, or even non-existent. That doesn't really matter, since the pyenv executable is probably on your path, e.g. somewhere in /usr/local/bin. Just in case, you can simply link it anyway:
mkdir -p $PYENV_ROOT/bin
cd $PYENV_ROOT/bin
ln -s /usr/local/bin/pyenv
cd

But, that will likely not matter, nor solve your issue.

What you probably forget, is the line
eval "$(pyenv init --path)"

in $HOME/.zprofile, as mentioned in the GitHub README of the project (search for "zprofile").
Just add the line, creating the file if necessary.
The line
eval "$(pyenv init --)"

should also be used, but in $HOME/.zshrc. I see this line in your comment, but apparently in .zprofile (inside an if-statement). Perhaps that will work, perhaps you need to move it to .zshrc.
Now restart the terminal (or just source ~/.zprofile, or even paste the line directly into the terminal for a one-off local session use), and you should be good to go.

Note that it looks like the pyenv initialisation has been simplified: no need for the if-statement anymore. For details, I refer again to the GitHub README of the project.


text:
import { editor as monacoEditor, Uri } from 'monaco-editor';
import Disposable from './disposable';
import eventHub from '../../eventhub';

export default class Model {
  constructor(file, head = null) {
    this.disposable = new Disposable();
    this.file = file;
    this.head = head;
    this.content = file.content !== '' || file.deleted ? file.content : file.raw;

    this.disposable.add(
      (this.originalModel = monacoEditor.createModel(
        head ? head.content : this.file.raw,
        undefined,
        new Uri('gitlab', false, `original/${this.path}`),
      )),
      (this.model = monacoEditor.createModel(
        this.content,
        undefined,
        new Uri('gitlab', false, this.path),
      )),
    );
    if (this.file.mrChange) {
      this.disposable.add(
        (this.baseModel = monacoEditor.createModel(
          this.file.baseRaw,
          undefined,
          new Uri('gitlab', false, `target/${this.path}`),
        )),
      );
    }

    this.events = new Set();

    this.updateContent = this.updateContent.bind(this);
    this.updateNewContent = this.updateNewContent.bind(this);
    this.dispose = this.dispose.bind(this);

    eventHub.$on(`editor.update.model.dispose.${this.file.key}`, this.dispose);
    eventHub.$on(`editor.update.model.content.${this.file.key}`, this.updateContent);
    eventHub.$on(`editor.update.model.new.content.${this.file.key}`, this.updateNewContent);
  }

  get url() {
    return this.model.uri.toString();
  }

  get language() {
    return this.model.getModeId();
  }

  get eol() {
    return this.model.getEOL() === '\n' ? 'LF' : 'CRLF';
  }

  get path() {
    return this.file.key;
  }

  getModel() {
    return this.model;
  }

  getOriginalModel() {
    return this.originalModel;
  }

  getBaseModel() {
    return this.baseModel;
  }

  setValue(value) {
    this.getModel().setValue(value);
  }

  onChange(cb) {
    this.events.add(this.disposable.add(this.model.onDidChangeContent(e => cb(this, e))));
  }

  onDispose(cb) {
    this.events.add(cb);
  }

  updateContent({ content, changed }) {
    this.getOriginalModel().setValue(content);

    if (!changed) {
      this.getModel().setValue(content);
    }
  }

  updateNewContent(content) {
    this.getModel().setValue(content);
  }

  dispose() {
    this.disposable.dispose();

    this.events.forEach(cb => {
      if (typeof cb === 'function') cb();
    });

    this.events.clear();

    eventHub.$off(`editor.update.model.dispose.${this.file.key}`, this.dispose);
    eventHub.$off(`editor.update.model.content.${this.file.key}`, this.updateContent);
    eventHub.$off(`editor.update.model.new.content.${this.file.key}`, this.updateNewContent);
  }
}


