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Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a calcium-independent serine lipase that is associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in human plasma and serum and is distinct from other phospholipases, such as the various secretory and cytosolic types of PLA2. Lp-PLA2 is produced by macrophages and is expressed in greater concentrations in atherosclerotic lesions. Several lines of evidence suggest that oxidation of LDL plays a critical step in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Lp-PLA2 participates in the oxidative modification of LDL by hydrolyzing oxidized phosphatidylcholines, generating lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized free fatty acids, both of which are potent proinflammatory products, which potentially contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
Since the original report that plasma Lp-PLA2 is independently associated with the risk for development of coronary heart disease by Packard and coworkers (see reference 1) in 2000, many other reports have supported this conclusion (see, e.g., references 2 and 3). Recently, Lp-PLA2 has been firmly implicated in release of lysophospholipid and oxidized fatty acids in lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) particles (see reference 4). This finding may help to explain the increased risk for CHD in subjects with elevated levels of serum Lp(a).
The Lp-PLA2 assay is a sandwich enzyme immunoassay designed to measure Lp-PLA2 in human serum and plasma. *Note: -70 degrees C stability 4.7 years for serum and 9 month for plasma.
1. Packard CJ, O'Reilly DS, Caslake MJ, McMahon AD, Ford I, Cooney J et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343:1148-1155.
2. Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Bang H, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Heiss G, and Sharrett AR. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and risk for incident coronary heart disease in middle-aged men and women in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 2004; 109:837-842.
3. Brilakis ES, McConnell JP, Lennon RJ, Elesber AA, Meyer JG, Berger PB. Association of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels with coronary artery disease risk factors, angiographic coronary artery disease, and major adverse events at follow-up. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26:137-144.
4. Tsimikas S, Tsironis LD, Tselepis AD. New insights into the role of lipoprotein(a)-associated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007; 27:2094-2099.


text:
Sewage bubbles up, then swamps family's home
By: Michael Chen
SPRING VALLEY, Calif. - The cleanup continues tonight, after a bubbling scene turned into an unreal nightmare.
After a day of unrelenting rain earlier this month, Michael Ramirez got a call from his wife.
She told Ramirez, who was out of town at the time, that sewage was pouring out from underneath the toilet and the bathtub drain in their Spring Valley home.
Ramirez said county crews told them a sewer pipe was blocked.
Within a few hours, the sewage swamped the entire home, even flowing from the kitchen cabinets.
County crews packed up all the family's belongings to be tested.
"This shows again that there is a serious problem with the county infrastructure that needs to be addressed," said the family's lawyer Evan Walker .
Ramirez said he had one big regret: he didn't have renter's insurance.
County spokesperson Alex Bell emailed the following statement to 10News:
"The wastewater backup in Spring Valley was not a maintenance issue, but rather a result of an extreme rain event. During that rainstorm, large quantities of rain and stormwater entered into the sewer system. The overwhelming quantity of water exceeded the capacity of this particular system, which caused the backup and affected properties in the area.
County staff is now reviewing our wastewater system in this area for potential solutions to reduce stormwater infiltration. These systems are built to industry standards and are designed to allow some infiltration of rainwater, but during major storms any of these types of systems can become overwhelmed if the amount of water exceeds built capacity."
Bell said five homes in total had been affected and two properties have already been remediated. Repairs to the remaining properties are estimated to be completed in 4 - 6 weeks.
The cost of remediation totaled about $275,000. The county could not comment on the situation involving Ramirez's property.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


TIP! Make sure to let your pet know a crate is their home initially. You should place the food bowl inside the crate and leave the door of the crate open while they eat their food.
If you want your dog to obey you, dog training is crucial. Canine training can be a challenging task, and the more you learn about it, the more control you will feel. Read this article for some important advice on successful dog training.
You need a commanding control if you are starting to train your dog. You need to establish your authority, or he will ignore your commands. Always walk in front of the dog when you go on walks, because this is the position to show leadership.
To keep your dog compliant with his training, be sure to continue the process well after he has performed the way that you have hoped. A lot of times owners thing training is a one time event. Dogs forget things just like humans do; however, and the dog will lose discipline without practice. Your dog must follow the rule system strictly.
Always have a treat for rewarding your dog. It is important for the dog to realize when he exhibits the proper behavior in response to your commands. You need to do this because your dog must know what they can and cannot do.
TIP! When you are approaching an unfamiliar dog, be sure to approach slowly and offer the dog the back of your hand to sniff. This helps the dog become familiar with your scent and engenders trust.
Don't spend too long on a single canine training session. By spending too long on any single thing, your dog will likely become very bored and antsy. Keep first training lessons to 10 minutes or less.
Primary reinforcement is a proven principle that is useful in training dogs. You need to give your dog a treat if they are good. Some examples of primary reinforcements are food and rubbing the dog's belly. This will teach your dog how to get something he already wants.
TIP! Start training with something simple. You'll make strides quickly, and your dog will quickly learn the basics of acceptable behavior.
"No" shouldn't be a huge part of training. You need to look for positive ways to reinforce your commands when you train your dog. Saying 'no' is not a good command, and the dog won't know how to react. Each situation should be treated individually, and tailored to each dog.
TIP! Primary reinforcement is critical to dog training. This method involves eliciting the desired behavior by giving the pet a treat or reward upon completion.
Identify what exactly it is that your dog is always barking at to help curb the behavior. For example, many dogs bark because of a sound, other animals or people. Your goal is to show your pet that barking is not an appropriate response to these common stimuli.
Training your dog to pay attention to your voice is your first task. The article you've just read gave you some great puppy training tips. Getting the desired results takes time, so be prepared for the occasional setback. Dogs learn by repetition and consistency, and the more you know, the better equipped you are to train your dog properly.


Presenting your 2018 PB2 Ballot – Vote today!
Guest post by PB Amplifiers Ashley Kuenneke & Kelsey Foster.
We're writing to you as fellow supporters and advocates for participatory budgeting. Over the past few months, we teamed up with other advocates to develop 9 amazing projects to help grow PB. From today till April 10th, you can vote to decide which projects to fund with at least $20,000 from PBP's budget.
Anyone who donates to PBP can vote in PB2 – the pot of money is entirely from our donations, so the more we donate, the more we can fund. Will you join us by donating and voting today?
Ashley: Since getting involved with NYC's participatory budgeting process as a volunteer in 2016, I've been passionate about PB's potential to engage and empower people to have a voice in their government. It has been a privilege to help facilitate the 2018 PB2 process, which demonstrates PBP's commitment to its mission by giving supporters the opportunity to advocate for the kind of PB we want to see and to continue creating more equitable, just, and sustainable communities.
Kelsey: As an organizer and advocate for PB in New Orleans, I hope to one day have a more inclusive, equitable, engaging budget process in my city. While we don't yet have the opportunity to vote on our city budget here in the Big Easy, I have been honored to be a part of the 2018 PB2 process, where PB amplifiers, supporters, and I can have a say in how we champion this movement.
Creating a fund to sponsor PB talks, briefings, and trainings for local advocates?
These are just three of the 9 fantastic projects. The choice is yours!
Please join us and donate – you'll then receive a link for how to vote. We are so grateful for your support of PBP and real democracy!


The Boss Lady Suit Has Arrived And You Have To See The Twist!
The Boss Lady Suit is a twist on a classic style; the business suit. What's the twist you might ask? A skort. Yes, back and better than ever the skort. Plus, it is made of THE most classic colors ever…black and ivory.
I love this striped suit !
Looking awesome in this suit babe!


