The dental profession is committed to delivering the highest quality of care to each of its individual patients and applying advancements in technology and science to continually improve the oral health status of the U.S. population. These guidelines were developed to serve as an adjunct to the dentist's professional judgment of how to best use diagnostic imaging for each patient. Radiographs can help the dental practitioner evaluate and definitively diagnose many oral diseases and conditions. However, the dentist must weigh the benefits of taking dental radiographs against the risk of exposing a patient to x-rays, the effects of which accumulate from multiple sources over time. The dentist, knowing the patient's health history and vulnerability to oral disease, is in the best position to make this judgment in the interest of each patient. For this reason, the guidelines are intended to serve as a resource for the practitioner and are not intended as standards of care, requirements or regulations.
The guidelines titled, "The Selection of Patients for X-Ray Examination" were first developed in 1987 by a panel of dental experts convened by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The development of the guidelines at that time was spurred by concern about the U.S. population's total exposure to radiation from all sources. Thus, the guidelines were developed to promote the appropriate use of x-rays. In 2002, the American Dental Association, recognizing that dental technology and science continually advance, recommended to the FDA that the guidelines be reviewed for possible updating. The FDA welcomed organized dentistry's interest in maintaining the guidelines, and so the American Dental Association, in collaboration with a number of dental specialty organizations and the FDA, published updated guidelines in 2004. This report updates the 2004 guidelines and includes recommendations for limiting exposure to radiation.
Along the horizontal axis of the matrix, patient age categories are described, each with its usual dental developmental stage: child with primary dentition (prior to eruption of the first permanent tooth); child with transitional dentition (after eruption of the first permanent tooth); adolescent with permanent dentition (prior to eruption of third molars); adult who is dentate or partially edentulous; and adult who is edentulous.
Both categories are marked with a single asterisk that corresponds to a footnote that appears below the matrix; the footnote lists "Positive Historical Findings" and "Positive Clinical Signs/Symptoms" for which radiographs may be indicated. The lists are not intended to be all-inclusive, rather they offer the clinician further guidance on clarifying his or her specific judgment on a case.
The clinical circumstances and oral diseases that are presented with the types of encounters include: clinical caries or increased risk for caries; no clinical caries or no increased risk for caries; periodontal disease or a history of periodontal treatment; growth and development assessment; and other circumstances. A few examples of "Other Circumstances" proposed are: existing implants, other dental and craniofacial pathoses, endodontic/restorative needs and remineralization of dental caries. These examples are not intended to be an exhaustive list of circumstances for which radiographs or other imaging may be appropriate.
Intraoral radiography is useful for the evaluation of dentoalveolar trauma. If the area of interest extends beyond the dentoalveolar complex, extraoral imaging may be indicated.
Care should be taken to examine all radiographs for any evidence of caries, bone loss from periodontal disease, developmental anomalies and occult disease.
These recommendations are subject to clinical judgment and may not apply to every patient. They are to be used by dentists only after reviewing the patient's health history and completing a clinical examination. Even though radiation exposure from dental radiographs is low, once a decision to obtain radiographs is made it is the dentist's responsibility to follow the ALARA Principle (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) to minimize the patient's exposure.
New Patient* being evaluated for oral diseases Individualized radiographic exam consisting of selected periapical/occlusal views and/or posterior bitewings if proximal surfaces cannot be visualized or probed. Patients without evidence of disease and with open proximal contacts may not require a radiographic exam at this time. Individualized radiographic exam consisting of posterior bitewings with panoramic exam or posterior bitewings and selected periapical images. Individualized radiographic exam consisting of posterior bitewings with panoramic exam or posterior bitewings and selected periapical images. A full mouth intraoral radiographic exam is preferred when the patient has clinical evidence of generalized oral disease or a history of extensive dental treatment. Individualized radiographic exam, based on clinical signs and symptoms.
Patient (New and Recall) for monitoring of dentofacial growth and development, and/or assessment of dental/skeletal relationships Clinical judgment as to need for and type of radiographic images for evaluation and/or monitoring of dentofacial growth and development or assessment of dental and skeletal relationships Clinical judgment as to need for and type of radiographic images for evaluation and/or monitoring of dentofacial growth and development, or assessment of dental and skeletal relationships. Panoramic or periapical exam to assess developing third molars Usually not indicated for monitoring of growth and development. Clinical judgment as to the need for and type of radiographic image for evaluation of dental and skeletal relationships.
**Factors increasing risk for caries may be assessed using the ADA Caries Risk Assessment forms (0-6 years of age and over 6 years of age).
The explanation below presents the rationale for each recommendation by type of encounter and patient age and dental developmental stages.
Proximal carious lesions may develop after the interproximal spaces between posterior primary teeth close. Open contacts in the primary dentition will allow a dentist to visually inspect the proximal posterior surfaces. Closure of proximal contacts requires radiographic assessment.16-18 However, evidence suggests that many of these lesions will remain in the enamel for at least 12 months or longer depending on fluoride exposure, allowing sufficient time for implementation and evaluation of preventive interventions.19-21 A periapical/anterior occlusal examination may be indicated because of the need to evaluate dental development, dentoalveolar trauma, or suspected pathoses. Periapical and bitewing radiographs may be required to evaluate pulp pathosis in primary molars.
Therefore, an individualized radiographic examination consisting of selected periapical/occlusal views and/or posterior bitewings if proximal surfaces cannot be examined visually or with a probe is recommended. Patients without evidence of disease and with open proximal contacts may not require radiographic examination at this time.
Children and adolescents of some racial and ethnic groups and those from lower-income families have more untreated tooth decay. For example, 40 percent of Mexican American children aged 6–8 years have untreated decay, compared with 25 percent of non-Hispanic whites.25 It is, therefore, important to consider a child's risk factors for caries before taking radiographs.
A periapical or panoramic examination is useful for evaluating dental development. A panoramic radiograph also is useful for the evaluation of craniofacial trauma.15,29,30 Intraoral radiographs are more accurate than panoramic radiographs for the evaluation of dentoalveolar trauma, root shape, root resorption31,32 and pulp pathosis. However, panoramic examinations may have the advantage of reduced radiation dose, cost and imaging of a larger area.
Therefore, an individualized radiographic examination consisting of posterior bitewings with panoramic examination or posterior bitewings and selected periapical images is recommended.
Panoramic radiography is effective in dental diagnosis and treatment planning.30,37,38 Specifically, the status of dental development can be assessed using panoramic radiography.39 Occlusal and/or periapical radiographs can be used to detect the position of an unerupted or supernumerary tooth.40-42 Third molars also should be evaluated in this age group for their presence, position, and stage of development.
Therefore, an individualized radiographic examination consisting of posterior bitewings with panoramic examination or posterior bitewings and selected periapical images is recommended. A full mouth intraoral radiographic examination is preferred when the patient has clinical evidence of generalized oral disease or a history of extensive dental treatment.