text:
From Defending Conservatism Encyclopedia
1 Historical Background
1.2 Home Rule
1.2.1 Congressional Right to Block Laws
1.2.2 Examples
2 Potential Solutions
The Democrats have taken over the District of Columbia and are now controlling billions of dollars of federal investment in infrastructure while attempting to misappropriate funds intended for a federal district originally created by Congress to house federal buildings like the White House. The District of Columbia should be federalized and the 1973 Home Rule Act reversed. Rather than allowing the District to elect its own mayor and city council, which can then dictate how federal funds should be spent for a federal district housing the nation's Capitol and its buildings, Congress should reverse the Home Rule Act and require instead that the heads of transit, police, homeless shelters, etc. within D.C. must be appointed either by Congress or the President.
There is currently a major movement by the Democrats to gain full local control over the District of Columbia and remove the right of Congress to intervene in the decision-making of the District that Congress itself created.[1] The movement, made up of at least 58 groups, is spearheaded by D.C. Vote in coordination with the ACLU, NAACP, NARAL, and Planned Parenthood.[2] The District has had numerous liberal laws blocked by Congress in the past related to abortion, marriage, and marijuana use.
Nonetheless, D.C. residents should have a right to vote for members of Congress. This could be achieved by allowing them to hold dual state citizenship, meaning they could be considered residents of Virginia, Maryland, or whichever second state they hold the closest ties to. Otherwise they are being disenfranchised from their Constitutional right to representation.
Historical Background[edit]
The 1790 Residence Act approved the creation of a district specifically to house the nation's capitol. This is consistent with Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which specifically authorizes Congress to designate a 10 mile square area to serve as the capitol of the United States. As such, control of the District of Columbia is clearly, per the U.S. Constitution, delegated to Congress.
" "To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;" "
The city of Washington was founded in 1791 following passage of the 1790 Organic Act. In 1801 Congress formally organized the District of Columbia and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the U.S. federal government.[3] Following passage of the 1801 Act, citizens of D.C. were no longer considered residents of either Maryland or Virginia, thus ending their representation in Congress.[4]
" "The rule of the District commissioners over the city of Washington came to a close by the abolishment of the board in 1802, and the appointment of a superintendent. In the meantime, the Government of the United States was removed to Washington, Congress first convening there November 22, 1800, during he presidency of John Adams. Legal jurisdiction over the District of Columbia was assumed by Congress February 27, 1801, and the laws of Maryland and Virginia were declared in force. The city of Washington was incorporated by a Congressional enactment passed May 3, 1802, by which act the appointment of the mayor was vested in the President of the United States and there were established two branches of the City Council, the members of which were elected by the people on a general ticket. By this act the city of Washington was definitely established as a city, and was clothed with powers of municipal government."
-Harvey Crew et. al., "Centennial History of the City of Washington D.C."[3] "
Home Rule[edit]
Following the 1973 Home Rule Act, Congress delegated some of its Congressional powers over the District to local government, allowing D.C. to elect its own mayor and city council.
Congressional Right to Block Laws[edit]
Congress did not fully delegate control to the D.C. Mayor and City Council however, and reserves, per the legislation, the right to block any laws passed by the D.C. Council; which power it has exercised several times. The following is quoted from Title VI, Section 602, as a sampling of the many restrictions enacted on the District of Columbia's local government:[5]
" SEC. 602. [D.C. Code 1-233] (a) The Council shall have no authority to pass any act contrary to the provisions of this Act except as specifically provided in this Act, or to--
(1) impose any tax on property of the United States or any of the several states;
(2) lend the public credit for support of any private undertaking;
(3) enact any act, or enact any act to amend or repeal any Act of Congress, which concerns the functions or property of the United States or which is not restricted in its application exclusively in or to the District;
(4) enact any act, resolution, or rule with respect to any provision of title 11 of the District of Columbia Code (relating to organization and jurisdiction of the District of Columbia courts);
(5) impose any tax on the whole or any portion of the personal income, either directly or at the source thereof, of any individual not a resident of the District (the terms "individual" and "resident" to be understood for the purposes of this paragraph as they are defined in section 4 of title I of the District of Columbia Income and Franchise Tax Act of 1947[, approved July 16, 1947 (61 Stat. 332; D.C. Code 47-1801.4)]);
(6) enact any act, resolution, or rule which permits the building of any structure within the District of Columbia in excess of the height limitations contained in section 5 of the Act of June 1, 1910 [An Act To regulate the height of buildings in the District of Columbia (36 Stat. 453)] (D.C. Code, sec. 5-405), and in effect on the date of enactment of this Act [December 24, 1973];