KARACHI: Sindh High Court on Monday has declared the increase of fee notification void and bared the institutions from charging extra fees, Aaj News reported.
According to reports, the lawyer from the parents' side claimed that the schools do not issue fee vouchers on time and then charge late fee.
The bench also rendered the government notification regarding the five to 10pc increase in students' fees nil.
As per law, the schools are only allowed to increase fee by 5pc.


text:
Jennifer Coolidge opens up about her dating life amid White Lotus success
Stay ahead of the trend in fashion and beyond with our free weekly Lifestyle Edit newsletter
Jennifer Coolidge has revealed she thinks her dating life has adversely impacted the way she feels about herself.
Coolidge, 61, recently won the award for Best Supporting Actress in a Television Limited Series/Motion Picture for her performance in The White Lotus at the Golden Globes on 11 January.
She played the role of billionaire heiress Tanya McQuoid in the hit HBO series, the only character in season one that was brought back for the show's latest installment.
Coolidge delivered a now-viral acceptance speech, in which she thanked creator Mike White for giving her the part which "changed my life in a million ways".
"My neighbors are speaking to me and things like that. I mean it. I was never invited to one party on my hill, and now everyone's inviting me. I just – you know, it's to you, Mike White.
Despite the praise surrounding the former Legally Blonde star over her breakthrough performance in The White Lotus, Coolidge told Page Six she doesn't really hold herself in high esteem.
"I've been around forever, since I was 30 – that's a long time," she said. "But when I go to a party with my other actor friends, I don't know any of the people. I live a secluded life in New Orleans and I only know the people I meet on the job and my friends from The Groundlings."'
When asked why she doesn't love herself the way her fans do, Coolidge said: "Oh, I don't know. I mean, my dating life, I've never found anyone quite right for myself. I haven't found the love of my life.
"I think I made some bad decisions. It makes you insecure and you don't think you're great."
Coolidge also presented the award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical-Comedy or Drama Television Series at the recently held awards ceremony.
Fans praised the actor for delivering a "comedy masterclass" in a three-minute monologue, before she announced Abbott Elementary star Tyler James Williams as the winner.
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Review of Guardian (Halflings #2) by Heather Burch
Vigilance. The mission to safeguard Nikki Youngblood depends on the fragile alliance of two half-angel, half-human guardians, both struggling with intense feelings for the girl who has been assigned to their care. Mace, steadfast and deeply in love, wants to protect Nikki at all costs, while Raven's loyalty to Nikki finds him advocating for her independence and battling his own darker inclinations. At the same time, Nikki finds it harder and harder to choose between the two heavenly beings she may never have. Dangers intensify, and tensions between Mace and Raven flare as the purpose of their mission becomes clear. Can their defenses hold up to master manipulator Damon Vessler and the powerful secret he holds regarding Nikki's heritage? Can anyone protect Nikki from her true purpose and destiny?
Guardian (Halflings #2) by Heather Burch
Publisher: Zonderkidz
Available for Purchase:
[embedplusvideo height="267″ width="425″ standard="http://www.youtube.com/v/9blvL2qBnEg?fs=1″ vars="ytid=9blvL2qBnEg&width=425&height=267&start=&stop=&rs=w&hd=0&autoplay=0&react=1&chapters=&notes=" id="ep9839″ /]
** This title was provided to us by the author for an honest review.
We were in no way paid for our opinions **
I remember reading the first novel in author Heather Burch's Halflings series about a year ago and I remember two things: 1) The war between angels and demons begun 2) There was a love triangle. It's a good thing I remembered the love triangle because it's the main focus of the sequel Guardian. I can't complain, when it came to Halflings I had been eagerly anticipating the explosion of romance that usually comes from love triangles… and only got a taste. In Guardian there is romance galore and I'm at odds and ends with that fact.
Guardian continues where Halflings ended with main character Nikki Youngblood aware that not only is she in the middle of a battle between angles and demons. Nikki had gone through a lot ever since she found out that she wasn't your average human. She's killed hell hounds, learned that angels are real and that they have half-human descendants on Earth: Halflings. Nikki's Halfling guardians Mace, Raven and Vine were all assigned with the mission to protect Nikki with their lives and to keep her from knowing their existence. That didn't quite work out: Nikki fell in love with Mace and Raven before everybody found out that her godfather, the notorious Damon Vessler, was one of the bad guys.
Now Nikki and the other Halflings are out at sea to keep her distance from the demons that Nikki unwillingly attracts. While out at sea Nikki's relationships with Raven and Mace are put to the test. Mace and Nikki are still awkward together, after her telling Mace that she would not be with him, the two characters are distant. Nikki knows that she can't be with Raven either and that she can't string him along. But both boys are constantly flirting with Nikki and always have her on their minds. Nikki keeps telling herself that she wants to be with Mace, but something about Raven keeps on reminding her just why she started to feel things for him in the first place.
In the Halfling group that is accompanying Nikki everybody is investigating the mysterious Omega Corporation that has been busy shipping titanium a.k.a. Halfling kryptonite. The Halflings are trying to find out what Omega's game is, what they're trying to do and just who is behind Omega? The answer may be one that nobody anticipated but everybody can suspect that everything will lead up to the man who can't leave Nikki alone: Damon Vessler.
I have to admit that my memory on the events that took place in Halflings were a bit shaky. The major things I remembered but it was the little things like secondary characters, minor events and backstories that I was totally blanking on. Heather Burch did a fine job at re-mentioning those things in Guardian so that readers like me and readers who just decided to pick up the sequel (But really we should read series in their entirety guys) aren't confused. As I said before I have been excited for the romance in the novels mainly because there just wasn't as much as I would have liked in Halflings but there was in Guardian.
However there is such thing as too much romance and Guardian had a bit too much. I'd be reading the novel and be having a good time reading the Nikki-Mace-Raven love triangle and constantly chanting #TeamRaven in my head when the novel would only be romance. There would be a lot of Hush, Hush type romantic angel scenes and that would be the only main focus of the plot for a long while until a character would mention a conflict that would be resolved within two chapters and the romance would just continue. That caused a lot of choices that the characters made to seem strange and unrealistic to who they are in the novel and I have to admit that it took away from the story for me. Especially nearing the end of the novel when Nikki makes the world's most confusing decision that results in something that almost gets her AND her attractive Guardians to almost die.
What I did enjoy about the novel was getting some of my questions about how Halflings work explained. I would be wondering about some of the Halfling abilities and some of the ways that the Throne and Angels influence the Halflings. I liked that the mythology was explained further than what was told to readers in the first novel, I felt like I could understand choices made by the Halfling characters based on the newly revealed knowledge and had a better understand of just what a Halfling is. Definitely helpful since during the last book I would be sitting there derping out and wondering about the Halflings.
I'd recommend the Halflings series to readers that are looking for a read that is very descriptive and are fans of the angel genre. Readers that like love triangles will probably love the one found in the series.
You can check out our review of book 1 HERE!
I write full time and love being involved with groups that promote books! Writing about the Halflings has been the most exciting writing journey of my life! Before novels, I wrote teen curriculum published in both the U.S. and Asia Pacific.
I've had a blast the last several months traveling the country and meeting fans! From Missouri to Miami, I've gotten to meet awesome Halflings enthusiasts at book stores throughout the U.S.
I'm repped by the AMAZING Jennifer Schober at Spencerhill Associates
and as of today, I'm working with a fabulous publicist who is planning a cool Florida book tour of YA authors.
I've taught in the U.S. and Mexico at women's and teen conferences. Teen conferences … sooo fun!!!!
Connect with the Author: Website | Twitter | Facebook | Goodreads
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Tiff- Escaping... One Book @ a Time
I haven't picked this series up yet because I have always been on the fence about it. The romance in this one kind of scares mo : ( I am glad that you got some of your questions answered in this one because I know the satisfaction that, that brings. Great review.
Tiff- Escaping… One Book @ a Time recently posted..**REVIEW** Dark Star by Bethany Frenette
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The Zelix KlassMaster™ Stack Trace Translate tool exposes an API that allows it to be called by a Java class. The API is described below along with a very simple example and slightly more complicated log4J SimpleLayout and JDK 1.4 logging SimpleFormatter examples.
changeLogFileName Either changeLogFileName or changeLogFileNameArray must be present. The path name of the change log to use. May be relative or absolute. If the path is relative, it will be interpreted as being relative to the current working directory.
You should specify the change log that was produced when you obfuscated the bytecode which produced the stack trace.
changeLogFileNameArray Either changeLogFileName or changeLogFileNameArray must be present. An array of path names of the change logs to use. Names may be relative or absolute. If the path is relative, it will be interpreted as being relative to the current working directory.
You should only need to specify more than one change log if you obfuscated the bytecode that generated the stack trace in separate steps each of which obfuscated only part of the bytecode.
bytecodeClasspath Optional but highly recommended. A standard Java classpath String that must include.
any supporting JAR files required by your obfuscated bytecode to run.
Note also that Zelix KlassMaster™ will look inside of any archives appearing in the specified classpath and recursively add any embedded archives to the effective classpath. So, if you have an archive myJar.jar in your bytecodeClasspath which contains another archive named embedded.jar then both myJar.jar and embedded.jar will be in the effective classpath.
stackTrace Mandatory. The stack trace that you wish to translate.
NO_PARAM_TYPES which specifies that no method parameter types should be displayed in the translated stack trace.
UNQUALIFIED_PARAM_TYPES which specifies that unqualified method parameter types should be displayed in the translated stack trace. This is the default.
FULL_PARAM_TYPES which specifies that fully qualified method parameter types should be displayed in the translated stack trace.
* Copyright (c) 2003-2019 Zelix Pty Ltd. All  Rights Reserved.
* subject to the following conditions.
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS," WITHOUT A WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.
* OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* EVEN IF ZELIX PTY LTD HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
* Formats a LoggingEvent in a simple format.
* Translates obfuscated class and method names in a stack trace to original names.
* A ZKMStackTraceTranslate is cheap to construct but expensive if it actually formats something.
* Whether you really need to to translate obfuscated stack traces as they happen is your decision.
// Get change log file name & classpath to obfuscated bytecode & supporting classes from properties file.
* Format the specified LoggingEvent.
* If any Throwable while translating then try again without translating.
* @param Log event to format.
* @return Formatted log event.
* Does the actual formatting.
* @param event LoggingEvent to format.
* @param buffer Formatted details appended to the StringBuffer.
* @param isTranslate If true then class and method name translation will be attempted.
* Formats a LogRecord in a simple format.
* Format the specified LogRecord. If any Throwable while translating then try again without translating.
* @param Log record to format.
* @return Formatted log record.