The overall dental caries experience of the adult population has declined from the early 1970s until the most recent (1999-2004) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.43 However, risk for dental caries exists on a continuum and changes over time as risk factors change.44 Therefore, it is important to evaluate proximal surfaces in the new adult patient for carious lesions. In addition, it is important to examine patients for recurrent dental caries.
The incidence of periodontal disease increases with age.47 Although new adult patients may not have symptoms of active periodontal disease, it is important to evaluate previous experience with periodontal disease and/or treatment. Therefore, a high percentage of adults may require selected intraoral radiographs to determine the current status of the disease.
Therefore, an individualized radiographic examination, consisting of posterior bitewings with selected periapical images or panoramic examination when indicated is recommended. A full mouth intraoral radiographic examination is preferred when the patient has clinical evidence of generalized oral disease or a history of extensive dental treatment.
The clinical and radiographic examinations of edentulous patients generally occur during an assessment of the need for prostheses. The most common pathological conditions detected are impacted teeth and retained roots with and without associated disease.51 Other less common conditions also may be detected: bony spicules along the alveolar ridge, residual cysts or infections, developmental abnormalities of the jaws, intraosseous tumors, and systemic conditions affecting bone metabolism.
The original recommendations for this group called for a full-mouth intraoral radiographic examination or a panoramic examination for the new, edentulous adult patient. Firstly, this recommendation was made because examinations of edentulous patients generally occur during an assessment of the need for prostheses. Secondly, the original recommendation considered edentulous patients to be at increased risk for oral disease.
This panel concluded that prescription of radiographs is appropriate as part of the initial assessment of edentulous areas for possible prosthetic treatment. A full mouth series of periapical radiographs or a combination of panoramic, occlusal or other extraoral radiographs may be used to achieve diagnostic and therapeutic goals. Particularly with the option of dental implant therapy for edentulous patients,57 radiographs can be an important aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and the determination of treatment complexity.
Therefore, an individualized radiographic examination, based on clinical signs, symptoms, and treatment plan is recommended.
Clinically detectable dental caries may suggest the presence of proximal carious lesions that can only be detected with a radiographic examination. In addition, patients who are at increased risk for developing dental caries because of such factors as poor oral hygiene, high frequency of exposure to sucrose-containing foods, and deficient fluoride intake (see caries risk assessment forms, 0-6 years of ageand over 6 years of age) are more likely to have proximal carious lesions.
Therefore, a posterior bitewing examination is recommended at 6 to 12 month intervals if proximal surfaces cannot be examined visually or with a probe.
Therefore, a posterior bitewing examination is recommended at 6 to 18 month intervals.
A study that assessed radiographs of edentulous recall patients showed that previously detected incidental findings did not progress and that no intervention was indicated.62 The data suggest that patients who receive continuous dental care do not exhibit new findings that require treatment.
Therefore, no radiographic examination is recommended without evidence of disease.
Despite the general decline in dental caries activity, recent data show that subgroups of children have a higher caries experience than the overall population.63,64 The identification of patients in these subgroups may be difficult on an individual basis. For children who present for recall examination without evidence of clinical caries and who are not considered at increased risk for the development of caries, it remains important to evaluate proximal surfaces by radiographic examination. In primary teeth the caries process can take approximately one year to progress through the outer half of the enamel and about another year through the inner half.20,65-68 Considering this rate of progression of carious lesions through primary teeth, a time- based interval of radiographic examinations from one to two years for this group appears appropriate. The prevalence of carious lesions has been shown to increase during the stage of transitional dentition.25,69 Children under routine professional care would be expected to be at a lower risk for caries. Nevertheless, newly erupted teeth are at risk for the development of dental caries.
Therefore, a radiographic examination consisting of posterior bitewings is recommended at intervals of 12 to 24 months if proximal surfaces cannot be examined visually or with a probe.
Therefore, a radiographic examination consisting of posterior bitewings is recommended at intervals of 18 to 36 months.
Adult dentate patients, who receive regularly scheduled professional care and are free of signs and symptoms of oral disease, are at a low risk for dental caries. Nevertheless, consideration should be given to the fact that caries risk can vary over time as risk factors change.
Advancing age and changes in diet, medical history and periodontal status may increase the risk for dental caries.
Therefore, a radiographic examination consisting of posterior bitewings is recommended at intervals of 24 to 36 months.
Therefore, it is recommended that clinical judgment be used in determining the need for, and type of radiographic images necessary for, evaluation of periodontal disease. Imaging may consist of, but is not limited to, selected bitewing and/or periapical images of areas where periodontal disease (other than nonspecific gingivitis) can be identified clinically.
For children with primary dentition, before the eruption of the first permanent tooth, radiographic examination to assess growth and development in the absence of clinical signs or symptoms is unlikely to yield productive information. Any abnormality of growth and development suggested by clinical findings should be evaluated radiographically on an individual basis. After eruption of the first permanent tooth, the child may have a radiographic examination to assess growth and development. This examination need not be repeated unless dictated by clinical signs or symptoms. Cephalometric radiographs may be useful for assessing growth, and/or dental and skeletal relationships.
Therefore, it is recommended that clinical judgment be used in determining the need for, and type of radiographic images necessary for, evaluation and/or monitoring of dentofacial growth and development, or assessment of dental and skeletal relationships.
During adolescence there is often a need to assess the growth status and/or the dental and skeletal relationships of patients in order to diagnose and treat their malocclusion. Appropriate radiographic assessment of the malocclusion should be determined on an individual basis.
An additional concern relating to growth and development for patients in this age group is to determine the presence, position and development of third molars. This determination can best be made by the use of selected periapical images or a panoramic examination, once the patient is in late adolescence (16 to 19 years of age).
Therefore, it is recommended that clinical judgment be used in determining the need for, and type of radiographic images necessary for, evaluation and/or monitoring of dentofacial growth and development, or assessment of dental and skeletal relationships. Panoramic or periapical examination may be used to assess developing third molars.
In the absence of any clinical signs or symptoms suggesting abnormalities of growth and development in adults, no radiographic examinations are indicated for this purpose.
Therefore, in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms, no radiographic examination is recommended.
The use of imaging, as a diagnostic and evaluative tool, has progressed beyond the longstanding need to diagnose caries and evaluate the status of periodontal disease. The expanded technology in imaging is now used to diagnose other orofacial clinical conditions and evaluate treatment options. A few examples of other clinical circumstances are the use of imaging for dental implant treatment planning, placement, or evaluation; the monitoring of dental caries and remineralization; the assessment of restorative and endodontic needs; and the diagnosis of soft and hard tissue pathoses.
Therefore it is recommended that clinical judgment be used in determining the need for, and type of radiographic images necessary for, evaluation and/or monitoring in these circumstances.