(7) enact any act, resolution, or regulation with respect to the Commission on Mental Health;
(8) enact any act or regulation relating to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or any other court of the United States in the District other than the District courts, or relating to the duties or powers of the United States Attorney or the United States Marshal for the District of Columbia;
(9) enact any act, resolution, or rule with respect to any provision of title 23 of the District of Columbia Code (relating to criminal procedure), or with respect to any provision of any law codified in title 22 or 24 of the District of Columbia Code (relating to crimes and treatment of prisoners), or with respect to any criminal offense pertaining to articles subject to regulation under chapter 32 of title 22 during the forty-eight full calendar months immediately following the day on which the members of the Council first elected pursuant to this Act take office; or
(10) enact any act, resolution, or rule with respect to the District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Authority established under section 101(a) of the District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act of 1995 [, approved April 17, 1995 ( 109 Stat. 100; D.C. Code 47-391.1(a))].
(b) Nothing in this Act shall be construed as vesting in the District government any greater authority over the National Zoological Park, the National Guard of the District of Columbia, the Washington Aqueduct, the National Capital Planning Commission, or, except as otherwise specifically provided in this Act, over any federal agency, than was vested in the Commissioner [Mayor] prior to the effective date of title IV [District Charter] of this Act [January 2, 1975]. "
In 1988 Congress voted to block D.C. from using Medicaid funds to cover abortion services. This was repealed in 2009 but reinstated in 2011.[1]
In 1992 Congress voted to block D.C.'s Health Care Benefits Expansion Act which allowed registration of homosexuals to register as domestic partners. The block was lifted in 2001.[1]
In 1996 Congress voted to block D.C.'s Clean Needle Exchange Program Law. It wasn't until 2007 that the block was lifted.[6]
In 1998 Congress voted to block D.C.'s Initiative 59 (Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Treatment Initiative of 1998) through the Barr Amendment. After the courts ruled Congress' action was unconstitutional, Congress in 2000 passed an amendment to overturn Initiative 59, which it reversed in 2009, thus allowing D.C.'s medical marijuana law to go into effect.[7]
In 2014 Congress voted to block D.C.'s Initiative 71 (Legalization of Possession of Minimal Amounts of Marijuana for Personal Use Act of 2014) by stopping funds from being used to enact laws, rules, or regulations in support of the initiative.[8]
Potential Solutions[edit]
As mentioned, the 1973 Home Rule Act should be revoked. Washington D.C. should not be allowed to hold local elections which give power over federal territory to a few corrupted bureaucrats who have grown obviously corrupt and are misappropriating federal funds as a result.
Nonetheless, D.C. residents should have a right to vote for members of Congress. This could be achieved by allowing them to hold dual state citizenship, meaning they could be considered either residents of Virginia or Maryland, depending on which state they hold the closest ties to. Otherwise they are being disenfranchised from their Constitutional right to representation.
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Ending Congressional Interference." DCVote.
↑ "July 2017 Letter to Congress." D.C. Vote.
↑ 3.0 3.1 Crew, Harvey W.; Webb, William Bensing; Wooldridge, John (1892). "Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C." p. 103. Dayton, OH: United Brethren Publishing House.
↑ (2006, September 14). "Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act." American Bar Association.
↑ "Title VI: Reservation of Congressional Authority." District of Columbia Home Rule Act.
↑ Goldstein, Avram (1998, December 2). "City Blocks Needle Exchange Effort." Washington Post.
"Letter to the House on Needle Exchange in D.C. Appropriations Bill." American Civil Liberties Union.
Almendrala, Anna (2015, September 3). "Washington D.C. Is Proof That Needle Exchanges Save Lives." Huffington Post.
↑ "Democracy Held Hostage." American Civil Liberties Union.
"Congress Lifts Ban on Medical Marijuana for Nation's Capitol." Americans for Safe Access.
↑ Marijuana Policy Project (2010, July 27). "D.C. Medical Marijuana Law Clears Congressional Hurdle!" MPP Blog.
Retrieved from "https://defendingconservatism.com/info/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia&oldid=5701"
Content is available under unless otherwise noted.


Here is an unsolicited testimonial from a happy customer.
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David DuPont had been writing articles hoping to help people around with their needs regarding step stool. It has been a long challenge for him to create the safest step stool after he had his own experience of unwanted fall long time ago due to unsafe crate he was standing on while working on their shop as a mechanic. Many had already benefited from his invention and it's an overwhelming feeling to received this kind of email recently from a customer somewhere out there. And its worth letting the whole world to know how grateful and honored to be of help through Shure-step Step Stool.


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