ISNES, Belgium, Aug. 9, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- VolitionRx Limited (NYSE AMERICAN: VNRX) ("Volition") today announced that the 3-year sample collection has been completed in the prospective study undertaken in collaboration with the University of Oxford, England to assess Volition's proprietary Nu.Q™ platform technology for the diagnosis of endometriosis through a simple blood test. Volition has now commenced running its discovery grade assays through the cohorts and expects to report preliminary data over the coming months.
Dr. Jake Micallef, Volition's Chief Scientific Officer, commented "Endometriosis is a potentially debilitating inflammatory condition in which the endometrial tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus, grows outside the uterus, typically damaging the ovaries, fallopian tubes or other tissues of the pelvic cavity. Volition owns patents in the detection of endometriosis using nucleosome assays and we look forward to investigating the use of Nu.QTM technology in this large patient cohort."
Early detection and diagnosis of endometriosis remains one of the most important unaddressed medical needs in women's health. Endometriosis is the leading cause of female infertility, is extremely painful and affects huge numbers of women – up to 10% of women of reproductive age. Endometriosis is still currently diagnosed surgically by laparoscopy and the time from presentation to diagnosis is typically 8-10 years. Volition believes that the existing methodology for detection demonstrates a clear need for a reliable non-invasive diagnostic.
Collection of the samples was led by Professors Christian Becker and Krina Zondervan of the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, who are also co-Directors of the Oxford Endometriosis Care and Research Centre (CaRe). Blood samples were collected prospectively from 350 patients over a period of more than 3 years following the Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project (EPHect) guidelines supported by the World Endometriosis Research Foundation (WERF). Differences in circulating nucleosomes will be evaluated between women and across the menstrual cycle using Volition's Nu.QTM technology platform.
Professor Becker said: "We are looking forward to the results of this study which very much complements our ongoing efforts at the Oxford Endometriosis CaRe Centre of identifying non-invasive biomarkers for endometriosis which we believe will be an essential step towards improved patient diagnosis and care."
Cameron Reynolds, Chief Executive Officer of Volition, commented "We are delighted to be working with the Oxford Endometriosis CaRe Centre. We hope to build on our ongoing Nu.QTM work in cancer screening by exploring important disease applications beyond cancer to demonstrate the breadth of our Nu.QTM technology with our newly improved assays."


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This is a really creative hub, for all those Minecraft fans! The photos you provided are quite valuable, I know many individuals who will take pleasure in reading this. You have some fantastic tips, I like the fridge and countertop idea. Minecraft has a wealth of possibilities, the sky is the limit. Superb hub, voted up +++ and valuable. I am sharing this.
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To have this genuinely gorgeous, young woman, that was genuinely thin and… And naked, all the time, really… You know, it was genuinely frustrating. She had this stunning, tall, lanky, properly-built boyfriend. At first, since I felt like my husband was going to be staring at this naked woman all the time, I began closing the living area curtains, which is truly kind of silly, and it produced our space really dark. We'd never ever closed these curtains, so that didn't operate.
145 Best Living Area Decorating Concepts & StylesFlavorful small plates & shareables, the freshest ingredients, mind-blowing cocktails, and reside music 7 nights a week. Guys please, retire Radiolab. I loved this show. It was the very first podcast I ever listened to. But adequate currently. It really is been so long considering that this show was about the cutting edge in science, psychology, and sociology. It depresses me to think that this is what it really is come to, 20 minutes of a story (not yours) that fits a lot far better on a show like This American Life.


Astra Zoldnere is a Latvian film director, curator and publicist. In her line of work practical and theoretical aspects of film interact with each other. Astra holds an MA degree in film directing from Baltic Film and Media School. Her shorts "Treasures ofthe Sea" (2013) and "All My Dead" (2014) have been shown in many film festivals and have received prizes. Her latest documentary "Blueberry Spirits" was premiered at DOK:Leipzig, screened at Canadian Documentary Film Festival HOT DOCS and other film festivals and won several prizes.
Lengd: 13 min. 0 sec.
Á sumrin lifir rómafjölskylda af berjatínslu og styttir sér stundir með draugasögum.


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text:
Joint STARS: Ready for action
By Dan Caterinicchia
Joint STARShas evolvedinto one of the Air Force's premier battle management systems
Defense IT
"DOD deploys high-tech arsenal"
The Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS) was an experimental program tested and evaluated in the skies over the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm in the early 1990s.
Joint STARS passed those tests, and many since, and has evolved from surveillance-only aircraft into one of the Air Force's premier battle management and command and control systems, said Maj. John Grivakis, Joint STARS functional manager at Air Combat Command, Langley Air Force Base, Va.
A joint Army/Air Force program, Joint STARS is an aircraft-based system that uses sophisticated radar sensors to track slow-moving vehicles. While flying in friendly airspace, Joint STARS crew members can detect and track ground movements deep in hostile territory, collecting valuable data for planning attacks and assessing their success.
The system, carried on Air Force E-8C aircraft, uses a high-powered computer server to process and analyze data, then relays the information to Army ground stations and other command and control systems. It has a range of more than 150 miles, according to the Federation of American Scientists.
Joint STARS provides "wide-area surveillance," Grivakis confirmed, but the exact range is classified.
Retired Army Capt. John Hillen led a reconnaissance unit involved in an offensive against the Iraqi Republican Guard in the Gulf War and said that his team relied heavily on the moving-target intelligence that Joint STARS provided.
Hillen said his ground commander had direct links to the strategic system, and although it couldn't differentiate friendly forces from enemy forces, "we could see what was behind the next wave and how they were moving," which saved lives, time and money.
The Air Force is still developing solutions that will enable those relying on Joint STARS to differentiate friendly and enemy forces, Grivakis said. "The technology has still not evolved yet...and we need funding and a schedule to put it on board. It's the biggest challenge and would really be helpful."
Joint STARS has grown from the two aircraft used during Desert Storm to a fleet of 14 — soon to be 15 — aircraft, he said, adding that capabilities have grown along with the number of planes.
"Joint STARS went from surveillance-only to a battle management platform...that can direct fighters and bombers onto [moving or fixed] targets," Grivakis said.
NEXT STORY: NMCI rollout begins at Quantico