limiting the number of images obtained to the minimum necessary to obtain essential diagnostic information.
Rare-earth film systems, combined with a high-speed film of 400 or greater, can be used for panoramic radiographs.>86 Older panoramic equipment can be retrofitted to reduce the radiation exposure to accommodate the use of rare-earth, high-speed systems.
Digital imaging provides an opportunity to further reduce the radiation dose by 40 to 60 percent.90-93 In digital radiography, there are three types of receptors that take the place of conventional film: charge-coupled device (CCD), complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), and photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP) plates. Systems that use CCD and CMOS- based, solid-state detectors are called "direct." When these sensors receive energy from the x- ray beam, the CCD or CMOS chip sends a signal to the computer and an image appears on the monitor within seconds. Systems that use PSP plates are called "indirect." When these plates are irradiated, a latent image is stored on them. The plate is then scanned and the scanner transmits the image to the computer.
Filmless technology is much more forgiving to overexposure often resulting in unnecessary radiation exposure. Facilities should strive to set the x-ray unit exposure timer to the lowest setting providing an image of diagnostic quality. If available, the operator should always confirm that the dose delivered falls within the manufacturer's exposure index. Imaging plates should be evaluated at least monthly and cleaned as necessary.
The amount of scattered radiation striking the patient's abdomen during a properly conducted radiographic examination is negligible.98 The thyroid gland is more susceptible to radiation exposure during dental radiographic exams given its anatomic position, particularly in children.93,99,100 Protective thyroid collars and collimation substantially reduce radiation exposure to the thyroid during dental radiographic procedures.101,10 Because every precaution should be taken to minimize radiation exposure, protective thyroid collars should be used whenever possible. If all the recommendations for limiting radiation exposure are put into practice, the gonadal radiation dose will not be significantly affected by use of abdominal shielding.86 Therefore, use of abdominal shielding may not be necessary.
Protective aprons and thyroid shields should be hung or laid flat and never folded, and manufacturer's instructions should be followed. All protective shields should be evaluated for damage (e.g. tears, folds, and cracks) monthly using visual and manual inspection.
Proper education and training in patient positioning is necessary to ensure that panoramic radiographs are of diagnostic quality.
Operators of radiographic equipment should use barrier protection when possible, and barriers should ideally contain a leaded glass window to enable the operator to view the patient during exposure.86 When shielding is not possible, the operator should stand at least two meters from the tube head and out of the path of the primary beam.103 The National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements report "Radiation Protection in Dentistry" offers detailed information on shielding and office design.86 State radiation control agencies can help assess whether barriers meet minimum standards.
Hand-held, battery-powered x-ray systems are available for intra-oral radiographic imaging.
The hand-held exposure device is activated by a trigger on the handle of the device. However, dosimetry studies indicate that these hand-held devices present no greater radiation risk than standard dental radiographic units to the patient or the operator. No additional radiation protection precautions are needed when the device is used according to the manufacturer's instructions. These include: 1. holding the device at mid-torso height, 2. orienting the shielding ring properly with respect to the operator, and 3. keeping the cone as close to the patient's face as practical. If the hand-held device is operated without the ring shield in place, it is recommended that the operator wear a lead apron.
All operators of hand-held units should be instructed on their proper storage. Due to the portable nature of these devices, they should be secured properly when not in use to prevent accidental damage, theft, or operation by an unauthorized user. Hand-held units should be stored in locked cabinets, locked storage rooms, or locked work areas when not under the direct supervision of an individual authorized to use them. Units with user-removable batteries should be stored with the batteries removed. Records listing the names of approved individuals who are granted access and use privileges should be prepared and kept current.
All film should be processed following the film and processer manufacturer recommendations. Once this is achieved, the x-ray operator can adjust the tube current and time and establish a technique that will provide consistent dental radiographs of diagnostic quality. Poor processing technique, including sight-developing, most often results in underdeveloped films, forcing the x-ray operator to increase the dose to compensate, resulting in patient and personnel being exposed to unnecessary radiation.
A safelight does not provide completely safe exposure for an indefinite period of time. Extraoral film is much more sensitive to fogging. The length of time for which a film can be exposed to the safelight should be determined for the specific safelight/film combination in use.
It is imperative that the operator's manual for all imaging acquisition hardware is readily available to the user, and that the equipment is operated and maintained following the manufacturer's instructions, including any appropriate adjustments for optimizing dose and image quality.
Size-based technique charts/protocols with suggested parameter settings are important for ensuring that radiation exposure is optimized for all patients. Technique charts should be used for all systems with adjustable settings, such as tube potential, tube current, and time or pulses. The purpose of using the charts is to control the amount of radiation to the patient and receptor. Technique charts are tables that indicate appropriate settings on the x-ray unit for a specific anatomical area and will ensure the least amount of radiation exposure to produce a consistently good-quality radiograph.
Technique charts for intraoral and extraoral radiography should list the type of exam, the patient size (small, medium, large) for adults and a pediatric setting. The speed of film used, or use of a digital receptor, should also be listed on the technique chart. The chart should be posted near the control panel where the technique is adjusted for each x-ray unit. A technique chart that is regularly updated should be developed for each x-ray unit. The charts will also need to be updated when a different film or sensor, new unit, or new screens are used.
Please refer to state guidelines for specific regulations.
Whenever there are any changes in installation workload or operating conditions Inspection by qualified expert (as specified by government regulations and manufacturers recommendations).
Method 1: Sensitometry and Densitometry A sensitometer is used to expose a film, followed by standard processing of the film. The processed film will have a defined pattern of optical densities.
The densities are measured with a densitometer.
The densitometer measurements are compared to the densities of films exposed and processed under ideal conditions.
A change in densitometer values indicates a problem with either the development time, temperature or the developer solutions.
A film exposed and processed under ideal conditions is attached to the corner of a view box as a reference film.
Subsequent films are compared with the reference film.
Abdominal and Thyroid Shielding Monthly (visual and manual inspection) All protective shields should be evaluated for damage (e.g., tears, folds, and cracks) monthly using visual and manual inspection. If a defect in the attenuating material is suspected, radiographic or fluoroscopic inspection may be performed as an alternative to immediately removing the item from service. Consideration should be given to minimizing the radiation exposure of inspectors by minimizing unnecessary fluoroscopy.
Dentists should conduct a clinical examination, consider the patient's oral and medical histories, as well as consider the patient's vulnerability to environmental factors that may affect oral health before conducting a radiographic examination. This information should guide the dentist in the determination of the type of imaging to be used, the frequency of its use, and the number of images to obtain. Radiographs should be taken only when there is an expectation that the diagnostic yield will affect patient care.