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Data set: American Community Survey Tables: 2006 (1-Year Estimates) (ACS06)
Table: B23005. Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months By Disability Status By Employment Status For the Population 20 to 64 Years [31]
Universe: Universe: Population 20 to 64 years for whom poverty status Is determined
B23005. Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months By Disability Status By Employment Status For the Population 20 to 64 Years
Income in the past 12 months below poverty level
With a disability
In Armed Forces
No disability
Income in the past 12 months at or above poverty level
ACS 2006-1yr Summary File: Technical Documentation -> Appendix B. Subject Definitions -> Population Variables -> Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months
Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months
Poverty statistics in ACS products adhere to the standards specified by the Office of Management and Budget in Statistical Policy Directive 14. The Census Bureau uses a set of dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty. Further, poverty thresholds for people living alone or with nonrelatives (unrelated individuals) vary by age (under 65 years or 65 years and older). The poverty thresholds for two-person families also vary by the age of the householder. If a familys total income is less than the dollar value of the appropriate threshold, then that family and every individual in it are considered to be in poverty. Similarly, if an unrelated individuals total income is less than the appropriate threshold, then that individual is considered to be in poverty.
How the Census Bureau Determines Poverty Status
In determining the poverty status of families and unrelated individuals, the Census Bureau uses thresholds (income cutoffs) arranged in a two-dimensional matrix. The matrix consists of family size (from one person to nine or more people) cross-classified by presence and number of family members under 18 years old (from no children present to eight or more children present). Unrelated individuals and two-person families are further differentiated by age of reference person (RP) (under 65 years old and 65 years old and over).
To determine a person's poverty status, one compares the person's total family income in the last 12 months with the poverty threshold appropriate for that person's family size and composition (see example below). If the total income of that person's family is less than the threshold appropriate for that family, then the person is considered "below the poverty level," together with every member of his or her family. If a person is not living with anyone related by birth, marriage, or adoption, then the person's own income is compared with his or her poverty threshold. The total number of people below the poverty level is the sum of people in families and the number of unrelated individuals with incomes in the last 12 months below the poverty threshold.
Since ACS is a continuous survey, people respond throughout the year. Because the income questions specify a period covering the last 12 months, the appropriate poverty thresholds are determined by multiplying the base-year poverty thresholds (1982) by the average of the monthly inflation factors for the 12 months preceding the data collection. See the table below titled "Poverty Thresholds in 1982, by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years (Dollars)," for appropriate base thresholds. See the table "The 2006 Poverty Factors" for the appropriate adjustment based on interview month.
For example, consider a family of three with one child under 18 years of age, interviewed in July 2006 and reporting a total family income of $14,000 for the last 12 months (July 2006 to June 2006). The base year (1982) threshold for such a family is $7,765, while the average of the 12 inflation factors is 2.19359. Multiplying $7,765 by 2.19359 determines the appropriate poverty threshold for this family type, which is $17,033. Comparing the familys income of $14,000 with the poverty threshold shows that the family and all people in the family are considered to have been in poverty. The only difference for determining poverty status for unrelated individuals is that the person's individual total income is compared with the threshold rather than the familys income.
The 2006 Poverty Factors:
Interview Month
Poverty Factors
January 2.14841
February 2.15589
March 2.16297
April 2.17003
May 2.17705
June 2.18455
July 2.19359
August 2.20366
September 2.21330
October 2.22219
November 2.22879
December 2.23073
Poverty Thresholds in 1982, by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years Old (Dollars)
Size of family unit
Related children under 18 years
None One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight or more
One person (unrelated individual)
Under 65 years 5,019
65 years and over 4,626
Householder under 65 years 6,459 6,649
Householder 65 years and over 5,831 6,624
Three persons 7,546 7,765 7,772
Four persons 9,950 10,112 9,783 9,817
Five persons 11,999 12,173 11,801 11,512 11,336
Six persons 13,801 13,855 13,570 13,296 12,890 12,649
Seven persons 15,879 15,979 15,637 15,399 14,955 14,437 13,869
Eight persons or more 17,760 17,917 17,594 17,312 16,911 16,403 15,872 15,738
Nine persons or more 21,364 21,468 21,183 20,943 20,549 20,008 19,517 19,397 18,649
Individuals for Whom Poverty Status is Determined
Poverty status was determined for all people except institutionalized people, people in military group quarters, people in college dormitories, and unrelated individuals under 15 years old. These groups were excluded from the numerator and denominator when calculating poverty rates.
Specified Poverty Levels
For various reasons, the official poverty definition does not satisfy all the needs of data users. Therefore, some of the data reflect the number of people below different percentages of the poverty thresholds. These specified poverty levels are obtained by multiplying the official thresholds by the appropriate factor. Using the previous example cited (a family of three with one related child under 18 years responding in July 2006), the dollar value of 125 percent of the poverty threshold was $ 21,291 ($ 17,033x 1.25).
Income Deficit
Income deficit represents the difference between the total income in the last 12 months of families and unrelated individuals below the poverty level and their respective poverty thresholds. In computing the income deficit, families reporting a net income loss are assigned zero dollars and for such cases the deficit is equal to the poverty threshold. This measure provides an estimate of the amount, which would be required to raise the incomes of all poor families and unrelated individuals to their respective poverty thresholds. The income deficit is thus a measure of the degree of the impoverishment of a family or unrelated individual. However, please use caution when comparing the average deficits of families with different characteristics. Apparent differences in average income deficits may, to some extent, be a function of differences in family size.
Aggregate Income Deficit
Aggregate income deficit refers only to those families or unrelated individuals who are classified as below the poverty level. It is defined as the group (e.g., type of family) sum total of differences between the appropriate threshold and total family income or total personal income. Aggregate income deficit is subject to rounding, which means that all cells in a matrix are rounded to the nearest hundred dollars. (For more information, see "Aggregate" under "Derived Measures.")
Mean Income Deficit
Mean income deficit represents the amount obtained by dividing the total income deficit for a group below the poverty level by the number of families (or unrelated individuals) in that group. (The aggregate used to calculate mean income deficit is rounded. For more information, see "Aggregate Income Deficit.") As mentioned above, please use caution when comparing mean income deficits of families with different characteristics, as apparent differences may, to some extent, be a function of differences in family size. Mean income deficit is rounded to the nearest whole dollar. (For more information on means, see "Derived Measures.")
Question/Concept History
Derivation of the Current Poverty Measure
When the original poverty definition was developed in 1964 by the Social Security Administration (SSA), it focused on family food consumption. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) used its data about the nutritional needs of children and adults to construct food plans for families. Within each food plan, dollar amounts varied according to the total number of people in the family and the family's composition, that is, the number of children within each family. The cheapest of these plans, the Economy Food Plan, was designed to address the dietary needs of families on an austere budget.
Since the USDAs 1955 Food Consumption Survey showed that families of three or more people across all income levels spent roughly one-third of their income on food, the SSA multiplied the cost of the Economy Food Plan by three to obtain dollar figures for total family income. These dollar figures, with some adjustments, later became the official poverty thresholds. Since the Economy Food Plan budgets varied by family size and composition, so too did the poverty thresholds. For two-person families, the thresholds were adjusted by slightly higher factors because those households had higher fixed costs. Thresholds for unrelated individuals were calculated as a fixed proportion of the corresponding thresholds for two-person families. The poverty thresholds are revised annually to allow for changes in the cost of living as reflected in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The poverty thresholds are the same for all parts of the country; they are not adjusted for regional, state, or local variations in the cost of living .
Comparability
Because of differences in survey methodology (questionnaire design, method of data collection, sample size, etc.), the poverty rate estimates obtained from American Community Survey data may differ from those reported in the Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, and those reported in Census 2000. Please refer to
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/newguidance.html for more details.
Poverty Status of Households in the Past 12 Months
Since poverty is defined at the family level and not the household level, the poverty status of the household is determined by the poverty status of the householder. Households are classified as poor when the total income of the householder's family in the last 12 months is below the appropriate poverty threshold. (For nonfamily householders, their own income is compared with the appropriate threshold.) The income of people living in the household who are unrelated to the householder is not considered when determining the poverty status of a household, nor does their presence affect the family size in determining the appropriate threshold. The poverty thresholds vary depending upon three criteria: size of family, number of children, and, for one- and two- person families, age of the householder.
Limitation of the Data
Beginning in 2006, the population in group quarters (GQ) is included in the ACS. The part of the group quarters population in the poverty universe (for example, people living in group homes or those living in agriculture workers dormitories) is many times more likely to be in poverty than people living in households. Direct comparisons of the data would likely result in erroneous conclusions about changes in the poverty status of all people in the poverty universe.
ACS 2006-1yr Summary File: Technical Documentation -> Appendix B. Subject Definitions -> Population Variables -> Disability Status
Using models of disability from the Institute of Medicine and the International Classification of Functioning, disability is defined as the restriction in participation that results from a lack of fit between the individual's functional limitations and the characteristics of the physical and social environment. So while the disability is not seen as intrinsic to the individual, the way to capture it in a survey is to measure components that make up the process. The American Community Survey identifies serious difficulty in four basic areas of functioning: vision, hearing, ambulation, and cognition. Described below, the ACS asks respondents about serious difficulty and the resulting data can be used individually or combined. The ACS also includes two questions to identify people with difficulties that might impact their ability to live independently. In the 2006 American Community Survey, there are three disability questions, two with subparts totaling six questions in all, as described below.
Beginning in 2006, the population in group quarters (GQ) is included in the ACS. The universe for most disability data tabulations is the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Some types of GQ populations have disability distributions that are different from the household population. The inclusion of the noninstitutionalized GQ population could therefore have a noticeable impact on the disability distribution. This is particularly true for areas with a substantial noninstitutionalized GQ population. For example, the number of people with a disability may increase in areas having a substantial group home population. In areas having a substantial college dormitory population, the percentage of people with a disability may decrease because the base of the percentage, which now includes the population in college dormitories, is larger.
Sensory and Physical Limitations
The data on sensory and physical limitations were derived from answers to Questions 15a and 15b, which were asked of people 5 years old and over. Questions 15a and 15b asked respondents if they had any of the following two long-lasting conditions: "Blindness, deafness, severe vision or hearing impairment," or "A condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying." Respondents were instructed to mark "yes" or "no" for each long-lasting condition. Question 15a is labeled as "Sensory disability" and Question 15b as "Physical disability" for some of the disability data products such as the ACS Detailed Tables.
For the 1996-1998 American Community Survey, the question, which was asked of persons 5 years old and over, instructed the respondents to mark each appropriate box if they had difficulty with any of the following three specific functions: "Difficulty seeing (even with glasses)," "Difficulty hearing (even with a hearing aid)," or "Difficulty walking." The respondents could mark as many as three boxes depending on their functional limitation status. If the respondents did not have difficulty with any of the three specific functions, the question instructed them to mark the box labeled "None of the above." The sensory and physical disability data obtained from the 1996-1998 American Community Survey are not comparable to data collected from the 1999-2006 American Community Surveys.
Limitations in Cognitive Functioning ("Mental Disability")
The data on cognitive functioning were derived from answers to Question 16a, which was asked of people 5 years old and over. The question asked respondents if they had a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more that made it difficult "learning, remembering, or concentrating." Respondents were instructed to mark "yes" or "no." Question 16a is labeled as "Mental Disability" for some disability data products such as the ACS Detailed Tables.
No comparable data on cognitive functioning were obtained in the 1996-1998 American Community Survey. This question was introduced in the 1999 American Community Survey.
Self-Care Limitations
The data on self-care limitations were derived from answers to Question 16b, which was asked of people 5 years and over. The question asked respondents if they had a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more that made it difficult "dressing, bathing, or getting around inside the home." Respondents were instructed to mark "yes" or "no." Question 16b is labeled as "Self-Care Disability" for some disability data products such as the ACS Detailed Tables.
No comparable data on self-care limitations were obtained in the 1996-1998 American Community Survey. This question was introduced in the 1999 American Community Survey.
Going-Outside-Home Limitations
The data on mobility limitations were derived from answers to Question 17a. Although Question 17a was asked of people 15 years and over, the data products only report this type of disability for people 16 years and over. The question asked respondents if they had a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more that made it difficult "going outside the home alone to shop or visit a doctor's office." Respondents were instructed to mark "yes" or "no." Question 17a is labeled as "Go-outside-home Disability" for some disability products such as the ACS Detailed Tables.
The Census Bureau does not recommend trend analysis using the 2003-2006 data with years prior to 2003 due to the 2003 questionnaire change. For more information regarding the 2003 questionnaire change, view "Disability Data From the American Community Survey: A Brief Examination of the Effects of a Question Redesign in 2003" ( http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/ACS_disability.pdf).
For the 1996-1998 American Community Survey, the data on going-outside-home limitations were derived from answers to Question 16a, which was asked of persons 16 years old and over. The question was slightly different from the 1999-2002 question and asked the respondents if they had a long-lasting physical or mental condition that made it difficult to "go outside the home alone to shop or visit a doctor's office." In the 1999-2002 American Community Survey, the going-outside-home question was part of Question 16. The 2003 questionnaire moved go-outside-home limitations to Question 17a and introduced a new skip instruction between Questions 16 and 17.
Employment Limitations
The data on employment limitations were derived from answers to Question 17b. Although it was asked of people 15 years and over, the data products only report this type of disability for people aged 16 to 64. The question asked the respondents if they had a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more that made it difficult "working at a job or business." Respondents were instructed to mark "yes" or "no." Question 17b is labeled as "Employment Disability" for some disability data products such as the ACS Detailed Tables.
For the 1996-1998 American Community Survey, the data on employment limitations were derived from answers to Question 16b, which was asked of persons 16 years old and over. The question was slightly different from the 1999-2003 question and asked the respondents if they had a long-lasting physical or mental condition that "prevents this person from working at a job or business." In the 1999-2002 American Community Survey, the employment limitations question was part of Question 16. The 2003 questionnaire moved the employment limitations to Question 17b and introduced a new skip instruction between Questions 16 and 17.
The Census Bureau uses the six disability questions above to determine an individual's disability status in some of its data products such as in the ACS Detailed Tables and the Disability Profile. People aged 16 to 64 were classified as having a disability if they reported at least one of the above six limitations. People aged 5 to 15 were classified as having a disability if they reported any one of the four limitations: sensory disability, physical disability, mental disability, or self-care disability. People 65 and over were classified as having a disability if they reported any one of the five limitations: sensory disability, physical disability, mental disability, self-care disability, or going-outside-home disability.
Since two of the six questions used to determine disability status are no longer comparable with those of the prior years, the Census Bureau does not recommend trend analysis using the 2003-2006 data with years prior to 2003. For more information regarding the 2003 questionnaire change, view "Disability Data from the American Community Survey: A Brief Examination of the Effects of a Question Redesign in 2003" ( http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/ACS_disability.pdf).
ACS 2006-1yr Summary File: Technical Documentation -> Appendix B. Subject Definitions -> Population Variables -> Employment Status
The data on employment status were derived from Questions 23 and 29 to 31 in the 2006 American Community Survey. (In the 1999-2002 American Community Survey, data were derived from Questions 22 and 28 to 30; in the 1996-1998 American Community Survey, data were derived from Questions 21 and 28 to 30.) The questions were asked of all people 15 years old and over. The series of questions on employment status was designed to identify, in this sequence: (1) people who worked at any time during the reference week; (2) people on temporary layoff who were available for work; (3) people who did not work during the reference week but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent (excluding layoff); (4) people who did not work during the reference week, but who were looking for work during the last four weeks and were available for work during the reference week; and (5) people not in the labor force. (For more information, see the discussion under "Reference Week.")
The employment status data shown in American Community Survey tabulations relate to people 16 years old and over.
This category includes all civilians 16 years old and over who either (1) were "at work," that is, those who did any work at all during the reference week as paid employees, worked in their own business or profession, worked on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers on a family farm or in a family business; or (2) were "with a job but not at work," that is, those who did not work during the reference week but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, industrial dispute, vacation, or other personal reasons. Excluded from the employed are people whose only activity consisted of work around the house or unpaid volunteer work for religious, charitable, and similar organizations; also excluded are all institutionalized people and people on active duty in the United States Armed Forces.
Civilian Employed
This term is defined exactly the same as the term "employed" above.
All civilians 16 years old and over are classified as unemployed if they (1) were neither "at work" nor "with a job but not at work" during the reference week, and (2) were looking for work during the last 4 weeks, and (3) were available to start a job. Also included as unemployed are civilians who did not work at all during the reference week, were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, and were available for work except for temporary illness. Examples of job seeking activities are:
Registering at a public or private employment office
Meeting with prospective employers
Investigating possibilities for starting a professional practice or opening a business
Placing or answering advertisements
Writing letters of application
Being on a union or professional register
Consists of people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force. For example, if the civilian labor force equals 100 people and 7 people are unemployed, then the unemployment rate would be 7 percent.
All people classified in the civilian labor force plus members of the U.S. Armed Forces (people on active duty with the United States Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard).
The labor force participation rate represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. For example, if there are 100 people in the population 16 years and over, and 64 of them are in the labor force, then the labor force participation rate for the population 16 years and over would be 64 percent.
All people 16 years old and over who are not classified as members of the labor force. This category consists mainly of students, homemakers, retired workers, seasonal workers interviewed in an off season who were not looking for work, institutionalized people, and people doing only incidental unpaid family work (less than 15 hours during the reference week).
This term appears in connection with several subjects: employment status, journey-to-work questions, class of worker, weeks worked in the past 12 months, and number of workers in family in the past 12 months. Its meaning varies and, therefore, should be determined in each case by referring to the definition of the subject in which it appears. When used in the concepts "workers in family" and "full-time, year-round workers," the term "worker" relates to the meaning of work defined for the "work experience" subject.
The data may understate the number of employed people because people who have irregular, casual, or unstructured jobs sometimes report themselves as not working. The number of employed people "at work" is probably overstated in the data (and conversely, the number of employed "with a job, but not at work" is understated) since some people on vacation or sick leave erroneously reported themselves as working. This problem has no effect on the total number of employed people. The reference week for the employment data is not the same for all people. Since people can change their employment status from one week to another, the lack of a uniform reference week may mean that the employment data do not reflect the reality of the employment situation of any given week. (For more information, see the discussion under " Reference Week" .)
Beginning in 2006, the population in group quarters (GQ) is included in the ACS. Some types of GQ populations have employment status distributions that are different from the household population. All institutionalized people are placed in the "not in labor force category." The inclusion of the GQ population could therefore have a noticeable impact on the employment status distribution. This is particularly true for areas with a substantial GQ population. For example, in areas having a large state prison population, the employment rate would be expected to decrease because the base of the percentage, which now includes the population in correctional institutions, is larger.
Since employment data from the American Community Survey are obtained from respondents in households, they differ from statistics based on reports from individual business establishments, farm enterprises, and certain government programs. People employed at more than one job are counted only once in the American Community Survey and are classified according to the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. In statistics based on reports from business and farm establishments, people who work for more than one establishment may be counted more than once. Moreover, some tabulations may exclude private household workers, unpaid family workers, and self-employed people, but may include workers less than 16 years of age.
An additional difference in the data arises from the fact that people who had a job but were not at work are included with the employed in the American Community Survey statistics, whereas many of these people are likely to be excluded from employment figures based on establishment payroll reports. Furthermore, the employment status data in tabulations include people on the basis of place of residence regardless of where they work, whereas establishment data report people at their place of work regardless of where they live. This latter consideration is particularly significant when comparing data for workers who commute between areas.
For several reasons, the unemployment figures of the Census Bureau are not comparable with published figures on unemployment compensation claims. For example, figures on unemployment compensation claims exclude people who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance, and people losing jobs not covered by unemployment insurance systems (including some workers in agriculture, domestic services, and religious organizations, and self-employed and unpaid family workers). In addition, the qualifications for drawing unemployment compensation differ from the definition of unemployment used by the Census Bureau. People working only a few hours during the week and people with a job but not at work are sometimes eligible for unemployment compensation but are classified as "Employed" in the American Community Survey. Differences in the geographical distribution of unemployment data arise because the place where claims are filed may not necessarily be the same as the place of residence of the unemployed worker.
For guidance on differences in employment and unemployment estimates from different sources, go to http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/laborfor/laborguidance082504.html
-Question/Concept History -
Worked Last Week (Question 23):
Starting in 1999, an italicized instruction was added to the question to help respondents determine what to count as work.
On Layoff (Question 29a):
Starting in 1999, the "Yes, on temporary layoff from most recent job" and "Yes, permanently laid off from most recent job" response categories were condensed into a single "Yes" category. An additional question (Q29c) was added to determine the temporary/permanent layoff distinction.
Recalled to Work (Question 29c):
This question was added in the 1999 American Community Survey to determine if a respondent who reported being on layoff from a job had been informed that he or she would be recalled to work within 6 months or been given a date to return to work.
Available to Work (Question 31):
Starting in 1999, the "Yes, if a job had been offered" and "Yes, if recalled from layoff" response categories were condensed into one category, "Yes, could have gone to work."
ACS 2006-1yr Summary File: Technical Documentation -> Appendix B. Subject Definitions -> Population Variables -> Age
The data on age were derived from answers to Question 2. The age classification is based on the age of the person in complete years at the time of interview. Both age and date of birth are used in combination to calculate the most accurate age at the time of the interview. Inconsistently reported and missing values are assigned or imputed based on the values of other variables for that person, from other people in the household, or from people in other households ("hot deck" imputation). Data on age are used to determine the applicability of other questions for a particular individual and to classify other characteristics in tabulations. Age data are needed to interpret most social and economic characteristics used to plan and analyze programs and policies. Therefore, age data are tabulated by many different age groupings, such as 5-year age groups.
The median age is the age that divides the population into two equal-size groups. Half of the population is older than the median age and half is younger. Median age is based on a standard distribution of the population by single years of age and is shown to the nearest tenth of a year. (See the sections on "Standard Distributions" and "Medians" under "Derived Measures.")
Age Dependency Ratio
The age dependency ratio is derived by dividing the combined under-18 and 65-and-over populations by the 18-to-64 population and multiplying by 100.
Old-Age Dependency Ratio
The old-age dependency ratio is derived by dividing the population 65 years and over by the 18-to-64 population and multiplying by 100.
Child Dependency Ratio
The child dependency ratio is derived by dividing the population under 18 years by the 18-to-64 population, and multiplying by 100.
Caution should be taken when comparing population in age groups across time. The entire population continually ages into older age groups over time and babies fill in the youngest age group. Therefore, the population of a certain age is made up of a completely different group of people in 2000 and 2006. Since populations occasionally experience booms/increases and busts/decreases in births, deaths, or migration (for example, the postwar Baby Boom from 1946-1964), one should not necessarily expect that the population in an age group in Census 2000 should be similar in size or proportion to the population in the same age group in the 2006 ACS. For example, Baby Boomers were age 36 to 54 in Census 2000 while they were age 44 to 62 in the 2006 ACS. Therefore, the age group 55 to 59 would show a considerable increase in population when comparing Census 2000 data with the 2006 ACS data.
Beginning in 2006, the population in group quarters (GQ) is included in the ACS. Some types of GQ populations have age distributions that are very different from the household population. The inclusion of the GQ population could therefore have a noticeable impact on the age distribution. This is particularly true for areas with a substantial GQ population.
The 1996-2002 American Community Survey question asked for month, day, and year of birth before age. Since 2003, the American Community Survey question asked for age, followed by month, day, and year of birth. In 2006, an additional instruction was provided with the age and date of birth question on the American Community Survey questionnaire to report babies as age 0 when the child was less than 1 year old. The addition of this instruction occurred after 2005 National Census Test results indicated increased accuracy of age reporting for babies less than one year old.