Dentists should develop and implement a radiation protection program in their offices. In addition, practitioners should remain informed on safety updates and the availability of new equipment, supplies, and techniques that could further improve the diagnostic ability of radiographs and decrease exposure.
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62. Garcia RI, Valachovic RW, Chauncey HH. Longitudinal study of the diagnostic yield of panoramic radiographs in aging edentulous men. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987;63(4):494-7.
63. Dye BA, Thornton-Evans G. Trends in oral health by poverty status as measured by Healthy People 2010 objectives. Public Health Rep 2010;125(6):817-30.
64. Dye BA, Arevalo O, Vargas CM. Trends in paediatric dental caries by poverty status in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Int J Paediatr Dent 2010;20(2):132-43.
65. Shwartz M, Grondahl HG, Pliskin JS, Boffa J. A longitudinal analysis from bite-wing radiographs of the rate of progression of approximal carious lesions through human dental enamel. Arch Oral Biol 1984;29(7):529-36.
66. Berkey CS, Douglass CW, Valachovic RW, Chauncey HH. Longitudinal radiographic analysis of carious lesion progression. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988;16(2):83-90.
67. Mejare I, Kallest l C, Stenlund H. Incidence and progression of approximal caries from 11 to 22 years of age in Sweden: A prospective radiographic study. Caries Res 1999;33(2):93-100.
68. Sheiham A, Sabbah W. Using universal patterns of caries for planning and evaluating dental care. Caries Research 2010;44(2):141-50.
69. Chankanka O, Marshall TA, Levy SM, et al. Mixed dentition cavitated caries incidence and dietary intake frequencies. Pediatr Dent 2011;33(3):233-40.
70. Gruythuysen RJ, van der Linden LW, Woltgens JH, Geraets WG. Differences between primary and permanent teeth in posteruptive age dependency of radiological changes in enamel during the development of approximal caries. J Biol Buccale 1992;20(1):59-62.
71. Kotsanos N, Darling AI. Influence of posteruptive age of enamel on its susceptibility to artificial caries. Caries Res 1991;25(4):241-50.
72. Woltgens JH, Etty EJ, Geraets WG. Posteruptive age dependency of cariogenic changes in enamel of permanent teeth of children. J Biol Buccale 1990;18(1):49-53.
73. Cardoso CA, Magalhaes AC, Rios D, Lima JE. Cross-sectional hardness of enamel from human teeth at different posteruptive ages. Caries Res 2009;43(6):491-4.
74. Gutteridge DL. The use of radiographic techniques in the diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1995;24(2):107-13.
75. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, ed NCRP Report No. 160 - Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. Bethesda: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 2009.
76. American National Standards Institute. Photography - Intra-oral dental radiographic film- Specification. New York: American National Standards Institute. 1997;ANSI/NAPM IT2.49-1997. ANSI/ISO 3665:1996.
77. American National Standards Institute. Photography - Direct-exposing medical and dental radiographic film/process systems - Determination of ISO speed and ISO average gradient. New York: American National Standards Institute. 1983;ISO 5799:1991. ANSI PH2.50-1983.
78. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dental Radiography: Doses and Film Speed. http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationSafety/NationwideEvaluationofX- RayTrendsNEXT/ucm116524.htm.(accessed August 2011).
79. Farman TT, Farman AG. Evaluation of a new F speed dental X-ray film. The effect of processing solutions and a comparison with D and E speed films. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2000;29(1):41-5.
80. Hadley DL, Replogle KJ, Kirkam JC, Best AM. A comparison of five radiographic systems to D-speed film in the detection of artificial bone lesions. J Endod 2008;34(9):1111-4.
81. Alkurt MT, Peker I, Bala O, Altunkaynak B. In vitro comparison of four different dental X- ray films and direct digital radiography for proximal caries detection. Oper Dent 2007;32(5):504-9.
82. Schulze RK, Nackat D, D'Hoedt B. In vitro carious lesion detection on D-, E-, and F- speed radiographic films. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97(4):529-34.
83. Sheaffer JC, Eleazer PD, Scheetz JP, Clark SJ, Farman AG. Endodontic measurement accuracy and perceived radiograph quality: effects of film speed and density. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96(4):441-8.
84. Syriopoulos K, Velders XL, Sanderink GC, van Der Stelt PF. Sensitometric and clinical evaluation of a new F-speed dental X-ray film. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2001;30(1):40-4.
85. Woolhiser GA, Brand JW, Hoen MM, et al. Accuracy of film-based, digital, and enhanced digital images for endodontic length determination. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;99(4):499-504.
86. National Council for Radiation Protection & Measurements, ed. NCRP Report No. 145 - Radiation Protection in Dentistry. Bethesda: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement; 2003.
87. Gratt BM, White SC, Packard FL, Petersson AR. An evaluation of rare-earth imaging systems in panoramic radiography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984;58(4):475-82.
88. Kaugars GE, Fatouros P. Clinical comparison of conventional and rare earth screen-film systems for cephalometric radiographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1982;53(3):322-5.
89. Goren AD, Lundeen RC, Deahl II ST, et al. Updated quality assurance self-assessment exercise in intraoral and panoramic radiography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89(3):369-74.
90. Gavala S, Donta C, Tsiklakis K, et al. Radiation dose reduction in direct digital panoramic radiography. Eur J Radiol 2009;71(1):42-8.
91. Alcaraz M, Parra C, Martinez Beneyto Y, Velasco E, Canteras M. Is it true that the radiation dose to which patients are exposed has decreased with modern radiographic films? Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2009;38(2):92-7.
92. Dannewitz B, Hassfeld S, Eickholz P, Muhling J. Effect of dose reduction in digital dental panoramic radiography on image quality. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2002;31(1):50-5.
93. Kaeppler G, Dietz K, Herz K, Reinert S. Factors influencing the absorbed dose in intraoral radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2007;36(8):506-13.
94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings - 2003. MMWR 2003;52(No. RR-17):31.
95. Freeman JP, Brand JW. Radiation doses of commonly used dental radiographic surveys. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;77(3):285-9.
96. Gibbs SJ. Effective dose equivalent and effective dose: comparison for common projections in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Oral Surgery Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEendod 2000;90(4):538-45.
97. Gibbs SJ, Pujol A, Jr., Chen TS, James A, Jr. Patient risk from intraoral dental radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1988;17(1):15-23.
98. Gibbs SJ. Biological effects of radiation from dental radiography. Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment. J Am Dent Assoc 1982;105(2):275-81.
99. Hujoel P, Hollender L, Bollen AM, et al. Head-and-neck organ doses from an episode of orthodontic care. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133(2):210-7.
100. Ohman A, Kull L, Andersson J, Flygare L. Radiation doses in examination of lower third molars with computed tomography and conventional radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2008;37(8):445-52.
101. Kircos LT, Angin LL, Lorton L. Order of magnitude dose reduction in intraoral radiography. J Am Dent Assoc 1987;114(3):344-7.
102. Sinnott B, Ron E, Schneider AB. Exposing the thyroid to radiation: a review of its current extent, risks, and implications. Endocr Rev 2010;31(5):756-73.
103 Lambert K, McKeon T. Inspection of lead aprons: criteria for rejection. Health Phys 2001;80(5 Suppl):S67-9.
104. Michel R, Zorn MJ. Implementation of an X-ray radiation protective equipment inspection program. Health Phys 2002;82(2 Suppl):S51-3.
105. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pediatric X-ray Imaging. 2012 a href="http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm298899.htm. (accessed August 2012).
106. Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging in partnership with the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. What Parents Should Know about the Safety of Dental Radiology. 2011 http://www.pedrad.org/associations/5364/files/What%20Parents%20Should%20Know%20aboutthe%20Safety%20of%20Dental%20Radiology.pdf. (accessed August 2012).
107. International Atomic Energy Agency. Diagnostic and lnterventional Radiology. 2012 https://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/AdditionalResources/Training/1_TrainingMaterial/Radiology.htm. (accessed August 2012).


text:
FILE(REMOVE_RECURSE
  "CMakeFiles/mapped_matrix_7.dir/mapped_matrix.cpp.o"
  "mapped_matrix_7.pdb"
  "mapped_matrix_7"
)

# Per-language clean rules from dependency scanning.
FOREACH(lang CXX)
  INCLUDE(CMakeFiles/mapped_matrix_7.dir/cmake_clean_${lang}.cmake OPTIONAL)
ENDFOREACH(lang)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Age Statement: A legal adult in every country in the world.
This journal is intended to be a smattering of fandom-related posts.
Will See: Recommendation lists. A few other fandom-related posts, here and there.
Won't See: Very Personal Things. Even slightly personal things are likely to be access-locked.
Identity Status: Anonymous. If you do know my name, I'd request it not be used.
Subscribing: Feel free to subscribe! I subscribe and unsubscribe to journals as the mood drives me, it's a whimsy-thing. I am more likely to subscribe to a journal if it looks like it's fandom, literary or commentary oriented and less likely if it looks very personal or daily-life oriented.
Access: I rarely grant access, so please do not feel bad if I do not reciprocate access. On that same wave length, please don't feel as though you need to grant me access if you subscribe! I rarely post anything much these days.
Linking and Quoting: Always allowed on public posts.


text:
The History of Jakarta A slice of the past
Catalina Forbes
Jakarta | Image Credit: Robin Widjaja, Jakarta skyline at night — Business District area at Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Central Jakarta, as seen from Kuningan District, South Jakarta, Indonesia, CC BY-SA 4.0
What was once a small port city near the Ciliwung River that began about 5 centuries ago has eventually grown into a buzzing international trade centre. Jakarta is now a tourist hub with much to see and do. Here's a look at the early days of Jakarta;
Dutch rule in Jakarta
In the 16th century, Jakarta was called Jayakarta. The Dutch arrived in Jayakarta at the end of the 16th century after a visit to Banten. In the 17th century, Jayakarta was under the rule of the Prince who had ties with the Sultanate of Banten. The Dutch colonized the city in 1619 and changed the name of the city to Batavia.
Japanese hold on the city
In the period of 1942-1945, Jakarta was taken over by the Japanese who changed the name again to Djakarta. During this era, the city of Jakarta was brought to ruin by the Japanese excavating every nook and corner in search of metal necessary for war. By this, many buildings and other structures were destroyed. The people of Jakarta were provoked and infuriated by the Japanese who snatched away all their valuables as an aid for World War II.
Independence at last
On the 17th of August 1945, the city of Jakarta held the honour of being the official venue for the declaration of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. The dominion of Indonesia was recognized by the world in the year 1949. After winning freedom over the land, many projects were initiated in the city of Jakarta.
Jakarta today
The city is now part of an economy that is growing speedily with money circulation of about 70%. The economy consists of main industries like property services, creative industries, services and tourism. The city is filled with buildings like Somerset Grand Citra Jakartawhich is a hotel apartment. Jakarta is now the typical metropolitan beauty!
Catalina Forbes is a travel writer who bases her content on many thrilling escapades experienced across the world. Google+
hotel apartment Jakarta
Somerset Grand Citra Jakarta
The History of Jakarta
History of Shinjuku City
Fritzjames Stephen
Chauk Htat Gyi Reclining Buddha Yangon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today's educational system has drastically departed from what God first established in this nation through leaders who sought His counsel. The Word of God once served as the basic element in educating Americans. The Ten Commandments were even displayed in schools as a guide to moral attitude and conduct.
The state of our educational system may look hopeless, but when something looks hopeless, it is evidence of a spiritual problem. Hope can begin to work in these circumstances. Hope is a spiritual force which grows stronger and stronger the longer we stand. Faith can begin to work in these circumstances. "Now faith is the substance of the things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen" (Hebrews 11:1). Patience can begin to work in these circumstances. The definition of patience is "being constant or being the same way at all times." As believers exercise these three spiritual forces, the Word of God can work to change the direction of American education.
Our God is a good God! He caused the captivity of Judah and Israel to be reversed, then rebuilt them as they were at first (Jeremiah 33:7). He can do the same in our schools. Pray this prayer of faith and set yourself in agreement with the Word of God for the restoration of God's principles in all levels of education.
Almighty God, I set myself in agreement with the Word of God and with what You once established in American education. I release my hope and faith in Your Word. I patiently expect Your Glory to be manifest in schools all across our nation.
I come before You on behalf of the students, educators and administrators of the entire educational system in America. Lord Jesus, I ask You to restore honor, integrity, virtue and peace in American classrooms. I confess Isaiah 54:13: "All thy children shall be taught of the Lord; and great shall be the peace of thy children." Every time I hear a report of violence and terror in our schools, I will say out loud, "Our children are taught of the Lord and great is the peace and the anointing on them!" And Jesus, You and I know the educators and the administrators cannot teach and run our schools without You and Your Anointing. So, I intercede and give thanks for those You have ordained and placed in positions of authority and responsibility in our schools across America. I believe for Your Anointing to be in them and upon them. I am not waiting until I see the Spirit of God moving in this situation. I am starting my confession NOW! I combine my faith with those who are also praying and believing for the wisdom, honor, power and glory of God to be demonstrated in our school system. I am releasing my faith for the next generation! Lord Jesus, I thank You for the redemptive work You are doing in our schools and in the people who run them. The students and teachers are on Your heart and they are on mine, too. Our schools will be a joy, a praise and a glory before all the nations of the earth! Nations will fear God and tremble because of all the goodness, peace, prosperity, security and stability You have provided. In Jesus' Name. Amen.