Almost a century old, but younger than ever since it was revamped in 2008, the San Sebastián Aquarium can boast itself to be one of the most modern oceanographic museums in Europe.
Aquarium has made the dreams of the smallest among us come true, with its specimens of "Nemo", the famous fish from the film of the same name. Adults too are delighted to vastly improve their knowledge of the marine environment.
Making your way through the 360º acrylic tunnel suspended in the water, surrounded by huge sharks and enormous manta rays, or touching live fish in the touch tank are some of the most entertaining activities available at the museum.
Discover the most entertaining side of science! Combining learning with having fun can be done at the Eureka! Zientzia Museoa. Added to the permanent exhibition with over 169 models, the Museum also has a Animalia zone for general public, where you can see different ecosystems and the animals (rainforest snakes, desert lizards and salt water fish ) that inhabit them in an effort to understand the importance of preserving our natural environment. Guided tours are available on weekends, you can make your hair stand on end in the Electricity theatre, or lie on the Fakir's bed with its 10,000 nails. A digital Planetarium with a varied programme of activities designed for families and astronomy enthusiasts, a place where you can set off in 3D through the Solar System occupying the entire dome.
Lastly, a play area of 300m² with all sorts of simulations will take visitors off into a world of sensations. The Science Museum is a great option for both families and youngsters. Among the newest introductions you'll find an F1 car, a MAXFLIGHT flight simulator and an Orion Spacecraft. And don't forget to take a spin on our Roller Coaster!
With the building of historical boats as its main activity, Albaola The Sea Factory of the Basques, is an innovative environment where the marine artisanal technology is recovered and showcased. The Factory is open to public and is characterized by its dynamism, the diversity of its activities.They have a place organized by and for kids, where games are the way to learn about maritime heritage and history. It is located inside The Sea Factory of the Basques, so they learn more easily and in a more visual way about the building of the San Juan whaleship.
Another of the great institutions dedicated to the world of youngsters - and the not so young - is the Monte Igeldo amusement park.
A different kind of park, of the kind that no longer exist, where the charm of old-fashioned attractions like the Roller Coaster and Trampolines will have everyone in stitches, no matter what their age.
Ekogunea Parkea is a space for children aged between 0 and 12 and their families, designed to offer high-quality standards of education and with trees, play-pens, nets and a small farmhouse made from natural materials.
It also has a nice coffee-shop for adults.
Come and play and learn about nature in our workshops!
In addition to the city buses, San Sebastián offers tourists several other ways to visit and discover the city.
The Igeldo funicular railway, the Ciudad de San Sebastián catamaran and the boats to the island will delight children and adults as they discover the city from different points of view.
The city tourist open-top double-decker bus and articulated train offer a panoramic route with the best views of Donostia / San Sebastian. They provide an audioguide in 8 languages, and a service adapted for people with reduced mobility. The departure of the tourist train and the tourist bus starts at 11.00am. Both depart every hour, until 19.00pm the bus and 20.00pm the train.
In Castillo de la Mota, the exhibition Looking at San Sebastian takes you on a fascinating tour of the city's history. The tour combines original pieces with a series of reconstructions, engravings, historic photographs and multimedia formats, the keys to understanding local history.
We should mention two places that young ones will just love: the merry-go-round Alderdi Eder and the pond in the Plaza de Gipuzkoa, with its ducks and geese. Other interesting areas are the play area beside Ondarreta beach and Araba Park.
Added to these, since summer 2012 the area has its own Interpretation Centre, with a programme of didactic and cultural activities consisting of educational workshops, walks on Monte Ulía, guided tours of the Interpretation Centre, screenings, temporary exhibitions, etc.
Basque Cooltour offers to the visitors the opportunity to see first hand the customs and traditions of the Basque culture through our excursions and guided tours. They focused their offer on Idiazábal Cheese and the Cider world. In addition, to these two themes, they organize all kinds of tours, for example, donkey rides.