text:
Why Voiro
The Voiro Team
Voiro turned 5 in August this year.
We promise ourselves a big celebration when we have a moment away from the 'busyness' of business. For now, however, we've taken the time to share our journey. 5 years might not count for a lot in the grand scale of life but for those who know startups, it IS a lifetime. The abysmally low survival rate of start-ups in India and in global markets is a well known fact. Having come far enough to celebrate 5 years, we take not just a pause but a bow, as well.
Our pride stems from not just surviving, but from having built and nurtured a strong team and work ethic. We have delivered (and are committed to delivering) solutions that our clients find immense value in. Our pride stems from our platform that has already powered over 500 days of Live Sports, Entertainment, and Reality TV in one of the world's most competitive media and entertainment markets.
Our pride stems from the fact that we dare to challenge how things work and from having done things our own way, as opposed to chasing the chimera of trends in a highly complex and dynamic industry.
We've bootstrapped our way through most of these five years. As with every start up, there was pressure to expand the team to keep pace with the rapid growth we were facing in the early years. We had to find the right balance between hiring the right people and keeping our growth engine going. According to Anand (our COO), "A great product idea in a dynamic industry needs ingenuity and long term vision in the engineering division. We consider the quality of engineering we do and the solutions we build to be of unparalleled quality. So, we grew our team slowly and carefully, and we wanted the freedom to do that".
Our pride stems from having built a team of engineers who love what they do and want to grow with the company. We take pride in the fact that none of our engineers have left us since 2015. Anil (Head of Technology) says, "We have a very free and agile engineering policy. We don't place restrictions and people are not bound to work on just one aspect of the product all the time."
This thought process has created a bunch of hungry, eager-to-learn-and-explore group of engineers, who are keen on experimenting and building solutions that positively impact our clients. There are people in the team who've shifted careers – like Ravi did from business analysis to product management – and people who've joined the team straight out of college and stayed back to see it grow, like Anamika, who says: "I never wanted to be a cog in one giant machine, only to be serving something I'd never fully understand. Back then, the size of our team was under 10 people and it was the perfect time to jump in. Currently, I'm the only woman in our engineering team of six! It's undoubtedly the best team to be a part of."
The open culture within Voiro is evident from an example shared by Jithin (Head of Development). "When we started, big data was just a term that had begun to appear in the analytics space. Soon, this changed and there was a big data explosion. We needed to figure out how to leverage this trend to drive revenue for our clients and when two of our engineers, Dhruv and Anamika said they want to build a solution that addressed this opportunity, we gave them free rein to explore and implement. They took on this initiative, went to the AWS office, put in the extra work and built a system to manage the data better for the future." Dhruv states that the reporting from other sources (ad servers) were limited and using big data, they were able to extract accurate information which was previously unavailable or incorrect, such as unique user count by different demographics like age, gender, location, etc.
This gives the client deeper insights into their audience and also helps increase fill rates. Earlier, our platform was using a more traditional approach to process data, but now, we are able to process 100's of GB of data within minutes.
When the younger team members echo this sentiment, we know we are on the right track as a company. "I get the freedom to research and present perspectives, and we all get the liberty to make suggestions" says Abhishek, a new addition to our tech team.
Our pride stems from having created a world-class product from scratch by doing what matters most, in a market as competitive and as big as India.
Voiro is India's first all-in-one revenue management suite for ad-led digital publishers across media. Our cloud-based solution is built to tackle the complex world of multiple revenue channels and provides the best data security and protection, critical for a data driven, content centric industry.
Luckily for us, our journey began as the OTT tide was rising. We learnt on-the-go and scaled up working with a client who was willing to partner with us, a start-up that had yet to earn our stripes. That client, Hotstar, today handles terabytes of data in seconds and we turn this data into intelligence for their sales, ad ops, and executive teams, ensuring that they can optimise their revenue and seamlessly manage workflows.
Kavita (our CEO) says "While getting the first few customers is certainly a thrill, the greater challenge is in continuing to retain the first client. That's why we're especially proud that we have been part of Hotstar's journey over the last five years and are still going strong. We hope to grow with them and continue to drive and scale their revenue in tandem, proving that a client's growth fuels ours, if we work together.
Anand has an interesting take on the product. He says, "Voiro is a lifestyle product and NOT used sporadically. Our client's teams use our products day in and day out. When Sales is logging a conversation they use our product. When they want to take a campaign live, they use our product. When they want to extract a report they use our product. When the pricing team wants to publish a set of prices they use our product to communicate to sales. When the finance teams are reconciling revenue, they use our product. These teams run on our product."
Kavita sums up the journey succinctly. "We enable companies track innovative methods of monetisation. By working closely with the industry, we learnt what to expect and how to be prepared. We kept track of every single revenue decision and converted it into intelligence and this has been the building block of our product roadmap and value creation."
Anand adds, "While consumer products are perceived as "sexy" to build, they also require astronomical funds. We are a home-grown start-up that is building a B-2-B product. The product that we've built may not make the "sexy" list (who makes these lists, anyway?) but it is a tangible solution to an industry specific problem that positively impacts monetisation. We might not have bloated valuations but we definitely have the ability to create a legacy in our chosen domain and transform the way revenue acceleration is defined."
In the last five years, we have learnt from our experiences, stayed agile and made the right pivots at the right time.
We've gone from being a content creator platform to a technology platform.
We've gone from Ops automation to focusing on revenue acceleration.
We've gone from mitigating risk to powering inventory prediction.
We've gone from tracking to impacting fill rates.
We've gone from providing information to driving data intelligence.
We've gone from monitoring data to monetising it.
We know the best is yet to come. Here's to the next decade of the Voiro Way!
VCCircle.com
Geektrust
This post was published on: October 17, 2019
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text:
Aulonocnemis andohahelica är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Renaud Maurice Adrien Paulian 1975. Aulonocnemis andohahelica ingår i släktet Aulonocnemis och familjen Aulonocnemidae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Skalbaggar
andohahelica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1 Samuel 27: What does it take to hear God's messages to us?
Are there conditions for hearing from the Lord? Something special we must do? The Journey wants to hear God's voice rather than the competing voices of society. Join The Journey Bible Project at www.thejourneychurch.faith.
Why does Saul not hear the message of God?
Once more David runs to the land of his old enemy the Philistines in order to escape from Saul. Achish, king of Gath, protects David, his family, and his men, even giving them the village of Ziklag. David in return fought against the enemies of Achish. Inevitably, the Philistines attack Israel and Saul, taking David and his forces to fight alongside them.
Saul, terrified at the sight of the Philistine army, urgently wants to hear a word from the Lord, but the Lord will not answer him. Why not? Is God a faithless, unreliable God? No. His mercy endures forever. Saul gets no reply from God because Saul will not do what it takes to listen. He will not repent, humble himself, and obey.
But Saul is so desperate to have God on his side (but on Saul's own terms) that he does the unthinkable. Violating the Lord's own law which Saul himself had previously enforced, Saul goes to a medium and has her call up the spirit of Samuel from the dead. Samuel's news for Saul is not good. God has become Saul's enemy, taken the kingdom from him, and given defeat to Israel in the next day's battle. What's more, Saul and his sons will be dead like Samuel the next day.
Saul faints at the news but is revived by the meal prepared for him by the medium. This proves to be his last meal, like that of a condemned prisoner. He leaves that place and goes to meet his just punishment.
God who speaks, may we hear your voice and not in desperation listen to other voices.


text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Ploeh.AutoFixture.Xunit;
using TeamCityApi.Model;
using TeamCityConsole.Commands;
using Xunit;
using Xunit.Extensions;

namespace TeamCityConsole.Tests
{
    public class DependencyConfigTests
    {
        public new class Equals
        {
            [Theory]
            [AutoData]
            public void Should_return_true_if_identical(DependencyConfig config)
            {
                var otherConfig = new DependencyConfig()
                {
                    BuildConfigId = config.BuildConfigId,
                    BuildInfos = config.BuildInfos.ToList(),
                };

                Assert.Equal(config, otherConfig);
            }

            [Theory]
            [AutoData]
            public void Should_return_false_if_not_identical(DependencyConfig config, DependencyConfig otherConfig)
            {
                Assert.NotEqual(config, otherConfig);
            }

            [Theory]
            [AutoData]
            public void Should_return_true_if_identical_but_BuildInfos_are_ordered_different(DependencyConfig config)
            {
                List<BuildInfo> buildInfos = config.BuildInfos.ToList();
                buildInfos.Reverse();

                var otherConfig = new DependencyConfig()
                {
                    BuildConfigId = config.BuildConfigId,
                    BuildInfos = buildInfos,
                };

                Assert.Equal(config, otherConfig);
            }

            [Theory]
            [AutoData]
            public void Should_return_false_if_BuildInfos_has_an_additional_item(DependencyConfig config, BuildInfo buildInfo)
            {
                var otherConfig = new DependencyConfig()
                {
                    BuildConfigId = config.BuildConfigId,
                    BuildInfos = config.BuildInfos.ToList(),
                };

                //add the item that should make it fail
                otherConfig.BuildInfos.Add(buildInfo);

                Assert.NotEqual(config, otherConfig);
            }
        }
    }
}


Every family has that one Christmas movie that you just HAVE to watch every year. It's tradition.
From Home Alone to The Muppet Christmas Carol, movies play a massive role in making it the most wonderful time of year.
While we all have our favourite, a new list online is causing a massive stir online, having voted Elf as the best Christmas movie.
According to Ranker, the Will Ferrell favourite, which follows Buddy the Elf as he travels to New York in search of his father, is the best festive flick for families.
Coming in second place is the Santa Clause, followed by The Nightmare Before Christmas.
The Grinch placed in fourth and A Christmas Story rounds up the top five.
Now, while we love Elf, we have some issues.
Home Alone places at number 8, when it's clearly a top three.
Also, Muppets Christmas Carol is number 12 on the list, which is an absolute outrage.