text:
Paleoceanographic changes in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific over the last 10 Myr
Seki, O.; Schmidt, D.N.; Schouten, S.; Hopmans, E.C.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Pancost, R.D. (2012). Paleoceanographic changes in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific over the last 10 Myr. Paleoceanography 27. dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011PA002158
In: Paleoceanography. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC. ISSN 0883-8305; e-ISSN 1944-9186, meer
Seki, O.
Schmidt, D.N.
Hopmans, E.C., meer
Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., meer
Pancost, R.D.
To examine the Late Neogene evolution of tropical Pacific oceanography, we determined multiple geochemical proxy records for temperature (U-37(K)' and TEX86H indices) and primary productivity (algal biomarkers and diol indices) in sediments recovered at ODP Site 1241 in the East Equatorial Pacific (EEP) spanning a record of the last 10 Myr. The TEX86H temperatures are lower than those recorded by U-37(K)' indices, exhibiting large fluctuations and suggesting strong warming during the Mid Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP; 4.5-3.2 Ma) and significantly colder temperature during the Late Miocene cooling period (7-5 Ma) and after the Middle Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP). Such variations could reflect changes in the EEP thermocline temperatures, but we suggest that they instead reflect changes in the depth of export production of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in response to changes in the upper ocean structure. A combination of temperature records, inferred to represent different and likely varying depths in the water column, as well as algal biomarker records for export production and ecosystem structure, suggest that both productivity and inference upwelling were reduced in the EEP during warmer periods, such as the MPWP and prior to 7 Ma. In contrast, stronger upwelling conditions and associated increased productivity likely prevailed from 7 to 5 Ma and for the past 3 Myr, both corresponding to globally cool intervals. A further increase in EEP productivity occurred at ca 1.8 Ma, coincident with the development of the E-W Pacific SST gradient. These results confirm previous work that protracted El Nino-like conditions prevailed during warmer intervals of the Pliocene before ultimately descending into the current climate state.