Pol. Zalew Wiślany, shallow inlet of the Baltic Sea, 322 sq mi (834 sq km), c.60 mi (100 km) long and from 6 to 11 mi (9.7–18 km) wide, N Poland and W Russia, separated from the Gulf of Danzig by a narrow sand spit.
..... Click the link for more information. , Poland.


This release is a celebration of a long relationship I've had with the Disco Biscuits. Years ago, my beginnings in live music and art began with these four hard-working artists and over time we've worked on and off together to join our sound and vision. Super psyched to continue this creative coupling and very grateful to have such wonderful peers.


*DISCLOSURE* Thank you to Radz for providing product samples in order to facilitate this post. All thoughts are strictly my own.
There was only one candy dispenser I remember having growing up, but today these fun treats seem to be everywhere! Our kiddos' favorite candy dispensers are Radz because they feature so many fun characters and can clip on to their belt loops or purse straps. It's a fun way to accessorize while keeping these bite-size candy bits close by.
Just in time for Easter, these Radz and Foamz Easter themed candy dispensers are super fun and affordable! Hide them around the house for a hunt Sunday morning, or group them with other goodies in your baskets.
Each dispenser comes with a 0.7 oz pack of yummy Easter themed candy featuring Bunny Berry Blast, Eggcelent Fruit Jumble, Hoppin' Bubble Gum and Tropical Spring Time flavors, and a coloring poster!
Have a Hoppy Easter with our adorable Easter collection! Radz Easter collection is available in three colorful bunnies: Hop, Happy and Lucky!
Hop on over to your local HEB, Hobby Lobby, Brookshire Brothers, Affiliated or Hy-Vee and pick up some Easter themed Radz and Foamz candy dispensers before they're all gone!


text:
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Curefit Founded: 2016 Founders: Mukesh Bansal (in pic) and Ankit Nagori Based: Bengaluru Key Investors: Chiratae Ventures, Accel Partners, Kalaari...
Govt may revisit restrictions on issuance of DVRs
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Last chance! Apply for the All Raise female founder program at Disrupt SF 2019
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ET Startup Awards 2019: Contenders for Social Enterprise
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In continuation of the government's second phase of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME...
inc42 Feeds
InCountry raises $15M for its cloud-based private data storage-as-a-service solution
The rise of data breaches, along with an expanding raft of regulations (now numbering 80 different regional regimes, and growing)...
Haus, the real estate startup founded by Garrett Camp, raises $7.1M
Haus, a startup aiming to make home ownership more affordable and flexible, is announcing that it has raised $7.1 million...
Premium tea brand Teabox has raised an undisclosed sum in fresh funding, led by Dubai-based NB Ventures, the Siliguri and...
Contract management startup Icertis becomes unicorn with $115M new round
Icertis, a Washington-headquartered startup that develops cloud-based software to help large companies manage contracts, has raised $115 million at more...
Business travel SaaS startup, TravelPerk, has announced it's more than doubled the $44M Series C round we wrote about just...
India's 30-year-old MyMoneyMantra raises $15M to scale its financial services marketplace
MyMoneyMantra, a 30-year-old New Delhi-based firm that operates a marketplace of financial services, has raised $15 million in its maiden...
Banking startup N26 raises another $170 million at $3.5 billion valuation
Fintech startup N26 is raising $170 million a few months after raising $300 million. While it's technically structured as a...
Business travel and expense management firm Travelstop has raised $3 million in a pre-Series A funding round led by Accel...
In-space shuttle service, Momentus, raises $25.5 million as investments climb for 'new space' tech
With commercial launch services expected to reach $7 billion by 2024, there's increasing demand for an array of new technologies...
Ravi Belani Of Alchemist On How VCs Make Money And The Indian Startup Ecosystem
Even as startups keep breaching $1 Bn in valuation, the debate about how to become a unicorn continues to rage...
Ebix to acquire Indian travel company Yatra for $337.8M
Atlanta-based software firm Ebix said today it is acquiring Indian online travel booking company Yatra through a merger deal at...
ET Startup Awards 2019: Contenders for Comeback Kid
Kunal Bahl and Rohit BansalCurrent Venture: Snapdeal Founded: 2010 Based: Gurugram Key Investors: SoftBank, Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, Alibaba, Foxconn,...
Sachin Bansal's BAC backs consumer electronics startup boAt
Consumer electronics startup boAt has received a commitment of Rs 20 crore in venture debt from Bengaluru-based BAC Acquisitions, co-founded...
ContractPodAi scores $55M for its 'AI-powered' contract management software
ContractPodAi, a London-based startup that has developed what it describes as AI-powered contract lifecycle management software, is disclosing $55 million...
Icertis becomes India's third SaaS unicorn with $115M funding
Indo-US enterprise contract management software provider Icertis has become the latest software-as-a-service (SaaS) firm to be valued at over $1...
Voyant Photonics raises $4.3M to fit lidar on the head of a pin
Lidar is a critical method by which robots and autonomous vehicles sense the world around them, but the lasers and...
Snapdeal Pulled Back Losses By 96% In Past Two Years; Revenue Grows 73% in 2019
In 2017, Snapdeal faced a massive downturn after a SoftBank-orchestrated merger with Flipkart failed. From layoffs to losses, the company...
Final ticket release to the 14th Annual TechCrunch Summer Party
One of Silicon Valley's most fun and enduring traditions — the 14th Annual TechCrunch Summer Party — takes place on July...
ET Startup Awards 2019: Feting the best among startups
The countdown has begun for the fifth edition of The Economic Times Startup Awards, the finest accolade recognising the best...
Social chat app Capture launches to take a shot at less viral success
At first glance launching a new social app may seem as sensible a startup idea as plunging headfirst into shark-infested...