text:
require 'test_helper'
require 'ruby-debug'

class SpeedReaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  test "truth" do
    assert_kind_of Module, SpeedReader
  end

  test "should parse the files headers" do
    SpeedReader.open("test/sample_file.csv", {:headers => true}) do |f|
      assert f.headers == {"Name" => 1, "Age" => 2, "DOB"=> 3, "Status"=> 4}
      assert f.sum_column(2) == 69
    end
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Due to a pretty regular stream of requests from the public who view our work through shop windows, in stores or within Shopping Malls worldwide, the demand to offer paper floral products seemed inevitable. With this in mind we took the brave step to launch our own on line store. Quite ironic when you think about it. We create a real spectacle with our various luxury papers for clients, to draw attention to their windows or stores, the purpose of which is to drive traffic inside and sales up! Now the very thing we create can be bought through our own on line shop – www.zoebradleyshop.com.


The University of Utah ranks among the top 100 universities in the world and the top 50 U.S. universities by total research expenditures. The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering provides a diverse and challenging discipline that focuses on many aspects of the infrastructure of our society. Professional disciplines in the department include construction, environmental, geotechnics, materials, structures, transportation, and water resources. Masters and PhD degrees are offered to qualified students who want to pursue graduate studies. Students have opportunities to be involved in research related to a variety of transportation areas including asphalt pavements, fiber reinforced concrete, geotechnical and structural seismic bridge design, highway design, roadway maintenance, traffic safety, and transit. In addition to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Departments of Geography and Psychology participate in MPC related research.
Richard J. Porter, Ph.D., P.E.
Steven F. Bartlett, Ph.D., P.E.
Materials Laboratory - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: The Material Laboratories contain state of the art equipment for preparation and characterization of civil engineering materials including asphalt binder, asphalt concrete, Portland cement, and Portland cement concrete. The equipment includes specialized mixers, temperature and humidity control chambers, analytical sensors, mechanical testers, and chemical analysis devices. The research includes prediction of in-service performance and accelerated damage, incorporation of recycled materials to reduce the environmental and economic impact, and quality control methods used during construction.
Structures Laboratory - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: The Structures Laboratory has the capability of performing monotonic and quasi-static cyclic loading of large specimens. The laboratory has a three-dimensional steel frame capable of testing components up to 16 ft high with 500 kips and a steel tower frame capable of testing components up to 20 ft high to a maximum load of 2,000 kips in compression and 1,500 kips in tension. In addition, the laboratory has a 16 ft drop hammer facility. These facilities are used to test bridge elements and components for gravity, seismic and dynamic impact forces.
Utah Traffic Laboratory - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: The Utah Traffic Lab (UTL) is a University of Utah Advanced Transportation Systems facility. The research emphasis of UTL is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control Systems. They are interested in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Traffic Operations Research, and Innovative Transportation Solutions with a focus on application oriented research.
Applied Cognition Laboratory – Department of Psychology: The laboratory has the capability to perform research regarding the influence of human factors on driving ability. It is equipped with a high-fidelity driving simulator, an instrumented vehicle, an eye tracker, and equipment for collecting physiological and behavioral measurements from the driver. Ongoing research projects are examining human interaction with advanced digital technology in the vehicle; specifically, how cognitive workload, distractions, and physiological measures affect driver behavior.


The Nature Center at Steele Creek Park has been expanded, nearly tripling the size of the original facility. Now that the addition is complete and open to the public, the former building will be completely renovated, providing additional room for exhibits, work space, and storage.
Additional space to showcase our herbarium, donated collections, and natural history library.


text:
Home Sin categoría	Struggling to survive
Peasants in the fertile lands of Michoacán always add a few kernels of red maize to the seed. "Our ancestors believed that red cobs would protect farm work," remarks Javier Gabriel Pedro, adding that at least one of these guardians always pops up in his maize fields.
This is what brings us to the Pátzcuaro-Zirahuén region in Michoacán: documenting the diversity of landrace maize in the zone, where seven strains and twenty varieties adapted to the climate have been identified, and the efforts of a number of farmers to preserve this wealth.
Although Mexico is the center of origin of maize and throughout the country, small farmers continue planting over 60 strains of this crop, the plant's incredible diversity is in danger. After three thousand years of domesticating the species, agricultural policies favoring large areas of monocultures, land use changes and the threat of transgenic seeds jeopardize their survival.
There are often many more types of maize in a single area of Mexico than in the whole of the United States" Edgar Anderson, 1946.
But it is difficult to think about this when we listen to Javier Pedro's pithy analogies: "Corn silk is the grain's navel," and taste some of his freshly harvested, tender corncobs, roasted on a fire a few yards from his maize field in the community of Aranza, in the municipality of Paracho. "You have never tasted anything quite so delicious," says Carmen Patricio Chávez, the field technician of GIRA organization (in hint: Inter-Disciplinary Group of Appropriate Rural Technology) and our guide throughout our trip. She's right, and for a few minutes, chaos reigns while the work team comments on the unexpected burst of flavor and swaps corn cobs to contrast the sweetness and flavor of one with yellow kernels with another with black or white kernels.
Javier Pedro collaborates with Red Tsiri, a network coordinated by Carmen. Since its inception, its goal has been to create direct links between organic maize producers, tortilla makers' workshops and socially aware consumers. Red Tsiri attempts to preserve sustainable peasant agriculture and increase the value of landrace maize through artisanal products. This sounds easy, except for the fact that landrace maize is forced to compete with cheap, subsidized maize from "improved" seeds, usually brought in from states such as Sinaloa.
"Conventional consumers are influenced more by price than by the way food is produced," explains Carmen. "Here, hybrid maize [from improved seed] is cheap in comparison with landrace maize. For a difference of 50 Mexican cents, consumers buy hybrid maize without wondering about the conditions it was produced in".
Another hurdle Red Tsiri faces is lack of awareness, both among city consumers and farmers in the countryside, who increasingly use agrochemicals to increase the short-term productivity of crops and purchase "improved" seed for planting, rather than growing local varieties. After a few days traveling around Pátzcuaro, Erongarícuaro, Tzintzuntzan and Quiroga, it becomes increasingly clear that what is at stake is not only the loss of biological but also cultural diversity.
6:45 am is the time when roosters share the stage with bats. The bats gorge themselves on mosquitoes while we wait for the sun to rise at the Ucazanaztacua pier.
A fisherman by the name of Gregorio will give us a boat tour of the islands in Lake Pátzcuaro: La Pacanda, Tecuena, Yunuén and the famous Janitzio. But we are not interested in seeing the herons that nest in Yunuén or the Day of the Dead celebrations in Janitzio. We want to fly the drone and with a bit of luck, interview some of the fishermen.
The first one we talk to is Tata (grandfather in Purépecha) Cristóbal, an elderly Purépecha fisherman with very little Spanish. With his legs covered by the net he is lifting out of the water, he willingly admits that both he and his wife prefer tortillas made from landrace maize but that for some years now, they have been purchasing "hybrid" maize because they can no longer find native varieties.
The second fisherman is called Alberto Morales, alias "Handsome". Like Tata Cristóbal, this 20-year-old grows maize, squash and beans in the milpa system, but unlike him, he no longer speaks Purépecha and when we ask him whether he prefers landrace or hybrid maize, he just shrugs his shoulders.
Shortly afterwards, Eudoro Campos, a farmer from La Pacanda, who cleared half of his maize field to plant avocados, welcomes us with a smile, clad in jeans, a lilac-colored shirt and rubber boots. About six years ago, he exchanged his landrace maize milpa for "improved" maize seed, because "landrace maize grows taller and gets blown down more easily by the wind". Since then, Eudoro and his family haven't looked back. They definitely prefer it, they say. The only problem is that now, Eudoro and his family's food security has been compromised. Eudoro is forced to buy new seed every year, since "hybrid" maize cannot be reproduced naturally.
According to Carmen from Red Tsiri, those who replace landrace maize with hybrid maize or improved seed often do so to gain kudos, since they wish to establish a difference between those who can and can't afford seed. Her reflection is based on her own experience.
"For me…growing up in the countryside and making tortillas at home was a symbol of poverty. It wasn't until I started working with GIRA that I recognized the value of working in the countryside and making tortillas from the landrace maize our parents and grandparents had produced. That's the most valuable thing we have," remarks Carmen, who was born in the community of San Francisco Uricho in Erongarícuaro.
Red Tsiri's numbers have fluctuated since its inception. The network now comprises five women who make tortillas, gorditas (filled tortillas) ponteduros (caramel popcorn), cookies and tostadas (dried tortillas). They sell their products at various outlets, restaurants, stores and schools in Pátzcuaro and Morelia in a fair trade chain that benefits all the links in the production chain. Its importance lies less in its size than in the replicability of its model in a system of decentralized networks:
"We have been asked whether we want to be a large firm. In fact, what we want is for this group to be able to support itself after it has been replicated elsewhere with other farmers and tortilla makers. The idea is not to set up a firm but rather short chains so we can reach customers".
Carmen concludes: "Having a conscious consumer is very helpful to us, because he is contributing to biodiversity and ensuring that different types of maize are grown, and preserving a culture that will enable farmers to go on sowing maize".
Struggling to survive was last modified: December 9th, 2018 by Emily Corona


Rambling with Gambling was a news and talk radio program that aired in New York City from 1925 through 2016, almost uninterrupted, with one name change toward the end of its run. It was hosted by three generations of people named John Gambling throughout its entire 90+ year run.
The program was on WOR for most of its time on air. The show aired on WABC from 2000 to 2008, when it was renamed The John Gambling Show. On its return to WOR in 2008, it kept the newer name. The John Gambling Show also aired for three years on WNYM, from 2014 to 2016.
John B. Gambling started the show in March 1925, when WOR was a promotional arm of the Bamberger's department store in Newark. His son, John A. Gambling became host in 1959. He brought his son, John R. Gambling, to the show as co-host in 1985.
John A. retired in 1991, leaving John R. as sole host until WOR cancelled the program in September 2000. At the time, it was the longest continually-running radio broadcast in America, a position now held by the Grand Ole Opry. After a brief hiatus, WABC hired Gambling. WOR owned the rights to the name Rambling with Gambling, so the revived show was renamed The John Gambling Show. In January 2008, WABC laid off Gambling in a cost-cutting measure.
On Wednesday, April 30, 2008, WOR and John R. Gambling announced the return of the show to its original station. They began broadcasting on Monday, May 5, 2008, from 6 AM to 10 AM. Despite the return to WOR, the new name continued.
Gambling retired at the end of 2013. In reality, Gambling was forced out at WOR after iHeartMedia (who initially had planned to replace Gambling with Washington, DC-based shock jock morning show Elliot in the Morning, but ultimately chose to hire Todd Schnitt and Len Berman) took over the station. From there, in an unannounced move, Gambling joined Salem Media's WNYM, where he hosted his program from March 2014 to September 2016. Gambling announced his intention to retire from broadcasting in September 2016, claiming that problems with his knees prevented him from continuing; with no sons named John to carry on the tradition, the show thus came to an end.
^ Parsons, Floyd W. (1928). Burgess, George S.; Hulse, Edward Pierce (eds.). New Jersey; Life, Industries and Resources of a Great State. Newark, NJ: New Jersey state chamber of commerce. p. 373.
^ Hinckley, David (April 30, 2008). "WOR Bets Again on John Gambling". New York Daily News.
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This page was last edited on 4 September 2018, at 22:33 (UTC).


Andrew Kaye (known in some circles as AK) is the creator of Ben & Winslow and other questionable comics, many of which can be found in his deviantART gallery. He's also the editor-in-chief of this magazine. Duh?